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DICTIONARY 



OF THE 



ENGLISH LANGUAGE, 

EXPLANATORY, PRONOUNCING, ETYMOLOGICAL, 
AND SYNONYMOUS. 

WITH AN APPENDIX CONTAINING COMMERCIAL AND OTHER USEFUL TABLES. 
MAINLY ABRIDGED FROM THE LATEST EDITION OF THE QUARTO DICTIONARY OF 



NOAH WEBSTER, LL. D., 
Br WILLIAM G. WEBSTER 

t 
AND 

WILLIAM A. WHEELEE. 
SWus'tratrir &tt!) max* tfjau Hfttct ^untotf aiiir Jftftp (£njjrabw§3 on 22afl0a. 








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NEW YOEK: IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOE, & CO. 

SPRINGFIELD, MASS. : G. & C. MERRIAM. 
CINCINNATI, OHIO: VAN ANTWERP, BRAGG, & CO. 



J ! . _ 



s.\ 



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Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867. by 
G. & C. Merkiam, 
the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the District of Massachusetts. 






PREFACE 



This work, originally prepared by Mr. William G. Webster, with the co-oper- 
ation of the late Professor Chauncey A. Goodrich of Yale Gollege, was first pub- 
lished in 1856. While it was framed with a particular reference to the wants of 
students in our colleges, academies, and other advanced schools, aM also of those 
engaged in private study, it was at the same time designed for use in the family, the 
office, and the counting-house, and among all who might desire to obtain a com- 
prehensive dictionary of small size and cost. 

The present revision has been made by Mr. William A. Wheeler, one of the 
editors of the revised edition of Webster's Quarto Dictionary issued in 1864. Keep- 
ing in view the general plan of the abridgment as just stated, he has not only brought 
the work into full conformity with the revised Quarto, but has considerably enlarged 
its scope, and proportionally increased its usefulness. 



In its present form, this volume comprises a copious and careful selection of 
English words in actual use at the present day, shows their correct orthography and 
pronunciation, gives their etymology in a concise manner, and exhibits their various 
shades of signification by means of formal definition conveyed for the most part in 
briaf descriptive sentences or clauses. In some thousands of cases, a list of Syn- 
onyms, printed in a separate paragraph and in smaller type, is subjoined to the defini- 
tions; and, in addition, synonymous words, to the number of about seventeen hun- 
dred, are carefully discriminated in nearly six hundred distinct articles. Wood-cuts, 
selected and engraved expressly for the work, have been freely introduced, not as 
mere embellishments, but for the purpose of leading to a better understanding of 
the terms under which they occur. The Introduction contains a concise and authen- 
tic exposition of the subject of English orthoepy, a very full collection of Rules for 
Spelling, and an explanatory list of Prefixes and Suffixes, with appropriate example* 
of their use. The character and range of the Appendix will be best understood by 
referring to the various Tables included in it, or by an inspection of the Contents 
on page v. Its leading object, however, is to add to the value of the work as a 

(Hi) 



Iv PREFACE. 

popular manual of reference, by presenting in a form adapted for ready consultation 
pronouncing vocabularies of proper names, and brief explanations of certain other 
matters concerning which information is often desired by readers and writers of 
every class. 

The attention of bankers, merchants, and business men in general, is particularly 
requested to the Commercial Tables on pages 549-630. These tables are in part 
the products of original research, and in part they are compilations from the best 
sources. The portion relating to Money, Weights, and Measures has been prepared 
by Mr. E. B. Elliott, of the United States Treasury Department, at Washington, a 
gentleman well known as a statistician and cambist. Mr. Elliott has also revised with 
scrupulous care the proof-sheets of this portion of the work, which, the Editor confi- 
dently believes, will be found comprehensive, practical, and thoroughly satisfactory. 
The " T ible giving the Currency, Rate of Interest, Penalty for Usury, and Laws in 
regard to the Collection of Debts," etc., presents in a small compass much useful 
information, and supplies a want not filled by any other similar work of reference. 

Such are the chief features of this Dictionary, which, as it now stands, revised in 
all its departments, and enriched by many important additions, considerably exceeds 
its original limits ; the size of the page having been somewhat increased, and more 
than one hundred pages added to the number contained in the former edition. 

In the arrangement of words, while a strict alphabetical order is followed, words 
of the same form — whether etymologically related or not — are not treated in dis- 
tinct articles, but the definition of one immediately follows that of another in the 
same paragraph, being separated from it only by a dash; as, " Ab'o-rig'i-nal, «. 
First or primitive. — n. A first or original inhabitant." This has been done to 
save space ; but the inspector will find that facility of reference has not been sacri- 
ficed to the necessity for compression. 

In submitting this work to the judgment of the public, the Editor indulges the 
hope that the protracted labor and unremitting care he has bestowed upon it have 
resulted in the production of a Dictionary which will be found to answer all the 
purposes for which it is intended. 

Wilt t am A. Wheeler. 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE 

KEY TO THE PRONUNCIATION vi 

PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION vil to xxii 

Vowels, vii 

YOWELS IN MONOSYLLABLES AND ACCENTED SYLLABLES, vii 

REGULAR OR PROPER DIPHTHONGS, XJ 

VOWELS IN UNACCENTED SYLLABLES xi 

SILENT VOWELS ^ . xii 

CONSONANTS . . Xiii 

ASSIMILATION OF CONSONANTS XIX 

DUPLICATION OF CONSONANTS xix 

Accent ... xix 

DIVIDED USAGE XIX 

DISSYLLABLES XX 

TRISYLLABLES AND POLYSYLLABLES XX 

Syllabication xxii 

RULES FOR SPELLING CERTAIN CLASSES OF WORDS xxii to xxvi 

PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES xxvii to xxxi 

ABBREVIATIONS AND EXPLANATIONS xxxii 



A DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE . . . . l to 486 



APPENDIX. 

PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OP GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES 487 to 495 

PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES 496 to 601 

PRONOUNCING VOCABULARIES OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL 

NAMES 602 to 619 

elements of pronunciation of the principal modern languages of 

continental europe .602 

explanation of abbreviations and signs 604 

vocabulary of modern geographical names 606 

Vocabulary of Modern Biographical Names 614 

PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES, WITH THEIR DERIVA- 
TION, SIGNIFICATION, ETC 520 to 525 

Names of Men 620 

Names of Women 623 

CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES 626. 527 

QUOTATIONS, WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS, ETC., FROM THE GREEK, THE LATIN, 

AND MODERN FOREIGN LANGUAGES 628 to 533 

METRIC SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES . 534 

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING 535 to 538 

ARBITRARY SIGNS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING 539 to £41 

A CONCISE ACCOUNT OF THE CHIEF DEITIES, HEROES, ETC., IN THE GREEK AND 

ROMAN MYTHOLOGY 542 to 548 

TABLES OF MONEY, WEIGHT, AND MEASURE OF THE PRINCIPAL COMMERCIAL COUN- 
TRIES IN THE WORLD 649 to 598 

TABLE SHOWING THE INTRINSIC VALUES OF THE PRINCIPAL GOLD AND SILVER COINS 
OF DIFFERENT FOREIGN COUNTRIES, AND THE RATES FIXED BY LAW AT WHICH 

THEY SHALL BE RECEIVED IN PAYMENT OF CUSTOMS DUES 699 to 603 

TABLES OF THE CHIEF COMMERCIAL WEIGHTS AND MEASURES OF DIFFERENT COUN- 
TRIES. REDUCED TO THE LEGAL STANDARDS OF THE UNITED STATES 604 to 608 

A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OP PICTORIAL ILLUSTRATIONS 609 to 620 



KEY 

TO THE PRONUNCIATION, 

VOWELS. 



K, A, long, as in 
A, X, short ,0,8 in 
E, E, long, as in 
£, E, short, as in 
I, I, long, as in . 
I, t, short, as in . 



REGULAR LONG AND SHORT SOUNDS. 

Old, Note, L5af, Deposb. 



ale, Fate, Chamber, Gray. 
Add, Fat, Have, RXndom. 
Eve, Mete, Peace, Seizure 
£nd, Met, Check, Leopard. 
Ice, Fine, Mire, Thrive. 
Ill, Fin, AdmKt, Tribute. 



odd, Not, TSrrid, Resolvts. 
Use, Tube, Lute, Feudal. 
Cs, Tub, but, Study. 
Fly, Style, Sky, Edify. 
Cyst, Nymph, Lyric, Abyss. 



A, A, as in 

A, X, Italian, as in . . 
A , A, as in . . . . 
A, A, broad, as in . . 
A, A, like short o,as in 

E, E, like a, as in . . 
E,E, like long a, as in 
E , £ , as in . . . . 

T, i, like long e, as in . 
I.I, like e.asin . 



Iir, Share, Pair, Bear, 
arm, Father, Bar, Palm. 
Ask, Grass, Dance, Branch 
All, Talk, Haul, Swarm. 
What, Wander, Wallow. 



Ere, There, Heir, Where 
Eight, Prey, Obbjy. 
Ermine, VErge, PrefEr. 

Pique, Machine, Police. 
Irksome, VIrgin, Thirsty 



0, b,long, as in . 
0, 6, short, as in 
U, U, long, as in 
tJ, u, short, as in 
Y, Y, long,&s in 
Y, Y, short, as in 

OCCASIONAL SOUNDS. 

6,6, like short «,as in Other, D6ne, S6n, W6n. 
0, o,like long oo, as in Prove, Do, Move, Tomb. 
0, p, like short oo, as in BpsOM, WpLF, WpMAN. 
6, 6, like broad a, as in Order, Form, Stork. 
00, o"b,asin . . . Moon, Fo"od, Booty. 
00, ob, as in . . . Wo"ol, Fo~bT, Go~bD. 



IJ, y, preceded by r, as in Rude , Rumor, Rural. 
U, u, like short oo, as in Bull, Put, Push, Pull. 
U, u,asin . . . . Urge, Burn, Furl, Concur. 



E, I, o, silent 



. ToKijN, Cousin, Mason. 



REGULAR DIPHTHONGAL SOUNDS. 

Oi, oi, or Oy, oy (unmarked), as in Oil, Join, Moist, Oyster. 

Ou, ou, or Ow, ow (unmarked), as in Out, Hound, Owl, Vowel. 



CONSONANTS. 



9, C, soft, like s sharp, as in . £ede, Qite, Mercy. 



€J, -e, hard, like k, as in . 
Ch, ch (unmarked), as in 
Qh, CH, soft, like sh, as in 
€h, ch, hard, like k, as in 
G, G, hard, as in . . . 
0, G, soft, like j, as in . 



-Gall, -Concur, Success. 
Child, Much, Touch, 
(^haise, Marchioness. 
-Chorus, Echo, Distich. 
Get, Tiger, Begin. 
Gem, Engine, Elegy. 



S, s, sharp (unmarked), as in SAME, Yes, Rest. 

S, g, soft or vocal, like z, as in Ha§, Amu§E, ROSEATE. 



Th, th, sharp (unmarked), as in 
T-H, ,TH fat or vocal, as in . . 
Ng, ng (unmarked), as in . . 
N, n, (See § 82), as in . . 

X, £, like gz, as in 

Ph, ph, like/(unmarked), as in 
Qu, QU, like lew (unmarked), as in 
Wh, wh, like hw (unmk'd), as in 
Zh, ZH, as in 



Thing, Breath. 
Thine, Smooth. 
Sing, Single. 
Linger, Link. 
Exist, Auxiliary. 
Phantom, Sylph. 
Queen, Conquest. 
What, Awhile. 
Vision (yizh'un). 



*** When one letter of an improper diphthong, or of a triphthong, is marked, it is to be taken as representing the sound of th» 
combination, and the letter or letters which are not marked are to be regarded as silent; as in dim, clean, ceil, people, r.qute, soul, 
Journal, tow, &c. The combined letters ce, ci, sci, se, si, or ti, occurring before a vowel in a syllable immediately preceded by an 
accented syllable, are generally equivalent to sh ; as in o/cean, ceta'ceous, so/ci'al, logi'cmn, suspicion, auspi/cious, con/science, 
nau/seous, controversial, dissen/sion, initial, ora/^'on, flcti/ftous, &c. Such syllables are not always respelled, as, in general, they 
will naturally be pronounced correctly by an English speaker. But in all exceptional, doubtful, or difficult cases, the appropriate 
respelling is used. 
V For an explanation of foreign sounds occurring in the Dictionary see pp. 502-504. 

RESPELLING FOR PRONUNCIATION. —(1.) In respelling the French an, en, on, &c, the letters ng are not to be pro- 
nounced themselves, being designed simply to mark the vowel as nasal, that is, as pronounced through both the nose and the month 
at the same time. — (2.) The respelling of a word when a number of related words follow, applies to all of them down to some other 
word which is respelled. 

ACCENT. - The principal accent is denoted by a heavy mark; the secondary, by a lighter mark; as in Su'perinten-d'ent. 
In the division of words into syllables, these marks, besides performing their proper office, supply the place of the hyphen, except 
in some compound and derivative words. 
Cvi) 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION, 

WITH EXPLANATIONS OF THE KEY. 



VOWELS. 
§ 1. The vowel sounds in monosyllables and accented 
syllables are marked in the Dictionary by pointing the let- 
ters according to the Key. Each of the vowels will now be 
considered under three heads ; namely, its regitlar long, and 
short, and its occasional sounds, as heard in monosyllables 
and in accented and unaccented syllables. 

I. VOWELS IN MONOSYLLABLES AND ACCENTED 
SYLLABLES. 



§ 2. Regular long sound, marked A, a, as in ah ; heard 
also in pain, day, gaol, gauge, aye, break, veil, whey, &c. 

Note. — This sound of a is in most cases dipthongal, 
having a slight " vanish " in e annexed to its " radical" or 
initial sound, as in pay, where the y may be regarded as 
representing the vanish. Writers are not agreed as to the 
nature of the radical part, some eousidering it to be the 
sound of short e, while others assert that it is a distinct, 
though very similar, element, being like the other long 
vowels as compared wich their true corresponding short 
sounds, of a slightly less open quality. — See § 11, and § 8, 
Note. 

§ 3. Regular short sound, marked ]L, 3, as in add; 
heard also in plaid, bade, &c. 

Note. — This is a distinct element from the long a. 
Like the other shut or stopped vowels (6, T, 6, u, oo), its 
sound is exceedingly short, and has a certain abrupt, ex- 
plosive character, which is hardly found in any language 
but our own. With respect to its position in the scale cf 
sounds, it is a palatal vowel, intermediate between a and £, 
the tongue being raised higher than for d, and not so high 
as for e\ 

Occasional, Sounds of A. 

§ 4. Sound of a before r, in such words as air, care, fare, 
bear, prayer, parent, marked A, a. The letter e has the 
same sound in a f ~w words, such as tliere, where, their, 
heir, &c. 

Two errors in opposite extremes are here to be avoided : 
1. That of the vulgar, who pronounce where, whar ; bear, 
bar ; careful, earful, &c. ; 2. That of some among the 
educated classes, who pronounce pair, parent, &c, as if 
Bpelt pay'er, pay'rent, &c. 

Some have considered the a in care as a distinct element ; 
this, however, is not admitted by Smart, who maintains 
that it is our long a inflate, and owes all its peculiarity to 
the subsequent r. Such. also, is the statement of Dr Web- 
ster and most English orthoepists. The sound of r in these 
words is what Smart calls a ,; guttural vibration," — a 
sound which he represents by vr, and Dr. Webster by er. 
In care we touch lightly on the a sound (the radical alone 



I without the vanish ; see § 2), and then pass fully and 

l strongly into the guttural vibration (ca'ur or co/er), draw- 

i ing the two as closely as possible into the same syllable — 

I so closely that Smart (not aiming at philosophical exact- 

! ness) speaks of the r as actually blending with the previous 

vowel. In like manner, parent is sounded pa'ur-ent, or pa.'. 

j er-ent ; and fairy has the sound of faer-y, a3 the word was 

! actually spelt by Spenser in his ( - Faery Queen.'" Smart 

! refers, also, with approbation, to another mode of identify- 

' ing the sound in question ; namely, that of prolonging our 

short e before r. Thus, ther (with the e as in then ), drawn 

I out into long quantity, gives us there (thar) ; and er (the 

first syllable in e;-ror) gives us ere or e'er (sir). Thus, in the 

view here presented, the initial sound should always be that 

of a in fate (the radical without the vanish ; see § 2), though 

the final impression upon the ear is that of an open or 

broad sound, in consequence of the ct opening power " of 

the r. In primitive words like flare, lair, pair, and the 

others mentioned above, it is very important not to dwell 

so long on the a as to make it diphthongal ; for, if the close 

vanishing element of the vowel is retained, it is impossible 

for the open r to blend with it in the same syllable. But 

in derivative words like flayer, layer, payer, it is essential to 

preserve the terminational sound of the a, in order to keep 

up a distinction between the two classes. 

Some, however, especially in New England, give these 
words a slightly different sound ; namely, that of our short 
a before the r. in air, pronounced der, with a somewhat 
lengthened sound of the a. This sound is rather more open 
than the one mentioned above, and is apt, in the mouths 
of our common people, to become too broad and coarse. 
If well executed, however, it is scarcely at all inferior to 
the other in smoothness and grace. It is frequently heard 
among the well-educated in England ; there is a tendency 
j in many to intermingle the two, and it often requires a 
nice ear to determine which is used. Dr. Webster, who 
adopted the former in hi3 own practice, once remarked to 
the writer that he regarded the difference as unimportant, 
provided the New England sound be given without coarse- 
ness or undue breadth. 

§ 5. Sound of the Italian a, marked A, a, as in drrru, 
father, far ; heard also in alt, hearth, aunt, guard, are, &o. 

Note. — This sound occurs in monosyllables and'in the 
accented syllable of many words, before r final or r fol- 
lowed by another consonant (as in scar, tar, tart, yard, 
de-bar', de-part'), and in the derivatives of such words (as 
in scarred, tarry, of, or resembling, tar, debarring). But 
when a occurs in an accented syllable, before r followed' by 
a vowel or by another r, in a word not a derivative, it has 
its regular short sound, as in arable, barrow, t&rry, Co 
delay. 

The Italian a is the most open of all the vowel sounds, 

l-m\ 



vm 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



and is one of the extremes of the vowel scale, the other 
extremes being e and 6b. In its formation, the mouth and 
throat are opened widely, and the tongue is left iu its nat- 
ural position of rest. It was formerly much more common 
in English than it is at the present day. The loss of it to 
go great an extent has been an injury to our language, and 
any further exclusion of it is therefore undesirable. 

§ 6. Sound of a in certain words (chiefly monosyllables) 
ending in ff, ft, ss, st, sk, sp, with a few in nee, and nt, 
marked A, a, as in staff", graft, pass, last, ask, gasp, chance, 
chant, &c. 

NOTE . — Down to the close of the last century, words of 
this class were universally pronounced with the full Italian 
a. Some, especially among the vulgar, gave this too broad- 
ly, or with a kind of drawl {as pass like pahss, fast like 
fahst), so that Walker, disgusted with this abuse, and 
having a prejudice against intermediate sounds, marked 
all such words in his Dictionary by the sound of short a, 
giving the vowel in past, staff, &c, the sound of that in 
pat, Stdffa (the island), &c. It will not be surprising — 
if we bear in mind the remark in § 3 on the extreme short- 
ness and abruptness of this sound — that this change was 
strongly condemned by the orthoepists. Jones declared it 
to be " a mincing affectation ; " and Mitford said, " No 
English tongue fails to express, no English ear to perceive, 
the difference between the sound of a in passing and in 
passive. No colloquial familiarity will substitute the one 
for the other." Still, the high character of Walker, and the 
increasing disgust for every thing like a drawl in speaking, 
gave currency to the change. It prevailed in London, and 
in some of the larger cities of America, until there sprung 
up, on both sides of the Atlantic, what Smart has called a 
" new school " and an " old school " on this subject. The 
extreme shortness of the a as marked by Walker, was still 
objected to ; and Smart, in his Dictionary, first published 
in 1836, censured Walker on this account, saying, "He 
allows no compromise between the broad Italian a, with 
which a vulgar mouth pronounces ass, and the sound nar- 
rower (if possible) than the a in at, with which an ^fleeted 
speaker minces the same word." He therefore spoke of a 
" medium sound " of the a iu words of this class, saying, 
" We are apt, even in London, to give a slight prolongation 
to the vowel (a) which would, in other cases, be quite rus- 
tic." This prolongation has passed into America, and is 
now heard extensively among the followers of Walker in 
this country. It is a kind of drawl on the a in such words 
as last, past, fast, &c. Smart states, however, in a recent 
letter, that in England this prolongation is now wholly laid 
aside. " Custom with us," he remarks, "is much changed. 
It is no longer affectation to say ass ; and grant, graft, &c, 
at present indicate the pronunciation of well-educated Lon- 
don people under sixty-five or sixty years of age. 1 ' In 
other words, Walker's extreme short sound of staff, like 
Staffa, and pass like passive, is now adopted by many 
Londoners as the true and only proper sound. 

The change introduced by Walker never had any great 
currency in this country, except in a few large cities and 
iu places immediately affected by their influence. Our 
leading lexicographers, Webster and Worcester, declared 
against it. Many who were taught it in childhood have 
since laid it aside ; and there is an increasing disposition 
among our teachers and literary men to unite on some in- 
termediate sound between the extreme broadness, or length, 
of the a in father, and the extreme narrowness, or shortness 
of the a in fat. That of Smart (mentioned above as now dis- 
used was intermediate in quantity : and so also is another, 
which Fulton and Knight have introduced into their Dic- 
tionary, namely, a shortened sound of the Italian a. They 
give the word "lard" as an example of the long Italian 
sound (as in father ■, &c.), and " last " of their short Italian 
pound ; and mark with the latter the entire class of words 
now under consideration, such as staff, graft, pass, last, 
ask, gasp, and a few words in nee and nt, as dance, and 
chant. In this way thev guard against that undue prolon- 
gation of the o which offended Walker, and still retain in 



use one of the finest sounds of our language. This is the 
sound recommended in this volume, and marked A, a. 
Some might possibly prefer one a little less open, verging 
slightly more towards that of a in an ; and there is cer- 
tainly room here for a diversity of taste and practice among 
those who agree in the main point of rejecting the extreme 
shortness of Walker's sound. If it be proposed, however, 
to give these words a sound intermediate in quality between 
the Italian a and our short a, one thing is important to be 
considered. Mr. Smart states, in answer to an inquiry om 
the subject, that, although he can exemplify such a sound, 
he is not aware that any thiug of the kind is used among 
the educated classes in England. The only alternative 
there seems to be between the Italian a ar;d the extreme 
short sound of Walker ; and it is natural and desirable 
that those among us who reject the latter should adopt the 
same sound with those who led the way in that rejection 
upon the other side of the Atlantic. Any one who" heard 
the lectures of Mr. Thackeray during his Tisit to this coun- 
try in 1855-56, and noticed his pronunciation with reference 
to this subject, must have been struck with the definite 
sound of the Italian a which he gave to all words of this 
class. He even gave that sound in the word answer, which, 
though common in England, is comparatively rare in Amer- 
ica. A gentleman who held for many years a high diplo- 
matic station at the court of St. James, told the writer 
that, except among Londoners, he almost uniformly heard 
the Italian a in such cases, especially among the officers of 
government, and the nobility and gentry with whom he 
was led to associate. Such, also, is said by members of 
Oxford and Cambridge to be the case now at those univer- 
sities ; and some of the most eminent preachers of the king- 
dom, such as the Bishop cf Oxford (Wilberforce), have been 
mentioned in confirmation of this remark. It is for such 
reasons that the words in question are here marked with a 
shortened or brief sovnd ot the Italian a, in accordance with 
the views and practice of Dr. Webster. 

§ 7. Sound of broad a, marked A, a, as in all, talk, haul, 
swarm ; heard also in sauce, awe, geCrgic, fork, grCat, 
bought, &c. 

Note. — This has sometimes been called the German a, 
but is a broader and more guttural sound, being formed by 
a depression of the larynx, and a consequent retraction of 
the tongue, which enlarges the cavity of the mouth poste- 
riorly. 

§ 8. Short sound of broad a, marked A, a, as in what, 
wander, wallow, &c. ; heard also in knowledge. 

NOTE. — This is the extreme short sound of broad a, and 
coincides with the sound of o in not. It differs, however, 
in quality as well as quantity from broad a, being a more 
open sound ; that is to say, the aperture of the lips and 
the internal cavity of the mouth, though of the same shape 
in both cases, are somewhat larger for the former (a) than 
for the latter (a), while the position of the tongue remains 
unaltered throughout. Nor is this difference peculiar to 
a and a ; it also exists between the other pairs of vowel 
sounds that have essentially the same organic formation, 
but differ in length or duration : in each case, that which 
is the briefer in quantity is the more open in quality of the 
two. 

There is a sound of a, as heard in salt, although, &c., 
which is intermediate between that in awe and that in what. 
No distinctive mark is used to indicate this intermediate 
sound, but the inquirer is referred to this section from all 
words in the vocabulary in which the sound occurs. — See 
§ 21, Note. 

§ 9 . An exceptional sound of a occurs in the words any^ 
many. It is as if they were spelled en'y, men'y, being the 
regular short sound of e. 

E. 
§ 10. Regular long sound, marked E, S, as in £ve, mMe. 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



&c. ; heard also in Ccesar, beard, feet, leisure, people, key, 
machine, field, oesophagus, quay, &c. 

Note. — In the formation of this element, the tongue is 
raised convexly within the dome of the palate, pressing 
against its sides, and leaving only the smallest possible pas- 
sage through which a vowel sound can be uttered. E is 
therefore the closest lingual or palatal vowel, and is one of 
the extremes of the natural vowel scale, d and oo being the 
©ther extremes. 

§ 11. Regular short sound, marked £, e, as in £nd, 
met ; heard also in many, aphceresis, said, says, feather, 
heifer, leopard, friend, asafixtida, bury, guess. 

NOTE. — This is not a short sound of the long e. It has 
usually been considered as the shut or extreme short sound 
of the a in fate; but most orthoepist3 at the present day, 
while allowing it to be a nearly related sound, regard it as 
distinct, being slightly more open than the radical part of 
d, and lacking the vanish : both are intermediate between 
a and e, the tongue not being so much depressed as for the 
former, nor raised so hish toward the palate as for the 
latter. — See § 2, and § 3, NOTE. 

Occasional, Sounds of E. 

§ 12. Sound of e like a (as in care, fair, bear, &ca, 
marked E, e, as in ere, thzre, Mir, Per, &c. This, as is 
stated in § 4, is the same sound with that of a in care. — 
See §4. 

§ 13. Sound of e like a, marked E, e, as in eh, eight, 
prey, vein, &c — See § 2. 

NOTE. — This is essentially the sound which this letter 
generally has in the leading modern languages of Continen- 
tal Europe. 

§ 14. Sound of e before r, verging toward the sound of 
u in urge, marked E, e, as in ermine, verge, prefer ; heard 
also in earnest, mirth, myrtle, &c. 

NOTE. — The case here contemplated is that of e before r, 
in a monosyllable or in an accented syllable in which the r is 
not followed by a vowel or by another r, or in derivatives of 
such words, when the syllable retains its accent, as in herd, 
defer, deferring, err, erring, term, merry , maternal. When 
e occurs before r, followed by a vowel or by another r, in a 
word not derived as above, it either has the short sound, as 
in ferry, peril, perilous, heritage, ferule, or the long sound, 
as in period, hero, material. 

The vulgar universally, and many cultivated speakers 
both in England and America, give the e in such words the 
full sound of u in urge, as, murcy for mercy, turm for term, 
&c. But, in the most approved style of pronunciation, the 
organs are placed in a position intermediate between that 
requisite for sounding Ti and that for sounding S, thus 
making (as Smart observes) " a compromise between the 
two." In other words, this element is radically distinct 
from both ft and g, being less guttural than the former and 
less palatal thavthe iatter, from which it was doubtless 
originally evolved. 

I. 

§ 15. Regular long sound, marked T, I, as in ice ; heard 
also in aisle, height, eying, eye, vie, guile, buy, thy, rye, 
&c. ; in pint, in child, mild, wild ; and in monosyllables 
ending with nd, as bind, find, kind, &c, except wind, 
meaning air in motion, and wind, to scent, to cause to lose 
or to recover wind or breath. 

Note. — This sound, though represented by a single 
character, is not a simple element, but a diphthong. It is 
composed of a and c as extremes, with the a accented, but 
made so very brief that the ear with difficulty recognizes 
the precise character of the sound. 

§ 16. Regular short sound, marked I, t, as in W,; heard 
also in English, beaufin, been, sieve, women, busy, guinea, 
nymph, &c. 



Note . — This is not a short sound of long i. Many have 
considered it as the shut or extreme short sound of long e ; 
but it is really a distinct, though closely allied, element, 
and is so regarded by the best orthoepists at the present 
time. In its formation, the tongue is slightly relaxed from 
the position assumed for producing e; this is the only dif- 
ference between the two sounds. — See § 3, Note, and § 
8, Note. 

Occasional, Sounds of I. 

§ 17. Sound of i like that of long e, marked I, Y, as in 
pique, machine, caprice, &c. — See § 10. 

Note. — This is appropriately the sound of i in all for- 
eign languages. Most of the English words in which this 
sound is represented by this letter are from the French. 

§ 18. Sound of i before r, verging toward u in urge, 
marked I, T, as in irksome, virgin, thirsty, &c, identical 
with that of e in ermine. 

NOTE. — Jin this case is sounded by many speakers like 
u, as vurgin for virgin. The observations made under § 14 
as to short e in words like ermine, verdure, &c, apply fully 
to this sound of the i. 

O. 

§19. Regular long sound, marked 0, 5, as in did; 
heard also in hautboy, beau, yeoman, sew, roam, hoe, door, 
shoulder, grow, owe, &c. 

Note. — This sound of o is in most cases diphthongal, 
having a slight " vanish " in oo annexed to the " radical " 
or initial sound, as in below, where the w may be regarded 
as representing the vanish. The radical part of the sound 
is a simple element, intermediate with respect to the mode 
of its formation, between a and oo, the tongue being less 
depressed than for a, and the labial aperture greater than 
for oo. It is essentially the same element as that described 
in the next section, but of a slightly less open quality. The 
vanish of the o is omitted in unaccented syllables, as in 
o-pin'ion, to-bac'co, &c, but ought not to be omitted else- 
where. This remark is important as bearing on a very 
prevalent error, which will be mentioned in the next sec- 
tion. 

§ 20. I* is exceedingly common, in some parts of the 
United States, to shorten the long o of certain words, as 
bolt, most, only, Sec, by dropping the vanishing element 
which belongs to the vowel, and giving to the radical por- 
tion a somewhat more open quality ; but this practice is 
wholly opposed to English usage. The provincialism here 
pointed out obtains, more or less widely, in respect to the 
following words, namely : boat, bolster, bolt, bone, both, broke, 
broken, choke, cloak, close, a., coach, coat, coax, colt, colter, 
comb, dolt, folks, goad, hold, holm, holster, home, homely, 
hope, jolt, load, molten, most, molt, none, only, open, pole, 
polka, potdtice, poultry, revolt, road, rode, rogue, soap, 
sloth, smoke, sofa, sol (the name of the note G of the musi- 
cal scale), spoke, v., spoken, stone, story, swollen (or swoln), 
throat, toad, upholsterer, upholstery, whole, wholly, whole- 
some, wrote, yoke, yolk, and possibly a few others. Most 
persons in New England sound the o in a part or all of 
these words without the vanish, while some among th© 
vulgar go further, and give to a number of them almost 
the sound of short u, as hum for home, &c. They should 
all, however, have the full sound of the o as heard in ac- 
cented syllables, though not in all cases with quite the 
same prolongation of the sound. Thus the full o of dome 
should be given to home ; of hole to whole ; of slope to 
hope ; of poach to coach ; of moat to coat ; of joke to spoke, 
cloak, smoke, and broke ; of hone to bone and stone ; and 
similarly in the other cases. Still, the theoretic phonolo- 
gist can not but regard the true short o described in thii 
section as an important and legitimate member of the fanv 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



ily of vowel sounds, and must look upon its absence in the 
established orthoepy of our language as a defect and an 
anomaly. To him, therefore, its rise and growth in the 
popular speech are interesting facts, and its final preva- 
lence and admittance to equal rights with the other vowels 
is a thing he would rather desire than deprecate. 

§ 21. Regular short sound, marked 0, 6, as in odd, 
nSt ; heard also in wander, knowledge, &c. — See § 3, 
Note, and § 9. 

Note. — This is the shut or extreme short sound of 
broad a, and coincides with the sound of a in what. There 
is a medium sound of this letter which is neither so short 
as in not, nor so long as in naught. This medium sound is 
usually given to the short o when directly followed by ss, 
si, and tli, as in cross, cost, broth; also, in gone, cough, 
trough, off, and some other words. To give the extreme 
ehort sound to such words is affectation ; to give them the 
full sound of broad a is vulgar. 

Occasional Sounds of 0. 

§ 22. Sound of o like short u, marked 6, 6, as in other, 
dove, &c. ; heard also in does, g&n, flood, double, &c. — 
See § 31. 

§ 23. Sound of o like do long, marked 0, o, as in prove, 
do, move, tomb, &c. — See § 26. 

§ 24. Sound of o like do short, marked 0, q, as in 
bosom, wolf, woman, &c. — See § 8, Note, and § 27. 

NOTE. — This sound coincides with that of u in bull, 
which is also used for 00 short. — See § 33. 

§ 25. Sound of like a (broad a), marked o, 6, as in 
6rder,fGrm, stCrk, &c. — See § 1. 

NOTE. — The letter generally has this sound when it 
occurs before r in a monosyllable" fas in fCr, form, lOrd, 
north) or in an accented syllable when not followed by a 
vowel or by another r, as in fdr'mer, Or' 'chard, abh£r'. and 
also in the derivatives of such words, as iu formed, north'- 
ern, abhGr'ring. But when occurs, in an accented syllable, 
before r followed b3^ a vowel or by another r in a word not 
a derivative, it has its regular short sound, as in for' eign, 
Sr'ange, tor'rid. These two sounds of o, namely, the broad, 
like that of a in call, and the short, like that of a in what, 
have been confounded by some orthoepists ; but there is 
an obvious difference between them, not only in quantity, 
but also in quality, the short vowel being more open than 
the broad. — See § 8, Note. 

OO. 

§ 26. Regular long or open sound, marked 0~0, Co, as 
in moon, food ; heard also in rheum, drew, to, canoe, man- 
oeuvre, group, rude, rue, recruit, &c. 

Note. — This sound is the same element with the u of 
the Germans, Spaniards, and Italians, and coincides with 
the French ou in route. It is the closest labial vowel ; that 
is to say, in forming it the lips are more neariy closed than 
for any other vowel, the sides being brought into contact 
with each other so as to leave only a small central aperture 
for the escape of the voice. 

§ 27. Regular short sound of 00, marked 0*0, cTo, as 
in wool, foot ; heard also in wolf, should, bull, Sec. — See § 
8, Notz. 

§ 28. The following words, room, root, roof, rood, broom, 
and soon, have properly the long sound of 00, as in food 
(see § 26) ; but many pronounce them with the short sound, 
as in foot (see § 27). New Englanders especially are often 
recognized abroad by their habit of pronouncing room, 
room; root, root; roof, roof; rood, rood; broom, broom, 
and soon, soon. 

U. 
§ 29. Regular long sound, marked U, u, as in mate, 



unit, &c. ; heard also in beauty, feodal, feud, pew, ew\ 
lieu, view, cue, suit, yew, you, yule, &c. 

Note. — This is a compound sound, formed of thevowe? 
00, with a slight sound of the consonant y or of the vowel 
e" or 1 before it. "When the u begins a syllable, or is pre. 
ceded by any one of the palatal or labial sounds k, g, p. b 
f, v, tn, the sound of y is clearly perceived, as in the word* 
usage, cube, gules, puny, burin, futile, mule. 

§30. When the long u is preceded, in the same syllable 
by any one of the consonants d, t, I, n, s, and th, it is 
peculiarly difficult to introduce the sound of y ; and henc« 
negligent speakers omit it entirety, pronouncing dwty, 
dooty ; tune, toon ; lute, loot ; nuisance, noosance ; suit, 
soot ; thurible, thoorible, &c. The reason is, that, in form, 
ing these consonants, the organs are in a position to pass 
with perfect ease to the sound of 00, while it is very difficult 
in doing so to touch the intermediate y ; hence the y h* 
such cases is very apt to be dropped. On this point Smart 
remarks, « To say tube (tyoob), lucid (lyoocid), with the. 
u as perfect [i. e. with a distinct sound of y prefixed to 00] 
as in cube, cubic, mute, &c, is either northern or laboriously 
pedantic," — a de&cription which applies to the vulgar in 
our Eastern States, and to those who are over-nice at th» 
South. The practice of good society is to let the y sink 
into a very brief sound of long e or of short i, both of 
which havr, a very close organic relationship to consonant 
y. Special care must be taken not only to make this sound 
as brief as possible, but to pronounce it in the same syllable 
with the 00. We thus avoid the two extremes, of over, 
doing, on the one hand, by making too much of the y, and 
on the other hand, of sounding only the 00 after the man- 
ner of careless speakers. 

It ought to be added that wherever the sound of sh, zh, 
or y consonant, precedes the u, the y is omitted, as in 
Star-e, sounded shoor ; sugar, shoogar ; azure, azlvoor ; yule , 
yooh &c. 

§ 31. Regvlar short sound, marked fj, ti, as in but .• 
heard also in sun, does, blood, touch, 8:c. 

Note. — This is not the short soiind of long u. It is a 
di&tinct and simple element, and derives its peculiar gut- 
tural character from the influence of the pharynx and back 
part of the mouth. In its organic formation, it is essential-. 
ly the same sound as u in urge, but is shorter in quantity, 
and of a rather more open quality. — See § 3, Note, and 
§8, NOTE. 

Occasional Sounds of U. 

§ 32. Sound of u when preceded by r in the same syl- 
lable, marked U, u, as in rude, rumor, rural, &c. 

Note. — All the English orthoepists agree that the« in 
this case drops the yori which is generally an element of 
its compound sound when preceded, in the same syllable, 
by anj r other consonant than r, and becomes simply 00, so 
that rue is pronounced rob ; rule, robl ; ruby, rob by, &c. 

§ 33. Sound of u like that of short 00 (6*0), marked 
tJ, u, as in bull, put, push, pull, &c. — See § 8, Note, and 
§27. 

§ 34. Sound of u before r in such words as urge, burn, 
furl, concur, &c, marked ft, ff ; heard also in worm, jour- 
ney, &c. 

NOTE. — This is often called the natural vowel, because 
it requires almost no effort to utter it, the mouth being 
slightly opened in the easiest or most natural and uncon- 
strained manner for the passage of voice in a nearly un- 
modified form. But the name is scarcely appropriate ; for 
the sound is altogether wanting in many languages, and — 
with the single exception of the English — it occupies a 
comparatively subordinate place in the vowel systems of 
the principal tongues in which it occurs. It has been more 
aptly termed the neutral vowel, with reference to its want 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



XI 



of any strongly-marked distinctive character ; and this 
name is here adopted as, on the whole, preferable to any 
other. The sound differs from that of short a (with which 
it has often been identified) in length, and in a somewhat 
greater degree of closeness. (See § 8, Note.) It occurs, 
in monosyllables, before r not followed by a vowel (as in 
cur, fur, furl, hurt, burst, purr) ; in accented syllables, be- 
fore r final or r followed by one or more consonants different 
from itself (as in recur', cur 1 few, fur'long, disbursed') ;.and 
in derivatives from any such words (as currish, furry, pur- 
ring, recurring). Except in the cases here specified, the 
letter u before r has its short sound, as in cur'ry, hur'ry. 

Y. 

§ 35. Regular long sound, marked Y, y, as inffy, style, 
sky, edify, &c. 

NOTE. — This is the same sound as long i. — See § 15. 

§ 36. Regular short sound, marked Y, f, as in cyst, 
nymph, lyric, abyss, coinciding with the sound of short i. — 
See §16. 

Occasional, Sound of T. 

§ 37. Y has only one occasional sound ; namely, in such 
words as myrrh, myrtle, in which it has, like the e and i in 
similar circumstances (see § 14 and § 18), very nearly the 
sound of u in urge. Thi3 is indicated in the Dictionary by 
respelling, the words in which y has this sound being very 
few in number. 

H. REGULAR OR PROPER DIPHTHONGS. 

OI or OY. 

§ 38. The sound of oi or oy (unmarked), as heard in oil, 
join, oyster, &c. 

Note . — The elements of this diphthong are 6 as in cord 
(the same as broad a), and 1 as in fin (short t), with the 
accent on the former. Oy is always regular in English 
words, and oi is regular also, except in the following cases ; 
namely, avoirdupois (av-wr-du-poiz'), connoisseur (kon-i's- 
soor'), shamois (sb&m'my), choir (kwire), tortoise (tor'iis), 
tur-quois (sometimes pronounced tur-keez'). 

Until near the beginning of the present century, oi was 
extensively pronounced like long i, as jlne for join, rile for 
roil, &c. : but this pronunciation is now confined ex- 
clusively to the lowest classes. 

ow. 

§ 39. The sound of ow (unmarked), as heard in owl, 
vowel, flower, &c. 

NOTE . — This diphthong is compounded of the elements 
a and oo, the former of which is accented, but made ex- 
tremely brief. In a considerable number of words, ovj 
represents the sound of long o; in the single word knoivl- 
edge and in its derivatives, it has the sound of short o. 
These are accordingly distinguished by the proper mark, as 
blow, slow, know, knowledge, &c. 

OTJ. 

§ 40. This diphthong has two leading sounds. 

(1.) That of ow in words derived from the Anglo-Saxon, 
as in out, hound, &c. 

(2.) That of oo in words derived from the French, as in 
$oup, group, &c. 

§ 41. The diphthong ou has also, in a number of words, 
the sound of long o. as in so ul ; in a few cases, the sound 
of the broad a, as in bought (bawt) ; sometimes that of 
short u, as in couple ; sometimes that of u in urge, as in 
adjourn (adjurn) ; and, in the three words could, would, 
mould, that of oo as in foot. These peculiarities are indi- 
cated in this Dictionary by the appropriate mark over the 
rignificant or sounded vowel, or by respelling. 



HI. VOWELS IN UNACCENTED SYLLABLES. 

§ 42. When an unaccented syllable ends in a consonant, 
its vowel, if single, has, in strict theory, its regular short 
or shut sound, though uttered somewhat more faintly, or 
with a less proportionate force, than in an accented syllable, 
as in assign', con'duct, conflict, &c. In many words of 
this class, however, the vowel is apt to suffer a change or 
corruption of its distinctive quality, passing over into some 
sound of easier utterance. Thus the vowel sounds in tho 
unaccented syllables ar, er, ir, or, yr (as in altar, offer, 
tapir, mirror, zephyr), are coincident with that of tho 
second u in sulphur. As a general rule, a and o, in unac- 
cented syllables ending in a consonant, verge toward, ox 
fall into, the sound of short w, particularly in colloquial 
discourse, as in bal'lad, bar'raci-, verbal, bed' lam, capstan, 
jal'ap, bi'as, bal'last, hav'oc, methW, nis'tol, ven'om, 
compel', iiag'o??, bish'op, vi'lot, prov'osf. In such words, 
it would ordinarily be the merest pedantry or affectation 
to give the vowel its regular short sound. 

The vowel e, in unaccented syllables ending in a con- 
sonant, is, in some words, liable to be sounded like short i 
(as in barrel), and, in others, like short u (as in silent) ; but 
these changes are usually avoided by good speakers. 

It may here be remarked, that some of the diphthongs 
are similarly affected by the absence of accent. Thus ai, 
which, in an accented syllable, is usually sounded like long 
a (as in corn-plain'), sinks into S or t in an unaccented 
syllable, as in mountain, pronounced moun'ten or moun / - 
tin. So ei, ey, and ie become changed in pronunciation 
into i (as in surfeit, hon'ey, car'fied), and ou is sounded as 
u (as in griev'ous). 

It is also to be observed, that, in the unaccented sylla- 
bles of some words from the Latin, the vowel is long, 
though followed by a consonant in the same syllable, as in 
cantharides; but, in such cases, the long mark is, in the 
Dictionax-y, placed over the vowel. 

§ 43. When the unaccented syllable does not end in a 
consonant, two cases arise ; namely, — 

(1.) The syllable may consist of, or may end in, a vowel, 
as in the words a-bound', di-xect', e-vent/, mo-lest', &c. 

(2.) The syllable may end in a consonant, with final e 
mute at the close of words, as in ul'ii-mate, n'nite, rer/- 
tile, &c. 

The former of these will, for the sake of brevity, b« 
called No. 1, the latter No. 2. These will now be con- 
sidered under each of the vowels. 

A. 

§ 44. (No. 1. See § 43.) Here the a has properly a 
brief sound of the Italian a, as in Cu'ba, a-niuse', A-mer-'i- 
ca ; but, in familiar speech, it is almost always so slighted 
and obscured as to be indistinguishable from the neutral 
vowel, or u in urge, murmur, &c. In some words, like 
a-e / ri-al, c/ia-ot/ic, &c, the a has its regular long or nanio 
sound, somewhat shortened by the omission of the {( van- 
ish." This is due to the influence of the subsequent vowel, 
which, in fluent utterance, refuses to take the Italian a 
before it without the intervention of one or more con- 
sonants. Some speakers in this country give the same 
brief sound of long a to this letter when it occurs in an 
initial unaccented syllable followed by a consonant in an 
accented syllahle, as in a-bound', fa-tal'i-ty ; but this prac- 
tice is not sanctioned by the best orthoepists. In the ter- 
minations -a-ny and -a-ry, the a has usually the same 
sound as short e unaccented, as in mia'cel-la-ny, nu/ment- 
o-ry, &c. 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



§ 45. (No. 2. See § 43.) Here the a has sometimes its 
long sound, particularly in verbs ending in ate, as, dedi- 
cate, ed'u-cate, &c. In other parts of speech, the sound 
of the a is more obscure, verging toward short e, as in ul'- 
ti-mate, night'in-gale, preface, &c. In some instances it 
is apt to verge toward short i, as in village. 

E. 

§ 46. (No. 1 See § 43.) Here the e has its long sound, 
slightly obscure or abridged, as in e-vent/, e-mo'tion, so- 
ei'e-ty, &c. Care should be taken not to sink th« e into 
an indefinite sound of short u, as, society for society, &c. 

§ 47. (No. 2. See § 43-) Here, also, the e has usually 
its long sound a little shortened and slighted, as in obso- 
lete. In a few instances, it verges toward short e, as in 
college. 

I. 

There is great diversity in the case of this letter. Hence 
it is difficult to lay down general rules ; and, as Smart re- 
marks, " The inquirer must be sent to the Dictionary to 
learn, in each particular case, the true pronunciation." 

§ 48. (No. 1. See § 43.) 2, when final in a syllable, 
has more commonly its short sound, as in phi-los'o-phy, 
dl-rect', &c. But the i is usually long in the ■initial sylla- 
bles i, bi, chi, cli, cri, pri, tri, as in I-de'a, bl-Ol'o-gy, crl- 
teli-on, prl-me'val, &c. 

§ 49. (No. 2. See § 43.) In these terminations, usage 
is greatly divided. On the whole, the i is more generally 
6hort, as in ac-com'pHce, in'fi-mte, ferl/le, marl-tome, 
ad-a-manllne, an'ise, posl-tfve, &c. ; but there are some 
important exceptions, as, cock'a-trice, ex^le, gen't/le, con'- 
cu-bme, ar'chlve, &c. ; also all names of minerals ending 
in lite or ite ; as chrys'o-llte, ste'a-tlte, &c. Here the Dic- 
tionary must be consulted for the several wor as. Accord- 
ing to Smart and Cull, chemical terms ending in ide (as 
bromide, cliloride, &c.) should be pronounced with the i 
long ; but all other orthoepists are unanimous in making 
the vowel short ; and the propriety of the latter mode of 
pronunciation is established by the fact that this whole 
class of words is not unfrequently spelled without the final 
e, thus, bromid, dilorid. 

o. 

§ 50. (No. 1. See § 43.) Here the o has usually its long 
Bound slightly abbreviated, and without its « vanish " 
(see § 19), as in o-pinlon, croc'o-dile, to-bae'eo, &c. Care 
should here be taken not to sink the o into short u, as care- 
less speakers often do, pronouncing o-pinlon, ?<p-pinlon, 
&c. An exception, however, is perhaps to be made in the 
case of the terminations -o-ny and -o-ry, in which, accord- 
ing to universal usage in England, the o is sounded like 
short « unaccented, as in mat/ri-mo-ny, promls-so-ry, &c. 
Yet most speakers in this country give the o in such words 
its long sound, slightly abbreviated, as in other unaccented 
syllables. The practice — too common among us — of lay- 
ing a secondary accent on the o is a fault which should be 
sedulously avoided. — See § 110. 

§ 51. (No. 2. See § 43.) The o in these terminations 
has usually its regular long sound, as in tel'e-scSpe, ep'cde, 
&c. Sometimes it has the sound of short o, as in dia- 
logue : in other cases, it verges toward short u, as in 
purpose. 



§ 52. (No. 1. See § 43.) Here the u generally has its 
long sound slightly abridged, as in ac'ctt-rate, e-mol'w- 
ment, man-M-mit/, an'nw-al, dep'w-tize, w-till-ty. But 



when the u is preceded by d, t, or s, these combinations, dtt, 
tu, and su, are by the great majority of speakers changed 
into joo, ckoo, and shoo or zhoo, respectively, as in ed / - 
w-cate (ej'oo-kate), ha-bit'w-al (ha-blch'oo-al), sen'su-ous 
(sen'shoo-us), vis'w-al (vlzh'oo-al). (See §§ 66, 77, 92, 98, 
95, and 107. ) Ln the notation of words of this class in the 
Dictionary, the regular pronunciation is generally given 
instead of the irregular, in conformity with the views of 
Dr. Webster ; but, in many instances, reference is made to 
the remarks contained in the present section. When the 
u is preceded by r, it simply drops the y sound, and is 
pronounced oo, as in er-u-di'tion (er-oo-dish'un). (See § 
32.) 

§ 53. (No. 2. See § 43.) The u in these terminations 
should generally retain its regular long sound (see §§ 29, 
30) slightly abridged, as in grat i-twde, in'sti-tute, ridi- 
cule, tribltte, im-postlifune, sub'ter-fr?ge, &c. There are 
a few exceptions, as min'ute (minlt), n., and letlwce (lef- 
tis). If the letter r precedes the u, the initial element of 
the vowel is dropped, as in ce'rwse (seloos), peruke (per'- 
ook), &c. (See § 32.) On the other hand, when the u is 
immediately preceded by the letter t, it should never be 
changed into mere oo, as gratl-tood for gratl-twde, in'sti- 
toot for hvsti-tftte — a practice which prevails among the 
vulgar. 

The terminations dure, ture, and sure, though sometimes 
pronounced with the regular sounds of the letters, are more 
commonly pronounced joor, choor, and shoor or zhoor, re- 
spectively, as in the words tenVper-a-twre (tem'per-a-choor), 
ver'dMre (ver'joor), cy'no-swre (si'no-shoor), ex-po'swre (eks- 
po'zhoor). (See §§ 66, 77, 92, 93, 95, and 107.) When these 
terminations are immediately preceded by an accented syl- 
lable, many speakers change them still further into chur, 
jur, and shur, or zkur, as in na'twre (na'chur), ver'dwre 
(ver'jur), cen'swre (sen'shur), ex-po'sz/re (eks-po / zhur). The 
Dictionary follows the practice of Dr. Webster in giving to 
dure and ture the regular sounds of d, t, and u (pronounc- 
ing verdure, vcrd'yoor, creature, kreet'yoor, &c), while sure 
is respelt shoor or zhoor, as in the examples given above. 
This, it is true, is an inconsistency ; but it is one of little 
moment, inasmuch as general usage is so fluctuating, and 
as reference is in most cases made to the present section. 

Y. 

§ 54. (No. 1. See § 43.) Here y has usually its short 
sound, as in h^-poe'ri-si/, my-fhol'o-gy, vanl-tj/, mer'ri-1^, 
proph'e-cy, &c. ; but verbs ending in fy have the y long, 
as in jusli-iy, mag / ni-t'j/, &c. ; also the three verbs, oc ; - 
cu-py, mul'ti-pljf, proph'e-sy. 

§ 55. (No. 2. See § 43.) The y in these terminations 
(which are few in number) is generally long, as in an'o. 
dyne, perl-style ne'o-phyte, pros'e-lyte, &c. 

IT. SILENT VOWELS. 
§ 56. "Vowels which are printed in Italics are not to 
be sounded, as the e in used, burdrn, the i in cous/n, &c 
Some of these cases require a more particular consideration, 
and will now be mentioned. 

E final. 
§ 57. The letter e is always mute when final, except in 
monosyllables containing no other vowel, in classical words, 
and in some words from modern foreign languages ; but, in 
a monosyllable or in an accented syllable of a word, though 
silent, it generally serves the purpose of indicating that a 
preceding single vowel followed by a single consonant, a 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



X111 



consonant digraph, or the combined letters st or ng, has it3 
regular long sound, as in plane, hope, cube, inscribe, paste, 
change. When a silent e follows c or g at the end of a word, 
it serves also to show that the consonant is to have its soft, 
and not its hard, sound, as in ace, nice, age, huge, oblige. 
In a- number of monosyllables (as bide, come, give, were, 
done, &c.) and in the accented syllables of a few words de- 
rived from them (as forbade 1 , become' , forgive'), the e does 
not have its usual effect of lengthening the sound of the 
preceding vowel. In unaccented syllables, it sometimes 
keeps the vowel in its long sound, as in gen'tlle, su'pine, 
finite, ar' chive ; but in a great many instances it exercises 
no such influence, as in jus'tice, hos'tile, mar'i-time, doc'- 
trlne, an'lse, gran'ite, plain'tive. 

EN with E silent. 
§ 58. Most words ending in en drop the e in pronuncia- 
tion, as, often (of n), heaven (heav'n), even (ev'n), &c. One 
of the most prevalent errors of the present day, especially 
among our clergy (for the laity have fallen into it much 
less), is that of pronouncing the words even (ev'n) evwn, 
heaven (heav'n) heav;m or heaven, often (of n) often, &c. 
Walker remarks with great keenness on this error, declar- 
ing it to be a a puerile and false pronunciation." If the 
writer is correctly informed, it is never heard among good 
speakers in England. The following are nearly all the 
words in which the e should be sounded : aspen, chicken, 
hyphen, kitchen, jerken, latten, lichen, marten, mynchen, 
paten, patten, plate/?, rowen, wicken, and yewen. The e 
is also sounded when preceded by the liquids /, m, n, r, as 
in woolen, omen, linen, siren, &c, though fallen, stolen, 
and swollen omit the e in pronunciation. With regard to 
Eden, bounden, heathen, mitten, sudden, and sloven, there 
is a diversity of usage among good speakers in this country, 
some suppressing, and some soundiDg, the e. 

ON with O silent. 

§ 59. Many words ending in on preceded by c, clc, s, and 
t, omit the o in pronunciation, as in reckon (reck'n), bacon 
(bak'n), treason (treas'n), mutton (mutt'n), &c. 

ED with E silent. 
§ 60 . The termination ed is usually shortened in pro- 
nunciation by dropping the sound of the e (as in loved 
(lov'd). aimed (ainvd), diffused (diffus'd), &c), unless this 
letter is preceded by d or t (as in amended, contented, &c ), 
when its omission is organically impossible. But in adverbs 
formed by adding ly, and in nouns formed by adding ness 
to words ending in ed, the e of this termination is uniformly 
sounded, as in assuredly, confusedly, raiewedly, amazed- 
ness, composedness, &c. There are also some participial 
adjectives, and some adjectives not derived from verbs, in 
which the e is commonly sounded, as. aged, beloved, blessed, 
crabbed, cragged, crooked, crutchsd, cursed, cusped, deuced, 
dogged, hooked, jagged, learned, legged, naked, peaked, 
picked (sharp), ragged, rugged, stubbed, wicked, winged, 
wretched. The e is also pronounced in the derivatives 
formed from such adjectives, as, learnedly, blessedness : but 
is generally omitted in the compounds, as, fc'l-aged (ajd), 
iheath-winged (-wingd). In poetry, the meter often requires 
us to pronounce ed as a distinct syllable, when it would not 
be so pronounced in prose. In all cases where it should 
properly be sounded, its omission is a mark of great vul- 
garity. 

NOTE. — In reading the Scriptures and Prayer-Book, 
some persons, chiefly among the clergy, make it a practice 



to pronounce the participial termination -ed, in most cases 
in which it is not preceded by a vowel (as in believed, re- 
vealed), as a distinct syllable. Thus, " Whom he did predes- 
tinate, them he also call-erf; and whom he call-erf, them he 
also justifierf ; and whom he justifierf, them he also glo- 
rifierf." This usage was formerly a very prevalent one, but 
at the present time it is much more limited, and is com- 
monly regarded as savoring of affectation or of an old- 
school education. 

EL with E silent. 
§ 61. As a general rule, the e is sounded in these ter- 
minations, as in grave/, level, vessel, chape/, &c. To omit 
the e in such cases, pronouncing level, lev'l, chapel, chap'l, 
&c, is generally regarded as a vulgarism. The following 
are nearly or quite all the words of this kind in which the 
e is properly omitted ; namely, barbel, betel, chattel, drazel, 
drivel, easel, grovel, hazel, mangel wurzel, mantel, mis- 
pickel, mussel, navel, ousel, ravel, rivel, scovel, shekel, 
shovel, shrivel, snivel, swing?l, swivel, teasel, toggel, towsd, 
weasel, and, according to a few orthoepists, model. 



CONSONANTS. 

B. 

§ 62. The sound represented by this letter (which is un- 
marked) is heard in the words barn, rob, labor, table, Sec. 

Note. — This sound is formed by the compression of 
vocalized breath or voice, within the mouth, while the lips 
are shut and the back nostrils are closed by covering them 
with the soft palate. When preceded by m, or followed by 
t, in the same syllable, b is generally silent, as in bo?nb, 
climb, tomb, debt, doubt, subt'le, &c. Accumb, dithyramb, 
iamb, succmnb, rhomb, rhumb, are said to be exceptions ; 
yet, in this country, the first and the fourth of these words 
are commonly pronounced without sounding the b. U is 
also silent in bdellium. 

c. 

§ 63. C marked thus, ^, c (soft c), has the sound of 5, 
as in cede, trace, acid, cypress, &c. 

Note. — It takes this sound whenever it occurs before 
e (even if silent), i, or y. — See S, § 90. 

When the letters ce or ci are immediately preceded by an 
accented syllable, and are followed by a vowel in the next 
syllable, the c combines in pronunciation with the e or i to 
form the sound sh, as in ocean, social, saponaceous, &c. 
In some words, c alone has this sound, or, rather, the e or 
i is used twice, first combining with the c to represent the 
sound of sh, and then, in the same syllable, taking on its 
customary vowel sound, as in so-ci-al'i-ty. — See SH, § 95. 

§ 64. 'C marked thus, €3, € (hard c), has the sound of k 
when it comes before a, o, v, I, or r, before k, s, or t, and 
when it ends a word or a syllable, as in call, cot, cut, clot,, 
crown, black, act, zinc, traffic, pic'ture, flae'eid, eth'ics. — 
See K, § 78. 

§ 65. C has the sound of z in the words sacrifice, sice, 
suffice, and discern, and in their derivatives. It is silent in 
the words czar, victuals, indict, and their derivatives, and 
also in the termination scle, as in muscle, corpuscle, &c 

CH. 

§ 66. Cft unmarked (English ch) has very nearly the 
sound of tsh, as in child, much, richer, speechless, &c. 

Note. — The compound sound signified by this digraph 
is not precisely equivalent to that represented by tsh. The 
ordinary sound of t is uttered with the tip of the tongue 



XIV 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



pressed against the gum of the upper front teeth. The first 
element of ch is uttered with the upper fiat surface of the 
tongue, near the tip, applied to the gum at a point higher 
up, just where a relaxation of the contact produces the 
configuration requisite for sounding sh, the second constit- 
uent of the compound. The two elements are so closely 
blended in pronunciation that, like a diphthong or com- 
pound vowel, they have the effect of only a single sound or 
beat upon the ear. 

When the letter t comes before « (= yoo) iu an unac- 
cented syllable, and is at the same time preceded by an ac- 
cented syllable (as in nature), or when it is preceded by s or 
x in an accented syllable, and is immediately followed by ia 
(= ya) or io (= yo) in an unaccented syllable (as in Chris- 
tian, question, admixtion), both this letter and the y vir- 
tually following it are, by some speakers, preserved in their 
usual and appropriate sounds; thus, nature (nat'yoor) 
Christian (krlst'yan), question (kwest'yun), admixtion (ad- 
mlkst'yun), &c. But by others they are suffered to sink 
into the easier and closely allied sound of ch in church ; 
thus, nature (n;I-choor), Christian (kris'chan), question 
(kweVchun), admixtion (ad-miks'chun), &c. In regard to 
the pronunciation of words ending in teous, when this ter- 
mination is not under, but i3 immediately preceded by, the 
accent (as in boun'teous), usage is far from being uniform, 
eome calling it t-yus (a3 bount'yus), others reducing it to 
chus (as boun'chus), while others corrupt it into che-us (as 
boun'cheus) ; but that mode which keeps both the t and the 
e in their customary sounds (as boun'te-us), is the most 
common, except in the single word righteous, which is 
properly pronounced rlt'yus, or rl'chus. 

§ 67. Ck marked thus, Ch, ch (French ch), has the 
Bound of sh, as in cliaise, -marchioness, machine, &c. — See 
SH, § 95. Most words of this kind are derived from the 
Trench. 

§ 68. Ch marked thus, €Tn, -ch (Latin ch), has the 
eound of k, as in chorus, epoch, distich, &c. This is the 
usual sound in words derived from the ancient languages ; 
"but cherub and charity, with their derivatives, are excep- 
tions. Ch is always hard (like k) before I and r, as in chlo- 
rine, chrism. 

Note. — The prefix arch, denoting chief, is pronounced 
ark in archangel and its derivatives, and in words from 
foreign languages in which the other component part is not 
separately current in English, as, architecture, arc/npelago, 
crc/titrave, &c. In all other cases, it is pronounced artch, 
as in arch -bishop, arch-enemy , arc/i-fiend, &c. 

§ 69. Ch is silent in the word drachm (though not in 
drachma, drak'ma), and also in schism, yac/it (y ot )> ar "i 
their derivatives. 



§ 70. The sound of d (unmarked), as in dale, sad, rider, 
tradesman, &c. 

Note. — The sound of this letter is formed by pressing 
the end of the tongue against the upper gums, and then 
forcing up vocalized breath, or voice, into the mouth, the 
eoffc palate being raised to prevent its escape through the 
nose. 

This is the regular and usual sound of d ; but when this 
letter follows a whispered or non-vocal consonant in the 
game syllable, it uniformly takes the sound of t, as in hissed 
(hist). (See § 108.) D is silent only in the words Wednes- 
day and handkerchief. 

P. 

§ 71. ^k° sound of f (unmarked), as ia. fame, leaf, def- 
inite, softly, &c. 

Note. — This letter, which is never silent, is uttered by 
applying the lower lip to the upper front teeth, and emit- 
ting the breath. Phas only this one sound, except in the 
single word of, in which it has the power of v. In the 



compounds hereof, thereof, and whereof, many speakers 
preserve the customary and regular sound of the f; but 
good usage allows it to be sounded as in the simple word. 

G. 

§ 72. G marked thus, G, g (g hard), has the sound of 
that letter in the word go ; as in get, gave, give, begun, 

keg, sluggish, smuggle, &c. 

Note. — This sound is produced by a compression of in- 
tonated breath, or voice, confined within the mouth by a 
contact of the root of the tongue with the posterior part 
of the palate, which is at the same time raised sufficiently 
to cover the back nostrils, or openings from the pharynx 
into the nose. 

G is hard before a (except in the single word gaol and its 
derivatives), o, u, h t I, and r, as in gate, gore, gum, ghastly, 
glad, grain. It is sometimes, though not usually, hard 
before e, i, and y, as in get, give, gibbous, muggy. This 
occurs chiefly in words from the Anglo-Saxon, and in a very 
few from the Greek. It is also, and always, hard at the 
end of words, and in the derivatives of such words, even 
when the g is doubled and followed by e, i, or y, as in crag, 
drug, fog, cragged, druggist, foggy. 

When a, I, or i, is preceded in the same syllable by the 
sound of g, or of k, very many speakers, particularly in 
England, interpose a slight sound of e, as in card, kind, 
garden, guard, girl, guile, guise, sky. Some persons affect 
the introduction of a full and distinct sound of long e, or 
of consonant y, in such cases ; saying kee-ard or k-yard, 
kee-lnd or k-yind, ske-y or sk-yl, &c. The practice of a 
very large portion, if not a majority, of the best speakers 
ia the United States, and also of many educated persons in 
England, is to join the sound of the g or k to that of the & 
or t, without suffering any other sound to slip in between 
them. 

§ 73. G marked thus, 6, g (g soft), has the compound 
sound of j, as in gem, rage, engine, caged, See. — See § 77. 

Note. — The letter g generally takes this sound when it 
comes before e, i, or y; but there are some exceptions. (See 
the preceding section.) G has also its soft sound before a 
in the single word gaol (now commonly spelled jail), and in 
its derivatives and compounds. 

§ 74. In a few words from the French, g retains the 
sound of zh, which it has before e and i in that language, 
as in rouge (roozh), mirage (ml-razh/), &c. 

G is silent before in and n final, and also when initial 
before n, as in phlegm, sign, gnat. 

For the office which g performs in such words as longer, 
stronger, &c, see § 82. 

GH. 

§ 75. This digraph (which is unmarked) is sounded, at 
the beginning of a word, like g hard, as in ghastly, ghost, 
gherkin, &c. It is silent after the vowel i, as in high, sigh, 
weigh ; and it. is generally silent before t, as in bought, 
fraught, taught, Sec. The words draught and laughter, 
where it has the sound off, are exceptions. In other 
cases, gh is generally pronounced like/, as in chough, cough, 
rough, tough, trough, enough, &c. ; but it sometimes has 
the sound of k, as in hough, lough, shough. In the word 
hiccough, it is usually pronounced like p. 

H. 

§ 7Q. This letter (which is unmarked) is a mere aspira- 
tion or breathing, and represents no fixed configuration of 
the vocal organs. 

Note. — It is an emission of unvocalized breath through 
whatever position of the mouth-organs is required by the 
succeeding element, the organs being always placed to form 
the next following letter before the h is pronounced. Thus, 
in lie the tongue is put in a position to sound the t before 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



XV 



the h is uttered ; and similarly in hall, hard, home, &c. It 
differs, however, from a mere whispered vowel, in being an 
expiration of breath through the open glottis, whereas in 
whispering a vowel the glottis is almost closed by the ap- 
proximation of the vocal cords. 

In the following words, heir, heiress, herb, herbage, honest, 
honor, honorable, hour, with their derivatives, and also in 
hostler (more properly spelt ostler), h is silent. It is also 
marked as silencby most orthoepists in hospital, humor, and 
humble, with their derivatives. There is, however, an in- 
creasing tendency to sound the h in these words. H is 
silent after g initial, as in ghost, gherkin, &c. ; after r, as in 
rhyme, myrrh, &c. ; and also when preceded by a vowel in 
the same syllable, as in ah, eh, oh, buhl, Jehovah, &c. In 
many parts of England, the sound of this letter is almost 
always omitted where it ought to be uttered, and uttered 
where it ought to be omitted ; as ^ouse for house, happle for 
apple, &c. This very gross and vulgar error is rarely, if 
ever, heard among natives of the United States. 

J. 

§ 77. This letter (which i3 unmarked) has very nearly 
the Bound of dzh, being precisely the same as that of g 
soft, as in jar, jeer, joke, &c. — See & 73. 

Note. — The sound of y, though almost identical with 
that of dzh, differs from it as the sound of ch in chin dif- 
fers from that of tsh. ( See § 66, Note . ) J" is never silent. 
In the word hallelujah, it has the sound of consonant y. 

In words in which d precedes a letter having regularly 
the sound of y, and occurring in an unaccented syllable, as 
in modulate (mod'u-late), soldier (sold'yer), the sound of j 
is very often substituted for the combined sounds of the d 
and y (thus, moj'oo-late, soVjer) ; — just as the sound of ch 
is substituted for the combined sounds of t and y in nat- 
ure, question, righteous, &c. (See § 66, Note.) Smart 
remarks, " It is possible to preserve the pure sound of the 
t and d in nature and verdure ; yet nothing is more certain 
than that they are not preserved pure by the best and most 
careful speakers." 



§ 78. This letter (which is unmarked) has one uniform 
sound, as heard in keep, king, kitchen, &c, and is precisely 
equivalent to c hard. — See § 64. 

Note . — The sound represented by this letter differs from 
that of g in go (hard g) only in being a whispered and not 
a vocal utterance ; the organs are placed in the same posi- 
tion for forming both sounds. Before n, in the same sylla- 
ble, k is silent, as in knack, knell, knit, know, &c. It is 
also silent after c, as in back, barrack, &c. In regard to the 
pronunciation sometimes given to such words as kind, sky, 
&c, see § 72, Note. 

L. 

§ 79. The sound of I (unmarked), as heard in left, bell, 
chalice, melting, &c. 

Note, — This letter has only one sound, which consists 
of an efflux of vocalized breath, or voice, over the sides of 
the tongue, while its tip is pressed against the gums of the 
upper front teeth. L is silent in many words, especially 
before a final consonant, as in almond, malmsey, palmer, 
alms, calm, walk, half, could, would, should, &c. 



§ 80. The sound of m (unmarked), as heard in make, 
aim, clamor, armed, &c. 

NOTE. — This letter has one uniform sound, produced by 
closing the lips, and letting the voice issue through the 
nose. It is silent when it precedes n in the same syllable, 
as in mnemonics. 

IT. 

§ 81. The sound of n (unmarked), as heard in nail, ten, 
panel, entry, &c. 



Note. — In the production of this sound, the tip of the 
tongue is pressed against the upper gums, as for d ; but the 
voice, instead of being confined within the mouth, is suf- 
fered to escape uninterruptedly through the nose, the nasal 
passages being uncovered for that purpose. 

When final after I or m,n is uniformly silent, as in kiln, 
condemn, solemn, hymn, limn, &c; but it is generally 
sounded in the derivatives formed from such words by add- 
ing to them a termination beginning with a vowel, as in 
condemnatory, solemnize, hymnic, limner, &c. In the 
present participles of verbs ending in mn, as contemn, 
hymn, &c, the n, though often unpronounced, is more 
properly sounded, as, contemning, hymning, &c. 

§ 82. The sound of n as heard in linger, link, uncle, 
&c. (marked N, ri). 

Note . — This is essentially the same sound as that repre- 
sented by ng ; but its length varies greatly according as it 
is followed by a whispered or a vocal consonant. When it 
is followed in the same syllable by the sound of k, as in link, 
it is cut so short by the instantaneous and perfect closure 
of the organs which form this pure mute as to add almost 
nothing to the length of the syllable. It seems undesirable, 
therefore, to respell words ending in nk by the use of ng; and, 
in this volume, this is not done, a diacritical mark being 
placed below the n instead, as a sufficient indication of the 
true quality and quantity of the sound. But when this 
sound of n is followed by that of g in a separate syllable, 
as in the primitive words anger, finger, conger, hunger, it is 
long and sonorous, and increases the dui-ation of the syl- 
labic utterance very perceptibly. As a general rule, the 
change of n into n takes place only before g and k (or before 
the equivalents of &, namely, c, q,an£Lx=ks. It takes place 
before k or its equivalents when any one of these letters fol- 
lows n in the same syllable, as in link, cinqae, minx, be- 
think', adungue', pharynx ,- and before g or k, or an equiv- 
alent of k, when any one of these letters begins an unac- 
cented syllable and the n ends a preceding accented one, 
as in concord, congress, un/cle, &c. Vcn'gxxva. and a few 
other words are exceptions ; also words beginning with the 
prefixes in, non, quinque, and un; as, in'come, non'con- 
form'ity, quTn^uevalve, un'compound'ed, &c. It is to be 
observed that, if the n ends an unaccented syllable, and the 
g or k begins an accented one, the n invariably retains its 
regular sound ; as in con-cord'ant, con-gres'sional, &c. 

It is also to be observed that in most derivative words, 
like hanger, singer, wronger (from hang, sing, and wrong), 
the g is not sounded, but unites with the n to represent 
the sound which in the primitives just cited is represented 
by n alone. But in the comparative and superlative de- 
grees of the three following words, namely, long, strong, and 
young, and also in the words diphthongal and triphthongal 
(from diphthong and triphthong), the g is always, though 
very irregularly, pronounced, taking its hard sound, as in 
go; thus, lon'ger, stron'ger, &c. It is further to be ob- 
served that there is a small class of words in which the » 
has its ordinary sound, as in nail, and the g its soft sound, 
as in gem. Of this class, the words danger, stranger, gin- 
ger, and plunger are examples. 

§ 83. The sound of ng (unmarked), a3 in sing, singer, 
singly, Sec. 

Note. — This is a simple elementary sound, and is not 
(as might be supposed) a compound sound made up of the 
sound of n in conjunction with that of g. In forming ng, 
the tongue is placed in the same position as for forming g ; 
the nostrils, however, are not completely closed, but yet so 
much so as to produce a marked resonance (somewhat sim- 
ilar to the sound of n), which may be continued to any 
length, as in sing, bring, &c. — See § 82. 

P. 

§ 84. The sound of p (unmarked), as heard in pay, apt, 
paper, aptly, &c. 

Note. — The position of the organs necessary for forming 
this sound is the same as for 6, but the sound itself differs 



XVI 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



from that of 6 in being an utterance of the breath instead 
of the voice. 

P has but one sound ; it is silent when initial before n, s, 
and t, as in pneumatics, -psalm, pshaw, ptarmigan. It is 
also silent or very indistinct when it occurs between m and j 
t in the same syllable, as in tempt, exempt, &c. ; but when , 
preceded by m in the same syllable and followed by t or by | 
k in the next syllable, it is more properly sounded ; as in 
temp-ta'tion,exemp'tion, redemption, consumptive, sump'- 
tuous, bump' kin, pump' kin, &c, though, in colloquial ut- 
terance, it is very often suppressed in words of this class. 
It is also mute in the following words, and in their deriva- j 
tives : namely, raspberry, receipt, sempstress, accompt, and 
corps. 

PH. 

§ 85. This digraph (which is unmarked) occurs chiefly 
in words of Greek derivation, and has usually the sound 
off, as in phantom, sylph, philosophy, &c. In Stephen it 
has the sound of v ; and, according to most orthoepists, it 
has the same sound in nephew (nev'ew), though in this 
country it has commonly its regular sound of f in that 
word. 

Before th initial, ph is silent, as in p/ithisis ; it is also si- 
lent in apop/ithegin. In diphthong, triphthong, ophthalmy, 
naphtha, and other allied words, together with their deriv- 
atives, the ph is often sounded as p, or the li may be re- 
garded as silent. 

Q. 

§ 86. Q is followed in all cases by u, and these two let- 
ters, taken together, have usually the sound of kw, as in 
queen (kween), conquest (koyk'west), &c. In a few words 
derived from the French, qu is sounded like k, as in co- 
quette, quadrille, &c. It has the same sound in the com- 
mon termination que, as in antique, oblique, burlesque, &c. 

R. 

§ 87. This letter (which is unmarked) may be viewed 
under three aspects : — 

(1.) jR as in rip, trip, carol, &c. (sometimes called rough, 
trilled, dental, or initial r). 

In forming this sound, the tongue assumes nearly the 
same position as for d ; but the voice, instead of being con- 
fined within the mouth, is suffered to flow freely over the 
tip of the tongue, producing a very slightly trilled and 
peculiarly liquid sound, closely resembling that of z in the 
mode of its formation, but not partaking of its harsh, buzz- 
ing quality ; the difference between the two sounds, in this 
respect, resulting from the fact that the tip of the tongue 
is approximated more closely to the upper gum for z than 
for r. R is sometimes strongly trilied or rolled by a forcible 
expulsion of the voice ; but in customary speech it is very 
gently pronounced, and any marked vibration of the tongue 
should be carefully avoided as a pedantic affectation. The 
sound here described is heard in English in the two follow- 
ing cases : 1. When r is not preceded by a vowel, as in ream, 
dream, prompt, spring ; 2. When it stands between two 
Towels of which the first is short, as in baron, ?nerit, spirit, 
■florid. Often the r is doubled in the written word, as in 
barren, merry, torrid ; but, in these cases, only one r is 
heard in the pronunciation, providing the preceding vowel 
is short. — See § 109. 

(2.) R as in far, form, terse, surge, &c. (sometimes called 
smooth, palatal, guttural, obscure, or final r). 

By most orthoepists at the present day, the letter r, when 
it occurs before any consonant, or when final, is regarded 
as a distinct element from the last, and as formed by a 
slight vibration of the back part, or root, of the tongue 



against the extremity of the soft palate. Many writers, 
however, do not admit any such distinction in the sound 
of r, maintaining that the value of the letter (apart from 
the obscure vowel element described in No. 3) is uniform in 
all situations. 

(3.) R, connected with a guttural vowel sound, as heard 
in such words as fare, mere, ire, ore, cure, poor, pure, &c 
Here the character r represents two sounds ; namely, an ob- 
scure vowel sound resembling that of u in urge, and a smooth 
or palatal r, so that the above words are pronounced iaur (seo 
§ 4), nieur, iur, &c. 

§ 88. In the pronunciation of accurate speakers, r is 
never silent ; but when it occurs after a long vowel or a 
dipththong in the same syllable, as in here, fur, murmur, 
our, mire, &c, it is commonly and entirely suppressed, 
both in the United States and the south of England. In 
the northern counties of England, and in Scotland and Ire- 
land, with equal impropriety it is, when so situated, always 
trifled. 

§ 89. In English usage, when the letter r is preceded in 
an accented syllable by a long vowel or a diphthong, and is 
followed by a vowel in the next syllable, it uniformly repre- 
sents both the palatal, or smooth, and the dental, or trilled, 
sound of this letter, as in hero, iris, glory, lurid, pronounced 
hur'ro, ir'ris, gl5r'ry, lur'rid. In the United States, this 
double power of the letter r is chiefly, though not invari- 
ably, restricted to the derivatives of words ending in r or 
re preceded by a long vowel or a diphthong, as in poorer 
(poor'rer), from poor; boring (b.3r ring), from bore ; airy (ax'- 
ry), from air ; peerage (peer'rage), from peer ; wiry (wlr'ry), 
from wire ; securing (secur'ring), from secure ; but, on the 
other hand, we say he'ro, i'ris, glo'ry, lu'rid, &c, because 
these words are not derived from any other words in the 
language. In Scotland, however, the universal practice is 
to join the r m all cases to the following vowel ; or, in other 
words, to give it only its dental or trilled sound ; thus, 
pee'rage and he'ro, wl'ry and I'ris, bu'ring and glo'ry, secu'- 
ring and lu'rid, &c. 

It is to be observed that those orthoapists who maintain 
that r has one invariable sound, assert that the only pecu- 
liarity in the English pronunciation of such words as hero, 
iris, &c, and in the English and American pronunciation 
of such words as poorer, boring, &c, consists in the inter- 
position between the r and the preceding vowel of an ob- 
scure vowel sound like that of u in urge, which obscure 
sound is omitted by the Scotch. 



§ 90. S unmarked has its regular sharp or hissing 
sound, as in same, y<s, massy, resting, &c. 

Note. — This sound is an utterance of unvocal breath 
forced between the tip of the tongue and the upper gum, 
the tongue being placed in the proper position for sounding 
t and d. S always has this sound at the beginning, and 
frequently in the middle and at the end, of words. — Seo 
§108. 

§ 91. S, when marked thus, S, g, has the buzzing 
sound of z in zeal, as in has, amuse, rosy, &c. — See § 108- 

Note. — There has been much diversity among orthoe- 
pists as to the sound of s in words commencing in dis, as 
disarm, disburse, &c. Walker laid down this rule: — " It 
[s] ought always to be pronounced like z when unaccented 
and followed by an accented flat mute [b, d, g hard, v], a 
liquid [I, m, n, r], or a vowel." Hence he gave pronuncia- 
tions like the following : disbud, dizbnd. ; disedify, diz- 
edify; disjoin, efejoin ; dislike, dizlike ; dislodge, dizladge, 
&c. Scarcely any subsequent orthoepist has gone so far. 
Webster's Dictionary gives s the sound of z in the following 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



xvii 



words only: namely, disarm, disaster, aiscern, disease, dis- 
heir, dishonest, dishonor, dismal, disown, dissolve. 

There are a few verbs ending in se, which are also used as 
nouns or adjectives. To distinguish between them, the s is 
vocalized in the verb, and whispered in the noun or adjec- 
tive ; as close, a., and close, v. ; house, n., and house, v. ; 
use, n., and use, v. ; diffuse, a., and diffuse, v. 

§ 92. When the letter 5, having regularly its sharp or 
hissing sound, follows a liquid or another s, and precedes a 
letter havinj the sound of consonant y, as i in reversion, 
mansion, passion, and, in a few cases, when it precedes u 
(=yoo), as in sure, sugar, censure, sensual, the sounds rep- 
resented by these letters are exchanged for that of the sim- 
ple but very similar element represented by sh. Thus the ex- 
amples just given are actually pronounced re-ver' shun, man'- 
shun, pash'un, shoor, shobg'ar, cen'shoor, sen'shoo-al, though 
the theoretical pronunciation would be re-ver s'yun, mans'- 
yun, pass'yun, s-yoor, s-yobg'ar, cens'yoor, sens' yoo-al. 

In a few words, s alone takes the sound of sh, as in nau- 
sea, Asiatic ; or rather the e or i, in such cases, does double 
duty, uniting with the 5 to signify the sound of sh, and at 
the same time retaining its usual vowel character. 

S 93. When s is preceded by a vowel in an accented syl- 
lable, and is followed by a vowel having regularly or theo- 
retically the sound of consonant y, these two letters are 
commonly pronounced like zh, as in adhesion, revision, ex- 
plosion, confusion, pleasure, visual, usury, &c. (See § 107.) 
So also in scission, abs/ission, rescission, though the 5 is 
not preceded by a vowel in the accented syllable. 

§ 94. S * 3 silent in the words aisle, isle, island, demesne, 
puisne, viscount, and generally at the end of French words 
adopted into English, as chamois, corps, vis-a-vis, &c. 

Sh. 

5 95. This digraph (which is unmarked) represents the 
simple sound heard in shelf, flesh, usher, &c. 

NOTE. — This element is formed by a partial contact of 
the upper surface of the tongue, near the tip, with that 
side of the arch or dome of the palate which is just above 
the gums of the front teeth, and by an effusion of unvocal 
breath through the narrow aperture left for its escape. Or- 
ganically considered, the sound is intermediate between 
those of s and consonant y ; genetically considered, it has 
been evolved from the combination of these two sounds, 
which, in rapid utterance, do not easily maintain their dis- 
tinct character. Thus, if we pronounce the word special 
in three syllables, speg'i-al, and then try to reduce it to two, 
we shall find that it is difficult to articulate the c (= s) and 
the i (= y) by one continuous effort of the organs, and that 
the intermediate sh is naturally substituted as an easier and 
a closely allied sound. So with version, mission, sure, &c. 
In motion, and other words ending in tion not preceded by 
* or by x, we may suppose the t to have been originally 
sounded like s, as in words of the same class in French ; or 
the process of development may have been, first, mo'ti-on 
(with the t kept pure); then mot'yun ; next mot' shun or 
mo'chun (see § 66) ; and finally, by sinking the t, mo'shun. 

Sh is never silent. It is expressed : 1. By c, as in o-ce- 
an'ic, e-ma-ri-a'tion ; 2. By s, as in nau'.te-ate, A-si-at'ic ; 
8. By t, as in ne-go-rt-a'tion ; 4. By ce, as in o'cean ; 5. By 
ci, as in so'ci&l ; 6. By se, as in nau's^ous ; 7. By si, as in 
tension ; 8. By ti, as in cap'^'ous ; 9. By the si implied in 
xi (= ksi), as in nox/ous ; 10. By the sy implied in su {=: 
syoo), as in men-.w-ra'tion (men-sAoo-ra'shun) : 11. By the 
sy implied in xu (=ksyoo), as in lux'uvy (luk's/ioo-ry ; 12. 
By ch, as in cAaise, c/iar'la-tan, ma-c/une' ; 13. By chs, as in 
fxx'chsi a,; 14. By sc, as in con-sci-en'tious ; 15. By sch, as 
in schorl ; 16. By sci, as in con'scvence. — See §§ 63, 92, 
97,104. 

In some words, particularly those ending in date and 
tiate, some orthoepists and speakers pronounce the vowel 
distinctly after the c or t sounded as sh; as, enunciate 



(e-nQn'shi-ate), expatiate (eks-pa'shT-ate), &c. ; others pro- 
nounce it with a slight sound, as of a very brief or half- 
suppressed e, represented in the Dictionaries of Smart and 
Cooley by an apostrophe, thus, enunciate (e-nQn'sh'ate), 
expatiate (eks-p:i/sh'ate), &c. ; others, again, as Sheridan, 
Perry, and Dr. Webster, considering it an error to use the 
vowel twice, pronounce these terminations, and others like 
them, in one syllable; as, enunciate (e-ntin'shate), expa- 
tiate (eks-pa'shate), &c. In this Dictionary, however, 
these terminations are given in two syllables (-shi-ate), in 
accordance with what is believed to be the best and most 
general usage ; but a reference to the present section ia 
generally appended to words of this class, that the inquirer 
may not be left in ignorance of the fact that there is a want 
of uniformity in their pronunciation. 

T. 

§ 96. The sound of t (unmarked) as heard in tone, note, 
noted, assets, &c. 

Note. — This sound differs from that of d (see § 70) only 
in being a whispered and not a vocal utterance ; that is to 
say, the position or configuration of the articulating organs 
is the same in both cases, but for d the breath, confined 
within the mouth by a close contact of the fore part of the 
tongue with the upper gum, is vocalized and rendered audi- 
ble in a sort of murmur heard before the organs separate, 
while for t it is kept pure or unvocal, and cannot therefore 
be heard until the contact is forcibly broken. 

T is silent in the terminations ten and tie after 5, as in 
fasten, listen, often, castle, gristle, throstle, &c. It is also 
silent in the words chestnut, Christmas, hostler, or ostler, 
mistletoe, and mortgage. 

§ 97. When t precedes any one of the diphthongs ia, ie, 
and io, and at the same time follows an accented syllable 
not ending in 5 or x, it assumes, in some words, the sound 
of sh, as in negotiation ; but, in most cases, the compound 
sound resulting from the coalescence of t and i is exchanged 
for that of sh, as in patient, station, partial, &c. When 5 
or x precedes the t, this letter and the i following it either 
preserve their own sounds pure, or exchange them for the 
sound of ch in chin, as in question (kwest'yun or kwes'- 
chun), mixtion (mikst'yun or miks'chun), &c. — See § 66, 
Note, and § 95. 

Th. 

§ 98. Th unmarked has its sharp or whispered sound, 
as in thing, breath, author, athlete, &c. 

NOTE. — This is the sound made in lisping. It is pro- 
duced by putting the point of the tongue between the 
teeth, or by placing it against the back of the upper front 
teeth, and forcing out unintonated breath. 

Th has this sound generally at the beginning and at the 
end of words ; but there are some exceptions. 

§ 99. Th marked thus, Th, th, has its soft, fiat, or vo- 
cal sound, as in thine, then, with, mother, writhed, &c. 

NOTE. — This sound differs from the foregoing only in 
being an utterance of voice instead of simple breath. It 
occurs chiefly between two vowels in words purely English, 
as in leather, wither, heathen ; also at the end of the verbi 
mouth, bequeath, and smooth : and when followed by a final 
e mute, as in breathe, clothe, &c. 

Nouns which, in the singular, end in th sharp, usually 
preserve the same sound in the plural, as death, deaths; 
sabbath, sabbaths, &c. ; but in the plurals of the following 
seven words the th is vocal ; namely, bath, cloth, lath, mouth, 
oath, path, and wreath, as, baths, cloths, laths, paths, &c. 
Some pronounce truths, in the plural, with the vocal sound 
(truths), but this is sanctioned by no orthoepist. 

Although th in with has its vocal sound, yet in the com- 
pounds herewith, therewith, and wherewith, it is, according 
to the orthoepists, pronounced with its sharp or whispered 
sound. Good usage, however, allows it to retain in the 
compound the same sound that it has in the simple word- 



XV 111 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



§ 100. Th has the sound of t in phthisic (tiz/ik), thyme 
(tun), and their derivatives ; and also in the proper names 
Thomas (tom'as) and Thames (temz.) This is also its sound 
in all modern European languages except the Greek. In 
asthma and isthmus, it is said by the orthoepists to have 
the same sound ; but the great majority of speakers, in the 
United States at least, entirely suppress the th, pronoun- 
cing the former word az'ma or as'ma, and the latter Is'mus 
or iz/mus. — See § 108. 

V. 

§ 101. The sound of v (unmarked), as in vane, leave, 
civil, &c. 

NOTE. — This sound differs from that of/ only in being 
an utterance of the voice instead of the breath, the organs 
assuming precisely the same position for both sounds. 

V is never silent, except in sevennight (sen'nit), which is 
also written sennight, and, according to some orthoepists, 
in the word twelvemonth, colloquially pronounced twel 1 - 
munth. 

w. 

§ 102. At the beginning of a word or of a syllable, as 
wet, worse, inward, this letter (which is unmarked) is a 
con*onant, formed from, and nearly resembling, the vowel 
6b, but requiring for its utterance a closer position, or 
greater contraction, of the labial aperture ; and this com- 
pression of the lips changes the quality of the sound, giv- 
ing it a buzzing and articulative, instead of a smooth and 
purely vocal, character. 

NOTE. — Some writers, however, maintain that the sound 
is merely that of a brief oo ; in other words, that it is no 
consonant at all; but a simple experiment will serve to 
show the incorrectness of this view. If w is the same as 
oo, the word woo must be equivalent to oo pronounced 
twice in succession ; but oo-o~o' is evidently a word of two 
syllables, and wo~o, as universally pronounced, is confess- 
edly a monosyllable. Another consideration will help to 
establish the consonantal nature of w. Like the other con- 
sonants, it is capable of stopping or shutting a vowel, that 
is, of causing it to assume its regular short sound, as in 
the cockney pronunciation of very as ve'wy, of marry as 
miJ'wy, of horrid as ho'wid, &c. 

After a vowel in the same syllable, w is generally silent, 
as in glow, thrown, &c. ; though sometimes significant, as 
in Haw. With e it unites to form a diphthong, which is 
generally sounded like long u, as in dew, few, new ; but it 
is sounded like oo, or like u in rude, if the letter r stands 
before it, as in crew, shretc, &c. It is often joined with a 
preceding o to represent the diphthongal sound otherwise 
expressed by ou, as in brow, cow, town, &c. — See § 39. 

W is always silent before r in the same syllable, as in 
wring (ring), wrote (rot), awry (a-ry') ; also in the words 
answer (an'ser), sword (sord), toioard (to'ard), two (too). 

It is often represented by u occurring before another 
Towel in the same syllable, as quail, query, languid, as- 
suage, &c. 

Wh. 
§ 103. The true sound of these letters is in the reverse 
order, namely, hw, as they were written by the Anglo-Sax- 
ons ; e. g., whet is pronounced hwet. The h is here a free 
emission of breath through the position taken by the lips in 
the formation of w, the vocal cords being all the while com- 
pletely relaxed. (See § 76.) Many recent phonologists, how- 
ever, contend that the combination wh represents a simple 
whisper of the ordinary w, to which it stands in the same 
relation as any surd consonant does to its corresponding so- 
nant. Those who hold this opinion not only wrongly appre- 
hend and describe their own pronunciation, but they over- 
look the fact, that, as a closer approximation of the lips in 



pronouncing oo-et changes the sound to wet, so hoo-et in like 
manner gives rise to whet ; and they forget that all words 
of this class originally began with an aspiration or a gut- 
tural, as their etymological history clearly shows. Thus 
what is from the A.-S. hwcet, 0. Sax. hvat, Icel. hvater, &c. 
Compare also Scot, quhile and English while, Lat. quid and 
English what. In who, whole, whoop, whore, and their de- 
rivatives, the w is silent. 



§ 104. This letter has two sounds ; namely, its regular 
sharp sound (unmarked) like ks, as in expect, tax, &c, and 
its soft or fiat sound (marked X, x,) like gz, as in exist, 
example, &c. 

Note. — This latter sound usually occurs when the syl- 
lable which immediately follows the x begins with an ac- 
cented vowel, as in auxiliary, exert, exalt, luxurious, and 
sometimes also in the derivatives of such words, even 
though the x is under the accent, as in exemplary, exhala- 
tion, &c. 

In anxious, noxious, luxury, and a few other words, the 
s which is the second element of the x, and the following i 
or the first element of the following u, instead of retaining 
their usual sound of y, are generally exchanged for the 
sound of sh; thus, ank'shus, nok'shus, luk'shoo-ry, &c. 

At the beginning of words, x has the sound of z, as in 
xanthic (zan'-), xebec (ze / -), xylography (zl-), &c. 



§ 105. The sound of y (unmarked), as in yawn, year, 
young, beyond, &c. 

Note. — This sound — which is heard in English only at 
the beginning of a word or a syllable — is formed from the 
vowel e by a closer approximation of the tongue to the roof 
of the mouth, which destroys the pure vocality of the e. 
As w is often confounded with oo. so y is often confounded 
with c ; but it may be proved to be a distinct sound by an 
experiment on the word ye similar to that by which w was 
shown to be distinct from oo. — See § 102. 

In the middle or at the end of a syllable, y is a vowel, 
and has precisely the sound that i would have in the same 
situation. — See §§ 15, 16, 35, 48, 54, &c. 

Jf is often represented by i, when this letter occurs in an 
unaccented syllable before another vowel, and, at the same 
time, follows an accented syllable, as in familiar, minion, 
poniard, &c. 

z. 

§ 106. The regular and leading sound of this letter 
(which is unmarked) is heard in zone, maze, hazy, frozen, 
&c. It is the vocal or sonant form of s. (See §90.) In a few 
words it takes the sound of zh, as in seizure (se/zhoor), &c. 
(See § 107.) In rendezvous it is silent. 

Zh. 

§ 107. This sound is the vocal correspondent of sh, and 
is uttered with the organs in precisely the same position. 

NOTE. — It has arisen, in all English words, from an at- 
tempt to pronounce the sound of z in maze (see § 106) and 
that of consonant y (see § 105) in immediate succession. 
On account of the vicinity of the contacts represented by 
zh and y, the effort to do this causes the tongue to assume 
the position requisite for sounding zh, or nearly so ; and 
hence zh was naturally substituted as being a very similar 
sound of easier utterance. Thus, fusi on may be supposed 
to have been originally pronounced fuz'yun, and then fu'- 
zhun ; grazier, first graz'yer, and then grazh'er.—See § 95. 

The combination zh is used in works on pronunciation to 
indicate the sound here described, on account of the rela- 
tionship of this sound to that commonly expressed by the 
digraph sh. But the two letters zh never come together in 
the proper orthography of any English word. The sound 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



xix 



Tot which they stand is represented by zi (when the z occurs 
in, or is immediately preceded by, an accented syllable, and 
the i is followed by another vowel and occurs in an unac- 
cented syllable, as in glazier) ; by the zy implied in zu (r= 
zyoo), as in azure ; by s in symposium, &c. ; by si in cer- 
tain situations (see § 93) ; by ti in the single word tran- 
sition, as sometimes pronounced ; and by g in one or two 
words adopted from the Freuch, as rouge. 

ASSIMILATION OF CONSONANTS. 

§ 108. When a whispered and a vocal consonant come 
together in the same syllable, it is generally very difficult, 
in fluent pronunciation, to preserve each in its regular and 
appropriate sound. Hence it frequently becomes necessary 
to change the character of the one or of the other, in order 
to make the combination readily pronounceable. This is 
generally done, in English, by assimilating the sound of the 
second consonant, whether whispered or vocal, to that of 
the first. Thus, in chintz, the vocal consonant z assumes 
the sound of its whispered correspondent 5, in order to 
unite with the whispered t. On the other hand, the s in 
tcinds is vocalized, or assumes the sound of z, for the sake 
of corresponding with the vocal d. Sometimes, though 
rarely, the sound of the first consonant is assimilated to 
that of the second, as in sp ism (spazm). 

This affinity between these two classes of consonants is 
an important fact, and one which needs to be familiarly 
known. For there are four very common inflectional ter- 
minations which invariably come under its influence, 
namely : 1. Possessive forms in s, as maid's (maidz) ; 2. 
Plurals in s, as tubs (tubz), groves (grovz) ; 3. S in the third 
person singular of verbs, as loads (loadz), smooths (smoothz) , 
4. Preterits and participles in d preceded by e mute, as in 
dashed (dasht), ingulfed (ingulf t). 

It is necessary to observe, that there are a few words end- 
ing in dth, as breadth, hundredth, &c, where the aspirate 
th is not assimilated to the vocal d ; and also that, after ng, 
and the liquids /, m, n, r, — all of which are vocal conso- 
nants, — a whispered consonant can be pronounced with- 
out difficulty, and actually is pronounced, as in melt, terse, 
tempt (tenit), fence, strength, &c. 

DUPLICATION OF CONSONANTS. 

§ 109. I Q many words, a consonant is doubled between 
two vowels ; yet, in such cases, no more than one articula- 
tion is ever used in speaking. In banner, for example, we 
close the organs but once between the first and second syl- 
lables ; nor is it possible to use both of the letters n with- 
out pronouncing ban, then intermitting the voice entirely, 
opening the organs, and closing them a second time. 
Hence, in all cases, when the same consonant is written 
twice between vowels, as in banner, robbing, madden, let- 
ter, horrid, one of them only is represented by an articula- 
tion of the organs ; and the only reason for repeating the 
consonant is to indicate the fact that the preceding vowel 
has its short sound. 

But, although only one articulation is ever used, or, in 
fluent speech, possibly can be used, where a consonant is 
written twice, yet in some words the articulation is dwelt 
upon for an appreciable space of time, producing an appar- 
ent duplication of the sound. This effect takes place in 
many derived words in which the primitive ends or begins 
with the same letter as that with which a superadded suffix 
or prefix of English origin respectively begins or ends, as 
in soulless, fou'iy, keenness, misstep, outtravel, unnatura'. 
The same effect takes place in most compound words, in 
which the second part begins with the same sound as that 



with which the first part ends, as in post-town, head-dress, 
half-filkd. — See § 127. 



ACCENT. 

§ 110. Accent is a particular stress or effort of voi<59 
upon certain syllables of words, which distinguishes them 
from the others by a greater distinctness and loudness of 
pronunciation. Accent is of two kinds, primary, as in in- 
tend', where the full force of the voice is on the last sylla- 
ble, and secondary, as in su'per-in-tend', where the first 
syllable is distinguished by a stress greater than that laid 
on the second and third syllables, though less than thai 
laid on the last. In some words there are two secondary 
or subordinate accents, as in in-com / pre-hen / si l -bil'i-ty. 

NOTE. — (1.) The general tendency of accent, whether 
primary or secondary, is to shorten all vowels but u, when 
further back than the penultimate syllable, as in ten'ement, 
nec'essariness, an'atom'ical, person' 'ifiea'lion, &c. ; but we 
say lu'bricate, and not lub'ricate ; tru'cultncy, and not truc'- 
ulency ; su'perabun'dant, and not sUp'erabun'dant, &c. 
This tendency generally fails, if the accented syllable is fol- 
lowed by two unaccented vowels, as in pe'ri-od, ma'ni-ac ; 
or by two vowels of which the former only is unaccented, 
as in de'vi-a'tion, o'ri-en'tal. 

(2. ) The primary and secondary accents are, in certain 
cases, so nearly equal that we interchange them freely, 
" making, ; ' as Walker remarks, " the secondary principal 
and the principal secondary." He specifies violin, referee, 
privateer, artisan, courtesan, charlatan, and might have 
added ambuscade, cavalcade, caricature, etiquette, reverie, 
confidante, governante, invalid, n., parachute, and others. 
Nearly all of these, except the first three, have now (ac- 
cording to able orthoepists) transferred the primary accent 
from the last to the first syllable, as in artisan, &c, under 
the operation of a principle which is stated in § 11". 

(3. ) Many in this country give a marked secondary accent 
in certain words which properly have but one accent, and 
that on a pre-antepenultimate syllable, as in tef'ri-to'ry, 
diPfi-cttPty, eir'cum-stan'ces, in'ter-gst'ing, &c. This 
droning fault may be corrected by giving the accented syl- 
lable a sharp percussion, which carries the voice lightly 
through the rest of the word. It is also a vulgar American 
custom, in many words having an unaccented initial sylla- 
ble followed by an accented one, to lay a nearly equal stress 
of voice on both, as in tx'act'ly, gl'gan'tic, I'tal'ic, po'lit'- 
ical, pre'cise'ly, sal'va'tion, stxi'pen'dous. 

DIVIDED USAGE. 

§ HI. In quite a large number of words, there is a di- 
versity of practice among good speakers as to the place of 
the primary accent. This arises mainly from a conflict be- 
tween certain great principles which affect the seat of the 
accent. A few of these will now be mentioned, with a view 
to account for this diversity. It is all that can be done ia 
a brief sketch like this. 

§ 112. First Principle. — Derivatives take for a time, 
if not permanently, the accent of the original words from 
which they are formed, as resolve', from resol'vo, aspectf 
(Shakespeare, Milton), from aspectus, Hindostan'ee, from. 
Hindostan', &c. So also words derived from other English 
words by adding one or more syllables to their beginning 
or end, as within', from in, improp'er, from prop'er, po'et- 
ess, from po'et, pleas'antly, from pleas'ant, serviceable, 
from service, re-adjust' ment, from adjust', &c. 

§ 113. Second Principle. — Ease of utterance has some 
influence in deciding the place of the accent. Acceptable, 
receptacle, and u'tensil, fashionable in the days of Walker, 
have now taken the easier accentuation of accept'able, re- 



2* 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



tept'acle, and itten'sil. Dis'crepant and discrepancy are 
marked discrep'ant and discrepancy by Richardson, Boag, 
Craig, AVright, Clarke, and others. Subal'tern (instead of 
Walker's sub'altern) is the accentuation of Richardson, 
Knowles, Barclay, Craig, Clarke, and many more. Dys- 
pep'sy has taken the place of dys'pepsy in the marking of 
Webster, Smart, Cull, Wright, Clarke, Cooley, &c, and is 
bow the prevailing accentuation. On the same ground, 
ances'tral is preferred to an'cestral by Jameson, Webster, 
Boag, Clarke, and Cull, in conformity with campes'tral 
and other similar words. Confes'sor, like professor, has 
superseded confessor in this country, and has the support 
of Perry, Ash, Rees, Barclay, Boag, Clarke, Cull, Webster, 
and Worcester. Rem'ediless, from the difficulty of the 
sound, has been changed in this country into remed'iless, 
as sanctioned by Perry, Ash, Rees, Fulton and Knight, 
and Webster. Con'sistory has given way to consist' ory in 
the marking of Knowles, Barclay, Reid, Brande, Craig, 
Boag, Clarke, Cooley, and others. In like manner, ac- 
cessary and accessory (as marked in most English Dic- 
tionaries) are commonly pronounced in this country acces'- 
sary and accessory, as recommended by Bailey and Ash. 
These may serve as instances of the application of this 
principle. It is an important one in its place ; and, though 
it may give rise for a time to a diversity of pronunciation 
(since some will cling to that which is older and harder), 
changes of this kind, which promote ease of utterance, will 
finally prevail. 

Dissyllables. 

§ 114. Third Principle. — In words of two syllables, 
there is a tendency (though with numerous exceptions) to 
accent the former or penultimate syllable, as in a'gue, bar'- 
on, com'mon r dis'cord, &c. 

NOTE. — (1.) This tendency meets with a powerful coun- 
teraction in Principle No. 1, namely, that of derivatives re- 
taining the accent of their primitives, as in amuse', deter', 
offend' , &c. It is natural, in such formatives, to place the 
accent on the radical part of the word ; and hence some 
hundreds of our dissyllables, especially verbs and adverbs, 
have their accent on the last syllable. 

(2.) Still, there is a constant struggle (especially among 
the common people, who are unacquainted with the deriva- 
tion of words) to draw back the accent to the first syllable. 
Here arises another conflict, which produces a diversity of 
accent ; and the common people, being a majority, are, on 
the whole, slowly gaining upon those who are tenacious of 
Principle No. 1. Hence, con'nate and in'nate (instead of 
connate' and innate') are generally prevalent in this coun- 
try, and are now sanctioned by Reid, Boag, Craig, and 
others. Al'cove (for alcove') is more common among us, 
and it is so marked by recent English orthoepists, Boag, 
Craig, Cull, and others. Con'lents (for contents') has be- 
come the general usage of this country, as sanctioned by 
Cull, Clarke, Webster, and Worcester. Re'tail (for retail') 
is now the marking of a majority of the orthoepists. De'- 
tail (for detail') is less prevalent, but is sanctioned by 
Smart, Clarke, Cull, Cooley, &c. Pro'lix and pre'text (for 
prolix' and pretext') are widely prevalent (especially the for- 
mer), and are authorized by some recent lexicographers. 
Bom' bast (for bombast') is the accentuation of Walker, Bar- 
clay, Richardson, Cull, and Webster ; it is admitted by 
Worcester, and is extensively used in this country. Bu>- 
reau (for bureau') was admitted by Dr. Webster, and is very 
generally applied to the article of furniture, while bureau' 
is sometimes used in reference to a department of the gov- 
ernment. Ac' cess (for access') is authorized by a number 
of orthoepists, and especially, among the later ones, by 
Knowles, Boag, Wright, Clarke, and Cull. 

(3.) No orthoepist has given any sanction, it is believed, 
to ro'mance and fi'nance (for romance' and finance'), or to 
re' 'search and re'source (for research.' and resource'), though 



these pronunciations are not infrequently heard in America. 
The two last ought especially to be discountenanced ; for 
search and source are English words, and should tnerefore 
remain (as they were from the first) the chief objects of 
thought. 

§ 115. We have about eighty cases among our dissylla- 
bles in which the same word is used for a verb on the one 
hand, and a noun or an adjective on the other. To distin- 
guish between them, we accent the nouns and the adjec- 
tives on the first syllable, and the verbs on the last, as, a 
con'vert, to convert' ; a con'tract, to contract', &c. It is 
unnecessary to give the fist in full, since the accent of nearly 
all these words has been long settled by general usage. 

Note. — There are a few cases of divided use in nouns, 
which will sooner or later be made to conform to the gen- 
eral rule. For example, usage will probably soon fix per- 
manently on perfect for the adjective, and perfect' for the 
verb ; per'mit for the noun, and permit' for the verb ; pro'- 
test for the noun, and protest' for the verb ; per' fume for 
the noun, and perfume' for the verb ; pro'ceeds for the 
noun, and proceed' for the verb ; de'lail for the noun, and 
detail' for the verb ; in' crease for the noun, and increase' 
for the verb ; re'tail for the noun, and retail' for the verb ; 
sur'vey for the noun, and survey' for the verb. 

There is a tendency among many to accent theirs* sylla 
ble of the noun ally, allies; and, although without sanc- 
tion as yet from a single orthoepist, it would not be sur- 
prising if this tendency should prevail on the ground stated 
above, making the noun al'ly, al'lies, and the verb ally'. 
The noun cement has been extensively pronounced cem'ent, 
as distinguished from the verb to cement' ; but Smart thinks 
this will not finally prevail ; and the tendency does certainly* 
now seem to be toward cement' for the noun as well as the 
verb. 

§ 116. We have a few dissyllables which are at once 
nouns and adjectives. These are distinguished by accent- 
ing the nouns on the first syllable, and the adjectives on 
the last. 



NOUNS. 

Au'gust, the month. 
Com'pact, an engagement. 
Ex'ile, banishment. 
In'stinct, an impulse. 
Min'ute (of time). 
Su'pine (in grammar). 



ADJECTIVES. 

August', noble. 
Compact', close. 
Exile', small, slender. 
Instinct/, animated. 
Minute', very small. 
Supine', indolent. 



The word gallant departs from the above rule. When It 
denotes a suitor, or " attentive to ladies," it is accented 
gallant', and is changed into gal'lant when it means high- 
spirited or daring. 

Trisyllables and Polysyllables. 
§ 117. Fourth Prdjciple. — In words of three or more 
syllables, there is a strong tendency to accent the antepe- 
nult, or third syllable from the end, as in el'oquent, ac'ci- 
dent, opportu'nity. 

Note. — This tendency is counteracted by that of deriva- 
tion (Principle No. 1. See § 112) ; and here arises another 
" conflict/' which, to some extent, arrays our scholars on 
the one side, and the body of the people on the other. 
Many scholars, for example, are strongly inclined to say 
contem'plate, demon'strate, confis'cate, obdu'rate, &c. (for- 
getting that they come from participles, contempla'tus, dem- 
onstra'tus, Sec), because by Latin rules their second sylla' 
ble is long ; while the mass of the people, who know noth- 
ing of Latin , and are governed by English analogies, are 
equally bent on saying con' template, demonstrate, ob'dw 
rate, &c. The latter pronunciation is now very extensively 
heard, and thus we have a '-divided usage" in respect to 
these and similar words. There is a class of botanical and 
mineral ogical terms ending in phyllous and phyllite (from 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



xxi 



Gr. 4>v\\oi>, a leaf ), as quadriphyllous, anthophyllite, &c, 
in which the same struggle is going on. Words having 
these terminations are differently accented by different au- 
thorities, and sometimes even by the same authority. 
Knowles, Gray, and Worcester are the only authorities 
who are self-consistent in their pronunciation of such 
words — Knowles accenting them all on the antepenult, 
Gray as uniformly on the penult, and Worcester giving- an 
alternative in every case, the penultimate accentuation 
t>eing his preference. There can be no doubt that that 
mode of pronunciation which places the accent on the an- 
tepenult is most in accordance with the genius of our lan- 
guage ; and, in all probability, it will ultimately prevail 
over the learning or the pedantry of those who contend for 
the penultimate accentuation. In like manner, bal'cony 
(for balco'ny) has now, according to Smart, become the true 
English pronunciation, and is so marked by Knowles, Web- 
ster, Cull, Wright, Cooley, and many more. 

Ele'giac (for e'cgi'ac) is the general pronunciation of this 
country (in accordance with maniac and most other words 
in -iac), and has the sanction of Perry, Knowles, Wright, 
Clarke, Cull, Cooley, and \Y r ebster. Quan'dary (for quan- 
da'ry), in accordance with boundary a,nd nearly every other 
word of three syllables in -ary, is our prevailing pronunci- 
ation, and is sanctioned by Maunder, Cull, Craig, Clarke, 
Cooley, Worcester, and Webster. Many are disposed to 
reduce vaga'ry to the same accentuation (va'gary). 

§ 118. It is a J ust principle, laid down by Walker, that 
(t when words come to us whole from the Greek or Latin, 
the same accent ought to be preserved as in the original." 
Hence the following words ought to be accented as here 
marked : namely, Abdo'men, hori'zon, deco'rum, diplo'ma, 
muse'um, sonorous, acu'men, bitu'men, and, on like 
grounds, farra'go, and others. Yet the strong tendency 
of our language to accent the antepenultimate in all words 
of three or more syllables has caused this principle to be 
violated in some cases, as in am'azon, cic'atnx, min'ister, 
or'ator, pleth'ora, &c. 

§ 119. Words of more than two syllables having the 
same orthography are generally distinguished by a differ- 
ence of accent, as at'tribute, n., and attrib'u'e, t., miscon'- 
duct, n., and misconduct', v., o'verthrow, n., and over- 
throw', v. In such cases, the nouns have the accent fur- 
ther from the end. 

§ 120. With a very few exceptions, words of more than 
two syllables having the following terminations take the 
accent on the antepenult, or last syllable but two : — 

~cracy ; as, democracy, theoc'racy ; 

ferous ; as, somniferous, umbelliferous ; 

-fluent ; as, affluent, circumfluent ; 

-fluous ; as, mellifluous, superfluous ; 

-gonal ; as, diag'ona 1 , hexag'onal; 

-gony ; as, cosmog'ony, theog'ony ; 

-grapher ; as, lexicographer, stenographer ; 

-graphy ; as, photog'raphy, typography ; 

-loger ; as, philol'oger, astrologer ; 

•logist ; as, entomol'ogist, physiol'ogist ; 

■logy ; as, chronol'ogy, mythol'ogy ; 

ioquy as, colloquy, solil'oquy ; 

tnachy: as, logom'achy, theom'achy ; 

•malhy ; as, chrestom'athy, polym'athy; 

•meter; as, barom'eter, hygrom'eter ; 

•fnetry ; as, a'tim'etry, geom'etry ; 

•nomy; as, astron'omy, eron'omy ; 

-parous; as, ovip'arous. vivip'arous ; 

pathy ; as, ap'athy, antip'athy ; 

-phony ; as, antiph'ony, coloph'ony ; 

'Sropy ; as, acros'copy, deuteros'copy ; 

^strophe ; as, apos'trophe, catas'trophe ; 



-tomy; as, anat'omy, lithot'omy ; 
-trophy; as, at'rophy, hyper' trophy ; 
•famous, as.flammiv'omous, igniv'omous ; 
-porous, as, carnio'orous, graminiv'orous. 
§ 121. Words of more than two syllables, ending in 
-cate, -date, -gate, -fy, -tude, and -ty, preceded by a vowel, 
have, for the most part, the accent on the antepenult : as, 
J dep'recate, rus'ticate, recip'rocate ; an'tedate, elu'cidate, ac~ 
I com'modate ; prop'agate, delegate, fu'migate ; rar'efy^ 
j sanc'tify; qui'etude, lat'itude ; soci'ety, acid'ity, dep'uty. 

§ 122. The penultimate syllable is to be accented in al- 
j most all words having the sound of sh, of zh, or of conso- 
I nant y immediately before their last vowel or diphthong ; 
' e. g., dona'tion, concession, Ulu'sion, controversial, ver- 
mil' ion, opin'ion. 

The Terminations IC and ICS. 
§ 123. Words ending in ic and ics (derivatives from 
words in i*o? or ic us, in Greek or Latin, or formed after the 
same analogy) have their accent on the penult ; as, epi- 
dem'ic, scientific, &c. The following words are exceptions, 
having the accent on the antepenult ; namely ^ ag'aric, Ar'- 
abic, aritk'metic, ar'senic, n., cath'olic, choleric, ephem'eric, 
her'etic, lu'natic, pleth'oric, politic, rhet'oric, and tur'meric. 
Climacteric has usually the antepenultimate accent, though 
some pronounce it climacter'ic. In like manner, the nouns 
empiric and schismatic, and the noun and adjective sple- 
netic, are sometimes accented on the penult, and sometimes 
on the antepenult. 

; The Terminations E-AL, E-AN", and E-TJM. 
§ 124. A part of the words having these terminations 
! follow the English analog}", and take the antepenultimate 
j accent ; as, cent' lean, hypcrbo'rean, Hercu'lean, Mediterra'- 
\ nean, subterra'nean, Tarta'rean, marmo'rean ; petro'leum, 
' perios'teum, succrda'neum. A part accent the penult; as, 
adamante'an, Atlant'ean, colosse'an, empyre'an, Epicure'an, 
! Europe'an, pygme'an ; mausole'um. muse'um. Orphean, 
i being derived from Or'pheus (or'l'us), is more properly ac- 
; cented Or'phean. Most words ending in eal accent the ante- 
penult ; as, lin'eal, ethe'real, fune'real ; but hymene'al and 
ide'al take the accent upon the penult. 

The Termination OSE. 
§ 125. There is a considerable number of adjectives 
ending in ose, as animose, comatose, operose, &c, in the 
accentuation of which the dictionaries are at variance with 
each other, and many of them inconsistent with them- 
selves. But all words of this class, as Walker remarks, 
ought, from their form and derivation, to be pronounced 
alike. Walker himself accents them all upon the last syl- 
lable, and in this he is followed by Worcester and Cooley ; 
but, in trisyllables having this termination, most recent 
authorities, following the natural tendency of the language, 
as well as the prevailing usage, give only a secondary ac- 
cent to the last syllable, placing the principal accent on the 
antepenult. (See § 110, Note, second paragraph.) As to 
dissyllabic adjectives ending in ose, as jocose, verbose, mo- 
rose, &c, they take the accent on the last syllable, with a 
few exceptions. 

§ 126. I n poetry, words are frequently used with an ac- 
centuation different from that adopted in ordinary speech, 
as in the following examples : "~ ' 



XX11 



RULES FOR SPELLING. 



'Twixt that and reason what a nice barrier' ! 
Forever separate, yet forever near. Pope. 

Ye icefalls ! ye that from the mountain's brow 
Adown enormous rav'ines slope amain. Coleridge. 

§ 127. When two words of similar formation and the 
game accentuation are contrasted with each other, the ac- 
cent is transferred to the syllable of difference (unless this 
is already accented, as in em'inent, im'minent), and the 
Jegularly accented syllable takes a secondary accent ; thus, 
Undo' is pronounced vn'do' when opposed to do or to out'- 
do 1 , and in'tervene' is pronounced in'tervene.' when used 
antithetically to su'pervene'. So also with am'puta'tion 
and im'puta'tion, bi'en'nial and tri'en'nial, op'pose', and 
sup'pose' ; ex'tr'cise, and ex'or'cise, al-le'ga'tion&nd al-li'- 
g'l'tion ; proph'et' and profit' ; do'nor> and do'nee', guar- 
antor' and guar 'antee' '. 

§ 128. When separately pronounced, all monosyllabic 
words have their vowel as distinctly sounded as if under ac- 
cent. But in connected discourse, certain classes of mono- 
syllables, such as articles, prepositions, pronouns, conjunc- 
tions, and auxiliary verbs, are usually unemphasized, and 
their vowel is liable to the same corruption of quality as 
that in an unaccented syllable of a word. But when used 
antithetically to other words, they are emphasized, receiv- 
ing a full and distinct stress of voice. Thus, the possessive 
pronoun their, when emphatic, should take the full sound 
of e; as, ^Tkeir (ther) interests, and not yours, are to be 
consulted." But when unemphatic, the sound becomes 
more obscure, verging toward, or falling into, that of the 
neutral vowel (u in urge) ; as, t( They will not neglect their 
(thur) interests." So, also, there, when used as an adverb 
of place, is distinctly pronounced with the appropriate 
sound of the vowel ; as, " I shall be there (ther)." When, 
however.it serves merely to introduce a verb or a sentence, 
it takes the obscurer sound ; as, " There (thur) is no diffi- 
culty in the case." In like manner we say a, your, that, 
the, from, /Cr, &c, when we pronounce the words by them- 



selves ; but in actual use they become nearly or quite u, 
yur, thut, thu, frfim, fur, &c. The following passage from 
the « Spectator," No. 80, well illustrates this tendency to a 
corruption of the vowel sound in unemphasized monosylla- 
bles : — « My lords, with humble submission that that I 
say is this, that that that that gentleman has advanced is 
not that that he should have proved to your lordships." 



SYLLABICATION. 

§ 129. Words are sometimes divided into syllables for 
the sole purpose of showing their proper pronunciation (ae, 
a-dorn, o-void) ; and sometimes in order to exhibit their 
etymological composition merely, without the least regard 
to their pronunciation (as, ad-orn, ov-oid). In ordinary 
cases — as where a word requires to be divided at the end 
of a line — these modes of syllabication are to a certain 
extent combined. In the United States, the etymological 
principle is allowed to operate only in separating prefixes, 
suffixes, and grammatical terminations from the radical 
part of the word, where this can be done without misrepre- 
senting the pronunciation. In English practice, however, 
words are usually divided in such a manner as to show their 
constituent parts independently of the pronunciation (as, 
hypo-thesis, philosophy, belli-gtrtnt, &c), and a single' 
consonant or a consonant digraph between two vowels goes 
to the latter (as, a-na-to-my, de-li-cate, ma-t/u -ma-tics, 
&c). In this Dictionary, words are uniformly divided so 
as to represent their pronunciation in the most accurate 
manner ; but very frequently the root of a word may be 
exhibited to the eye without violating the orthoepical prin- 
ciple of syllabication, and where this is possible it has 
generally been done, more particularly in the case of ac- 
cented syllables. 



EULES FOE SPELLING CEETAIN CLASSES OF WOEDS. 

FOUNDED ON THE ORTHOGRAPHY OF DR. WEBSTER, AS EXHIBITED IN THIS VOLUME. 



§ 130 (1). The letters /and I, at the end of monosyl- 
lables, and standing immediately after single vowels, are 
generally doubled ; as in staff, cliff, doff, puff; all, bell, 
hill, toll, null. The words clef, if, of, and sol, are excep- 
tions. 

/ § 131 (2). The letter s, at the end of a monosyllable, 
and standing immediately after a single vowel, is generally 
doubled, except when it is used to form the possessive case 
cr plural of a noun, or the third person singular of a verb ; 
as in grass, press, hiss, moss, truss. The only impor- 
tant exceptions are as, gas, has, teas, yes, his, is, thus, and 

t(S. 

§ 132 (3)- Besides /, I, and s, the only consonants that 
are ever doubled at the end of a word are b, d,g, m, n, p, 
r, t, and z. The following list contains all, or nearly all, 
the words in which these letters are doubled ; namely, abb, 



ebb; add, odd, rudd ; bigg, egg, snigg ; lamm, scomm, 
mumm (to mask) ; inn, bunn ; wapp ; gnarr, parr, err, birr, 
shirr, shirr, burr, hurr, murr, purr ; mitt, plitt, smitt, butt; 
fizz, fuzz, buzz, huzz, muzz. 

Note. — The words let, net, and set are sometimes incor- 
rectly spelled lett, nett, and sett ; and ?ome other words 
which should have the final letter single are spelled, by 
some writers, with it doubled. 

§ 133 (4). A consonant standing at the end of a word 
immediately after a diphthong or double vowel is never 
doubled. The words ail, peat, haul, door, and maim, are 
examples. The word guess is only an apparent exception, 
as the u does not strictly form a diphthong with the e k 
but serves merely to render the g hard. 

§ 134 (5). Monosyllables ending, as pronounced, with 
the sound of k, and in w^ich * follows the vowel, have 



RULES FOR SPELLING. 



xxin 



usually k added after the c ; as in black, fleck, click, knock, 
and buck. The words lac, sac, talc, zinc, ploc, roc, soc, arc, 
marc, ore, and fl.se, are exceptions. 

Words of more than one syllable, ending in ic or iac, 
which formerly ended in k, also words derived from the Lat- 
in or Greek languages, or from other sources, and similar to 
these, or formed in an analogous manner, are now written 
without the k; as, maniac, elegiac, cubic, music, public. 
The word derrick is an exception. Words of more than 
one syllable, in which c is preceded by other vowels than i 
•r ia, commonly end in ck ; as, arrack, barrack, hammock, 
kUlock, wedlock. The words almanac, sandarac, limbec, xebec, 
manioc, and havoc, are exceptions. Almanac, limbec, and 
havoc, however, are sometimes written with k after the c, 
especially in England. 

§ 135 (6)- In derivatives formed from words ending in 
c, by adding a termination beginning with e, i, or y, the 
letter k is inserted after the c, in order that the latter may 
not be inaccurately pronounced like 5 before the following 
vowel : as, colic, colicky ; traffic, trafficked, trafficking, 
trafficker ; talc, talcky ; zinc, zinrky. 

§ 136 (7). I n derivatives formed by adding a termina- 
tion beginning with a vowel to monosyllables and words 
accented on the last syllable, when these words end in a 
single consonant (except x) preceded by a single vowel, 
that consonant is doubled ; as, clan, clannish ; plan, planned, 
planning, planner ; bag, baggage ; hot, hotter, hottest ; wit, 
witty ; cabal', cabal'ler ; abet', abet' ted, abet' ting, abet'tor ; 
begin', begin'ning, begin'ner ; infer', inferred', infer'ring. 
The consonant is doubled in these words in order to pre- 
serve the short sound of the vowel, as otherwise the latter 
would be liable to be pronounced lbng. Thus, planned, 
hottest, and abetted, would naturally be pronounced planed, 
hotest, and abated, if the consonant were not doubled. 
Words of this class, in which the final consonant is pre- 
ceded by qit followed by a single vowel, form no exception 
to the rule, since the u performs the office of the consonant 
w ; as, squab, squabbish, squabby ; squat, squatting, squat- 
ter ; quit, quitted, quitting; acquit', acjuit'ted, acquit'ting. 

The derivatives of the word gas (except gassed, gassing, 
and gassy) are written with but one 5 ; as, gaseous, gaseity, 
gasify. Excellence, as being from the Latin excellens, re- 
tains the double I, though one I has been dropped from the 
termination of excel'. Besides these, the only exceptions 
to the rule are those derivatives in which the accent of the 
primitive is thrown back upon another syllable : as, cabal', 
cab'alism, cab'a'.ist ; prefer', preference ; refer', reference ; 
defer', deference. It i3 no exception to this rule that chan- 
cellor, and the derivatives of metal and crystal, as metalloid, 
metallurgy, crystalline, crystallize, and the like, are written 
with the I doubled, since they are derived respectively from 
the Latin cancellarius (through the French), and metallum, 
and the Greek KputrraAAo?. So also the word tranquillity 
retains the double I as being from the Latin tranquillitas, 
while the English derivatives of tranquil, though often 
written with two Vs, are more properly written with only 
one, as tranquilize, tranquilizer, and the like. 

§ 137 (8). When a diphthong, or a digraph represent- 
ing a rowel sound, precedes the final consonant of a word, 
or the accent of a word ending in a single consonant falls 
on any other syllable than the last, or when the word 
ends in two different consonants, the final consonant is not 
doubled in derivatives formed by the addition of a termina- 
tion beginning with a vowel: as, daub, daubed, dauber; 
need, needy ; brief, briefer, briefest ; rev' el, rev'eled, rev'eling ; 
trav'el, trav'eling, trav'eler ; profit, profited; act, acted, 
actor ; perform, performer ; stand, standing. 



The final consonant is doubled in the derivatives of a few 
words ending in g, in order to diminish the liability to its 
being pronounced like j, before e or i : as, humbug, hum- 
bugged, humbugging ; periwig, periwigged. The word 
woolen is more generally thus written, in the United States, 
with one / ; but in England it is written woollen. 

Note. — There is a large class of words ending in a single 
consonant, and accented on some other syllable than the 
last, the final consonants of Avhich are, by very many 
writers and lexicographers, doubled in their derivatives, 
unnecessarily and contrarily to analogy. This practice ap- 
pears to have arisen from a desire to prevent the vowel of 
the final syllable of the primitive from being inaccurately 
pronounced long in the derivatives. These words are chiefly 
those ending in I, with also a few of other terminations. The 
following list, the words in which are chiefly verbs, includes 
the most important of those in regard to which usage 
varies : namely, apparel, barrel, bevel, bias, bowel, and its 
compounds, cancel, carburet, and all similar words ending in 
uret, cavil, carol, channel, chisel, compromit, counsel, cud- 
gel, dial, dishevel, dowel, drivel, duel, empanel, enamel, 
equal, funnel, gambol, gravel, grovel, handsel, hatchet, im- 
peril, jewel, kennel, kidnap, label, laurel, level, libel, mar- 
shal, marvel, medal, metal, model, panel, parallel, parcel, 
pencil, peril, pistol, pommel, quarrel, ravel, revel, rival, 
rowel, shovel, shrivel, snivel, tassel, tinsel, trammel, travel, 
tunnel, unravel, vial, victual, worship. Worcester doubles 
the final letters of all these words, except parallel, in form- 
ing derivatives by the addition of terminations beginning 
with vowels, thoug-h he remarks, with respect to those end- 
iug in I, that " it better accords with the analogy of the 
language " to spell their derivatives with but one I. Smart 
retains the double consonant in this class of words solely 
on the ground that usage favors it, but remarks that " the 
double p in worshipped, worshipper, &c, the second I in 
travelling, traveller, &c, are quite unnecessary on any 
other score than to satisfy the prejudices of the eye." 
Cooley doubles the consonant in a majority of the deriva- 
tives of words of this class, but writes a single consonant in 
many, as in those of apparel, barrel, bevel, channel, drivel, 
gambol, &c. Perry wrote the derivatives of these words 
with but one I, according to the rule, and the same prac- 
tice was advocated by Walker. Conformity to the regular 
rule has been advocated also by Lowth and other eminent 
scholars. 

§ 138 (9)- Derivatives formed from words ending in a 
double consonant, by adding one or more syllables, com- 
monly retain both consonants : as, ebb, ebbing ; odd, oddly; 
stiff, stiffness ; fell, fellable ; skill, skillful, skillfulness ; xvilt, 
willfid, willfulness ; dull, dullness ; full, fullness. So also 
the double I is retained in the words installment, inthrall- 
ment, thralldom, and enrollment (from install, inthrall, 
thrall, and enroll), in order to prevent the false pronuncia- 
tion they might receive if spelled with one /. Many writers 
and lexicographers, especially in England, omit ono I in 
these words, as also in the derivatives of skill, will, dull, 
and full, formed by adding the syllables ly and ness. 

The derivatives of pontiff aie exceptions to the rule, be- 
ing written with only one f; as, pontific, pontifical, ponti- 
ficia 1 , and the like. One I also is dropped in a few words 
formed by adding the termination ly to words ending in 
11, in order to prevent the concurrence of three Vs : as, ill, 
illy ; dull, dully ; full, fully. ATords similarly formed by 
adding the termination less, however, are written either 
with three Ps, a hyphen being inserted before the termina- 
tion, or with two Ps and without the hyphen : as, bell-less, 
or belless, skill-less or skilless, smell-less or smelless. 

§ 139 (10)- In derivatives formed from words ending 
with silent e, the e is generally retainea when the termina- 
tion begins with a consonant : as, pale , paleness ; hate, hate- 
ful ; incite, incitement ; chaste, chastely, chasten e ss ; move, 
movement. When, however, the « is immediately preceded 



XXIV 



RULES FOR SPELLING. 



by another vowel (except el), it is often dropped from the 
derivative : as. due, duly ; argue, argument ; true, truly ; 
awe, awful ; and the derivatives and compounds of these 
words. 

The words wholly, nursling, wisdom, abridgment, ac- 
knowledgment, lodgment, judgment, and the compounds of 
some of these, are exceptions. The last four, however, are 
written, by many authors, abridgement, acknowledgement, 
lodgement, judgement. 

§ 140 (11)- I n derivatives formed from words ending 
with silent e, when the termination begins with a vowel, 
the e is generally omitted, except ia the cases mentioned in 
the next paragraph: as, bride, bridal; guide, guidance; 
flume, plumage ; use, usage ; grieve, grievance ; come, com- 
ing; shape, shaping; move, movable ; sale, salable; fleece, 
fleecy ; force, forcible ; true, truism. 

The e is retained in the word hoeing, shoeing, and toeing 
(from hoe, shoe, and toe), in order to prevent a doubt as to 
the pronunciation, that might arise in case it were omitted. 
Jt is retained, also, in the words dyeing, singeing, springe- 
rng, swingeing, tingeing (from dye, singe, springe, swinge, 
tinge), to distinguish them from dying, singing, springing, 
swinging, tinging (from die, sing, spring, swing, ting.) 
The word mileage, as commonly written, docs not omit the 
e, though it is sometimes, and more correctly, spelled mil- 
age. The words lineage, lineal, and pineal, though appar- 
ently exceptions, are not really such, since they are derived 
not directly from line and pine, but from the Latin linea 
(through the French), linealis, and pinea. The e, standing, 
in a derivative, before a termination beginning with a or o, 
and immediately after c or g, is retained in order to pre- 
serve the soft sounds of these consonants : as, peace, 
peaceable ; notice, noticeable ; manage, manageable ; change, 
diangeable ; advantage, advantageous ; outrage, outrage- 
ous ; mortgage, mortgageor. The latter word is sometimes 
very improperly written mortgagor, and pronounced mor'- 
ga-jor. 

§ 141 (12). In derivatives formed from words ending in 
ie, by adding the termination ing, the e is dropped, and 
the i changed to y, in order to prevent two i's from coming 
together : as, die, dying ; hie, hying ; lie, lying ; tie, tying ; 
vie, vying. 

§ 142 (13). In derivatives of words ending in y pre- 
ceded by a consonant, and formed by appending any ter- 
mination except one beginning with t, the y is usually 
changed into i : as, icy, iciest, icily ; mercy, merciless ; tidy, 
tidiness; modify, modifies ; foggy, fogginess ; earthy, earth- 
iness ; pity, pitiful. 

The derivatives of adjectives of one syllable ending in y 
preceded by a consonant, are exceptions, and usually re- 
tain the y : as, shy, shyness; sly, slyest ; dry, dryly; spry, 
spryer, spryest ; wry, wryness. But the adjectives drier 
and driest, from dry, are commonly written with i instead 
of y. Derivatives formed by adding the termination ship, 
as secretaryship, suretyship, ladyship, and the like, also re- 
tain the y, though some authors write them with i, ac- 
cording to the rule. The words babyhood and ladykin are 
likewise exceptions. The y is also retained in the possessive 
case singular of nouns, when formed by adding s with the 
apostrophe : as, country 's, everybody^. 

§ 143 (11)- Derivatives formed by affixing a termina- 
tion to words ending in y preceded by a vowel, generally 
retain the y unchanged : as, gay, gayety, gayly ; play, 
player, plays ; sway, swayed ; obey, obeying ; joy, joyful ; 
enjoy, enjoyed ; buy, buying ; gluey, glueyness. 

The words daily, laid, paid, said, saith, slain, and staid 
(from day, lay } pay ^ say, slay, and stay), with their com- 



pounds, are exceptions. Staid, however, is sometimes 
written stayed. Derivatives from words ending in uy, as 
colloquies, from colloquy, are hot exceptions to the rule, as 
u, in such cases, is not strictly a vowel, but stands for the 
consonant w. 

§ 144 (15). Derivatives formed by appending a syllable 
beginning with a vowel to words ending with a vowel 
sound, generally retain the letter or letters representing 
such sound : as, huzza, huzzaed ; agree, agreeable, agree- 
ing ; weigh, weighing ; dough, doughy; echo, echoed ; woo, 
wooes ; bow, bowed ; beau, beauish. 

Derivatives of words of this class ending in silent e, as 
also those formed from words ending in double e by adding 
a termination beginning with e, drop the final e : as, hoe, 
hoed; sue, sued; owe, owed; free, freer, freest ; agree, 
agreed. The cases mentioned in sections 11, 12, and 13 are 
also exceptions. 

§ 145 (16). Derivatives formed by prefixing one or 
more syllables to words ending in a double consonant com- 
monly retain both consonants : as, tipstaff, rebuff, befall, 
inthrall, disinthrall, foretell ', undersell, fulfill, enroll, emboss, 
(from staff, buff, fall, thrall, tell, sell, Jill, roll, boss). 

The word until is an exception, being always written 
with one /. Those words of this class which end in // are 
written by some authors, especially in England, with one I : 
as, bcfal, inthral, foretel ,fulfi> , enrol. The words distill and 
instill should be written with the I doubled, though they 
are often written distil and instil, with only one I. 

§ 146 (!")• Compound words formed by joining two or 
more words commonly retain all the letters of the simple 
words : as, stiff-necked, well-bred, dull-eyed, save-all, ivide- 
mouthed. • 

There are numerous exceptions to this rule, many of 
them compounds which by long use have acquired the force 
of single words. They are the following : namely, some 
compounds of all and well; as, almighty, almost, alone, 
a'ready, also, although, altogether, ahvays, withal, there- 
withal, wherewithal, welcome, welfare ; — compounds of 
mass; as, Candlemas, Christmas, Lammas, Michaelmas, 
&c. ; — words of which the second part is the adjective 
full; as, artful, hateful, rueful, woeful ; — also, the words 
chilb'ain, fulfil, namesake, neckerchief, numskull, pastime, 
standish, and wherever. 

§ 147 (18). The plural of nouns regularly ends in s, or, 
in certain classes of words, in es. 

When the noun in the singular ends with such a sound 
that the sound of 5 can unite with it and be pronounced 
without forming a separate syllable, s only is added in form- 
ing the plural : as, sea, seas ; tree, trees ; woe, woes ; canto, 
cantos; virtue, virtues: purlieu, purlieus ; claw, claws ; cab, 
cabs; panic, panics; bead, beads; chief, chiefs; bag, bags; 
path, paths; lock, locks ; bell, bells; gem, gems ; fan, fans; 
cup, cups ; ear, ears; art, acts. A few plurals from nouns 
ending in o preceded by a consonant, end in es : as, echo, 
echoes; cargo, cargoes ; embargo, embargoes; motto, mot- 
toes ; potato, potatoes. Other nouns of this class gener- 
ally form their plurals regularly, though usage differs with 
regard to some of them. Those in which final o is pre- 
ceded by a vowel form their plurals regularly. The plural 
of alkali is written alkalis or alkali"S ; that of rabbi, either 
rabbis or rabbies. With regard to other nouns ending in t 
usage differs, though they are more properly written with 
the termination is. 

When the noun in the singular ~nds with such a sound 
(as that of ch, sh, j, s, x, or z) that the sound of 5 can not 
unite with it in pronunciation, but must form a separate 
syllable, e is inserted before s in forming the plural, unless 



RULES FOR SPELLING. 



XXV 



the word ends with silent e, in which case the latter serves 
to form a separate syllable with s: as, church, churches ; 
rush, rushes ; age, ages ; lace, laces ; gas, gases ; box, 
boxes; maze, mazes. 

To express the plural of a letter, figure, or any character 
or sign, or of a word mentioned without regard to its 
meaning, the letter 5, generally preceded by the apostrophe, 
is appended, as in the phrases, K The two Vs in all ; " Two 
*'s in Orion ; : ' " The why's and ivherefore's of the question." 
Some writers, however, omit the apostrophe in such cases, 
joining the s immediately to the letter, character, or word, 
as in the phrases " The two Is in all ; " tf Two *s in Orion ; " 
Others still write the names of the letters with their proper 
plural endings, instead of the letters themselves : as, the 
two ees, efs, ells, esses, and the like. The plurals of letters 
are also rarely expressed by simply doubling them, without 
adding any plural sign : as, the two ee in bee, the two 11 in 
all; but this practice is not to be commended, as ee, U, &c, 
are properly read double e, double I, &c. 

§ 148 (19)- Nouns ending in y preceded by a consonant 
form their plural by adding es and changing y into i: as, 
mercy, mercies ; lady, ladies ; sky, skies ; army, armies ; pity, 
pities. This rule includes words ending in quy, in which 
u, being pronounced like w, is strictly a consonant : as, 
colloquy, colloquies. The plural of proper nouns ending in 
y preceded by a consonant, is formed by changing y into 
ies, according to the rule : as, "The three Maries.^ Many 
writers, however, form the plural of such words by simply 
adding s: as, K The three Mar?/.*." 

When the singular of a noun ends in y preceded by a 
vowel (except u having the power of iv), the plural is regu- 
larly formed by adding 5 only : as, day, days; key, keys ; 
money, moneys: attorney, attorneys; alloy, alloys; guy, 
guys. Swne plurals of the latter class are often inaccu- 
rately written with the termination ies : as, monies, attor- 
nies, and the like. 

§ 149 (20). The plurals of a few nouns ending in /or 
fe are irregularly formed by changing /or fe into ves. The 
following words, with their compounds, are the principal 
examples: namely, life, lives; knife, knives ; wife, wives ; 
leaf, leaves ; sheaf, sheaves ; loaf loaves ; beef, beeves ; 
thi"f thieves ; calf calves ; half halves ; elf, elves ; shelf, 
shelves ; self, selves ; wolf, wolves. The plural of staff is 
sometimes written staffs, but more commonly staves, ex- 
cept when it means a corps of officers, either military or 
civil, in which sense it is always written staffs. The plural 
of wharf is generally written ivharfs in England; in the 
United States it is more commonly, but improperly, written 
wharves, as it is also by some recent English writers. The 
plurals of hoof and turf, formerly written hooves and turves, 
are now written hoofs and turfs. The plurals of other 
nouns ending in /, fe, or ff, are formed regularly by the 
addition of s only. 

§ 150 (21). In the following nouns, the plural is dis- 
tinguished from the singular only by a change of the vowel 
or vowel sound of the word : namely, man, men ; woman, 
women ; goose, geese ; foot, feet ; tooth, teeth ; brother, 
brethren; louse, lice; mouse, mice. Compounds ending 
with these words form their plurals in the same manner : 
•s, fotman, foemen; dormouse, dormice. Words which 
end in the syllable man, and are not compounds, form 
their plurals regularly, by adding s only : as, cayman, cay- 
mans: d»sm r in. desmans: firman, firmans ; talisman, 
talismans: German. Germans; Mussulman, Mussulmans. 
The plurals of talisman and Musstdman are sometimes, by 
a gross blunder, written talismen and Massulmen. 

§ 151 (22). A few plurals end in en : namely, brother, 



brethren; child, children; ox, oxen. To these may be added 
the obsolete forms eyne, kine, shoon, hosen, housen, (from 
eye, cow, shoe, hose, house), the first three of which, though 
they have received a slightly different form, end, as pro- 
nounced, with the sound of n. 

§ 152 (23). The words brother, die, pea, and penny, 
have each two plurals of different forms and with different 
significations : as, brothers, male children of the same parent, 
also, members of the same society, association, class, or 
profession ; brethren, members of the same religious or ec- 
clesiastical body, the word in this form being rarely used 
except in religious writings, or in scriptural language, 
where it also has the same meaning that brother has 
in ordinary language ; dies, implements for making im- 
pressions by stamping, or for making screws, also the 
cubical parts of pedestals ; dice, the cubical blocks used in 
games of chance ; peas, seeds of the pea-plant, when a defi- 
nite number is mentioned ; pease, the same in bulk, or 
spoken of collectively ; pennies, the coins, especially when 
a definite number is mentioned ; pence, the amount reckoned 
by these coins. 

§ 153 (24). A few words, mostly names of animals, 
have the same form in the plural as in the singular : as, 
deer, sheep, trout, and the like. 

§ 154 (25). Many words adopted from foreign languages 
retain their original plurals: as, datum, data; criterion, 
criteria; genus, genera; larva, larvse, ; crisis, crises; mat- 
rix, matrices ; focus, foci ; monsieur, messieurs. 

Many words of this class, while retaining the original 
plurals, have also a second, formed after the analogy of 
English words of similar termination : as, formula, form- 
ids or formulas ; beau, beaux or beaus ; index, indices or 
indexes; stratum, strata or siratums ; bandit, banditti or 
bandits; cherub, cherubim or cherubs; seraph, seraphim or 
seraphs. The plurals of the last two words are sometimes 
incorrectly written cherubims and seraphims, with double 
plural terminations, from ignorance or forgetfulness of the 
fact that, in Hebrew words, im is a plural ending. 

§ 155 (26). In certain loose compounds consisting of a 
' noun followed by an adjective or other qualifying expres- 
[ sion, the plural is commonly formed by making the same 
| change in the noun as when it stands alone : as, court- 
| martial, courts-martial; cousin-german, cousin s-german ; 
I son-in-law, sons-in-law. When, however, the adjective is 
j so closely joined to the noun that the compound has the 
force of a simple word, the plural of the compound is com- 
monly formed like that of any other word of the same 
termination : as, cupful, cupfuls ; handful, handfuls. 

§ 156 (27). There are many words, besides those men- 
tioned in the preceding paragraphs, in respect to which 
usage, even that of the best authors, is variable. The 
most important of these words are mentioned in this and 
the succeeding sections. 

The derivatives of the word villain, as villainous, vil- 
lainy, &c, though often written villanous, villany, &c^ 
properly retain the ?', according to the practice of many 
writers, like those of other words similarly ending in ainz 
as, mountainous, from mountain ; captaincy, from captain; 
and the like. 

The words connection, deflection, inflection, and reflec- 
tion follow the spelling of the words connect, deflect, inflect, 
and reflect, though often written, especially in England, con- 
nexion, deflexion, inflexion, and reflexion. 

The word woe, though often written without the final e, 
should retain it, like most other nouns of one syllable and 
of similar form : as, doe, floe, foe, hoe, sloe, toe, and the 
like. Monosyllables other than nouns, and words of more 



XXVI 



RULES FOR SPELLING. 



than one syllable, having a similar termination, omit the 
e; as, do, go, no, so, canto, motto, potato. 

The words defense, expense, offense, and pretense are 
properly written thus, though often spelled with c instead 
of s, for the s belongs to the words from which they are 
derived, and is also used in all their derivatives. 

The words drought and height were formerly written 
drouth and hight, and are still very often thus written in 
America. 

The verb practice is thus written like the noun, in 
preference to the form practise, though the latter spell- 
ing is used by many writers, especially in England. The 
difference in spelling between the noun and the verb is 
properly observed, in words of this kind, only in such as 
are accented on the last syllable, as device, devise. 

Derivatives of the Greek eBpa (seat, base, side ; pro- 
nounced lied'ra), as polyhedron, tetrahedron, octahedral, 
and the like, are properly thus written with h before the e 
of the termination, but are sometimes written polyedron, 
tetracdron. octacdral, &c, without the h. 

§ 157 (28). There is a class of adjectives ending either in 
able or in ible, of which a large majority have the termina- 
tion able ; as, blamable, laudable, legible, mutable, naviga- 
ble, vendible. Many of them are from Latin words ending 
in abilis or ibilis ; some are from the French ; and not a 
few are formed by adding the termination to English words. 
Those from Latin words end respectively in able or ible, 
according as they are derived from words ending in abilis or 
ibilis : as, mutable (Lat. mutabilis) ; credible (Lat. cred ibilis). 
Those formed from English words generally end in ab 7 e ; 
as, avoidable, eatable, laughable, liable, salable, serviceable. 
There are a few words respecting which usage is variable : 
as, addible or addable ; conversable or conversible ; in'ftr- 
able or infer'rible ; referable or refer'rible. 

§ 158 (29). There is a class of words beginning with en 
or in, as enclose or inclose, enquire or inquire, ensure or in- 
sure, and the like, many of which take either form of the 
prefix indifferently. They are chiefly derived from the 
Latin, either directly or through the French, the prefix in 
belonging to the former language, and en to the latter. In 
some of these words, en is to be preferred ; in others, in ; 
in many of them, either may be used indifferently. 

§159 (30). There was formerly considerable diversity of 
usage in respect to the terminations ant and ent, both of 
which were in certain cases used almost indifferently ; as in 
the words confidant or confident, dependant or dependent, 
and the like. Present usage, however, is definitely settled 
in favor of one or the other form, in nearly or quite every 
word of this class, though not always upon uniform princi- 
ples. In the few words in which both these terminations 
are retained, it is the more general practice to write the 
adjective with ent, and the common noun with ant, while 
the corresponding abstract noun ends in ence, as in the 
adjectives confident and dependent, the common nouns con- 
fidant and dependant, and the abstract nouns confidence 
and dependence. In the case of very many words, however, 
the adjective ends in ant, as also the common noun ; while 
the abstract noun ends in ance, as in the adjectives attend- 
ant and repentant; the common nouns <iHcjk/m( and re- 
pentant ; and the abstract nouns attendance and repent- 
ance. It may be remarked that the terminations ant and 
OMce belong properly to words derived from the French 
or from Latin verbs of the first conjugation ; ent and 
ence to words derived from Latin verbs of the other 
three conjugations. 

§ 160 (31). There is a class of words ending in er, some 
of which are written by most authors with the termination 



re ; as, center, meter, theater, &c, which are often written 
centre, metre, theatre, &c. Acre, chancre, lucre, nacre, mas- 
sacre, and ogre, retain the termination re, in order to 
preserve the hard sound of the c and g. 

§ 161 (32). There are two classes of chemical words end- 
ing respectively, as more commonly written, in ide and ine, 
in regard to which usage has been variable. Most of them 
were formerly written without the final e ; but it is now the 
almost universal practice to retaiD it : as, bromide, iodide, 
chlorine, fluorine, &c. The word tannin is always written 
without the final e. Oxide is now generally written with 
the termination ide, though formerly by many written oxyd, 
from the supposition that the y of the last syllable repre- 
sented the v of the Greek 6£vs, from which the word is de- 
rived ; whereas the last syllable is simply the same as the 
termination of the words bromide, sulphide, and the like. 

§ 162 (33). There is a class of words ending, as pro- 
nounced, with the sound of iong i, followed by z, some of 
which are differently written, by different authors, with 
either ise or ize to represent this sound : as. criticize or 
criticise; civilize or civilise; naturalize or naturalise; 
patronize or patronise. . These words are mostly verbs, and 
are chiefly derived from Greek words ending in ifa, or 
from French words ending in iser or ise. There are a few 
from other sources, but formed in analogy with those 
derived from these languages. Those formed from Greek 
words have the termination ize ; as, anathematize, char- 
acterize, dramatize, tantalize. The words catechise and 
exorcise are exceptions. Those formed in an analogous 
manner from English words are likewise written with ize : 
as, albumenize, bastardize, memorize, sensitize. Those 
derived from the French verb prendre (participle pris or 
prisf) end in ise : as, apprise, cemjwise, emprise, enterprise, 
surprise. Of those formed from French words other than 
prendre, or which have corresponding forms in the French, 
a majority end in ize, though in respect to some of them 
usage is variable : as, civilize, formalize, organize, satirize. 
The following are the principal English verbs ending in 
ise : namely, advertise, advise, affranchise, apprise, cate- 
chise, chastise, circumcise, comprise, comprcmise, criticise, 
demise, despise, devise, di sen franchise, disfranchise, dis- 
guise, divertise, emprise, enfranchise, enterprise, exercise, 
exorcise, franchise, manumise, misprise, premise, reprise, 
revise, supervise surmise, surprise. It may be remarked 
that most of those in respect to which usage varies are 
more frequently written in England with the termination 
ise, and in the United States with the termination ize. 

§ 163 (34). The words mold and molt, and their com- 
pounds and derivatives, are written in this Dictionary with 
o instead of on, in analogy' with the words bold, bolt, colt, 
gold, &c. from which the u has been dropped. Most 
authors, however, write these words mould and moult, and 
their derivatives in like manner. 

§ 164 (35). There is a numerous class of words almost 
universally written, in the United States, with the termina- 
tion or, many of which are written, in England, with the 
termination our : as, candor, favor, honor, labor, rumor, 
vigor. English usage, however, is not uniform with respect 
to these words, many of them being written with or in 
English books. 

§ 165 (36). There is a small class of words ending with 
the syllable ped (from Lat. pes, pedis, foot), the termination 
of some of which was formerly, and is still frequently,, 
written pede : as, biped, centiped, milliped, quadruped, soli- 
ped, &c. The words biped and quadruped are universally 
written without the final e, and the others, according to 
the best usage, should be written in the same manner. 



PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES. 



%# The " Exercises " given below are designed to furnish material for instruction and practice in the etymological 
analysis of English words. For some remarks as to the mode of using them, see the Preface, p. iv. 



PREFIXES. 

A, a prefix to many English words, is 
in some cases a contraction of on, 
in, at, of, to, for ; as, ablaze for in 
a blaze, aboard for on board, afoot 
for on foot, aground for on the 
ground, ado for to do, await for 
wait for. In other cases, it is con- 
tracted from the A.-S. inseparable 
particle ge-, which forms verbs from 
verbs, substantives, adjectives, and 
is a sort of augment to the past par- 
ticiple. In some cases, it only in- 
creases the force of the word, with- 
out any essential addition of mean- 
ing. — In some words of Greek orig- 
in, a gives them a negative sense ; be- 
fore a vowel it becomes an. In a 
few words of Latin origin, it is an- 
other form of the prefix ab. 

Exercise. — Awake, asleep, ahead, 
aside, afar, aweary; apathetic, amorph- 
ous, atheist, abyss, aorist, anonymous, 
anomaly, anecdote, anarchy ; abate, 
avert. 

A.B, a prefix to words of Latin origin, 
and a Latin preposition, is the same 
as the Greek airo. Goth, of, A.-S. 
and Eng. of. It denotes from, sepa- 
ration, or departure. Before c and t, it 
is generally changed into abs. See A. 
Exercise. — Abduct, abject, abjure, 
abrupt, abrogate, absurd, abuse, abrade, 
absolve; abscess, abscond, abstemious, 
abstain. 

Id. [Cf. W. at, to, toward, Goth. 
and Eng. at.] A Latin preposition, 
signifying to. In composition, the 
last letter is usually changed into 
the first letter of the word to which 
it is prefixed. 

Exercise. — Adhere, adjoin, addict, 
adjure, admit, admonish, adorn, ad- 
vent, acclaim, aggravate, a/firm, allege, 
applaud, arrogate, ascribe, attain. 

Al. 1. In Arabic, an article or insep- 

. arable prefix, answering to the Ital- 
ian if and the Sp. el. Its use is to 
render nouns definite, like tho Eng- 
lish the. 

Exercise. — AZcove, alchemy, aZem- 
bic, aZmanac, aZeohol, aZkali. 
2. A form of the prefix ad. See Ad. 

Ambi. [Lat. ambi, amb, am, an (as 
awibidens, ambages, amicire, anhe- 
lare), Gr. d/x^i, A.-S. emb, ymb.] 
About; around; — a prefix used in 
composition in words derived from 
the Latin. 

Exercise. — A?nbidexter, ambient, 
ambition, ambiguous; anhelation. 

Am'PHI, n. [See supra.] A prefix in 
words of Greek origin, signifying 



about, around, on both sides, on all 
sides, &c. 

Exercise. — Amphibious, amphithe- 
ater, amphibology, amp/ribracb. 
A'NA. [Gr. dvd.] A prefix in words 
from the Greek, denoting on, up- 
ward, up to, throughout, backward, 
back to, again, previously, or against. 

Exercise. — Analogy, analytic, an- 
atomy, anabaptist, anachronism, an- 
agram, anapest, anathema. 

Ant-, )[Gr. clvtC, against.] A prefix 

AN'Tl-. j in words from the Greek, 
meaning against, over against, or 
opposed to. 

Exercise. — Antarctic, anthelmintic, 
antidote, antipathy, antithesis, antife- 
brile, antipodes, antichristian, antiseptic, 
antitype. 

Xn'te. A Latin preposition, the Gr. 
ami, A.-S. & Goth. and. (cf. AN- 
SWER) ; used in the composition of 
English words, esp. in words from 
the Latin and Greek. It signifies 
before in place, in front ; and figura- 
tively, before in time. 

Exercise. — Antechamber, anteced- 
ent, antediluvian, antemundane, ante- 
date, antepenult. 

A'po. [Gr. and. See Ab.] A Greek 
preposition used in composition, and 
signifying from, away from, off , or 
asunder. It sometimes has the con- 
tracted form ap. 

Exercise. — Apoplexy, apothecary, 
apologue, apostney, apostrophe, apostle; 
aphelion, aphorism. 

Be, is originally the same word as by, 
A.-S. be and b\ or big, Goth. bi. It 
denotes nearness, closenrss, about, 
on, at, and generally has an intensive 
force. 

Exercise. — .Beset, bedeck, become, 
bestow, bedim, becalm, becloud, befriend, 
because, before, betimes. 

BI. [From Lat. 6/5, twice, which in 
composition drops the s.] Inmost 
branches of science, bi in composi- 
tion denotes two, twice, doubly. In 
chemistry, it denotes that the com- 
pound contains two parts of the 
first-mentioned ingredient to one of 
the other ; thus, a bichromate of 
potash contains two parts of chromic 
acid to one of potash. 

Exercise. — Edentate, biternate, bi- 
nxal, bicapsular. bicephalous, bicipitous, 
bifoliate, bisect, biweekly, binominal. 

Bis, adv. [Lat. bis, twice, for duis, 
from duo, two, like bellum from duel- 
lum.] Twice. See Bi. 
Exercise. — .Bissextile. 



€a'TA. [Gr. Kara.] The Latin and 
English form of a Greek preposition 
used in composition to signify down, 
downward, down upon, downright, 
completely, &c. It sometimes drop3 
the final vowel, and is sometimes 
changed to cath. 

Exercise. — Cataclysm, catacomb, 
catalogue, cataract, catarrh, catacaus- 
tic, catalepsy, catastrophe; catoptric, 
category; cat/tartic, catnolie, cutnedral 

C,IR'€UM. [Accusative of circus, a 
circle, Gr. Kip/cos.] A Latin prepo 
sition, used as a prefix in many Eng 
lish words. In a few words the m 
is dropped. 

Exercise. — Circumscribe, circum- 
spect, circumvent, circumjacent, circum- 
navigate, circumlocution; circuit, cir- 
cuitous, circulate. 

€6iVT- or £6n-. [The same as cum, 
which is akin to Gr. trvv.] A Latin 
preposition signif\ingw//« or a°-ainst, 
used in composition as an inseparable 
prefix. The form com is used before 
b, p, and m, and con before the other 
consonants. Before I, however, con 
or com is changed into col ; before r 
into cor ; while before a vowel or h, 
the n or m is dropped. 

Exercise. — Compose, commotion, 
commerce, command, compact, connect, 
concur, construct, convoke, contract, col- 
lect, corrupt, coalesce, cohabit, co-oper- 
ate, coheir, cohere. 

€6n'tra. A Latin preposition, sig- 
nif\ing against, in opposition, en- 
tering into the composition of some 
Euglish woi'ds. In old English, it 
took the form counter. 

Exercise. — Contradict, contravene, 
contradistinguish, contra vallation; coun- 
teract, countermarch, counterpart, coun- 
tercharm, counterbalance. 

€0. See CON. 

€oun'ter. See Contra. 

De. A Latin prefix denoting a mov- 
ing from, separation. Hence, it often 
expresses a negative. Sometimes it 
augments the sense. It coincides 
nearly in sense with the French des 
and Latin dis. 

Exercise.— 7>b-irk, decline, de- 
cease, deduct, decamp, deject, c/eter, de- 
scend, detain, depart, detract, deuude, 
denominate, denounce, derange, de- 
prave, despoil, 

DI. 1. [Gr. Si's, twice.] In chemistry, 
a prefix denoting two equivalents of 
the substance indicated by the noun 
following that of which the prefix 
forms a part ; as, d/chloride of mer- 
cury ; i. c. a compound formed of 
exxviij 



XXV111 



PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES. 



two equivalents of mercury and one 
of chlorine. 2. See Dis 

Dl'A. [Gr. Sid, akin to Lat. dis.] A pre- 
fix denoting through, right through. 
Exercise.— Diameter, diagram, di- 
alogue, diagonal, diacritical, diatribe, 
dialect. 

Dis. An inseparable prefix, from the 
Latin (whence Fr. des), denoting 
separation, a parting from ; hence 
it generally has the force of a nega- 
tivfe. It sometimes passes into the 
iorms di and dif. 

Exercise. — .Distribute, disconnect, 
disarm, disoblige, disagree, disorder, dis- 
pel, discover; divert: differ, diffuse. 

Dys-. An inseparable prefix, from 
the Greek Svo-, hard, ill, and signi- 
fying ill. bad, hard, unlucky, dan- 
gerous, &c. 
Exercise. — Dysentery, dyspepsy. 

E. A Latin prefix ; the same as Ex. 

EM. See EN. 

£n. A prefix to many English words, 
chiefly borrowed from the French ; 
it coincides with the Latin in, Gr. iv. 
For ease of pronunciation, it is 
changed to em, particularly before a 
labial. 

Exercise. —Enehant, enamor, en- 
core, encamp, engrave, enjoy, enlarge, 
ennoble, enrich; employ, empower, em- 

_ boss, em brace. 

Ep, i [Gr. ini. See Ob.] A prefix, 

£p'V. ) signifying on, above, toward, 
by, to, among, near, &c. 

Exercise. — Epilogue, epithet, epi- 
demic, e/ntaph, epidermis, epitomize, 
ephemeral. 

Eu. A prefix from the Gr. ei>, well, 
signifying well, easy, advantageous, 
good, and the like. 

Exercise.— Tsnlogy, ewphony, eu- 
charist, euphemism. 

EX. A Latin preposition or prefix 
(Gr. eg or in), signifying out of, out, 
proceeding from. Hence, in compo- 
sition, it signifies sometimes out of; 
sometimes off, from, or out ; some- 
times beyond. In some words, it in- 
tensifies the meaning. The x regu- 
larly remains only before the vowels 
and before c, h,p, q, s, t; it is as- 
similated to a following f and drops 
away altogether before the other con- 
sonants. In a few words it changes 
into ec. Prefixed to names of office, 
it denotes that a person has held that 
office, but has resigned it, or been 
left out, or dismissed. 

Exercise.— Fxhale, exclude, ex- 
scind, excess, exceed, excel, exact, exert, 
exist, exonerate, exult, excel, exhaust, 
expend, exquisite, exsiccant, extort, ef- 
flux, effect, effusion, elect, event, edi- 
tion, emigrate, eject, eccentric: ex-chan- 
cellor, ex-governor, ex-president. 

Ex'TRA. [Contr. from extern (parte), 
from exter, being on the outside, from 
ex, out of, from.] A Latin preposi- 
tion, denoting beyond or excess, often 
used in composition as a prefix sig- 
nifying outside of or beyond the lim- 
its or jurisdiction of that denoted by 
the word to which it is joined. 

Exercise. — Extradition, extrava- 
gant, extraneous, extraordinary, extra- 
judicial. 



FOR. [A.-S. for, allied to Goth, fair, 
Ger. ver.] As a prefix to verbs, for 
has usually the force of a negative or 
privative, denoting for th, away, out, 
without. 

Exercise.— .Forbid, forseke, for- 
swear./orego. 

FORE. [A.-S. /ore, kindred with for, 
prep.] An adjective used in compo- 
sition, to denote advancement in 
place or time. 

Exercise. — Forebode, forefather, 
/oreshorten, foreground, foresee, fore- 
tell, /oreordain,/b?-eshow,,/brearm,. /"ore- 
warn, /oreknowledge, forerunner, /ore- 
stall. 

HY'PER. [Gr. vTrep, allied to Lat. su- 
per, Skr. upare, Eng. over.] A prefix 
used in composition to denote excess, 
or something- oi-er or beyond. 

Exercise. — 7/yperbolical, hypertro- 
phy, nyperborean, nnpercritical, hyper- 

Hy'po. A prefix from the Greek 
preposition viro [allied to Lat. sub, 
Skr. upar], under, beneath, frequent- 
ly used in composition to signify a 
less quantity, or a low state, or degree 
of that denoted by the word with 
which it is joined, position beneath it, 
&c. In chemistry, prefixed to the 
name of a compound containing oxy- 
gen, it designates another compound 
containing less oxygen ; as hypo-ni- 
trous acid, which contains less oxygen 
than nitrous acid. 

Exercise. — .Hi/pochondrinc, 7w/po- 
static, nypothesis, nypoteuusc, hyphen.. 

IL. The form of in when used before 
words beginning with I. See I.N. 

IM. A prefix from the Lat. in, n being 
changed to in, before a labial, for 
the sake of easy utterance. The 
same prefix is sometimes used in 
compounds not of Latin origin. For 
im, the French write em, which is 
used in words introduced into Eng- 
lish from the French language. See 
Em. 

Exercise. — /mbibe, immense, im- 
partial, immoral, import, imprint, im- 
bank, imbitter, imprison. 

IN. 1. [Allied to Gr. iv, Skr. ina.] A 
prefix from the Latin in, often used 
in composition, and signifying with- 
in, into, or among, or serving to 
render emphatic the sense of the 
word to which it is prefixed. — In 
before lis changed intoiV; before r, 
into ir ; before a labial, into im. 2. 
[Allied to Eng. un. See UN.] A 
Latin particle of negation. Before b 
and p, it becomes im ; before /, m , r, 
the n assimilates itself to these con- 
sonants. In a few words in is 
changed into ig. 

Exercise. — 1. /nbred, incase, inject, 
inspect, induce, infuse, inclose, increase; 
i/legal, iilumine, illusion ; irradiate, irra- 
tional, irregular: imbitter, immaterial, 
impatient. — 2. Inactive, incapable, in- 
vincible, intolerable, infirm, impassable; 
{/licit, i/limitable, immortal, irrepressi- 
ble, irresolute, ignoble, ignorant. 

In'ter. [From in, with an adverbial 
ending.] A Latin preposition, sig- 



nifying among or between; — used 
as a prefix. 

Exercise. — /ntercept, interfere, in- 
terrupt, intercede, interpose, inter- 
change, intermingle, interview, inter- 
pose, intervene, intersperse. 
IN'TRO. [Lat., contr. from intero 
(loco).] A prefix signifying within, 
into, in, and the like. 

Exercise. — Introduce, infromission, 
introvert, inteoit, introspection. 

MEt'A. [Gr. jnei-a, allied to jueVos, 
Lat. medius, Eng. mid, middle.] A 
prefix in words of Greek origin, sig- 
nifying in the midst of; also, beyond, 
over, after, behind, with, between, 
reversely. 

Exercise. — Metaphor, metaphysics, 
metamorphose, metaphrase. 

Mis. [A.-S., having the same origin 
with the verb to miss.] A prefix de- 
noting error, wrong, defect, unlike- 
ness, &c. 

Exercise. — 3/istake, mismanage, 
mispronounce, mistrust, misbehave, mis- 
believer, miscreant, misdemeanor. 

Non, adv. [Lat. non,0. Lat. nanum. 
nenum, from ne-oenum, or neunum, 
not one.] Not; — used in English 
as a prefix, generally and properly to 
substantives and verbs only, giving 
them a negative sense, ordering and 
varying their meaning, as do the 
prefixes un and in those of adjec- 
tives ; also, in some cases, prefixed to 
adjectives. 

Exercise. — TVbn-residence, non-per- 
forinancc, non-arrival, non-intercourse, 
non-intervention, non-conductor, non- 
acid, non-electric, non-existent, non-com- 
missioned. 

OB. [Kindred with Gr. iiri.] A Latin 
preposition, signifying, primarily, in 
front, before, and hence against, to- 
ward. In composition the b is often 
changed into the first letter of the 
word to which it is prefixed. In a 
few cases the b becomes s. It means re- 
versed or back in ooovate, occiput, &c. 

Exercise.— Ooject, oojuigatory, occa- 
sion, offer, oppose, ostentation. 

PA'RA. [Gr.,prob. akin toLat.pra?and 
prseler.] A preposition, used in com- 
position, and signifying beside, to the 
side of, to, amiss, wrong, beyond, 
contrary to, &c. It is sometimes 
contracted into par. 

Exercise. — Paradox, paragon, 
paralysis, parasite, parallel, paragraph, 
paraclete, paraphrase ; parody, par- 
oxysm, parhelion. 

PER. A Latin prepo.-ition often used 
in composition as a prefix denoting 
through, passing, or over the. ivhole 
extent. The r is sometimes assimi- 
lated. In chemistry, it signifies very, 
fully, or to the utmost extent ; as 
in peroxide, a substance oxidated to 
the utmost degree. 

Exercise. — Perambulate, perfunc- 
tory, persecute, perforate, permanent, 
permit, percussion, pervade, peruse, 
perfection, perdition, peilucid; peroxide. 

PER'I. [Gr. 7repi, Skr. pari.] A pre- 
fix used in many words derived from 



PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES. 



XXIX 



the Greek, and signifying with, 
around, about, near, and the like. 

Exercise. — Pericarp, period, peri' 
phrase, peripatetic, periphery, periheli- 
on, perimeter. 

Post. A Latin preposition, used in 
composition as a prefix, signifying 
after. 

Exercise. — Postpone, postscript, 
posterior, posthumous, postobit. 

PRE. An English form of the Latin 
prefix, prx, before. It expresses pri- 
ority of time, place, or rank. 

Exercise.— Preclude, predict, pre- 
fer, preponderate, precursor, precede, 
prefix, prelude, premonition, pre-emi- 
nent. 

PRE'TER. A prefix, from the Lat. 
pr&ter (from prsR, with the adverbial 
termination ter), used in the compo- 
sition of some English words, and 
having the signification of past, be- 
yond ; hence, beside, more. 

Exercise. — Preterit, pretermit, pre- 
teraatural. 

PRO. [Orig. neuter dative for proi, Gr. J 
Trpo.] A Latin preposition, used in 
composition as a prefix, and denoting 
fore, forth, forward, in front of, in 
favor of, for, in the place of. 

Exercise. — Produce, project, pro- 
fess, promise, protract, pronoun, pro- 
ceed, provoke, promote, protrude. 

PROS. [Gr. n-pos. Cf. Skr. prati.] A 
Greek preposition, used in composi- 
tion, and signifying motion towards, 
a being on, at, by, or beside, a re- 
maining brside, and hence connec- 
tion and engagement ivith any thing. 
Exercise. — Proselyte, prosody. 

PSEU'DO (su'do). [From Gr. tffevSrjg, 
lying, false, from xj/evSeiv, to belie.] 
A prefix used in words from the 
Greek, and signifying false, counter- 
feit, pretended, or spurious. 

Exercise. — Pseutfo-martyr, pseudo- 
philosophy, pseudonym. 



without, and used in composition. 
It drops the final e in sincere, and 
also changes the n into m in simple. 
Exercise. — Sinecure. 
STEP. [A.-S. stedp.fr. sleopan,stepan, 
to bereave.] A prefix used in compo- 
sition before fat her,, mot her, brother, 
&c, to indicate that the person thus 
spoken of is not a blood-relative, but 
is a relative by the marriage oi a pa- 
rent. 

Exercise. — Stepson, stepsister, step- 
child. 



Ra. An inseparable prefix or preposi- 
tion in words from the French and 
Italian, coming from the Lat. re and 
ad combined. See Re and Ad. 
, Exercise. — Pally, ramble. 

Re. [Lat.] A prefix or inseparable par- 
ticle in the composition of words, de- 
noting return, repetition, iteration. 
It is abbreviated from red, which the 
Latins retained in words beginning 
with a vowel. 

Exercise.— Pecur, reduce, refrain, 
retract, revert, rebuild, reform, restore, 
resound, resist, renew, recall, remove, 
resume, revolve; redeem, redintegrate. 

Re'tro. [Lat. , from re, and the ad- 
verbial termination ter.] A prefix in 
words from the Latin, signifying back 
or backward. 

Exercise. — Petrocede, retrospect, 
retrograde, retroact. 

Se. [Orig. form of sine.] An insepa- 
rable preposition used in some words 
from the Latin, and signifying with- 
out, aside, by itself 

Exercise.— Secure, seduce, seclude, 
secede, sequester, separate, sedition, se- 
gregate. 

SI'ne. A Latin preposition signifying 



SCb. [Allied to Gr. vno.] A Latin 
preposition, denoting under or below, 
used in English as a prefix, to express 
an inferior position, or intention, and 
also a subordinate degree, or imper- 
fect state of a quality. Before c,f, g, 
p, r, and m, the 6 is changed into 
those letters. 

Exercise. — Subscribe, subsequent, 
submarine, submerge, submit, subtract, 
subacid, substitute, subside, subordinate, 
subterranean ; succeed, suffer, suggest, 
suppose, surrogate, summon. 

JSS*- When prefixed to the name of a 
chemical compound, sub denotes that 
this, if an oxysalt, contains a less number 
of equivalents of the acid than of the 
! base, or that the base is a sub-oxide: or, 
if it is a haloid salt, or analogous com- 
pound, that the electro-negative is in a 
smaller proportion than the electro-posi- 
tive constituent, or is combined with it in 
the smallest proportion possible; as in 
sub-bromide, sub-iodide, &c. 
SUB'TER. [From sho, and the adverbial 
termination ter.] A Latin preposi- 
tion, signifying under, used as a 
prefix in English with the same 
meaning as sub ; but it is less general 
in its application. 
Exercise.— Subterfuge. 
Stl'PER. A Latin preposition (same as 
Gr. V7rep), used as a prefix, and sig- 
nifying above, over, or in excess. 

Exercise. — Supe7-fine, superintend, 
supervise, supernumerary, superadd, su- 
perhuman, superfluous, superlative, su- 
perstructure. 
Sfj'PRA. [Orig. supera, from super.] 
A Latin preposition, signifying above, 
over, or beyond, and used in composi- 
tion. 
Exercise. — Supralapsarian. 
Su"R. A prefix, from the French, con- 
tracted from the Latin super, supra, 
and signifying over, above, beyond, 
upon. 

Exercise. — Surcharge, surmount, 
surprise, surfeit, surmise, swrcoat, sur- 
face, surplus. 
SYN. A prefix from the Greek prepo- 
sition trvv [Lat. cum, akin to Lat. 
simul, Skr. sa-, sam], with, along 
with, together with, at the same 
time. Before 6, m, p, ph, it changes 
into sym ; before I, into syl ; and 
sometimes the n is dropped. 

Exercise. — Synonym, syntax, syn- 
thesis, synod, synopsis, synchronous, 
synovial; symbol, symmetry, sympathy, 
symphony, syZlogism, system. 

TRAXg. A Latin preposition, used in 
English as a prefix, signifying over, 
beyond, through, on the other side. 
Hence, in a moral sense, it denotes a 
complete change. It sometimes drops 



the last consonant, and sometime* 
the two last consonants. 

Exercise.— Transalpine, trans-At- 
lantic, transport, tran.tfer, transmit, 
transit, transgress, transform, transcend; 
tradition, traduce. 
TrI. A prefix, signifying three, thrice, 
from Gr. Tpi's, thrice, Tpeis, rpta, Lat- 
tres, tria, three. 

Exercise.— Triangle, trident, tri- 
ennial, tricenniaJ, tricuspid, triune. 

Ul/TRA. [Lat., orig. fem. of ulter, 
being beyond.] A prefix from the 
Latin, having in composition the sig- 
nification beyond, on the other side, 
chiefly when joined with words ex- 
pressing relations of place. In other 
relations, it has the sense of excess- 
ively, exceedingly, beyond what is 
common, natural, right, or proper. 

Exercise. — r/tramarine. ^tramon- 
tane, uZtramundane, ?/Ztr«tropical; uL 
tra-conservative, uZtra-despotic. 

fjN. [A.-S un, and sometimes on, al< 
lied to Gr. av, d, Skr. an, a, Lat. in.] 
A negative prefix attached at will to 
almost any English adjective, or par- 
ticiple used adjectively, and to less 
numerous classes of nouns and verbs. 
See UH in the Dictionary. 

Exercise.— Enable, unfriendly, wn» 
certain, undo, unbar, untruth, unworthy. 

WITH. [A.-S. widh, wid, with, at, 
against, Icel. vidh, against. Com- 
pare A.-S. mid, mid/i, Goth, mith, 
Ger. mil, with.] An English prepo- 
sition, used in composition, and sig- 
nifying opposition, privation, sepa- 
ration, or departure. 



Exercise. 
withhold. 



IFttAdraw, withstand, 



SUFFIXES. 

A€. [Gr. -axos.] A suffix signifying 
of or pertaining to. 

Exercise. — Demoniac, hypochon- 
driac, cardiac, elegiac, prosodiac. 

Age. [Fr.] A termination of nouns 
having a collective or abstract mean- 
ing. 

Exercise. — Advantage, average, 
herbage, foliage, pillage, vassalage, ap- 
panage, homage, parentage, fruitage. 

Al [Lat. -alis.] A termination of 
words from the Latin, denoting of, or 
pertaining to. See Cal. 

Exercise. — Annua?, eordiaZ, fmaZ, 
legal, martiaZ, regaZ, frugaZ, filiaZ, car- 
naZ, casuaZ, fioraZ, manuaZ, judiciaZ, lo- 
caZ, decenniaZ. 

AN. [Lat. -anus.] A termination of 
some nouns and adjectives from tho 
Latin, denoting office, profession, or 
character. 

Exercise. — Christian, comedian, 
tragedian, elysian, tertian, hyperborean, 
sylvan, republican, pagan, Soman, 

ANCE, ) [Lat. -antia.] Terminations 
An-CY. ) of some nouns having an 
abstract signification. 

Exercise. — Elegance, abundance, 
brilliancy, vacancy, dissonance, toler- 
ance, ignorance, circumstance, repent- 
ance, infancy, necromancy. 



XXX 



PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES. 



Xnt. [Lat. -ans, -antis.] A termina- 
tion of adjectives from the Latin, ex- 
pressing quality or habit ; and of 
nouns denoting the doer of a thing. 
Exercise. ~ Vagrant, abundant, ver- 
dant, extravagant, triumphant, vigilant, 
dominant, exorbitant; assistant, com- 
mandant, dependant, intendant, lieu- 
tenant. 

A.R. [Lat. -aris.] A termination of 
adjectives derived from the Latin, 
and denoting of, or pertaining to. 

Exercise. — Angular, jocular, per- 
pendicular, similar, linear, familiar, 
solar, secular, regular. 

ARD, the termination of many English 
■words, is taken from the Goth, /tar- 
dus, A.-S. heard, Icel. & Eng. hard, 
and appears in proper names ; as, 
Renard, strong in counsel ; Goddard, 
strong in, or through, God, &c. We 
find it also in appellatives, usually 
■with a bad signification. 

Exercise. — Drunkard, dotard, bus- 
tare/, niggard, sluggard, dullard, cow- 
ard, wizard, laggard, dastard. 

A-RY. [Lat. -arius.] A termination 
of adjectives from the Latin, denot- 
ing of, or pertaining to; and of 
notfns, denoting the doer of a thing. 
_ Exercise. — Auxiliary, militar;/, 
biliary, stipendiary, pecuniary, pri- 
mary, plena?-?/, ordinary, sublunar?/, 
adversary, mercenary, vocabulary, lap- 
idary, boundary, granary. 

.Xte. [Lat. -atus.] A termination; 
— 1. Of verbs. 2. Of adjectives, 
implying nature, likeness, quality, 
agreement, effect, &c. 3. Of nouns, 
denoting (a.) office or dignity; (b.) 
the possessor of an of/ice or dignity; 
(c.) salts containing one degree or 
more of oxygen. 

Exercise. — 1. Deliberate, initiate, 
extricate, permeate, suffocate, navigate, 
ventilate, fascinate, anticipate, vener- 
ate. 2. Moderate, ultimate, temperate, 
obdurate, fortunate, insensate, passion- 
ate, effeminate, immaculate. 3. Pontif- 
icate, electorate, palatinate; magistrate, 
delegate, legate, candidate, advocate, 
laureate, surrogate; sulphate, phos- 
phate. 

Ble. [Lat. -bilis.] A termination of 
adjectives derived from the Latin, or 
formed on the same model, and sig- 
nifying capable of being, or worthy 
to be. 

Exercise. — FlexibZe, mutabZe, sensi- 
ble, warrantable, capabZe, curabZe, blam- 
abZe, commendable, incredibZe, accessi- 
ble, excusable. 

•€AL. [Lat. -cus ] A termination of 
adjectives derived from the Latin or 
following the analogy of such, and 
signifying of or pertaining to. 

Exercise. — Anatomical, comica?, 
magical, practical!, technical, classical, 
analyticaZ, botanica/, practicaZ, dogmat- 
ical, periodical 

D6m. A termination denoting juris- 
diction, or property and jurisdiction. 
It was originally doom, judgment. 
Hence it is used to denote state, con- 
dition, or quality. 

Exercise. — Kingdom, sheriffdom, 
dukedom, earldom, Christendom, wis- 
w«i freedom, throlldom. 



E-AN. [Gr. -aios, or -eios, Lat. -xus, 
-ens.] A termination of adjectives 
derived from Greek adjectives, or 
formed on the pattern of such ad- 
jectives, and denoting of or pertain- 
ing to. 

Exercise. — Cerulean, herculean 
hyperborean, subterranean, epicurean, 
auamantean, tartarean, empyrean. 

EE. A termination of nouns, denoting 

one on or to whom something is done. 

Exercise. — Appellee, donee, referee, 

trustee, lessee, grantee, legatee, patentee. 

Eer. See IER. 

EN. A plural termination of nouns 
and of verbs formerly in use, as in 
housen, escape*?., and retained in oxen 
and children. It is also still used as 
the termination of some verbs, as in 
hearken, from the Anglo-Saxon in- 
finitive. It is also used to form from 
nouns adjectives expressing the ma- 
terial of ivhich a thing is made. 

Exercise.— Glisten, listen; leaden, 
wooden, golden, birchen, earthen, oaken, 
hempen, oaten, flaxen, waxen. 

ENCE, ) [Lat. -entia.] A termination 

EN-^Y. } of abstract nouns from the 
Latin, or of nouns that follow the 
analogy of nouns so derived. 

Exercise.— Abstinence, circumfer- 
ence, reticence, agency, contingency, in- 
nocence, coalescence, diffidence, provi- 
dence, intelligence, prudence, presidency, 
tendency, despondency, exigency, clem- 
ency, transparency, solvency. 

Ent. [Lat. -ens, -entis.] A termina- 
tion of nouns from the Latin, denot- 
ing the doer of a thing ; or of par- 
ticipial adjectives expressing quality 
or habit. 

Exercise. — Dependent, recipient, 
student, president, agent, adherent; fer- 
vent, ardent, indolent, esculent, reful- 
gent, incumbent, evanescent, evident, 
omnipotent. 

Er. A termination of many English 
words, and the Teutonic form of the 
Latin or. It denotes an agent, and 
was originally of the masculine gen- 
der, but is now applied to men or 
things indifferently. At the end of 
names of places, er signifies a man 
of the place ; thus, Londoner is the 
same as London man. 

Exercise. —Hater, farmer, heater, 
grater, builder, waiter, lover, doer, mak- 
er, strainer, poker, ruler, pointer, paint- 
er, voter. 

ES'CENT. [Lat. -escens, -escentis.] A 
termination of participial adjectives 
from the Latin, denoting progression, 
growing, or becoming. 

Exercise. — Convalescent, putres- 
cent, quiescent, effervescent, phosphor- 
escent, incandescent. 

£ss. [Fr., from Lat. -ix.] A termina- 
tion of nouns feminine, distinguish- 
ing them from correspondent nouns 
masculine. 

Exercise. — Authoress, lioness, ne- 
gress, shepherdess, actress, giantess, sor- 
ceress, tigress, huntress, countess, priest- 
ess, hostess, poetess- 

FyL. [The same as fidl.] A termina- 
tion of adjectives denoting plenitude 
or abundance, and generally formed 
from substantives. 



Exercise. — Artful, beauti/id, peace- 
ful, grateful, careful, use/id, bash Ad, fan- 
ciA«, pain/«/, power/?/?, doubtful. 

FY. [Lat. facere, fieri, Yr.fier.} A ter- 
mination of verbs, denoting to makt, 
to become. 

Exercise. — Ampli/y, deity, grnti/y, 
hque/y, rare/?/, stupe/;/, pnciA/, quali/y, 
signi/?/, glorj/y, rati/y, testi/y, rect(/& 
puri/y. 

HOOD. [A.-S. nftd, from had, state, 
sex, order, degree, person, form, 
manner, Goth, haidus.] A termina- 
tion denoting state or fixedness, con- 
dition, quality, character, totality. 
Sometimes it is written head. 

Exercise. — Manhood, ehild7?ood, 
knight/?ood, brotherhood, boyhood, wid- 
owhood, neighbor/food, priesthood; god- 
head. 

l€. [Gr. -1K09, Lat. -ievs.] A termi- 
nation of adjectives denoting of, or 
pertaining to. 

Exercise. — Authentic, concentric, 
magnetic, seraphic, academic, dogmatic, 
periodic, theoretic, botanic, cubic, pro- 
saic, apostolic. 

Ies. A termination of nouns, plural 
in form but singular in signification, 
applied to certain arts or sciences. 

Exercise. — Optics, mathematics, 
hydraulics, mechanics, physics, acous- 
tics, statics, hermeneutics. 

Id. [Lat. -idus.] A termination of 
adjectives denoting quality. 

Exercise. —Acid, liquid, rigid, sor- 
did, arid, fervid, fluid, horrid, humid, 
torpid, timid, rancid, torrid, vivid. 

IER, ) [Fr. -ier, -iere.] A termination 

Eer. J of nouns denoting men from 
their occupations or employment. 

Exercise. — Brigadier, grenndie-, 
cavalier, mountaineer, voluntee? - , finan- 
cier, engineer, auctioneer, buccaneer. 

ILE. [Lat. -ilis.] A termination of 
adjectives from the Latin, denoting 
of, or pertaining to. 

Exercise. — Ag?7e, docile, fragile, 
versati/e, faciZe, puerile, volatiZe, fertiZe, 
hostiZe, futiZe, mercantiie. 

INE. [Lat. -inus.] A termination of 
adjectives from the Latin, denoting 
of, or pertaining to. 

Exercise. — Adamantine, feminine, 
pristine, aquiline, canine, clandestine, 
alpine, serpentine, genuine, equine. 

ION. [Lat. -?'o, genitive -?' onis.] A ter- 
mination of abstract nouns derived 
from the Latin, or formed after the 
same analogy. 

Exercise. — Ambition, conception, 
probation, evasion, version, crucifixion, 
union, action, addition, compassion, ex- 
tension, opinion, vermilion. 

ISH. [A.-S. -isc, Goth, -isle, N. H. Ger. 
-isch.] A termination of English 
words denoting diminution, or a 
small degree of the quality. Ish an- 
nexed to proper names forms a pos- 
sessive adjective. Annexed to com- 
mon nouns, it forms an adjective de- 
noting a participation of the quali- 
ties expressed by the noun. 

Exercise. — WhitisZ?, yellowish ; Swe- 
dish, Danish, English, Spam's/?, Scottish; 
foolisZ?, roguisZ?., brutish, childis/?, doltisA, 
boorish, slavish, feverish, knavtsA, girl- 
ish, woinanisft. 



PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES. 



Igsl. [Gr. -loyxos.] A termination of 
nouns from the Greek, or of nouns 
formed on the same model as these, 
denoting tenets, doctrines, or princi- 
ples. 

Exercise. — Atheism, catechism, he- 
roism, mechanism, sophism, skepticism, 
archaism, barbarism, heathenism, ego- 
tism, magnetism. 

1st. [Gr. -ictttj;.] A termination of 
nouns denoting men from their occu- 
pations, pursuits, or principles. 

Exercise. — Baptist, chemist, eulo- 
gist, theist, oculist, moralist, novelist, 
philologist, sophist, annalist, chemist, 
botanist. 

Ite. [Lat. -itus.] A termination of 
nouns and adjectives. It is often 
used to form collective or gentile 
names. 

Exercise.— Appetite, exquisite, fa- 
vorite, recondite, definite, opposite, 
requisite, bedlamite, Jacobite. 

l-TY. See TY. 

Ive. [Lat. -ivus.] A termination of 
nouns and adjectives from the Latin, 
denoting ability, power, or activity. 
Exercise. — Authoritative, incentive, 
persuasive, vindictive, convulsive, delu- 
Bive, negative, formative, conducive, 
furtive, derisive. 

IzE,)[Gr. -tfeiv.] A termination of 

Ise. | verbs from the Greek, or of 

"verbs formed on the same model, and 

denoting to make, to cause to be, to 

become. 

Exercise. — Agonize, characterize, 
tantalise, criticise, exercise, equalize, 
civilize, enfranchise, exorcise, memorise, 
organize, satirize. 

KIN. [A.-S. cyn, cynd, kin, kind, off- 
spring, race ; allied to Lat. genus, 
Gr. yeVos, yovo?] A diminutive ter- 
mination, denoting small, from the 
sense of child. 

Exercise. — Lambfcin, manifcin, nap- 
tin, pipA,i/i, bod&in. 

YjE. A diminutive termination. 

Exercise.— Crumble, bundle, girdZe, 
joggle, fondle, dim pie, throttle, thimble, 
canticle, ruffle, speckle, suckle, sparkle, 
6toppie. 

Less. A terminating syllable of many 
nouns and some adjectives. It is the 
A.-S. leas, allied to Eng. loose, from 
A.-S. ledsan, to Zo.se. Hence, it is a 
privative word, denoting destitution ; 
as, a witness man, a man destitute of 
wit ; childless, without children. 

Exercise. — Fatherless, faithless, 

f>enniles.«, lawless, boundless, needless, 
ifeless, nameZess, careless, hopeless, 
nerveless, worthless, pitiless. 

XJ5t. [French dim. termination et, as 
in tsZet, eaglet , circlet , goblet , floweret, 
baronet : with I inserted , as in stream- 
let, branchlet.] A termination of di- 
minutives ; as, hamlet, a little house ; 
rivulet, a small stream. 

Exercise.— Eyelet, frontlet, tabZet, 
ringlet. 

ClNG. [A.-S.] A termination denoting 
condition, offspring, or progeny. 

Exercise. — Hireling, earthling, 
WorldZing, foundling, darling, firstling, 
underling, starling, groundling, gosZing, 
•apZing, changeling, fatling, nestling. 



LY. [0. Eng. lich, being an abbrevia- 
tion of A.-S. lie, Goth, leiks, Eng. 
like.) A termination of adjectives, 
as in lovely, manly, that is, love- 
like, man-like. It is also a termina- 
tion of adverbs [0. Eng. liche, A.-S. 
lice]. 

Exercise. — Courtly< costZy, priestZy, 
portZy, gristl?/, hilly, shelly, bravely, 
coarsely, purely, chiefly, rashly, tardiZy, 
silliZy, angrily/meekZy. 

MEnt. A termination of nouns (formed 
often from verbs), denoting con- 
dition, state, or act. 

Exercise. — Engagement, manage- 
ment, impediment, embarrassment, .judg- 
ment, amusement, investment, aroitra- 
nient, infringement. 

Mo-NY. [Lat. -monium, -monia.] A 
termination of nouns from the Latin, 
signifying action, or an active faculty, 
being, or a state of being, viewed ab- 
stractly. 

Exercise. — Alimony, matrimony, 
testimony, ceremony, parsimony, acri- 
mony, sanctimony, patrimony. 

Nfiss. [A.-S. -ness, -niss, Goth, -nas- 
sus.] A termination of abstract 
names, denoting state, or quality. 

Exercise. — Blindness, goodness, 
greatness, sweetness, godliness, weariness, 
stiffness, rashness, boyishness, blackness, 
usefulness, zealousness. 

Ock. [A.-S. -ca or -uca.] A diminutive 
termination of nouns. 

Exercise. — Bulloc/t, hillocfc, mat- 
toc/:, paddocfc, pollock. 

Or. A termination of Latin nouns, 
denoting an agent. It is annexed to 
many words of English origin ; as in 
lessor. In general, or is annexed to 
words of Latin, and er to those of 
English, origin. See ER. 

Exercise. — Actor, creditor, editor, 
captor, conductor, pastor, inspector, 
pretor, orator, dictator, professor. 

O-RY. [Lat. -orius.] A termination 
of words from the Latin, denoting 
of, or pertaining to. 

Exercise. — Amatory, consolatory, 
promissory, satisfactory, compulsory, 
cursory, prefatory, nugatory, valedic- 

_ tory. 

OSE, ) [Lat. -osus, -us.] A termina- 

00s. J tion of English adjectives 
(many of which are derived directly 
from the Latin), denoting quality or 
property). 

Exercise. — Dubious, conscious, atro- 
cious, conspicuous, onerous, generous, 
dangerous, populous, morose, comatose, 
operose, verbose. 

Rl€. [A.-S. rice, ric ; fr. the same root 
as Lat. regere, to rule, and regio, re- 
gion.] A termination signifying juris- 
diction, or a district over which gov- 
ernment is exercised. 
Exercise. — Bishopric. 

ShIp. [A.-S. scipe, scype, fr. scyppan, 
to mold, form, shape.] A termina- 
tion denoting state, office, dignity, 
profession, or art. 

Exercise. — Lords/dp, friendship, 
chancellorship, stewardship, horseman- 



xxxl 

ship, copartnership, hardship, clerks/lip, 
worship, scholars/up, censors/lip. 

SlON. See Ion. 

Some. [A.-S. sum, Goth, sama, like, 
the same.] A termination of certain 
adjectives. It indicates a considera- 
ble degree of the thing or quantity ; 
as, mettleso??ie, full of mettle or 
spirit ; gladsowe, very glad or joy- 
ous. 

Exercise. — Blithesome, wearisome, 
loathsome, troublesome, wbole«ome, lone« 
some. 

STER. [A.-S. -estre, -istre.] A termk 
nation denoting skill or occupation. 
It was originally applied to denote 
the female agent in an action. 
Thus, songster signified, at first, a 
female who sings ; but the ending 
ster having at length, in a measure, 
lost its peculiar force, the feminine 
termination ess was appended to it ; 
thus, songster became songsteress,or 
songstress, with a double euding. 

Exercise. — Gameste?-, songster, 
spinster, youngster, punster, maltster, 
tapster. 

T, 1 [A.-S.] A termination of abstract 
TH. I nouns of Anglo-Saxon origin. 

Exercise. — DeptTi, growt/?, strengtA, 
■wealth, width, warmtA, birth, breadth, 
depth, mirth, healtu, trufl; / draff, joint, 
flight, height, drift, gift, theft. 

Tion. See Ion. 

Tude. [Lat. -tudo.] A termination 
of abstract nouns from the Latin, 
signifying action or an active fac- 
ulty, being, or a state of being. 

Exercise. — Amplitude, fortitude, 
gratitude, solitude, infinitude, turpitude, 
altitude, rectitude, servitude, aptitude, 
magnitude. 

TY. [Lat. -tas, -talis, Fr. -tc.] A ter- 
mination of words denoting action or 
an active faculty, being, or a slate of 
being, viewed abstractly. 

Exercise. — Antiquity, difficulty, 
humility, necessity, probability, laxity, 
impiety, society, modesty, majesty, lib- 
erty, fatuity. 

URE. [Lat. -ura.] A termination of 
words derived from the Latin (often 
through the Italian or French), and 
denoting action or an active faculty, 
being, or a state of being, viewed ab- 
stractly. 

Exercise. — Creature, fracture, legis- 
lature, nature, superstructure, lecture, 
fissure, flexure, exposure, tenure, junc- 
ture, verdure. 

WARD, or WARDg. [A.-S. -weard, 
-weardes; Goth, -vairths, allied to 
Lat. vertere, to turn, versus, toward.* 
A suffix used in the composition of a 
large class of words, and denoting 
direction, or tendency to, motion to- 
ward, and the like. 

Exerci 3E. — Upward, onwards, west- 
ward, backwards, forward, homeward, 
downwards, inward. 

Wise. [A.-S. wise, allied tog-wise.] A 
termination of adverbs implying m 
tAe direction or manner of. 

Exercise. — Endwise, lengthwise, 
sidewise, likewise. 



ABBREVIATIONS AND EXPLANATIONS. 



a. . .stands for adjective. 

abbrev abbreviated. 

adv adverb. 

Alg Algebra. 

Am., Amer America, American. 

Anat Anatomy. 

Anc Ancient. 

Antiq Antiquities. 

Ar Arabic. 

Arch Architecture. 

Arith Arithmetic. 

Armor Armorican. 

A.-S Anglo-Saxon. 

Astrol Astrology. 

Astron Astronomy. 

augm augmentative. 

Bisc Biscayan. 

Bot Botany. 

Braz Brazilian. 

Cf. Confer (compare). 

Chald Chaldee. 

C/iem Chemistry. 

Chin Chinese. 

Colloq Colloquial, colloquially. 

Com Commerce, common. 

comp compound, compound- 

compar comparative. [ed. 

conj conjunction. 

contr contracted.contraction. 

corrupt corrupted, corruption. 

D Dutch. 

Dan Danish. 

dat dative. 

Dim., dim diminutive. 

Eccl Ecclesiastical. 

Eng England, English. 

esp especially. 

f. feminine. 

Far Farriery. 

fig figuratively. 

Fort Fortification. 

fr from. 

Fr French 

fut future. 

Gael Gaelic. 

gen genitive 

Geol Geology. 

Geo m Geometry. 

Ger German. 



Goth, .stands for Gothic. 

Gr Greek. 

Gram Grammar. 

H. High. 

Heb Hebrew. 

Her Heraldry. 

Hind Hindostanee. 

Hist History. 

hypoth hypothetical. 

Icel Icelandic. 

i. e id est ( that is). 

imp imperfect. 

impers impersonally. 

Ind Indian. 

infra below. 

intens intensive. 

inter j interjection. 

Ir Irish. 

it.,Ital Italian. 



Japan. 



.Japanese. 



L Low. 

Lat Latin. 

Lit. . lit Literally , literally. 

M... Middle. 

m. masculine. 

Mach Machinery. 

Malay Malayan. 

Math Mathematics. 

Mech Mechanics. 

Med Medicine. 

Mil Military. 

Min Mineralogy. 

modi/. modification. 

Mus Music. 

Myth Mythology. 

IV". New. 

n noun. 

Naut Nautical. 

neut neuter. 

Norm. Fr Norman French. 

O Old. 

Obs Obsolete. 

orig original, originally. 

p participle. 

p. a participial adjective. 

Paint Painting. 

Per Persian. 



perh.. stands for perhaps. 

vers person. 

Peruv Peruvian. 

Pg Portuguese. 

pi. plural. 

Poet Poetry, poetical. 

Pol Polish. 

p.p participle past. 

p.pr participle present. 

Pre/., pre/. Prefix 

prep preposition. 

pret preterit. 

Prin Principles. 

prin principally. 

Print Printing. 

priv privative. 

Prob. , prob probably. - 

Pron., pron... [ Pronunciation, pro- 
> p \ nounced ; pronoun. 

prop properly. 

Pros Prosody. 

Prov Provincial. 

Rhet Rhetoric. 

Rom Roman. 

Rom. Cath Roman Catholic. 

Russ Russian. 

Sax Saxon. [stood) 

sc scilicet (being under- 

Scot Scotland, Scottish. 

Script Scripture, Scrip- 

sing singular. [tural 

Skr.... Sanskrit. 

Sp Spanish. 

superl superlative. 

supra above. 

Sw Swedish. 

Syn Synonyms. 

Syr Syriac. 

term termination. 

Theol Theology. 

Turk Turkish. 

U. S United States. 

v verb. 

vb. n verbal noun. 

v. i verb intransitive. 

v. t verb transitive. 

W. Welsh. 

Zob'l Zoology. 



%* In this Dictionary, words from foreign languages, both ancient and modern, are usually printed in Italics, 
though many of them are not ordinarily so printed in other works ; as, ADOBE, ADDENDUM, ALIBI. 

%* Compound words, which in ordinary writing and printing have their constituent parts separated by a hy- 
phen, are here distinguished from those which are usually and properly written and printed without one, by the use 
of a longer hyphen than that employed for the mere division of words into syllables ; as, Ale-house. Words having 
prefixes or initial syllables which are commonly separated from other syllables by a hyphen, are distinguished in tho 
same way ; as, Re-enforce, Electro-magnetic. 

* # * The syllables -ed ; -ING, inclosed within brackets (see Abandon), represent respectively the imperfect tense and 
past participle, and the present participle — which may in all cases be used as a verbal noun — of regular verbs. In 
like manner, the syllables -ER ; -EST (see Dark) represent the comparative and superlative degrees of regular adjectives. 
The principal parts of irregular verbs (as Make) and the comparative and superlative of irregular adjectives (as Good) are 
given in full. 

*** The figures which immediately follow certain words in the Vocabulary refer to corresponding sections in the 
Principles of Pronunciation on pp. vii.-xxii., or in the Rules for Spelling, on pp. xxii.-xxvi. 

\* For the " KEY TO THE PRONUNCIATION," see page vi. It is desirable that those who use this Dictionary 
8hould make themselves familiar with the Key, as they will then find it easy to understand the notation by which the 
pronunciation of every word is expressed. 

Csxxii) - 



DICTIONABY 



OF THE 



ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



A (2-8, 44, 45), an adjective, com- 
monly called the indefinite arti- 
cle, and signifying one or any, but 
less emphatically. It is a contrac- 
tion of an, and is substituted for it 
before all words beginning with a 
consonant sound, except words be- 
ginning with the sound of A and hav- 
ing the accent on any other syllable 
than the first. 

A-BACK', adv. Backward, against 
the mast ; — said of the sails when 
pressed by the wind. 

Xb'a-cus, ». [Lat.] 1. The upper 
plate upon the 
capital of a col- 
umn. 2. An in- 
strument for per- 
forming a r i t h- Abacus, 
metical calculations by means of 
sliding balls. 

A-baft' (6), prep. Towards the stern 
from ; back of. 

A-BAN'DON, V. t. [-ED; -ING, 137.] 
[Lat. ad, and Low Lat. bandum.] 
To give up wholly and finally, or 
with a view never to resume. 

Syn.— To relinquish; forsake; desert; 
surrender; leave; forego. — We abandon 
what we give up finally, as vice ; we re- 
linquish what we have prized or sought, 
as a claim or hopes ; we desert what we 
ought to adhere to, as duty ; we surren- 
der (usually under a necessity) what we 
have held as our own or in trust, as a 
fortress: we renounce a thing publicly 
or as a duty, as allegiance or the world. 

A-BAN'doned, p. a. Given up en- 
tirely, as to a vice. 

A-Ban'don-ment, n. Entire deser- 
tion or relinquishment. 

A-base', v. t. [-ed ; -ing, 140.] [Fr. 
abaisser.} To bring low, as to the 
ground ; to cast down. 

Srx. — To depress; degrade; reduce; 
humiliate; humble. 

A-base'ment, n. Act of abasing, or 
bringing very low. 

Sytt. — Humiliation; depression; deg- 
radation. — Abasement is a humbling, as 
of the pro tul ; debasement is a corrupting, 
as of coin ; depression is a sinking down, 



as of spirits; degradation is a bringing 
down from a higher rank or grade, as of 
a peer. 

A-bash', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Fr. 
abaisser.] To destroy the self-pos- 
session of; to strike with sudden 
shame or fear. 

Syx. — To confuse ; confound. — "We 
are confused when we lose our self-pos- 
session ; we are confounded when our 
faculties are overwhelmed and brought 
toji stand. 

A-bat'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
abated. 

A-BATE', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. ah 
and batuere.] To bring down or reduce 
from a higher to a lower state, num- 
ber, degree, or the like ; specifically, 
(Law.), (a.) to cause to fail as a 
writ; \b.) to destroy as a nuisance. 
— v. i. 1. To decrease ; to become 
less in strength or violence. 2. To 
be defeated ; to fail, as a writ. 

Syx. — To decline ; subside ; dimin- 
ish. — Lessen, decrease, diminish, refer to 
quantity or size ; decline is to fall off ; 
abate supposes previous violence, as, 
the storm abates ; subside, previous com- 
motion, as, the tumult subsides. 

A-BATE'MENT, n. Act of abating , or 
state of being abated ; decrease ; spe- 
cifically, (a.) a remitting, as of a 
tax: (b.) failure, as of a writ; (c.) 
removal, as of a nuisance. 

AB'a-tis, In. [Fr. See ABATE.] 

Ab'at-tIs, ) A row of sharpened 
branches of trees turned outward for 
w defense. 

Ab'ba, n. A Syriac word meaning 
father, used to denote a religious 
superior. 

iB'BA-CY, n. The condition or priv- 
ileges of an abbot. [abbey. 

Ab-ba'TIAL, a. Pertaining to an 

ABBlt (ab'ba), n. [Fr.] Originally, 
an abbot ; but now, an ecclesiastic 
devoted to teaching, literature, &c. 

AB'bess, n. Governess of a nunnery. 

AB'BEY, n. ; pi. AB'BEYg. 1. A res- 
idence of monks or nuns. 2. The 
dwelling of an abbot. 3. A church 
attached to a monastery. 



ABECEDARIAN 

.Xb'BOT, n. [Lat. abba. See ABBA.] 
Head of a society of monks. 

AB'BOT-ship, n. The state or office 
of an abbot. 

AB-BRE'VI-ATE, V. t. [-ED ; ING.] 
[Lat. ah and breviare.] To bring with- 
in less space. 

Syx. — To abridge; contract; curtail; 
compress ; condense. 

Ab-bre'VI-a'tion, n. 1. Act of ab- 
breviating. 2. The form to which 
a word or phrase is reduced by con- 
traction or omission; as, Gen. for 
Genesis. 

Ab-bre'VI -A/TOR, n. One who ab- 
breviates. 

AB-BRE'vi-A-TO-RY(50),a. Abbrevi- 
ating ;_ shortening. 

AB'DI-eATE,V. t. [-ED; -TNG.] [Lat. 
abdicare.] To give up right or claim 
to; to withdraw from (as an office) 
with or without formal resignation. 
— v. i. To relinquish an office, right, 
trust, &c, with, or without resign- 
ing. 

Syn. — To relinquish; renounce; for- 
sake ; quit. 

.Ww-eA'TION, n. Abandonment 
of a public office or of a right or trust, 

w with or without a formal surrender. 

AB'Di-eA'TTvE, a. Causing, or im- 
plying, abdication. 

Ab-do'MEN, n. [Lat.] The belly, or 
the upper part of the belly. 

Ab-dom'I-NAL, a. Pertaining to the 
abdomen. [belly ; pursy. 

AB-DOM'l-NOtrs, a. Having a big 

Ab-duce', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
abducere.] To draw away ; to draw 
to a different part. 

AB-DU-eT', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
abductus.] To take away by stealth, 
or by unlawful force. 

AB-Dfre'TlON, n. A drawing or car- 
rying away, especially of a person, 
by fraud, or stealth, or force. 

AB-DUG'TOR, n. 1. A person guilty 
of abduction. 2. A muscle which 
serves to draw a part out. 

A'be-ce-da'ri-an, n. One who 



A, E, 1,5, U, Y,long; X, £,1,0.1}. i, short ; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM; s6N, 

6r, do, wolf, too, to"ok ; URN, rue, pull ; E, T, o, silent'; c, G, soft; €, G, hard; As ; bjcist ; n<mNg; this. 



ABED 



ABRUPT 



teaches or who learns the a, b, c, or 
letters of the alphabet. 

A-BED', adv. In bed ; on the bed. 

A-BELE', or A'BEL-TREE, n. The 

_ white poplar. [or Syrian mallow. 

A'bel-mosk, n. The musk-mallow, 

Ab-er'rance, n. [Lat. aberrans.] 
Deviation from rectitude. 

AB'er-ra/tion, n. 1. Deviation, es- 
pecially from truth or moral recti- 
tude, or from the natural state. 2. 
Alienation of mind. 3. A small pe- 
riodical change of position in a 
star. 

A-BET', v. t. [-ted; -TINS, 136.] 
[From the root of bait.] 1. To encour- 
age or incite by aid or countenance ; — 
used chiefly in a bad sense. 2. To en- 
courage or assist in a criminal act. 

Syn. — To aid ; support ; Bustain ; 
help ; assist ; favor ; further ; succor ; 
promote. 

A-bet'ter, ) n. One who abets, aids, 

A-bet'tor, J or encourages ; an in- 
stigator. 

Syn. —Accomplice; accessary. — An 
abettor incites to a crime; an accomplice 
takes part in it; an accessary is involved 
in it by giving countenance or aid. 

A-BEY'ance, n. [0. Ft. baer, beer.] 

1. A state of suspension or temporary 
extinction, with the expectation of a 
revival. 2. Expectation or contem- 
plation of law. 

Ab-hor', v. t. [-red ; -ring, 136.] 
[Lat. abhorrere.] To regard with hor- 
ror, detestation, or extreme dislike. 

Syn. — To detest ; loathe ; abomi- 
nate ; hate. 

Ab-hor'rence, n. Detestation; 
great hatred. 

Ab-hor'rent, a. 1. Abhorring ; de- 
testing. 2. Contrary ; repugnant. 

A-BIDE', v. i. [imp. & p. p. ABODE ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. ABIDING.] [See 
Bide.] 1. To continue in a place. 

2. To continue firm or stable. — v. t. 
1. To endure or bear without shrink- 
ing, or patiently. 2. To await firmly. 

Syn. — To sojourn ; reside ; dwell ; 
stay ; tarry ; remain ; hold to ; persist. 

A-bIl'I-TY, n. [Lat. habilitas.] Pow- 
er to act, whether bodily, moral, in- 
tellectual, conventional, or legal ; — 
in the plural, intellectual capacity. 

Syn. — Force; might; potency; capa- 
bility; faculty; talent; skill; dexterity; 
efficiency ; address. — As to mental pow- 
ers, ability is the generic term; capacity 
is the power of easily gaining or retain- 
ing knowledge ; talent, is the power of 
executing : dexterity, skill, and address 
relate to ease of execution. 

Xb'in-tes'tate, a. Inheriting the 
estate of one dying without a will. 

AB'JEGT, a. [Lat. abjectus.] Sunk 
to a low condition ; hence, low in 
estimation. 

Syn.— Mean; worthless; base; grov- 
eling; debased; despicable. 

Ab-JE€'tion, n. Meanness of spirit ; 
baseness. 

JtB'JE€T-LY, adv. Meanly ; wretched- 
ly ; basely. 

Xb'jegt-ness, n. State of being ab- 
ject; baseness. 



Xb'ju-ra'tion, n. Act of abjuring. 
Ab-ju'ra-to-ry, a. Contaiuing, or 

relating to, abjuration. 
Ab-jure', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 

abjurare.] To renounce under oath, 
w or with great solemnity. 
AB'LAC-TA'TION, n. [Lat. ab and 

lac, milk.] 1. A weaning of a child. 

2. A method of grafting. 
AB-LA'QUE-A'TION, n. [Lat. ablaque- 

atio.] A laying bare the roots of 

trees. 
AB'la-tive, a. [Lat. ablativus.] 

Taking away or removing ; — applied 

to the sixth case of Latin nouns. — 

n. The sixth case of Latin nouns. 
A-BLAZE', adv. 1. On fire ; in a blaze. 

2. Highly excited. 
A'BLE (a'bl), a. [Lat. habilis.] Hav- 
ing ability or competency of any or 

every kind. 

Syn. — Strong ; powerful ; efficient ; 

effective; mighty; skillful; dexterous. 

AB-LU'TION, n. [Lat. ablutio.] 1. 
Act of cleansing or washing. 2. Re- 
ligious purification. 

A'BLY, adv. With ability or skill. 

AB'NE-GA'TION, n. [Lat. abnegatio.] 
Denial and renunciation. 

Ab-norm'AL, a. [Lat. ab and norma.] 
Contrary to rule ; irregular. 

A-BOARD', adv. In a vessel ; on board. 
— prep. On board of. 

A-BODE', ?»?p. & p. p. of abide. — n. 
[From abide.] State or place of resi- 
dence. 

Syn. — Dwelling; continuance; hab- 
itation; domicile. 

A-BOL'ISH, v. t. [-ED ; -IlVG.] [Lat. 
abolescere.] To do away with utterly ; 
to put an end to ; hence, to make void. 
Syn.— To subvert; overturn; de- 
stroy; nullify; abrogate; annul; repeal. 
—Abolish, sribvert, overturn, and destroy 
express under different images the same 
idea, that of doing wholly away with. 
We abrogate and annul by an authorita- 
tive act, as customs or a treaty, &c. ; we 
repeal by a legislative act, as laws; we 
nullify when we setlaws, &c, aside, with- 
out their being repealed. 

A-BOL'ISH-A-BLE, a. Capable of be- 
ing abolished. [ing. 

A-b6l'ish-ment, n. Act of abolish- 

AB'o-lPtion (-lish'un), n. A doing 
away with finally and for ever ; — ap- 
plied particularly to slavery. 

Xb'o-lI'tion-ism (-lish'un-), n. Prin- 
ciples or measures of an abolitionist. 

AB'O-LI'TION-IST, n. One who favors 
abolition, especially the abolition of 
slavery. 

A-bom'i-na-ble, a. Odious in the 
highest degree. 

Syn. — Execrable ; detestable; loath- 
some; hateful; shocking. 

A-bom'i-na-bly, adv. Detestably ; 
execrably. 

A-BOM'1-NATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. abominare, abominari.] To 
turn from as ominous of evil; to 
hate in- the highest degree. 

Syn.— To hate ; detest; loathe ; ab- 
hor. 

A-bom'i-na'tion, n. 1. Strong aver- 
sion. 2. An object of hatred. 



AB'O-Rig'i-nal, a. First, or primi- 
tive. — n. A first or original inhab- 
itant. 

AB/O-R'i&'l-NEg, n.pl. [Lat.] The orig- 
inal inhabitants of a country. 

A-BOR'TION, n. [Lat. abortio.] 1. 
An immature product of conception. 

2. Any thing which fails to come to 
maturity. [its effect. 

A-bor'tive, a. Immature; failing ia 
A-bound', v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
abimdare.] 1. To be in great plenty; 
to be prevalent. 2. To be copiously 
supplied. 
A-BOUT', prep. [A.-S. abutan.] 1. All 
over or around. 2. Through or over 
in various directions. 3. Near, in 
place, time, quantity, &c. 4. Ready 
to; relating to. — adv. 1. On all 
sides ; around. 2. Here and there. 

3. Nearly. 4. In the opposite direc- 
tion. 

A-BOVE' (a-buV), prep. [A.-S. abu- 
fan.] 1. Higher in place than. 2. 
Superior to in any respect. — adv. 
Overhead ; higher ; before. 

AB'ra-ga-dab'rA, n. A combination 

Of letters ABRACAUABRA 

Without ABRACADABB 

sense, form- \ B „VW V. B 
erlyusedas VbVaVaV 

acharm abraca 

against fe- a b r a c 

vers,andar- A B R A 

ranged as in A B B K 

the margin ; a 

hence, unmeaning babble. 

Ab-rade', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
abradere.] To rub or wear off. 

Ab-ra'£Ion, n. 1. A rubbing off. 2. 
Substance worn off. [line. 

A-breast', adv. Side by side ; on a 

A-bridge', v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] [Fr. 
abreger.] 1. To bring within less 
space. 2. To deprive ; to cut off. 

Syn.— To contract; shorten ; con- 
dense ; compress ; curtail ; lessen ; re- 
duce ; diminish. 

A-BRiDG'MENT, n. 1. A cutting off; 
contraction or diminution. 2. A 
work abridged. 

Syn. — Reduction ; restriction ; re- 
straint ; compend ; compendium ; epit- 
ome; summary; abstract; synopsis. — A 
compendium or epitome is a condensed 
abridgment; an abstract or summary is 
a brief statement of a thing in its main 
points; a si/nopsis is a bird's-eye view 
of a subject or work in its several parts. 

A-BROACH', adv. Letting out liquor, 
or in a condition to do so. 

A-BROAD', adv. 1. At large ; out of 
any inclosure. 2. In foreign coun- 
tries. 

AB'RO-GATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat 
abrogare.] To annul by an authork 
tative act. 

Syn. — To abolish ; repeal ; revoket 
rescind ; cancel ; annul. 

Xb'ro-ga'tion, v. Act of annulling 
or setting aside. 

AB-ROPT', a. [I/at. abrvptus, p. p. of 
abrumpere.] 1. Broken, steep, and 
craggy ; precipitous. 2. Without 
notice : sudden. 3. Having sudden 
transitions. 



A, E, I, 6, fj, Y,long; X, £, I, 6, tj, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; E RE, VEIL, X£RM j PIQUE, FIRM ; S6N, 



ABRUPTION 



3 



ACCEPT 



Syn. — Bold ; broken ; unconnected ; 
unceremonious. 

Ab-RUP'TION, n. A violent separa- 
tion of bodies. [ner. 

AB-RUPT'LY, ado. In an abrupt inan- 

AB-RUPT'NESS, ft- Steepness; sud- 
denness ; great haste. 

.Xb'scess (149), ft. [Lat. abscessus.] A 
collection of pus in an accidental 
cavity of the body. 

Ab-scTs'sa, n. ; pi. Lat. AB-spts' sje, 
Eng. AB-scfs'sAg. [Lat. abscissas.] 
(Geo?n.) One of the elements of 
reference by which a point, as of a 
curve, is referred to a system of fixed 
rectilineal co-ordinate axes. 

Ab-S€ond', v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
abscondere.] To secrete one's self, in 
order to avoid a legal process. 

Ab-S€OND'er, n. One who absconds. 

AB'SENCE.ft. [Lat. absentia.} 1. A 
being absent. 2. Want ; destitution. 
3. Heedlessness. 

AB'SENT, a. 1. Not present in a place. 
2. Inattentive to what is passing. 

Ab-sent', v. t. [-ED ; -ING-.] To take 
to such a distance as to prevent in- 
tercourse. 

AB'SEN-TEE', n. One who absents 
himself from his country, office, post, 
or duty, and the like. 

XB'SEN-TEE'lgM, ft. State or habit 
of an absentee. 

AB'so-lute, a. [Lat. absolutus, p. p. 
of absolv ere.] 1. Freed or loosed from 
any limitation or condition. 2. Fin- 
ished ; perfect ; total. 3. Capable 
of being conceived by itself alone. 

Syn. — Unlimited ; arbitrary; despot- 
ic; tyrannical; unconditional; positive; 
peremptory; certain. 

AB'SO-LUTE-LY, ado. Positively ; ar- 
bitral l_v. 

A" b'so-lute-ness, ft. Completeness ; 
arbitrary power. 

Ab'so-lO'tion, ft. 1. An acquittal. 
2. A remission of sin. 

AB'so-LU'TIsm, ft. Absolute govern- 
ment or its principles. 

Ab-soe'u-to-ry, a. Absolving ; that 
absolves. 

Ab-solv'A-to-RY, a. Containing ab- 
solution ; having power to absolve. 

Ab-solve', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
•absoloere.} To set free or release 
from, as from some obligation, debt, 
or responsibility, &c. 

Syn. — To exonerate: acquit. —We 
speak of a man as absolved from some- 
thing that binds conscience, as guilt or 
its consequences ; exonerated from some 
load, as nn imputation or debt; acquitted 
with reference to a trial and a decision 
thereon. 

Ab-sorb', v. t. [-ed; ing.] [Lat. 
absorbere.] 1. To drink in ; to suck 
up ; to imbibe, as a sponge. 2. 
Hence, to overwhelm ; to engage 
wholly. 

Ab-sorb'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
absorbed. 

Ab-sorb'ent, a. Sucking up ; im- 
bibing. — w. A substance or a bodi- 
ly organ which absorbs. 

Ab-sorp'tion (-sorp'shun),ft. 1. Act 
or process of being absorbed. 2. En- 



tire engrossment or occupation of 
mind. [absorb. 

Ab-sorp't¥ve, a. Having power to 

Ab-stain', v. i. [-ed : -ing.] [Lat. 
abstinere.] To forbear, or refrain, 
voluntarily. 

Ab-ste'mi-oOs, a. [Lat. abstemius.] 
Sparing in diet ; temperate ; absti- 
nent, [ly. 

Ab-ste'MI-OUS-ly, adv. Temperate- 

Ab-ste'mi-oOs-ness, ft. A sparing 
use of food or strong drink. 

Ab-stErge' (14), v. t. [-ed; ing.] 
[Lat. abstergere.] To make clean 
by wiping. 

Ae-st£r'gent,(z. Serving to cleanse. 

Ab'sti-nence, ft. [See Abstain.] 
Act or practice of abstaining. 

Syn. — Temperance. — Abstinence is 
shown iu refraining, temperance in a 
moderate and guarded use. 

aVsti-nent, a. Refraining from in- 
dulgence ; temperate. 

Ab-stra€T',v. *. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
abstractus.] 1. To draw from or 
separate. 2. To consider by itself. 3. 
To epitomize or reduce. 4. To purloin. 

AB'STRA€T, a. 1. Distinct from some- 
thing else. 2. Withdrawn from the 
concrete ; separate ; hence, difficult ; 
abstruse. — n. 1. A summary, or 
epitome. 2. State of separation from 
other things. 

Ab-str.\€T'ed-LY, ) adv. By itself; 

AB'STRA€T-LY, j separately. 

Ab-stra€'tion, ft. 1. Act of sepa- 
rating, or state of being separated. 
2. Analysis. 3. An abstract or the- 
oretical notion. 4. Absence of mind. 

Ab-stra€T'ive, a. Having the pow- 
er of abstracting, [abstract. 

Ab'stract-ness, ft. State of being 

Ab-struse' (32), a. [Lat. abstrusus.] 
Literally, thrust away ; hidden ; 
hence, hard to be understood. 

Ab-struse'ly, adv. Not plainly. 

Ab-struse'ness, ft. State or quality 
of being abstruse. 

AB-sfJRD', a. [Lat. absurdus.] Op- 
posed to manifest truth, reason, or 
sound judgment. 

Syn. — Foolish; irrational; preposter- 
ous; ridiculous.— Absurd is strongerthan 
foolish or irrational, but not so strong as 
preposterous, which supposes a total in- 
version of the order of things. 

AB-sfJRD'l-TY, «. 1. Quality of being 
absurd. 2. That which is absurd. 

Ab sOrd'ly, adv. Preposterously. 

Ab-sOrd'ness, ?t. Absurdity. 

A-BUN'DANCE, ft. [Lat. abnndantia.] 
An overflowing fullness ; great plenty. 
Syn. — Exuberance ; plenteousness ; 
riches; wealth; affluence. — We have a 
plenty when we have enough ; but abun- 
dance is more than enough, it is an over- 
flowing. Exuberance is still stronger, it 
is a bursting forth. 

A-BUN'DANT, a. Fully sufficient ; plen- 
tiful ; copious : ample. [amply. 

A-BfiN'DANT-LY, adv. Plentifully ; 

A-BfJSE', v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
abusus.] 1. To use ill; to misuse. 2. 
To treat rudely ; to revile. 3. To 
deceive. 

A-buse', ft. 1. Ill use ; improper 



treatment. 2. A corrupt practice. 
3. Rude or reproachful language. 
A-BU'siVE, a. 1. Marked by abuse. 

2. Perverted ; misapplied ; improper. 
Syn.— Scurrilous; insulting; reproach- 
ful; opprobrious. 

A-BU'slVE-LY, adv. In an abusive 
manner. 

A-bu'sIve-ness, ft. Ill usage. 

A-but',*\i. [-ted; -ting, 136.] [Fn 
aboutir.] To terminate or border. , 

A-bDt'MENT, ft. That on which * 
thing abuts, or that which abuts on 
any thing solid. [ary of land. 

A-bOt'tal., ft. The butting or bound- * 

A-byss', ft. [Gr. a/3u(r<ros.] A bot- I 
tomless depth ; a gulf; hell. 

A-€A'CI-A (-ka'shi-), ft. [Gr. ataxia.] 
A genus of leguminous trees and 
shrubs. 

Ae'A-DEM'lc, )a. Belonging to 

ACA-DEM/ie-AL, J an academy or 
other institution of learning. 

A€'A-DEM'I€, ft. 1. A Platonic phi- 
losopher. 2. A member of an acad- 
emy or university. 

A€'A-DE-Ml'CIAN (-mish'an), ft. A 
member of an academy, or society 
for promoting arts and sciences. 

A-gad'e-my, ft. 1. The school of 
philosophy of which Plato was the 
head. 2. A place of education of 
high or of middle rank. 3. A soci- 
ety for the promotion of arts and 
sciences. 

A-oXN'THUS, ft. [Gr. atcavOo?.] 1. 
An ornament resembling the foliage 
or leaves of the acanthus. 2. A 
prickly plant. 

A-OAT'-A-LEO'TIC, ft. [Gr. d/caTaArjK- 
tos.] A verse which has the com- 
plete number of syllables. 

A€-CEDE', V. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
accedere.] To agree or assent ; to 
become a party. 

A€-9EL'ER-A.TE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. accelerare.] To quicken the 
motion or action of; to hasten ; to 
expedite. 

A€-gEL/ER-A'TlON, ft. Increase of 
motion or action. 

Ao-cei/er-a-tive, ) a. Accelerat- 

Ao-^ei/er-a-to-RY, J ing ; quick- 
ening motion. 

Xe'CENT, ft. [Lat. accentus.] 1. A 
superior force of voice on some par- 
ticular syllable of a word. (See Prin. 
of Pron. § 110.) 2. A mark in writ- 
ing to regulate the pronunciation. 

3. A peculiar modulation of the 
voice. 

AC-CENT', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
pronounce, utter, or mark with ac- 
cent, [cent. 

A€-CENT'U-A.L, a. Relating to ac- 

A€-<JeNT'U-ATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.J 
To mark or pronounce with an ac- 
cent. 

Ag-CENT'U-a'TION, ft. Act of writ- 
ing or of pronouncing accents. 

Ao-cSpt', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
acceptare.] 1. To receive with a con- 
senting mind. 2. To admit and 
agree to. 3. To receive as obligatory 
and promise to pay. 



or, do, wqlf, too, TO'OKj urn, rue, pull, ; E, /, o, silent ; c,G,so/i!,- €, G, hard \ A§; exist; n as NG; THIS 



ACCEPTABLE 



ACCUSATORY 



Ac -C fi pt'a-ble, a. Worthy or sure 
of being accepted; hence, pleasing 
to a receiver. 
Syn. — Agreeable; welcome. 

Ac-cept'a-BLE-NEss, \ n. Quality of 

Ac-gfiPT'A-BtL/l-TY, ) being ac- 
ceptable or agreeable. 

Ac-^EPT'A-BLY, ado. In an accept- 
able manner. 

&C-CEPT'ANCE, n. 1. Favorable re- 
ception. 2. (a.) An assent and en- 
gagement to pay a bill of exchange 
■when due. (b.) The bill itself when 
accepted^ [2. Meaning. 

Ac'CEP-TA'TION, n. 1. Acceptance. 

Ac-<|:ept'er, n. One who accepts. 

Ac-^ESS' or Access, n. [Lat. acces- 
sus, See Accede.] 1. Near ap- 
proach, admittance. 2. Means or way 
of approach. 3. Increase. 

Ac-CES'SA-RY, a. 1. Additional ; ac- 
cessory. 2. Uniting in, or con- 
tributing to, a crime. — n. One who 
in some way becomes concerned in 
a crime, either before or after the 
deed is committed. 

Ac-ces'si-bIl'i-ty, n. Quality of 
being approachable. [approach. 

Ac-cfis'si-BLE, a. Easy of access or 

Ac-^es'sion (-sesh'un), n. 1. Act of 
acceding. 2. Increase by something 
added ; that which is added. 
Syn. — Addition; augmentation. 

aVces-so'ri-AL, a. Pertaining to an 
accessory. 

Ac-ces'so-ry, a. 1. Contributing; — 
used in a bad sense. 2. Additional ; 
accompanying. — n. 1. One guilty 
of a felonious offense, though not 
present at its perpetration. 2. An 
accompaniment. 

Xc'CI-dence, n. A book containing 

_ the rudiments of grammar. 

AC'Ci-UENT, n. 1. A chance event ; 
casualty ; contingency. 2. A property 
or quality of a being which is not 
essential to it. 

AC'CI-dent'al, a. 1. Happening by 
chance. 2. Not necessarily belonging. 
Syn. — Casual; fortuitous; contingent; 
incidental. — A thing is accidental when 
it comes without being planned or sought, 
as a meeting; it is incidental, when it 
conies in as secondary or out of the gen- 
eral course, as a remark ; it is casual or 
fortuitous as opposed to what is constant 
and regular, as an occurrence ; it is con- 
tingent as opposed to what is settled and 
fixed, as an event. 

AC/ci-DENT'AL-LYjadt'. By chance ; 
unexpectedly. 

Ac-CLAIM% ) n. A shout of as- 

Ac'CLA-ma'TION, ) sent, or appro- 
bation, [plause. 

Ae-CLAM^A-TO-RY, a. Expressing ap- 

AC-CLI'MATE, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
habituate to a climate not native. 

Xc'cli-MA'tion, n. Process of be- 
coming, or state of being, acclimated. 

Ac-clIv'I-TY, n. [Lat. acclivitas.] A 
slope considered as ascending; rising 
ground. 

Ac-cli'vous, a. Rising with a slope. 

A€-€OM'MO-DATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. accommodare.] 1. To render 
fit, suitable, or correspondent. 2. 



To furnish with something desired, 
needed, or convenient. 3. To recon- 
cile. 

Syn. — To suit; adapt; conform; har- 
monize; compose ; adjust; furnish. 

Ac-COM'mo-dat'ing, a. Affording, 
or disposed to afford, accommoda- 
tion ; kind. 

Ac-com'mo-da'tion, n. 1. Act of 
fitting, or state of being fitted. 2. 
pi. Whatever supplies a want or af- 
fords ease, refreshment, or conve- 
nience. 3. Reconciliation. 

Ac-COM'pa-ni-ment, n. Something 
that attends as a circumstance, or is 
added by way of ornament to the 
principal thing. 

Ac-cOm'pa-nIst, n. The performer 
in music who takes the accompany- 
ing part. 

AC-COM'PA-NY, V. t. [-ED ; -INS, 
142.] [See COMPANY.] To go with or 
attend as a companion or associate. 

Ac-CoM'plIce, n. An associate in a 
crime. 

AC-COM'PLISH ■ V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Fr. 
accomplir.] 1. To finish entirely in 
time. 2. To bring to pass. 

Syn. — To execute; fulfill; effect; re- 
alize. 

Ac-coM'PLISH£D (-kSm'plisht), p. a. 
Complete and perfected. 

AC-COM'PLISH-MENT, n. 1. Act of 
accomplishing. 2. Acquirement ; at- 
tainment. 

Ac-compt'ant (-kount'-), n. See 

ACCOUNTANT. 

Ac-cord', n. [From Lat. cor, cordis, 
heart.] 1. Concurrence of opinion, 
will, or action; agreement. 2. Har- 
mony of sounds. — V. t. [-EDJ-ING.] 

1. To make to agree or correspond. 

2. To grant ; to concede. — v. i. To 
be in accordance ; to agree, [fortuity. 

Ac-cord'ance. n. Agreement ; con- 

Ac-CORD'ANT, a. Corresponding ; 
consonant ; agreeing ; agreeable. 

Ac-cord'ing-ly, adv. In accordance 
with. [wind-instrument. 

Ac-COR'DI-ON, n. A small keyed 

AC-COST' (21), V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. ad and costa.] To speak first to. 

Ac-cost'A-ble, a. Easy of access ; 
affable. 

Ac co uchement (ak'koosh'mong') 
n. [Fr.] Delivery in child-bed. 

Accoucheur (ak'koosh'ur'), n. 
[Fr.] A man who assists women in 
childbirth ; a man-midwife. 

Ac-count', n. 1. A reckoning ; a 
computation. 2. A statement in 
general. 3. Importance ; value ; ad- 
vantage. 4. Reason ; consideration. 
Syn. — Narrative ; narration ; recital ; 
description; detail. — In giving an ac- 
count of a thing, if we make it a contin- 
uous story, it is ^narrative or narration ; 
if we dwell on minute particulars, it is a 
recital ir detail; if we picture a thing 
out, it is a description. 
— v. t. [-ED ; -ING ] [Lat. ad and 
computare.] 1. To reckon. 2. To 
hold in opinion ; to estimate. — v. i. 
1. To render an account. 2. To 

I constitute a reason. 3. To render 

| reasons or answer. 



Ac-COUNT'A-BlL'I-TY, n. Liability 
to give account, and to suffer pun- 
ishment. 

Ac-count'a-ble, a. Liable to be 
called to account, and to suffer pun- 
ishment or pay damages. 

Syn. — Amenable ; responsible. 

Ac-count'ant, n. One who keeps, 
or is skilled in, accounts. 

AC-COU'TER ) (160), V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 

AC-COU'TRE ) [Fr. accoutrer.] To 
furnish with dress or equipments. 

Ac-cou'ter-ments, ) n. pi. Dress 

Ac-cou'tre-ments, ) equipage j 
trappings. 

AC-€RED'IT, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat 
accreditus.] 1. To receive, as an en 
voy, in his public character. 2. To 
send with credentials, as an envoy. 

Ac-CRE'TION, n. [Lat. accretio.] 1 
An increase by natural growth. 2 
A growing together. 

Ac-crue' (32), v. i. [-ed; -ING.] [Fr. 
accrue, increase.] To increase ; to be 
added, as increase, profit, or damage 
Syn.— To spring up; follow; arise. 

XCCU-BA'TION, n. A reclining on a 
couch, as practiced by the ancients 
at their meals. 

Ac-cum'ben-cy, n. State of being 
accumbent. 

Ac-ctJM'BENT, a. Reclining, as the 
ancients did at their meals. 

AC-€U'MU-LATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. accumulatus.] To heap up ; to 
collect or bring together. — v. i. To 
increase greatly. 

Ac-CU'MU-LA'TION, n. Act of accu- 
mulating, state of being accumulat- 
ed, or that which is accumulated. 
Syn. — P'le; mass; heap. 

Ac-CU'MU-LA-TIVE, a. Causing ac- 
cumulation ; accumulating. 

Ac'CU-RA-CY, ) n. State of be- 

Ac'cu-rate-ness, ) ing accurate ; 
exactness ; correctness. 

Ac'CU-RATE, a. [Lat. accnratus.] In 
careful conformity to truth, or to a 
standard or rule. 

Syn. — Correct; precise; just; nice — 
A man is accurate or correct when he 
avoids faults ; exact when he attends to 
all the minutiae, leaving nothing neglect- 
ed ; precise when he does any thing ac- 
cording to a certain rule or measure. 

Ac'eu-RATE-LY, adv. In an accurate 
manner. 

Ac-curse', v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] To de- 
vote to destruction ; to curse. 

Ac-cOrs'ed, p. p. or a. (part, pro- 
nounced ak-kfirst', a. ak-kflrs/ed). 

1. Doomed to destruction or misery 

2. Detestable ; execrable. 
Xc'cu-gA'TiON, n. 1. Act of accus- 
ing. 2. That of which one is accused. 

Ac-€U'§ A- tIve, a. ( Gram.) Applied 
to the case on which the action of a 
verb terminates or falls. — n. The 
fourth case of Greek and Latin nouns, 
corresponding to the objective in 
English. 

Ac-cu'sa-tIve-ly, adv In relation 
to the accusative case. 

Ac-€U'§A-TO-RY, a. Pertaining to, 
or containing, an accusation. 



A, e, I, 6, u, y, long; X, e, 1, 6, u, y, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, tekm ; pique, fIrm ; s6n. 



ACCUSE 



ACTIONABLE 



A€-eu§E', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. I 
accusare.] To charge with a crime, | 
offense, or fault. 

Syn. — To arraign; censure; impeach. 
— We censure or accuse a man for what 
is wrong ; we arraign him for trial ; we 
impeach him for maladministration or 
impropriety. 

Ac-CUS/er, re. One who accuses.' 

AC-CUS'TOM, V. t. [-ED : -ING.J To 
make familiar by use ; to habituate 
or inure. 

ACE,». [Lat. as.] 1. A single point 
on a card or die ; or the card or die 
so marked. 2. A particle; an atom. 

A-CEPH'A-LOUS, a. [Gr. dice^aAos.] 
Without a head ; headless. 

A-c£RB'I-TY,n. [Lat. acerbitas.] 1. 
Sourness of taste, with bitterness and 
astringency. 2. Harshness, bitter- 
ness, or severity. [ing sour. 

A-CES'CENT,a. [Lat. acescent.) Turn- 

A^'e-t'ate, n. A salt formed by 
acetic acid united to a base. 

A-CET'lc, or A-ce'tic, a. [Lat. ace- 
tum, vinegar.] Composed, as a cer- 
tain acid, of four parts each of car- 
bon, hydrogen, and oxygen. 

A-CET'I-fi-ca'tion, n. Act of mak- 
ing sour ; the operation of making 
vinegar. 

A-CET'I-FY, v. t. or i. [-ED; -ING, 
142.] [Lat. acetum and facere.] To 
turn into acid or vinegar. 

A^'e-tim'e-ter, n. [Lat. acetum, 
and metrum.] An instrument for 
ascertaining the strength of vinegar 
or other acids. 

Xc'e-TIM'e-try, n. Art of ascertain- 
ing the strength of acids. 

A-£E'Tofjs, a. 1. Sour. 2. Causing 
acetification. 

ACHE (ak), V. i. [-ED , -ing, 140.] 
[A.-S. acan, Gr. a-xelv.] To have, or be 
in, pain, or in continued pain. — n. 
Continued pain. [achieved. 

A-CHIE v'a-ble, a. Capable of being 

A-CHIEVE', v. t. [-ED : -ING.] [Fr. 
achever.] To carry on to a final close. 
Syn. — To complete; accomplish; ful- 
fill; realize. 

A-chie ve'ment. n. 1. Act of achiev- 
ing ; accomplishment. 2. A great or 
heroic deed. 

Syn.— Feat; deed; completion. 

A-chiev'er, n. One who accom- 
plishes a purpose. 

ACH'RO-MAT'IC, a. [Gr. <ixpwju.a.ros.] 
Not showing color, from the decom- 
position of light. 

A€H/RO-MA-TlC'I-TY, I n. State of 

A-€HRO'MA-Tl§M, J being ach- 
romatic. 

A-CIC'U-LAR, a. Slender, like a needle. 

Ac'ID, a. Sour, sharp, or biting to the 
taste ; tart. — n. A sour substance. 

A-clD'l-Fl'A-BLEja. Capable of being 
acidified. _ [ing. 

A-^Id'i-fi-ca'tion, n. Act of acidifi- 

A-cId'I-fy, v.t.ori. [-ED; -ING, 142.] 
To make or become acid. 

Xc'i-dim'e-ter, n. An instrument 
for ascertaining the strength of acids. 

A-^Id'i-ty, ) n. Quality of being acid 

Xc'id-ness, ) or sour ; sharpness ; 
sourness. 



A-ClD'U-LATE,f. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
make slightly acid. 

A-cid'u-lous, a. [Lat. acidulur .] 
Slightly sour ; sourish. 

Ac-knowl'edge (-nol'ej),^.*. [-ed; 
-ING.] [From prefix a and knowl- 
edge.] To own, avow, or admit; to 
recognize as a fact, truth, or benefit. 
Syx. — To concede ; confess ; allow ; 
recognize. — We acknowledge what we 
feel bound to make known, as a fault or 
a favor ; we concede and allow what is 
claimed or asked ; we recognize when at 
first we were doubtful ; we confess what 
is wrong or may appear so. 

A€-KNO\VL'EDG-MENT (-nol'-, 137), 

n. 1. Act of acknowledging. 2. Some- 
thing given or done in return for a 

favor. 
Xe'ME, n. [Gr. a.Kfx-q.] Height, top, or 

highest point, of a thing. 
AC'O-LYTE, > n. [Gr. aicokovGos .] An 
AC'O-LYTH, J inferior church serv- 
w ant. 

AC'o-nIte, n. Wolf's-bane, a poison. 
A'corn, re. [A.-S. secern.] The seed 

or fruit of an oak. 
A-COT'Y-LE'DON, n. [Gr. a priv. and 

KOTv\r)8iov.] A plant in which the 

seed-lobes are not present. 
A-cot'y-led'o-nous, a. Having 

either no seed-lobes, or such as are 

indistinct. 
A-COU'STIC (-kow'stik), a. [Gr. aieov- 

o-tikos.] Pertaining to hearing, or 

to the doctrine of sounds. 
A-cou'stics, n. sing. The science of 

sounds. 
Ac-quaint', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [0. 

Fr. acrointer.] 1. To make familiar. 

2. To communicate notice to. 
Syx. — To apprise; to inform. 
Ac-QuIint'an^e, n. 1. Familiar 

knowledge. 2. A person or persons 

well known. 

Syn. — Familiarity ; fellowship ; inti- 
macy. — Intimacy is the result of close 

connection, and hence is the stronger 

word; fandliarity springs from frequent 

intercourse. 
ACQUI-ESCE', V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 

[Lat. acquiescere.] To rest satisfied, 

or apparently satisfied. 

Syx. — To accede ; assent; consent; 

comply; concur. 
aVqui-es'cence, n. A silent assent 

or submission. 
AC'QUI-es'cent,**. Submitting; dis- 
posed to submit. [acquired. 
Ac-QUIR'A-BLE. a. Capable of being 
AC-QUIRE', V. t. [-ED : -ING.] [Lat. 

acquirere.] To gain, usually by one's 

own labor or exertions. 

Srx. — To attain ; obtain; procure; 

earn; win; secure; 
A-e-QUiRE'MENT, n. Act of acquiring, 

or that which is acquired. 
Syx. —Attainment: gain; acquisition. 
.Wqui-s.T'TION (-zTsh'un), n. 1. Act 

of acquiring. 2. The thing acquired. 
Ac-QUis'l-Tl VE , a. Disposed to make 

acquisitions. 
Ac-Quts/I-TIVE-NESS, n. State or 

quality of being acquisitive. 
Ac-quit', v. t. [-ted: -ting.] [Fr. 

acquitter.] 1. To set free; to release 



or discharge, especially from an obli- 
gation, accusation, suspicion, &c. 2. 
Rejiexively, to bear or conduct one "3 
self. 
Syx. — To clear; absolve. 

Ac-QUIT'TAL, n. Formal deliverance 
from the charge of an offense. 

Ac-QUIT'TANCE, n. Discharge from 

_ debt. 

A'CRE (a'ker, 160), n. [A.-S. acer, 
secer.] A piece of land containing 160 
square rods or perches, or 4840 square 

w yards. [pungent. 

AC'rid, a. Of a biting taste ; sharp ; 

AC'RID-ness, n. A sharp, harsh qual- 
ity ; pungency. 

AC'Rl-MO'Nl-dus, a. 1. Abounding 
with acrimony. 2. Sarcastic. 
Syx. — Sharp; severe; bitter; caustic. 

Ic'Rl-MO-NY, n. 1. Quality of cor- 
roding or dissolving. 2. Sharpness 
or severity, as of language or temper. 
Syx. — Asperity; harshness; tartness. 
— Acrimony springs from an embittered 
spirit; tartness from an irritable temper; 
asperity and harshness from disregard for 
the feelings of others. 

AC'RI-tude (53), n. [Lat. acritudo.] 
An acrid quality. 

AC'RO-AT'IC,^ [Gr. a/cpoaTiKos.] De- 

w signed only to be heard ; oral. 

AC'RO-BAT, n. [Gr. axpos. and /3cu- 
veiv.] One who practices high vault- 
ing, rope-dancing, &c. [acrobat. 

Xcro-bat'ic, a. Belonging to an 

A-CRON'YC-AL, a. [Gr. d/cpovwros.] 
(Astron.) Rising at sunset and set- 
ting at sunrise, as a star. 

A-CROP'O-LIS, n. Upper or higher 
part of a Grecian city ; hence, the 

^ citadel or castle. 

AC'RO-SPIRE , n. [Gr. d*po? and o-irel- 
pa..] A sprout at the end of a seed. 

A-CROSS' (21), prep. From side to 
side of; crosswise of. — adv. From 
side to side ; crosswise. 

A-CROS'TI€, n. [Gr. oucpvo-nxov.] A 
composition, in which the first or 
the last letter of every line, or of 
every word, read collectively, form 
a name or sentence. 

ACT, v. i. [-ed; -ing, 137.] [Lat. 
actus.] 1. To exert power. 2. To be in 
action or motion. 3. To behave 
or conduct. — v. t. 1. To perform, 
especially on the stage. 2. Hence, to 
feign or counterfeit. 3. To assume 
the office or character of. — re. 1. 
That which is done or doing; per- 
formance ; deed. 2. A decree, edict, 
law, judgment, or award. 3. One of 
the principal divisions of a play. 4. 
A state of reality, or real existence, 
5. A state of preparation. 

ACTIN-IS.M, n. A property in the so- 
lar rays which produces chemical 
changes, as in photography. 

Xc'tion, n. 1. Exertion of power; 
or the effect of power exerted ; agen- 
cy. 2. An act or thing done ; a deed; 
hence, conduct ; behavior. 3. A le- 
gal suit or process. 4. An engage- 
ment between troops. 

Action- a-ble, a. Admitting a suit, 
or an action at law. 



6r, do,wqlf,TOO,TO'ok; urn, rue, PULL; E, I, o, silent; C,G, soft; €,G,hard; AS,; EXIST ; NasNG; THIS. 



ACTIVE 



6 



ADJURATION 



5.€T'?VE,n. 1. Having the power or 
quality of acting. 2. Constantly en- 
gaged in action ; hence, energetic ; 
busy. 3. Practical; operative; pro- 
ducing real effects. 4. Expressing 
the passing of an action from an 
agent to an object, as certain verbs 
do; transitive. 

Syn. — Brisk ; alert ; agile ; nimble ; 
sprightly; prompt. 

i€T'TfvE-L.Y, adv. In an active man- 
ner; nimbly. 

A€T'ive-ness, ) n. Quality of being 

A€-tiv'I-ty, j active ; nimble- 
ness ; agility. 

XeT'OR, n. One who acts ; one who 
plays on the stage. [plays. 

Xct'ress, n. A female who acts or 

X.€T'U-AL, a. 1. Existing in act; re- 
ally acted or acting. 2. Existing at 
the present time. 

XeT'u-AL-LY, adv. In act or fact; 
really ; truly. 

Xct'u-A-ry, n. 1. A registrar or 
clerk. 2. Manager of a joint-stock 
company. 

A€T'U-ATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
put into action ; to incite to action. 

Syn. — To move; impel; instigate; in- 
duce; rouse; animate. 

A-eu'LE-ATE, a. Having prickles, or 
sharp points. 

A-cu'men, n. Penetration of mind; 
nice discrimination. 

Syn. — Acuteness: astuteness; shrewd- 
ness; perspicuity; discernment. 

A-€U'mi-nate, a. Having a long, 
tapering point. 

A-Cfj/Ml-NA'TION, n. A sharpening; 
termination in a sharp point. 

XeOJ-PUNeT'tJRE, n. Introduction of 
needles into the living tissues for 
remedial purposes. 

A-euTE',«. 1. Sharp at the end; point- 
ed. 2. Penetrating; shrewd. 3. Sus- 
ceptible of slight impressions. 4. 
High, or shrill, in respect to some 
other sound. 5. Coming speedily to a 
crisis. 

Syn.— Penetrating; piercing; pointed; 
shrewd: subtle. 

A-cute'ly, adv. Sharply ; shrewdly ; 
keenly. 

Ad'age,7z. [Lat. adagivm.] An old 
saying, which has obtained credit by 
long use. 

Syn. — Maxim ; proverb ; aphorism ; 
axiom; saw. 

A-DA'gio (-jo), a. [It.] (Mus.) Mov- 
ing slowly, leisurely, and gracefully. 

Ad'A-MANT, n. [Gr. dSd/acts.] A 
stone imagined to be of impenetrable 
harduess ; — a name given to the 
diamond and other very hard sub- 
stances. [mant. 

Id'a-man-te'an, a. Hard as ada- 

Zd'a-mant'Ine, a. Made of, or hav- 
ing the qualities of, adamant. 

Xd'ams-ap'ple, n. The projection 
formed by the thyroid cartilage in 
the neck. 

A-dapt', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
adaptare.] To make fit or suitable. 

Syn.— To suit; accommodate; adjust; 
apply; attune. 



A-dXpt'a-bYl'i-ty. 1 n. Quality of 

A-dapt'a ble-ness, J being adapt- 
able ; suitableness. [adapted. 

A-dapt'a-ble, a. Capable of being 

Ad'ap-ta'tion, n. Act of adapting, 
or fitting ; the state of being adapted ; 
fitness. 

lDD,i\t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. addere.] 
To join or unite, as one thing or sum 
to another. 

Syn. — To subjoin; to annex. — We 
add numbers, &c. ; we subjoin an after- 
thought; we annex some adjunct, as ter- 
ritory. 

Ad-den'bum, n. ; pi. ad-dEn'da. 

w [Lat.] A thing to be added. 

AD'der, n. [A.-S. setter.] A venom- 
ous serpent ; a viper. 

Ad-digt', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Lat. 
addictus.] To apply habitually ; to 
accustom ; to habituate. 

Syn. — To devote; to dedicate to.— Ad- 
dict is commonly used in a bad sense, 
the other two in a good one; addicted to 
vice; devoted to literature; dedicated to 
religion. 

Ad-d?€T'ed-ness, n. Devotedness. 

Ad-di'tion (-dlsh'un), n. 1. Act of 
adding. 2. Auy thing added; in- 
crease. 3. A branch of arithmetic. 
4. A title annexed to a man's name. 
Syn. — Accession; augmentation. 

Ad-di'tion-al (-dish/un-), a. Added. 

Ad-di'tion-al-ly, adv. By way of 
addition. 

XD'DLE,a. [A.-S. adl.] Putrid ; cor- 
rupt ; hence, unfruitful or barren, as 
brains. 

Ad-dress', v.t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
directus.] 1. To direct words or dis- 
course to. 2. To direct in writing, 
as a letter. 3. To court; to woo. 
4. To consign to the care of another. 

— n. 1. A formal application, speech, 
discourse, petition, &c. 2. Manner 
of speaking to another. 3. pi. At- 
ention in the way of courtship. 4. 
Skill ; dexterity. 5. Direction or 
superscription of a letter. 

Ad-duce' (30), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. adducere.] To present or offer ; 
to bring forward by way of proof. 

Syn. — To allege; cite; quote ; ad- 
vance; introduce. 

Ad-du'oent, a. Bringing forward. 

Ad-du'ci-ble, a. Capable of being 
adduced. [ward. 

Ad-du€'tion, n. Act of bringing for- 

Ad-DU€'tive, a. Bringing forward. 

AD'e-nol'o-gy, n. [Gr. 0.6171/ and 
Aoyo?.] The doctrine of the glands, 
their nature, and their uses. 

A-DEPT',«. One well skilled in any art. 

— a. [Lat. adeptus.] Well skilled ; 
skillful. 

Ad'e-qua-cy, n. State or quality of 

w being adequate. 

AD'E-QUATE, a. [Lat. adcequatus.] 
Equal, proportionate, or correspond- 
ent ; fully sufficient. [fitly. 

Xd'e-quate-ly, adv. In proportion ; 

Ad'e-QUATE-ness, n. Adequacy; 
sufficiency. 

Ad-here', v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] [Lat. 
adhserere.] 1. To stick fast or cleave. 
2. To hold, be attached, or devoted. 



Ad-her'ence ) (89), n. Quality or 

AD HER'EN-'cy ) state of adhering. 

Ad-he R'E NT, a. United with or to; 
sticking. — n. One who adheres. 

Syn. — Partisan ; follower ; supporter; 
advocate. 

Ad-he'sjon, n. Act or state of 
sticking, or being attached. 

Ad-he 'si ve, a. Sticky ; tenacious. 

Ad-he 'si' VE-LY, adv. In an adhe- 
sive manner. 

Ad-he 'si ve -ness, n. Quality of 
sticking, or adhering. 

Ad-hor'ta-to-ry, a. Containing 
counsel or warning. 

A-dieu' (a-du', 30), adv. Good-by ; 
farewell. — n. A farewell ; commen- 
dation to the care of God. 

Ad'I-po-cere', «. [Lat. adeps and 
cera.] A soft, unctuous, waxy sub- 
stance, into which the fat and mus- 
cular fiber of dead bodies are changed 
by long immersion in water or spirit. 

Ad'i-POSE', a. [Lat. adeps, fat.] Fat; 
fatty. 

Ad'it, n. [Lat. aditus.] 1. A hori- 
zontal or inclined entrance into a 
mine. 2. Passage ; access. 

AD-JA'CEN-CY, n. State of being ad- 
jacent, [actually touching 

Ad-JA'cent, a. Lying near, but not 

ad'jec-tT'val, or Ad'jec-tiv-al, 
a. Pertaining to an adjective. 

Xd'JEG-TIVE, n. [Lat. adjertivvm] 
A word used with a noun or substar- 
tive,to describe, specify, limit, or de- 
fine it, or to denote some property 
of it. 

Ad'je€-tive-ly, adv. In the man- 
ner of an adjective. 

Ad-join', v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] To be 
contiguous or next ; to be in contact 
or very near. — v.t. To join or unite 
to. 

Ad-joOrn', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Fr. 
adjourner.] To put off to another 
time. — v.i. To suspend business 
for a time ; to close the session of a 
public body. 

Syn.— To postpone ; defer; delay; 
prorogue. — A court, legislature, or meet- 
ing is adjourned; parliament is pro- 
rogued at the end of a session : we delay 
or defer a thing to a future time ; we 
postjwne it when we make it give way to 
something else. 

Ad-journ'MENT, n. 1. Act of ad- 
journing. 2. The interval during 
which a public body defers business. 

Ad-judge', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
adjudicare.] 1. To award or decree 
judicially or by authority. 2. To 
sentence. 

Ad-ju'di-cate, v. t. [-ed: -ing.} 
To try and determine, as a court. 

Ad-JU'di-ca'tion, n. Judicial sen- 
tence, judgment, or decision. 

Ad'jungt, n. Something joined to 
another thing, but not an essential 
part of it ; an appendage. — a. Added 
or united. 

Ad-JUN€T'IVE, a. Having the quality 
of joining. — n. One who, or that 
which, is joined. 

AdMu-RA'tion, n. 1. Act of adjur- 
ing. 2. The form of oath. 



A, £, I, o,v,Y, long; X, S,I, 6, u, y, short; cAre, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, fIrm ; son, 



ADJURE 



ADVANCEMENT 



AD-JURE', v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] [Lat. 
adjurare.] To charge, command, or 
entreat solemnly and earnestly, as if 
under oath. 

AD-JUST', V. t. [-EDJ-ING.] [L. Lat. 
adjustare.] 1. To make exact or 
conformable. 2. To reduce to or- 
der. 3. To set right. 
Syn. — To fit ; adapt ; suit ; regulate. 

■AD-JtJsT'A-BLE, a. Capable of being 
adjusted. 

Ad-jOst'MENT, n. Act of adjusting ; 
arrangement ; disposition ; settle- 
ment, [tant. 

Ad'ju-tan-cy, n. Office of an adju- 

Ad'JU-TANT, n. An officer who assists 
the superior officers in the execution 
of orders, conducting correspond- 
ence, placing guards, &c. 

Ad'ju-vant, a. Helping ; assisting. 

Ad-MEA§'URE (-meWur), v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To take the dimensions, size, 
or capacity of. 

Ad-mEa§'ure-ment, n. 1. Act or 
process of admeasuring. 2. Dimen- 
sions ascertained. [ment. 

Ad-MEN'su-ra/tion, n. Admeasure- 

Ad-min'is-ter, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
1. To manage, as public affairs. 2. 
To dispense, as justice. 3. To give, 
as an oath. 4. To settle, as an estate. 
— v. i. 1. To contribute. 2. To 
perform the office of administrator. 

Ad-mIn'is-te'ri-al, a. Pertaining 
to administration. 

Ad-min'is-tra-ble, a. Capable of 
being administered. 

Ad-mIn'is-tra'tion, n. 1. Act of 
administering. 2. Executive part 
of the government. 3. Management 
of an estate of a deceased person. 

Ad-mIn'is-tra/tive, a. Administer- 
ing. 

Ad-mIn'IS-tra'TOR. n. One to whom 
the right of administration has been 
committed by competent authority. 

Ad-mIn'is-tra'tor-ship, n. Office 
of administrator. 

Ad-min'is-tra'TRIX, n. A woman 
who administers. [ration. 

Ad'MI-RA-BLE, a. Worthy of admi- 
Syn. — "Wonderful ; rare; excellent. 

Xd'mi-ra-bly, adv. In an admira- 
ble manner. 

Ad'MJ-ral, n. [Ar. amir-al-bahr.'] 
A naval officer of the highest rank. 

Ad'mi-ral-ty(112), n. The body of 
officers appointed for the manage- 
ment of naval affairs. 

Ad'mi-ra'tion, n. Wonder mingled 
with pleasing emotions, as approba- 
tion, esteem, or love. 

Ad-mire', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
admirari.] 1. To regard with wonder 
or surprise, mingled with approba- 
tion, reverence, or affection. 2. To 
estimate or prize highly. 

Ad-Mir'er, n. One who admires. 

Ad-mIs'si-bIl'i-ty, n. Quality of be- 
ing admissible. 

Ad-mIs'si-ble , a. Capable or worthy 
of being admitted. 

Ad-mIs'sion (-mlsh'un), n. 1. Act of 
admitting. 2. Leave to enter ; access. 



AD-MlT', v. t. [-TED ; -TING.] [Lat. 
admittere, concession in argument.] 
1. To grant entrance to. 2. To re- 
ceive as true. 3. To be capable of. 

Syn. — To concede ; grant ; permit ; 
allow. — Admit has the widest sense. 
We qrant or concede what is claimed : 
we allow what we suffer to take place or 
yield; we permit what we consent to. 

Ad-mit'tance, n. 1. Act of admit- 
ting. 2. Permission to enter. 

Ad-mix', v. t. To mingle with some- 
thing else. 

Ad-mix'tion (-m!kst/yun, 97), n. 
[Lat. admixtio.] A union by mixing 
different substances together. 

Ad-mixt'ure, n. 1. A mixing. 2. 
What is mixed. 

Ad-mon'ish,i\*. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
admonere.] 1. To reprove gently. 2. 
To counsel against wrong practices. 
3. To instruct or direct ; to inform. 

Syn. —To reprove; caution ; rebuke; 
reprimand ; warn ; advise. — We advise 
as to future conduct; we warn of danger 
or byway of threat; we admonish with a 
view to one's improvement; we reprove, 
reprimand, and rebuke by way of pun- 
ishment. 

Ad-mon'ish-er, n. A reprover. 

Ad/mo-n'I'tion (-nish/un), n. Gentle 
or friendly reproof or counsel. 

Ad-mon'I-TIVE, ) a. Containing ad- 

Ad-mon'i-to-ry, j monition ; ad- 
monishing. 

AD-NAS'CENT, a. [Lat. adnascens.] 
Growing to or on something else. 

A-DO'(23), n. [Prefix a, for to, and 
do'.] Trouble ; labor ; difficulty. 

Adobe (a-do'bii), n. [Sp.] An un- 

w burnt brick dried in the sun. 

AD'O-LES'^EN^E, n. Youth. 

Ad'o-LES'^ENT, a. [Lat. adolescens.] 
Advancing from childhood to man- 
hood. 

A-DOPT', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
adoptare.] To select and take as 
one's own when not so before. 

A-dop'tion, n. 1. Act of adopting, 
or state of being adopted. 2. The 
receiving as one's own what is new 
or not natural. [Adopting. 

A-dopt'ive, a. 1. Adopted. 2. 

A-dor'a-ble, a. Worthy of adora- 
tion, [being adorable. 

A-dor'a-bee-ness, ii. Quality of 

A-DOR'A-BLY, adv. With adoration. 

AD'O-RA'TFON, n. 1. Worship paid 
to a divine being. 2. Homage to one 
in high esteem. 

A-dore', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
ad or are.] 1. To worship with pro- 
found reverence. 2. To love in the 
highest degree. 

A-DOR'ER, n. A worshiper ; a lover. 

A-dorn', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
adornare.] To render beautiful ; to 
decorate. 

Syn.— To deck ; embellish ; set off; 
beautify ; ornament. — We decorate and 
oitiament for the sake of show ; we em- 
bellish and adorn to heighten beauty. 

A-dorn'ment, n. Embellishment. 

Ad-os^u-la'tion, n. 1. Impregna- 
tion of plants by the falling of the 
farina on the pistil. 2. A species of 
ingrafting. 



A-DOWN', prep. Down ; toward the 
ground . — adv . Downward. 

A-drift', a. or adv. Floating at ran- 
dom ; at large. 

A-droit', a. [Fr. d droit, to the right.] 
Possessing or exercising skill or dex- 
terity. 

Syn.— Skillful ; expert; clever; dex- 
terous; ingenious. 

A-DROIT'LY, adv. Ingeniously. 

A-droit'ness, it. Dexterity ; readi- 
ness of body or mind. 

A-DRY', a. Thirsty. 

Ad'sci-tI'tioOs (-tish/us), a. [Lat. 
adsciscere.] Taken as supplemental. 

Ad'u-la'tion, n. [Lat. adulatio.] 
• Servile flattery ; sycophancy. 

Ad'u-la'tor, n. A servile flatterer ; 
a sycophant. [cess. 

AD'u-la'to-ry, a. Flattering to ex- 

A-DULT', a. [Lat. adult us.] Having 
arrived at mature years. — n . A per- 
son or thing grown to maturity. 

A-dul'ter-ant, n. A person or thing 
that adulterates. 

A-DUL'TER-ATE, V. t. [-ED ; ING.] 
[Lat. adulterare.] To debase or cor- 
rupt by admixture of baser materials. 

A-dui/ter-ATE, a. Debased; cor- 
rupted ; contaminated. 

A-dul'ter-a'tion, n. Act of adul- 
terating, or state of being adulter- 
ated, [adultery. 

A-dGl'ter-er, n. A man guilty of 

A-dul'ter-ess, ii. A woman who 
commits adulter}'. 

A-DUL'TER-lNE, or A-DUL'TER-INE, 
a. Proceeding from adultery. — n. 
A child born in adultery. 

A-DUL'ter-ous, a. Pertaining to, or 
guilty of, adultery. 

A-DUL'TER-Y, n. 1. A violation of 
the marriage-bed. 2. (Script.) Vio- 
lation of one's religious covenant. 

A-DQLT'NESS, n. State of being an 
adult. [shadow. 

Ad-um'brant, a. Giving a faint 

Ad-um'brate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. adumbrare.] To shadow faintly 
forth ; to typify. 

Xd'um-bra'tion, n. 1. Act of shad- 
owing forth. 2. A faint resemblance. 

A-dGn'ci-ty, n. [Lat. aduncitas.] 
Hookedness. 

A-DUST', a. [Lat. adustus.] 1. Burnt 
or scorched. 2. Looking as if burnt 
or scorched. 

AD-VANCE' (6), V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[0. Fr. advancer.] 1. To bring for- 
ward. 2. To raise to a higher rank. 
3. To accelerate the growth or pro- 
gress of. 4. To offer or propose. 5. To 
supply beforehand. — v. i. 1. To 
move or go forward. 2. To improve. 
3. To rise in rank, office, or conse- 
quence. — n. 1. A moving forward ; 
approach. 2. Improvement or pro- 
gression of any kind. 3. Additional 
price or profit. 4. A tender ; an offer ; 
a furnishing of something before an 
equivalent is received toward a capi- 
tal or stock, or on loan. — a. Before 
in place, or beforehand in time. 

Ad-vance'Ment, n. 1. Act of ad- 
vancing or state of being advanced ; 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK.; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; C, G, soft; €, G, hard; A§J EXJST ; JfOJNGJ THIS- 



ADVANTAGE 



8 



AFFECTING 



progression ; improvement ; promo- 
tion. 2. Payment of money in ad- 
vance. 

Ad-van'tage (6), n. [See Ad- 
vance.] 1. Any state, opportuni- 
ty, or means particularly favorable 
to some desired end. 2. Superiority ; 
benefit; gain.. — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
To benefit ; to promote. 

Id'van-ta'geous (-tii/jus, 140), a. 
Being of advantage ; furnishing ad- 
vantage ; profitable ; useful ; bene- 
ficial. 

Xd'van-ta/geous-ly, adv. In an 
advantageous manner. [ableness. 

.XD'VAN-TA'GEOUS-NESS,n. Profit- 

AD' VENT, n. 1. A coming ; specifi- 
cally, the first or the second coming 
of Christ. 2. A season of devotion 
including four Sundays before Christ- 
mas. 

Xd'ven-tT'tious (-tish'us), a. Added 
extrinsically ; accidental ; casual. 

AD'VEN-Tl'TIOUS-LY (-tish'us-), adv. 
In an adventitious manner. 

Ad-VENT'URE, n. [L. Lat. adventu- 
ra.] 1. Hazard ; risk ; chance. 2. 
An enterprise of hazard. 3. A re- 
markable occurrence or event. 4. A 
thing sent to sea at the risk of the 
person sending it. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] 1. To put at hazard ; to risk. 
2. To run the risk of attempting. — 
v. i. To try the chances : to dare. 

Ad-vent'Or-er, n. One who ad- 
ventures ; one who relies for success 
on his boldness or good fortune. 

Ad-vent/ure-some, a. Incurring 
hazard : bold. 

Ad-vent'ur-ous, a. 1. Daring ; 
courageous ; enterprising. 2. Full 
of hazard. [daringly. 

Ad-vent'ur-ous-ly, adv. Boldly ; 

AD'verb (14), n. [Lat. adverbium.] 
A word used to modify the sense of a 
verb, participle, adjective, or other 
adverb. 

Ad-verb'I-al, a. Relating to or like 
an adverb. [of an adverb. 

Ad-vErb'I-AL-LY, adv. In manner 

Ad'ver-sa-ry, n. [Lat. adversarius.] 
One who is hostile or opposed. 

Syn. — Opponent ; antagonist; ene- 
my, &c. — Unfriendly feelings mark the 
enemy; habitual hostility the adversary; 
active hostility the foe. Opponents are 
those who are pitted against each other; 
antagonists, those who struggle in the 
contest with all their might. 
— a. Adverse ; opposed ; antagonistic. 

Xd'VERSE (14), a. [Lat. adversus.] 1. 
Acting in a contrary direction. 2. 
Contrary to the wishes, or to sup- 
posed good; hence, unfortunate ; 
calamitous. [unfortunatelv. 

.Xd'VERSE-LY, adv. With opposition ; 

Ad'v£rse-ness, n. Opposition ; un- 
prosperousness. 

Ad-v£r'si-ty, n. An event or series 
of events attended with severe trials 
or misfortunes. 

Syn.— Calamity; affliction; distress; 
misery. 

AD-Vf RT' (14), V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. advertere.] To turn the mind. 
Syn. — To attend; regard; observe. 



Ad-v£rt'ence, ) n. Attention ; con- 
Ad-v£rt'en-CY, ) sideration. 
Ad-vert'ent, a. Attentive ; heedful. 
AD'ver-ti§e' (162), v. t. or i. [-ED ; 

-ING.] [Lat. advertere.} 1. To inform 
or apprise. 2. To make known 
through the press. 

Ad-vEr'tIse-ment, or Xd'ver- 
TI^e'ment, n. 1. Information. 2. 
Public notice through the press. 

Ad'ver-tIs/er, n. One who adver- 
tises. 

Ad-vice', n. 1. An opinion offered 
as worthy to be followed ; counsel ; 
suggestion. 2. Information as to the 
state of an affair or affairs ; intelli- 
gence. 

Ad-vis/a-ble, a. Fit to be advised 
or to be done ; expedient. 

Ad-vis'a-ble-ness, n. Fitness to be 
done; propriety; expediency. 

AD-vIgE'(162),r. t. [-ed;-ing.] [See 
Advice.] 1. To give advice to. 2. To 
apprise ; to inform. — v. i. To deliber- 
ate i to consider, [edge; purposely. 

Ad-vis/ed-ly, adv. With full knowl- 

Ad-vise'ment, n. 1. Counsel. 2. 
Consultation ; deliberation. 

Ad-vir'er, n. One who gives advice. 

AD-vi'go-RY, a. 1. Having power to 
advise. 2. Containing advice. 

Ad'VO-CA-CY, n. A pleading for or 
supporting ; vindication ; defense. 

-iYD'vc-CATE,?i. One who pleads any 
cause, especially the cause of another 
before some tribunal. 

AD'vo-CATE,r.«. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
advocare.] To plead in favor of ; to 
maintain by argument. 
Syn. — To defend; support; vindicate. 

AD'vo-ca'tion, n. Act of advocat- 
ing or pleading. 

Xd'VOW-EE', n. [Fr. ad voice, avoue.] 
One who has the right of presenting 
to a benefice. 

Ad-vow'jon, n. (Eng. Law.) The 
right of presenting or nominating to 
a vacant benefice. 

Adz, ) n. A car- 

Adze, ) penter's 
tool for chip- 
ping. 

J£'DlLE,n. [Lat. 
mttOu.] An of- Adze . 

ficer in ancient 

Rome who had the care of the public 
buildings, streets, &c. 

iE'Gis, n. [Gr. aiyi's.] A shield ; 
hence, any thing that protects. 

JE-o'li-an Harp. A box with 
stretched strings, on which the wind 
produces musical notes. 

A'ER-ATE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [See 
AIR.] 1. To combine with carbonic 
acid. 2. To supply with common 
air. 3. To arterialize. 

A-e'RI-al, a. 1. Of or pertaining to, 
air. 2. High : lofty. 3. Growing, 
or existing in the air. 

Ae'RIE (ti'rf or a'ry), n. [L. Lat. 
a'eria.] The nest of an eagle, or 

_ other bird of prey. [ing. 

A'er-i-fi-ca'tion, n. Act of aerify- 

A'ER-I-FORM, a. Having the form of 
air, as gas. 




A'ER-1-FY, v. t. [Lat. acr and facere.] 
_ To change into an aeriform state. 

A/ER-OG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. ayp and 
_ ypd(j>eiv .] A description of the air. 

A'ER-o-LlTE,n. [Gr. i^p and At0os-] 
A stone falling from the air ; a mete- 
_ oric stone. 

A/ER-oi/o-GY, n. [Gr. drip and 
Aoyos.] That science which treats 
of the air and its phenomena. 

A'ER-OM'E-TER, n. [Gr. drip and 
ixerpov.] An instrument for measur- 
_ ing the density of air and gases. 

A'ER-OM'E-TRY, n. Art or science of 
_ ascertaining the mean bulk of gases. 

A'er-o-naut', n. [Gr. drip and 
vavnjs.] An aerial navigator. 

A/er-o-naut'ic, a. Pertaining to 
aeronautics. 

A/ER-O-NAUT'ICS, 77. sin?. The sci- 
ence or art of sailing in the air by 
means of a balloon. 

A'ER-O-PHYTE', n. [Gr. drip and 
4>vt6p.] A plant deriving its support 

_ from the air alone. 

A/ER-O-STAT/, n. [Gr. dr]p anderraTo?.] 
A machine or vessel sustaining 
weights in the air ; — an air balloon. 

A/er-o-stat'ic, a. Pertaining to 
aerostatics or aerostation. 

A'er-o-stat'ics, n. sing. The sci- 
ence that treats of the equilibrium 
of elastic fluids, or that of bodies sus- 

_ tained in them. [tion. 

A'er-os-ta'tion, v. Aerial naviga- 

2E-Ry'Gl-No0s, a. [Lat. teruginosus.] 
Pertaining to copper-rust. 

.ZEs-thet'ic, ) a. Pertaining to ses- 

Es-thet'ic, j thetics. 

iEs-THET'ICS, ( ii. sing. [Gr. ato- 

Es-thet'ics, ) 07?Ti/c6s.] The theory 
or philosophy of taste ; the science 
of the beautiful in nature and art. 

A-FAR', adv. At a great distance ; re- 
mote. 

AVfa-bTl'i-ty, n. Quality of being 
affable ; ease of access. 

Syn.— Courtesy; complaisance; ur- 
banity; civility. 

Xf'fa-ble, a. [Lat. affabilis.~\ Ready 
to converse ; easy of access. 

Syn. — Courteous ; civil ; complais- 
ant; condescending; accessible. 

Af'fa-bly, adv. In an affable manner. 

Af-fair' (4), n. [Lat. ad and facere.] 
1. Business of any kind. 2. An en- 
gagement of troops, usually partial 
or of minor importance. 

Af-fect', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
affectare.] 1. To act upon ; to pro- 
duce a change in. 2. To influence, 
as the feelings or passions. 3. Toaim 
at ; to desire. 4. To tend to. 5. To 
put on a pretense of. 

Syn. — To concern; melt; eubdue; 
assume. 

Xf'fec-ta'tion, n. Assumption of 
what is not natural or real ; artificial 
appearance ; false pretense. 

Af-fect'ed, p. a. 1. Pretending to 
possess what is not natural or real. 
iL Assumed artificially. 

Af-fect'ed-lv, adv. In an affected 
manner. 

Af-f£€T'ing, p. a. Having power, or 



i, e, i, 6, u, ¥,long; a, E, i, 6, 0, y, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, xErm ; pique, fTrm ; son, 



AFFECTINGLY 



AGE 



fending, to move the affections ; pa- 
thetic, [ing manner. 
Af-fect'ing-ly, adv. In an affect- 
Af-fe€'tion, n. 1. An attribute, 
quality, or property, inseparable from 
its subject. 2. A state of the mind 
in which it is bent toward a particu- 
lar object. 3. Love ; zealous or ten- 
der attachment. 4. Disease. 
Af-fec'tion-ate, a. 1. Having af- 
fection. 2. Proceeding from affection. 

Syn. — Loving ; tender ; fond ; de- 
voted; warm-nearted. 

Af-fe€'tion-ate-ly, adv. With af- 
fection ; tenderly. 

Af-fE€'tionjsd, a. Inclined; dis- 
posed ; affected. 

Af-fect'ive, a. Affecting, or ex- 
citing emotion. 

Af-f7'ANCE, n. [0. Fr.] 1. Plighted 
faith ; the marriage contract or prom- 
ise. 2. Trust; reliauce. — v. t. [-ed; 
-ING.] 1. To betroth ; to pledge 
one's faith in marriage. 2. To trust. 

AF-Fl'AN-CER, n. One who makes a 
contract of marriage between parties. 

Af-fI'ant, n. One who makes an af- 
fidavit._ 

AF'fi-da'vit, n. [Lat.] A statement 
in writing, signed and made upon 
oath before an authorized magistrate. 
See Deposition. 

Af-fii/i-ate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [L. 
Lat. affiliare.} 1. To adopt as a son ; 
to ally. 2. To receive into a society 
as a member, and initiate in its mys- 
teries, plans, &c. 

Af-fil/i-A'tion, n. Adoption ; asso- 
ciation in the same family or society. 

AF'FIN-AGE, n. A refining of metals. 

Af-fin'i-ty, n. [Lat affinitas.] 1. 
Relationship by marriage. 2. Close 
agreement; conformity ; connection. 
3. Chemical attraction which takes 
place at an insensible distance. 

Syn. — Agreement ; conformity ; re- 
semblance; alliance; relationship. 

AF-FlRM'(18),tM!. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
affirmare.] 1. To confirm, establish, 
or ratify. 2. To assert positively 

Syn.— To aver; protest; assert.— 
We affirm a tiling with confidence ; we 
assert it against all denial; we aver its 
truth with solemnity; we protest it, as 
what ought not to be called in question. 
— v. i. To declare or assert positively. 

Af-fTk.m'A-ble, a. Capable of being 
affirmed. 

Af-fTrm'ance, n. Confirmation. 

Af-firm'ant, 11. One who affirms. 

AF'FIR-MA/TION, n. 1. Act of af- 
firming. 2. That which is asserted. 
3. Confirmation ; ratification. 4. 
(Law.) A solemn declaration made 
by persons who conscientiously de- 
cline taking an oath. 

Af-FIRM'a-tive, a. 1. Affirming or 
asserting. 2. Confirmative ; ratify- 
ing. — n. 1. A word expressing af- 
firmation or assent. 2. An affirma- 
tive proposition. 3. That side of a 
question which affirms or maintains. 

Af-fIrm'a-tive-ly, adv. Positive- 
ly ; — the opposite of negatively. 

A.F-Blx',v.t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. af- 



Jigere.] 1. To add at the close or end. 
2. To attach, unite, or connect. 3. To 
fix or fasten in any manner. 

Xf'fix, n. A syllable or letter joined 
to the end of a word ; a suffix ; a 
postfix. 

Af-fla'TION, n. A blowing or breath- 
ing on. 

Af-fli€T', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
afffictare.] 1. To strike down. 2. To 
give continued pain ; to cause to suf- 
fer dejection, grief, or distress. 

Syn. — To trouble; distress; harass; 
torment; grieve. 

Af-FLI€T'ing, p. a. Causing pain; 
grievous ; distressing. 

Af-fli€'tion, ii. 1. Cause of con- 
tinued pain of body or mind, &c. 2. 
State of being afflicted. 

Syn. — Trouble ; distress; sorrow; 
adversity; misfortune. — Affliction is the 
strongest of these terms, being a state of 
prolonged suffering; adversity and mis- 
fortune are general states ; distress is 
particular, being the case of one under 
the stress or pressure of severe pain, 
bodily or mental; the other two words 
are less strong. 

AF-FLi€T'lVE,a. Giving pain ; caus- 

w ing affliction. 

AF'FLU-ENgE, n. Abundance of any 
thing, especially riches. 
Syn.— Opulence; wealth; plenty. 

Xf'flu-ent, a. Wealthy; plentiful; 
abundant. — n. A stream flowing 

' into a river or lake. 

Af'flu-ent-ly, adv. In abundance. 

Af'flux, \n. 1. Act of flow- 

Af-flux'ion, I ing to. 2. That 
which flows to. 

Af-ford', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [L. Lat. 

afforare, qforare.] 1. To produce as 

the natural result. 2. To grant, sell, 

or expend, with profit or without loss. 

Syn.— To yield; give; impart; confer. 

Af-fray', n. 1. The fighting of two 
or more persons, in a public place. 
2. A tumultuous assault. 
Syn. — Quarrel ; scuffle ; brawl. 

Af-freight' (-fraf), v. t. To hire, 
as a ship, for the transportation of 
goods or freight. 

AF-FRIGHT'(-frItO,^.«. [-ED; -TNG.] 
[A.-S. afyrklan.] To impress with 
sudden fear. 

Syn. — To terrify; appall; dismay; 
shock; alarm. 
— 11. Sudden and great fear ; terror. 

AF-FRONT't-frQnV),!'. t. [-ED;-ING.] 
[Lat. ad and frons.] To offend by 
some manifestation of disrespect. 

Syn. — To insult; provoke; abuse. 
— n. Any reproachful or contempt- 
uous action or conduct. 
Syn. — Insult; offense; ill treatment. 

AF-FRONT'IVE, a. Giving offense. 

Af-fuse', v. t. To pour out ; to 
sprinkle. 

Af-fu'sion, n. Pouring upon, or 
sprinkling with, a liquid substance. 

A-FIiJLD', adv. To, in, or on, the field. 

A-F1RE', a. or adv. On fire. 

A-float', adv. 1. In a floating state. 
2. Passing from place to place. 3. 
Unfixed ; without control. 



A-foot', adv. 1. On foot. 2. In ac- 
tion ; in a condition for action. 

A-FORE', adv. ov prep. Before. 

A-FORE'SAID (-sed), adv. Spoken of 
or named before. [old. 

A-fore'time, adv. In time past ; of 

A-FOUL', a. or adv. Not free ; entan- 
gled. 

A-FRAID', a. [p. p. of affray (obs.),to 
frighten.] Struck with fear. 

Syn. — Fearful ; apprehensive; timidj 
timorous; frightened; alarmed; appalled. 

A-fresh', adv. Anew; over again. 

A-FRONT' (-frttnf), adv. In front. 

Aft, adv. or a. Astern, or toward 
the stern. 

AFT'ER, prep. [A.-S. sefter.] 1. Be- 
hind in place. 2. Later in time. 3. 
Moving toward from behind. 4. In 
imitation of. 5. According to the 
direction and influence of. 6. In re- 

_ lation to. 

Aft'er, adv. Subsequently in time 
or place. — a. 1. Later in time; 
subsequent. 2. Toward the stern. 

AFT'ER-BIRTH, 11. Membrane inclos- 
ing the fetus, and coming away after 

. delivery. 

Aft'er-clap, n. An unexpected 

. subsequent event. [quent crop. 

Aft'er— eROP, n. A second or subse- 

Aft'er-math, n. A second or sub- 
sequent crop of grass in the same 

. year ; rowen. 

Aft'er-no on', n. Time from noon to 

p evening. 

AFT'er-pains, n. pi. Pains attend- 
ing the delivery of the after-birth. 

AFT'er-piece,"™. A piece performed 

. after a play. 

Aft'er-thought (-thawt), n. Later 
thought or expedient. 

Aft'er-ward, ) adv. In later or 

AFT'ER- WAP..DS, J succeeding time ; ; 
subsequently. 

A-GAIN' (a-pen'), adv. [A.-S. agen^ 
ongen.] 1. Ano'ner time; once 
more. 2. In return ; back. 

A-gainst' (a-genst'), prep. [A.-S. 
agcn.] 1. Opposite to. 2. In oppo- 
sition to. 3. In preparation for. 

A.-GAPE', adv. Gaping, as with wonder. 

AG'A-RI€, n. [Gr. d-yapiKov.] 1. A 
family of fungi, including the com- 
mon mushrooms. 2. Touch-wood. 

Xg'ate, ii. [Gr. axaTTjs-] 1. A pre- 
cious stone, a variety of quartz. 2. 
A kind of type. 
@3~ This line is printed in Agate. 

A-GA'VE, n. [Gr. ayavij.] 
The American aloe, or cen- 
tury plant. 

AGE (147), n. [Lat. sstas.] 1. 
Whole duration of a being. 

2. That part of the duration 
of a being between its be- 
ginning and any given time. 

3. Latter part of life. 4. A 
certain period of human ^gaye. 
life, marked by a difference 

of state. 5. Mature years ; period 
when one may act for himself. 6. 
A particular period of time in his- 
tory. 7. People living at a partic- 




GR.dq, WOLF, TOO, TO~OK ; URN, RUE, FULL j E, I, o, silent ; C.GjSo/i; €,ii,hard; A£J EXIST; N as NG; THIS. 



AGED 



10 



AIMLESS 



ular period ; hence, a generation. 8. 
A century. 
Syn.— Epoch; date; era; maturity. 

AGED (a-jed), a. 1. Advanced in age 

_ or years ; old. 2. Having lived. 

A'GEN-CY, n. [Low Lat. agentia.] 1. 
Quality of acting ; state of being in 
action ; instrumentality. 2. Office or 

.^duties of an agent or factor. 

Jl'iiENT, n. 1. A person or thing that 
exerts power ; an actor. 2. A sub- 
stitute ; a deputy ; a factor. 3. An 
active power or cause. 

AG-GLOM'ER-ATE,^. t. f-ED; -ING.] 
Lat. agglomere .] To wind into a ball ; 
to gather into a mass. 

Ag-glom'er-a'tion, n. A gathering 
into a ball or mass. 

Ag-glu'ti-nant,«. Uniting, as glue 
— n. Any viscous, adhesive sub 
stance. 

Ag-glu'ti-nate, v. t. [-ED; -ING. 
[Lat. agglutinare.] To unite, or cause 
to adhere, as with glue. 

Ag-glu'ti-na'tion, n. Act of unit- 
ing, or state of being united, as by 
glue. [unite. 

Ag-GLU'TI-na'TIVE, a. Tending to 

AG'GRAN-DIZE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. ad and grandis.] 1. To enlarge ; 
. — applied to things. 2. To make great 
or greater in power, rank, or honor. 

Syn. — To augment; exalt ; promote; 
advance; increase. 

Ag-gran'dize-ment, or ag'gran- 
DIZE'iMENT, n. Act of aggrandiz- 
ing or state of being aggrandized. 

Ig'gran-diz'er, n. One who ag- 
grandizes. 

Ig'gra-vate. r. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. aggravare.] 1. To make worse, 
more severe, more enormous*. 2. To 
give an exaggerated representation of. 
3. To provoke or irritate ; to tease. 
[Improper.] 

Syx.— To enhance : heighten ; raise ; 
increase; magnify; tease. 

Ag'gra-va'tion, ii. 1. Act of aggra- 
vating. 2. That which aggravates. 
3. Provocation; irritation. [Not le- 
gitimate.] 

AG'GRE-GATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. aggregare.] To bring together ; 
to accumulate. 

Ag'gre-gate, a. 1. Formed into a 
whole mass or sum. 2. Pc rmed into 
clusters. — n. Assemblage of par- 
ticulars ;_sum total ; mass. 

AG'GRE-GA'TION, n. Act of aggre- 
gating, or state of being aggregated. 

AG'GRE-GA'TIVE, a. Causing aggre- 
gation ; collective. 

Ag-gres'sion (-greWun), n. [Lat. 
aggressio.] First attack, or act of 
hostility or injur} 7 . 

Syn.— Attack; assault ; invasion; en- 
croachment. 

Ag-gres'sive, a. Making the first 
attack or encroachment. 

Ag-gres'sor, n. One who first 
makes an aggression. 

Syn.— Assaulter ; invader. — An ag- 
gressor is one who begins a quarrel or 
encroachment; an assaulter is one who 
makes a violent onset; an invader is one 



who enters by force into the possessions 
of another. 

AG-GRIEVE',t>. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
ad and gravis.] To give pain or 
sorrow to ; to oppress or injure. 
Ag-group', v. t. To group. 
A-ghXst' (-gasf), a. or adv. [A contr. 
of agazed, p. p. of(obs.) agaze.] Stu- 
w pefied with sudden fright or horror. 
AG'Iee, a. [Lat. agilis.] Quick of 
motion. 
Syn. — Nimble; active; lively; brisk. 
AG'ile-ness, ) n. Power to move 

A-G1L'I-TY, J quickly ; actively. 

A'Gl-o, n. ; pi. A'Gl-05. [It.] 1. 

Difference in value between metallic 

and paper money, or between one 

sort of metallic money and another. 

_ 2. Premium. 

A'gi-o-tage , n. Maneuvers of spec- 
ulators to raise or depress the funds ; 
stock-jobbing. 

AG'I-TATE, t\ /. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
agitare.] 1. To move with a violent, 
irregular action. 2. To disturb or 
excite. 3. To discuss earnestly. 4. 
To consider on all sides. 

Ag'I-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of agitating, 
or state of being agitated. 2. Per- 
turbation of mind. 3. Discussion. 

Syn. — Disturbance; excitement; de- 
bate; deliberation. 

XG'I-ta/tor, n. One who agitates. 

Ag'nail, n. An inflammation round 

w the nail ; a whitlow. 

AG'NATE, a. Related on the father's 
side. — n. Any male relation by the 
father's side. [ther's side. 

Ag-nA'tion, n. Relation by the fa- 

A-GO', adv. or a. [Old Eng. agone.] 
Past ; gone. 

A-GOG', a. or adv. [From a-going.] 
Highly excited by eagerness after an 
object. 

A-GO'ING, p. pr. In motion ; going ; 

_ ready to go. 

AG'o-NlgM, n. Contention for a prize. 

AG'0-NlST,n. [Gr. ayo>ix.cmjs.] A con- 
tender for the prize in public games. 

.Xg'o-NIST'IC, I a. Relating to 

AG / 0-NlST'I€-AL, ) prize-righting, or 
to any violent contest. 

AG'O-NIZE,!'.?'. [-ED; -ING.] [Gr. 
aytavi^eiv .] To writhe with agony. 
— v. t. To distress with great pain ; 

_ to torture. 

AG'O-NY, n. [Gr. ayuvCa.] Extreme 
pain of body or mind. 

Syn. — Anguish; pang. — Agony and 
pang denote a severe paroxysm of pain 
(agony being the greatest); anguish is 
prolonged suffering. The anguish of re- 
morse ; \t\ie pangs or agonies ot dissolution. 

A-GRA'RI-AN (89), a. Relating or 
tending to equal division of lands. — 
n. One who favors an equal division 
of property. 

A-GRA'Rl-AN-1531, n. Equal division 
of land or property, or the principles 
of those who favor such a division. 

A-gree', v. i. [-ed; -ING, 144.] 
[Lat. ad and gradus.] 1. To har- 
monize in opinion, statement, or ac- 
tion. 2. To yield assent. 3. To come 
to terms. 4. To resemble. 5. To cor- I 



respond in gender, number, case, or 
person. 

A-gree 'A-BLE, 1. Suitable; con- 
formable. 2. In pursuance, or ac- 
cordance. 3. Pleasing, either to the 
mind or senses. 4. Willing to agree 
or consent. 

A-gree'a-ble-ness, n. Quality of 
being agreeable. 

A-gree'a-bly, adv. 1. Pleasingly. 

2. In accordance ; conformably. 
A-gree 'ME NT, n. 1. A state of 

agreeing, or being in harmony or re- 
semblance. 2. Concord or corre- 
spondence of one word with another 
in gender, number, case, or person. 

3. A bargain, compact, or contract. 
A-GRES'TI€, 1 a. [Lat. agrestis.] 
A-gres'ti€-al, ) Pertaining to the 

fields ; ruralj rustic. [agriculture. 

Ag'ri-cult'ur-al, a. Relating to 

Xg'RI-CULT'URE, ii. [Lat. agricul- 
tural Cultivation of the ground; 
tillage ; husbandry ; farming. 

AGOai-ctJLT'UR-iST, n. One skilled 
in agriculture ; a farmer. 

A-GROUND', adv. On the ground; 

_ stranded. 

A'GUE,n. 1. Chilliness. 2. An in' 
termittent fever, attended by alter- 

_ nate cold and hot fits. 

A'gu-ish, a. Having the qualities of 

m an ague ; chilly. 

Ah, interj. An exclamation, expressive 

#> of surprise, pity, complaint, joy, &c. 

-X.-HX', interj. An exclamation, ex- 
pressing triumph, contempt, or 
simple surprise, [advance ; onward. 

A-HEAD', adv. Farther in front or in 

AID, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. adju- 
tare.] To support, by furnishing 
strength or means to effect a purpose. 
Syn. — To assist ; help ; succor ; sup- 
port; relieve; sustain. 

— n. 1. Help. 2. A helper. 3. An 
_ aid-de-camp. 

AID'-DE -€AMP ( -kong) , n. ; pi. AIDES- 
de-camp. [Vr.] An officer selected 
by a general officer to assist him in his 
duties. [Written also Aide-de-camp.] 

AI'gret, \n. [Fr.] 1. The small 

AI'GRETTE, J white heron. 2. A 
tuft, as of feathers, diamonds, &c. 

AIL,i>. t. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. eglan.] 
To affect with pain or uneasiness ; 
to trouble ; to be the matter with. 

— v. i. To feel pain ; to be troubled. 
_ — ii. Disorder ; indisposition ; pain. 
AI-lan'tus, n. A genus of beautiful 

trees, natives of the East. [Im- 

_ properly spelt ailanthus.] 

AIL'ment, ii. Morbid affection of the 

_ body ; disease. 

AIM, v. i. [Lat. sestimare.] 1. To 
point with a missive weapon. 2. To 
direct the intention. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To direct or point, as a 
weapon. — n. 1. Pointing or di- 
rection of any thing to a particular 
point or object, with a view to strike 
or affect it. 2. Point intended to be 
hit, or object to be affected. 3. Pur- 
pose ; intention. 
Syn. — Direction ; end; scope; scheme 

AIM'LESS, a. Without aim or purpose. 



A, E,I, } 1J,Y, long; ijE.i'jO, V,Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM ; PIQUE .FlRMj s6N« 



AIR 



11 



ALIKE 




XlTt. (4>, n. [Gr. dbjp.] 1. The fluid 
we breathe ; atmosphere. 2. A mel- 
ody ; a tune. 3. Peculiar look, ap- 
pearance, or manner. 4. pi. An af- 
fected manner. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 

1. To expose to the air ; to ventilate. 

2. To expose to heat, for drying or 
warming. 

i^lR'-GUN, n. A gun discharged by the 
v elastic force of air. 

AlR'-HOLE, n. An opening for air. 

AIR'I-LY, adv. Gayly ; merrily. 

Air'i-ness, n. 1. Openness to the air. 
2. Levity ; gayety. 

XlR'ING, n. 1. A short excursion in 
the open air. 2. Exposure to air and 

^ warmth. 

.Xjr'-p&mp, n. A 
machine, variously 
constructed, for ex- 
hausting the air 
from a closed ves- 
sel. Air-pump. 

.Xir'-shaft, n. A passage fir air into 
a mine. 

Xir'-tight (-tit), a. So tight as not 
to admit air. 

Xl R'Y, a. 1. Having the nature or 
properties of air. 2. Belonging to 
air ; high in air. 3. Exposed to the 
air. 4. Unsubstantial. 5. Having 
no solid foundation. 6. Full of vi- 
vacity and levity. 

AISLE (II), «. (Arch.) (a.) The wing 
of a building, (b.) One of the lat- 
eral divisions of a Gothic church, (c.) 
A passage in a church into which the 
pews open. 

A-JAR', adv. Partly open, as a door. 

A-KIM'BO, a. With a crook ; bent. 

A-KIN', a. 1. Related by blood. 2. 
Allied by nature. 

Xl'a-bas'ter, n. [Gr.] 1. A variety 
of sulphate of lime, or gypsum. 2. 
A variety of carbonate of lime. 

A-LACK/, interj. [Corrupted from alas.] 
An exclamation expressive of sorrow. 

A-LACK' A-DAY, interj. An exclama- 
tion expressive of regret or sadness. 

A-LA€'RI-TY, n. [Lat. alacritas.] 
Cheerful readiness. 

Syx. — Briskness; liveliness; glee. 

Xl/a-mode', adv. According to the 
mode or fashion. — n. A thin, glossy, 
black silk. 

A-LARM', n. [It. allarme, lit. to arms.] 
1. A summons to arms. 2. Any sound 
or information of approaching dan- 
ger. 3. Sudden surprise with fear or 
terror. 4. A contrivance for awaking 
persons from sleep. 

Syx. — Fright; terror; consternation; 
apprehension. — Alarm is the dread of 
impending danger ; apprehension, fear 
that it may be approaching; terror is 
agitating and excessive fear; comterna- 
tton is terror which overpowers the 
faculties. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To call to 
arms for defense. 2. To fill with ap- 
prehension ; to disturb. 

A-larm'-clock, n. A clock made to 
ring loudly at a particular hour. 

A-lXrm'ist, n. One who intentionally 
excites alarm. 

A-larm'-watch, n. A watch that 



can be so set as to strike frequently 
at a particular hour. 

A-LAR'UM, n. Same as ALARM. 

A-LAs', interj. [Lat. lassus, weary.] 
An exclamation expressive of sorrow, 

^ grief, pity , or concern. 

ALB, n. [Lat. albus.] An ecclesiasti- 
cal vestment of white linen. 

AL'BA-TROSS, n. [Sp. alcatraz.] A 
very_ large web-footed sea-bird. 

Al-be'it, conj. or adv. Although ; 

" notwithstanding. 

AL'BER-TYPE. [From the inventor, 
Albert.] (Photog.) A picture printed 
from a gelatine plate produced by 
means of a photographic nega- 
tive. 

Al-bes'cent, d. [Lat. albescere.] 
Becoming white ; whitish. 

Xl'bi-nIsm, n. State of an albino. 

AL-BI'NO, n. ; pi. AL-Bi'NOS, tt. [Lat. 
albus, white.] Any person of a pre- 
ternatural whiteness of the skin and 
hair, and a peculiar redness of the 
iris and pupil of the eye. 

Al'bu-gin'e-ous, a. [Lat. albugo.] 
Like the white of an egg. 

AL'BUM, n. [Lat. albus.] 1. A white 
table or register. 2. A blank book 
for autographs or literary memorials. 

Al-bu'men, n. [Lat.] 1. A thick, 
viscous substance, found nearly 
pure in the white of an egg. 2. A. 
white matter found in seeds. 

Al-bu'mi-nous, a. Like albumen. 

AL-BUR'NUM, n. [Lat.] The white 
and softer part of wood next to the 
. bark, called sap-wood. 

AL'€A-HEST, ) ii. A pretended uni- 

Al'ka-hest, j versal solvent. 

Al-gaid', ii. 1. In Spain, the gover- 
nor of a castle or fort. 2. A jailer or 
warden. [trate or judge. 

Al-gal'de, n. In Spain, a magis- 

Al-ghEm'I€-AL, a. Relating to al- 
chemy, [chemy. 

AL'€HE-ftrtST, n. One skilled in al- 

Ax/eHE-MiST're-AL, a. Practicing 
alchemy, or relating to it. 

AL'€HE-MY, n. [Ar. al-kimia.] An 
ancient science which aimed to trans- 
mute the baser metals into gold, to 
find the panacea, the universal solv- 

. ent, &c. 

AL'-eo-HOL, n. [Ar. al-kohl.] Pure 
or highly rectified spirits ; more loose- 
ly applied to ardent spirits in gen- 
eral. 

Xl'co-hol'M^. Relating to alcohol. 

Al'go-ran, n. See Koran and Al- 

KORAN. 

Al'cove, or Al-cove' (114), n. [Ar. 

al-gubba.] A recess, or part of a 

room, separated from the rest by a 

partition. 
Al'der, n. [A.-S. aler.] A tree of sev- 
" eral varieties. 

Al'der-man, n.; pi. al'der-men. 
" [A.-S. ealdorman.] A magistrate 

of a city or town, next below the 

mayor. 
ALE, n. [A.-S. eale.] A liquor made 

from malt by fermentation 
ALE '-HOUSE, n. A place where ale is 

retailed. 




A-LEM/BI€, n. [Ar. al- 
ambiq.] A chemical ves- 
sel, used in distillation. 

A-LERT' (14), a. [It. aW- 
erta.] 1. VVatchful ; vig- 
ilant ; hence, upon the 
alert, upon the watch. 
2. Moving with celerity. Alembic. 
Syn.— Brisk; prompt; lively; nimble. 

A-l£rt'ness, n. Watchful activtiy 
or readiness. 

ALE'WIFE, n. ; pi. ALE'WIVES.. [Ind. 
aloof.] An American fish resem- 

w bling a herring. [syllables. 

AL'ex-an'dr'ine ,n. A verse of twelve 

A-LEX'I-PIIAR'MIG, n. [Gr. aAe£t- 
<f>apiAaicos .] What expels or resists 
poison. — a. Expelling poison or in- 
fection. 

AL'ge-brA, n. [Ar. al-gabr, al-jabr.] 
That branch of analysis whose ob- 
ject is to investigate the relations and 
properties of numbers by means of 
letters and other symbols. 

AL'ge-bra'IG, la. Pertaining to, 

Al'ge-bra'I€-AL, J or performed 
by, algebra. [of algebra. 

AL'GE-BRA'IC-AL-LY, adv. By means 

Al'ge-bra'ist, n. One who is skilled 
in algebra. 

AL'GO-RITHM, n. [Sp. algoritmo.] Art 
of computing in any particular way. 

Al' I- AS, adv. [Lat.] Otherwise called ; 
— a term used in legal proceedings to 
connect the different names of a party 
who has gone by two or several. — 
11. 1. A second or further writ. 2. 
Another name. 

Al'i-bi, n. [Lat.] A being in another 
place at the time of the commission 

_ of a crime. 

AL'iEN(al'yen), a. [Lat. alienus.] 1. 
Foreign. 2. Wholly different in 
nature. — n. A foreigner ; a foreign- 
born and unnaturalized resident of a 
country. 

AL'IEN-a-eTl'i-TY, n. Capacity of 
being alienated. 

AL'ien-a-ble, a. Capable of being 

_ alienated. 

AL'IEN-ATE,.t>. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
alienare.] 1. To transfer to another, 
as title, property, or right. 2. To 

_ estrange. [to. 

AL'ien-ate, a. Estranged; stranger 

AL'IEN-A'TION, w. 1. Legal convey- 
ance of property to another. 2. State 
of being alienated. 3. Estrangement, 

_ as of the affections. 4. Insanity. 

AL'ien-a'tor, ii. One who alienates 

_ or transfers property. 

Ai/IEN-EE', n. One to whom a thing 
is sold. [an alien. 

AL'ien-Irm, n. The state of being 

A-LIGHT' (-lit 7 ), V. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[A.-S. alihtan.] 1. To get down or 
descend; to dismount. 2. To fall 
and settle, or lodge. 

A-LlGN'MENT (-lln'-), n. [Fr. align- 
ment.] 1. Act of adjusting to a 
line; line of adjustment. 2. Ground- 
plan of a railway or other road. 

A-LIKE', a. Having resemblance; 
similar. — adv. In the same man- 
ner, form, or degree. 



or,do,M'OLF.TOo,TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL : E, I, o, silent ; C, G, soft; €,G,hard; A§; EXIST ; N. as KG; this. 



ALIMENT 



12 



ALLUDE 



Xl'I-MENT, n. [Lat. alimentum.] That 
which feeds or supports. 

Syn. — Food ; nourishment ; sup- 
port; nutriment. 

Al'i-ment'al, ) a. Pertaining to 

Xl'i-ment'a-ry, j food or aliment ; 
nutritive. 

Ai/i-men-ta'tion, n. Act or power 
of affording nutriment. 

Xl'I-ment'Ive-ness, n. The phren- 
ological organ of appetite for food. 

Al/I-MO-NY (50), n. [Lat. alimonia, 
alimonium.] An allowance to a wife 
out of her husband's estate or income 
for her support. 

Al'I-QUANT, a. [Lat. aliquantus.] 
Not dividing another number with- 
out a remainder. 

Xl'I-QUOT, a. [Lat. aliquot.] Divid- 
ing exactly, or without remainder. 

A-LIVE', a. Having life ; active ; sus- 
ceptible. 

Xl'ka-hest, n. A pretended univer- 
sal solvent. 

Xl'ka-les'CENT, a. Tending to the 
properties of an alkali. 

XL'KA-LT,or AL'KA-LI,ra.;pZ. Xl/KA- 
LlEg, or al'ka-lies.. [Ar. al-qali.] 
One of a class of caustic chemical 
bases, soda, potash, ammonia, and 
lithia. 

Al-kal'i-fy, or Xl'ka-li-fy, v. i. 
To become changed into an alkali. 

Xl'ka-line (or -lln), a. Having the 
qualities of alkali. 

Xl'ka-lIn'i-ty, n. Quality which 
constitutes an alkali. 

Ai/ka-lize, v. t. To make alkaline. 

Al/ka-loid, n. A salifiable base ex- 
isting in some vegetables as a proxi- 
mate principle. [ble. 

Al'ko-ran, n. The Mohammedan Bi- 

ALL, a. [A.-S. tall, al.] Every one, or 
the whole number of; the whole 
quantity, extent, duration, amount, 
quality, or degree of. — adv. Wholly; 
completely ; altogether ; entirely. — 
n. The whole number, quantity, or 
amount ; the whole ; the total. 

Al'lah, n. The Arabic name of the 

^ SupremeBeing. [allantois. 

AL'LAN-to'IC, a. Pertaining to the 

Al-lan'tois, or Xl'lan-tois, ) 

Al-lan'toid, or Xl'lan-toid, j 
n. [Gr. aAAai/roeiSijs.J A thin mem- 
brane in animals. 

Al-lay', r. t, [-ed; -ing.] [Partly 
from A.-S. altcgan, to lay down, les- 
sen, depress; partly from Fr. allier, 
to ally.] 1. To make quiet or put at 
rest. 2. To abate, mitigate, or sub- 
due. 

Syn. — To check; appease; calm; 
soothe; pacify; assuage. 

Al-lay'er, 7i. He who, or that which, 
allays. 

Xl'le-ga'tion, n. 1. Positive as- 
sertion ; affirmation. 2. That which 
is alleged. 

Al-l£ge' (al-lejO, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. allegare.] 1. To bring forward 
with positiveness. 2. To produce, 
as an argument, plea, or excuse. 

Syn. — To declare; affirm; assert; 
urge; adduce; advance; cite; quote. 



Al-lege'a-ble (140), »„ Capable of 

being alleged. 
Al-le'gi-ance, n. [L. Lat. allegi- 

antia.] Obligation which a subject 

owes to his prince or government ; 

loyalty. 
AL'LE-GOR'ie, I a. In the manner 
AL'le-gor'icj-al, j of allegory ; 

figurative. 
Xl'le-gor'ig-AL-LY, adv. In an 

allegorical manner. 
Xl'le-go-rist, n. One who teaches 

by allegory. 
Al'LE-GO-RIZE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 

To form or turn into allegory. — v. i. 

To use allegory. 
Xl'LE-GO-RY (50), n. [Gr. aAArryopia.] 

A story in which the direct and 

literal meaning is not the real or 

principal one ; a figurative manner 

of speech or description. 
Al-le-gret'to, a. [It.] (Mus.) 

Quicker than andante, but not so 

quick as allegro. 
Al-le'gro, n. [It.] (Mus.) A 
w quick, sprightly strain or piece. 
Xl'le-lu'iaii, n. Praise to Jehovah. 

See Halleluiah. 
Al-le'vi-ate,'c. t. [-ed;-ing.] [L. 

Lat. alleviare.] To make light or easy 

to be borne ; hence, to remove in 

part ; to make easier to be endured. 

Syn. — To lessen ; diminish ; miti- 
gate; assuage; allay. — These words are 
all figurative. Alleviate supposes a load, 
as of care, which is lightened; mitigate, 
something fierce, which is made mild, as 
suffering ; assuage, something violent, 
which is quieted, as sorrow; allay, 
something excited, but now brought 
down, as grief; lessensariA. diminish refer 
10 amount or degree. 

Al-le'VI-a'tion, n. 1. Act of al- 
leviating. 2. That which mitigates. 
Syn. — Mitigation; diminution; relief. 

Al-le'vi-A-tive, n. Something mit- 

w igating. 

AL'ley (148), n. [Fr. allce.] 1. A 
walk in a garden. 2. A narrow pas- 
sage, as distinct from a public street. 

All-fools'-day, n. The first of 

" April, when it is a popular custom to 
play off tricks or make fools. 

All-fours/, n. pi. [From all and 
four.] A game at cards. 

All-hail', inter j. All health ; — a 

" phrase of salutation. 

All-hal'low, ) n. All-Saints ; - 

ALL-HAL'LOWg, [ day, the first 

All-hal'low-mas, ) day of No- 

" vember ; a feast in honor of all the 
saints. [All-Saints'. 

All-hal'l5w-tide, n. Time near 

AL-LI'ANCE, n, [Fr. alliance.] 1. A 
union or connection of interests. 2. 
The compact which is the instru- 
ment of allying. 3. The persons or 
parties allied. 

Syn. — League ; confederacy ; af- 
finity; coalition. 

AL'li-gate, f. t. To tie together ; to 
unite. 

Xl'li-ga'tion, n. [Lat. alligatio.] 
A rule relating to the solution of 
questions concerning the compound- 
ing together of different ingredients, 




or ingredients of ditterent qualities 
or values. 

Il'li-ga'tor, n. 
[Sp. el lagarto, 
the lizard.] A 
large carnivor- 
ous amphibious 
reptile, peculiar 
to America. Alligator. 

Al-lis/ion ( -llzh'un), n. [Lat. allisio.] 
A striking against. 

Al-lIt'er-a'tion, n . [Lat. ad and 
litera.] Repetition of the same letter. 

AL-LlT'ER-A-TiVE,a. Pertaining to 
alliteration. 

Al'lo-€A'tur, n. [Low Lat.] Al- 
lowance of a thing or proceeding, by 
a courtor judicial officer. 

Xe/lo-CU'tion, ii. An address ; par- 
ticularly an address of the pope to 
his clergy. 

Al-lo'im-al, a. Freehold; free of 
rent or service ; — opposed to feudal. 

AL-LO'DI-UM, n. [L. Lat.] Freehold 
estate ; land which is the absolute 
property of the owner. 

Al-longe' (-liinj/), n. [Fr.] A pass 
or thrust with a sword. [lopathy. 

Xl'LO-PATH'IG, a. Pertaining to al- 

Al-lop'a-thist, n. One who prac- 
tices medicine according to the rules 
of allopathy. 

Al-lop'a-thy, n. [Gr. aAAos, and 
7ra0o?.] The ordinary practice of 
medicine, as opposed to homeopathy. 

Al-lot', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [OldFr. 
allotir, alloter.] 1. To divide, as by 
lot. 2. To distribute in parts or por- 
tions ; hence, to grant, as a portion. 
Syn. — To divide; assign; apportion. 

Al-lot'ment, n. 1. Act of allotting. 
2. Part allotted. 

AL-LOW',t'.(. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. ad 
and locare.] 1. To give, afford, or 
yield. 2. To own or acknowledge. 3. 
To abate or deduct. 4. To permit. 

Al-low'a-ble, a. Capable of being, 
or proper to be, allowed. 

Al-low'a-bly, adv. In an allowa- 
ble manner. 

Al-low'ance, n. 1. Act of allowing. 
2. That which is allowed ; a stated 
quantity, as of food or drink. 3 
Abatement; deduction. — v.t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To put upon allowance. 

AL-LOY', v. t. [-EDJ-ING.] [Fr. aloi, 
loi.] 1. To reduce the purity of by 
mixing with a less valuable metal. 2. 
To abate, impair, or corrupt. — n. 
(148) 1. Any compound of two or 
more metals. 2. A baser metal mixed 
with a finer. 3. Evil mixed with good. 

AL-LOY'AGE, n. 1. Act of alloying. 
2. A mixture ofdifferent metals. 

ALL-SAINT§"-DAY, n. First day of 
November ; a feast in honor of ali tha 
saints. 

All-souls. "-DAY, n. Second day of 
November ; a Roman Catholic solem- 
nity held to pray for the souls of the 
faithful. 

All'spice, n. The berry of the pi- 
' men to, an aromatic tree of the West 
Indies. 

Al-lOde', v. i. [-ED; -ing] [Lat. al- 



I, £, I, o,fj, \ r ,long; A,E,I, 6, 0, Y, short; CARE, FAR. ASK, ALL, what; ERE, VJJIL, t£rm; pique, fIrm; son, 



ALLURE 



13 



ALVEARY 



Indirect reference. 
Referring to indi- 



ludtre.] To refer to something not di- 
rectly mentioned ; to hare reference. 

Syx. — To suggest ; intimate. 
Al-LURE', v. l. [-ED; -ING.] [From 
ad and lure.] To tempt by the offer 
of some good, real or apparent. 

Syx. — To entice ; decoy ; seduce. — 
"We are allured to evil by some promised 
good; we are enticed into it through our 
passions ; we are seduced when drawn 
aside from the path of rectitude. 

Al-lurE'MENT, n. That which al- 
lures. 

Al-lur'er, n. One who allures ; a 
tempter. 

Al-lu'§ion, n. 

AL-LU'sIve, a. 
rectly. 

Al-lu'VI-al, a. 1. Pertaining to, 
contained in, or composed of, alluvi- 
um. 2. Of fresh -water origin. 

Al-LU'vi-on, n. Same as ALLUVIUM. 

Al-lu'vi-um, n. ; pi. al-lu'vi-a. 
[Lat., from ad, to, against, and luere, 
to wash.] Deposits of earth, sand, 
gravel, &c, made by rivers, floods, or 
other causes. 

Al-ly', v. t. [-ed; -ing, 141, 142.] 
[Lat. alligare, from ad, to, and ligare, 
to bind.] 1. To unite, or form a con- 
nection between. 2. To connect by 
similitude, resemblance, or friend- 
ship. — n. (115,148) 1. One who is 
united by compact, marriage, &c. ; 
a confederate. .2. One related to an- 
other by any tie. 

Al'ma-gest, n. [Ar. al, the, and Gr. 
(leyicrros, greatest.] A book of prob- 
lems in astronomy and geometry, I 
drawn upby Ptolemy. 

Al'ma. Ma'ter. [Lat.] A college 
or seminary where one is educated. 

Al'MA-NA€(134), n. [Av.manakh.] A] 
book or table, containing a calendar 
of days, weeks, months, &c. 

Al-MIGHT'y (-mlt/-), a. All-power- 

"* ful ; omnipotent. — n. God ; the 
Supreme Being. 

Xl/MOND (a'mund), n. [Gr. a.fj.vy- 
SdA-n.] 1. The fruit of the almond- 
tree. 2. One of the two glands 
called tonsils. 

AL'MOK-ER,n. [See ALMS.] One who 
distributes alms for another. 

AL'mon-ry, n.' A place for distribut- 
ing alms. . 

Al-MOST' (146), adv. Nearly ; well- 

' nigh ; for the greatest part. 

ALMS, (amz), n. pi. [A.-S. almes, 
selmesse, from Gr. eA.er)u.o<7W7j , fr. eAe- 
elv, to have pity.] Any thing gratu- 
itously given to relieve the poor ; a 
charitable donation. 

ALMS/-HOUSE (amz'-), n. A house for 
the use of the poor ; a poor-house. 

Il'oe (al'o), n.; pi. AL'OEg. [Gr. 
oAotj, Heb. ahalim.] 1. A genus of 
evergreen plants. 2. pi. The inspis- 
sated juice of several species of aloe, 
used as a purgative. 

AVo-ET'l€, ) a. Pertaining to, 

Al'o-et'ic-al, j obtained from, or 
partaking of the qualities of, aloes. 

A-LOFT' (21), adv. 1. On high. 2. 
At the mast-head ; above the deck. 



h 



Alpaca. 



A-LONE', a. [From all and one.] 
Apart from others ; single ; solitary. 

A-LONG' (21), adv. [A.-S. andlang, 
ondlong, from and, ond, against, to- 
ward, and long, long.] 1. Lengthwise. 
2. In a line ; onward ; forward. 3. In 
company; together. — prep. By the 
length of, as distinguished from 
across. _ [ship. 

A-long'side, adv. By the side of a 

A-lo~OF' (26), adv. [Cf. aloft.] At or 
from a small distance. — prep. At or 
to a distance from ; away from. 

A-LOUD', adv. With a loud voice; 
loudly. 

Al-pao'a, 7i. 1. An 
animal of Peru, hav- 
ing long, fine, woolly 
hair. 2. A thin kind 
of cloth made of the 
wool of the alpaca 
mixed with silk or 
with cotton. 

AL'PHA, 7i. The first 
letter of the Greek 
alphabet, used to de- 
note first. 

Al'PHA-BET, 71. [Gr. aA^ajSrjTOS, fr. 
a\cja. and /3t}t<x, the first two Gr. let- 
ters.] The letters of a language in 
the customary order. — v. t. [-ED : 
-ING.] To arrange in the order of 
an alphabet. 

AL'pha-bet'I€, ) a. Pertaining 

AL'pha-bet'ic-al, j to, furnished 
with, or in the order of, the letters 
of the alphabet. 

AL'PHA-BET'ie-AL-LY, adv. Accord- 

_ ing to the alphabet. 

Al'pine (-pin or -pin), a. Pertain- 
ing to the Alps, or to any lofty moun- 
tain, [now. 

AL-READ'Y, adv. Before this time ; 

AL'so (146), adv. or conj. [all and so.] 
In like manner ; likewise; too. 

ALT, a. or n. [Lat. altus, high.] The 
higher part of the scale. 

Al'tar, n. [Lat. 
altar e, from altus, 
high.] 1 A table 
or elevated place 
on which gifts and 
sacrifices are of- 
fered to some de- 
ity. 2. A com- 
munion table. 

AL'TAR-PIECE, 71. 
A painting placed 
over the altar. 

AL'TER, t.t. [-ED; 

-ING.] [Low Lat. alterare, from Lat. 
alter, another.] 1. To make some 
change in. 2. To change entirely or 
materially. — v. i. To become, in 
some respects, different. 

Al'ter-a-ble, a. Capable of being 
altered. [manner. 

Al'ter-a-bly, adv. In an alterable 

AL'TER-A'TION, 7i. 1. Act of alter- 

" ing or state of being altered. 2. The 
change made. 

Al'TER-A-tIve, a. Having power to 

" restore the healthy functions of the 
body without sensible evacuations. — 
7i. A medicine having this power. 




Altar. 



AL'TER-€ATE, V. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. altercare, altercari, from Lat. al- 
ter, another.] To contend in words ; 
to wrangle. 

Al'TER-ca'tion, n. Warm conten- 
tion in words ; controversy. 

Syk. — Wrangle ; dispute.— An alter- 
cation is an angry dispute between two 
parties ; a wrangle is a noisy altercation. 
AL-TER'NATE (14), a. [Lat. alter- 
natus.] Being by turns ; reciprocal. 

— 71. That which happens by turns ; 
vicissitude. 

Il'ter-nate , or Al-ter'nate , v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To perform by turns, or 
in succession ; to change reciprocally. 

— v. i. To happen or to act by 
turns. 

Al-t£r'nate-LY, adv. In recipro- 
cal succession ; by turns. 

Al'ter-na'tion, 7i. 1. Reciprocal 
succession of things in time or place. 
2. (Math.) The different changes of 
orders in numbers ; permutation. 

AL-TfiR'NA-TlVE,a. Offering a choice 
of two things. — n. A choice of two 
things. 

Al-ter'na-tIve-LY, adv. In an al- 
ternative manner. 

Al-though' (awl-rho'), conj. [all and 

" though.] Grant all this ; be it so; sup 
pose that : notwithstanding. 

AL-TfL'O-QUENCE, 71. [Lat. altus, 
lofty, and loquentia, a speaking.] 
Pompous language. 

Al-tim'e-TER, n. [Lat. altus, high, 
and metrum, measure.] An instru- 
ment for taking altitudes by geomet- 
rical principles. 

Al-tim'E-try, 7i. Art of ascertaining 
altitudes by means of a proper in- 
strument. 

Al-tIs'o-nant, j a. [Lat. altus, 

AL-TIS'O-NOUS, j high, and sonans, 
sounding.] High-sounding ; pomp- 
ous. 

AL'TI-TUDE (53), n. [Lat. altitudo, fr. 
altus, high.] 1. Space extended up- 
ward ; height. 2. (Astron.) Eleva- 
tion of a celestial object above the 
horizon. 3. Highest point. 

Al'to, 7i. The part sung by the low- 
est female voices. In instrumental 
music, the tenor. 

Al'to-gETH'er (146), adv. [all and 

" together.] 1. Conjointly. 2. Without 
exception ; wholly ; completely. 

Il'to-re-lie'vo, ti. [It. alto rilie- 
vo.] High relief. [each end. 

Al'u-del, ti. A chemical pot open at 

Al'UM, n. [Lat. alumen.] A double 
sulphate of alumina and potassa. It 
is very astringent. 

A-lu'mi-na, ) ti. (Miri.) One of the 

AL'U-MINE , ) earths. 

Al'U-mLn'1-UM, ) 71. A very light, 

A-lu'mi-num, J white metal, with 
a bluish tinge. 

A-LU'Ml-NotJs, a. Pertaining to, or 
containing, alum, or alumina. 

A-LtJU'yiTS, 71. pi. ; A-LtM'Ni. A 
graduate of a college, or other semi- 
nary. 

Al'VE-A-RY, n. [Lat. alvearium, al- 
veare, from alvus, belly, bee-hive.] 1. 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, i, o, silent ; c, G, so/i; €,&,hard; AS; EXIST; g asNG; THIS. 



ALVEOLATE 



14 



AMIABLE 



A bee-hive, or something like one. 2. 
The hollow of the external ear. 

Al've-o-late, a. Pitted like a 
honey -comb. 

AL'vi'NE, a. [Lat. alvus, belly.] Per- 
taining to the lower belly or intes- 
tines. 

AL'WAY, ) adv. 1. Perpetually; con- 

Ai/way§, J tinually. 2. Invariably 

AM. First person singular present in- 
dicative of Be. 

A-MAIN', adv. 1. Violently and sud- 
denly. 2. Suddenly, or at once. 

A-MAL'ffAM, n. [Gr. ju.dAayp.a, any 
emollient.] 1. A compound of mer- 
cury with another metal. 2. Any 
mixture. 

A-MAL'GAM-ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
1. To mix, as quicksilver, with an- 
other metal. 2. To mix, so as to make 
a compound. — v. i. 1. To unite in 
an amalgam. 2. To coalesce, as a re- 
sult of growth. 

A-MAL/GA-MA'TION, n. 1. Act or 
operation of compounding mercury 
with another metal. 2. The mixing 
of different things or races. 

A-MAN'U-EN'SIS, n. ; pi. A-MX^U- 
EN'SE§. [Lat., from ab, from, and 
manus, hand.] One who writes what 
another dictates ; a copyist. 

Xm'A-RANTH, n. [Gr. djU.apo.VTOS, lit., 
not withering.] 1. A genus of orna- 
mental annual plants of many spe- 
cies. 2. An imaginary flower that 
never fades. 3. A color inclining to 
purple. 

Sm/a-rXntii'Ine, a. 1. Not fading 
or decaying. 2. Of a purplish color. 

A-mass'(6), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [L. 
Lat. amassare, from Lat. massa, 
mass.] To collect into a mass or 
heap. 
Syu . — To accumulate ; gather. 

A-MASS'ment, n. A heap ; accumu- 
lation. 

Am'a-teur', n. [Fr.] One who cul- 
tivates any study or art, without 
pursuing it professionally. 

.Xm'a-tive, a. Amorous ; amatory. 

Im'a-tive-ness, n. Propensity to 
love. 

Xm'a-to'RI-AL, ) a. Relating to, in- 

Am'A-to-ry, j duced by, or ex- 
pressive of, love. 

Am' ATI- RO'SLS ,n. [Gr. d(U.avpwo-ts.] 
A loss or decay of sight, without any 
visible defect in the eye. 

A-maze', v. U [-ed ; -ing.] To con- 
found with fear, sudden surprise, or 
wonder ; to astonish. — n. Aston- 
ishment ; amazement. 

A-maz'ed-ly, adv. With amazement. 

A-MAZE'ment, n. A feeling of sur- 
prise and wonder. 

Syn. — Astonishment ; admiration ; 
perplexity; confusion. 

A-mIz'ing-ly, adv. In an amazing 



Am'a-zon, n. [Gr. d/ixa^ov.] One of 
a fabulous race of female warriors ; 
— hence, a warlike or masculine wo- 
man ; a virago. 

Am-bas'sa-dor, n. An envoy of the 
highest rank. See EMBASSADOR 



Am-bXs'sa-dress, n. A female am- 



AM'BER,n. [At. ^anbar, anbarum.] A 
yellowish resin found as a fossil. — a. 

^ Consisting of or resembling amber. 

AM'BER-gr'is (-grees), n. A fragrant 
substance used in perfumery, &c. 

Am'BI-dex'ter, n. [Lat. ambo, both, 
and dexter, right.] 1. One who uses 
both hands with equal facility. 2. A 
double-dealer. 

AM'BI-dex-ter'i-ty, n. 1. Power 
of using both hands with equal ease. 

w 2. Double-dealing. 

AM'Bi-ENT, a. [Lat. ambiens, fr. am- 
bire, to go around.] Encompassing ; 
surrounding. 

Am'bi-gu'i-ty, n. Doubtfulness or 
uncertainty, esp. of signification . 

Am-BIG'U-oOs, a. [Lat. ambiguus.] 
Doubtful or uncertain, particularly 
in respect to signification. 

Am-big'u-ous-ly, adv. In an am- 
biguous manner. 

Am-BiG'u-ous-ness, n. Ambiguity. 

Xm'bit, n. [Lat. ambitus.} Circuit 
or compass. 

Am-bi'tion (-bish'un), n. [Lat. am- 
bitio, a going around, esp. to get 
votes.] An eager desire of preferment, 
honor, superiority, or power. 

AM-Bl'TIOus(-blsh'us), a. 1. Possess- 
ing, or controlled by, ambition. 2. 
Springing from, or indicating, am- 
bition. 

Am'ble, v. i. [Lat. ambulare.] 1. To 
move, as a horse, by lifting together 
the two legs on oue side ; to pace. 2. 
To move affectedly. — n. A peculiar 
gait of a horse, in which both legs on 
one side are moved at the same time. 

Xm'bler, n. A horse which ambles. 

AM-BRO^IA (-bro'zha),™. [Gr. anjSpo- 
cria.] The fabled food of the gods. 

Am-br5's_IAL, a. Partaking of the 
nature of_ ambrosia; delicious. 

Am'bro-TYPE, n. [Gr. a>/3poTos, im- 
mortal, and 7-1)77-09, impression.] A 
photographic picture taken on a pre- 
pared glass. 

AMBS/ACE (amz/as), n. 
ambs, both, and ace.] 

Xm'bu-lance, n. 
[Lat. ambulare, 
to walk.] A hos- 
pital wagon, for 
carrying sick or 
wounded sol- f 

AM'BU-LANT, a. 

Walking ; moving from place to 
place. 

Am'bu-la'tion, n. Act of walking. 

Am'bu-la-to-ry, a. 1. Walking. 2. 
Not fixed in its legal character, but 
capable of being altered, as a will. 
— n. Any part of a building in- 
tended for walking in. 

^M'bu-RY, ) n. [A.-S. ampre, a crook- 

AN'BU-RY, ) ed, swelling vein.] A 
soft swelling on a horse, full of blood. 

Am'BUS-€ADE', n. [It. imboscata, fr. 
im, in, and bosco, a wood.] 1. A ly- 
ing concealed, for the purpose of at- 
tacking an enemy by surprise. 2. A 



[0. Fr. ambes, 
A double ace. 




concealed place in which troops lie 
hid; ambush. — v.t. [-ED ; -ing.] 
To lie in wait. 

am'bush, n. [See Ambuscade.] 1. 
Act of attacking an enemy from a 
concealed station. 2. An ambus- 
cade. 3. Troops posted in a con- 
cealed place, for attacking by sur- 
prise.— v. t. [-ed; -ing.] Tolio 
in wait for j to place in ambush. 

A-MEL'IO-RATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.| 
[Lat. ad and meliorare, to make bet- 
ter.] To make better ; to improve. — 
v. i. To grow better. 

A-mel/IO-ra'tion, n. Improvement. 

A-MEN' (in singing, pron. a/men'). 
[Heb.] An expression used at the 
end of prayers, meaning, So be it. 

A-ME'NA-BLE, a. [Fr. amener, to 
bring to account, fr. Lat. minare, to 
threaten.] 1. Liable to be brought 
to account ; answerable ; responsi- 
ble. 2. Willing to yield ; submissive. 

A-MEND', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [From 
Lat. emendare, fr. e, out, and menda, 
a fault. ] To change in any way for 
the better. 

Syx. — To correct ; reform ; rectify.— 
To amend is literally to take away blots, 
and hence to remove faults; to reform is 
to form over again for the better; to cor- 
rect is to make straight or right; to recti- 
fy is to set right. "We rectify abuses, mis- 
takes, &c. ; we correct errors; we reform 
or amend our lives. 

— v. i. To grow better ; to improve 
morally. [amended. 

A-mend'a-BLE, a. Capable of being 

A-mend'a-to-ry, a. Containing 
amendment ; corrective. 

Amende (a'mongd'), n. [Fr.] A 
pecuniary fine or punishment ; rep- 
aration ; retraction. 

A-mend'ment, n. 1. A change for 
the better. 2. In public bodies, any 
alteration in a bill or motion by add- 
ing, changing, or omittiDg. 

A-mends/, n. sing. & pi. Recom- 
pense ; satisfaction ; equivalent. 

A-MEN'I-TY, n. [Lat. amanitas.] 
Quality of being pleasant or agree- 
able, whether in respect to situation, 
climate, manners, or disposition. 

A-m£rce' (14), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. merces, wages, penalty.] 1. To 
punish by a pecuniary penalty. 2. 
To punish, in general. 

A-mEroe'ment, n. A pecuniary pen- 
alty inflicted at the discretion of the 
court. 

A-MER'I-CAN, a. Pertaining to Amer- 
ica;: — in a restricted sense, pertain- 
ing to the United States. — n. A 
native of America ; — applied esp. to 
the inhabitants of the United States. 

A-MER'I-€AN-IS_M, n. A word, phrase, 
or idiom peculiar to America. 

Am'E-THYST, n. [Gr. dju.e0uoros, with- 
out drunkenness.] A subspecies of 
quartz, of a bluish violet color. It was 
anciently thought to have the power 
of preventing intoxication. 

Am'e-thyst'Ine, a. Pertaining to, 
or resembling, amethyst. 

A'mi-a-bil'i-ty, n. Amiableness. 

A'MI-A-BLE, a. [Lat. amicabilis, 



A, E, I, b,€,Y,long; X,E,I, 6, U, 1, short; CA.RE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT j ERE, VEIL, XER»i ; PIQUE, FIRM ; S6N 



AMIABLENESS 



15 



ANALEPTIC 



friendly, and amabilis, lovely.] Wor- 
thy of love ; lovable. 
Syn. — Lovely; charming; delightful. 

A'MI-a-ble-ness, n. The quality of 

_ deserving love ; loveliness. 

A'MI-A-BLY, adv. In an amiable 
manner. 

Im'I-An'THUS, n. [Gr. auiWos Ai'0os, 
lit., unsoiled stone. j A mineral sub- 
stance somewhat resembling flax. 

.AM/i-GA-bIl'i-ty, n. Quality of being 
amicable ; friendliness. 

Im'I-€A-BLE, a. [Lat. amicabilis.] 
Harmonious in mutual intercourse. 
Syn. — Friendly ; peaceable; fraternal. 

— Amicable always supposes two parties; 
as, an amicable arrangement. We cannot 
say of a single individual that he was am- 
icable, though we can say he waafriend- 

AM'I-€A-BEE-NESS, n. Friendliness; 

^ kindness. [manner, 

AM'1-€A-BLY, adv. In an amicable 

AM'l9E(ani / is),n. [Lat. amictus.] l.A 

loose flowing garment formerly worn 

by pilgrims. 2. An oblong piece 

of embroidered linen worn by priests. 

A-MID', )prep. In the midst or 

A-mIdst', J middle ; among. 

A-mId'ships, adv. Half-way between 

the stem and the stern. 
A-Miss', a. Wrong ; faulty ; improper. 

— adv. Wrongly ; improperly. 
AM/I-TY, n. [Fr. amitie.] Friendship, 

in a general sense ; harmony. 

AM-MO'NI-A, n. [From sal ammoniac] 
A volatile alkali of a pungent smell ; 
spirit of hartshorn. 

Am-MO'ni-ag, ( a. Pertaining to 

AM/MO-Nl'AG-AE, J ammonia, or 
possessing its qualities. 

Am-MU-nPtion (-nish'un), n. [Low 
Lat. admunitio.] Military stores or 
provisions for attack or defense. 

3m'NES-ty, n. [Gr. afjLv-qo-Tia, a for- 
getting.] A general pardon of politi- 
cal offenses. 

A-MONG', \prep. [A.-S. amang,on- 

A-mOngst', j mang.] 1. Mixed or 
mingled with. 2. Associated with, 
or making part of the number of. 

AM'O-ROtfs, a. [Low Lat. amorosits.] 

1. Having a propensity to sexual en- 
joyment. 2. In love ; enamored. 3. 
Relating to love. [manner. 

AM'O-rous'ly, adv. In an amorous 
A-MOR'PHOOs, a. [Gr. a>op0os, fr. a 
priv.,and p.op4>rj, form.] 1. Having 
no determinate form. 2. Of no par- 
ticular kind or character ; anomalous. 
A-MOR'TI-ZA'TION, ) n. 1. Act or 
A-mor'tIze-ment, j right of alien- 
ating lands to a corporation. 2. Ex- 
tinction of debt, particularly by 
means of a sinking fund. 
A-MOUNT',f.i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
ad, to, and mons, mountain.] 1. To 
come in the aggregate or whole. 2. To 
be equivalent. — n. 1. The sum total. 

2. The effect, substance, or result. 
A-MOUR', n. [Fr.] A love intrigue. 
Am-PhIb'i-AN, n. An amphibious 

animal. 
Am-PhIb'i-OUS, a. 1. Having the 
power of living in air and water. 2. 
Adapted for living on land or water. 



Am-phYb'i-oOs-ness, n. Ability to 
live in two elements. 

Am'phi-boi/o-gy, n. [Gr. a/u.<£i£o- 
Ao-yia.] A phrase, proposition, or 
discourse susceptible of two inter- 
pretations. 

AM'PHI-BRA€H, n. [Gr. a^i^paxvs.} 
A foot of three syllables, the middle 
one long, the first and last short. 

Am-phI€VTY-on'I€, n. Pertaining to 
the council of the Amphictyons. 

AM-PH?€'TY-ONR, n. pi. [Gr. 'A^i/c- 
tuovi.<s.] ( Gr. Hist.) An assembly or 
council of deputies from the different 
states of Greece. 

AM-PHls f Ci-I{-T\s\i>\-\), )n. pi. 

Am-phis'ci-ans (-Hsh'i-anz), J [Gr. 
6.fj.(f>CcrK(.o?, from a/x^t, on both sides, 
and cr/cia, shadow.] The inhabitants 
between the tropics, whose shadows in 
one part of the year are cast to the 
north, and in the other to the south. 

Xm'PHI-THe'A-TER, ) n. [Gr. a/a^t- 

AM'PHI-THE'A-TRE, j Oearpov, from 
aixfyi, about, and Oearpov, theater.] 
An oval or circular edifice having 
rows of seats one above another, 
around an open space, called the 
arena, and used for combats of gladi- 
ators and of wild beasts, and other 
public sports. 

AMypHl-THE-3 T'RI€-AL , a. Pertain- 
ing to, or exhibited in, an amphithe- 
ater. 

AM'PEE , a. [Lat, amplus.] 1. Of 
large dimensions. 2. Fully sufficient. 
3. Extended ; diffusive. 

_ Syn.— Spacious ; capacious; exten- 
sive; abundant; plenteous. — When we 
mean by ample large in extent, we say 
spacious or extensive; large in size, capa- 
cious; large in quantity, abundant or 
plenteous. 

AM'PEI-FI-GA'TION, n. 1. Enlarge- 
ment. 2. Exaggerated description 
or diffuse narration. 

AM'PEI-fi-ca/tive, ) a. Serving or 

AM'PEI-FI-CA'TO-RY, J tending to 
amplify or enlarge. 

Xm'pli-FI'er, n. One who amplifies. 

AM'PLI-FY, V. t. [-ED; -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. amplificare, fr. amplus, ample, 
and facere, to make.] 1. To render 
larger, more extended, or more in- 
tense, and the like. 2. To treat copi- 
ously. — v. i. 1. To grow or be- 
come large. 2. To be diffuse. 

Xm'pei-tude (53), n. 1. State of 
being ample ; largeness of dimen- 
sions. 2. Largeness, in a figurative 
sense. 3. An arc of the horizon in- 
tercepted between the true east or 
west point and the center of the sun 
or a star at its rising or setting. 

AM/PLY, adv. Largely ; liberally ; 
fully. 

AM'PU-TATE,f.f. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
amputare, from amb, about, and_pw- 
tare, to prune.] To cut off, as a 
limb. 

AM'PU-TA'TION, n. Act or operation 
of cutting off a limb or other part. 

A-mOck', n. [Malay.] Act of killing. 

To run amuck, to rush out frantically, 
attacking all that come in the way, as is 
done by fanatics in the East. 



AM'U-EET,n. [Ar. hamalat, hhnhlat, 
anything worn.] Something worn to 
prevent evil. 

A-MUgE', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Fr. 
amuser.] 1. To entertain agreeably. 
2. To keep in expectation. 

Syn.— To divert; entertain. —We 
are amused by that which occupies ui 
lightly and pleasantly; entertained by 
that which brings our minds into agree- 
able contact with others, as conversation 
or a book ; diverted by that which draws 
off our thoughts to something of livelier 
interest, especially of a sportive nature, 
as a humorous story or a laughable in- 
cident. 

A-MU£E'MENT, n . That which amuses. 
Syn. — Diversion; pastime; entertain- 
ment; sport. 

A-MU'siVE, a. Entertaining; divert- 
ing ; pleasing. 

A-MYG'DA-EATE, n. [Gr. ajavySaAov, 
almond.] An emulsion made of al- 
monds, [almonds. 

A-myg'DA-lTne, a. Pertaining to 

AM/Y-LA'CEOUS, a. [Gr. ajU.vA.oi/, 
starch.] Pertaining to starch. 

AN, a., commonly called the indefinite 
article. [A.-S. an, ane.] It signifies 
one or any, but somewhat less em- 
phatically. 

AVA-BAP'TIST,rc. [Gr. dvaj3a7m£eiv, 
from avd, again, and /3a7rri£eiv, to 
baptize.] One who denies the validi- 
ty of infant baptism, 

AN-AGH'RO-Nl£M, n. [Gr. avaxpovur- 
jw.os, from avd, against, and \p6vos, 
time.] An error in chronology . 

AN'a-con'da, n. A large snake which 
lives in South America. 

A-nAg'RE-ON'TIG, a. Pertaining to, 
or after the manner of, the Greek 
poet Anacreon ; amatory ; convivial. 
— n. A little poem in praise of love 
and wine. 

Xn'A-DEM, n. [Gr. avaS-q^a.] A gar- 
land or fillet. 

Ik'i.s-thet'ic, a. [Gr. av priv., 
and alad-no-is , feeling.] 1. Capable 
of rendering insensible by being in- 
haled. 2. Characterized by insensi- 
bility. — n. That which produces 
insensibility, as chloroform, &c. 

Xn'A-GL\"PH, n. [Gr. ai/ayAv^oi/jfrom 
avd, up, and •yXv^eiv, to engrave.] 
An embossed or chased ornament, 
worked in relief, as a cameo. 

.AN'A-GLYP'Tie, a. Relating to the 
art of carving, engraving, enchasing, 
or embossing plate. 

AN'A-GOG'IG-AL, a. [Gr. dvayioyr), 
from avd, up, and ayeiv, to lead.] 
Mysterious ; mystical ; spiritual. 

AN'A-GRAM, n. [Gr. dvdypaufxa, from 
avd, back, again, and ypd^ixo., letter.] 
A transposition of the letters of a 
name, by which a new word is 
formed. Thus, astronomers may ba 
turned into moon-starers. 

AN'A-GRAM-MAT'I€, a. Pertaining 
to, or making, an anagram. 

aVa-LEC'TIG, a. Collecting or se- 
lecting ; made up of selections. 

jXn'A-lIgTS, ) n.pl. [Gr. dvdKeicra.] 

An'a-LE€'ta, ) A collection of lit- 
erary fragments. 

Xn'A-LEP'TIO, a. [Gr. ai/aArj7rTiK6s.] 



OR, do, wolf, too, took; urn, rue, pull; je, /, o, silent ; c,G, soft; €,Q,hard; A£; exjst j £f as ng; this. 



ANALOGICAL 



1 



ANGLE 



Corroborating; invigorating. — n. 
Restorative medicine. 

Xn'a-log'ic-al, a. According to, 
or founded on, analogy. 

In'a-log'ic-al-lv, adv. By way of 
analogy. [or consider by analog}-. 

A-nXl'o-gize (162), v. t. To explain 

A-nXl'O-GC-Os, a. [Gr. dvdAoyos, pro- 
portionate, fr. a.vd, according to, and 
Aoyos, proportion.] Having analogy ; 
correspondent, [to some other thing. 

J[n'a-l6gtje, n. A thing analogous 

A-nXl'o-gy, n. 1. Likeness between 
things in some circumstances or ef- 
fects, when the things are otherwise 
entirely different. 2. Equality, pro- 
portion, or similarity of ratios. 

A-nXl'y-sIs, n. ; pi. j a-nXl'y-ses.. 
[Gr. dvaAvcris , from ava, again, and 
Aveiv, to loose.] A resolution of any 
thing, whether an object of the 
senses or of the intellect, into its 
constituent or original elements. 

Xn'A-lyst, n. One who analyzes. 

An'A-lyt'I€, ) a. Pertaining to 

An'a-lyt'i-c-AL, ) analysis; resolv- 
ing into component parts. [alysis. 

Xn'A-lyt'ics, n. sing. Science of an- 

An'a-lyze (162), v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] To 
separate into the component parts ; 
to resolve into first principles or ele- 
ments, [which, analyzes. 

^N'A-LYZ'ER, n. One who, or that 

An'a-mor'pho-sis.oic An'a-mor- 
P HO' SIS, n. [Gr. dvap.6p<£>wcris.] A 
distorted representation of an image 
on a plane or curved surface, which, 
viewed in a certain way, appears reg- 
ular and in proportion. 

.Xn'A-PjEST, n. [Gr. dfaffatcrTO?.] A 
metrical foot consisting of three sylla- 
bles, the first two short, the last 
long, or the first two accented and 
the last unaccented. 

Xn'AR€H, n. [Gr. avapxos, from av 
priv., and apxo, beginning.] Author 
of anarchy. 

A-nXr€H'I€, ) a. Being without 

A-NXR€H're-AL, J government ; law- 
less ; confused. [disorder. 

Xn'AR€H-Ist, n. One who promotes 

An'ARCH-y, n. 1. Want of govern- 
ment in society ; lawlessness. 2. Con- 
fusion. 

In/A-sarc'oOs, a. [Gr. ava, and 
crap£.] Dropsical. 

A-nXth'E-MA (147), n. [Gr. dvd0ep.a, 
anything devoted, esp. to evil.] A 
ban or curse pronounced by ecclesi- 
astical authority, and accompanied 
by excommunication. 

An-Xth'e-ma-tize (162), v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] To denounce with curses. 

AN'A-TOM'IC, 1 a. Belonging to 

.Xn'A-tom/IC-AL, j anatomy or dis- 
section, [of dissection. 

An'a-tom'IC-al-LY, adv. By means 

A-NAT'O-MIST, n. One who dissects 
bodies, or is skilled in anatomy. 

A-nXt'o-mi-za'tion, n. The act of 
anatomizing. 

A-nXt/o-mize (162), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
1. To dissect. 2. To lay open the 
interior structure of ; to analyze. 

A-nXt'O-MY, n. [Gr. dvaTou?j, from 




ava, up, and rop-i?, a cutting.] 1. Art 
of dissection. 2. Science of the struct- 
ure of animal bodies. 3. A skeleton. 

Xn'CES-TOR, n. [From Lat. anteces- 
sor, one who goes before.] One from 
whom a person is descended at any 
distance of time. 

Syn. — Forefather; progenitor. 

Xn-CES'TRAL, a. Relating to, or de- 
scending from , ancestors. 

XN'CES-TRY,«. 1. A 
series of ancestors ; 
lineage. 2. Birth or 
honorable descent. 

Anch'or, n. [Gr. 
ayKvpa.] An iron 
instrument for hold- 
ing a vessel at rest 
in water ; any firm R hank ; 
support. — 1>.£.[-ED; flukes ; d d\ 
-ING.] 1. To place arms, 
at anchor. 2. To fasten ; to fix. — 
v. i. 1. To come to anchor. 2. To 
stop ; to rest. 

Ancii'or-age, n. 1. A place where 
a ship can anchor. 2. The anchor 
and all necessary tackle. 3. A duty 
on ships for anchoring in a harbor. 

jXnch'OR-ESS, n. A female hermit. 

ANCH'OR-ET, ) n. [Gr. dvaxwpijTT/s-] 

ANGH'OR-ITE, ) A hermit; a re- 
cluse ; a monk. 

AN-CHO'VY, n. [Bisc. antzua, anchu- 
va, dry.] A small sea-fish of the 
herring famity. 

AN'CIENT (an'shent), a. [L. Lat. anti- 
anus, anteanus, fr. Lat. antea, ante, 
before.] 1. Old ; that happened or 
existed in former times. 2. Of great 
age. 

Syx. — Primitive ; pristine ; antiqua- 
ted; obsolete. — A thing is ancient when 
it is old; it is antiquated, antique, or obso- 
letevrhen it is gone out of use or fashion. 
— n. 1. pi. Those who lived in former 
ages. 2. pi. Very old men. 3. Bear- 
er of a flag ; — now called an ensign. 

AN'CIENT-LY, adv. In old times ; 
formerly. [lineage. 

An'CIENT-RY, n. Honor of ancient 

XN'CIL-LA-R\ r , a. [Lat. ancillaris, fr. 
ancilla, a female servant.] Subservi- 
ent or subordinate, like a handmaid. 

An-cip'1-tal, a. [Lat. anceps, two- 
headed.] Compressed, and forming 
two opposite angles. 

Xn'€0-ny,7i. [Gr. ayfcwv, a bentarm.] 
A piece of half- wrought iron, in the 
shape of a bar in the middle, but 
rude and unwrought at the ends. 

Xnd, conj. [A.-S.] A particle which 
expresses the relation of addition. 

AN-D_AN'TE, a. [It.] Rather slow. 

And'i-RON (-T-urn), n. [A corrupt. 
of brand-iron, ox of hand-iron, or of 
end-iron.] A utensil for supporting 
wood in a fire-place. 

AN-DR5g'Y-NAL, ) a. [Gr. dvSpoyv- 

AN-DROG'Y-NoOs, j vos, from dvrip, 
avSpds, man, and yvvrj, woman.] 
Having both sexes, or the mental 
characteristics of both sexes. 

Xn'DROID, )n. [Gr. dvrjp, dv- 

An-DROI'DES,) Spos, and eiSos-] 
A machine in the human form. 



Pertaining to an- 



Xn'ec-do/tal, 

ecdotes. 

An'E€-DOTE, n. [Gr. dve'/cSoros, not 
published.] A particular or detached 
incident or fact of an interesting na- 
ture. 

Syn. — Story; tale; memoir. 

,\n'E€-dot'I€-al, a. Pertaining to 
anecdotes. 

In'E-mog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. oVe/xos, 
wind, and ypafyrj, description.] A 
description of the winds. 

AVe-m5m'e-TER, n. [Gr. dve/xof, 
wind, and /u.eVpov, measure.] An in- 
strument for measuring the force of 
the wind. 

A-NEM'O-NE, n. [Gr. avep-wvy), from 
dve|K05, wind (which easily strips off 
its leaves).] A genus of plants of the 
crowfoot family. 

A-NEM'0-S€OPE, n. [Gr. dve/uios, wind, 
and a-Koitelv, to view.] A contrivance 
for bringing down the indications of 
a wind-vane to a dial below. 

Xn'E-ROID, n. [Gr. d priv., vrjpos, 
wet, moist, and etSos, form.] A port- 
able barometer, shaped like a watch. 

AN'EU-RlgM, n. [Gr. dvevpucrp.a, a 
widening.] A soft tumor, arising 
from dilatation or rupture of the 
coats of an artery, [again ; afresh. 

A-neW (a-nu'), adv. Newly ; over 

AN'GEL, n. [Gr. dyyeAos, messenger.] 
1. A spirit, or a spiritual being. 2. 
An ancient gold coin of England, 
worth about ten shillings. — a. Re- 
sembling, or belonging to, angels. 

AN-GEL're, ) a. Belonging to, or 

AN-GEL/re-AL, j resembling, angels. 

AN'GEL-OL'O-GY, n. [Gr. dyyeAos, 
angel, and Aoyos, discourse.] Doc- 
trine of angelic beings. 

Xn'ger (82), n. [Lat. angor.] A 
strong passion or emotion of the 
mind excited by a real or supposed 
injury. 

Syn. — Indignation ; resentment ; 
wrath ; fury ; rage. — Anger is a stronger 
term than resentment, but not so strong 
as indignation, which is awakened by 
what is flagitious in character or conduct; 
nor as wrath, fury, rage, in which anger 
is wrought up to a still higher point in 
the order of these words. 
—v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To excite to an- 
ger ; to rouse to resentment. 

Syn. — To provoke ; vex ; displease ; 

Xn'GI-OL'O-GY, n. [Gr. dyyeiov, ves- 
sel, and Aoyos, discourse.] A treatise 
or discourse on the vessels of the hu- 
man body. 

.Xn'GI-ot'o-MY, n. [Gr. ayyeiov, ves- 
sel, and Top-yj. a cutting.] A dissec- 
tion of the vessels of the body. 

AN'GLE (&ng'gl) C 

n. [Gr.dyKvA.os-] 
1. A corner. 2. 
(Geom.) The 
difference of di- 
rection of two E. 
lines in the 
same plane that C A E, right angle; C 
meet or tend to AD, acute angle; B 
meet in a point ; A E > obtU8e an S le ' 
or the difference of direction of two 
planes intersecting, or tending to in- 




A. E, I, 0,U, Y 



Jong; A,E,I,6,U, ¥, short; CARE, far, ask, all, what; ERE, VEIL, TERM; pique, fIrm; s6n, 



ANGLER 



U 



ANOINTMENT 



tersect, each other. 3. Fishing 
tackle. — v. i. [-eo;-ixg.] 1. To 
fish with line and nook. 2. To in- 

_ trigue. 

A>'gler, n. One who fishes with a 
hook. [to England. 

An'gli-€AN, a. English ; pertaining 

An'glicijjm, n. An English idiom 
or expression. 

Zn'gli-cize, v. t. [-ed:-ing.] To 
render conformable to the English 
idiom, or to English analogies. 

JJn'GLO-. A prefix meaning the same 
as English ; — used in composition. 

Ax'GOR, n. Intense bodily pain. 

AVGRl-LY, adv. In an angry manner. 

An'GRY, a. [See ANGER.] 1. In- 
flamed, as a sore. 2. Touched with 
anger. 3. Showing anger. 4. Stimu- 
lated; roused. 

Syx. — Passionate; resentful; irritated; 
indignant; provoked; furious; wrathful; 
choleric; inflamed; infuriated. 

An-GUIL'li-FORM, a. [Lat. angvilla, 
eel, and forma, form.] In the form 

^ of an eel. 

AN'GUISH, n. [Lat. angustia.] Ex- 
treme pain, either of body or mind. 

Syx. — Agony ; torture ; torment ; grief; 
pang; throe. 

AN'GU-LAR, a. 1. Having an angle or 
angles ; pointed. 2. Consisting of 
an angle. 3. Sharp and stiff in 
character. [ing angular. 

AN'GU-LAR'1-TY, n. Quality of be- 

Ax'gu-lar-ly, a^/f. With angles ; in 
the direction of the angles. 

AN'GU-lat'ed (ang'gu-), a. Formed 
with angles. 

AVHE-LA'TIOX, n. [Lat. ankelatio.] 
Difficult respiration. 

An'il, n. [Ax. an-nil, from Skr. nila, 
dark blue.] A shrub from whose 
leaves and stalks indigo is made. 

Xn'Ile, a. [Lat. xnilis, fr. anus, old 
woman.] Old-womanish; imbecile. 

A-nXi/I-TY, \ n. State of being an 

AN'ile-ness, ) old woman ; old age 
of a woman. 

An'I-Mad-vEr'sion. n. Remarks by 
way of criticism, censure, or reproof. 
Syx.— Strictures; comment; blame. 

An'i-mad-vert' (14), V. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] [Lat. animadvertere, from a?i- 
imus, mind, and vertere, to turn.] 1. 
To turn the mind with intent to 
notice. 2. To consider by way of 
criticism or censure 

Syx. — To remark; comment. 

An'I-MAL,ti. [Lat., fr. anima, breath, 
soul, animus, mind.] 1. An organized 
living being endowed with sensation 
and the power of voluntary mo- 
tion. 2. An irrational being, as dis- 
tinguished from man. — a. 1. Of. or 
relating to, auimals. 2. Pertaining 
to the merely sentient part of a 
creature. [animalcules. 

An'I-Mal'cu-lar, a. Pertaining to 

Xw'I-MAL'-euLE, n. [Dim. of animal.] 
An animal that is invisible, or nearly 
so, to the naked eve. 

AW'l-MAI/€U-iasT, n. One versed in 
the knowledge of animalcules. 

AN'I-MAL'€U-LUM, n. ; pi. A'NI- 



I mal> cu-la.] [See Animalcule.] 
An animalcule. 

&%*• Animalcules, as if frcm a Lat. sin- 
gular animalcula, is a gross barbarism. 
AN-l-MAL'i-Ti", n. State of animal 
j existence. 
AN'J-MATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
j animate, fr. anima, breath, soul.] 1. 
I To give natural life to. 2. To give 
| powei-s to, or to heighten the powers 
I or effect of. 3. To give spirit or vigor 
I _ to. [imal life. 

! AN'i-mate, a. Alive ; possessing an- 
AN'I-MAT-ED,/). a. 1. Endowed with 
| w animal life. 2. Spirited : lively. 
| AN'I-MA'TION, n. Act of animating, 
or state of being animated. 

Syx. — Vivacity ; spirit; buoyancy; 
sprightliness ; liveliness; promptness. 
AN'l-MOS'l-TY, n. [Lat. animositas.] 
Tiolent hatred : active enmity. 

Syx.— Rancor; malevolence; malig- 
nity; rage; -wrath. 
ASV'i-MUS, n. [Lat.] Intention ; pur- 
I pose ; spirit ; temper. 
AN'ISE, n. [Gr. avio-ov.] A plant 
^ bearing aromatic seeds. 
AN'KLE, n. [A.-S. anrteow, dim. of 
anke, bent, neck.] The joint con- 
! necting the foot and leg. 
AN'nal-ist, n. A writer of annals. 
AN'NALS, 7i. pi. [Lat. annalis, fr. an- 
nus, a year.] 1. A history of events 
in chronological order. 2. A series 
w of historical events. 
AN'nats, 7i. pi. [Lat. annus, a year.] 
First year's whole profits of a spirit- 
I ual preferment. 

An-neal', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [A.-S. 
anselan, onselan, to kindle.] 1. To 
■ heat nearly to fluidity, and then cool 
slowly, to render less brittle. 2. To 
heat, as glass, in order to fix colors. 
' An-nex', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
annectete, annexurn, from ad, to, and 
nectere, to tie.] 1. To unite at the 
end ; to affix. 2. To add, as a smaller 
thing to a greater. 3. To connect, 
I especially as a consequence. 
Ax/xex-X'TION, 1 7i. Act of annex- 
An-nex'ion, j ing; addition. 
An-ni'hi-la-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing annihilated. 
AX-NI'HI-LATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. annihilate, fr. ad, to, and nihil, 
nothing.] 1. To cause to cease to be. 
i 2 . To destroy the form or properties of. 
Ax-ni'hi-la'tion, n. A reducing to 
| nothing ; destruction. 
AN'ni-VER'sa-ry (14), a. [Lat. an- 
niversarius. fr. annus, year, and vet- 
lete, to turn.] Returning with the 
! year, at a stated time. — n . A day 

celebrated yearly as it returns. 
An-NOM'I-na'TION, n. [Lat. annom- 
inatio.] 1. A pun. 2. Alliteration. 
AA r -Jv6'iVA, n. [Lat.] A year's pro- 
duction ; hence, provisions for a 
^ year's use. 

AN'NO-TATE, v. i. [Lat. annotate, fr. 
ad, to. and nota, mark.] To make 
! annotations or comments. 
An'no-ta'tion, n. An explanatory 

remark L note, or commentary. 
An'NO-ta'tor, n. A commentator. 



An-NOT'to, n. A species of red or 
yellowish-red dyeing material. 

AN-NOUNCE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. annunciate, fr. ad, to, and nun- 
cius, messenger.] To give public 
notice, or first notice of. 

Syx.— To proclaim ; publish ; adver- 
tise.— To putilish is to make publicly 
known; to announce is to make known 
for the first time : to proclaim is to give 
the widest publicity: to advertise is to 
I make known through the public prints. 

An-nounce'ment, 7i. Act of an- 
nouncing ; proclamation ; declaration. 

AH-NOY', v. t. [-EDI-ING.] [Fr. en- 
nuyet, fr. Lat. in odio, in hatred.] To 
injure or disturb by repeated acts. 

Syx. — To incommode: vex; disturb; 
pester ; molest ; tease ; bother ; plague. 

An-noy'ance, n. 1. Act of annoy- 
ing, or state of being annoyed. 2. 
That which annoys. 

Syx.— Vexation; disturbance; injury. 

An'NU-AL (an'yij-al), a. [Lat. annua- 
lis, fr. annus, year.] 1. Returning or 
happening every year : yearly. 2. Per- 
formed in a year. 3. Lasting only one 
year or season. — n. 1. A literary 
work published once a year. 2. A 

w plant, living but one year or season. 

AN'nu-al-ly, adv. Yearly ; year by 
year. [an annuity. 

An-nu'I-tant, n. A person who has 

An-nu'1-ty, n. [L. Lat. annuitas, fr. 
Lat. annus, a year.] A sum of money, 
payable yearly, for a term of years. 

An-nul',^. t. [-ED ; -ing, 136.] [Low 

Lat. annullate, from. Lat. ad, to, and 

nullum, nothing.] To make void or 

of no effect. 

Syx. — To repeal : nullify ; abolish ; 

i abrogate; revoke; cancel; set aside. 

AN'NU-LAR, ) a. 1. Having the form 

AN'NU-LA-RY, j ofaring. 2. Marked 
! w with circles, dots, &c. 

AN'NU-LET, 7i. [Lat. annulus.] 1. A 
j little ring. 2. A small, fiat fillet, en- 
circling a column, &c. 

An-nCl'ment, n. Act of annulling. 
I An-nu'mer-ate (30), v. t. [Lat. an- 
numerate, fr. ad, to, and numerate, 
J to number.! To add to a number. 
: An-nu'mer-a'tion, n. Addition to 
j a former number. 

An-nCn'ci-ate (-shi-at), v. t. [-ED ; 
i -ING.] [Lat. annunciare. See An- 
! nounce.] To announce. 

An-nCn/ci-a'tion (-shi-a/shun), n. 
1. Act of announcing. 2. A festival 
celebrated (March 25) in memory of 
the angel's announcement to the 
Virgin Mary. 

AN'c-DYXE,"a. [Gr. dvuSwos, fr. kv 
priv., and hhvvn, pain.] Serving to 
assuage pain. — n. Any medicino 
which allays pain. 

A-NOINT', v. t. [-ed : -ING.] TLat. in- 
ungete, fr. in, and unguete, to smear.] 
1. To rub over with oil or unctuous 
substancas ; also to spread over, as 
oil. 2. To consecrate, by unction. 3. 
To smear or daub. 

A-noint'ed, n. The Messiah. 

A-NOINT'ER. 7i. One who anoints. 

A-NOINT'ment, n. Act of anointing ; 
state of being anointed. 



or, do, wolf, too, TOdK ; urn, rue , pull •, £, I, o, silent; c, Gr,soft; €, g, hard; As; exist ; n, as NG; Tins- 
'A 



ANOMALISM 



18 



ANTIFEBRILE 



A-NOM/A-l¥§M, n. A deviation from 
rule ; anomaly. 

A-n6m'A-LOUS, a. [Gr. dvw/uaAos, fr. 
av priv., and 6/u.aAos, even.] Deviat- 
ing from a general rule or method ; 
irregular. 

A-n6m/a-ly,m. Deviation fr. the com- 
mon rule or analogy ; irregularity. 

A-NON', adv. [0. Eng. anon, onane, 
lit. in one (moment).] 1. Quickly ; im- 
mediately. 2. At another time ; again. 

Ever and anon, now and then ; fre- 
quently; often. 

A-non'y-moOs, a. [Gr. avu>vvfj.os, fr. 
av priv., and ovojuc^name.] Without 
the real name of the author ; name- 
less, [name. 

A-non'y-moOs-ly, adv. Without a 

An-6th'er, a. 1. Not the same : 
different. 2. One more. 3. Any 
other ; any one else. 

An'ser-ine, a. [Lat. anserinus, from 
anser, a goose.] Pertaining to, or like, 
a goose, or its skin. 

An'swer (an'ser), v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] 
[A.-S. andswarjan, fr. and, against, 
and swarjan, to affirm.] 1. To speak 
or write in return to. 2. To refute. 3 
To be or act in return to. — v. i. 1. 
To make response. 2. To make a 
satisfactory response; hence, to be 
accountable, liable, or responsible. 
3. To be or act in return. — n. 1. 
Something said or written in return. 

2. Something done in return for, or 
in consequence of, something else. 

3. A mathematical solution. 
An'swer-A-ble (an'ser-a-bl), a. 1. 

Capable of being answered. 2. Obliged 
to answer, pay , or make good ; amena- 
ble ; responsible. 3. Correspondent ; 
hence, comparable. 4. Suitable ; 
suited ; proportionate. 5. Equal ; 
equivalent. [answers. 

AN'swer-er (an'ser-), n. One who 

Ant, n. [A contraction of emmet.] An 
emmet ; a pismire. [the stomach. 

Ant-Ac'id, n. A remedy for acidity of 

AN-TAG'O-NlgM, n. [Gr. avri, against, 
and aytiov, contest.] Counteraction or 
contrariety of things or principles. 

An-tag'o-nIst,«. One who contends 
with another. 

Syn.— Enemy; adversary; opponent; 
foe. 

AN-TAG'o-NlfsT're, a. Opposing ; act- 
ing in opposition. 

An-tag'o-nize, v. i. To act in oppo- 
sition ; to contend. 

An-tal'gk', a. [Gr. avri, against, and 
aAyos, pain.] Alleviating pain. 

XNT'APH-RO-DI§'I-A€, a. [Gr. avri, 
against, andc'^poSto-ia/cos, venereal.] 
Having the quality of extinguishing 
or lessening venereal desire. 

S.NT-XR€'TI€, a. [Gr. avrapKTiKos, fr. 
avri, against, ar d apK-ros, bear, the 
constellation called Northern Bear.] 
Opposite to the arctic pole ; relating 
to the southern ^ole or to the region 
near it. 

XntVar-thrit'ic, a. [Gr. om, 
against, anddpflpms, gout.] Counter- 
acting the gout. - n. A remedy 
against the gout. 



Xn'te-ced'ence, \n. Act or state 
An'te-^ed'en-cy, J of preceding in 

time ; precedence. 
lN'TE-CED'ENT,a. [Lat. antecedent, 
from ante, before, and cedere, to go.] 
Going before in time . 

Syn. — Prior ; preceding ; foregoing ; 
previous. — Antecedent is specific, refer- 
ring to something consequent ; foregoing, 
preceding, and pj-evious, are more gen- 
eral, being opposed to subsequent ; prior, 
like priority, implies a preference if there 
is competition, as, aprior claim. 

— n. 1. That which goes before in 
time. 2. The first of two things re- 
lated to each other. 3. pi. The ear- 
lier events of one's life. 4. The noun 
to which a relative refers. 

AN'te-^ed'ent-lv, adv. Previously. 

An'te-^es'sor, n. One who goes be- 
fore ; a leader. 

AN'te-cham'ber, n. A chamber 
leading to the chief apartment. 

XN'TE-efJR'sOR, n. A forerunner. 

An'te-date,?!. A date before the true 
time. — v.t. [-ed;-ing.] 1. To date 
before the true time. 2. To anticipate. 

An'te-dI-lu'VI-an, a. Before the 
deluge. — n. One who lived before 

w the flood. 

AN'TE-LOPE, n. [Gr. avOdkoxp.] One 
of a group of 
quadrupeds be- 
tween the deer 
and goat. 

AN'TE-LU'CAN, a. 
[Lat. anteluca- 
nus, fr. ante, be- 
fore, and lux, 
light.] Being be- 
fore light. 

In'te-me-rid'ian 
noon. 

An'te-mun'dane, a. Being before 
the creation of the world. 

AN-TEN'NA, n. ; pi. AN-TEN'NJE. 
[Lat.] A movable, ar- 
ticulated organ of sen- a 
sation, attached to the ■ 
heads of insects and 
Crustacea. a a Antennae. 

Xn'TE-nup'TIAL (-nup'shal), a. Be- 
ing before marriage. 

An'te-pas'chal, (-pSVkal), a. Being 
before Easter. 

An'te-past, n. [Lat. ante, before, 
and pastas, pasture, food.] A fore- 
taste. 

Xn'te-pe-NULT', n. [Lat. antepse- 
nultimus, fr. ante, before, pmne, al- 
most, and ultimus, last.] The last 
syllable but two of a word. 

Xn'te-pe-nuet'i-mate, a. Of the 
last syllable but two. — n. The an- 
tepenult, [time or place. 

An-te'RI-OR, a. [Lat.] Before in 

Syn". — Antecedent ; prior; previous; 

precedent; preceding; former; foregoing. 

— Anterior is opposed to, and implies, 
posterior ; the other words are opposed 
to subsequent. 

An-te'RI-OR'I-TY, n. State of being 

anterior^ precedence. 
An'te-room, n. A room forming 

the passage to another. 
In'THEL-MiN'TK;, a. [Gr. Avtl, 

against, and eAjuuvs, worm.] (Med.) 




Destroying or expelling worms. — n. 
A medicine which destroys or expels 
worms ; a vermifuge. 

In'THEM, n. [Gr. dvTi<J>cova, fr. avri, 
against, and <|>cov»}, sound.] Church 
music adapted to passages from the 
Scriptures , a motet. 

In'THER, n. [Gr. avBripos, *Y& 
flowery, from dv6o<;, flower.] Af |fi 
That part of the stamen f|;i 
containing the pollen. 1 \V 

An'ther-al, a. Pertaining I '' 
to anthers. | 

An-THOL'O-GY, n. [Gr. av- a An- 
6o\oyia, from ai/0os, flower, ther. 
and \eyeiv, to gather.] 1. A collection 
of flowers. 2. A collection of beau- 
tiful passages from authors. 

Xn'tho-ny's-fIre (an'to-niz), n. 
The erysipelas. 

Xn'THRA-CITE, n. [Gr. dv8paniTris, 
fr. avOpaij, coal.] A hard, compact 
variety of mineral coal. [thracite. 

An'thra-cit'ig, a. Pertaining to an- 

AN'THRO-POID, a. [Gr. dvOpiowos, 
man, and e!oos, form.] Resembling 
man. 

Xn'thro-pol/o-gy, n. [Gr. avOput- 
ttos, man, and Ao-yos, description.] 1. 
Natural history of the human species. 

2. The science of man, considered in 
his entire nature. 

lN'THRO-PO-M6R'PEtfs,M, ». [Gr. av 
Opumos, man, and fj.op<j>rj, form.] Rep- 
resentation of the Deity as having a, 
human form or attributes. [bals 

AJV'THRO-PUPH'A-Gijiupl. Canni- 

AN'THRO-POPII'A-GY, n. [Gr. av- 
0pw7ros, man, and ipayelv, to eat. 
Cannibalism. 

1n'TI€, a. [From antique.] Odd- 
fanciful ; fantastic ; ludicrously wild. 
— n. A buffoon or merry -andrew. 

An'ti-€HRIST, n. A great adversary 
of Christ. 

In'ti-ghris'tian (-krist'yan),^ An 
opposer of Christianity. — a. Oppos- 
ing Christianity. 

An-t1c'i-pate, v. t. [-ED; -ing.] 
[Lat. anticipare, fr. ante, before, and 
capere, to take.] 1. To take or do 
before another. 2. To take up be- 
forehand, or before the proper time. 

3. To foretaste or foresee. 
An-tic'1-pa'tion, n. 1. Act of an. 

ticipating. 2. Previous view or im- 
pression. 3. Preconceived opinion. 

An-tic'I-pa'tive, a. Anticipating; 
or containing anticipation. [pates. 

An-tic'i-PA'tor, n. One who antici- 

An'ti-cli'MAX, n . A sentence or ex- 
pression in which the ideas become 
less important and striking at the 
close. [contagion. 

An'ti-CON-TA'gious, a. Opposing 

An'ti-do'tal, a. Efficacious against; 
poison or other evil. 

Xn'TI-DOTE, n. [Gr. olvtCSotov, frotti 
avri, against, and Sidovai, to give.] 
That which tends to counteract poi- 
son or other evil. 

An'ti-feb'rile or .Xn'ti-fe'brile, 
a. Having the quality of abating 
fever. — n. A medicine having a 
tendency to cure fever. 



A, e, I, o. 



U, Y. long; A, fi,t,6, 0, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM ; PIQUE, FIRM; SON. 



ANTIMASON 



19 



APOCOPATE 



AN'TI-MA'SON, n. One opposed to free- 
masonry, [to monarchy. 

AN'tI-mo-naR€H'I€-al, a. Opposed 

AN'TI-MO'NI-AL, a. Of, or pertaining 
to, antimony. — n. A preparation of 
antimony. 

Xn'ti-mo-ny, n. [Ar. al-itmnidun, or 
al-utkmudun.] A whitish, brittle 
metal used in medicine and the arts. 

Xn/ti-no'3II-an, n. One of a sect 
charged with maintaining that, un- 
der the gospel dispensation, the 
moral law is of no use or obligation. 
— a. Pertaining to the Antinomiiins. 

XN'T'f-NO'Ml-AN-l^M, n. The tenets 
of Antinomians. 

An'ti-no-my, or An-tTn'o-my, n. 
[Gr. duTi.vop.Ca, fr. avrt, against, and 
vo/mos, law.] 1. Opposition of one lavv 
or rule to another. 2. A law or other 
thing opposite or contrary. 

AN'TI-pa'pal, a. Opposing popery. 

AN'tI-PA-pTst'ic, (a. Opposing 

Xn/ti-pa-pist'ic-al, j the papacy 
or popery ; antipapal. 

AN^ti-pa-thet'ic, ) a. Having a 

An'ti-pa-thet'I€-AL, ) natural 
contrariety or aversion. 

AN-TIP'A-THY, n. [Gr. avTiTraflcia, fr. 
ami, against, and nados, suffering.] 

1. Aversion at the presence of a par- 
ticular object. 2. A contrariety in 
the properties or affections of matter. 

Syn. — Dislike; contrariety; repug- 
nance; disgust; distaste. 

An'ti-phlo-gis'tk:, a . Counter- 
acting inflammation. — n. Any med- 
icine or diet which tends to check 
inflammation. 

An-tiph'o-nal, ) a. Pertaining to 

An'ti-phon'I€, [ antiphonies, 

An'tI-phon'I€-AL, ) or alternate 
singing. 

An-tiph'o-ny, n. [Gr. 6.vtL<\hmvo<; . 
See Anthem.] An anthem or psalm 
sung in alternate parts ; a response. 

An-tipii'ra-sis, n. [Gr.] Use of 
words in a sense opposite to their 
proper meaning. 

An-tIp'o-dal, a. Pertaining to the 

w antipodes ; diametrically opposed. 

An'TI-PODE, ii. ; pi. AN'TI-PODES, 
or AN-TtP'o-DE$. [Gr. dv-riVous, 
from avrC, opposite, and n-ous, foot.] 
One of those who live on opposite 
sides of the globe. [popedom. 

An'ti-pope, n. One who usurps the 

An'ti-QUA'ri-an, a. Pertaining to I 
antiquity. — n. An antiquary. 

An'ti-QUA'RI-an-ism, ii. Love of an- 
tiquity, [antiquities. 

An'ti-QUA-ry (44), n. One versed in 

An'tI-QUATE,i\ t. [Lat. antiquatus.] 
To make_ obsolete, old, or void. 

An'tI-quat'ed, p. a. Grown old, or 
out of fashion ; obsolete. 

AN-TIQUE', a. [Lat. antiquus, fr. ante, 
before.] 1. Old; ancient. 2. Of old 
fashion. 3. Made in imitation of an- 
tiquity. — n. 1. Any thing very old. 

2. A reKc of antiquity. 
AN-TlQ'ui-TYf-tlk'wI-^n. 1. Ancient 

times. 2. The people of ancient 
times. 3. Great age. 4. pi. Any or 
all of the remains of ancient times. 



Xn/tY-S€rTpt'ur-al, a. Not accord- 

w ant with Scripture. 

AN'TI-SEP'TI€, a. Opposing putre- 
faction. — n. A substance which re- 
sists or corrects putrefaction. 

An'ti-slav'er-y, n. Opposition to 
slavery. [spasm. 

An'ti-spas-m6d'I€, a. Opposing 

An'TI-SPAS'TI€, a. [Gr. dvT«rna<rTL- 
kos-] Causing a revulsion of fluids 
or humors; counteracting spasm. 

An-tJs'TRO-PHE, n. [Gr. avrio- 
Tpofyrj.] (Anc. Lyric Poetry.) Part 
of a song or dance, around the altar, 
performed by turning from the left 
to the right, in opposition to the 
strophe, which was performed by 
turning from the right to the left. 

AN'Ti-STROPH're, a. Pertaining to 
the antistrophe. 

AN-TtTH'E-SlS, n.; pi. AN-T1TH'- 
E-SE%. [Gr. di/Tiflecris, a setting 
against.] 1. An opposition of words 
or sentiments occurring in the same 
sentence ; contrast. 2. Hence, any 
thing directly opposed to another. 

AN'Tl-THET'ie, ) a. Pertaining 

A!Vti-thet'I€-al, j to antithesis. 

AN'ti-trin'I-ta'ri-an, a. Opposing 
the doctrine of the Trinity. 

AN'ti-type, ii. That which is pre- 
figured by the type ; thus the paschal 
lamb was a type of which Christ is 

w the antitype. 

Aii/Tl-Tfp'ic-AL, a. Relating to an 
antitype ; explaining a type. 

ANT'LER, n. [0. Fr. antoillier, prob. 
from Lat. ante, before.] A start or 
branch of a horn of a stag, moose, 

w &c. 

An'vil, n. [A.-S. aiifilt.] An iron 
block, on which metals are ham- 
mered and shaped. 

Anx-i'e-ty (ang-zT'e-ty), n. Solici- 
tude about some future or uncertain 
event. 

Anx'ioijs (anli'shus), a. [Lat. anx- 
ius.] 1. Greatly concerned respect- 
ing something future or unknown. 
2. Accompanied with anxiety. 

Syx.— Disturbed; distressed; disquiet- 
ed; uneasy. 

Anx'ious-ly, adv. With anxiety. 

A'NY (en'y), a. [A.-S. anig, xnig, 
fr. an, ein, one.] 1. Oneoutof many, 
indefinitely. 2. Some ; an indefinite 
number or quantity. — advm To any 

_ e_xtent ; at all. 

A-O'ni-an, a. Pertaining to the 

_ Muses, or to Aonia in Bceotia. 

A'O-rIst, n. [Gr. aoptcrro?, from a 
priv. and opos, limit.] A tense in 
Greek, expressing an action as com- 

_ rjleted in indeterminate past time. 

A-OR'TA, n. [Gr. aopn?, from deepen/, 
to lift.] The great artery from the 
heart. 

A-PA^E', adv. Quickly ; hastily ; 

w speedily ; fast. 

AP'A-GOG're-AL, a. [Gr. dnayoyri, a 
leading away.] Proving indirectly 
by showing the absurdity of the con- 
trary. , 

A -PART', adv. 1. Separately ; aside. 
2. In a state of separation, exclusion, 




or of distinction. 3. In two or more 
parts ; asunder. 

A-part'MENT, n. [Lat. ab, or a, from, 
and pars, a part.] A room in a build- 
ing or house. 

Ap'a-THET'ic, a. Toid of feeling ; 
insensible. 

AP'A-THIST, n. One destitute of feel- 
ing. 

AP'A-THY, n. [Gr. andOeia, from & 

priv. and irdOos, suffering.] Want, 

or a low degree, of feeling ; — applied 

either to the body or the mind. 

Syx. — Insensibility ; indifference ; 

_ unconcern. 

APE,n. [A.-S. apa, 
Skr. kapi.] 1. A 
kind of monkey 
having neither a 
tail nor cheek 
pouches. 2. One 
who imitates ^-l|P||l|il^^ 

servilely. — v. t. ^^^mSm* 
[-ED ; -ING.] To Ape. 

imitate servilely ; to mimic. 

A-pe'ri-ENT (89) ; a. [Lat. aperiens.] 
Having the quality of opening ; laxa- 
tive. — n. A laxative medicine. 

Ap'er-ture (53), n. [Lat. apertura.] 
An opening through some solid sub- 
stance ; a hole. 

A-PET'AL-OUS, a. [Gr. aTreVaAo?, 
fr. a, priv. and ireraKov, leaf.] Hav- 
ing no petals. 

A'PEX, n.j pi. A'PEX-Eg; Lat. pi. 
AP*l-pE£. Top, tip, or summit of 
any thing. 

A-PHEL'ION (-fSPyun), n. ; pi. A 
PHE'LI-A. [Gr. dvro, from, and 
7JA.10?, sun.] That point of a planet's 
or comet's orbit most distant from 
the sun. 

APH'O-rTsM, n. [Gr. d$opio>i6s.] A 
precept or principle expressed in a 
few words. 

Syx. — Axiom; maxim; adage — An 
axiom is a self-evident proposition of 
high importance; a maxim expresses 
some great_ practical truth; an adage is a 
saying which has gained credit by long 
use. 

APH'O-RIST, n. A writer of aphorisms. 

Aph/o-rist'I€, a. Having the form 
of an aphorism. 

APH'TIIONG (Sfthong or ap'thong, 
85), n. A letter or combination of 
letters having no sound. 

APII'YL-LOtJS, > or A-PHYL'LOCS 
(117), a. [Gr. d^vAAos, fr. dpriv. and 

_ QvWov, leaf.] Destitute of leaves. 

A'PI-A-RY, ii. [Lat. apiarium, fr. apis, 
a bee.] A place where bees are kept. 

A-pie^e', adv. 1. To each ; to the 

_ share of each. 2. Each by itself. 

AP'ISH, a. Having the qualities of an 
ape ; hence, foolish ; silly ; trifling; 
insignificant. 

A-PO€'A-LYPSE, n. [Gr. a.TTOK.dKv\jJL?, 
disclosure.] Revelation ; the last 
book in the Bible. 

A-poc'a-lyp'tic, 1 a. Containing 

A-poc'a-lyp'tic-al, ) or pertain- 
ing to revelation. 

A-POC'O-PATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To cut off or omit the last letter or 
syllable of. 



Ofi.DOjWQLF.TOO, TOOK; tfRN, RUE, PUEL, j E, I, O, silent J ?, G, softf €,G,hard; AS} EX.IST; NtSUSNG; THia 



APOCOPE 



20 



APPETITE 



A-P&€'0-PE,n. [Gr.] Omission of the 
last letter or syllable of a word. 

A-p6€'ry-PHA, n.pl. [Gr. anoKpvfyo? , 
hidden, spurious.] Books which ai-e 
not considered a part of the sacred 
canon of the Scripture. 

A-PO€'RY-PHAL, a. 1. Pertaining to 
the Apocrypha- 2. Of uncertain au- 
thority ; false ; spurious. 

J£p'ODE,«. [Gr. a7rovs, from a priv. 
dnd 77-ovs, foot.] An animal that has 
no feet._ 

AVo-DEK!'TI€, 1 a. [Gr. arro- 

Ap'O-DEIC'TIC-AL, j SetKTiKos, from 
ano, from, and Konreiv, to cut.] 
Demonstrative ; evident beyond con- 
tradiction. 

A-PoD'o-sls, n. [Gr.] The conse- 
quent clause or conclusion in a con- 
ditional sentence, expressing the 
result. 

Xp'O-GEE, n. [Gr. arro-yaios, fr. ano, 
from, and yala, earth.] That point 
in the orbit of the moon at the 
greatest distance from the earth. 

A- .'ol/o-GET're, la. Excusatory 

A-PoL/o-GET're-AL, j or defensive. 

A-POL'O-GET'ICS, n. sing. That 
branch of theology which defends 
the Holy Scriptures, and sets forth 
the evidence of their divine au- 
thority. 

A-poi/o-gisT, n. One who makes an 
apology. 

A-pol'o-gize, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
To make an apology. 

Ap'O-LOGUE (-log),n. [Gr. ano\oyos. 
See below.] A moral fable. 

A-POL'O-GY, n. [Gr. drroAoyia, from 
airo, from, and Aoyos, speech.] 1. 
Something said or written by way of 
defense or justification. 2. Expressed 
regret of some improper or injurious 
remark or act. 

ap'oph-thegm ) (ap/o-them), n. [Gr. 

AP'O-THEGM j a.TT64,eeyixa,fr. ano, 
from, and <f>0eyixa, saying.] A short, 
sententious, instructive remark. 

Ap'O-PLEC'Tre, a. 1. Pertaining to, 
or consisting in, apoplexy. 2. Pre- 
disposed to apoplexy. 

Xp'O-PLEX/Y, n. [Gr. anonXritjia, fr. 
ano, from, away, and 7rAryo-o-eiv, to 
strike.] A disease characterized by 
sudden loss of sense and voluntary 
motion. 

A-POS'TA-SY, n. [Gr. anoo-rao-Ca, fr. 
ano, from, and onfjvai, to stand.] A 
total desertion of one's faith, princi- 
ples, or party. 

A-pos'tate , n. One who has forsaken 
his faith, principles, or party. — a. 
Falling from the faith ; renegade. 

/t-POS'TA-TIZE, V. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
To abandon one's faith, party, or 
profession. 

£-p6s'te-mate, v. i. To form into 
an abscess and fill with pus. 

AP'OS-TEME,n. [Gr. anocrrriixa.] An 
abscess. 

A-pos'TLE (-pos'l), n. [Gr. anoa- 
toAos, sent forth.] A person sent 
forth on some important business ; 
one of the twelve disciples of Christ 
sent forth to preach the gospel 



A-pos'TLE-ship ) (-pos'l-), n. Office 

A-pos'to-late } of an apostle. 

Ap'os-t6i/I€, ) a. 1. Pertaining 

Ap'os-tol'ic-al, ) to an apostle, 
or to the apostles. 2. According to 
the doctrines of the apostles. 

A-p6s'TRO-PHE,n. [Gr.] 1. A turn- 
ing away from the real auditory, aud 
addressing an absent or imaginary 
one. 2. Contraction of a word by 
the omission of a letter or letters. 3. 
A mark [ ' ] used to denote that a 
word is contracted. 

A-pos'tro-phize (162), -U. *. [-ed; 
-ING.] 1. To address by apostrophe. 
2. To contract by omitting a letter 
or letters. 

A-POTH'E-CA-RY, «. [Gr. anoOrJK-n, 
repository.] One who prepares aud 
sells drugs for medicinal purposes. 

Ap'O-THEGM ) (ap'o-themJjW.tGr. 

Ap'oph-thegm ) an64>6eyfxa.\ A 
short, pithy, and instructive saying ; 
a sententious precept or maxim. 

Ip'o-theg-mat'ic, \ a. In the 

AP'o-theg-mat'IC-al, j manner of 

w an apothegm. 

AP'O-the'o-sis, n. [Gr.] The act of 
placing a mortal among the number 
of the gods ; deification. 

Ap'O-the'o-size, v. t. To exalt to 
the dignity of a deity ; to deify. 

Ap-pall', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Fr. 
appalir, lit., to grow or make pale.] 
To depress or discourage with fear. 

Syn.— To dismay; daunt; terrify; 
scare; intimidate. 

— v. i. To occasion fear or dismay. 
AP'PAN-AGE, n. [Low Lat. appanagi- 

um, from appanare, to furnish with 
bread.] 1. Land assigned by a sover- 
eign prince for the subsistence of his 
younger sons. 2. Means of nour- 
ishing. 

Ap'PA-RA'TUS, n. / pi. AP'PA-RA'TUS 
or ap'pa-ra'tus-es.. [Lat.] Things 
provided as means to some end; a 
full collection or set of scientific im- 
plements, [ing for the body. 

Ap-par'el, «. [Fr. appareil.] Cover- 
Syn. — Clothing; clothes; dress; rai- 
ment; vesture; vestment. 

— V. t. [-ED, -ING; or -LED, -LING, 
137.] 1. To dress or clothe ; toattire. 
2. To cover with something orna- 
mental ; to adorn ; to embellish. 

Ap-par^:nt (4), a. [Lat. apparere, 
apparens, to appear.] 1. Capable of 
being seen, or easily seen. 2. Beyond 
question. 3. Appearing to the eye, 
but not true or real. 

Syn. —Visible; distinct; plain: obvi- 
ous; clear; certain; evident; manifest; 
indubitable; notorious. What is obvious 
is certain beyond doubt or dispute; what 
is plain, clear, or evident, has ample 
proof or illustration. 

Ap-par'ENT-ly, adv. Evidently ; in 
appearance only. 

AP'pa-ri'tion (-rish'un), n. 1. Ap- 
pearance. 2. A visible object ; a 
ghost ; a specter. 

Ap-par'i-tor, n. A messenger or 
officer who serves the process of a 
spiritual court. 

Ap-peal', n. 1. Removal of a cause 



or suit from an inferior to a superior 
judge or court for re-examination. 2. 
Right of appeal. 3. A summons to 
answer to a charge. 4. A call upon 
a person for proof or decision, or to 
grant a favor. 5. Resort ; recourse. 
— v. i. [Lat. appellare, from ad, to, 
and pellere, to drive.] 1. To re- 
move a cause from an inferior to a 
superior judge or court for re-exam- 
ination. 2. To refer to another; 
hence, to call on for aid. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ing.] 1. To remove from an 
inferior to a superior judge or court. 
2. To charge with a crime. 

Ap-peal/a-ble, a. Capable of being 
appealed. 

Ap-pear', v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
apparere.] 1. To come or be in sight. 
2. To be obvious or manifest. 3. To 
seem. 

Ap-pear'ance, n. 1. Act of coming 
into sight. 2. A thing seen ; a 
phenomenon. 3. Apparent likeness. 
4. Personal presence. 

Syn. — Coming; arrival; presence; 
semblance; pretense; air; look; man- 
ner; mien; figure; aspect. 

AP-PEAg'A-BLE, a. Capable of being 
appeased. 

AP-PEAgE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING, 144.] 
[Lat. ad, to, and pax, peace.] To 
make quiet. 

Syn. — To pacify; allay; assuage; 
compose; calm. 

Ap-pea§e'ment,«. Act of appeasing. 

Ap-pel'lant, n. A person whc 
makes an appeal. 

Ap-pel'late, n. Belonging to, or 
having cognizance of, appeals. 

ap/PEL-la'TION, n. Name by which 
a person or thing is called ; title. 

Ap-pel'la-tive, a. [Lat. appeU 
lativus.] Pertaining to a common 
name. — n. A common, as dis- 
tinguished from a proper, name. 

Ap'PEL-lee', n. 1. The defendant 
in an appeal. 2. One who is prose- 
cuted by a private man for a crime. 

Ap/PEL-LOR', n. He who prosecutes 
another for a crime. 

Ap-pend', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
appendere, from ad, to, and pendere, 
to hang.] 1. To hang or attach. 2. 
To add. as an accessory. 

Ap-pend'age, n. Something added 
as subordinate or incidental. 

Ap-pend'ant,m. Any thing append- 
ed. — a. Hanging; annexed. 

AP-pend'ix, n ; pi. ap-pend'ix-es. ; 
Lat. pi. ap-pen'DI-PE£. Some- 
thing appended ; an adjunct ; an ad- 
dition. 

Ap'PER-TAIN', V. i. [-ID; -ING.] 
[Lat. appertinere, from md, to, and 
pertinere, to pertain.] To belong ; to 
relate. 

Ap'pe-TENCE, i n . 1. Strong natu- 

Ap'PE-ten-^y, ) ral desire; sen- 
sual appetite. 2. Tendency to seek 
or select. 

Ap'pe-TITE, n. [Lat. appetitus, from 
appetere , to seek . ] Desire of gratifica- 
tion, especially a desire of food or 
drink. 



I, E, I, 6, V, Y, long; A, £, I, 6, tf, Y, short; CARE , FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TiiKM. j PIQUE, FIRM J S6N 



APPETIZE 



21 



APSIS 



Ap'PE-tTze, v. i. To create, or whet, 
an appetite. 

Ap'pe-tiz'er, n. Something which 
creates or whets an appetite. 

Ap-plaud', v. t. or ?'. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[Lat." applaudere, from ad, to, and 
plaudere, to clap the hands.] 1. To 
praise by clapping the hands, &c. 2. 
To praise by words ; to commend. 

Ap-plaud'er, n. One who applauds. 

Ap-plause', n. Approbation and 
praise publicly expressed ; commen- 
dation. 

Ap'ple (57), n. [A.-S. mppel.) 1. A 
well-known tree and its fruit. 2. 
The pupil of the eye. 

Ap-plI'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
applied : applicable. 

Ap-pli'ance, n. Act of applying or 
thing applied : instrument or means. 

Xp'PLI-€A-BiL'I-TY. ) n. Quality of 

Ap'pli-ca-ble-ness, J beingappli- 
eable or suitable. 

AP'pli-ca-ble (147), a. Capable of 
being, or fit to be, applied ; suitable ; 
fit. [petitioner. 

AP'PLT-€ANT, n. One who applies ; a 

Ap'pli-ga'tion, n. [See Apply.] 1. 
Act of applying. 2. The thing ap- 
plied. 3. Act of making request. 
4. Act of fixing the mind ; intense- 
ness of thought. 

Ap'pli-ca-tive , a. Applying. 

Ap-ply', v. t. [-ed; -ing, 142.] [Lat. 
applicare, from ad, to, and plicare, 
to fold.] 1. To lay or place ; to 
put, bring, or carry. 2. To use for 
a particular purpose. 3. To engage 
and employ diligently. — v. ?'. 1. To 
suit or to agree. 2. To have recourse. 

A.P-POG'GIA-TU'Rk (-p5d'ji-), n. 
[It.] (Mas.) A passing tone preced- 
ing an essential tone or an accented 
part of a measure. 

Ap-point', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [L. 
Lat. appiifictare, from ad, to, and 
punctum, a point.] 1. Tofix;toes- 
tablish. 2. To constitute ; to ordain. 

3. To allot, assign, or set apart. 4. 
To provide with every necessary. 

Ap-point'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
appointed. 

Ap'POINT-ee', n. A person appointed. 

AP-POINT'MENT, n. 1. Act of ap- 
pointing. 2. Stipulation ; arrange- 
ment. 3. Decree ; established order. 

4. pi. Whatever is appointed for use 
and management. 

Ap-por/tion, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [L. 
Lat. apportionare, from ad, to, and 
portio. a portion.] To divide and 
assign in just proportion. 

Ap-por'tion-ment, n. Act of ap- 
portioning. 

Ap'PO-SITE, a. [Lat. appositns, from 
ad, to, and ponere, to put, place.] 
Very applicable ; well adapted. 

AVpo-giTE-LY, adv. Properly ; fitly. 

Ap'po-si'tion (-zTsh'un), «. 1. Act 
of adding. 2. State of two nouns 
(one of which explains the other) 
put in the same case, without a con- 
necting word between them. 

Ap-prais/al, ft. A valuation by au- 
thority. 



AP-PRAISE', V. t. [-ED; -ING, 144.] 
[Lat. apprttiare, fr. ad, to, and pre- 
tium, value, price.] To estimate the 
worth of, particularly by persons ap- 
pointed for the purpose. 
Ap-praise'ment, n. Act of apprais- 
ing ; valuation. 
Ap-prais/er, n. One who appraises. 
Ap-pre'ci-a-ble (-prS'shi-), a. Ca- 
pable of being estimated or appre- 
ciated. 
Ap-pre'ci-ate (-pro'shl-, 95), v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] [Lat. appretiare. See 
Appraise.] To set a price or value 
on ; to estimate justly. 

Syx. — To esteem; estimate; value. — 
We estimate things when we learn by cal- 
culation their real amount, as/>ro./?f.«,&c.; 
we appreciate when we prize them ac- 
cording to their true value or worth, as a 
man's services ; we esteem when we regard 
them with moral approbation. 
Ap-PRE'ci-a'tion (-pr3-shl-), n. A 

just valuation or estimate. 
Appre'ci-a-tive (-shl-a-tiv), ) 
Ap-pre'ci-a-to-ry (-shi-a-), ) 
Having or implying a just apprecia- 
tion. 
Ap / P RE-HE ND', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. apprehend ere, from ad, to, and 
prekendere , to seize.] 1. To seize or 
lay hold of. 2. To understand. 3. 
To entertain suspicion, or fear of. 

Syx. — -To catch; arrest; conceive; 
imagine; believe; fear; dread. 

— v. i. To be of opinion ; to believe. 
AVpre-iien'si-ble, a. Capable of 

being apprehended. 

Ap'pre-hen'sion, n. 1. Act of seiz- 
ing. 2. A taking by legal process. 3. 
Mere contemplation of things. 4. 
Opinion ; conception ; idea. 5. Dis- 
trust or fear at the prospect of evil. 

Ap'pre-hen'sive, a. Fearful; sus- 
picious ; perceptive. 

AVpre-hen'sive-ness, ft. Quality 
of being apprehensive ; fearfulness. 

Ap-pren'Tice, ft. [L. Lat. appren- 
ticius. See APPREHEND.] One 
bound to another to learn a trade or 
art. — v. I. [-ed;-ing.] To bind 
out as an apprentice. 

Ap-pren'tice-ship, ft. Condition of 
an apprentice ; time for which he 
serves. 

Ap-prire' (162), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Fr. apprise. See Appehend.] To 
inform ; to give notice, verbal or 
written ; to make known. 
Syx. — To acquaint; communicate. 

Ap-prIze', v. t. See Appraise. 

Ap-proach',1'. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
ad, to, and propiare, to draw near.] 
1. To come or go near. 2. To ap- 
proximate. — v. t. To come near to. 

— n. 1. Act or opportunity of draw- 
ing near ; access. 2. A passage by 
which buildings are approached. 3. 
pi. (Fori.) Works thrown up to 
cover an approach. 

Ap-proach'a-ble, a. Capable of be- 
w ing approached ; accessible. 
AP'PRO-BA/TION, «. Act of approv- 
ing ; consent to a thing on the ground 
of its propriety ; approval. 
Syx.— License; liking; attestation. 



AVpro-ba/to-ry, ) a. Approving. 

Ap'PRO-ba'tive, j containing ap. 
probation. 

Ap-pro'pri-a-ble, a. Capable of 
being appropriated. 

AP-PRO'PRI-ATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. appropriare, from ad, to, and 
proprius, one's own.] To set apart for 
a particular purpose, or for one's 
self, to assign. 

Ap-pr5'pri-ate, a. (45) Set apart 
for a particular use or person ; hence, 
belonging peculiarly. 

Syx. — Fit; suitable; proper; adapted; 
pertinent; well-timed. 

AP-pro'pri-ate-ly, adv. In an ap- 
propriate manner. [ness. 

Ap-pro'pri-ate-ness, n. Suitable- 

AP-PRO'PRI-A'TION, n. 1. Act of set- 
ting apart for a purpose. 2. Any 
thing, especially money, thus set 
apart. 

Ap-pro'pri-a'tor, ft. 1. One who 
appropriates. 2. One who is pos- 
sessed of an appropriated benefice 

Ap-PROV'a-ble, a. Worthy of ap- 
probation, [probation. 

AP-PROV'AL, n. Act of approving ; ap- 

Ap-prove', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
approbare, from ad, to, and probas, 
good.] 1. To think well of. 2. To 
prove. 3. To commend. 4. To sanc- 
tion officially. 

Ap-prox'i-mate (45), a. Near to. — 
v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. approx- 
imare, fr. ad, to, and proximare, to 
come near.] To carry or advance 
near ; to cause to approach. — v. i. 
To come near ; to approach. 

Ap-prox'i-MA/tion, ». An ap- 
proach ; a coming near. 

Ap-prox'1-ma-ti ve , a. Approxi- 
mating; approaching. 

AP'PULSE, or AP-PULSE', ft, [Lat. 
appidsus, from ad, to, and pellere, 
pulsum, to drive.] 1. Act of striking 
against. 2. A touching, or very near 
approach. [a moving body. 

AP-PUI/SION, n. A striking against by 

Ap-PUR'te-nance, n. That which 
appertains to something else ; ad- 
junct, [by right. 

Ap-pur'te-nant, a. Belonging to 

AP'RI-GOT, ft. [From Lat. preecoquvs 
or precox (early ripe), through the 

_ Arab.] A fine fruit, allied to the plum. 

A'PRIL, n. [Lat. aprilis, from aperire, 

_ to open.]_ Fourth month of the year. 

A'PRIL-FOOL, n. One sportively im- 

_ posed upon on the first of April. 

A'PRON (a'purn or a'prun), n. 1. 
Something worn on the fore part of 
the body, to keep the clothes clean. 

w 2. A cover ; a boot. 

AP'RO-POS' (ap'ro-po'), adv. [Fr.] 1. 
Opportunely. 2. By the way; to tho 
purpose. 

Ap'sis, n. ; pi. AP'- 
SI-DE&. [Gr.] 1. 
One of the two 
points in an ellipti- 
cal orbit which' are Apsides. 
at the greatest and least distance 
from the central body. 2. Domed 
part of a church. 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, took; urn, rue, pull ; E, I, o, silent ; c,G,so/j;/ €,G,hard; A£J E£IST; N as NG ; THIS 



APT 



22 



ARDUOUS 



JLPT, a. [Lat. aptus, from apere, to 
fasten, fit.] 1. Fit ; suitable. 2. 
Having a tendency ; liable. 3. Dis- 
posed customarily. 4. Ready ; quick ; 
prompt. 

Syn. — Appropriate ; qualified ; in- 
clined ; disposed; dexterous; fitted.— 
One who is disposed or inclined to any 
thins? is apt to do it. He who is apt at 
any employment is qualified or dexterous. 
An apt quotation is one which is appro- 
priate, suitable, or fitted to the case. 

^P'TER-AL, a. [Gr. amepos, from a 
priv. and nrepov, wing.] 1. Des- 
titute of wings. 2. Having columns 
only in front. 

Ap'ter-oOs, a. Destitute of wings. 

Apt'i-tude (53 a), n. 1. Natural or 
acquired disposition or tendency. 
2. Readiness in learning ; docility ; 
aptness. 

.Xpt'ly, adv. Properly ; fitly ; readily. 

Apt'ness, n. Fitness ; readiness. 

AP'tSte, n. [Gr. aTTTwro?.] An in- 
declinable noun. 

A'QUaFor'tis. [Lat.] Nitric acid. 

A-QUa'ri-um, n.; pi. a-q.ua' ri-a. 
[Lat.] 1. An artificial pond for 
aquatic plants. 2. A tank of glass 
for aquatic animals. 

A-quat'ic, \ a. Pertaining to, or 

A-QUAT'IC-AL, J inhabiting water. 

A'QUA-ti'nt, i n. [It. aequo, tinta, 

A/QUA-Ti'NT'A, j dyed water.] Etch- 
ing on copper by means of aqua fortis. 

Aq'ue-duct (ak'we-). [Lat. aqitse- 
ductus, fr. aqua, water, and ductus, 
a leading ] An artificial conduit for 

_ water. 

A'QUE-oC's (aVkwe-us), a. Partaking 
of the nature of water, or abound- 
ing with it ; watery. 

Aq'UI-line (-lin or -lln), a. [Lat. 
aquilinus, from aquila, eagle.] 1. 
Belonging to the eagle. 2. Curving; 

w hooked ; like the beak of an eagle. 

AR'ab, n. A native of Arabia. 

Ar'A-besque (-besk), n. A species of 
ornamentation after the Arabian 
manner, often intricate and fantastic. 

A-RA'bi-an, ) a. Pertaining to Ara- 

Ar'A-bic, j bia, or to its inhabit- 

w ants. [Arabians. 

Ar'a-bic, n. The language of the 

Ar'a-bist, n. One versed in Arabic 
literature. 

Ar'A-ble, a. [Lat. arabilis, from ar- 
are, to plow.] Fit for tillage or plow- 

n ing ; plowed. 

AR'Bi-TER,n. [Lat.] Any person who 
has the power of judging and de- 
termining, without control. 

Ar'bi-tra-ble, a. 1. Arbitrary. 2. 
Determinable. 

Ar-bit'RA-MENT, n. [L. Lat. arbi- 
tramentum.] 1. Will; determina- 
tion. 2. Award of arbitrators. 

Ar'bi-tra-ri-ly, adv. By will only. 

Ar'BI-tra-RY, a- [Lat. arbitrary us.] 

1. Depending on will or discretion. 

2. Founded on mere will or choice. 

3. Despotic ; bound by no law. 
Syn. — Tyrannical ; imperious ; un- 
limited; capricious. — When a ruler has 
absolute, unlimited, or arbitrary power, 
he is apt to be capricious, if not im.pe.ri- 

. ous, tyrannical, and despotic. 



Ar'bi-trate, V. i. [-ED; -ING, 144.] 
1. To decide ; to determine. 2. To 

t- judge oract as arbitrator. 

Ar'bi-tra'tion, n. The hearing and 
determination of a cause between 
parties in controversy, by a person 
_ or persons chosen by the parties. 

Ar'BI-TRA'tor, n. 1. A person 
chosen by contending parties to de- 
termine their differences. 2. An 
umpire. 3. One who has the power 

n of deciding without control. 

Ar'bor,m. [Lat.] 1. A bower; a seat 
shaded by trees. 2. A spindle or axis. 

A.R-BO'RE-oGs, ) a. Belonging to, or 

AR'bor-al, ] having the nature 
of, trees. [blance of a tree. 

Ar'bo-res'CENCE, n. The resem- 

Ar'BO-res'^ENT, a. [Lat. arborescere, 
arborescens, to become a tree.] Re- 

m sembling a tree. 

Ar'bo-ret, n. A small tree ; a shrub. 

Ar'BOR-I-CULT'URE, »?. [Lat. arbor, 
tree, and cultura, culture.] Art of 

pi cultivating trees and shrubs. 

AR€, n. [Lat. arms.] 
Part of the circum- 
ference of a circle or 

.. curve - Arc. 

Ar-cade', n. [L. Lat. 

areata, fr. Lat. arcus, bow, arch.] 1. 

A series of arches. 2. A walk arched 

above : a range of shops along an 

arched passage 



AR-eA'NUSI, 
[Lilt.] A secret. 

Arch (68), a. 
[From Gr. prefix 
apx>---] Chief; of 
the first class ; 
principal ; — 
much used as a 
prefix ; cunning 
or sly ; mischiev- 
ous in sport ; 
roguish. — ii. 1. 
A curve line or 
part of a circle. 



pi. AR-eA'NA 




Arch. 



2. Any work in that form , or covered 
by an arch. — v. t. or i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To form an arch. 

Ar'gHjE-o-log'ic-al, a. Relating 
to archaeology. 

Ar'chje-ol'o-gist, n. One versed 
in archaeology. 

Ar'CHjE-ol'O-GY, n. [Gr. apxaio- 
Aoyia, fr. ap^aio?, ancient, and Aoyos, 
discourse.] Science of antiquities ; a 
treatise on antiquities. 

Ar-€HA'I€, ) a. Ancient ; anti- 

Ar-«ha'ic-al, { quated. 

Ar'CHA-irm, n. [Gr. apxouos, ancient.] 
An ancient or obsolete word, ex- 
pression, or idiom. 

Arch-an'gel, n. An angel of the 
highest order. [a metropolitan. 

Arch-bish'op, n. A chief bishop ; 

Arch-bish'op-ric, n. Jurisdiction 
or diocese of an archbishop. 

Arch-dea'gon (-de'kn), n. An ec- 
clesiastical dignitary next in rank 
below a bishop. 

Xrch-dea'con-ry, )n. Office and 

ARCH-dea'con-shIp, J jurisdiction 
of an archdeacon. 



Arch-duch'ess, n. A princess or 
the house of Austria. 

Arch-dOch'y, n. The territory or 
jurisdiction of an archduke or arch- 
duchess. 

Arch-duke', n. A grand duke; a 
chief prince ; now, strictly, a son of 
an Emperor of Austria. [bow. 

ARCH'ER, n. One who shoots with a 

Arch'er-y, n. Art of shooting with 
a bow and arrow. 

Sr'che-typ'al, a. Of or pertaining 

pj to a model or pattern ; original. 

Ar'CHE-TYPE, n. [Gr. apxeTVirov, 
fr. apxy, begining, and rvnos, type.] 
Original pattern ; the model from 
which athing is made. 

Arch-fiend', n. The chief of fiends. 

Arch^-di-ac'o-nal, a. Pertaining 
to an archdeacon. 

Arch'I-e-pis'co-pal, a. Belonging 
to an archbishop. 

Ar-chiM'e-de'an, a Pertaining to 
Archimedes. 

Archimedean screrv, or Archimedes' 
screw, an instrument for raising water, 
formed by winding a flexible tube round 
a cylinder in the form of a screw. 

Ar/GTH-PEL'A-GO, n. [Gr. apxi-, 
chief, and trehayos, sea.] Any water 
interspersed with many isles, or a 
group of isles. 

ArcH'I-TECT, n. [Gr. apxninTuiv, 
from apxi-, chief, and tcktoiv, work- 
man.] 1. One who plans and super- 
intends the construction of a build- 
ing. 2. A contriver. 

Ar'chi-tect'ive, a. Adapted to use 
in architecture 

Ar'chi-tect'ur-al, a. Of, or per- 
taining to, architecture. 

Ar'chi-tect'ure, n. 1. Art or 
science of building. 2. Frame or 
structure. 

Ar'chi-trave, n. [Gr. and Lat. ar- 
chi-, chief, and Lat. trabs, beam.] 
Lower division of an entablature, or 
that part which rests immediately on 

## the column. 

Ar'€H1VE§, n. [Lat. archivum .] 1. 
Place in which public records are 
kept. 2. Public records and papers. 

Arch'ly, adv. With sly humor; 
shrewdly. [ness. 

Arch'ness, n. Sly humor ; shrewd- 

Arc'O-GRAPH, n. [Lat. arevs, bow, 
and Gr. ypd^eiv, to write.] An in- 
strument for drawing arcs of circles 

■ without the use of a central point. 

ARCTIC, a. [Gr. apK-riKo?.] Northern; 
lying far north. 

Arc'u-ate, )a. [Lat. arcuatus.] 

ARC'u-a/ted, ) Bent like a bow. 

Arc'u-a^ion, n. A bending; con- 
vexity ; incurvation. [zeal. 

Ar'dency, n. Ardor; eagerness; 

AR'DENT, n. [Lat. ardens, burning.] 
1. Hot or burning. 2. Having the 
quality of fire. 3. Passionate ; af- 
fectionate. 

Syn. — Fiery; fierce; vehement; eager; 
zealous; fervid; fervent. 

Ar'dor, n. [Lat.] 1. Heat. 2. 
Warmth, or heat of passion or affec- 
tion ; eagerness. 

Ard'u-oOs (29, 52), a. [Lat. arduus.] 



A, E, 1,5, V, Y,long; X,E,¥,O,0, ¥, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, V^IL, TERM ; PIQUE, FIRM J SON, 



ARE 



23 



ARRAIGNMENT 



1. High or lofty. 2. Attended with 

## great labor ; difficult. 

ARE (ar). Present indicative plural of 

_ the substantive verb to be. 

A/RE-A, n. [Lat.] 1. Any plane sur- 
face. 2. The inclosed space on which 
a building stands ; a sunken space 
around the basement of a building. 

#t 3. Superficial contents of any figure. 

.Jb/e-fa^'TION, n. [Lat. arefar.ere.] 
Act of drying ; dryness. 

I^-re'na, n. [Lat., sand, a sandy 
place.] 1. {Rom. Antiq.) The area 
for gladiators, &c, in the central 
part of an amphitheater. 2. Any 
place of public contest. 

Ar'E-NA'CEOUS, a. [Lat. arenaceus.] 
Having the properties of sand ; fri- 
able. 

A-RE'O-LA, n. ; pi. A-RE* O-LJE. 
[Lat.] The colored ring around the 
nipple, and around certain vesicles. 

A-RE'O-LAR, a. Pertaining to, or like, 
an areola ; filled with interstices. 

Ar'E-op'a-gite, n. A member of 
the Areopagus. 

Xr'E-OP'A-GUS, ft. [Gr. ApeiOTrayos, 
lit. , hill of Ares, or Mars.] A sovereign 

#> tribunal at Athens. 

AR'gal, n. Unrefined or crude tartar. 

AR'gand Lamp. A lamp in which a 
hollow wick is surrounded by a glass 

^ chimney ; — invented by A. Argand. 

AR'GENT, a. [Lat. argentum, silver.] 
Silvery ; bright like silver. — ft. The 
white color on a coat of arms. 

Ar-gent'al, a. Pertaining to, like, 
or containing, silver. [silver. 

Ar'gen-tif'er-ous, a. Containing 

Ar'gen-tine, a. Pertaining to, or 

#i like, silver ; silvery. 

AR'GIL, n [Gr. apyiAAo? or apyiKo?.] 
Clay or potter's earth ; sometimes 
i/jre clay. 

AR'gil-la'ceous, a. Partaking of 
the properties of clay. 

Ar-gil'lous, a. Clayey. 

AR'GOL, n. Crude tartar. 

AR'GO-NAUT, ii. [Gr. 'Apyovavrris.] 
1. One of the persons who sailed to 
Colchis with Jason, in the Argo, in 
quest of the golden fleece. 2. The 
nautilus. [Argonauts. 

AR'&O-NAUT'K, a. Pertaining to the 

AR'GO-SY, n. [From Argo. See AR- 
GONAUT.] A large ship, either for 
merchandise or war. 

AR'GUE, v. i. [-ed; -ing, 144.] [Lat. 
arguere.] 1. To use arguments; to 
reason. 2. To contend in argument ; 
to dispute. — w. t. 1. To debate or 
discuss. 2. To prove. 3. To per- 
suade by reasons. 

JIlr'gu-er, n. A disputer ; a reasoner. 

Ar'gu-ment (139), ii. 1. A proof or 
means of proving. 2. Process of 
reasoning. 3. Subject-matter, or an 
abstract of the subject-matter, of a 
discourse, writing, &c. 

AR/gu-men-ta'tion, ft. Process or 
act of reasoning. 

AR'GU-ment'a-tive, a. 1. Contain- 
ing argument. 2. Addicted to argu- 
ment, [tune. 

A'RI-A, n. [It.] An air or song; a 



A/RI-AN, a. Pertaining to Arius, or to 
his doctrines. — n. A follower of 
Arius, who held Christ to be only a 

_ a superangelic being. 

A'RI-AN-I§M, n. Doctrine of the Arians. 

AR'ID, a. [Lat. aridus.] Dry ; parched 
up with heat. 

A-RID'I-TY, ) n. Absence of moisture ; 

Ar'id-ness, j dryness. 

A-RlGHT^a-rlt'), adv. Rightly ; duly ; 
without mistake. 

A-RIgE', v. i. [imp. AROSE ; p.pr. & 
Vb. 11. ARISING ; p. p. ARISEN.] 

[A.-S. arisan.] 1. To come or get up 
higher ; to mount ; to ascend ; to 
rise. 2. To come into action, being, 

w or notice. 3. To proceed ; to issue. 

AR/IS-TOO'RA-CY, 11. [Gr. dpicrroKpa- 
Tia, fr. apicrTo?, best, and KpareZf, to 
rule.] 1. A government in which 
the supreme power is vested in a 
privileged order. 2. The chief per- 
sons in a state. 

A-RIS'TO-€RAT, or AR'IS-TO-GRAT, 
ii. 1. One who favors an aristocracy. 

2. A proud or haughty person. 
AR/is-TO-€RAT'i€, ) a. Pertain- 
AR'is-TO-crat'IC-AL, ) ing to, con- 
sisting in, or partaking of, aris- 
tocracy. 

Xr'is-to-te'li-an, a. Pertaining to 
Aristotle, a Greek philosopher. 

AR'lTH-MAN T/ CY,or A-RITH'MAN-CY, 
ii. [Gr. apifyxo?, number, and fxav- 
reCa, divination.] The foretelling of 
future events, by means of numbers. 

A-RITH'ME-Tie, n. Science of num- 
bers ; art of computation by figures. 

Ar'ith-met'lg-al, a. According to 
arithmetic. 

A-RITH'ME-TI'CIAN (-tish'an), n. 

m One skilled in arithmetic. 

ARK, n. [Lat. area, A.-S. ark.] 1. A 
small, close chest. 2. The vessel in 
which Noah was preserved during 
the deluge. 3. A large boat for 

p< transporting produce. 

ARM, ix. [A.-S. arm, Lat. armus.] 1. 
The limb which extends from the 
shoulder to the hand. 2. Any thing 
resembling an arm. 3. Power ; 
might. 4. (Mil.) {a.) A branch of 
the military service, (b.)pl. An in- 
strument of warfare. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING. J 1. To furnish or equip with 
weapons. 2. To furnish with what- 
ever will add strength , force, security, 
or efficiency. 3. To furnish with 
means of defense. — v. i. To be 
provided with arms or weapons ; to 
take :irms. [armed ships. 

Ar-ma'dv, n. [Sp.] A fleet of 

AR'MA-DIL'LO, n.; pi. AR-MA- 
DiL'LOS.. [Sp., dim. of armado, 
armed.] An animal peculiar to South 
America, having the body encased in 

__ armor. 

AR'MA-MENT, ft. [Lat. armamenta.] 
1. A body of land or naval forces 
equipped for war. 2. All arrange- 
ments made for the defense of a forti- 
fication with musketry and artillery. 

3. Guns and other munitions of a 
ship. 

AR'MA-TURE (53), n. [Lat. armatura, 



from armare, to arm.] A piece of 
iron used to connect the two poles of 
a magnet, or electro-magnet, in order 
to complete the circuit. 

ARM'FUL, ft.; pi. ARM'FUL§. As 
much as the arms can hold. 

AR'MIL-LA-RY, a. [L. Lat. armilla- 
rius.] Of, or resembling, a bracelet; 
consisting of rings or circles. 

AR-min'i-an, ft. A follower of Ar 
minius, who denied predestinatio" 
and the kindred doctrines. 

AR-min'i-an-I£M, «. Tenets of the 

_ Arminians. 

AR'MIS-TlCE, n. [Lat. arma, arms, 
and stare, to stand still.] A tempo- 

_ rary cessation of arms : a truce. 

ARM'LET, n. A kind of bracelet. 
! ARM'OR, ft. [Lat. armatura.] 1. De- 
fensive arms for the body. 2. Steel 
or iron covering of ships. 

ARM'or-bear'er, n. One who car- 

_ ries the armor or arms of another. 

AR'mor-er, n. One who makes or 
has care of arms or armor. 

Ar-m5'ri-al, a. Eelonging to armor, 

__ or to the escutcheon of a family. 

AR'mo-ry,?i. 1. A place where arms, 
&c, are kept. 2. A place in which 
arms are manufactured. 

ARM'pit, ft. The hollow under the 

#> shoulder. 

ARM£, ft. pi. [Lat. arma.] 1. Instru- 
ments or weapons of offense or de- 
fense. 2. Deeds of war. 3. Ensign3 

n armorial. 

AR-'MY, ft. [From Lat. armatus.] 1. 

A body of men armed for war. 2. 

_ A great number ; a host. [cine. 

AR'N_I-€A, ft. A plant used in medi- 

A-RO'MA, n. [Gr.] The fragrant 
quality in plants. 

Ar/o-mat'io, )a. Of, or contain- 

AR'O-mat'IG-ae, j ing, aroma; 
fragrant ; spicy. 

AR'O-MAT're, ft. A fragrant plant, 
drug, or medicine, having usually a 
warm, pungent taste. 

A-RO'MA-TIZE, or AR'O-MA-TIZE, 
v. t. [-EB ; -ING.] To impregnate 
with aroma. 

A-ROgE'. Past or preterit tense of arise. 

A-ROUND', prep. 1. On all sides of. 
2. From one part to another of. — 
adv. 1. On every side. 2. Here and 
there. [awaken suddenly. 

A-ROUse', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
Srx. — To excite; animate; rouse. 

AR'QUE-BUSE (-bias), n. [D. haak-bus, 
a gun with a hook, or forked rest.] 
A sort of hand-gun. 

AR'que-bus-ier', ii. A soldier armed 
with an arquebuse. 

Ar-rack', n. [Ar. araq, from oraqn, 
to sweat.] A spirit obtained from 
riceor the cocoa-nut-tree, &c. 

Ar-raign' (-ran'), v. t. [-ed, ; -ing.] 
[From Lat. ad and ratio, reason, io. 
Low Lat. cause, judgment.] 1. To 
call or set to answer at the bar of a 
court. 2. To call in question. 

Syx.— To accuse; impeach; charge? 
censure. 

Ar-ratgn'ment (-r^n'-), n. Act of 
arraigning. 



6r, do, wqlf, too, to"ok. ; urn, rue, pull; e, i, o, silent; c, g, soft; -e, g, hard/ as; e^ist , ifasNS; this. 



ARRANGE 



24 



ASCENDENCY 



AR-RANGE', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Fr. 
arranger, from ad, to, and rang, 
rank.] 1. To put or place in proper 
order. 2. To adjust or settle. 

Ar-RANGE'ment, n. 1. Act or result 
of arranging ; classification ; state 
of being arranged. 2. Preparatory 
measure. 3. Settlement ; adjust- 
ment 

AR'RANT, a. [From Eng. errant, 
wandering.] Very bad ; notorious. 

AR'RAS, n. Tapestry ; hangings ; — 
first made at Arras in the French 
Netherlands. 

Ar-RAY', n. [0. Fr. arrai, from ad, 
to, and rai, order.] 1. Order ; dis- 
position in regular lines. 2. An or- 
derly collection. 3. Dress ; raiment. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To place in 
order, as troops for battle. 2. To 
deck or dress. 3. To set in order, 
as ajury. 

AR-REAR', n. sing. ) That which is 
Ar-rears', n.pl. J behind in pay - 
Ar-rear'age, n. ) ment, or re- 
mains unpaid, though due. 
Ar-RE€T', I a. [Lat. arrectits.] 
Ar-rect'ed, j Lifted up ; raised ; 

erect. 
Ar-REst', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Lat. ad, 
to, and restare, to remain.] 1. To 
check or hinder the motion or action 
of. 2. To seize by authority of law. 
3. To engage. 

Syn. — To chock; stop; apprehend. 

— To arrest, like seize, denotes a forcible 
and usually a sudden act. by which we 
check, stop, or detain. "When we arrest 
a criminal, we seize and detain him; 
when we apprehend, we lay hold of, for 
the same purpose. 

— n. 1. The taking of a person by 
authority of law. 2. Any seizure, or 
taking by power. 

A - r'res-ta'tion, n. Arrest or seizure. 

AR-RI'VAL, n. 1. Act of arriving. 2. 
Attainment of any object. 3. Person 
or thing arriving. 

Aa-RiVE', v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [L. Lat. 
arrivare, from Lat. ad, to. and ripa, 
bank, shore.] 1 To come in progress 
by water, or by land. 2. To gain an 
object by effort, practice, study, &c. 

AR'RO-GANCE, n. [Lat. arroganlia, 
fr. ad, to, and rogare, to ask.] Un- 
due assumption of importance. 

Syn. — Haughtiness; lordliness. — Ar- 
rogance disgusts by its assumption, 
haughtiness and lordliness by their con- 
temptuous claims to superiority. 

AR'RO-GANT, a. 1. Assuming undue 
importance. 2. Containing, or char- 
acterized by, such assumption. 

Syn. — Magisterial; lordly; overbear- 
ing; presumptuous; haughty. 

AR'RO-gant-ly, adv. Haughtily; 
very proudly. 

AR'ro-gate, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
claim unduly ; to assume. 

aVro-ga'tion, n. Act of arrogating. 

Xr'RO-ga'TIVEJ a. Making undue 
pretension. 

Ar'ROW, n. [A.-S. arrive, aretva.] 
A weapon _to be shot from a bow. 

Ar'row-root, n. A tropical plant, 
and the starch which it yields. 



Ar'SE-NAL, n. [Ar. darcinah, lit. 
house of industry.] A public estab- 
lishment for the manufacture and 
storage of arms and military equip- 
ments. 

Ar'SE-NIG (123), V. [Gr. aptrsviKov, 
from apprjv, male, on account of its 
strength.] 1. A metal of a steel 
gray color, and brilliant luster. 2. A 
virulent poison. 

Ar-sen'I€, 1 a. Belonging to, 

Ar-sEN'ig-al, J composed of, or 
containing, arsenic. 

Ar-se'ni-ous, a. Composed of, or 

..containing, arsenic. 

AR'STS,n. [Gr.] (Pros.) Part of a 
foot distinguished from the rest by a 

__ greater stress of voice. 

AR'SON, 11. [From Lat. ardere, arsum, 
to burn.] Malicious and voluntary 

m burning of buildings and ships. 

ART. Second person, indie, mode, 
pres. tense, of the substantive verb 
to be . — n. [Lat. ars.] 1, Employ- 
ment of means to accomplish some 
desired end. 2. A system of rules. 

3. Acquired power of performing 
certain actions. 4. Cunning ; artifice. 

Ar-te'ri-al, a. Pertaining to, or 
contained in, the arteries. 

Ar-te'ri-al-ize, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
To communicate the qualities of ar- 

^ terial blood to. 

Ar'TER-Y, n. [Gr. aprqpia, fr. aipeiv, 
to raise, to lift.] One of the vessels 
which convey the blood from the 
heart. 

Ar-te'sian, a. Pertaining to Artois 
(anciently Artesiitm), in France. 

Artesian wells, wells made by boring 
into the earth till the instrument reaches 
water, which, from internal pressure, 
flows spontaneously like a fountain. 

ART'FIJL, a. 1. Made, performed with, 
characterized by, or using, art. 2. 
Practicing art or stratagem. 

Syn.— Cunning; crafty; dexterous. 
ART'FUL-LY , adv. With art ; cun- 
># ningly. [ty. 

Art'ful-ness, n. Cunning; dexteri- 
Ar-THRIT'I€, ) a. Pertaining to, 
Ar-thrit'I€-AL, ] or affecting, the 

joints. 
Ar-thri'tis, n. [Gr.] Inflamma- 
tion of the joints ; the gout. 
Ar'ti-choke, n. [Ar. ardl schaukl, 
lit. , earth-thorn.] An esculent plant 
somewhat resembling a thistle. 
Ar'ti-cle (ar'ti-kl), n. [Lat. arti- 
culus, dim. of artus, a joint.] 1. A 
distinct portion of any writing, con- 
sisting of two or more particulars ; 
hence, a clause in a contract, ac- 
count, &c. 2. A distinct part. 3. A 
particular commodity or substance. 

4. ( Gram.) One of the three words, 
a, an, the.— v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] 1. 
To set forth in distinct articles. 2. 
To bind by articles. 

Ar-tig'u-lar, a. Of or belonging to 

joints. 
Ar-tig'u-late, a. 1. Formed with 

joints. 2. Distinctly uttered. — v. t. 

[-ED ; -ing.] 1. To unite by means 

of a joint. 2. To form into ele- 



any 



mentary sounds. — v. i. To utter 

articulate sounds ; to enunciate. 
Ar-tig'u-late-ly, adv. Distinctly; 

clearly. 
AR-Tl€'u-LA'TrON, n. 1. Junction, 

as of bones. 2. A joint, as in cane. 

# 3. Utterance of elementary sounds. 
Ar'TI-FICE , ii. [Lat. artificium , from 

ars, art, suidfacere, to make.] Art- 
ful or skillful contrivance ; device. 

Syn. — Stratagem; finesse; deception} 
cheat; fraud. 

Ar-tif'i-cer, n. 1. A skillful work- 
man. 2. One who constructs and 
contrives. 

AR'Tl-Fi'ciAL (-ffsb/al), a. 1. Made 
or contrived by art. 2. Feigned," 
fictitious. 3. Cultivated. 

AR'ti-fi'cial-ly, adv. By art. 

Ar-TIL'ler-ist, n. One skilled in 
gunnery. 

Ar-TIL'ler-Y, n. [L. Lat. artilleria, 
from Lat. ars, art.] 1. Offensive 
weapons of war. 2. Cannon ; great 
guns. 3. Those who manage cannon 
and mortars. 

Art'i-s_an, n. One skilled 

# mechanical art. 
ART'IST, n. One who professes and 

practices one of the liberal arts. 

AR-TiST're. ) a. Pertaining to, or 

AR-TlST're-AL, j marked by, art. 

ArT'LESS, a. 1. Free from art or 
craft ; ingenuous. 2. Contrived 
without skill or art. [naturally. 

Art'LESS-LY, adv. Without art ; 

Art'less-ness, n. Quality of being 
artless. 

A-RfJN'Dl-NA'CEOUS,a. [Lat. arvndi- 
naceus, from arvndo, reed.] Of or 

„ like a reed or cane. 

AR'UN-lxiN'E-otJS, a. Abounding in 
reeds. 

A-RUS'PICE, n. [Lat. arvspex.] A 
priest, in ancient Rome, who fore- 
told the future by inspecting the en- 
trails of victims killed in sacrifice. 

A§, adv. [A.-S. ase.] 1. Like; simi- 
lar to. 2. While ; during. 3. In 
the idea, character, nature, or condi- 

w tion of. 4. For instance ; thus. 

AS'A-FET'I-DA, \n. [N. Lat. asa 

AS'A-fcet'I-DA, j and Lat. fatidus, 
fetid.] A fetid, inspissated sap from 
the East Indies. [asbestus. 

As-bes'tine, a. Pertaining to 

AS-BES'TUS, j 11. [Gr. aopeo-TOS, fr. a 

As-BES'TOS, J priv. and afievvvvai, 
to extinguish.] A fibrous variety of 
hornblende and pyroxene. 

As-CEND', v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
ascender e, from ad, to, and scandere, 
to climb.] To mount ; to go up ; to 
rise. — v. t. To go or move upward 
upon ; to climb. [ascended. 

As-cend'A-ble, a. Capable of being 

As-cend'ant, a. 1. Above the hori- 
zon. 2. Superior; predominant.— 
n. 1. Superior influence. 2. (Astrol.) 
The horoscope, or that degree of the 
ecliptic which rises above the horizon 
at the time of one's birth. 

As-cend'en-cy, n. Superior or con- 
trolling influence. 

Syn. — Authority; sway; control. 



A, f, i, 6,u, Y,long; a, e,I, 6, u, y, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, fIrm; son, 



ASCENSION 



25 



ASSERTOR 



As-CEN'sion, n. Act of ascending. 

As-CENT', n. 1. Act of rising. 2. 
Way by which one ascends. 3. A hill, 
or high place. 4. Inclination. 

AVCER-TAIN', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. ad, to, and certum, sure.] 1. 
To make certain. 2. To find out for 
a certainty. 

AVcer-tain'a-ble, a. Capable of 
being ascertained. 

AVcer-tain'ment, n. Amakingor 
gaining certainty. 

As-CET'ic, n. One who practices un- 
due rigor or self-denial in religious 
things. — a. [Gr. ao-zaj-riicos, from 
aaneiv, to exercise.] Unduly rigid in 
religious things. 

As-CET'l-cIs_M, n. Practice of ascetics. 

AS-^'lT'I-e, ) a. [Gr. acr/ciTT/?, from 

As-ClT'IG-AL, j acncos, belly.] Tend- 
ing to dropsy of the abdomen. 

As-eRlB'A-BLE, a. Capable of being 
ascribed. 

As-€RIBE', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
ascribere , from ad, to, and scribere, to 
write.] To attribute to, as a cause 
or quality ; to impute ; to assign. 

As-€RIP'tion, n. 1. Act of ascrib- 
ing. 2. Thing ascribed. 

Ash,_m. [A.-S. sesc] A forest tree. 

A-shamed'. a. [See Shame.] Af- 
fected by shame ; abashed by a con- 
sciousness of guilt, &c. 

Ash'en, a. 1. Made or former! of ash- 
wood. 2. Of the color of ashes. 

Ash'er-y, n. A place for putting 
ashes. 

XsH'Eg, rc. pi. [A.-S. asca.] 1. Earthy 
or mineral particles remaining after 
combustion. 2. Remains of a dead 
body. 

^sh'lar, ) n. 1. Free-stones as they 

AsH'LER, j come from the quarry. 
2. Hewn stones for facing of walls. 

A-shore', adv. On or to shore. 

Ash'-Wednes'day (-wE'nz / dy), n. 
The first day'of Lent. 

Asil'Y, a. Ash-colored ; like ashes. 

A -side', adv. On, or to, one side ; out 
of the way ; apart. 

As'1-NINE, a. [Lat. asinimis,fr.asi- 
nus, ass.] Belonging to, or having 

. the qualities of, an ass. 

ABK(G),v.t.ori. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. 
ascian, acsian.] To request ; to seek 
to obtain by words ; to petition. 

Syn.— To solicit; beg; entreat; claim; 
demand; require; interrogate. 

As-KANCE', 1 adv. [D. schuin, schu- 

As-kant', J ins.] Obliquely ; side- 
wise. 

A-skeW (a-sku'), adv. Sideways; 
askant. 

A-slant'. adv. In a slanting man- 
ner ; obliquely. 

A-sleep', adv. 1. In a state of sleep. 
2. Dead. [scent. 

A-slope', adv. With a slope or de- 

AsP. n. [Gr. ao-rrCs] A small, hooded, 
and poisonous serpent. 

AS-PAR'A-GUS,n. [Gr. aa-vapayo?.] A 
culinary plant cultivated in gardens. 

As'PE€T, n. [Lat. aspectus, from ad, 
to, and spicere, to look.] 1. Look ; 
countenance ; mien. 2. Appearance 



to the eye or the mind. 3. Position 
or situation in relation to the points 
of the compass. 

As'pen, n. [A.-S. sespe, sssp.] One 
of several species of poplar. — a. 
Pertaining to the aspen. 

As-PER'1-TY, n. [Lat. asperitas, from 
asper, rough.] 1. Roughness of sur- 
face, taste, or sound. 2. Harshness 
of spirit and language. 

Syn. — Acrimony ; bitterness; rough- 
ness ; sourness ; tartness ; crabbedness ; 
moroseness. 

As-P£RSE' (14), v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. aspergere, aspersum, fr. ad, to, 
at, and sparger e, to strew, scatter.] 
To bespatter with foul reports or false 
and injurious charges. 

Syn. — To calumniate; slander; de- 
fame. —To slander and calumniate are to 
charge with a crime falsely and knowing- 
ly; to asperse is to cast blots upon the 
character of some one; to defame is to 
assail reputation by falsehood. 

As-p£r'SION, n. 1. A sprinkling, as 
of water or dust. 2. Calumny. 

As-PHALT', ) n. [Gr. ao-f^aAro?.] 

As-phal'TUM, j Compact native bit- 
umen. 

As-PHALT're, a. Pertaining to, or 
containing, asphalt. 

As-PHYX'I-A, in. [Gr. ao-fogta, fr. a. 

As-phyx'y, J priv. and <r</>v£i?, 
throbbing pulse.] Apparent death, 
or suspended animation 

As-PIR'ANT, a. Aspiring. — n. One 
who aspires or seeks eagerly. 

Xs'PI-RATE,^. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
aspirare, from ad, to, and spirare, to 
breathe, blow.] To pronounce with 
a breathing or full emission of breath . 

As'PI-RATE (45), n. 1. A letter marked 
with a note of breathing. 2. A mark 
of aspiration (') used in Greek. 3. A 
whispered or non-vocal consonant. 
— a. Pronounced with a rough 
breathing. 

AVpi-RA'tion, n. 1. Pronunciation 
of a letter with a full emission of 
breath. 2. Strong wish or desire. 

As-pire', v. i. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To 
desire with eagerness ; to long. 2. 
Torise ; to ascend. 

As-pir'er, n. One who aspires or 
seeks earnestly. 

A-squint', adv. To the corner of the 

. eye; obliquely. 

Ass, n. [A.-S. as- 
sa.] 1. A quad- 
ruped of the 
horse family, 
having a pecul- 
iarly harsh bray, 
and long, slouch- 
ing ears. 2. A 
dull, heavy, stu- 
pid fellow; a dolt. 

AVsA-For.r'1-DA, n. 

IDA. 

As-sail', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
ad, to, on, imdsalire, to leap.] 1. To 
attack with violence, or .in a hostile 
manner. 2. To attack morally. 
Syn.— To assault; beset; fall upon. 

As-sail'a-BLE, a. Capable of being 
assailed. 




Ass. 



See Asaf<et- 



As-SAII/ANT, n. One who attacks or 
assaults. — a. Assaulting ; assailing. 

As-sas'sin, n. [Ar. Uiashishin, lit., 
one who is drunk with hashish.] One 
who kills or attempts to kill by secret 
assault. 

AS-SAS'SIN-ATE. V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 

To murder by secret assault or by 
sudden violence. [sinating. 

As-sas'sin-a'tion, 7i. Act of assas- 
As-sas'sin-A'tor, n. An assassin. 
As-sault', n. [Lat. ad, to, on, and 
saltus, a leaping.] 1. A violent 
attack with blows, weapons, &c. 
2. A violent attack with words, ar- 
guments, appeals. &c. 3. (Law.) 
An attempt to beat another, accom- 
panied by a degree of violence, but 
without touching his person. 

Syn. — Attack ; invasion ; incursion ; 
descent; onset; onslaught; charge; storm. 

— v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To attack 
with great physical violence. 2. To 
attack with moral means, or with a 
view of producing moral effects. 

Syn. — Assault is the strongest term, 
being literally to leap upon; to attack is 
to commence an onset; to invade is to 
enter upon forcibly or by arms; to assail 
is nearly the same as assaidt. 

As-say', n. [Lat. exagium, a weigh- 
ing, a balance.] 1. Determination of 
the quantity of" gold or silver in an 
ore, or other compound alloy. 2. 
The substance to be assayed. 3. A 
trial of weights and measures. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To subject, as an ore 
or alloy, to chemical examination. — 
v. i. To attempt, try, or endeavor. 

As-say'er, n. One who tries or ex- 
amines metals. 

As-sem'blage, n. A collection of 
individuals, or of particular things. 

AS-SEM'BLE,1\ t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
ad, to, and simvl, together.] To 
bring or call together ; to congregate. 

— v. i. To meet or come together. 
As-sem'bly, 11. A company of per- 
sons collected together in one place. 

Syn. — Assemblage; company; meet- 
ing; collection; group. 
As-sent', n. Act of assenting. 

Syn. — Consent. — Assent is an act of 
the understanding, consent of the will or 
feelings. We assent to a statement or a 
proposition; we consent, to a proposal. 

— v.i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. assen- 
tire, fr. ad, to, and sentire, to feel, 
think.] To admit a thing as true. 

AVsen-ta'tion, n. Assent by way 
of flattery or dissimulation. 

As-s£rt' (14), v. t. [-ed: -ing.] 
[Lat. asserere, assertitm, from ad. to, 
and serere, to join together.] 1. To 
affirm positively. 2. To ^defend by 
words or measures. 

Syn. — To maintain ; aver ; affirm.— 
We assert against denial, as a right off 
claim; we maintain against opposition, 
as the ground we have taken: we affirm 
with a great confidence or firmness ; we 
arer in a peremptory manner. 

As-s£r'tion, v. 1. Act of asserting, 
2. Maintenance ; vindication. 

As-SERT'IVE, a. Affirming confi- 
dently. 

As-sErt'or, it. An affirmer. 



or, do, wolf, too, took ; urn, rue, pull ; E, I, o, silent ; c, G,soft; c, g, hard; Ag •, ejcist ; n as NG ; this. 



ASSESS 



26 



ASYMPTOTE 



As-sess', V.t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Low 
Lat. assessare, fr. Lat. assidere, to sit 
by.] 1. To tax. 2. To value for the 
purpose of taxation. 3. To fix or 
ascertain ; to estimate. 

As-sess'a-ble, a. Liable to be as- 



As-sess'ment, n. 1. Act of assess- 
ing. 2. A valuation for the purpose 
of taxation. 3. Sum charged. 

ils-sEss'OR, n. One appointed to as- 
sess persons or property. 

AVsets, n. pi. [Lat. ad. to, and sat 
or satis, enough.] Property in pos- 
session or money due. 

AS-3EV'ER-ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. asseverare. fr. ad, to, and seve- 
rus, severe, serious.] To affirm with 
solemnity. [mation. 

As-sev'er-a'tion, n. Positive affir- 

As'si-du'i-ty, n. Constant or close 
application. 

As-sid'u-ous, a. [Lat. assiduits, fr. 
ad, to. and sedcre, to sit.] Constant 
in application or attention. 

Syn.— Unwearied ; sedulous ; perse- 
vering; indefatigable. 

As-siD'u-ous-LY, adv. Diligently. 

As-SIGN' (-sin'), v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. assignare, from ad, to, and sig- 
nare, to mark.] 1. To appoint ; to 
allot. 2. To fix, specify, or designate. 
3. To transfer to another. — n. One 
to whom property or an interest is 
transferred. 

As-sign'a-ble (-sin'a-bl), a. Capable 
of being assigned. 

As'siG-NA'TION, n. An appointment 
to meet ; — used of love meetings. 

AVsign-ee' (its'sT-ne'), n. One to 
whom something is assigned, [signs. 

As-sign'ER (-sin 7 -), n. One who as- 

As-sTgn'ment (-sin'-), n. 1. Act of 
assigning. 2. Transfer of title or in- 
terest or property. 3. Writing by 
which an interest is transferred. 

AVsign-or' (-si-nor'), n. (Law.) 
One who assigns an interest. 

AS-SIM'I-LATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. assimilare, fr. ad, to, and sim- 
ilis, like.] 1. To cause to resemble. 
2. To convert into a like substance. 

— v.i. To become similar. 
As-SiM'l-LA'TlON, n. Act of assim- 
ilating, [of assimilating. 

As-SIM'I-LA-TIVE, a. Having power 

As-sist', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Lat. 
assistere, from ad, to, and sistere, to 
cause to stand.] To give support to ; 
to succor. [relief. 

As-s'ist'ance, n. Help ; aid ; succor ; 

As-sTst'ant, a. Helping; auxiliary. 

— n. One who assists, 
As-SIZE', n. [From Lat. assidere, to 

sit by. See Assess.] 1. Lit., a sit- 
ting. 2. A regulation, particularly 
about the weight of bread, &c. 3. 
Periodical sessions of the superior 
courts in the counties of England; 

— usually in the pi. — v.t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To fix the weight, measure, 
or price of, by authority. 

As-so'cia-ble (-sha-), a. 1. Capable 
of being associated. 2. Sociable ; 
companionable. 



As-so'ci-ate (-so'shT-, 95), v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] [Lat. associare, from ad, to, 
and socius, companion.] 1. To join 
in company. 2. To unite in the 
same mass. — a. Closely connected 
or joined with some other. — n. A 
companion ; a mate ; a partner. 

As-sS'ci-a'tion (-shl-a'shun), n. 1. 
Union; connection. 2. Union of 
persons in a society for some partic- 
ular purpose. 

As-so'ci-a'tion-al (-sh!-), a. Per- 
taining to an association. 

As-so'ci-a-tive (-shT-), a. Tending 
or pertaining to association. 

Xs'so-nance, n. A kind of imperfect 
rhyme. 

As-sort', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
ad, to, and sors, lot.] To distribute 
into classes. 

As-s6rt'ment, n. 1. Distribution 
intoelasses. 2. Things assorted. 

As-sUAGE'(-swaj'), v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. ad, to, and suavis, sweet.] To 
allay or lessen, as pain or grief; to 



Syn. — To relieve ; soothe ; mitigate ; 

alleviate; pacify. 
As-suage'ment, n. Abatement; 

mitigation. [ing ; easing. 

As-sua'sTve,' a. Mitigating; soften- 
As-sume', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 

assumere, fr. ad, to, and sumere, to 

take.] J. To take on one's self. 

2. To take for granted. 3. To pre- 
tend to possess. — v. i. To be arro- 
gant ; to claim unduly. 

As-sum'er, n. An arrogant person. 

As-suitip'siT,n. [Lat.] (Laiv.) A 
promise or an action to recover dam- 
ages for a breach of a contract or 
promise. 

As-siJMP'TlON(84), n. 1. Act of as- 
suming ; supposition. 2. Thing sup- 
posed, [assumed. 

As-sujvip'tive, a. That is or may be 

As-sur'ance (-shyjr'-), n. 1. Act of 
assuring. 2. Freedom from doubt. 

3. Firmness of mind. 4. Impudence= 
5. Insurance. 

As-sure' (a-shur', 30), v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] [L. Lat. assecurare, fr. Lat 
ad, to, and sccurus, sure] 1. To 
make sure or certain. 2. To confirm. 
3. To covenant to indemnify for loss. 
Syn. — To assert; declare; avouch; 
protest; insure. 

As-sur'ed-ly, adv. Without doubt. 

AS'TER-ISK, n. [Gr. do-repio-Kos, dim. 
of ao-rrip, star.] The mark [*] in 
printing and writing. 

A-st£rn', adv. L In, at, or toward, 
the hinder part of a ship. 2. Behind 
a ship. 

AVter-OID, n. [Gr. dcrTepotSij?, star- 
like.] One of the small planets be- 
tween Mars and Jupiter. 

AVter-oid'al, a. Pertaining to the 
asteroids. 

As-THEN'I€, a. [Gr. ao-Bevi/cos, from d 
priv. and crfleVo?, strength.] Char- 
acterized by debility. 

Asth'ma (ast'ma, as'ma, or az'ma, 
100), n. [Gr.,fr. aeiv, to blow.] A 
disorder of respiration. 



ASTH-MAT'I€ ) (ast-, as-, or az-), 

Asth-mat'I€-AL J a. Pertaining to, 
or affected by, asthma. 

As-TON'ISH, v. t. [Lat. attonare, fr. 
ad, to, and tonare, to thunder. See 
Astound.] To strike dumb with 
sudden fear, terror, surprise, or won- 
der ; to amaze. 

As-ton'ish-ing, a. Of a nature to 
excite astonishment. 

As-ton'ish-ment, n. Confusion of 
mind from fear or surprise, at an ex- 
traordinary or unexpected event. 
Syn. —Amazement; wonder; surprise. 

AS-TOUND', V. t. '[-ED; -ING.] [0. 
Eng. astone, to astonish.] To as- 
tonish. 

Xs'TRA-GAL, n. [Gr. do-TpayaAos.] 
A little round molding around a 
column. [starry. 

AS'TRAL, a. Belonging to the stars; 

A-stray', adv. Out of, or from the 
right way ; wrong. 

A-STRlDE', adv. With the legs apart. 

AS-TRINGE', v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
astringere, fr. ad, to, and stringere, 
to strain.] To bind fast ; to constrict. 

As-TRIN'GEN-CY, n. Quality of be- 
ing astringent. 

As-trin'gent, a. Binding ; contract- 
ing. — n. A medicine that causes 
vital contraction in the organic text- 
ures. 

AS'TRO-LABE, * 71. 
[Gr do-rpoAd/Sos, 
from doTpov, star, 
and Aajixj3dvetv, Ad- 
/3eiv, to take.] An 
instrument for tak- 
ing the altitude of 
the sun or stars at 

As-TROL'O-GER, tt. Astrolabe. 
[Gr dorpoAoyos, fr. dcrrpoi/, star, and 
Adyos, discourse.] One Avho pretends 
to foretell events by the aspects of 
the stars. 

As'tro-l6g'I€, 1 a. Pertaining 

as'tro-log'io-al, J to astrology. 

As-trol'o-gy, n. The science of 
predicting events by the aspects or 
situation of the stars. 

As-TRON'O-MER, n. [Gr. dcrrpovdfxos, 
from aa-rpov, star, and ovo/xos, law, 
rule.] One versed in astronomy. 

Xs'tro-nom'ig, ) a. Pertaining 

AS'TRO-NOM'IG-AL, j to astronomy. 

As-tron'o-my, n. The science that 
teaches the knowledge of the hea- 
venlv bodies. 

As-tute' (29), a. [Lat. astutus.] 
Critically examining or discerning. 

Syn.— Shrewd ; discerning ; subtle ; 
cunning; sagacious. 

As-tute'ness, n. Shrewdness ; cun- 
ning: subtlety. 

A-srm'DER, adv. Apart; separately. 

A-SY'LUM. n. [Gr. dcrOAov, fr. dcruAo?, 
inviolable.] 1. A place of refuge. 2. 
An institution for the deaf and 
dumb, or the insane. 

A-SYM'ME-TRY, 11. [Gr. d<rvp.p.eTpia, 
from d priv. and o-vfifxeTpia, symme- 
try.] Want of proportion. 

AS'YMF-TOTE [sometimes pron. 




CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, V£IL, TERM J PIQUE, FIRM ; SON, 



A, E, I, 6,u, Y,long; A,E } I, 6,U, y, short, 



ASYNDETON 



27 



ATTIRE 



Bym'tot), n. [Gr. d<rv>7rrwTOS.] A 
line which approaches some curve, 
but, though infinitely extended, 
would never meet it. 

A-STN' DE-TON, n. [Gr.] A figure 
which omits the connective, as, J 
came, saiv, conquered. 

.X.T, prep. [A.-S. set, Lat. ad.] Prima- 
rily, this word expresses the relations 
of presence, nearness in place or time, 
or direction toward. From this 
original import are derived all the 
various uses of at, which denotes, — 
1. The relation of an external or 
outward situation, or of attendant 
circumstances or appendages. 2. 
The relation of some state or con- 
dition. 3. The relation of some em- 
ployment or action. 4. A relation 
of degree. 5. The relations of occa- 
sion, reason, consequence, or effect. 

Xt'a-bal, n. [Ar. l at-HabL] A ket- 
tle-drum; a tabor. 

ATE, pret. of Eat. See Eat. 

A'the-ism, n. A disbelief in the being 
of a God. 

A'THE-IST, n. [Gr. aOeos, without 
God.] One who denies the existence 
of God. 

A'THE-lST're, ) a. Pertaining to 

A'THE-i'ST'lG-AL, J atheism ; deny- 
ing a God ; impious. 

AtH'E-NE'UM, I n. [Gr. "Ae-qvalov, 

Ath'e-NjE'um:, I a temple of Ath- 
ena at Athens.] 1. A literary or 
scientific association. 2. A public 
library and reading-room. 

A-the'NI-an, a. Pertaining to Athens, 
in Greece. 

A-thTrst' (18), a. 1. Thirsty. 2. 
Having a keen desire. 

Ath'LETE, n. [Gr. a&Vq-njs, fr. a0Ao?, 
a6Kov, prize.] A contender for vic- 
tory in wrestling, &c. 

Ath-let'I€, a. Belonging to wrest- 
ling, &c. ; hence, strong ; vigorous. 

A-THWART', prep. Across. — adv. 
1. Sid'ewise. 2. So as to cross and 
perplex. 

A-tilt', adv. 1. So as to make a 
thrust. 2. With one end raised. 

At'lan-te'an, a. Pertaining to or 
resembling Atlas. 

At-lan'tes, n. pi. Figures of men, 
used to support an entablature. 

At'las, n. ; pi. at'las-es. 1. A col- 
lection of maps. 2. A volume of 
plates. 3. A kind of large drawing 
paper. 

Xt'MOS-PHERE, n. [Gr. a.Tju.6?, vapor, 
and o-<t>cupa, sphere.] 1. The aeriform 
fluid surrounding the earth. 2. 
Pressure of the air on a unit of 
surface. 

AVmos-pher'ic, ) a. Relating to 

ATVMOS-PHER'IC-AL, J the atmos- 
phere. 

AT'OM, n. [Gr. aToju.0?, indivisible, 
fr. d priv. and Tejuveti/, to cut.] 1. 
An ultimate or a constituent particle 
of matter. 2. Any thing extremely 
small. 

A-?6M^:A L J a - Relatin g toatom8 - 

AT'OM-l§M, n. Doctrine of atoms. 



Xt'OM-Ist, n. One who holds to the 
atomical philosophy. 

A-TONE', v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [From 
at one, i. e., to be, or cause to be, 
at one.] To stand as an equivalent ; 
toexpiate. 

A-t6ne'ment, n. 1. Reconciliation. 
2. Satisfaction by giving an equiva- 
lent for an injury ; expiation. 

A-top', adv. At or on the top ; above. 

At'ra-BI-LA'ri-OUS, a. [Lat. atra 
bilis, black bile.] Affected with mel- 
ancholy. 

AVra-men'tal, ) a. [Lat. atra- 

At/ra-men'toOs, ) mentum, ink.] 
Black, like ink ; inky. 

A-TR5'CIous, a. [Lat. atrox, cruel.] 
Extremely heinous ; very wicked. 

Syx. — Flagitious ; flagrant. — Flagi- 
tious points to an act as grossly wicked or 
vile; flagrant (literally, flaming) marks 
the vivid impression made upon us by 
some great crime; atrocious represents it 
as springing from a violent and cruel 
spirit. 

A-tr5'cious-LY, adv. Enormously. 

A-troc'i-ty, n. Extreme heinous- 
ness ; enormity, as of guilt. 

AT'RO-PHY, n. [Gr. arpofyia, from a. 
priv. and Tpe$eii>, to nourish.] A 
wasting away from lack of nourish- 
ment. 

At-tach', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Fr. 
attacker ; Eng. tack, to fasten.] 1. To 
bind, fasten, or tie. 2. To take by 
legal authority. 3. To take or seize 
by force. 4. To connect. 

Syx.— To fasten; affix; win. 

Attache (at'tii/sha'), n. [Fr.] One 
attached to the suite of an embassa- 
dor. 

At-tach'ment, n. 1. Act of at- 
taching or state of being attached. 2. 
Any affection that binds a person. 3. 
That which attaches. 4. An adjunct. 
5. Seizure by legal process or a writ 
for this purpose. 

At-tack', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [See 
Attach.] To fall upon with force. 
Syx.— To assail; assault. — To attack 
is to commence the contest; to assail (lit- 
erally, spring at) is to attack suddenly ; 
to assault (literally, leap upon) is to at- 
tack violently: to invade is to enter by 
force on what belongs to another. 

— n. Assault ; onset; inroad; charge. 
AT-TAIN', v. i. [Lat. attinere, to hold 
to, and attingere, to touch, reach.] 
To come or arrive, by motion or ef- 
forts ; to reach.— v. t. [-ed ; -ing. ] 
1. To reach by efforts ; to gain ; to 
compass. 2. To equal. 

Syx. — Obtain; acquire. — To obtain 
is generic, viz., to get possession of ; to 
attain, is to arrive at or rea^h something 
aimed at and thus obtained, as knowl- 
edge, or one's object; to acquire is to 
make one's own by progressive advances, 
as property or a language. 

At-tAin'A-ble, a. Capable of being 
attained. 

AT-TAIN'DER,«. [Fr. atteindre. See 
ATTATN.] Act of attainting. 

At-tain'ment, n. 1. Act of attain- 
ing, or obtaining. 2. That which is 
attained, or obtained. 

At -taint', v. t. [-ed; -ing. See 



Attainder] 1. To stain; to dis 
grace. 2. (Law.) (a.) To taint or 
corrupt, as blood, (b.) To taint, as 
the credit of jurors. — n. A stain, 
spot, or taint. 

AT-TEM'PER, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. attemperare ,fr . ad , and temper- 
are, to temper.] 1. To reduce or 
qualify, by mixture. 2. To soften. 
3. To make suitable ; to adapt. 

AT-TEMPT' (84), V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. attentare, from ad, to, and ten- 
tare, to try.] 1. To make trial 
or experiment of. 2. To make an 
attack upon. — n. An essay, trial, 
or endeavor ; an effort to gain a 
point. 

Syn.— Trial is the generic term; at- 
tempt is specific, being directed to some 
definite object; an endeavor is a con- 
tinued or repeated attempt; an ejj'ort 
and exertion is a straining of the facul- 
ties, the latter being the stronger term. 

At-tend', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
attendire, fr. ad, to. and tend ere, to 
stretch.] To go or stay with ; to 
wait on ; to serve ; to accompany ; 
to be united to. — v.i. 1. To pay 
attention ; to heed. 2. To wait or 
be in waiting. 

Syx. — To listen; hearken. — We at- 
tend with a view to hear or learn; we 
listen with a view to hear correctly or to 
consider. Hearken is to hear with in- 
terest, and with reference to obeying. 

At-tend'ance (159), n. 1. Act of 
attending or being in waiting. 2. 
Persons attending ; a train ; a ret- 
inue. 

At-tend'ant, a. Accompanying or 
connected, as consequential. — n. 
One who, or that which, attends. 

At-ten'tion, n. 1. Act of attend- 
ing. 2. Act of civility. 

Syn. — Care; heed; consideration ; re- 
spect; regard; notice. 

At-tent'Jl've, a. Full of attention. 
Syx. — Heedful ; intent ; regardful ; 
mindful; civil; polite. 

At-tent'IVE-LY, adv. Cheerfully ; 
needfully; diligently. 

At-tent'ive-ness, n. State of being 
attentive ; carefulness. 

At-ten'u-ant. a. Making less viscid ; 
thinning. — n. A medicine that 
thins or dilutes the fluids. 

At-ten'u-ate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. attenuatus, fr. ad, to, and tenu- 
is, thin.] _ To make thin, or slender. 

At-ten'u-A'tion, n. A making thin, 
or slender. 

At-test', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
attestari, from ad, to, and testis, wit- 
ness.] 1. To bear witness to. 2. 
To give proof of. 3. To call to wit- 
ness. 

At'test-a'tion, n. Official testi- 

w mony. 

AT'TI€, a. Pertaining to Attica, in 
Greece. — Attic wit, Attic salt, a 
poignant, delicate wit. — n. A story 
in the upper part of a house. 

Xt'ti-c7§M, n. Peculiar style or 
idiom of the Greek language. 

At-tire', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [0. Fr. 
attirer.] To dress ; to array. — n. 1. 



OR,do,WQLF, TOO, took ; fJRN, RUE,PyLL; E, I, O, silent ; c,G,so/<; €,&,hard; AS.; EjcisT; N. as NG ; THIS. 



ATTITUDE 



28 



AUTHENTICITY 



Clothes; ornamental dress. 2. Horns 
Of a buck. 
St'TI-TUDE (53) ? n , [For aptitude.] 
Posture or position of a person. 

Syn. — An attitude, like a gesture, is 
suited, and usually designed to express, 
some mental state, as an attitude of 
wonder, &c. ; a posture is either not ex- 

Sressive, as a reclining posture, or is less 
ignifled and artistic. 

AT-TOR'NEY (-tOr'ny) (148), n. [0. 
Fr. attornc, fr. Lat. ad, to, and tor- 
nare, to turn.] One legally appointed 
by another to transact any business 
for him. 

AT-TOR'NEY-SHlP(at-tur-ny-), n . Of- 
fice of an attorney. 

AT-TRA€T', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [L. 
Lat. attrar.tare , from Lat. ad, to, and 
trahere, to draw.] To draw or cause 
to tend toward : to draw to, or cause 
to adhere or combine. 

S yn. — To allure ; to invite ; to engage. 

At-TRA€T'a-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing attracted. 

At-tragt'ile, a. Having power to 
attract. 

At-tra€'tion, n. 1. An invisible 
power in a body by which it draws 
any thing to itself. 2. Act of at- 
tracting. 3. Power or act of allur- 
ing, or engaging. 

Ai-TRA€T'ivE, a. Having the power 
of attracting. 

Syx. — Alluring; enticing; inviting. 

At-tract'I've-ly, adv. With the 
power of attracting. 

At-tragt'ive-ness, n. Quality of 
being attractive. 

At-tragt'or, n. One who attracts. 

Xt'TRA-HENT, n. That which at- 
tracts, [being attributed. 

At-trib'u-ta-ble, a. Capable of 

AT-TRIB'UTE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. attribuere, attributum, from ad, 
to, and tribuere, to bestow.] To con- 
sider as belonging to ; to ascribe to. 
Syn. — To impute; refer; charge. 

It'tri-bute (119), n. A thing that 
may be attributed; inherent quali- 
ty ; necessary property. 

AtVtri-bu'tion, n. L Act of at- 

w tributing. 2. Quality attributed. 

aVtrib'u-tive, a. Relating to, or 
expressing, an attribute. — n. A 
word_ denoting an attribute. 

AT-TRITE', a. [Lat. attritus, from ad, 
to, and terere, to rub.] Worn by 
rubbing or friction. 

At-tri'tion (-tnsh'un), n. 1. Act 
of wearing by friction. 2. State of 
being worn. 

At-tune', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [From 
ad, to, and tune.] 1. To put in tune. 
2. To arrange fitly. 

Au'BURN, a. [Low Lat. alburnus.] 
Reddish brown. 

Auc'TION, n. [Lat. audio, fr. augere, 
to increase.] A public sale of property 
to the highest bidder ; a vendue. 

AU€"tion-a-ry, a. Belonging to an 
auction. 

Auc'tion-eer', n. One who sells by 
auction. — v. t. To sell by auction. 

Au-da'cious, a. [Lat. avdax, fr. au- 



dere, to dare.] Contemning the re- 
straints of law ; bold in wickedness. 

AU-DA'CIOUS-LY, adv. Impudently. 

Au-DAC'I-TY, n. 1. Daring spirit or 
resolution. 2. Presumptuous im- 
pudence. 

Syn. — Hardihood ; boldness; impu- 
dence.— Hardihood and boldness may he 
used either in a good or bad sense, the 
former indicating a disregard of conse- 
quences, the latter more of spirit and en- 
terprise. 

Au'Dl-BLE, a. [L. Lat. andibilis, fr. 
audire, to hear.] Capable of being 
heard. 

Au'di-ble-ness, n. Quality of be- 
' ing audible. [heard. 

Au'di-bly, adv. In a manner to be 

AU'DI-ENCE,. n. 1. Act of hearing. 

" 2. Admittance to a hearing. 3. As- 
sembly of hearers. 

Au'DIT, n. [Lat.. fr. audire, to hear.] 
An examination of accounts by pro- 
per officers. — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
To examine and adjust, as accounts. 

Au'dit-or, n. 1. A hearer. 2. One 
authorized to adjust accounts. 

Au'di-to'ki-Om, n. The portion of 
a public building in which the au 
dience is placed 

Au'dit-or-ship, n Office of auditor. 

X.u'dit-0-ry, a. Pertaining to the 
sense of hearing. — n. An audience. 

Au-GE'AN, a. Belonging to Augeas 

" or his stable, which contained 3000 
oxen; hence filthy ; dirty. 

Au'ger, ii. [A.-S. nafegar, lit., a nave- 

" borer.] A carpenter's tool to bore 
holes with. 

Aught (awt), n. [A.-S. auht, Goth. 
vaikts, a thing.] Any thing. 

AUG-MENT', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
augmentare, fr. augere, to increase.] 
To enlarge or increase ; to make big- 
ger. — v. i. To grow larger. 

AUG'MENT, n. 1. Enlargement; in- 
crease. 2. ( Gr. Gram.) A sign of 
past time. 

Aug'men-ta/tion, n. Act of aug- 

" menting, or state of being augment- 
ed ; enlargement. 

Aug-ment'a-tive, a. Having the 
quality of augmenting. 

Au'gur, n. [Lat.] One who pretend- 

"ed to foretell future events by the 
flight of birds, &c. ; a soothsayer. — 
v. [-ed ; -ing.] To conjecture or 
foretell by signs or omens. 

Au'GU-RAL, I a. Pertaining to au- 

Au-GU'RI-AL, I gurs or augury. 

Au'GU-RY,n. 1. A foretelling of events 

" by the actions of birds, &c. 2. An 
omen : prediction. 

Au-GOST', a. [Lat. augustus, fr. au- 
gere, to increase.] Creating extra- 
ordinary respect and veneration. 
Syn.— Grand; imposing; majestic. 

Au'gust, n. Eighth month of the 
year. 

Au-GUS'TAN, a. Pertaining to Au- 
gustus or to his times. 

Au-gust'ness, n. Dignity ; majesty ; 
grandeur. 

Au-LET'IG, a. [Gr. auXrjTiKos. from 
avAos, flute.] Pertaining to pipes. 



Au'LI€, a. [Gr. avAiKOs/J Pertain 
ing to a royal court. 

Aunt (ant), n. [Lat. amita.] A fa- 
ther's or mother's sister. 

Au'ra, n. ; pi. Au'RJE. [Lat.] Any- 
subtile, invisible fluid, supposed to 
flowfrom a body. 

Au'ra-ted, a. [Lat. auratus.] Rc- 
' sembling gold. 

A it-re* O-LA, ) n. [Lat. aureolus, dim. 

Au'RE-OLE, J of aureus, golden] 
The circle of rays, with which paint- 
ers surround the body of Christ, 
saints, &c. 

AU'RI-€LE, n. [Lat. auricula, dim. 
of auris, ear] 1. The external ear. 
2. One of two sacs at the base of the 
heart. 

Au-ric'u-LAR, a. Pertaining to, or 
told in. the ear. [ear. 

Au-Ri'c'u-LATE, a. Shaped like an 

Au-RlF'ER-OUS, a. [Lat. aurifer,f\: 
aurum, gold, and ferre, to bear.] 
Yielding gold. 

Au'ri-form, a. [Lat. auris, ear, and 

' forma, form.] Ear-shaped. 

Au'RlST, n. One skilled in disorders 
of the ear. 

Au-ro'ra, n. [Lat.] 1. The dawning 
light. 2. A species of crowfoot. 

Auroira borea/lis, a luminous meteoric 
phenomenon, seen only at night; called 
also northern lights. 

Au-r6'ral, a. Belonging to, or re- 
sembling, the aurora. 

Aus'GUL-TA'TlON, n. [Lat. auscul. 

" tatio, fr. auris, ear.] Act of listening, 
especially to sounds in the chest, by 
means of a stethoscope. 

Au'spice, n. / pi. au'spi-ces.. [Lat. 
auspicium.] Omens; augury; fa- 
vor shown ; patronage. 

Au-SPi'ciotJS (-spish'us). a. Having 

" omens of success or favorable ap- 
pearances. 

Syn. — Prosperous; fortunate; lucky; 
favorable; propitious. 

Au-SPl'CIOUS-LY (-spjsh'us-). adv. 

" With favorable tokens ; prosperous- 
ly ; happily. 

AU-STERE', a. [Gr. avtmypo?.] 1. 
Sour with astringency. 2. Severe in 
modes of judging, living, or acting. 
Syn. — Rigid; harsh; rough; stern. 

Au-stere'ly, adv. Severely : rigidly. 

Au-STEr'I-ty, 11. Severity of man- 
ners or living ; strictness. 

Au'stral, a. [Lat. auster, south 

" wind.] Of or tending to the south ; 
southern. 

Au-THEN'TI€, \a. [Gr. avGevri- 

Au-then'tI€-al, ) k6%.) Of ap- 
proved authority ; to be relied on. 

Syn. — True; certain; faithful; credi- 
ble; reliable; genuine. Authentic and 
genvine were once used as convertible 
terms, but a distinction is now madj 
between them, the former being opposed 
to false, and the latter to spurious, as, an 
authentic history, a genuine manuscript. 

AU-THEN'TI-€ATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To establish by proof, [thenticating. 

AU-THEN'TI-CA'TION, n. Act of au- 

Au'THEN-Ttc'l-TY, n. Quality of 

" being authentic ; reliability ; gen- 
uineness. 



k E • I, O, U, Y, long; A, E, I, 6, 0, Y, short; CA^II, FAR, A6K, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM ; PIQUE, FIRM ; SON. 



AUTHOR 



29 



AWARD 



Au'THOR, n . [Lat. auctor, fr. augere, 
to increase, produce.] 1. Beginner or 
former of any thing ; creator ; orig- 
inator. 2. One who writes a book. 

Au'thor-ess, n. A female author 
or writer. 

Au-thor'i-TA-tiVE, a. 1. Having 
authority. 2. Positive. 

Au-th6r'i-ta-ti've-l,Y, adv. With 
authority : positively. 

Au-THORM-tv, ra. 1. Legal or right- 
ful power ; rule ; influence ; credit. 
2. pi. Sayings which carry weight ; 
persons in power. 

Syn.— Force; rule: sway; commands 
dominion; control; influence; warrant. 

Au'thor-i-za'tion, ra. Establish- 

" merit by authority. 

AU'THOR-IZE, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 

" To clothe with authority. 2. To le- 
galize. 3. To establish by authority. 
4. To give authority to. [author. 

Au'thor-ship, n. State of being an 

Au'to-bi-og'ra-PHER, ra. One who 
writes a life of himself. 

Au'TO-Bl'o-GRAPH're-AL, a. Per- 

" taining to autobiography. 

AU'TO-BI-OG'RA-PHY, ra. [Or. ai>T6<S, 

" self, and Eng. biography.] A memoir 
or biography of 3. person written by 
himself. 

Au-TO€'RA-CY, n. An absolute gov- 
ernment by one person ; uncon- 
trolled authority. 

AU'TO-€RAT, n. [Gr. avTOKpaTT??, fr. 
avros, self, and /cpa-ros, strength.] 
An absolute prince or sovereign. 

Au'to-€RAt'I€, a. Absolute. 

AU'TO-DA-FE f (-fa 7 ), n. [Pg.] 1. 

" Punishment of a heretic by burning. 
2. The sentence then read. 

Au'TO-GRAPH, ra. [Gr. avroypatyos, 
fr. avTos, self, and ypa<f>etv, to write.] 
A person's own hand-writing; an 
original manuscript. 

Au'TO-GRAPH'lo, ) a. Pertaining 

Au'to-graph'io-al, J to, or con- 

" sistiug in one's own handwriting. 

Au-tog'ra-phy, ra. A person's own 
writing. 

Au'to-mat'I€, 1 a. Pertaining to, 

Au'TO-MAT'l€-AL, j or performed 

" by, an automaton ; self-acting. 

Au-tom'a-ton, ra. ; pi. au-tom'a- 

TON§ ; Lat. pi. ATJ-TOM'A-TA. 
[Gr. avTOfiarov, from auro?, self, and 
fideiv, to move.] A machine moved 
by interior machinery which imitates 
the actions of men or animals. 
Au-TON'O-MY, ra. [Gr. avrovonia, fr. 
auTos, self, and vo(w.6s, law.] Power 
or right of self-government. 

Au'TOP-SY, n. [Gr. avro^ia, fr. o.ut6s, 
"and 6t|/is, sight.] A post-mortem 
examination. 

Au'TO-TifPE,n. [Gr. air T 6?, self, and 
Tu7ros, an impression.] (Photog.) A 
photographic transcript of a picture, 
by a certain process. 

Au'tumn (aw / tum7, ra. [Lat. auc- 
tumnus, from augere, to increase, to 
furnish abundantly.] The third 
season of the year ; fall. 

Au-tOm'nal, a. Of or belonging to 
autumn. 



AUX-lL'IA-RY, a. [Lat. auxiliaris, fr. 
augere, to increase.] Helping; assist- 
ing. — ra. 1. A helper ; an assistant ; 
asp. in the pi., foreign troops in the 
service of a nation at war. 2. A verb 
helping to form the moods and tenses 
ofother verbs. 

A- VAIL', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. ad, 
to, and valere, to be strong, to be 
worth.] To profit ; to assist ; to 
promote. — v. i. To be of use or ad- 
vantage. — ra. Advantage ; use ; — 
pi. _, profits or proceeds. 

A-vaii/a-b'ii/I-ty, Ira. State of be- 

A-VAll/A-BLE-NEss, j ing available. 

A-VAII/A-BLE , a. 1. Capable of being 
used to advantage ; profitable ; able 
toeffect the object ; valid. 

A-VAli/A-BLY, adv. With success or 
effect. 

AVa-lXnche', ra. [Fr.,from Lat. ad, 
to, and vallis, valley.] A vast body 
of snow, ice, or earth sliding down a 
mountain. 

X v'A-rice , ra. [Lat. avaritia, fr. avere, 
to covet.] Excessive love of gain. 

AVa-ri'ciqus (-rish'us), a. Greedy 
after wealth or gain. 

Syn. — Covetous; parsimonious; pe- 
nurious ; miserly ; niggardly. — The 
covetous eagerly desire wealth, even at 
the expense of others; the avaricious 
hoard it ; the penurious, parsimonious, 
and miserly save it by disgraceful self- 
denial; and the niggardly, by meanness. 
in their dealings. 

XVa-ri'cious-ly (-rish'us), adv. 
Covetously ; greedily. 

AVa-ri'cioOs-ness (-rish/us-), ra. 
Undue love of money, [hold ; stop. 

A-V AST', inter j. [D. haud 'fast.] Cease; 

Av'A-TAR', ra. [Skr. avatara, descent.] 
An incarnation of a Hindoo deity. 

A-vaunt', inter j. Begone. 

A've-Ma'ry, ra. A prayer to the 
Virgin Mary, beginning Ave Maria 
[Hail, Mary.] 

AVe-na'ceoOs, a. [Lat. avena, oats.] 
Relating to oats. 

A-VENGE', v. t. [0. Fr. avengier, from 
Lat. vindicare.] [-ED;-ING.] To 
vindicate by inflicting pain or evil on 
the wrongdoer. 

Syn. — Revenge. — It may be right to 
avenge injuries, but never to indulge 
revenge, which is a spirit of malicious 
resentment. 

A-VENG'ER, ra. One who takes ven- 



Xv'E-NUE,ra. [Fr., from Lat advenire, 
to come to.] 1. An entrance to any 
place. 2. A shady alley or walk. 3. 
A wide street. 

A-VJEr' (14), v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Low 
Lat. averare, from ad, to, and verus, 
true.] To declare positively. 
Syn. — To affirm ; protest; avouch. 

Iv'ER-AGE (45), a. 1. Medial: con- 
taining a mean proportion. 2. Ac- 
cording to the laws of average. — ra. 
[0. Fr. See AVER.] A mean pro- 
portion ; medial sum, quantity, or 
estimate, —v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
reduce to a mean ; to proportion. — 
v. i. To be or form a medial sum or 
quantity. 



A-VEr'MENT, ra. Positive assertion 

A-VERSE' (14), a. [See Avert.] 1 
Turned away. 2. Having a repug 
nance or opposition of mind. 

SYN. — Disinclined ; backward; re- 
luctant. — Averse is stronger than disin- 
clined and backward, but not no strong 
as reluctant. 

A-v£rse'ly, adv. 1. Backwardly. 2. 
Unwillingly. 

A-yEr'sion, ra. Opposition of mind ; 
dislike. 

Syn.— Disgust ; reluctance; repug- 
nance; antipathy. — Disgust is a repug- 
nance of feeling or taste; antipathy is 
properly a constitutional disgust, thougn 
sometimes an acquired one. 

A-V£RT', v. t. or i. [-ED; -ING.) 
[Lat. avertere, from a, ab, from, and 
vertere, to turn.] To turn or cause 

_ to turn off, aside, or away. 

A'VI-A-RY, ra. [Lat. aviarium] An 
inclosure for keeping birds. 

A-viD'l-TY, ra. [Lat. aviditas.] An 
intense desire ; strong appetite. 

Iv/O-CA'TION, ra. [Lat. avocatio, fr. 
a, ab, from, and vocare, to call.] 
Aside ; business that calls off. 

G3» Sometimes improperly used for 
vocation. 

A-VOID', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Prefix 
a and void.] 1. To keep at a distance 
from. 2. To make void. 

Syn. —To shun . — Avoid is negative; 
it is simply to keep away from. Shun ia 
positive; it is to turn from. Prudence 
may induce us to avoid, fear or dislike 
lead us to shun. We avoid bad habits; 
we ought to shun vices. 

A-VOID'A-BLE (157), a. Capable of 
being avoided. 

A-void'an^e, ra. Act of avoiding. 

Av/oir-du-pois' (aVer-du-poiz'), ra. 
or a. [Fr. avoir du poids, to have (a 
fixed) weight.] A weightof 16 ounces 
to the pound. 

A-vouch', v. t. [-ED; -ing] [Lat. 
advocare, from ad, to, and vocare, to 
call.] To declare positively. 

A-VOW, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Fr. 
avouer, fr. Lat. ad, to, and vovere, to 
vow.] To declare openly ; to own. 

A-VOW'AL, ra. An open or frank 
declaration . 

A-voWED-LY, adv. In an avowed 
manner ; openly. 

A-VOW'ER, ra. One who avows. 

A-VUL'SION, n. [Lat. avulsio, from a 
for ab, from, and vellere, to pluck.] 
A tearing asunder; forcible separa- 
tion. 

A-WAIT', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 
wait for. 2. To be in store for. 

A-WAKE', V. t. [imp. AWOKE, A- 
WAKED : p. p. AWAKED ; p. pr. & 
vb. n. AWAKING.] 1. To rouse from 
sleep. 2. To put into action or new 
life. — v. i. To cease to sleep ; to 
come out of a state resembling sleep. 
— a. Not sleeping ; in a state of 
wakefulness. 

A-WAK'£N, V. t. & i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To rouse from sleep or torpor 

A-WARTJ', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [0. Fr. 
awarder. See GUARD.] To assign 
by sentence ; to adjudge. — v. i. To 
make an award. — r,. 1 . A sentence, 



or, do,wqlf,too, to~ok ; urn, rue, PULL ; E, I, o, silent ; c, G, soft; €,5, hard; Ag; E jist ; N as ng; this. 



AWARDER 



30 



BADGER 



or final decision ; the decision of ar- 
bitrators. 

A-ward'er, n. One who awards. 

A-w£re', a. Apprised ; cognizant. 

A- WAY', adv. At a distance. — interj. 
Begone. 

AWE, n. [A.-S. oga, fr. Goth, agan, 
ogan, to tear.] Fear mingled with 
admiration or reverence. 

Syn. — Dread ; veneration.— Rever- 
ence is a strong sentiment of respect and 
esteem, sometimes mingled slightly with 
fear. Dread is strong personal fear; as, 
dread of punishment. Veneration is 
reverence in its strongest manifestation; 
it is the highest emotion we can exer- 
cise toward human beings. 
— v. t. [-ED; -ing.] To strike 
with fear and reverence. 

Aw'ful, a. Striking with awe ; ter- 
rible, [net. 

AW'FUL-LY, adv. In an awful man- 

Aw'ful-ness, n. Quality of striking 
with awe. 

g -while', adv. Tor a short time. 

.AWK'WARD, a. [0. Eng. awk, left, 

" and the termination ward.] Want- 
fng dexterity, readiness, or grace. 

Syn. — Clumsy; uncouth. — One who 
is clumsy is heavy, and, of course, un- 
graceful in every thing; one who is awk- 
ward wants grace of movement; one 
who is uncouth is so for want of training. 

Awk'ward-ly, adv. In an awk- 
' ward manner. 



Awk'wakd-NESS, n. Quality of be- 
" ing awkward. 

Awe, n. [A.-S. sel, al.] A pointed 
" instrument for making small holes. 
Awn, n. [Goth, ahana.] Beard of 
" barley, oats, grasses, &c. 
Awn'ing, n. [Of. A.-S. helan, to 
" cover.] A covering from the sun, 

wind, or rain. 
Awn'less, a. Without awn or beard. 
A-WOKE', imp. & p. p. of Awake. 
A- WRY' (a-rF), a. or adv. 1. To one 

side ; asquint. 2. Aside from truth 

or reason. 
Ix, In. [A.-S. eax, sex; Gr. a£Lvr).] 
Axe, J An instrument for hewing 

timber, chopping wood, &c. 
Ax-iF'ER-oOs. a. [Lat. axis and fer- 

re , to bear . ] Having an axis , witho ut 

leaves or other appendages. 
AX'IL-LAR, ) a. Pertaining to the 
AX'IL-LA-RY, ) armpit. 
Ax'l-OM. n. [Gr. a£ia>/ua.] A self- 
evident truth or proposition. 

Syn. — Maxim; aphorism; adage.— 
Axioms are the foundations of science; 
maxims are guiding principles in our 
practical concerns. An aphorism is a 
detached sentence expressing a weighty 
sentiment; an adage is a saying of long- 
established authority. 
ax'i-o-mat'ic, a. Pertaining to, or 
having the nature of, an axiom. 



An axle. 
Ay ) (ai), adv. Yes : 




\x'is, n.; pi. ax'e§. [Lat.] Tb„ 
straight line, real or imaginary, on 
which a body revolves, or may be 
supposed to revolve. 

AX'le (Sks'l), n. [A.-S. 
sex, eax.] A trans- "^Bllll 
verse bar or shaft on 
which wheels turn. 

ax'le-tree (aks'l-), n. 

C, Axle, 
used to af- 

AYE J firm or assent. — h. 1. An 
affirmative vote. 2. A voter in the 

_ affirmative. 

AYE (a), adv. [A.-S. a, aa.] Always; 
ever ; continually. 

Iz'l-MUTH, n. [Ar. as-samt, pi. as- 
sumfit.] An arc of the horizon 
between the meridian of the place 
and a vertical circle passing through 
the centre of any object. — Magnet- 
ical azimuth, an azimuth from the 
magnetic meridian. 

A-ZOTE', n. [Gr. a. priv. and £<wij, 
life.] Nitrogen gas. 

A-zot'I€, a. Pertaining to, or con- 
sisting of, azote. 

AZ'URE (Szh'ur or a'zhur), a. [Per. 
laj : award or lajuward, a blue color.] 
Of a sky-blue; cerulean. — n. 1. 
Blue color of the sky. 2. The blue 
vault above. 



B. 



B(be), is the second letter, and the 
first consonant, in the English al- 
phabet. (See Prin. of Pron., § 62.) 

Baa, v.i. To cry or bleat as sheep. 

BXB'BLE, V. i. [-ED; -ING.] [D. 
babbelen.] 1. To utter words imper- 
fectly or unintelligibly. 2. To prate. 

Bab'ble, I n. Idle talk ; un- 

BXb'ble-MENT, ) meaning words. 

BXb'bler, n. An idle talker ; a tell- 
tale, [baby. 

Babe^m. [W. baban.] An infant ; a 

Bab-oon', n. [Prob. 
akin to babe.] A kind 
of monkey. 

Ba'by,«. [See Babe.] 
1. An infant. 2. A 
doll. — v. t. [-SD; 
-ING, 142 ] To treat 
Hke a young child 

Ba'by-hood, n. State 
of being a baby. 

Ba'BY-ish, a. Like a 
baby ; childish. 

BXc'ca-lau're-ate , n. [See Bach- 
elor.] Degree of bachelor of arts . 

BXc'CA-TED, a. [Lat. baccatus.] 
Having many berries. 

BXc'€HA ; NAL, ) n. A noisy 

BXc'cha-na'li-an, ) drunkard. — 
a. Reveling in intemperance. 

Bl€'€HA-NA f LI-A, n. pi. [Lat.] 
Feasts in honor of Bacchus ; drunk- 
en revels. 




Baboon. 



Bac-CIF'ER-ous, a. [Lat. baccifer.] 
Producing berries. 

Bac-cIVo-ROUS, a. [Lat. bacca, a 
berry, and vorare, to devour.] Sub- 
sisting on berries. 

BXch'e-lor, n. [L. Lat. baccalarhcs, 
from W. bach.] 1. A man who has 
not been married. 2. One who has 
taken the first degree in the liberal 
arts. 8. A young knight. [elor. 

BXch'e-lor-ship, n. State of a bach- 

Back, n. [A.-S. bsec, bar..] 1. Upper 
or hinder part of an animal. 2. The 
rear. 3. Outward or upper part of 
a thing. 4. The part out of sight. 
— adv. 1. To or toward a former 
place, state, or time. 2. Away from 
the front, —v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To get on the back of. 2. To sup- 
port or strengthen. 3. To force 
backward. — v. i. To move or go 
back. — a. In the rear ; remote. 

BXCK'BITE, v. t. To speak evil of, in 
the absence of the person traduced. 

BXck'BIT-ER, n. A secret calum- 
niator. [Moral principle. 

BXck'bSnE, n. 1. The spine. 2. 

BXck-gam'MON, n. [W. bach, little, 
and rammaron, combat.] A game 
played by two persons, with box and 
dice. 

BXck'ground, n. 1. Ground in the 
rear. 2. A place of obscurity. 

BXck'side,«. Hinder part ; rear. 



Back-slide', v. i. [imp. back- 
slid ; p. p. backslidden, back- 
slid.] To fall back or off ; to apos- 
tatize. _ [slides ; a renegade. 
BXck-slid'ER, n. One who back- 
BXck'staff, n. An instrument for 
taking the altitude of heavenly bod- 
ies, [with one sharp edge. 
BXck'sword (-sord), n. A sword 
BXCK'WARD, ) adv. 1. With the 
BXck'WARD§, ) back in advance. 2. 
Toward the back. 3. Toward or in 
past time. 4. From a better to a 
worse state. — a. 1. Unwilling; 
averse. 2. Dull. 3. Late or behind- 
hand, [luctance. 
BXck'ward-ness, n. Aversion ; re- 
BXcK-WObDg'MAN, n. An inhabitant 

of the forestiin new settlements. 
Bacon (ba'kn), n. [0. II. Ger. bacho, 
back.] Hog*s flesh salted or pickled 
and dried, usually in smoke. 
BXd, a. [comp. WORSE ; superl. 
WORST.] [Cf. Per. bad, Goth. 
bauihs.] Wanting good qualities? 
evil ; ill ; vicious. 

BXde } (57 ) - Past tense of ■ BtA 
BADGE, n. [A.-S. beag.] A mark of 

distinction . 
BXd'GER, n. [L. Lat. bladarius, from 
blada, corn.] A burrowing quadru- 
ped related to the bear. — v.t. [-E D ; 
-ING.] To pester or worry. 



X, e, I, o, i5, y, long; X, £,1,5,0, y, short; care, far, Ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, fIrm; son, 



BADINAGE 

Badinage (bad'e-nazh'), n. [Fr.] 
Light or playful discourse. [well. 

BXd'ly, adv. In a bad manner ; not 

BXd'ness, a. State of being bad ; 
want of good qualities. 

BXf'fle, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Prov. 
Ger. baffen, b'dffen.] To check by 
shifts and turns, or by perplexing. 

Syx. — To balk; frustrate; disappoint; 
confound; defeat; elude; foil. 

Bag, n. [Goth, balgs.] A sack or 
pouch. — v.t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
put into a bag. 2. To seize or intrap. 
— v. i. To swell like a full bag. 

Bagatelle (bag'a-tel'), n. [Fr.] 

1. A tritie ; a thing of no importance. 

2. A game played with balls and a 
rod on a board with holes at one end. 

BXg'gage,w. [See Bag.] 1. Tents, 
clothing, utensils, &c, of an army. 
2. Trunks, carpet-bags, &c. ; lug- 
gage. 3. A playful, saucy young 
woman. [bags. 

BXg'ging, n. Cloth or materials for 

BXGN'IO (ban'yo), n. [It.] 1. A bath- 
house. 2. A brothel. 

Bag'pTpe, n. A musical instrument, 
used in Scotland. [bagpipe. 

Bag'pip-er, n. One who plays on a 

Bail, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 6a- 
julare, to bear a burden.] 1. To set 
free on giving security for appearance 
at a certain day and place. 2 To 
deliver, as troods, upon a contract, ex- 
pressed or implied. 3. To free from 
water. — n. 1. One who becomes 
surety for a prisoner's appearance in 
court. 2. The security given. 3. 
Handle of a kettle, &c. 

Bail'a-ble, a. 1. Capable of being 
bailed. 2 Admitting of bail. 

Bail'-BOND, n. A bond or obligation 
given by a prisoner and his surety. 

Bail-ee', n. One to whom goods are 
committed in trust. 

Baii/er 1 (126), n. One who delivers 

Bail'or j goods to another in trust. 

Bail'iff, n. [See Bail, v. l.] A 
sheriff's deputy. 

Bail'i-wick, n. [0. Fr. baillie, juris- 
diction of a bailiff, and A.-S. wic, 
station, abode.] Precincts in which a 
bailiff has jurisdiction. [trust. 

Bail'MENT, n. A delivery of goods in 

Bait, n. 1. Any substance to catch 
fish, &c. 2. Temptation. 3. Re- 
freshment on a journey. — v. t. 
[•ED; -ING.] [A.-S.' batah, fr. bitan, 
to bite.] 1. To put on or in, to al- 
lure fish, &c. 2. To give food and 
drink to, upon the road. 3. To pro- 
voke and harass. — v. i. To stop to 
take refreshment. 

Baize, n. A coarse woolen stuff. 

Bake, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
f/acan.] 1. To heat, dry, and harden, 
to prepare for food, in an oven. — 
y. i. To be baked. 

Bake'house, n. A house for baking. 

Bak'er, n. One whose occupation is 
to bake bread, biscuit, &c. 

Bak'er-y, n. 1. Trade of a baker. 2. 
A place for baking. 

Bak'ing, n. Quantity baked at once. 

BXl'ANCE, n. [Lat. bilanx, from bis, 



31 

twice,and lanx, plate, scale.] 1. An 
apparatus for weighing bodies. 2. 
That which is necessary to make two 
quantities or sums equal. 3. Esti- 
mate. 4. An equipoise or just pro- 
portion. 5. A regulating wheel in a 
watch. 6. A sign in the zodiac. — 
v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To bring to 
an equipoise. 2. To render equal. 
8. To estimate. 4. To settle and 
adjust, as an account. — v. i. 1. To 
be in equipoise. 2. To hesitate. 3. 
{Dancing.) To move toward a person 
opposite, and then back. 

BAL'ANgE-SHEET, n. A paper giv- 
ing a summation and balance of ac- 
counts. 

Bal'co-ny, n. [0. H. Ger. balcho, 
palcho, Eng. balk, beam.] A kind 
of gallery on the outside of a building. 

Bald, a. 1. Destitute of the natural 
covering, as of hair, feathers, foliage, 
&c. 2. Unadorned. 

BXl'da-CHIN (-kin), n. A canopy. 

BAL'DER-DASH, n. [Cf. W. baldor- 
duss, prattle.] 1. A worthless mixt- 
ure. 2. Senseless jargon ; ribaldry: 

Bald'ness, n. State of being bald. 

Bald'Pate, n. A pate without hair ; 
a bald person. 

Bal'dric, n. [0. H. Ger. balderich.] 
A girdle, or belt, hanging from one 
shoulder across the breast, and under 
the opposite arm. 

BALE, n. [0. H. Ger. balla.] A bundle 
of goods corded for transportation. 

— [A.-S. beat, balo.] Misery ; calam- 
ity ; misfortune ; sorrow. — v. t. 
J-ed; -ING.] To make up in a bale. 

Bale'-FIRE, n. A signal-fire; an 

alarm-fire. 
Bale'ful, a. 1. Full of bale or 

misery. 2. Full of grief or sorrow. 
Ba-LIZE' (-leez'), n. [Fr.] A pole 

raised on a bank. 
Balk (bawk), n. [A.-S. bale] 1. An 

unplowed ridge. 2. A great beam. 

3. A hindrance or disappointment. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To leave 
untouched in plowing. 2. To disap- 
point ; to frustrate. — v. i. To stop 
abruptly in one's course. 

BALK'Y (bawk'5'), a. Apt to turn 
aside or stop abruptly. 

BALL, n. 1. [0. H. Ger. balla.} Any 
round body. 2. A well-known game. 
3. [From Gr. /SaAAeiv, to toss, throw, 
or TraAAeiv, to leap, bound.] A so- 
cial assembly for dancing. — v. i. To 
form, as snow, into balls on the feet 

Bal'lad, n. [It. ballata.] A popu- 
lar song, narrative or sentimental, in 
simple, homely verses. 

BXl'LAST, n. Some heavy substance, 
in the hold of a vessel, to steady it. — 
v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To load or fur- 
nish with ballast. 

BXl'let [or bal'la),n. [Fr.] A the- 
atrical exhibition of dancing, &c. 

BAL-LIS'TA, n. ; pi. BAL-LTS'TJE. 
[Lat.] A machine used by the 
ancients for throwing stones. 

Bal-l!s'TI€, a. Pertaining to the 
ballista. [projectiles. 

BXl-lIs'TICS, n. sing. Science of 



BANDIT 



BAL-LdbN', n. 
[Augm. of Fr. 
balle, ball, bale.] 
A bag filled with 
gas or heated air, 
60 as to rise and 
float in the at- 
mosphere. 

BXl'lot, n. [Fr. 
ballote. See 

Ball.] 1. A 
written or print- 




i 



Balk 



ed vote. 2. Act of voting by balls or 
tickets. — v. i. [-ed; -ing.] To 
vote or decide by ballot. 

BXL'LOT-Box, 7i. A box for receiving 
ballots. 

Balm (bam) ? n. [Gr. 0aAo-a/u.ov.] 1. 
An aromatic plant. 2. Sap or juice 
of certain trees. 3. Any fragrant 
ointment. 4. Any thing which heals. 
— v. t. 1. To anoint with balm. 2. 
To assuage. 

Bal-Mor'AL, n. [From Balmoral, in 
Scotland.] A kind of figured petti- 
coat. 

Balim'Y (bam/$-), a. 1. Having the 
qualities of balm ; odoriferous ; aro- 
matic ; soothing. 2. Producing balm. 

BAL'SAM, n. [Gr. /SaAcra/xov.] 1. An 
aromatic resinous substance. 2. A 
species of tree ; also, an annual 
garden plant. 

BXl-sXm'I€, I a. Having the qual- 

BXl-sXm/IC-AL, j ities of balsam ; 
containing, or resembling, balsam. 

BXl-sXm'ig, n. That which has the 
properties of a balsam. 

BXL'US-TER, n. [Gr. /3aAavcrTioi>, 
flower of wild pomegranate, on ac- 
count of the similarity of form.] A 
small column used as a support to a 
rail. 

BXl'us-trade, n. A row of balus- 
ters, joined by a rail. 

Bam-boo', n. [Malay.] A plant grow- 
ing injropical countries. [upon. 

Bam-boo'ZLE, v. t. To play tricks 

BXn, n. [L. Lat. bannus, bannum, 0. 
H. Ger. ban.] 1. Edict. 2. pi. Pub- 
lic notice of a marriage proposed. 
3. Prohibition. 4. A curse. 

Ba-nX/na, n. [Sp. banana.] A species 
of the plantain-tree, and its fruit. 

BXND, n. [A.-S. banda, fr. bindan, to 
bind.] 1. That with which a thing 
is bound or fastened. 2. Means of 
union or connection. 3. A linen 
neckcloth worn by clergymen. 4. A 
company of persons. — v. t. or ?'. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To unite in a com- 
pany or confederacy. 

BXnd'age, n. [See BAND.] 1. A 
fillet, roller, or swathe, used in bind- 
ing up wounds, &c. — v. t. To bind 
with a bandage. 

Ban-dXn'A, In. [Sp. bandana.] A 

Ban-dXn'na, ) species of silk or 
cotton handkerchief. 

BXnd'box, n. A slight paper box for 
light articles. 

BXN'DiT, n.; pi. bXn'DITS or BAN- 
DtT'TL [It. bandito, proclaimed, 
banished.] A lawless or desperate 
fellow ; a brigand. 



OR^OjWQLF, TOO, TOOK; fjRN, RUE, pyLL ; E, I, O, silent ; <j,&,soJl; €,G,hard; AS; exist; tfasNG; Teus. 



BANDLET 



32 



BARILLA 



BAnd-let, ( n. [See Band.] Any 

BAnd'E-let, ) little band or flat 
molding. 

BAn'dog, n. [band and dog.] A 
large, fierce kind of dog, kept chained. 

BAn'DO-LEER', n. [Fr. bandouliere, 
fr. bande, band.] A large leathern 
belt, thrown over the right shoulder. 

BAn'dy, n. [See BAND.] A club for 
striking a ball. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING, 
142.] 1. To beat to and fro. 2. To 
exchange. 3. To agitate. 

£An'dy-legg.ed (-legd), a. Having 
crooked legs. 

Bane, rc. [A.-S. bana.] 1. A deadly 
poison. 2. Ruin ; destruction. 

Bane'ful, a. Having poisonous 
qualities. 

BAng, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Icel. 
banga.] To beat, as with a cudgel ; 
to handle roughly. — n. A blow, as 
with a club ; a heavy blow. 

BXn'ian (or ban-yan'), n. 1. [Skr 
pan, to sell, banik, merchant.] A 
Hindoo merchant. 2. A morning 
gown. 3. [Cf.punya, holy, the banian 
tree being held sacred.] The Indian 
fig-tree. 

BAn'ish, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Low 
Lat. bannire. See Ban.] 1. To 
compel to leave one's country. 2. To 
drive away. 

Syn. — To exile, expel. — A man is 
banished when forced to depart; exiled 
when sent from his own into a foreign 
country; expelled when forcibly ejected, 
usually with disgrace. 

BAn'ish-aient, n. Act of banishing, 
or state of being banished. 

BAN'IS-TER,rc. [A corrupt, of balus- 
ter.] A baluster. 

Ban'jo, n. [A corruption of bandore.] 
A stringed musical instrument. 

BXnk (82), n. [A.-S. banc. See 
Bench.] 1. A ridge of earth. 2. 
Any steep acclivity. 3. A flat ; a 
shoal. 4. A bench of rowers. 5- 
Place where a collection of money is 
deposited. 6. A company of persons 
concerned in a bank. — v. t. [-ed; 
-ING.] To raise a mound or dike 
about. — v. i. To deposit money in 
a bank. 

BAnk'a-ble, a. Receivable at a bank, 
as bills ; or discountable, as notes. 

BAnk'-Bill, n. 1. In America, a 
promissory note of a bank payable to 
the bearer on demand ; a bank-note. 
2. In Eng.,a note, or a bill of ex- 
change, of a bank, payable to order. 

BAnk'er, n. One who receives and 
remits money, negotiates bills of ex- 
change, &c. 

BAnk'ing, n. Business of a banker. 

BAnk'-note, n. A promissory note 
issued by a bank, payable to bearer 
on demand. 

BXnk/rupt, n. [Fr. banque, bank, 
and Lat. ruptus, broken.] A person 
unable to r- j his debts, —a. Unable 
to pay debts ; insolvent. — v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] To make insolvent. 

BAnk/rupt-CY, n. State of being 
bankrupt ; failure in trade. 

BAnk'-stock, n. Shares in the 
capital stock of a bank. 



BAN'NER, n. [Fr. bannUre, fr. bande, 
band.] A military ensign ; a flag. 

BAn'ner-et, n. [From L. Lat. ban- 
neretus. See BANNER.] A military 
rank conferred only on stxch as were 
able to bring a certain number of 
vassals into the field. 

BAn'NOCK, n. [Gael, bonnach.] A 
cake made of oatmeal, &c. 

BAn'QUET (bayk'wet), n. [Fr.] A 
feast; a rich entertainment. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To treat with a feast. 
— v. i. To regale one's self; to feast. 

Banquette (ban-kef), n. [Fr._, fr. 
banc, bench, seat] A little raised 
way, along the inside of a parapet. 

BAn'shee, I n. [It. bean, woman, and 

Ben'shie, J sith, fairy.] An Irish 
fairy. 

BAn'TAM, n. A very small variety of 
fowl, brought, probably, from Ban- 
tam, in Java. 

BAn'ter, v. t. [-ED;-ing.] [Per- 
haps from Fr. badiner, to joke .] To 
play upon in words and in good hu- 
mor. 

Syn. — To rally. — We banter in good 
humor, turning the laugh upon a person 
for something he has done or neglected 
to do. We rally when we attack a person 
with ridicule, raillery, or sarcasm. This 
is always more pungent, and often ill- 
natured. 
— n. Humorous raillery ; pleasantry. 

BAnt'LING, n. [Corrupted from Ger. 
bankling, bastard.] A young or small 
child ; an infant. [of fig-tree. 

Ban'yan, or Ban-yAn', n. A kind 

BA'O-BAB, n. [Ethiopic] The largest 
known tree in the world, a native of 
tropical Africa. 

BAp'TI§M, 7i. [Gr. /3a7rTi«rj«.a, from 
/Sa-n-retv, to dip in water.] Applica- 
tion of water to a person, as a re- 
ligious ceremony. [tism. 

BAP-TIS/MAL, a. Pertaining to bap- 

BAp'tist, n. 1. One who administers 
baptism; esp. John, the forerunner 
of Christ. 2. One who rejects infant 
baptism , and holds to adult baptism 
by immersion. 

BAp'tis-ter-y, ti. A place where 
baptism is administered. 

Bap-tist'ic-al, a. Pertaining to 
baptism; baptismal. 

Bap-tize', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
auminister the sacrament of baptism 
to ; to christen. 

Bap-tiz'er, n. One who baptizes. 

Bar, n. [From W. bar, branch of a 
tree, bar, bolt.] 1. A long piece of 
wood, metal, or other solid matter. 
2. An obstacle ; a barrier. 3. Bank of 
sand, a. the mouth of a river or har- 
bor. 4. (a.) The legal profession, (b.) 
A sufficient answer to the plaintiff's 
action. 6. Inclosed place of a tavern, 
where liquors are sold. 6. (Mus.) 
A line drawn across the staff. — v. t. 
[-RED ; -RING, 136.] 1. To fasten 
with a bar. 2. To hinder ; to ob- 
struct. 3. To except. 
Barb, n. [Lat. barba, beard.] 1. 
Beard. 2. The point that stands 
backward in an arrow, fish-hook, 
&c. 3. A horse of the Barbary 



stock, — v. t. 1. To furnish with 
barbs, as an arrow, &c. 2. To 
clothe, as a horse, with armor. 

Bar'ba-€AN, ) n. [Fr., of Arabic 

Bar'BI-can, ) origin.] An ad- 
vanced work defending the entrance 
to a castle or city. 

BAR-BA'RI-AN (89), n. [Gr. /3ap/3apos.] 
A cruel, savage, brutal man. — a. 
Rude ; uncivilized ; cruel ; inhuman. 

Bar-bAr'i-g, a. 1. Foreign. 2. Bar- 
barous. 

Bar'ba-ri£M, n. 1. An uncivilized 
state. 2. Any form of speech con- 
trary to the pure idioms of a partic- 
ular language. 

Bar-bAr'I-ty, n. Savageness ; cru- 
elty ; inhumanity. 

Bar'BA-rIze, v. i. To use a barba- 
rous mode of speech. — v. t. To 
make barbarous. 

BAr'ba-rous, a. 1. Uncivilized or 
savage. 2. Cruel ; ferocious. 3. 
Contrary to the pure idioms of a 
language. [rous manner. 

Bar'ba-roOs-ly, adv. In a barba- 

Bar'bate, a. [Lat. barbatvs, from 
barba, beard.] Bearing tufts of hair; 
bearded. [points. 

Bar'ba-TED, a. Having barbed 

Bar'be-€UE, ti. [Fr. barbe-d-queue , i. 
e., from snout to tail.] 1. A large 
animal roasted whole. 2. A large 
social entertainment, in the open air, 
at which animals are roasted whole. 

Bar'ber, n. [Lat. barba, beard.] 
One who shaves beards, &c. 

Bar'BER-RY, n. [Ar. barbaris.] A 
shrubby plant, common in hedges. 

Bard, ti. [W. bardd.] A minstrel 
among the ancient Celts ; hence, in 
modern usage, a poet. 

Bard'ic, a. Pertaining to bards. 

Bare, a. [A.-S. bar, beer.] 1. With- 
out covering ; naked. 2. Without 
adjuncts of any kind. — v. t. [-ED; 
-1NG.]_ To strip off the covering of. 

Bare'facjsd (-fast-), a. 1. With the 
face uncovered. 2. Shameless ; im- 
pudent, [feet bare. 

Bare'foot, a. & adv. With the 

BARE 'FOOT-ED, a. Having the feet 
bare. [uncovered. 

BAre'h£ad-ed, a. Having the head 

Bare'-EEGGJSD, a. Having the legs 
bare. [kedly. 

Bare'ly, adv. Only; merely; na- 

BAre'ness, ti. State of being bare. 

Bar'gain (42), 7i. [Low Lat. bar- 
gania.] 1. An agreement concern- 
ing the sale of property. 2. An agree- 
ment of any kind. 3. A gainful 
transaction. 

Syn. — Contract ; stipulation ; pur- 
chase; engagement. 

— v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To transfer 
for a consideration. — v.i. To make 
a contract ; to agree. [bargain. 

Bar'GAIN-ER, ti. One who makes a 

Barge, n. [Low Lat. bargia.] See 
BARK.] 1. An elegant pleasure- 
boat. 2. A large boat for passengers 
or goods. 

BA-Rtl/LA, n. Impure soda obtained 
from the ashes of any sea-shore plant. 



A, E, I, O, U, Y,long; A, E,I, 6, U, Y, short ; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, XEKMj PIQUE, FIRM; S6N, 



BARITONE 



33 



BASS-VIOL 




£Xr'i-tone, a. & n. See Bary- 
tone. 

Bark, «. [Icel. bb'rkr.] Exterior cov- 
ering of a tree ; the rind. [Cf Icel. 
barki, throat.] The noise made by 
a dog. — v.t. [-ed; -ing.] To strip 
the bark from. — v. i. l."To make 
the noise of dogs. 2. To clamor. 

Bark, ) 

Barque, J n - 

• [Icel. barkr, 

, skiff, barki, 
prow,Gr. Ca- 
lais, a small 
row-boat. 1 1. 
A three- 
masted ves- Bark, 
sel 2. Any small vessel. 

BAR'LEY, n. [Goth, baris, W. barlys.] 
A grain, used for making malt, &c. 

BARM, n. [A.-S. beorma.] The foam 
rising upon fermenting beer or other 
malt liquors, used as leaven. 

Barm'y, a. Containing barm or yeast. 

Barn, n. [A.-S. berern, bern, fr. here, 
barley, and ern, tern, a secret or 
close place.] A building for storing 
grain, hay, &c. ; also for stabling. 

Bar'na-GLe (bar'na-kl), n. [LowLat. 
bernacula.] 1. A shell-fish. 2. A 
species of wild goose. 3. pi. An in- 
strument for holding horses by the 
nose 4. pi. A pair of spectacles. 

BA-ROM'E-TER, n. [Gr. /8<xpos, weight, 
and fj.£rpov, measure.] An instru- 
ment for determining the weight or 
pressure of the atmosphere. 

BXr'o-MET'ric, la. Pertaining 

BXR'o-MET'Rre-AL, j to the barom- 
eter. 

BXr'on, n. [Prob. from Goth, vair, 
Lat. vir, man.] In England, one 
who holds rank between a viscount 
and baronet. 

Bar'on-age, ». 1. Whole body of 
barons. 2. Dignity of a baron. 

BXr'on-ess, n. A baron's wife. 

BXr'on-et. n. [Dim. of baron.] A 
degree of nonor next below a baron. 

BXr'on-et-age, n. Collective body 
of baronets. [bayonet 

BXr'on-'et-cy, n. The rank of a 

BA-RO'NI-AL, a. Pertaining to a baron. 

Bar'o-ny, n. Lordship, honor, or fee 
of a baron. 

Ba-rouche' (-robsh-'), n. [Lat. biro- 
tus, two-wheeled.] A four-wheeled 
carriage, with falling top. 

Barque (bark), n. See Bark. 

BXr'rack, n. [Sp. barraca, from bar- 
rel, bar.] A hut or house for soldiers. 

BXr'ra-TOR, n. [Prob. from Gr. irpar- 
Tetv, to do, to use practices.] 1. An 
encourager of litigation. 2. A ship- 
master who manages fraudulently. 

BXr'ra-TRY, n. 1. Practice of encour- 
aging lawsuits. 2. Fraud on the part 
of a ship-master, or of the mariners. 

BXr'rel, n. [Gael, baraill, fr. barra, 
bar.] 1. A round, bulgy vessel. 2. 
Quantity which such a vessel con- 
tains, varying from 31£ to 36 gallons. 
3. Any tube. — v.t. [-ed, -ING; or 
-led, -ling, 137.] To put or pack 
in a barrel. 



BXR'REN,a. [Norm. Fr. barein.] 1. 
Incapable of producing offspring. 2. 
Producing nothing. 

Syn. — Unfruitful ; sterile; scanty; 
dull; uninventive. 

— n. pi. Elevated plains on which 
grow small trees. 

BXr'ren-LY, adv. Unfruitfully. 
BXr'ri-cade', n. [Orig. a barring up 
with casks, from Fr. barrique, cask.] 

1. (Mil.) A defensive fortification, 
made in haste. 2. Any bar, or ob- 
struction. — v.t. [-ed; -ING.] To 
fortify with any slight work. 

BXR'RI-ER,«. [Fr. barricre, fr. barre, 
bar.] 1. A kind of fence made to 
stop an enemy. 2. Any obstruction. 
3. Any limit or boundary. 

BXr'ris-ter, n. A counselor admit- 
ted to plead at the bar. 

BXr'ROW, n. 1. [A.-S. berewe, fr. 
beran, to bear.] A light, small hand- 
carriage. 2. [A.-S. bearg,Skv. baraha, 
hog.] A male hog castrated. 3. [A.- 
S. beorg, beorh.] A mound of earth 
raised over the dead. 

Bar'-shot,??. Shot, con- 
sisting of a bar with a 
round head at each end. „ 

Bar'ter, v. i. [0. Fr. Bar - sh °t. 
barater, to exchange.] To traffic by 
exchanging one commodity for an- 
other. — v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] To ex- 
change, or give in exchange. — n. 1. 
Practice of exchanging commodities. 

2. Thing given in exchange. 
Ba-ry'ta, n. [Gr. 0apv?, heavy.] 

The_ heaviest of the earths. 

Ba-ry'tes, n. Sulphate of baryta. 

Ba-ryt'I€, a. Pertaining to baryta. 

BXR'Y-TONE, a. [Gr. /SapvToi/os, from 
jSapvs, heavy, and tovos, tone.] 
Grave, and deep, as a kind of male 
voice. — n. A male voice, the com- 
pass of which partakes of the com- 
mon bass and the tenor. 

Ba'sal, a. Pertaining to the base. 

BA-SALT',n. [Lat. basaites.] A green- 
ish-black rock of igneous origin. 

BA-SALT'I€, a. Pertaining to basalt. 

Bas'-BLEU (ba ; blu' or ba-bloo/), n. 
[Fr.] A literary iady; a blue-stocking. 

Base , a. [L. Lat. bassus, thick, short, 
humble. Cf. W. bas, shallow.] 1 
Of humble birth. 2. Low in value 
or estimation. 3. Morally low. 4. 
Deep or grave in sound. 

Syn. — Tile; mean.— Base is a stronger 
term than vile, and vile than mean. The 
two first denote what is wicked as well as 
low, the latter what is disgraceful or dis- 
honorable. 

— n. [Gr. 0<xcri5, step, base.] 1. The 
bottom ; part of a thing on which it 
stands. 2. Principal element of a 
chemical compound. 3. The gravest 
male voice. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
put on a base or basis ; to found 

Base '-ball, n. A game of ball, so 
called from the bases or bounds des- 
ignating the circuit each player must 
make after striking the ball. 

Base'-born, a. Born of low parent- 
age, [or support. 

Base'less, a. Having no foundation 
I Base'LY, adv. In a base manner. 



Base'ment, n. [See Base.] Lower 
story of a building. 

BASE'NESS, n. Quality of being base. 

BA-SIIA.W, n. A Turkish title of honor. 

Basii'ful, a. [See Abash.] Having 
a down-cast look ; very modest. 

BXsh'ful-ly, adv. In a bashful 
manner. [bashful. 

BXsh'FUL-ness, n. Quality of being 

Ba'si-fy, v. t. [Lat. basis, base, and 
facere, to make.] To convert into a 
salifiable base. 

BXs/il, n. 1. [From base.] Angle to 
which the cutting edge of a tool is 
ground. 2. [From Gr. /SaenAiKos, 
royal.] A fragrant aromatic plant. 
3. [Corrupt, fr. L. Lat. basanium.] 
Skin of a sheep tanned. — v. t. [-ed; 
-ING.] To grind or form the edge of 
to an angle. 

Ba-sIl'I€, I n. [Gr. /WiAikt) (sc. 

Ba-£1L'I-€A, 1 olaia, or crroa),froni 
/3ao-iAev's, king.] 1. A large hall oi 
court of justice. 2. A church, chapel, 
or cathedral. 

Ba-sil'I€, ) a. In the manner of 

Ba-§il'I€-al, j a public edifice or 
cathedral. 

BXs/I-LlsK, n. [Gr. ^ao-tAta-/cos,dim. 
of /3ao-iAevs, a king ; so named from 
some prominences on the head re- 
sembling a crown.] 1. A fabulous 
serpent, said to be produced from a 
cock's egg brooded by a serpent ; a 
cockatrice. 2. A large piece of ord- 
nance 

Ba'SJN (baVsn), n. [L. Lat. bacchinus, 
from bacca, a water vessel.] 1. A 
hollow vessel, for water for washing, 
&c. 2. Any hollow place containing 
water. 3. The entire tract of coun- 
try drained by a river. 

Ba'sis, n. ; pi. ba'ses.. [See Base.] 
1. That on which a thing rests. 2. 
Groundwork or first principle. 

Bask (Q>), v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Cf. D. 
bakeren, Eng. bake.] To lie exposed 
to genial heat. 

Bas'ket. n. [W. basgaivd, basged.] 
A vessel made of twigs, rushes, &c, 
interwoven. 

Basque (bask), ».. [Prob. so called 
because it came from the Basques.] 
Part of a lady's dress, resembling a 
jacket with a short skirt. 

Bass, n. sing. & pi. 1. [A.-S bears, Gr. 
7rep/c7j.] A fish of several species. 2. 
[A corrupt, of bast.] The teil-tree, or 
its bark, used for mats, &c. 

Bass, n. The lowest part in a musical 
composition. [V/ritten a i so base.] 

BXs'set, or Bas-set', n. [See Base, 
«.] An old game at cards. 

"BXs'so, n. [It. See Base, a.] The 
bass or lowest part. One who sings 
this part. 

Bas-soon', n. [It. bassone, augm. of 
basso, low.] (Mus.) A wind instru- 
ment with holes, which are ttopped 
by the fingers. 

BXss'-RE-lief' (bas're-leef), n. [Fr., 
from bas, low, and relief, raised 
work.] Sculpture, whose figures pro- 
ject but little. 

Bass'-VI'OL, ti. A stringed instru- 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOfoK ; URN, RUE, pyLL ; E,l, O, silent ; 9, G, soft; e,G,hard; A§ ; E^IST ; NasNG; THIS. 
3 



BAST 



34 



BEAMY 




merit for playing the bass or gravest 
part ; the violoncello. 

BXst, n. [0. H. Ger. bast, past.] In- 
ner bark of the lime-tree ; matting, 
cordage, &c, made of the bark. 

Bas'tard, n. [0. Fr. bast, a pack-sad- 
dle used as beds by the muleteers, 
and the term, ard, art.] An illegit- 
imate or spurious child. — a. 1. Ille- 
gitimate. 2. Spurious ; adulterate. 

BXs'TARD-IZE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To make or prove to be a bastard. 

BXs'tar-dy, n. State of being a bas- 
tard ; illegitimacy. 

Baste, v. t. [Cf. Icel. beysta, to strike, 
powder.] [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 
beat ; to cudgel. 2. To put flour, 
salt, and butter on, as on meat in 
roasting. [0. H. Ger. bestan, to sew.] 
To sew slightly, or with long stitches. 

Bas-tile' (bas-teel' or baVteel), n. 
[0. Fr. bastille, from bastir, to build.] 
Any tower or fortification. 

BXs'TI-nade', 1 n. [0. Fr. baslon, a 

BXs'ti-na'do, J stick or staff. Cf. 
Baste.] A sound beating, especi- 
ally on the soles of his feet. — v. t. 
To beat, especially on the soles of the 
feet. 

BXs'tion (bast'yun, 
n. [0. Fr. bastir, 
to build.] A part 
of the main inclo- 
sure which projects 
toward the exterior. A, Bastion. 

Bat, n. [A.-S. bat, allied to beatan, to 
beat.] 1. A heavy club, used in play- 
ing ball. 2. A sheet of cotton. 3. A 
piece of a brick. [0. Eng. back, backe, 
Scot, back, back- 
ie, bird.] An an- 
imal that looks 
as if it were a 
winged mouse. — 
v. i. To manage 
a bat, or play 
with one. 

Batch, n . [From bake.] 1. Quanti- 
ty of bread baked at one time. 2. 
Any business dispatched at once. 

Bate,^. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Abbrev. 
from abate.] To lessen ; to abate. 

Bateau (bat-5'), n.; pi. bateaux 
(bat-oz'). [Fr.] A light boat, long 
in proportion to its breadth. 

BXt'-fowl'ing, n. A mode of catch- 
ing birds at night, by torch-light. 

Bath, n. ; pi. bath§. [A.-S. baetk, 
Skr. bad, vad, to bathe.] 1. A place 
to bathe in. 2. Act of exposing the 
body to water or vapor. 3. A medi- 
um, as heated sand, through which 
heat is applied to a body. 

Bathe, v.t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To wash 
by immersion. 2. To moisten with a 
liquid, — v. i. 1. To be, or lie, in a 
bath. 2. To immerse. — n. Immer- 
sion in water ; bath. [ing. 

Bath'ing-tub, n. A vessel for bath- 

Ba'THOS, n. [Gr. /3a0os, from j3a0ik, 
deep.] (Rhet.) A ludicrous descent 
from the elevated to the mean. 

Bat'ing,/»t>7?., or a part. With the 
exception of; excepting. [linen. 

BXt'eet, n. A small bat for beating 




[Fr. baton.] 
A staff or 



Ba ton (bii-tong/) ) n 

Ba-toon' (ba-tobn') J 
truncheon. 

Bat-tai/IA (-ya), n. [Lat.] Dispo- 
sition or arrangement of troops, as 
for action. 

Bat-tXl'ion (-taPyun), n. [Fr. ba- 
taillon. See Battle.] A body of 
infantry comprising from two to ten 
or twelve companies. 

BXt'ten, v. I. [-EDJ-ING.] [0. Eng. 
bat, increase, and A.-S. dsel, deal.] 1. 
To fatten. 2. To fertilize, as land. 3. 
To form or fasten with battens. — v. 
i. To grow fat ; to live in luxury. — 
n. [Fr. baton, stick.] A narrow 
piece of board, or scantling. 

BXt'ter, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
batuere, to strike, beat.] 1. To beat 
repeatedly and with violence. 2. To 
wear or impair with beating or by 
use. — n. A mixture of several in- 
gredients, beaten up with some liq- 
uid, in cookery. 

BXt'ter-ing-rXm, n. An engine 
used to beat 
down the walls 
of besieged 
places. 

BXt'ter-y, n. 
1. Act of bat- 
tering. 2. A 
body of can- 
non taken col- 
lectively. 3. An apparatus for gen- 
erating electricity. 4. Unlawful beat- 
ing of another. [sheets. 

BXt'ting, n. Cotton or wool in 

BXt'TLE, n. [Lat. battalia, fighting 
and fencing exercises, fr. batuere, to 
strike, to beat.] A fight or encounter 
between enemies or opposing forces. 

Syx.— Combat; fight; engagement.— 
Combat is a close encounter, and may be 
(like fight) between single individuals ; 
a battle is more general and prolonged ; 
engagement supposes large numbers on 
each side engaged or intermingled in the 
conflict. 

— v.t. [-ed; -ING.] To contend in 
fight. 

BXt'tle-Xx, ) n. A kind of ax for- 

BXt'tle-Xxe, ) merly used in war. 

BXt'TLE-DOOR, n. [Sp. battallador, 
a great combatant.] An instrument 
used to strike a shuttlecock. 

Bat'tle-ment, 
n. [Either from 
battle, or from 
L. Lat. bast ilia, 
bastillus, tower, 
fortification.] 
An indented 




Battering-ram. 




I'Wllll 

Battlement. 



parapet, originally used only on for- 
tifications. 

Bau'ble, n. [Fr. babiole, Lat. babu- 
"lus, foolish.] A trifling piece of 
finery ; a gew-gaw. 

Bawd, n. [Goth, balths, Eng. bold.] 
A person who keeps a brothel, and 
conducts criminal intrigues. — v. i. 
To procure women for lewd purposes. 

BAWD'I-LY,arff. Obscenely; lewdly. 

Bawd'i-ness, n. Obscenity ; lewd- 
ness, [chaste. 

Bawd'y, a. Obscene ; filthy ; un- 



BAWL, u. i. [-ed;-ing.] [Icel. baula, 
to low, A.-S. bellan.] To cry with 
vehemence, esp. as a child. — v. t. 
To proclaim by outcry ; to cry. 

BAY, a. [Lat. badhes.] Red, inclining 
to a chestnut color. — n. [Ir. & 
Gael, badh or bagh.] 1. An inlet of 
the sea. 2. [Lat. baca, bacca, berry.] 
The laurel-tree. 3. A state of being 
obliged to face an antagonist. — v. i. 
[Lat. ad, to, at, and bavbari, to bark 
moderately.] To bark, as a dog at 
his game. 

Bay'o-net, n. [First made at Bay- 
onne.] A kind of dagger fitted to a 
gun. — v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] To stab 
w_ith a bayonet. 

BAY'OU (bl'ob), n. [Fr., from Lat. bo- 
tellus, a small sausage.] Outlet of a 
lake; a channel for water. [South- 
ern States.] 

Bay'-rOm, n. A fragrant liquor ob- 
tained from the leaves of the bay-tree. 

BAY'-SALT, n. Salt obtained from 
sea-water, by natural evaporation. 

Bay'-win'dow, n. A projecting 
window forming a recess in a room. 

BA-ZAAR', ) n. [Per. bazar, market.] 

Ba-zar', f A spacious hall or suite 
of rooms for the sale of goods. 

Bdeli/ium (del'yum), n. [Heb.]. A 
gummy, resinous juice from the East. 

Be, v. i. and auxiliary, [iwp. WAS; 
p. p. BEEN.] [A.-S. beon, beonne, 
Skr. bhU, to be.] 1. To exist logical- 
ly, or actually. 2. To exist in some 
particular state, or in some relation. 
3. To become. 

Beach, n. A sandy shore; strand. 
— v. t. To run upon a beach. 

Bea'CON,«. [A.-S. beacrn,becen.] 1. 
A signal-fire. 2. (Naut.) A signal 
as a guide to mariners. 3. That 
which gives notice of danger. 

Be A'c on-age , n. Money to maintain 
a beacon. 

Bead, n. [A.-S. bead, prayer ; from 
biddan, to pray.] 1. A little perfo- 
rated ball. 2. Any small globular 
body. 

Bea'dle, n. [A.-S. bydel, bsedel ; from 
beodan, to bid.] 1. A messenger or 
crier of a court. 2. An inferior parish 
officer. 

BeA'dle-ship, n. Office of beadle. 

Bead'-roll, n. A catalogue of de- 

, ceased persons to be praj ed for. 

Bead§'-mXn, n. A man employed in 
praying. 

Bea'gle,m. A small hound. 

Beak, n. [W. pig; D. bek.] 1. Bill 
or nib of a bird, turtle, &c. 2. Any 
thing ending in a point. 

BeaKjBD (beekt), a. Having a beak; 
ending in a point. 

Beak'er,?!. [Lat bacar,baczio, wine- 
glass.] A large drinking-cup. 

Beam, n. [A.-S.] 1. A main timber 
of a building, ship, loom, &c. 2. 
The part of a balance, from which 
the scales hang. 3. A collection of 
parallel rays. — v. t. To send forth ; 
to emit. — v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
emit rays of light. 

Beam'y, a. Shining ; radiant. 



<«,E,I, O, V, y, long; 1,£, 1,6, fj, Y, short; ClRE, FAR, ask; ALL, what; ere, veil, TERM; pique, firm; s6n, 



BEAN 



BEECHEN 



Bean, n. [A.-S.] A well-known le- 
guminous plant, and its seed. 

Bean'-fly, n. A beautiful fly, of a 
pale purple color, found on bean 
flowers. 

Bear, v. t. [imp. bore (formerly 

BARE) ; p. p. BORN, BORNE.] [A.-S. 
beran, Goth, bairan, Skr. bhri.] 1. To 
support or sustain. 2. To convey. 
3. To wear. 4. To possess. 5. To 
endure; to suffer. 6. To carry on. 
7. To behave ; to act. 8. To give 
birth to. — v.i. 1. To produce, as 
fruit. 2. To press. 3. To relate or re- 



fer to. — n. [A.- 
S. bera.] 1. A 
wild quadru- 
ped. 2. One 
who contracts 
to deliver, at a 
specified future 



It 



time, stocks Black Bear, 

which he does not own. 
Beard, n. [A.-S. beard, Lat. barba.] 

1. The hair that grows on the chin, 
lips, &c. 2. Long stiff hairs on a 
plant; awn. — v.t. [-ED; -ing.] 1. 
To seize, pluck, or pull the beard of. 

2. To set at defiance. 
Beard'ed, a. Having a beard. 
Beard'less, a. Without a beard. 
Be ar'er, n. One who, or that which, 

bears, sustains, or carries. 
Bear'-gar'DjEN, n. 1. A place where 

bears are kept for sport. 2. A rude, 

turbulent assembly. 
Bear'ing, n. 1. The manner in which 

a person bears himself. 2. Relative 

situation of an object. 

Syn. — Deportment; mien; behavior; 

relation; tendency; influence. 
Bear'ish, a. Having the qualities of 

a bear. 
Beast, n. [Lat. bestia, H. Ger. bestie.] 

Any four-footed animal, which may 

be used fur labor, food, or sport ; a 

brute. [uess. 

Beast'ei-ness, n. Brutality ; filthi- 
Beast'ly, a. Pertaining to, or like, 

a beast ; brutal. 
Beat, v. t. [imp. beat ; p. p. beat, 

BEATEN.] [A.-S. beatan, Lat. batu- 

ere.] 1. To strike repeatedly. 2. To 

break or pulverize by beating. 3. To 

form b / beating. 4. To range over. 

5. To overcome in contest. — v. i. 

1. To strike repeatedly. 2. To throb. 

3. To come or act with violence. 4. 
To be in agitation or doubt. 5. 
To sail in a zigzag line against the 
wind. — n. 1. A stroke : a blow. 2. 
A recurring stroke ; a pulsation. 3. 
A customary round or course. — a. 
Weary ; tired ; fatigued. 

Be'a-tif'ic, ) a. Imparting or 

Be'a-tif'ic-al, ) completing bliss- 
ful enjoyment. 

Be-at'i-fi-ca'tion, n. 1. Act of 
beatifying. 2. Act of the pope de- 
claring a_person beatified after death. 

BE-AT'I-FY,t>. I. [-ED5-ING.] [Lat. 
beatificare, fr. beatus, happy, and /fa- 
cere, to make.] To pronounce or re- 
gard as happy. 

Beat'ING, n. 1. Punishment by 



blows. 2. Pulsation ; throbbing. 3. 
Sailing against the wind by tacks. 

Be-Xt'i-tude (53), n. [Lat. beati- 
tuc/o.] Felicity of the highest kind ; 
blessedness ; bliss. 

BEAU{X)b),n. ; pi. Fr. BEAUX, Eng. 
BEAUS (boz). -[Fr., from Lat. bellus, 
fine.] A fine, gay man ; a lady's at- 
tendant. 

BEAU I-D&AL (bo). [Fr.] A concep- 
tion of perfect or consummate beau- 
ty- 

BEAU'ISH (bo'ish), a. Foppish ; fine. 

BE A u Monde (bo mond). [Fr.] The 
fashionable world. 

Beau'te-ous (bQ'te-us), a. Very 
handsome; beautiful. 

Beau'te-oijs-NESS, n. Beauty. 

Beau'ti-fi'er, ii. One who, or that 
which, beautifies. 

Beau'ti-ful (bu'ti-ful), a. Having 
the qualities which constitute beauty. 
Syn. — Handsome: pretty. — Pretty 
applies to things comparatively small, 
which please by their delicacy and grace, 
as a pretty girl. Handsome is more strik- 
ing and the pleasure greater, as a hand- 
some woman ; it im plies suitableness, and 
hence we speak of a handsome fortune. 
JBeautiftd implies all the higher qualities 
Avhich delight the taste and imagination. 

Beau'ti-FUL-ly (bu'ti-ful-ly), adv. 

In a beautiful manner. 
Beau'ti-fy, v. t. [ -ED; -ING.] To 
or render beautiful. 



ghten beauty. 
Beaver (1). 



Syx.— To adorn; grace; ornament; 
embellish; deck. 

— v. i. To become beautiful. 

BEAU'TY (bu'ty), n. [Fr. beautc. See 
Beau.] 1. An assemblage of graces 
or of properties which pleases the 
sight or any of the other senses, or 
the mind. 2. A particular grace, or- 
nament, or excellence. 3. A beau- 
tiful person, esp. a beautiful woman. 

Beau'ty-Spot, n. A patch placed 
on the face to heighten beauty 

Bea'ver (bG'ver) 
n. [A.-S. beofer, 
befer, Lat. fiber.] 

1. An amphibious 
quadruped and 
his fur. 2. A hat 
made of the fur 
3. [Fr. bavicre.] 
Part of a helmet in front 

BE-eALM^be-kam/),^- t. 
[-ED ; -ing.] 1. To ren- 
der calm ; to appease. 

2. To keep from motion 
by want of wind. 

Be-€AME', imp. of Be- 
come. 

BE-GAU§E', conj. By or for the cause 
that ; for the reason that. 

Be-chance', v. t. To happen to. 

BE-CHARM', v. t. To charm. 

BECK, n. [A.-S. beacen, becen, sign.] 
A sign with the head or hand. — v. 
i. To make a sign with the head or 
hand : to intimate a command to. 

Beck' on, v. [See Beck.] To make 
a sign to another ; to summon. 

Be-cloud', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
make dark or gloomy ; to overshadow. 

Be-come' (-kum / ), v. i. [imp. BE- 




Beaver (2). 



came ; p. p. become.] [Prefix be 
and come.] To pass from one state 
or condition to another. — v. t. To 
suit or be suitable to ; to befit. 

Be-com'ing, a. Appropriate or fit ; 
suitable ; graceful. 

BE-€OM'ING-LY, adv. After a becom- 
ing manner. 

BE-€OM'lNG-NESS, n. State or quaL 
ity of being becoming ; suitableness 

Bed, n. [A.-S. bed, , Goth, badi.] L 
An article of furniture to sleep oa. 
2. A plat of ground in a garden. 3. 
Bottom of a stream, or other body 
of water. 4. A layer, seam, or stra- 
tum. — v.t. [-ded; -ding,13G.] 1. 
To place in a bed. 2. To plant. — 
v. i. To go to bed ; to cohabit. 

Be-dXb'ble, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
sprinkle or wet with moisture. 

Be-daub', v. t. [-ed; -ing, 36.] To 
daub over. [dazzle. 

Be-daz'zle, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 

Bkd'-bOg, ii. An offensive bug which 
infests beds. [a bed. 

Bed'-cham/ber, n. A chamber for 

BED'CLOTSEg, n. pi. Blankets, 
sheets, coverlets, &c, for a bed. 

Bed'ding, n. Materials of a bed. 

Be-deck', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
deck, ornament, or adorn. 

BE-DEV'ZL (deVl), v. t. [-ED ; -ING, 
137.] To throw into utter confusion, 
as if by the agency of evil spirits. 

Be-deW (-du'), v. t. [-ed; -ING.] 
To moisten with, or as with, dew. 

Bed'fel-low, ii. One who lies in 
the same bed. [make dim. 

Be-dim', v. t. [-MED; -MING.] To 

Be-di'z.en, or Be-di'z'.en, v. t. To 
dress or adorn tawdrily. 

BED'LAM, n. [Corrupted from Beth- 
lehem, a hospital in London for lu- 
natics.] A. mad-house. 

Bed'lam-ite, n. A madman. 

BED'OU-IN (bed'oo-een), n. [Ar. bed- 
&wi, rural, living in the desert.] 
One of a tribe of nomadic Arabs. 

BE-DRAG'GLE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 

To soil, by dragging in dirt, mud, 
&c. [drench. 

Be-drench', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] To 

Bed'rid, ) a. Confined to the 

Bed'rid-djen, j bed by age or in- 
firmity, [bed. 

Bed'room, n. An apartment for a 

Be-drop', v. t. To sprinkle, or cover 
as with drops. 

Bed'side, 11. The side of the bed. 

Bed'stead, n. A frame for support- 
ing a bed. 

Bed'tIck, n. A case of cloth, for 
inclosing the materials of the bed. 

Bed'-time, ii. Usual hour of going 
to bed. 

Be -DYE', v. t. To dye or stain. 

Bee, n. [A.-S. beo.] A well-known 
four-winged insect. 

Bee'-BREAD, n. The pollen of flow- 
ers, collected by bees, as food for 
their young. [tree. 

Beech, n. [A.-S. bece, Gr. 4>r)y6?.] A 

Beech'EN (bech'n), a. Consisting 
of, or pertaining to, the wood or 
bark of the beech. 



6a,DO,WpLF,TOO,TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, o, silent ; <j,G,soft; c, g, hard; Ag ; EXL5T ; N as NG 



thi: 



BEEF 



36 



BELLY 



BEEF, n. [Fr. bczuf, ox, beef, fr. Lat. 
bos, Gr./3ov?.] 1. (pl. Beeves.) An 
animal of the genus Bos, including 
the bull, cow, and ox. 2. The flesh 
of an ox, bull, or cow. 

Beef'-eat'er, n. 1. One who eats 
beef; hence, a large, well-fed person. 
2. [Corrupt, fr. buffetier, a keeper of 
the buffet.] One of the yeomen of 
the guard, in England. [broiling. 

Beef'steak, n. A slice of beef for 

Bee'-hive, n. A case or box for bees. 

Been (bin), the past participle of Be. 

BEER, n. [A.-S. beor, bear, Icel. bior.~\ 
A fermented liquor made from any 
malted grain, or from various plants. 

Bees/-wAX, n. Wax secreted by bees. 

Beet, n. [Lat. beta.] A plant hav- 
ing a root much used for food. 

BEE'TLE, n. 1. [A.-S. bytl, bitl; 
beatan, to beat.] A heavy mallet or 
wooden hammer. 2. [A.-S. Mtel, fr. 
bitan, to bite.] An insect having 
four wings, the outer pair being stiff 
cases for covering the others when 
they are folded up. — v. i. [Cf. A.-S. 
beotan, to threaten.] To hang or 
extend out ; to jut. [or cow. 

Beeve, n. [See Beef.] A bull, ox, 

Be-fall', v.t. [imp. befell; p.p. 
befallen.] To happen to ; to oc- 
cur to. — v. i. To come to pass. 

Be-fit', v. t. To suit ; to become. 

BE-FOGG.ED' (-iogd'), a. Involved in 
a fog. [to deceive. 

Be-fool', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To fool; 

Be-f6re', prep. 1. In front of. 2. 
Preceding in time, dignity, worth, 
&c. 3. In presence or sight of. 4. 
In the power of. — adv. 1. In front. 
2. In time preceding ; already. 

Be-forE'hXnd, adv. 1. In a state 
of anticipation or pre-occupation. 
2. By way of preparation or prelim- 
inary. — a. In comfortable circum- 
stances as regards property. 

Be-foul', v. t. To make foul ; to soil. 

Be-friend', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] To 
act as a friend to ; to aid, benefit, or 
countenance. [fringe. 

Be-fringe', v.t. To furnish with a 

Beg (or ba), n. [Turk.] A Turkish 
governor of a town ; a bev. 

BEG,f. t. [-ged; -ging,133.] [Prob. 
a modif. of to bag.] 1. To ask ear- 
nestly. 2. To take for granted. 

Syn. — To entreat; solicit ; implore; 
beseech; supplicate. 
— v.i. To ask alms. 

Be-gan', imp. of Begin. 

BE-GET', v. t. [imp. BEGOT, BE- 
GAT;/), p. BEGOT, BEGOTTEN.] 
Togenerate ; to produce. 

BE-(iET'TER, n. One who begets. 

Beg'gar, n. One who begs ; a men- 
dicant. — v.t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To 
reduce to beggary. 2. To exhaust. 

Beg'gar-li-ness, n. State of being 
beggarly. [mean ; poor. 

BEg'gar-LY, a. Extremely indigent; 

Beg'gar-y, n. A state of extreme 
poverty or indigence. 

Be-SIn', v. i. [imp. BEGAN ; p. p. 
BEGUN.] [A.-S. beginnan, ginnan.] 
1. To take ristr ,• to commence. 2. 



To take the first step. —v. t. To 
| enter on ; to commence. [tyro. 

Be-6in'ner, n. One who begins; a 
Be-Sin'ning, n. 1. First cause. 2. 
First state ; commencement. 3. Ru- 
diments or first materials. 
BE-GlRD', v. t. [imp. BEGIRT, BE- 

girded ; p. p. begirt.] To gird; 
to surround; to encompass. 

BE-GoNE' (21), interj. Go away ; de- 
part. 

Be-got', \p. p. of Beget. See 

BE-got'TjBN, $ Beget. 

Be-GRIME', v. t. To soil with dirt. 

Be-GRUDGE', v. t. To envy the pos- 
session of. 

BE-GUILE'f-glF), V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
1. To delude by artifice. 2. To 
cause to pass without notice. 
Syn. — To deceive; cheat; amuse. 

BE-GUN', p. p. of Begin. 

Be-half' (-haf), n. [A.-S. benefe, 
profit, benefit.] Advantage ; benefit ; 
interest ; defense. 

Be-have', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Pre- 
fix be and have.] To carry ; to con- 
duct ; to manage ; to bear ; — used 
reflexively. — v.i. To act ; to carry 
one^s self. 

Be-hav'IOR (-haVyur), n. Manner of 
behaving, whether good or bad. 

Syn. — Conduct ; deportment. — Be- 
havior is the mode in which we have or 
bear ourselves toward others; conduct is 
the mode of our conducting, and involves 
the general tenor of our actions. Behav- 
ior in society ; conduct of life. 

BE-HEAD', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
take off the head of; to decapitate. 

Be-held', imp. & p.p. of Behold. 

Be'HE-moth, n. [Heb. beasts, ani- 
mals, esp. of the larger kind.] An 
animal described in Job xl., thought 
by some to be the hippopotamus. 

BE-HEST', n. [be and hest.] Com- 
mand ; mandate ; injunction. 

Be-hind', prep. 1. At the back of; 
on the other side of. 2. Inferior to. 
— adv. 1. In the rear. 2. Back- 
ward. 3. Remaining. 4. Past. 

Be-hInd'hXnd, a. 1. Inarrear. 2. 
In a state of backwardness. 

BE-1IOLD', V. t. [imp. & p. p. BE- 
HELD.] [A.-S. behealdan, to hold 
in sight.] To look at ; to see with 
attention. — v. i. To direct the eyes 
to an object. 

BE-h6ld'JSN, p. a. [The old p. p. of 
behold, used in the primitive sense of 
the simple verb hold.] Obliged ; in- 
debted. 

Be-hold'er, n. A spectator. 

BE-Ho~OF', n. Advantage; benefit. 

BE-HOOVE', v. t. [A.-S. behqfian, fr. 
0. II . Ger. biheffan, to take, contain.] 
To be necessary for ; to be fit for. 

Be'ING, n. 1. Existence. 2. That 
which exists in any way. 

Be-la'bor,i\ t. 1. To work diligently 
upon. 2. To beat soundly. 

Be-late', v. t. To retard or make 
too late. 

BE-LAY', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To make 
fast, as a rope, by taking several 
turns with it round a pin. 

BELCH (66), v.t. [-ed; -ING.] [A.-S. 



bealcjan.] To throw up from the 
stomach with violence, as wind. — - 
v. i. To eject wind from the stomach. 
— n. Act of belching ; eructation. 

Bel'dam, ) n. [Fr. belle-dame, fine 

BEL'DAME,) lady.] An ugly old 
woman ; a hag. 

BE-LEA'GUER (-le'ger), v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] [be and leaguer, n.] To be- 
siege ; to block up. 

BEL-ESPRiT (bel'es-pree'), n. ; pi. 
jbEaux-E.sprits (boz'es-pree'). 
[Fr.] A man of wit. 

Bel'FRY, n. [Ger. bergfritde, b rg- 
friede, from berg, mountain, or burg, 
castle, citadel, smdfriede, peace, se- 
curity.] A cupola or turret in which 
a bell is hung. 

BE-LIE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1- To 
show to be false. 2. To slander. 

Be-lief', n. 1. Assent of mind to the 
truth of something. 2. The thing 
believed. 

Syjt.— Credence; trust; faith; credit. 

Be-liev'a-ble, a. Capable or worthy 
of being believed. 

Be-lieve', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] Prefix 
be and A.-S. lefan, lyfan, to allow.] 
To regard as true ; to credit. — v. i. 
1. To have a firm persuasion. 2. To 
think ; to suppose. 

Be-liev'er, n. One who believes. 

BE -like', adv. Probably ; perhaps. 

Be-lit'tle, v. t. To lower in char 
acter ; to depreciate. 

Bell, n. [A.-S. belle, bellan, to be! 
low.] A hollow metallic vessel which 
gives forth a clear, ringing sound. 

Bel'la-don'na, n. [It., prop, fine 
lady.] Deadly nightshade, and an 
extract from it. 

Belle, n. [Fr., fr. Lat. belhrs, beau- 
tiful, fine.] A handsome young lady 
much admired. 

Belles-lettres (bel-let'ter), n. 
pl. [Fr.] Polite or elegant litera- 
ture. • [bells. 

Bell'-found'er, n. One who casts 

Bell'-found'er-y, ) n. A place 

Bell'-found'ry, j where bells 
are cast. 

Bel-lIg'er-ent, a. [Lat. belhtm, 
war, and gerere, to wage.] 1. Wag- 
ing war. 2. Disposed for war. — n. 
A nation or state carrj ing on war. 

Bell'man (1E0), n. A public crier. 

Bell'-met'al (-mgt'l or -met'al), n. 
An alloy of copper and tin. 

BEL'LOW, v. i. [A.-S. bellan.] 1. To 
make a noise like a bull. 2. To bawl ; 
to roar. — n. A loud outcry ; roar. 

Bel'lows (bel'lus), n. sing. & pl. 
.[A.-S. bselg, bag, belly.] An instru- 
ment for propelling air through a 
tube, for various purposes. 

Bell'-RING/ER, n. One whose busi- 
ness is to ring a bell. 

Bel'LU-INE, a. [Lat. belluinus, fr. 
bellua, beast.] Like a beast ; brutal. 

Bell'-weth'er, n. A wether or 
sheep which leads the flock, with a 
bell on his neck. 

Bel'ly, n. [A.-S. bselg, bselig. See 
Bellows.] 1. Part of the body 
which contains the bowels ; abdo- 



8,E, I, o, u, Y,long; *,£,!, 6^,^, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, fIrm; s6n, 



BELL1-BAND 



37 



BESPATTER 



men 2. Something which 

bles the belly. — v. i. To swell out. 

Bel'ly-band, n. A girth. 

Be-long' (21), v. i. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Pref. be and 0. Eng. long, v. i., to be- 
long.] 1. To be tne property of: to 
pertain. 2. To have a legal residence. 

Be-l.6 vjsd' (be-luvd' as a p., be-luv'ed 
as an a., 60), p. p. or a. Greatly 
loved : dear to the heart. 

BE-LOW, prep. 1. Under in place. 2. 
Inferior to. — adv. 1. In a lower 
place, or state. 2. On the earth, or 
in hell as opposed to heaven. 

Syx.— Beneath. — Below is opposed 
to on high; beneath is opposed to above. 
A person who is below us at table is not 
beneath us. Below has not, therefo.-e, 
like beneath, the sense of unbecoming or 
unworthy of. We say beneath (not below) 
the character of a gentleman, beneath 
contempt, &c. 

Belt, n. [A.-S.] 1. A band or girdle. 
2. That which restrains or couflues. 

— v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To encircle as 
with a belt ; to encompass. 

Be-lu'ga, n. [Russ. bieluga.] A fish 

of the dojphin family. 
Bel've-dere', n. [It., lit., a beau- 
tiful sight.] A small structure on 

the top of an edifice in a garden. 
Be-maze', v. t. To bewilder. 
Be-mire', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To drag 

or soil in the mire. 
Be-moan', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 

lament ; to bewail. [ery. 

Be-mock', v. i. To treat with mock- 
BENCH (66), n. [A.-S. bene, W. bank.] 

1. A long seat. 2. A long table at 

which mechanics and others work. 3. 

A judge's seat in court. 4. Judges ; 

the court. 
Bench'er, n. A senior member of 

one of the English inns of court. 
Bend, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bended 

or BENT.] [A.-S. bendan, a modif. 

of bindan, to bind.] 1. To crook ; 

to curve. 2. To incline ; to apply. 

3". To render submissive. — v. i. 

1. To be strained out of a straight 

line. 2. To be inclined or directed. 

— n. A turn: a curve. 
EE-NEATH',orBE-NEATH',prep. [A.- 

S. beneodh.] 1. Lower in place than ; 
under. 2. Unworthy of; unbecom- 
ing. — adv. In a lower place. See 
Below. 

B£n'e-DI€T, ) n. [From Benedick, 

Ben'e-dick, ) one of the characters 
in Shakespeare's " Much Ado About 
Nothing."] A man newly married. 

Ben'e-dI€T'ine, a. Pertaining to the 
order of monks of St. Benedict. 

BEN'E-Die'TION, n. [Lat. benedictio, 
a speaking well of.] 1. Act of bless- 
ing. 2. Blessing, prayer, or kind 
wishes. 

Ben'e-f\€'tion. n. [Lat. bene/actio, 
a doing good.] 1. Act of conferring 
a benefit. 2. A benefit conferred. 

Ben / e-f.\€'tor, n. One who confers 
a benefit. [confers a benefit. 

BEN'e-fac'tress, n. A woman who 

Ben'e-fice, n. [Lat. beneficium.] An 
ecclesiastical living ; especially a par- 
sonage or vicarage. 



Be-nef'I-CENCE, n. Practice of do- 
ing good ; active goodness, kindness, 
or charity. 

S yx. — Benevolence. — Benevolence is 
literally well- willing; beneficence is liter- 
ally well-doing. The former may exist 
without the latter, butbenejicence always 
supposes benevolence. 

Be-nEf'1-cent, a. Doing good. 

Syx.— Bountiful ; liberal ; generous 

BE-NEF'I-CENT-LY, adv. In a be- 
neficent manner. 

Ben'e-fi'cial (-nsh'al). a. Confer- 
ring beuefits ; useful ; profitable. 

Ben'e-fi'cial-ly (-fiscal-), adv. In 
a beneficial manner. 

Ben'E-FI'CI-a-RY (-fish'!-), a. Hold- 
ing some valuable possession, in sub- 
ordination to another. — n. 1. One 
who holds a benefice. 2. One who 
receives the avails of a charity. 

Ben'e-fit,m. [See Benefaction.] 
1. An act of kindness ; a favor con- 
ferred. 2. Whatever contributes to 
happiness or prosperity. 3. A per- 
formance, the proceeds of which are 
given to a particular person or object. 
Syx.— Advantage ; profit; service; 
use; avail. 

— v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] To do good 
to ; to be useful to. — v. i. To gain 
advantage. 

Be-nev'o-lence, n. Disposition to 
do good ; good will. 

Syx. — Kindness; benignity; tender- 
ness. — Kindness and tenderness lean to 
the side of natural feeling; benevolence is 
considerate kindness, and often overrules 
mere impulse; benignity is condescend- 
ing kindness. 

BE-NEV'0-LENT,a. [Lat. benevolens, 
from bene, well, and volens, wishing.] 
Having a disposition to do good. 

Syx. — Beneficent ; munificent. — 
Originally, benevolent meant \ve\\-wish- 
ingr, and beneficent \KtA\-doing ; but now 
(with a slight tinge of the original sense) 
they differ in their outward exercise 
chiefly in degree ; a beneficent act being 
one on a larger scale than a benevolent 
one, while a munificent act is greater and 
more imposing than either. 

Be-nIght' (-nit/), v. t. 1. To involve 
in darkness. 2. To involve in moral 
darkness, or ignorance. 

BE-NIGN' (-nin'), a. [Lat. benignus, 
from bonus, good, and genus, kind.] 
Full of benignity. 

Syx. - Kind ; wholesome ; liberal ; 
generous. i 

Be-nig'nant, a. Kind; gracious. 

Be-NIG'NI-TY, n. 1. Condescending 
kindness ; graciousness. 2. Whole- 
some quality. 

Be-nign'ly (-nib/-), adv. Favorably ; 
graciously. [diction. 

Ben'1-s.on (-zn), n. Blessing; bene- 

BENT, imp. & p. p. of Bend. 

Bent, n. 1. Flexure ; curvity. 2. 
Leaning or bias ; inclination. 3. 
Particular tendency. — 4. [A.-S. 
beonet.] A kind of grass. 

Be-numb' (-niim'), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
To deprive of sensibility. 

Ben'zine, n. Same as Benzole. 

Ben-zoin', n. A fragrant resinous 
substance. 

Ben'zole, n. [Eng. benzoin and 



Lat. oleum, oil.] An oily substance, 
possessing great solvent powers. 

Be-prais_e', v. t. To praise extrava- 
gantly. 

Be-queath', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.. 
S. becvedhan, fr. pref. be and cvedli- 
an, to say, to speak.] 1. To give 
or leave by will. 2. To transmit. 

Syx. — To devise. — Devise is properly 
used to denote a gift by will of real pro- 
perty. Bequeath is properly applied to 
a gift by will of a legacy; »'. e., of personal 
property. 

Be-QUEST', n. Something left by 

will ; a legacy. 
I Be-rate', v. t. To chide vehemently. 

Be-reave', v. t. [imp. & p. p. BE- 
! REAVED, bereft.] 1. To deprive. 
j 2. To take away from. 

Be-reave'ment, n. State of being 
bereaved ; deprivation. 

B£r'GA-MOT, n. [Fiom Bergamo, in 
Italy.] 1. A species of orange-tree. 
2. An essence or perfume obtained 
from it. 3. A variety of pear. 

B£rg'Mas-ter, n. Chief officer 
among the Derbyshire miners. 

Be-rhyme' (-rim'), v. t. To mention 
in rhyme ; — used in contempt. 

Ber'ry. 7i. [A.-S. beria, berie.] A 
small pulpy fruit containing seeds 
scattered through it. 

Berth (14), n. [From the root of 
bear.] 1. Place where a ship lies at 
anchor, or at a wharf. 2. A place 
in a ship to sleep in. 3. Official 
situation or employment. 

BER'YL, n. [Gr. /3»jpvAAos.] A green- 
ish mineral of great hardness. 

Be-seech', v. t. [imp. & p. p. BE- 
SOUGHT ] [Pref. be and seek.] To 
ask with urgency. 

Syx.— To entreat; solicit; implore; 
supplicate. — Beg supposes simply a state 
of want: to beseech, entreat, and solicit, 
a state of urgent necessity; to implore 
and supplicate, a state of overwhelming 
distress. 

Be-seem', v. t. To become ; to befit. 

Be-set', v. t. [imp. & p. p. BESET.] 

1. To put or place, on, in. or around. 

2. To waylay ; to blockade. 3. To 
hem in or press on all sides. 

Be-set'ting, p. a. Habitually at- 
tending, or pressing. [curse to. 

Be-shre W (-shru'), v. t. To wish a 

Be-side', prep. 1. At the side of. 2. 
Aside from ; out of. 

Be-side§', adv. More than that; 
moreover ; in addition. — prep. Over 
and above ; in addition to. 

Be-siege', v. t. [-ed; -ING.] To 
beset or surround with armed forces. 

Be-sieg'er, n. The party that be- 
sieges. 

Be-smear', v. t. To smear with any 
viscous, glutinous matter. 

BE'^OM, 11. [A.-S. besma.] Abrush 
of twigs ; a broom. 

Be-sot', v. t. [-ted ; -ting.] To 
make sottish by drink ; hence, to 
make dull or stupid. 

Be SOUGHT' (be-sawt'), p. p. of Be- 
seech, [spangles. 

Be-span'gle, v. t. To adorn with 

Be-spat'ter, v. t. 1. To soil by 
spattering. 2 To asperse. 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOKj URN, rue, PULL ; E. I. o, silent ; C, G, soft; €, G, hard; ASj exist ; N as NG; THIS 



BESPEAK 



38 



BICIPITOUS 



Be-speak', v. t. [imp. bespoke ; 

p. p. BESPOKE, BESPOKEN.] To 
speak for beforehand ■; to betoken. 

Bespread', v. t. To spread over. 

Be-sprInk'le, v. t. To sprinkle over. 

Bes'se-mer Steel. [From the in- 
ventor, Bessemer.] Steel made di- 
rectly from cast-iron, by forcing a 
blast of air through the molten 
metal. 

Best, a. super!. [A.-S. besta, best.] 
1. Most good. 2. Most advanced ; 
most complete. — n. Utmost ; highest 
endeavor. — adv. 1. In the highest 
degree. 2. To the most advantage. 

BES'TlAL(best / yal), a. [Lat. bestialis; 
bestia, beast.] Belonging to a beast, 
or having the qualities of a beast. 

Syn.— Brutish; beastly; brutal; sen- 
sual. 

Bes-tial'i-TY (best-yaP-), n. 1. 
Quality of a beast. 2. Unnatural 
connection with a beast. 

Bes'tial-ize (best'yal-), v. t. To 
make like a beast. 

Be -stir', v.t. To put into brisk or 
vigorous action. 

BE-STOW',t>. t. [-ED; -ing.] [See 
STOW.] 1. To deposit for safe keep- 
ing. 2. To make use of; to apply. 
3. To give, confer, or impart. 

Be-stow'al, )n. 1. Act of be- 

Be-stow'ment, ) stowing. 2. That 
which is bestowed; donation. 

Be-STR.\d'dle, v. t. To bestride. 

BE-STREW (-strjj/ or -stro'), v. t. 
[imp. BESTREWED; p. p. BE- 
STREWED, bestrown.] To scat- 
ter over ; to strow. 

Be-stride', v. t. [imp. BESTRID or 
BESTRODE ; p. p. BESTRID, BE- 
STRIDDEN.] To stride over; to 
stand or sit with the legs extended 
across^ 

BE-STRODE', imp. of Bestride. 

Be-stDd', v. t. To set with studs. 

Bet, n. [A.-S. bad, pledge, stake.] 
That which is staked, or pledged, to 
be won or lost on certain conditions ; 
a wager. — v. t. [-ted ; -TING.] To 
stake upon the event of a contest ; to 
wager. 

Be-take', v. t. [imp. betook ; p. 
p. betaken.] To have recourse to ; 
to resort. 

Be'tel (bo'tl), n. A species of pep- 
per, the leaves of which are chewed 
in the East Indies. 

JJeth'el, n. [Heb., house of God.] 

1. A chapel for dissenters. [Eng.] 

2. A house of worship for seamen. 
Be-think', v. t. [imp. & p. p. be- 
thought.] To call to mind; to 
recall. 

Be-tide', v. t. [imp. betid or be- 
TIDED; p. p. BETID.] To happen 
to; to befall. — v.t. To come to 
pass ; to happen. 

Be-time', ) adv. 1. In good time ; 

Be-times', ) seasonably. 2. In a 
short time ; soon. 

Be-to'ken (-to'kn), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 

1. To signify by some visible object. 

2. To foreshow by present signs. 
Syn.— To presage; portend; indicate. 



I.E. I. O 



by 



Bet'o-ny, n. A plant used to dye 
wool of a dark-yellow color. 

BE-TOOK', imp. of Betake.. 

Be-tray', t'. «. [-ED ; -ING.] [From 
be and Lat. tradere, to give up.] 1. 
To give up treacherously or faith- 
lessly. 2. To discover in violation of 
trust. 3. To show or to indicate. 

Be-tray 'er, n. One who betrays. 

Be-troth', v. t To contract to any 
one ; to affiance. 

Be-troth'ment, n. A mutual en- 
gagement for a future marriage ; 
espousals. 

BET'TER,a. ,• compar. of Good- [A.-S., 
bett, betera ; Goth, batiza, from bats, 
good.] 1. Having good qualities in 
a greater degree than another. 2. 
Preferable in any respect. 3. Im- 
proved in health. — n. 1. Advant- 
age or victory. 2. A superior. — 
adv., compar. of Well. 1. In a more 
excellent manner. 2. More correctly. 
3. In a higher degree. — v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING,] To increase the good quali- 
ties of. 

Syn.— To improve; meliorate; amend; 
correct; advance. 

BET'ter-ment, n. A making bet- 
ter ; improvement. 

Bet'TOR, n. One who bets. 

Bet'ty, n. A short bar used 
thieves to wrench doors open. 

BE-TWEEN',/>r<7?. [Pref. be, equiv. to 
Eng. by, and twain, two.] 1. In the 
intermediate space of. 2. From one 
to another of. 3. Shared by two or 
both of. 

Syn.— Among.— Between applies prop- 
erly to only two parties ; ns, a quarrel 
between two men, two nations. Among 
always supposes more than two. 

BEV'EL, n. [Fr. beveau.] 

1. A slant of a surface. 

2. An instrument for ad- 
justing surfaces to the 
same inclination. — a. 
Slanting. — v. t. [-ED, 
-led, -ling, 137.] To cut to a bevel 
angle. — v. i. To slant oil. 

Bev'er-age, n. [From Lat. bibere, 
to drink.] Liquor for drinking. 

BEV'Y, n. 1. A flock of birds, especial- 
ly quails. 2. A collection of ladies. 

Be-wail', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
grieve for ; to mourn ; to lament. 

Be-ware', v. i. To be cautious ; to 
take care ; to take heed. 

Be-wil'der, v. t. [-ED; -TNG.] To 
lead into perplexity or confusion ; to 
lead astray. [bewildered. 

Be-wil'der-ment, n. State of being 

BE-WITCH', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To affect by witchcraft or sorcery. 
2. To charm or fascinate. [nation. 

Be-witch'er-y, n. Charm; fasci- 

Be-witch'ing-ly, adv. In a man- 
ner to bewitch. 

Be-witch'ing-ness, n. Quality of 
being bewitching. 

Be-witch'ment,«. Powerof charm- 
ing ; fascination. 

Be-wray' (-ra/), v. t. To betray. 

Bey (ba), n. A Turkish governor. 
See Beg. 




BE-YOND', prep. [A.-S. begeond.] 1. 
On the further side of. 2. Before, in 
place, or time. 3. Further than ; 
past. 4. Above, as in excellence, or 
quality of any kind. — adv. At a 
distance ; yonder. 

Bez'el, n. Part of a ring which 
holds the stone. 

Bl'AS, n. [Fr. biais, N. Catalan biax, 
slope.] 1. A weight on the side of a 
bowl which turns it from a straight 
line. 2. A leaning of the mind ; 
propensity. 3. A wedge-shaped piece 
of cloth taken out of a garment. 

Syn. — Bent; prejudice; preposses- 
sion. 

— V. t [-E D, -ING ; or - SED, - SING, 
137.] To incline to one side ; to pre- 
possess. 

BiB, n. [Lat. bibere. to drink.] A cloth 
worn by children over the breast. 

BI-ba'cious, a. [Lat. bibax.] Ad- 
dicted to drinking. 

Bib'ber, n. A drinker ; a tippler. 

Bi'BLE, n. [Gr. /Si/3AiW, dim. of /3t/3- 
Aos, book.] The Book, or that 
which contains the Scriptures. 

Bib'LI€-AL, a. Pertaining to the Bi- 
ble. 

BTl'b'li-og'ra-pher, n. [Gr. /3t/3Ai- 
oypd<£os, fr. /3t/3Atoj/, took, and wpd- 
<f>eiv, to write.] One versed in bib- 
liography. 

BiB'LI-o-graph'ic, \ a. Pertain- 

BlB'LI-O-GRAPH'IC-AL, ) ing to 
bibliography , or the history of books. 

Bib'li-og'ra-phy, n. An account 
of books and manuscripts. 

BlB'LI-OL'A-TKY, v. [Gr. /Si/3Aiov, 
book, and Aarpeia, service, worship.] 
Homage paid to books, especially to 
the Bible. 

B'iB'LI-O-MAN'CY,*?.. [Gr. ^i/3Aior, 
book, and /xavreia, divination.] 
Divination by selecting passages of 
Scripture at hazard. 

Bib'LI-o-MA'ni-a, n. [Gr. /3ij3Atoi/, 
book, and pavia, madness. A rage 
for possessing rare and curious hoc ks. 

Bi'B'Ll-o-MA'Nl-AC, n. One who has 
a rage for books. 

Bib'li-o-ma-ni'ac-al, a. Pertaining 
to a passion for books. 

BlB'LI-cP'o-LlST, ) n. [Gr. /SijSAi- 

BiB'LI-O-POLE', J ottwAt)?, fr. /3i0- 
Aiov, and nuKelv, to sell.] A book- 
seller. 

BlB'Ll-o-THE'CAL, a. [Gr. /SijSAio- 
6rjKri, library.] Belonging to a li- 
brary . 

Eib'list, n. A biblical scholar. 

B'lB'U-LOfis, a. [Lat. bibulus, fr. bi- 
bere, to drink.] Spongy ; porous. 

Bl-€AP'su-LAR, a. [Lat. bis, twice, 
and Eng. capsular.] Having two 
capsules to each Mower. 

Bice, ) n. A pale blue paint or pig- 

BIse, I ment. 

Bl-CEPH'A-Lotrs, a. [Lat. bis, twice, 
and Gr. Ke<£aArj, head.] Having two 
heads. 

BT-ciP'i-TAr,, )«. [Lat. biceps; b.r, 

Bi-CIP'i-tous. ) twice, and caput, 
head.] Having two heads or ori- 
gins. 



v,Y,long; A,E,f, 6, tf, y, short; cAre, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, fIrm 



BICKER 



39 



BIOGRAPHER 



BtCK'ER, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [WJ 
bicre, conflict, skirmish.] 1. To con- 1 
tend in words. 2. To quiver. 

Syn. — To quarrel; scold; wrangle; 
_contend; quiver. 
Bl-€OL'OR, ) a. [Lat. bicolor.} Of 

BI-€OL'OR£D, \ two colors. 
BI'€ORN, ) a. [Lat. bicornis.]. 

Bi-gor'noOs, j Having two horns. 

Bi-gor'po-ral, a. [Lat. bis, twice, 
and corpus, body.] Having two 
bodies. 

BI-gOs'pid, ) a . [Lat. bis, twice, 

Bi-gDs'pid-ate, J and cuspis, point.] 
Having two points. 

BI'CY-GLE, n. [Lat. bis, twice, and 
Low L. cyclus, circle.] A two- 
wheeled velocipede. 

BId, v. t. [imp. BID or bade ; p.p. 
BID, BIDDEN.] [A.-S. biddan, to 
pray, ask, beodan, to offer, to com- 
mand.] 1. To offer to pay. 2. To 
declare. 3. To order ; to direct. 4. 
To invite. — n. An offer of a price. 

Bid'der, n. One who bids. 

Bide, v.?'. [Goth, beidan.] To dwell 
permanently; to inhabit. — v. t. 1. 
To endure; to suffer. 2. To wait 
for. 

Bl-DEN'TAL, a. Having two teeth. 

Bl-EN'NI-AL, a. [Lat. biennalis ; bis, 
twice, and annus, year.] 1. Happen- 
ing once in two years. 2. Continu- 
ing for two years, and then perishing. 
— n. A plant lasting for two years. 

Bl-EN'NI-AL-LY, adv. Once in two 
years. 

Bier, n. [Same root as to bear.] A 
carriage for the dead. 

BlEST'lNGg, n. pi. First milk given 
_by a cow after calving. 

Bi-fa'cial, a. [Lat. 6/5, twice, and 
fades, face.] Having the opposite 
surfaces alike. 

Bl-FA'RI-O&s, a. [Lat. bifarius.] 1. 
In two vows. 2. Pointing two ways. 

BlF'ER-oiJs, a. [Lat. bifer, from bis, 
twice, and ferre, to bear.] Bearing 
fruit twice a year. 

Bl'FlD, la. [Lat. bifdus, fr. bis, 

BIf'ID-ate, ) twice, and findere, to 
cleave-] Opening with a cleft. 

Bi-flo'rate, I a. [Lat. bis, twice, 

Bl-FLO'ROUS. f and ftos, flower, flo- 
rere, to bloom.] Bearing two flow- 
ers 1 

Bl-FO'LI-ATE, a. Having two leaves. 

Bi'form, ) a. [Lat. biformis.] Hav- 

Bi'formed. ( ing two forms. 

Bi-FORM'r-TY, n. A double form. 

Bl-FUR'CATE, ) a. [Lat. bis, twice, 

Bi-FIJR'€A-TED, ( and Eng. furcate, 
furcated.] Having two branches. 

BUFUR-CA'TION, n. A forking, or 
division into two branches. 

BIg, a. [W. baich, burden.] 1. Hav- 
ing largeness of size. 2. Pregnant. 
Syn. — Bulky; large; great; proud. 

BIg'a-jiist, n. One who has com- 
mitted bigamy. 

BIg'a-my , n. Crime of having two 
wives or husbands at once. 

BlG'GIN, n. [Prob. from the cap worn 
by the Beguines.] A child's cap or 
hood ; a small wooden vessel. 



Bight (bit), n. [Goth, biugan, to 
bend.] 1. A bend in the sea-coast. 
2. Double part of a rope when fold- 
ed. 

BtG'NESS, n. Quality of being big. 

BiG'OT, n. [Fr. bigot; Cf. Sy.bigote, 
a whisker ; hombre de bigote, a man 
of spirit and vigor; It. s-bigottire, to 
terrify, appall.] One obstinately and 
unreasonably wedded to a particular 
creed, opinion, practice, or ritual. 

BlG'OT-ED, a. Obstinately and un- 
duly wedded to a system or party. 

BlG'OT-ED-LY, adv. In the manner 
of a bigot. 

BlG'OT-RY, n. Perverse or blind at- 
tachment to a particular crted, or to 
certain tenets. 

Bijou (be'zhJb'), n. ; pi. bijoux 
(be'zhiTo'.) [Fr.] A trinket ; a jewel. 

Bl-JOU'TRY (-zlic7o / -), n. Small arti- 
cles, such as jewelry, trinkets, &c. 

Bi-la'bi-ate, a. Having two lips. 

Bi-lui'el-late, la. Formed of 

Bl-L\M'EL-LA'TED, ) two plates. 

Bl-L \T'ER-AL,a. Having two sides. 

BlL/BER-RY, n. [Corrupted fr. blue- 
berry] A shrub and its berry. 

Bil/BO, ii. ; pi. bil/boer. [From 
Bilboa, in Spain, where they were 
fabricated.] 1. A kind of shackle or 
fetter. 2. A rapier. 

Bile, n. [Lat. bilis.] A greenish, bit- 
ter fluid secreted by the liver. 

BlLGE,n. [Another form of bulge.] 
1. Protuberant part of a cask. 2. 
Broadest part of a ship's bottom. — 
v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To suffer a frac- 
ture in the bilge. 

Bilge'-wa/ter, n. Water lying on 
a ship's bilge or bottom. 

B'lL'lA-RY (bil'ya-rj-), a. Pertaining 
to, or conveying, the bile. 

Bl-LIN'GUAL, a. [Lat. biiinguis, fr. 
bis, twice, and lingua, language.] 
Containing two languages. 

Bi'l/IOUS (bll'yus). a. Pertaining to 
the bile ; disordered in respect to the 
bile. 

Bl-LIT'ER-AL, a. [Lat. bis, twice, 
and litera, letter.] Consisting of two 

Bilk, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Cf. Goth. 
bilaikan, to mock or deride.] To dis- 
appoint, or defraud, by non-fulfill- 
ment of engagement. 

Bill, n. 1. [A.-S. bile.] Beak of a 
fowl. 2. [A.-S. bill, bil; Skr. bhil, 
to split.] A hook-shaped cutting in- 
strument. 3. An ancient kind of 
battle-ax. 4. [Lat. bulla, any thing 
rounded.] A written declaration of 
some wrong or fault, &c. 5. An ob- 
ligation given for money. 6. A pro- 
posed law. 7. Advertisement posted 
in some public place. 8. An ac- 
count of goods ; a statement of par- 
ticulars. 

Bill of Exchange. — A written order 
from one person to another, desiring the 
latter to pay to some person designated 
a specified sum of money. 

— v. i. To join bills, as doves; to 
caress. 
BlLL'-BOOK, n. A book in which a 



person keeps an account of his notes, 
bills of exchange, &c. 

BIl'let,?i. [Fr. See Bill, a writ- 
ing.] A small paper or note ; a short 
letter.— v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To quar- 
ter, as soldiers in private houses. 

Billet-doux (bll'le-doo'), n. [Fr.] 
A love-note or letter, [curved edge. 

Bill'-hck>k, n. A small hatchet with 

BlLL'IARDS, n. pi. [Fr. billard, from 
bille, ball.] A game played with 
ivory balls, on a rectangular table. 

Bil'LINGS-gAte, ii. [From a fish- 
market of this name in London.] 
Foul or profane language ; ribaldry. 

BlLL'iON (bil'yun), n. [Lat. bis, 
twice, and L. Lat. millio,a million.] 
According to the French method of 
numeration, a thousand millions; 
according to the English method, a 
million of millions. 

Bil'low, ii. [Ger. bulge, fr. root bel- 
gen, to swell.] A great wave or surge 
of the sea. [into large waves. 

BiL'LOW-Y, a. Swelling, or swelled 

BlL'LY, 11. A watchman's club. 

Bi'lobed, ) a. Divided into two 

Bi-l5'bate,j lobes. 

Bi-ma'noijs, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and 
manus, hand. J Having two hands. 

Bi-men'sal, ) a. Occurring once in 

Bi-m6nth'ly, ) two months. 

Bin, n. [A.-S. binn.} A box or in- 
closed place, to hold any commodity. 

Bi'na-ry, a. [Lat. binarius, fr. bini, 
two by two.] Compounded of two ; 
double. [couples. 

Bi'nate, a. Eeing double or in 

Bind, v. t. [imp. bound ; p. p. 
BOUND, formerly BOUNDEN.] 
[Goth, bindan, Skr. bandlu] 1. To 
tie together. 2. To confine, restrain, 
or hold in any way. 3. To sew or 
fasten together, and inclose in a 
cover. 4. To oblige. — v. i. To con- 
tract ; to grow hard or stiff. 

Bind'er,ji. I. One who binds books. 
2. Any thing that binds ; a bandage. 

Bind'er-y, ii. A place where books 
are bound. [An Americanism.] 

BlND'iNG,a. Having power to bind 
or oblige ; obligatory. — n. Any 
thing that binds, as a bandage, the 
cover of a book, or something used 
to secure the edge of cloth from rav- 
eling. 

BiN'NA-GLE, n. [Lat. habi- 
taculum, habitation, from 
habitare, to dwell.] A 
ship's compass-box. 

Bin'o-gle (bm'o-kl), n. 
[Lat. bini, two and two, 
and ocultts, eye.] A tele- 
scope, fitted with two jjinnac 
_tubes joining. 

Bi-nog'u-lar, a. 1. Having two eyes. 
2. Adapted to the u^e of both eyes. 

Bl-NO'MI-AL, n. [Lat. bis. twice, and 
nomeii, name.] An .algebraical ex- 
pression consisting of two terms con- 
nected by the sign plus or minus. — 
a. Consisting of two terms ; — per- 
taining to binomials. 

Bi-6g'ra-pher, n. One who writes 
a person's life. 



6r, do, wolf, too, took; urn, rue, pull; e, i, o, silent; c, 



•soft; €, G, hard; A£; E^IST ; N as NG ; THIS. 



BIOGRAPHIC 



40 



BLACK-LEAD 



Bl'O graph'ic, ) a. Pertaining to 

BPO-grXph'ic-al, J biography. 

Bi-6g'ra-phy, n. [Gr. /Si'os, life, and 
ypd<f>eiv, to write.] The history of 
the life and character of a person. 

Bl-OL'O-GY, n. [Gr. jSi'os, life, and 
Aoyos, discourse.] Science of life. 

Bl-PA'Rotrs, or Bip'a-roDs, a. [Lat. 
bis. twice, and parere, to bring forth.] 
Bringing forth two at a birth. 

BI-PAR'TITE, or BlP'AR-TITE, a. 
[Lat. bipartire, from bis, twice, and 
partire, to divide.] Having two cor- 
respondent parts. 

BPpXr-ti'tion (-tlsh'un), n. Act of 
dividing into two parts. 

Bl'PED, n. [Lat. bipes, fr. bis, twice, 
and pes, pedis, foot.] An animal 
having two feet, as man. 

BPPE^'l"- Haviag two feet. 
Bi-PEN'nate, ) a. Having two 

Bl-PEN'NA-TED, ) wings. 

Bl PET'AE-o&s,a. Having two flnwer- 

leaves or petals. 
Bi-pin'nate, ) ~ . . . 

Bl-PIN'NA-TED, f "• TwlCe P ,Dnate - 

Bl-PLI'€ATE, a. [Lat. bis, twice, and 
plicnre, to fold.] Twice folded to- 
gether. 

Bi-QUAD'rate, ) «. The power 

Bi'QUAD-rat'ic, ) arising from the 
multiplication of a square number 
by itself. [fourth power. 

BVQUAD-r \t'ic, a. Pertaining to the 

Bi-ra'di-ate, ) a. Having two 

Bi-ra'di-a'ted, ) rays. 

Birch (18), n. [A.-S. birce, Icel. 
biork.] A tree of several species. 

Birch, la. Made of birch ; con- 

Birch'en, i sisting of birch. 

Bird (18). n. [A.-S. bird, or brid, 
young of any animal, brood.] A 
two-legged, feathered, thing animal. 

BIrd'-cAGe, n. A cage for birds. 

Bird'-call, n. An instrument for 
calling birds. 

BTrd's/-eye, a. Seen from above, as 
if by a flying bird ; hence, general. 

BiRD'g'NEST, n. The nest in which 
a bird lays eggs. 

Bl'REME, n. [Lat. biremis ; bis, twice, 
and remits, oar.] A vessel with two 
tiers of oars. 

BIRTH (18), n. [A.-S. beordh, byrd, fr. 
beran, beoran, to bear, bring forth.] 
1. Act of coming into life. 2. Line- 
age; extraction. 

BIrth'day, n. 1. Day in which any 
one is born. 2. Anniversary of one's 
birth. 

BiRTH'-mark, n. Some peculiar mark 
on the body at birth. 

BIlRTH'place, n. Place where one 
is born L 

BIrth'right (-rit), n. A right to 
which one is entitled by birth. 

BIs'cuit (bls'kit), n. [Lat. bis, twice, 
and coclus, baked.] 1. A kind of 
bread variously made. 2. Earthen- 
ware baked but not glazed. 

Bl sect', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
bis, twice, and secure, to cut.] To 
divide into two equal parts. 

Bl-SE€'TION, n. Act of bisecting. 




BI-SEG'MENT, n. One of the parts of 
a line, or other magnitude, divided 
into two equal parts. [both sexes. 

Bi-SEX'U-AL ( -sek'shu-), a. Being of 

BlSH'pp', n. [A.-S. bisceop, biscop, fr. 
Gr. €77to-»co7ros, inspector.] The high- 
est of the three orders of the Chris- 
tian ministry. 

Bish'op-ric, n. A diocese; the juris- 
diction of a bishop. 

Bis'muth, n. A metal of a reddish- 
white color, somewhat harder than 
lead. 

Bi'2'MUTH-AL, a. Consisting of bis- 
muth, or containing it. 

Bl'SON (or bl'sn), n. [Gr. fiiauv.] A 
quadruped in- 
habiting the in- 
terior of North 
America ; popu- 
larly, but er- 
roneously, call- 
ed the buffalo. 

BlS-SEX'TlLE 

(-sgks'til), n. American Bison. 
[Lat. bissextilis, from bissextus, sixth 
of the calends of March, or Feb. 24, 
which was reckoned twice every 
fourth year.] Leap year ; every 
fourth year, in which a day is added 
to the mouth of February. — a. Per- 
taining to leap year. 

Bts'TER, ) n. [Fr. bistre.] A dark- 

Bls'TRE, J brown pigment. 

Bis'TOU-RY, n. [From Pistoria, where 
it was first manufactured.] A surgi- 
cal instrument for incisions. 

Bl-SUL'€OUS, a. [Lat. bisulcus, from 
bis, twice, and sulcus, furrow.] 
Cloven-footed, as swine or oxen. 

BTt, n. [From A.-S. bitan, to bite.] 

1. The iron mouthpiece of a bridle. 

2. A morsel : a bite ; hence, a small 
piece of any thing ; a small coin. 3. 
A small instrument for boring. — v. t. 
[-ted ; -ting.] To put a bit in the 
mouth of. — imp. & p. p. of Bite. 

Bitch, n. [A.-S. bicce.] The female 
of the canine kind. 

Bite, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bit, bit- 
ten.] [Goth, beitan.] 1. To cut, 
crush, or seize with the teeth.. 2. 
To cause sharp pain to. 3. To cheat ; 
to trick. — 11. 1. Act of seizing with 
the teeth. 2. The wound made by 
the teeth. 3. A morsel. 4. A trick. 

Bit'er, n. One who, or that which, 
bites. [caustic. 

BlT'lNG.rc. Sharp; severe; sarcastic; 

Bit'ta-cle, n. See Binnacle. 

B'it'TER, a. [A.-S. biter ; fr. bite.] 1. 
Having a peculiar, acrid, biting taste. 
2. Causing pain or distress to the 
mind. 3. Mournful ; distressing. 

Syn. — Sharp ; severe ; cruel ; poign- 
ant; reproachful ; pitiable. 

Bit'ter-ish, a. Somewhat bitter. 

BlT'TER-LY, adv. In a bitter man- 
ner. 

BlT'TERN, n. [N. Lat. botaurus, bos- 
taurus. Lat. taurus.] 1. A wading- 
bird, related to the herons. 2. 
[From bitter.] The brine which re- 
mains in salt works after the salt is 
concreted. 



BlT'TER-NESS, n. State or quality 
of being bitter. 

Bit'ters_, n. pi. A liquor in which 
bitter herbs are steeped. 

BlT'TER-SWEET, ii. A plant, whose 
root produces first a bitter, then a 
sweet taste. 

•Bl-TU'MEN,n. [Lat.] Mineral pitch; 
an inflammable substance having a 
pitch-like odor. 

Bl-TU'MI-N~IZE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To impregnate with bitumen. 

Bi-tu'mi-nous, a. Having the quali- 
ties of bitumen. 

Bi'valve, n. [Lat. bis, twice, and 
valva, valve.] A molluscous ani- 
mal, having a shell consisting of two 
parts or valves. 

Bi'valve, ) a. Having two 

Bi-valv'ous, | valves which open 

Bi-valv'U-lar, ) and shut, as the 
oyster. 

BIv'i-ous, or Bi'vi-ous, a. [Lat. 
bivius; bis, twice, and via, way,] 
Having, or leading, two ways. 

Biv'oule (blv'wak), n. [Fr.] 1. 
Guard or watch of a whole army. 2. 
An encampment without tents. — 
v. t. [-ed : -ING.] To encamp 
without tents or covering. 

BI'-week/ly, a. Occurring once in 
every two weeks. 

Bizarre (be-zdr'), a. [Fr.] Oddin 
manner or appearance. 

BLAB,rJ. [-BED ;-bing,136.] [Ger. 
blappen.] To tell unnecessarily. — 
v. i. To talk without discretion ; to 
tattle. — n. A babbler ; a telltale. 

Black, a. [A.-S. blsec. See Bleak.] 

1. Destitute of light. 2. Very dark 
or gloomy. — n. 1. Darkest color. 

2. A negro. — v.t. [-ED; -ing.] 
To make black ; to blacken. 

Black'-art, n. Conjuration; magic. 

Black'a-moor, n. A negro ; a black. 

Black'ball, n. A composition for 
blacking shoes, boots, &'c. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ing.] To reject by black 
balls or ballots. [bramble. 

Black'ber-ry, n. The berry of the 

Black'bird, n. In England, a spe- 
cies of thrush ; in America, this 
name is given to different birds. 

Black'board, 11. A board used to 
write or draw on with chalk. 

Black'-cat'tle, ». Cattle of the 
bovine genus reared for slaughter, 
whatever their color may be. 

Black'jbn, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To make black. 2. To sully, as 
. reputation. — v. i . To grow black. 

Black'fish, n. A fish caught on the 
shores of New England ; tautog. 

Black'-frPar, n. A friar of the 
Dominican order. 

Black'GUARD (blag'gard), n. [Orig. 
the guard of the devil.] A person of 
low character and scurrilous lan- 
guage. — v.t. [-ED; -ING.] To re- 
vile in scurrilous language. 

BlXck'ing,m. A preparation used 
for blacking shoes, boots, &c. 

Black'ISH. a. Somewhat black. 

Black-lead', n. [From its color, 
and fr. making a mark like lead.] A 



A, E, I, 5, U, Y,long; A,E,I, 6, U, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM ; PIQUE, FIRM; SON. 



BLACKLEG 



41 



BLIND-WORM 



mineral composed of carbon ; plum- 
bago ; graphite. [and cheat. 

Black'leg, re. A notorious gambler 

Black'-let'TER,ji. The old Eng- 
lish or modern Gothic letter. — a. 
Written or printed in black-letter. 

BlAck'-mail, n. Extortion of money 
from a person by threats. [black. 

BlAck'ness, n. Quality of being 

BlAck'-pud'ding, 11. A kind of 
sausage made of blood, suet, &c. 

BlAck'-ROD, n. The usher belonging 
to the order of the Garter. [Eng.] 

BlAck'smith, n. A smith who works 
in iron. 

BlAck'thokn, n. A spiny plant 
bearing <a small black fruit. 

BlAd'der, n. [A.-S blsedre, bldddre.] 
A. sac in animals, serving as the re- 
ceptacle of some secreted fluid. 

Blade, n. [A.-S. bleed, that which 
springs forth.] 1. The leaf, or flat 
part of the leaf, of any plant. 2. 
Cutting part of an instrument. 3. 
Broad part of au oar. 4. A sharp- 
wjtted, dashing fellow. 

Blade '-bone, re. Upper bone in the 
shoulder. [blades. 

Blad'ed, p. p. Having a blade or 

BLAIN, n. [A.-S. blegen.] An inflam- 
matory swelling ; a blister. 

Blam'a-ble, a. Desenving of cen- 
sure ; faulty ; culpable. 

Blam'A-bly, adv. In a manner de- 
serving of censure. 

Blame, r. t. [-ed ; -iyg ] [Gr. 
/3Aa<r(|)r)/LteZv, to speak ill.] To cen- 
sure ; to find fault with. — re. 1. 
Expression of disapprobation. 2. 
That which is deserving of censure. 

Syx. —Censure; reprehension; con- 
demnation; reproach; fault; sin; crime. 

Blame'ful, a. Meriting blame. 

Blame'less, a. "Without fault ; not 
meriting censure. 

Blame'less ly, adv. Innocently. 

Blame'less-xess, re. Freedom from 
blame: innocence. 

Blame'wor-thy (-wGr-), a. Deserv- 
ing blame ; censurable ; culpable. 

Blanch, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Fr. 
blanchir, from blanr.. white.] 1. To 
take out the color of; to whiten. 2. 
To make white by stripping off the 
peel. — v. >. To grow white. 

Blanch'er, n. 1. One who blanches 
or whitens. 2. One who anneals and 
cleanses money. 

Blanc-masge ) (bla-monj/), n. 

Blanc-mas ger f [Fr., lit. white 
food.] A preparation of dissolved 
isinglass, or sea-moss, milk, sugar, 
cinnamon. &c, boiled. 

BlAnd. a. [Lat. blundits.] Marked 
by soft or soothing qualities. 

Syx.— Mild; soft: gentle; courteous. 

Blan-dIl'o-QUENOe, n. [Lat. blan- 
diloquentia.] Fair, mild, flattering 
speech. 

Bland'ish, v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] [Lat. 
blandiri, fr. blandvs. mild.] To flat- 
ter by kind words or affectionate ac- 
tions : to caress 

BlAnd'ish-ment, re. Soft words ; 
artful caresses. 



BlAnd'ness, re. State of being bland. I 

BlAnk, a. [Ger. blank, bright, white, I 

allied to blinken, to shine, glitter.] ; 

1. Of a white or pale color. 2. Dis- 
pirited ; dejected. '6. Lacking some- 
thing ; empty, 4. Without mixture , 
pure. — n. 1. Any void space. 2. A j 
ticket in a lottery on which no prize 
is indicated. 3. A paper unwritten. 

Blank verse, verse without rhyme. 

BlAnk'et, re. [Fr. blanchet, from | 
blanc, white.] A coarse woolen cover, I 
to protect from cold. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING ] To toss in a blanket. 

Blare, v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] [Ger. blar- 
ren, D. blaren, to bleat, to cry, to 
weep.] To roar. — n. Noise; loud 
sound. 

Blar'ney, n. [Cf. Ir. bladar, flat- 
tery.] Smooth, deceitful talk. 

BLAS-PHEME', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Gr. 
/8A.ao-<^T7fieii'.] To speak impiously of, 
as of God or Christ. — v. i. To utter 
blasphemy. 

Blas-phem'ER. n. One who blas- 
phemes. 

BlAs'phe-MOu"S, a. Containing blas- 
phemy. 

BlAs'phe-MOUS-ly, adv. In a blas- 
phemous manner. 

BlAs'phe-my, ii. An indignity of- 
fered to God by contemptuous words, j 

Blast, n. [A.-S. blaest, a puff, fr. Use- > 
son, to blow.] 1. A destructive wind. 

2. Forcible stream of air from an j 
orifice. 3. Sound made by blowing , 
a wind instrument. 4. The rending ! 
of rocks by gunpowder. 5. A blight. 

— v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To wither; | 
to blight. 2. To confound, or strike 
with force, by a loud blast. 3. To 
split, as with gunpowder. 

BLA'TANT, a. [Prov. Eng. blate, to 
bellow.] Bellowing, as a calf; noisy, j 

Blaze, re. [A.-S. blsese.] 1. Flame, j 
2. Light, as from flame. 3. A white j 
spot on the face of a horse. 4. A spot i 
on trees made by chipping off bark. ] 
Syx.— Flame.— A blaze and aflame 
are both produced by burning gas, but 
the former gives light and the latter heat, | 

— the one shines and the other burns. 

— v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To shine 
with flame. 2. To sendforth a bright j 
light. 3. To be conspicuous. — v. t.\ 
1. To make public. 2. To mark, as 
ajtree, by chipping off bark. 

Bla'zon, v. t. [-ed:-ing.] 1. To j 
display. 2. To deck ; to adorn. 3. 
To explain, as the figures on armo- 
rial ensigns. — n. [From blaze, torch, 
f. e., splendor.] 1. Art of drawing or 
explaining coats of arms. 2. Osten- J 
tatious display - . 

Bla'zon-ry, re. Art of describing 
coats of arms in proper terms. 

Bleach, v. t. [-ed : -ing.] A.-S. 
blazcan. See Bleak.] To make 
white by removing the original color. 

— v. i. To grow white in any way. 

BLE ACH'er, n. One who bleaches. 

Bleach'er-y, 11. A place for bleach- 
ing. 

BLEAK, a. [A.-S. blac, blaec, pale, 
wan, from blican, to shine.] 1. Des- 



olate and exposed. 2. Cold ; cheer. 

less. [wind. 

Bleak'ly, adv. Openly as to cold and 

Bleak'ness. n. Quality of being 

bleak. 
Blear, a. Dim or sore with water 
or rheum. — v.t. [-ed;-ing.] To 
affect with soreness of eyes, or a 
watery humor. [eyes. 

Blear-ey\ed (-Id), a. Having soro 
Bleat, v. i. [A.-S. blxtan.] To cry- 
as a sheep. — n. Cry of a sheep. 
Bleed, v. i. [imp. & p.p. bled.] 
[A.-S. Uf.dan.] 1. To lose blood. 2. 
To die a violent death. 3. To lose 
sap, gum, or juice. 4. To lose money. 

— v. t. 1. To take blood from. 2. 
To lose, as blood, sap. or gum. 

Bleed'ing, n. A running or issuing 
of blood ; a hemorrhage. 

Blem'ish, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [0. Fr. 
blemir, blesmir, bleme, blesme, pale, 
wan.] 1. To mark with deformity; 
to mar. 2. To tarnish, as reputa- 
tion ; to defame. — n. Any mark of 
deformity. 

Syx. — Spot ; flaw ; fault ; taint ; re- 
proach; dishonor; disgrace. 

Blench, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [See 
Blanch.] To shrink ; to start back ; 
to flinch. 

Blend, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Goth. 
blandan, to mix.] To mix together ; 
to confound. — v. i. To be mixed 
or united. 

Blende, n. [Ger., fr. blenden, to daz- 
zle.] An ore of zinc. 

Blent, p. p. of Blend. 

Bless, v. t. [imp. & p. p. blessed 
or blest.] [A.-S. bletsjan, blessjan, 
fr. biidhe, blithe.] 1 To make hap- 
py. 2. To invoke a blessing on. 3. 
To praise, or glorify. 

BLESS'ED (CO), a. Enjoying happiness 
or bliss; happy; prosperous. 

BlEss'ed-x\ess, n. State of being 
blessed. 

Syx.— Happiness; felicity; bliss; joy. 

BLESS'ING, n. A wish of happiness 
pronounced ; a benediction. 

Blest, a. 1. Made happy. 2. Mak- 
ing happy. 

Bleav (blu), imp. of B'ow. 

Blight (bllt), n. 1. Mildew: decay. 
2. That which frustrates one's plans 
or hopes, — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
affect with blight : to blast. 

Blind, a. [A.-S. blind, Goth, blinds.] 
1. Destitute of sight. 2. Hidden ; 
unseen ; obscure. — v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] 
To deprive of sight or discernment. 

— n. Something to hinder sight. 
BLlND'FOLD.a. Having the eyes cov- 
ered ; blinded. — v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To cover the eyes of ; to hinder from 
seeing. 

BLIND'LY, adv. Without sight, un- 
derstanding, or discernment. 

Blind'-mAn's-bCff, n. A play in 
which one person is blindfolded. 

BlInd'ness, 11. Want of sight. 

Blind'-side, n. Side on which one 
is most easily assailed. 

BLIND'-WORM (-wurm),?2. A small 
reptile without feet, like a snake. 



or, do, wole.too, tookj urn, rue, pull ; e, I, o, silent ; c,d,soft; <:,&,hard; A§; exist; NasNG; Tiiis. 



ELINK 



42 



BLUNT 



BlTnk, v. i. [Ger. blinken, blicken, to 
glance.] To wink ; to see with fre- 
quent winKing. — v. I. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To shut out of sight ; to avoid. — n. 
1. A glimpse or glance. 2. A daz- 
zling whiteness about the horizon. 

Blink'ARD, n. [From blink.] One 
who blinks. 

Blink'er, n , 1. One who blinks. 2. 
A blind for horses. 

BlIss, n. [See Bless.] Highest de- 
gree of happiness. 

Syn.— Blessedness : felicity ; joy. 

BlA'ss'FUL, «. Supremely happy. 

Bliss'ful-ly, adv. In a blissful 
manner. [ness ; bliss. 

Bl/l'ss'Fl.JL/NESS, n. Exalted happi- 

BLIS'TER, n. [¥rom plastir.] A thin, 
watery bladder on the skin. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To raise blisters on. — 
v. i. To rise in blisters. 

Blithe, a. [Goth, bleiths.] Gay; 
merry ; joyous ; sprightly. 

BLITHE'L Y, adv. In a joyful manner. 

Blithe'ness, n. Quality of being 
blithe. [blithe. 

Blithe'some, a. Gay; merry; 

Bloat, v. t. [-ED; -ing.] To cause 
to swell or become turgid. — v i. To 
grow turgid ; to puff out ; to swell. 

Blob'ber-lip, n. A thick lip. 

BLOCK, n. [Ger. block, lcel. blokkr.] 
1. A solid mass of wood, 
stone, &c. 2. A connected 
row of buildings. 3. A sys- 
tem of one or more pulleys 
arranged in a frame. 4. 
Any obstruction. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ing.] To stop; to 
obstruct. Block (3). 

Block-ade', n. [It. bloccata. See 
Block.] The shutting up of a 
place by troops or ships. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ing.] To shut up, as a 
town or fortress, by troops or ships. 

Block-Ad'er, n. One who block- 
ades. 




Blood-hound. 



[dolt. 
A stupid fellow ; a 




Block-house. 
Tin in blocks or in- 



Block'head, n. 

Block' - house, 
n. A kind of 
fortress of heavy 
timber or logs. 

Block'ish, a 
Stupid; dull. 

Block'isii-ness 
n. Stupidity. 

Block'-tin, n. 
gots. 

Blom'a-ry (bloom'-), n. The first 
forge through which iron passes after 
it is melted from the ore. 

Blonde, n. [Fr.] A person with fair 
complexion, light hair, and light 
blue eyes. 

Blonde, _ ) n. [Fr. blonde, from 

Blond'-lace, J its color.] A fine 
kind of lace made of silk. 

Blood (blSd), n. [A.-S. bldd, Goth. 
bloth.] 1. The fluid which circulates 
through the arteries and veins of 
animals. 2. Kindred ; consanguin- 
ity. 3. Descent ; lineage. 4. Mur- 
der 5. Temper of mind. 6. Excited 
feeling ; passion. 7. A man of fire 
or spirit. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 



To let blood from ; to bleed. 2. To 
stain with blood. 

Blood'-guilt'i-ness, n. Guilt or 
crime of shedding blood. 

BlOod'-heat, n. Heat equal to the 
temperature of blood, or about 98° 
Fahr. 

Blood' -hound, 
n. A ferocious, 
bloodthirsty va- 
riety of dog, of 
keen scent. 

BLOOD'l-LY,ar/t). 
In a bloody man- 
ner. 

Blood'i-ness, n. 

State of being bloody. [dead. 

Blood'less, a. Without blood ; 

Blood'shed, n. Slaughter ; waste 
of life. 

Blood'-shed'der, n. A murderer. 

Blood'-shot, ) a. Red and in- 

bLOOD'-SHUT'TEN, ) flamed by a 
turgid state of the blood-vessels. 

Blood'-suck'er, re. An animal that 
sucks blood ; the leech. 

Blood'-thirst^, a. Desirous to 
shed blood ; murderous. [vein. 

Blood'-ves'sel, n. An artery or a 

BLOOD'Y (blud 7 -), a. 1. Stained with 
blood. 2. Murderous. — v. t. To 
stain with blood. 

Blood'y-flux, n. The dysentery. 

Blood'y-mind'ed, a. Cruel; fero- 
cious. 

Bloom, n. [A.-S. blOvan, to blow, 
blossom.] 1. A blossom ; flower of 
a plant. 2. Opening of flowers. 3. 
An opening to higher perfection. 4. 
Powder)' coating on certain newly- 
gathered fruits. 5. [A.-S. bloma, a 
mass or lump.] A mass of crude iron 
undergoing the first hammering. — 
v. i. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To produce 
blossoms ; to flower. 2. To flourish. 
| Bloom'er, n. [From the introducer, 
Mrs. Bloomer.'] A peculiar costume 
for ladies. 

Bloom'ing, a. 1. Flowering. 2. 
Thriving in health , beauty , and vigor. 

BLOOM'Y, a. Full of bloom ; flowery. 

Blos'som, re. [A.-S. blQsma.] The 
flower of a plant. — v. i. [-ED ; 
-ing.] To put forth blossoms; to 
bloom ; to blow ; to flower. 

Blot, v. t. [-ted ; -ting, 136.] [Icel. 
bletta.] 1. To spot or stain. 2. To 
di grace. 3. To obliterate ; to ob- 
scure. — n. 1. A spot or stain ; blur. 
2. Disgrace ; reproach. 

Blotch, n. [Cf. Blot.] A pustule 
or eruption upon the skin. 

Blot'ter, n. A waste-book. 

; Blouse, In. [Fr.] A light, loose 

j BLOWgE, I over-garment. 

! Blow,*"?*. 1. [0. II. Ger. pluohi.] A 
blossom; a flower. 2. [Goth, bligg- 
van.] A stroke. 3. A calamity. 4. 
Egg of a fly in flesh. 5. A violent 
wind. — v. i. 1. To flower; to blos- 
som. 2. [imp. BLEW ; p. p. BLOWN.] 
[A.-S. blavan.] To produce a cur- 
rent of air with the mouth ; hence, 
to move, as air. 3. To pant ; to puff. 
— v. t. 1. To drive by a current of 



A, E, I, 0,V,Y, long; A,E,I, 6, 0,Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TERM J PIQUE, FIRM 



air. 2. To sound, as a wind instru- 
ment. 3. To deposit, as eggs by flies. 
4. To inflate. 5. To put out of 
breath. 

Blower, n. A contrivance for se- 
curing a^ current of air. 

Blow'-pipe, n. A tube with a small 
orifice for blowing an intense flame 
on any substance. 

BLOWZE,n. [Same root as blush.] A 
ruddy, fat-faced woman. 

Blow'zy (blou'zy), a. Coarse and 
ruddy-faced. 

BlOb'ber, n. Fat of whales and other 
large sea animals. — v. i. [-ED; 
-ING.] To weep noisily, or so as to 
disfigure the face. 

Blud'geon, n. [Cf. Blow, re.] A 
short stick, with one end loaded. 

Blue, re. [A.-S. bleoh, bled.] 1. One 
of the seven primary colors. 2. pi. 
Low spirits ; melancholy. — a. 1. Of 
the color called blue . 2. Low in spir- 
its ; melancholy. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To make blue. [berry. 

Blue'ber-ry, n. A kind of whortle- 

Blue'-BO"ok, n. 1. A parliamentary 
publication, so called from its blue 
paper covers. [Eng.] 2. A register 
of all persons in the employment of 
the government. [Amer.] 

Blue'-bot'tle, n. A fly with a 
large blue beliy. 

Blue'-dlW/ls (-deVlz), n. pi. Low- 
ness of spirits'"; hypochondria. [ Coi- 
loq.] 

Blue'-light (-Ht), n. A compo- 
sition, burning with a blue flame, 
ured as a night signal in ships, &c. 

Blue'ness, n. Quality of being blue. 

Blue'-pe'TER, n. [Corrupt, of blue 
repeater.] (British Marine.) A blue 
flag with a white square in the center. 

Blue'-stock/ing,?!. A literary lady ; 
a female pedant. 

Bluff, a. 1. Rude or coarse in man- 
ner. 2. Roughly frank. 3. Steep ; 
bold. — n. 1. A high, steep bank. 2. 
A game of cards. — v. t. To frighten 
from accomplishing one's ends. 

Blu'ing, n. Something to give a blu- 
ish tint, as indigo. 

Blu'ish, a. Blue in a small degree. 

BLUN'DER, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Aliied 
to blend.] To mistake grossly. — n. 
A gross mistake. 

Syn.— Error; mistake; bull. — An 
error is a ivanderint/ from the rijiht : a 
mistake is the wj/s-takingof onething for 
another, through haste, &c.; a blunder is 
something more gross, a blending or con- 
fusion of things through carelessness, ig- 
norance, or stupidity. An error may bfc 
corrected ; a mistake may be rectified ; a 
blunder is always blamed or laughed at. 
A bull is a verbal blunder, containing a 
laughable incongruity of ideas. 

Blun'der-bDss, n. [Prob. fr. D. don- 
derbus, thunder-rube.] 1. A short 
gun , with a large bore. 2. A stupid, 
blundering fellow. 

Blun'der-er, ) n. One apt to 

Blun'der-HEAD, ) blunder; a stu- 
pid fellow. 

Blunt, a. 1. Having a thick edge or 
point ; dull. 2. Abrupt in address. — 
v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To dull the 

SON, 



BLUNTLY 



43 



BOND 



edge or point of. 2. To repress or 
weaken. 

BlOnt'LY, adv. Unceremoniously. 

BlOnt'ness, n. 1. Want of edge or 
point ; dullness. 2. Abruptness of 
address. 

Blur, n. 1. A stain ; a blot. 2. A 
dim, confused appearance. 3. In- 
jury, as to character, &c. — 1\ t. 
[-red; -ring, 13 J.] 1. To ob- 
scure. 2. To dim. 3. To blemish. 
St>".— To spot; blot; stain; sully. 

BLfJRT, v. t. [-ED ; -IN&.J To utter 
suddenly or unadvisedly. 

BlCsh, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. 
ablisian, to blush, blysa, torch.] To 
redden in the face, as from a sense 
of shame, &c. — n. 1. A red color 
suffusing the face. 2. Glance ; -view. 

Blus'ter, v. i. [-Et>; -ING.] Allied 
to blast.] 1. To blow fitfully. 2. To 
talk with noisy violence. — n. 1. Fit- 
ful noise an J violence, as of a storm. 
2. Noisy, threatening talk. 

Blus'ter-er, n. One who blusters ; 
a swaggerer : a bully. 

Bo'a, n. [Lat.] 1. A genus of ser- 
pents 2. A round fur tippet. 

Bo'A-eox-sTRjfe'TOR, n. [N. Lat. 
constrictor, from Lat. constringere, to 
draw together.] A large and power- 
ful serpent, sometimes thirty or forty 
feet long. [not castrated. 

BOAR. n. [A.-S. bar.] The male of swine 

Board, n. [A.-S. bord, Goth, baurd.] 
1. A piece of timber sawed broad and 
thin. 2. A table. 3. Food; enter- 
tainment. 4. Any authorized assem- 
bly or meeting. 5. Deck of a vessel. 
6. pi. The stage in a theater. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To lay or cover 
with boards. 2. To go on board of, 
or enter. 3. To furnish with food, 
for compensation. — v.i. To obtain 
food statedly for compensation. 

BOARD'ER, n. 1. One who has hi3 
meals for pay. 2. One who boards a 
ship. [boarders. 

Board'ing-HOUSE, n. A house for 

BOARD'I\G-S€IIOOL (-skjbl), n. A 

school in which the scholars board 
with the teacher. 

Boar'Ish, a. Swinish ; brutal ; cruel. 

Boast, v. i. [-ed;-ing.] To exalt, 
or extravagantly praise one's self. 

Svx. — To brag; vaunt; vapor; glory. 
— v. t. To speak of with pride or exul- 
tation. — n. 1 Expression of pride, 
or vanity. 2. Cause of boasting. 

Boast'er, n. One who boasts. 

Boast'ful, a. Given to boasting. 

Boast'fl'l-ness, n. State or quali- 
ty of being boastful. 

&OAT (20), n. [A.-S. bat.] A small 
open vessel, usually moved by oars. 
— v.t. [-ED; -ING.] To transport 
in a boat. 

BOAT'A-BLE , a. Navigable for boats. 

Boat'-HOOK. n. A long pole, with a 
hook, to pull or push a boat. 

BOAT'3lAN (130), n. A man who 
manages a boat. 

Boat'SWain [cotton, bo'sn), n. An of- 
ficer who has charge of a ship's boats, 
sails, rigging, colors, &c. 



Bob, ti. 1. Any thing that plays loose- 
ly, as at the end of a string. 2. Bait 
used in angling. 3. A short, jerking 
action. — v. t. [-ED; -ING, 136.] 
To move in a short, jerking manner. 
— v. i. To have a short, jerking 
motion. 

B6b'B1N,ti. [Lat. bombus, a humming, 
because it makes a humming noise.] 
A kind of spool. 

BoBBIN-ET'. or BoB'BIN ET', ». A 
kind of lace. 

Bob'O-LINK, n. An American sing- 
ing-bird. 

Bob'tail, ?i. 1. A short tail, or a 
tail cut short. 2. The rabbie. 

Bock'ing, n. A kind of baize or j 
drugget ; — from Bockins, Eug. 

BoDE,r. t. or ?'. [-ED ; -ing.] [A.-S. ! 
j bodian. See BID.] To presage ; to 
I foreshow. 
JBod'ice, )n. [Prop. jil. of body.] 

Bod'dIce, j Stays : a corset. 

B5d'I-less, a. Having no body. 

B6d'I-LY, a. Having or containing a 
body; corporeal. — adv. 1. Corpore- 
ally. 2. Completely. 

Bod'KIN, n. [W. bidogyn, a dim. of! 
bidog, short sword.] A pointed in- 
strument for making holes, &c. 

Bod'y, n. [A.-S. bodig.] 1. Material j 
substance of an animal. 2. Princi- i 
pal part, as of an animal, tree, army, 
&c. 3. A human being. 4. A col- I 
lective mass of individuals. 5. A 
number of things taken together. 6. 
Any mass. 7. ( Paint.) Consistency : 
thickness.— v. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] 
To produce in definite shape ; to em- 
body, [tect the person. \ 

Bod'v-gfard, ti. A guard to pro- j 

Bod'y-snatch'er, n. One who robs | 
; graves for the purposes of dissection. 
, Bog, 71. [Ir. & Gael, bog, soft, moist.] 
j A marsh; a morass. — v. t. To 
J whelm or plunge, as in mud. 

Bog'gle, v. ?'. [-ed; -ing.] [See 
Bug.] To exhibit hesitancy. 

B5g'g\', a. Full of bogs; swampy. 

Bog'-ore, tt. An ore of iron found 

in bogs. 
j Bog'-trot'ter, 7i. One who lives 
| in a boggy country. 

Bo'GUS, a. [A corruption of Borghese, ' 
i a no_ted swindler.] Spurious. [Amer.] 

Bo-HEA', n. [From \Yu-i, the hills 
I where this kind of tea is grown.] An 
| inferior kind of black tea. 

BOIL, v. i. [Lat. builire.] 1. To be 
agitated by heat; — used of liquids. 
2. To bubble ; to effervesce. — v. t. 
-ED; -ING.] To cook or form by. 
boiling. — n. [A.-S. bylf, bite, sore.] 
A painful, suppurating tumor. 

Boil'er, n. A vessel in which any 
thing is boiled. 

BoiL'ER-Y, ?i. A place for boiling. 

Boil/ING, ii. Agitation by heat; eb- 
ullition. 

Bois'TER-oGs, a. [0. Eng. boistous, 
Icel. bistr, stormy, furious.] 1. Ex- 
hibiting tumultuous violence. 2. 
Noisy ; turbulent. 

Syx.— Loud: violent; furious; tumul- I 
tuous ; vehement. 



Bois'TER-oOs-LY, adv. In a bois. 
terous manner. [boisterous. 

Bois'TER-otJS-NESS,7j. State of being 
Bold, a. [Goth, balths.] 1. Forward 
to meet danger. 2. Lacking proper 
modesty or restraint ; rude. 3. Tak- 
ing liberties in composition or expres- 
sion. 4. Markedly conspicuous. 

Syx. — Courageous ; daring ; brave ; 
intrepid ; valiant : manful ; audacious; 
forward ; impudent. 

Bold'ly, adv. In a bold manner. 

BOLD'NESS, n. Quality of being bold. 

Bole, n. [Sw. bat.] 1. The body or 
stem of a tree. 2. A measure. 

Boll, n. [Cf. Bowl, n.] Pod or 
capsule of a plant, as of liax ; peri- 
carp. — v. i. To form into a seed- 
vessel. 

Bol'ster (20), n. [A.-S.] 1. A long 
under-piilow. 2. A pad or support. 

— v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To sup- 
port with a bolster. 2. To hold up ; 
_to maintain. 

Bolt (20). n. [A.-S. bolt, Icel. bolti.] 
1. An arrow. 2. A strong pin to 
fasten or hold something. 3. Light- 
ning. 4. Twenty-eight ells of canvas. 

— v.t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To secure 
with a bolt. 2. To fasten. 3. To 
swallow without chewing. [0. Fr. 
bulter, M. II. Cer. biuteln.] To sift ; 
to separate or assort. — v. i. 1. To 
move abruptly. 2. To spring sud- 
denly aside. [bolts. 

Bolt'er, n. One who, or that which, 
Bolt'-head, 71. Along glass vessel 

for distillations. 
BO'LUS, 7i. [Lat.] Alargepill. 
Bomb (bum), n. [Gr. 

/3dfi/3os, a hollow, deep 

sound.] A hollow ball 

of cast iron filled with 

explosive materials, to 

be fired from a mortar. 
BOM'BARD', V. /. ["ED; 

-ing.] To attack with 
bombs. 

BO.YI'BAR-DIER', 72. A 

ployed in throwing bombs, [bombs 
BOM-BARD'MENT, n. Aii attack with 
BOM'BAST (bQm/bust, 114), n. [L. 
Lat. bombax, cotton.] An inflated 
style; fustian. [flated. 

B6m-bast'I€, a High-sounding; in- 
B6m-bast'I€-al-ly, adv. With in- 
flation of style. 
Bom'ba-zet', ) ti. A sort of thin 
Bortt'BA-ZETTE', ( woolen cloth. 
BdM'BA-ZINE', !». [Or /367i/3u£,silk, 
BOM'BA-SINE', ) cotton.] A twilled 

fabric of silk and worsted. 
Bom'BIC, a. [Lat. bombyx, silk-worm.] 

Pertaining to the silk-worm. 
BOMB'-KETCH ) (bam'-), n. A 
Bomb'-ves'sel j strong vessel, 

carrying mortars for bombs. 
BOMB'-PROOF (bam'-), a. Secure 

against the force of bombs. 
Bomb'-shell (bum'-), 7i. A bomb. 
Box'B&N (or boug'bong), ». [Fr.] 

A sugar-plum. 
B5nd, 7i. [A.-S. bond, bound.] 1. 
That which binds. 2. A binding 
force or influence 3. A legal writ- 




Bomb. 



person em- 



OR, do, wolf, TOO, TOOK; Orn, rue, PULL; Ei I: o,silent; $.<i,sofl; €,(j,/iard; AS/, Exjst ; NasNG; THIS 



BONDAGE 



U 



BOTTLE 



ing under seal. 4. Union of stones 
forming a wall. — a. In a state of 
servitude. — v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
secure payment of, by giving a bond. 

Bond'age, n. Involuntary servitude. 
Syn. — Thralldom ; captivity; slavery. 

Bond'ed-ware'house, n. A ware- 
house tor storing bonded goods in. 

Bond'maid, >t. A female slave. 

Bond'man, ft. A man slave. 

Bond'-sErV'ant, ft. A slave ; a 
bondman. [of slavery. 

Bond'-SLAVE, m. A person in a state 

Bonds'man, n One who gives secu- 
rity for another. 

Bond'wom'an, ft. A woman slave. 

Bone (20), n. [A.-S. ban, Goth, bain.} 
A hard, whitish substance, compos- 
ing a skeleton. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
1. To take out bones from. 2. To 
put whalebone into. 

Bone'set, ft. A medicinal plant ; 
_thoroughwort. 

Eone'-set'ter, m. One who eets 
broken and dislocated bones. 

Bone'-spav/in, ft. A bony excres- 
cence on the hock of a horse's leg. 

Bon'FIRE , ft. [Fr. bon. good, and Eng. 
.fire.] A fire to express public joy. 

Bon-mot (bong'mo'), n. [Fr.] A 
witty repartee ; a jest. 

Bon'NET, ft. [Fr.] 1. A covering for 
the head. 2. Addition to a sail. 3. 
A dome-shaped casing or appendage; 

Bon'NI-LYT, adv. Gayly ; handsomely. 

Bon'NY, a. [Fr. bon, bonne, good.] 
Handsome ; beautiful. 

Bon'ny-ceab'ber, ft. [Tr. bainne, 
baine, milk, and clabar, mud.] Thick 
part of milk that has become sour. 

Bon Ton (bong tong). [Fr., good 
_tone.] Fashionable society. 

Bo'nus, n. [Lat., good.] A premium 
given for a loan, charter, or other 
privilege. 

Bon-vivant (bong'vS-vong'), n. 
[Fr. bon, good, and vivant, living.] 
A jovial companion. 

l30N'Y, a. 1. Full of, or pertaining to, 
bones. 2. Having large or promi- 
nent bones. 

BoN'ZE, ft. [Japan, busse, a pious 
man] A priest of different Oriental 
sects. 

Bdo'BY, h. [Fr. boubie.] 1. A water- 
fowl allied to the pelican. 2. A 
dunce ; a stupid fellow. 

Boo'by-hut, ft. A kind of sleigh, 
with a covered top. 

BOOK (27), n. [A.-S. bde, from Voce. 
beech, because the ancient Saxons 
wrote on beechen boards.] 1. Sheets 
of paper bound together, whether 
printed or not. 2. A sub-division 
of a work. — v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] To 
enter in_ a book. 

Bo"bK'-BiND / ER, ft. One who binds 
books. [shelves for books. 

Book'-gase (109), ft. A case with 

Bo"ok'ish, a. Given to reading. 

Bo"bK'iSH-NESs, ft. Addictedness to 
books ; fondness for books. 

Book'-keep'er (109), ft. One Avho 
keeps accounts. [accounts. 

Book'-keep'ing, ft. Art of keeping j 



B6"ok'-l£ arn£d (60), a. Versed in 
books ; ignorant of men. 

Book'-learn'ing, ft. Learning ac- 
quired by reading only. [books. 

Book'-sell'er, «. One who sells 

Bo"ok'-store, ft. A shop where 
books are kept for sale. [Amer.] 

Book'worm (-fffirm), ft. 1. A worm 
or mite that eats holes in books. 2. 
A student addicted to books. 

Boom, n. [See Beam.] 1. (Naut.) 
A spar to extend the bottom of a sail. 
2. A line of spars across a river or 
other water. 3. A hollow roar, as of 
waves or cannon. — v. ?'. [-ed; 
-ING.] 1. To rush with violence. 2. 
To make a hollow sound or roar, as 
of waves. 3. To cry, as the bittern. 

BOOM'ER-ANG, ft. 
A remarkable mis- 
sile weapon used 
by the natives of Boomerang. 
Australia. 

Boon, «. [Lat. bonus, good.] Gift; 
grant; present. — a. 1. Gay; mer- 
ry. 2. Kind; bountiful.. 

BOOR, m. [A -S. gebiir, D. boer; fr. A.- 
S. bnan, to inhabit, cultivate.] A 
clown ; a rude and illi.erate person. 

BojDR'ISH, a. Clownish; rustic. 

Boost, v. t. [Cf. Boast, r. ?'.] To 
lift from behind ; to push up. 

Boo'sy, I a. A little intoxicated; 

IIoo'zy, ) fuddled. 

Boot, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 1. [A.-S. 
bZt, compensation.] To profit; to 
advantage. 2. To put boots on. — 
ft. 1. Profit ; gain , advantage. [Fr. 
botte, A.-S. butte,bytte.] 2. A cov- 
ering for the foot and leg. 3. An 
apron for a carriage, to defend from 
rain and mud. 4. pi. A servant at 
hotels who blacks the boots. 

Boot-ee', ft. A half or short boot. 

Booth, n. [Icel. Midh, W. bwth.] 
A temporary shelter of boards or 
boughs of trees. 

Boot'-Jack, ft. An instrument for 
drawing off boots. [itabie. 

Bo~OT'LESS, a. Unavailing; unprof- 

Boot'-tree, ) m. An instrument to 

BdOT'-LAST, J stretch the leg of a 
boot. 

Boot'y, ft. [Tcel. byti, byta, to dis- 
tribute.] Spoil taken in war, or by 
violence ; plunder. 

Bo-peep', «. A child's play. 

BOR'AGE (bur'rej), ft. [Low Lat. bo- 
rago.] An annual garden plant, for- 
merly esteemed as a cordial. 

Bo'rax, ft. [Ar. b&raq, niter, salt- 
peter.] A salt formed by a combina- 
tion of boracic acid with soda. 

BOR'DER,ft. [A.-S. bord. See Board.] 
Outer part or edge of any thing. 

Syst. — Verge; brink; margin; brim; 
rim; boundary. 

— v. i. To touch at the edge. — v. t. 
[-ed ; -ING.] To make a border for. 

Bor'der-er, ft. One who dwells on a 
border. 

Bore, t. t. [-ed;-ing.] [A.-S. bo- 
rian.] 1. To penetrate with an au- 
ger, gimlet, or the like. 2. To weary 
by iteration.— -v. i. To pierce or 



enter by boring. — ft. 1. Hole made 
by boring ; cavity of any fire-arm ; 
caliber. 2. One who, or that which, 
wearies. — v., imp. of Bear. 

Bo'RE-AL, a. [Lat. borealis, fr. Bore- 
as, the north wind.] Northern ; per- 
taining to the north. 

Bor'er, ft. 1. One who bores : an in- 
strument for boring. 2. A worm that 
pierces wood. 

Born and Borne, p. p. of Bear. 

BOR'OUGH (bur / o), ft. [A.-S. buruh, 
burh, burg, fr. beorgan, to hide, de- 
fend, be prominent.] An incorpo 
x-atedtown that is not a city. 

Bor'ROW (boi^ro), v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[A.-S. borgian, fr. borg, borh, pledge.] 
1. To take from another on trust, 
with intention to return or give an 
equivalent for. 2. To appropriate. 

B6r'row-er, ft. One who borrows. 

BosCAGE, ft. [From 0. Eng. busk, 
Eng. busk.] Wood ; underwood. 

Bosh, n. [Prov. Erg. bosh, dash, 
show.] Nonsense; foolishness. [Col- 

BosK'Y, a. Woody ; bushy. [log.] 

Bps'OM, ft. [A -S. bCsnm.] 1. The 
breast or its covering. 2. The breast, 
as the seat of the sensibilities. 3. 
Any inclosed place. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To inclose in the bosom. 

Boss, ft. [Ger. butz, butzen,- some- 
thing cloddy or stumpy, point, tip.] 
1. A stud ; a kneb. 2. Any protu- 
berant part. 3. [D. baas, master.] 
A master workman. 

Boss'Y, a. Containing, or ornament- 
ed with, bosses. 

Bo-TAN'l€, ) a. Teitaining to bot- 

Bo-tan'ic-al, ) any. 

Bo-TAN'ic-al-LY, adv. In a botan- 
ical manner. 

B6T'AN-isT,ft. One skilled in botany. 

BOT'A-NIZE, v. i. [-ed; -ING.] To 
seek for plants for the purpose of 
botanical investigation. 

Bot'A-NY, n. [Gr. fio-ravt), herb, 
plant.] The science which treats of 
plants, their classification, &c. 

Botch, n. [Cf. Boss and Patch.] 
1. A patch of a garment. 2. A clum- 
sy performance. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To mend in a clumsy manner. 

Bot'-fly, ft. An insect troublesome 
to domestic animals. 

Both (20), a. & pron. [A.-S. la; 
bUlfo, btitvu.] The one and the other; 
the two. — conj. It precedes the first 
of two co-ordinate words or phrases, 
and is followed by and before the 
other. 

Both'er, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
tea.-e or perplex. — ft. One who, or 
that which, bothers ; annoyance. 

Bot'RY-OID, I a. [Gr. /3oTpes. » 

Bot'RY-OID'AL, j cluster of grapes, 
and e!8o5, form.] Having the form 
of a bunch of grapes. 

Bots, ) ft. pi. [Prob. fr. bite.] Small 

Botts, j worms in horses' inteslines. 

Bot'TLE, ft. [Fr. bouteille, fr. botte, 
cask.] 1. A vessel with a narrow 
mouth, for liquors. 2. Contents 
of a bottle, —v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
inclose in bottles. 



A, E, l, o,u, x,long; A,Ji,I, 6, u, f, short; CARE, FAR, ask; ALL, what; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM; SON, 



BOTTLE-HOLDER 



45 



BRAIN 



B6T'TLE-HOLD'ER,n. One who aids 
a boxer, by giving him refreshment, 
&c, between the rounds. 

Bot'TOM, n. [A.-S. botm.] 1. Low- 
est part of any thing. 2. Founda- 
tion ; base. 8. Low land ; a dale ; a 
valley. 4. Keel of a vessel; hence, 
the vessel itself. 5. Power of endur- 
ance. 6. Dreg;;. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 

1. To found or build. 2. To furnish 
with a seat or bottom. 

Sot'tom-less, a. "Without a bot- 
tom ; hence, fathomless. 

B6t'TOM-ry, n. Contract by which 
a ship is bound as security for the 
payment of money advanced or lent. 

Boudoir (bob'dwor), n. [Fr.] A 
lady's private room. 

Bough (bou), n. [A -S. boga, from 
beogan, bugan, to bow, bend.] A 
large branch of a tree. 

Bought (bawt), imp. & p. p. of Buy. 

Bouillon (bJbl'yong), n. [Fr.] 
Broth ; soup. 

Boul'der, n. See Bowlder. 

Boulevard (bobPvar'), n. [Fr., 
fr. Eng. bulwark.] A public walk or 
street on the site of a demolished 
fortification. 

Bounce, v.i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Gr. £6/j.- 
/3os, a hollow, deep sound.] To leap 
or spring suddenly. — n. 1. A sad- 
den leap or bound. 2. A heavy blow 
or thump. 

Boun'cer, n. 1. One who bounces. 

2. A bold lie. 3- A liar. 4. Some- 
thing big. 

Bounding, a. Stout; lusty. 

Bound, n. 1. Limit ; confine ; ex- 
tent; boundary. 2. A leap ; a jump. 
— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To limit; 
to restrain ; to confine. 2. To men- 
tion the boundaries of. — v. i. [Gr. 
j36/j./3os. a hollow, deep sound.] 1. To 
move forward by leaps ; to leap ; to 
jump. 2. To rebound — imp. Sep. 
p. of Bind. — a. Destined ; tending ; 
going. 

Bound'A-ry, n. That which fixes a 
limit ; esp. a visible mark. 

Bound'jBN (bound / n), a. [Frombind.] 
Made obligatory ; binding. 

Bound'less, a. Without bounds or 
confines ; infinite. 

Boun'te-ous (66), a. Disposed to 
give freely ; generous ; munificent. 

BOUN'TE-oGs-LY, adv. Liberally. 

Boun'te-oCs-ness, n. Liberality. 

BoUN'TI-FUL,a. Free in giving ; mu- 
nificent ; generous. 

Boun'ti-ful-ly, adv. In a bounti- 
ful manner. 

BOUN'TY, n. [Lat. bonitas, fr. bonus, 
good.] 1. Liberality ; generosity. 2. 
A premium to encourage some object. 

Bou-QUET' (boo'ka/ orbob'ka), n. 1. 
A nosegay; a bunch of flowers. 2. A 
perfume or aromatic odor. 

Bour-geois' (bur-jois'), n. [Prob. 
from a type-founder of that- name.] 
A small kind of type. 

ggl^ Bourgeois type. 

Bourn, ) n. [Fr. borne.] 1. A limit ; 
Bourne, J goal. 2. Stream or rivulet. 



Bourse (bobrss), n. [Fr.,fr. Gr.£vp- 
<ra, skin, because a purse was made 
of leather.] A French exchange. 

BOUT, n. [0. Eng. bought, bend. See 
BIGHT.] 1. A contest ; trial. 2. 
As much of an action as is performed 
at one time. 

Bo' VINE, a. [Lat. bos, bovis, ox.] 
Pertaining to cattle of the ox kind. 

BOW (bou), v. t. or i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[A.-S. bhgnn, beogan, Skr. bhudj, to 
be bent.] To bend ; — used esp, of 
the head or body. — n. 1. An incli- 
nation of the head, or the body. 2. 
Rounded part of a ship forward. 

BOW (bo), n. [See supra, and of. 
BOUGH.] 1. A weapon for shooting 
arrows. 2. An instrument having a 
curved form. 

BoWEL (bou'el), n. [Lat. botellus, 
a small sausage.] 1. One of the in- 
testines ; a gut ; — chiefly in the pi. 
2. Interior part of any thing. 3. Ten- 
derness ; compassion. — v. t. (137) To 
take out the bowels of. 

BOW'ER (bou'er), n. [From bow.] 1. 
An anchor at the bow of a ship. 2. 
[Ger. bauer, a peasant, the knave in 
cards.] One of the two highest cards 
in the game of euchre. 3. [A.-S. btir, 
from Goth, bauan, to dwell.] A cot- 
tage. 4. An arbor. 

Bow'ER-Y, a. Covering, as a bower ; 
containing bowers. 

Bowie-Knife (-nTf), n. A peculiar 
kind of knife, worn as a weapon ; — 
from its inventor, Col. Bowie. 

BOWL, n. [A.-S. bolla, any round 
vessel.] 1. A concave vessel. 2. 
Hollow part of any thing. 3. [Lat. 
bulla, any thing rounded by art.] 
A ball for rolling on a level surface. 
— v.t. [-ED; -ING.] To roll as 
a bowl. — v. i. 1. To play with 
bowls. 2. To roll the ball on a level. 

Bowl'der, n. [See Bowl, ball.] A 
mass of rock, transported by natural 
agencies from its native bed. 

BOW'-LEGG-ED (bo-legd), a. Having 
crooked legs. [at bowls. 

Bowl'er (boP-), n. One who plays 

Bowline, n. [Prop, the line of the 
bow, or bend.] A rope to keep the 
weather-edge of the sail tight for- 
ward. 

Bowl'ing-al'ley, n. A covered 
place for playing at bowls. 

Bowl'ing-green, n. A level piece 
oi ground for bowling. 

BoW-shot, n. Space which an ar- 
row may pass when shot. 

BoWsprIt (bo'sprit or bou'sprit), n. 
[Boiu (of a ship) and sprit.] A large 
spar projecting over the stem of a 
vessel, to carry sail. 

Bowstring, n. 1. String of a bow. 
2. A string used by the Turks for 
strangling offenders. 

Box, n. [Gr. irv£i's, a box, esp. of 
box-wood.] 1. A case or receptacle. 
2. Inclosed space with seats in a place 
of amusement. 3. A hollow iron 
in which an axle-tree runs. 4- Buck- 
et of a lifting pump. 5. Driver's seat 
on a carriage. 6. [Gr. rrugos.] A 



tree or a shrub. 7. [Cf. Gr. irig, 
with clenched fist.] A blow on the 
head or ear. — v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
1. To inclose in a box. 2. To fur- 
nish with boxes. 8. To strike with 
the hand. — v. i. To fight with the 
fist. [fist. 

Box'ER, n. One who fights with hie 

BoX'HAUL, V. t. [-ED; -ING] To 
wear, as a ship, in a certain manner. 

BOY, n. [Prov. Ger. bua, bue, D. boef. 
Cf. Lat. pupus ; A.-S. & Dan. p'ige, 
a little girl.] A male child ; a lad. 

Boy'HOOD (27), n. State of a boy- 

Boy'ISH, a. Childish ; puerile. 

Boy'ish-ness, n. Manners or behav- 
ior of a boy. 

Brac'cate, a. [Lat. braccatus, wear- 
ing breeches.] Furnished with feath- 
ers which conceal the feet. 

Brace, n. [Lat. brachia, the arms 
(stretched out).] 1. A prop or sup- 
port. 2. That which holds any thing 
firmly. 8. A character connecting 
two or more words or lines, thus, 
boll, ) 4. A pair. 5. A strap. — v. t. 
bowl.) [-Ed;-ing.] 1. To sup- 
port ; to prop. 2. To tighten. 

BRACE'LET, n. [Fr., fr. Lat. brachi- 
um, arm.] Ornament for the wrist. 

Brach'i-al, or BRA'CHi-AL,a. [Lat. 
brachialis; bracliium, arm.] Belong- 
ing to, or resembling, an arm. 

Bra-chyg'ra-phy, n. [Gr. jSpa^v?, 
short, and -ypa</>eiv, to write.] Art 
of writing in short hand ; stenogra- 
phy. 

Brach/en, n. Fern. 

Brack'et, n. [0. Fr. braquet, from 
Lat. bracliium, arm.] 1. A small 
projecting support. 2. One of two 
hooks, [ ], used to inclose an expla- 
nation, note, &c. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To place within brackets. 

Brack'ISH, a. [D. & L. Ger. brak, 
brackish.] Saltish ; salt, [brackish. 

Brack/isH-NESS, 11. Quality of being 

BRACT, n. [Lat. bractea, a thin plate.] 
A small leaf or scale, from the axil of 
which a flower proceeds. 

Brad, n. [Cf. Dan. braad, prick, 
sting.] A kind of nail, with a slight 
projection at the top on one side. 

Brag, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Cf. Icel. 
bragga, to adorn, W. bragiaw, to 
swell out.] To swagger ; to boast. — 
n. 1. A boast. 2. A game at cards. 

Brag'ga-do'ci-o (-do'shi-o), n. 
[From Braggadocchio, a character 
in Spenser's Faery Queen.] 1. A 
boaster. 2. Empty boasting. 

Brag'GART, n. [0. Fr. bragord, vain 
bragging.] A boaster ; a vain fellow. 
— a. Boastful ; vainly ostentatious. 

Brag'ger, n. One who brags. 

Brah'MA, n. First person in the 
trinity of the Hindoos ; the creator. 

Brah'MAN, ) n. One of the upper casto 

Brah'MIN, j among the Hindoos. 

Braid, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. bre- 
dan.] To weave ; to plat.— n. A cord 
or other texture, formed by weaving. 

BRAILg, n. pi. [Lat. braca, bracse, 
breeches.] Ropes to haul up sails. 

BRAIN, n. [A.-S. bragen.] 1. The 



OR. DO, WQLF, TOO,TO~OK; Urn, RUE, PULL ; E, I, o, silent ; c,G,iq/it; €,5,hard; Ag; E^IST ; NasNG; THIS> 



BRAINLESS 



46 



BREECHES 



soft whitish mass in the upper cavity 
of the skull. 2. The understanding. 
— v. t. To dash out the braius of. 

BRAIN'LESS,a. Without understand- 
ing ; witless. 

Brain'-Pan, n. Skull ; cranium. 

Brain'-sick, a. Disordered in .the 
understanding. 

CRAKE, n. [L. Ger. brake, brushwood.] 

1. A fern. 2. A place overgrown 
with brakes. 3. A thicket. 4. [From 
root of break.] An instrument to 
break flax. 5. Handle by which a 
pump, &c, is worked. 6. Mechanism 
to retard the motion of a carriage. 

Brake'man(150), n. One whose busi- 
ness is to manage a brake. 

Bram'BLE, n. [A.-S. brcmbel.] 1. 
The raspberry or blackberry shrub. 

2. Any rough, prickly shrub. 
Bran. n. Coat of the seed of wheat, 

rye, &c, separated from the flour. 

BRANCH, n. [Ger. branke, claw, W. 
braic/i, arm.] 1. A limb ; a bough. 
2. Any part extended from the main 
body of a thing. 3. A subdivision ; a 
department. — v. i. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To spread in branches. 2. To divide 
into separate parts. — v. t. To divide 
as into branches. 

Branch'let, n. A little branch. 

Branch'y, a. Full of branches. 

Br.Xnd, n. [A.-S., from brinnan, to 
burn.] 1. A burning or partly burnt 
stick. 2. A sword. 3. An iron for 
burning a mark on something. 4. 
Quality ; kind. 5. A stigma. — v. t. 
[■ed; -ING.] 1. To burn with a hot 
iron. 2. To stigmatize. 

Brand'-goose, n. [See Brant.] A 
species of wild goose. 

Bran'dish, v. t. [-ED; -ING] From 
brand, a sword.] To wave, as a 
weapon; to shake or nourish. — n. 
A flourish, as with a weapon. 

Brand'ling, n. A small red worm. 

Brand'-new. a. [See Brand.] Quite 
new, as if fresh from the fire. 

Bran'dy, n. [0. Eng. brandwine, \. e., 
burned wine.] A spirit distilled from 
wine, &c. 

BrXn'gle, n. [Probably a modif. of 
wrangle.] A wrangle; a squabble. — 
v. i. To wrangle ; to squabble. 

BrXnk, n. 1. Buckwheat. 2. [Cf. 
Branch.] A bridle for scolds. 

BrXn'-new (109), a. See BRAND- 
NEW, [bling, bran. 

Branny , a. Consisting of, or resem- 

Brant, n. [It. branta.] A species of 
wUd goose. 

Bra'sier (bra'zher), n. [From brass.] 
1. One who works in brass. 2. [Fr. 
brasier, braisier, from braise, live 
coals.] A pan for holding coals. 

Brass, n. [A.-S. bras.] 1. A yellow 
alloy of copper and zinc. 2. Impu- 
dence. 

Brass'i-ness, n. Quality or appear- 
ance of brass. 

BRASS' Y, a. 1. Pertaining to brass ; 
hard as brass. 2. Impudent. 

BRXT,n. [A.-S. bratt, cloak, rag.] A 
childj — in contempt. 

Bra-va'do, n. [See Brave.] 1. An 



arrogant menace; a boast. 2. A 
boasting fellow. 
Brave, a. [Fr. brave, Sp. and It. 
bravo, courageous.] 1. Of noble or 
admirable courage. 2. Excellent ; 
beautiful. 

Syn. — Courageous; gallant; valiant; 
valorous; bold; intrepid; fearless. 
— n. 1. A brave person; esp.,an 
Indian warrior. 2. A hector ; a bul- 
ly, —v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To en- 
counter with courage ; to defy. 
Brave'ly, adv. In a brave manner. 
BRAV'ER-Y, n. 1. Quality of being 
brave. 2. Ostentation. 

Syn. — Courage; heroism; intrepidi- 
ty ; gallantry ; valor ; dauntlessnes-s ; 
audacity.— Courage is that firmness of 
spirit which meets danger without fear; 
bravery defies or braves it, and shows it- 
self in outward acts; audacity is bravery 
running out into rashness. 
BRA'VO, n. ; pi. BRA'VO^s. [It. See 
Brave.] A daring villain ; an assas- 
sin. — interj. Well done. 
Brawl, v. i. [W. bragal, to vocifer- 
ate, brag; brawl, boast.] 1. To 
quarrel noisily and indecently. 2. To 
complain loudly. 3. To roar; as 
water. — n. A noisy quarrel. 
Brawl'er. n. A noisy fellow. 
Brawn, n. '[0. H. Ger. brato, fatness.] 
1. Flesh of a boar. 2. Muscular 
strength ; hence, the arm. 
Brawn'y, a. Having large, strong 

muscles. 
Bray, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Icel. br&ka, 
to break, A.-S. bracan, to rub.] To 
pound or grind small. — v. i. [Fr. 
braire.] To utter a harsh cry, as an 
ass. — n. Harsh sound of an ass. 
Bray'er, n. One who brays like an 
ass. — n. [From bray, to grind.] An 
instrument for mixing or spreading 
ink. 
Braze, v. t. [From brass.] 1. To 
solder with an alloy of brass and 
zinc. 2. To harden to impudence. 
Bra'ZjBN (bra/zn), a. 1. Pertaining 
to, or made of, brass. 2. Impudent. 
— v. ?'. To be impudent. 
Bra'Z£N-facjbd (-fast), a. Impu- 
dent ; shameless. [manner. 
Br A' ZjEN-l.y, adv. In an impudent 
Bra'zier (brasher), n. [See Bra- 
SIER.] 1. An artificer who works in 
brass. 2. A pan to hold coals. 
BREACH, n. [A.-S. brire, bryce. See 
BREAK.] 1. Act of breaking. 2. 
Opening made by breaking. 3. In- 
fraction, as of a law. 4. A breaking 
up of amicable relations. 

Syn. —Rent; cleft; chasm; break; 
difference; misunderstanding. 
— v.t. To make a breach in the 
walls of. 
Breach'y, a. Apt to break fences ; — 

applied to unruly cattle. 
BREAD, n. [A.-S.] 1. Food made of 
flour or meal. 2. Provisions in gen- 
eral, [bread is made. 
Bread'-€ORN, n. Grain of which 
Breadth (108), n. [A.-S. brado, 
braed, from brad, broad.] Distance 
from side to side ; width. 
Break, v. t. [imp. broke (brake, 



obs.); p. p. broke or BROKEN^ 
[A.-S. & Goth, brikan.] 1. (a.) To 
strain apart; and {Fig.) to disclose. 
(b.) To violate, (c.) To interrupt; 
to terminate. 2. To dash to pieces. 

3. (a.) To bruise, (b.) To weaken, 
impair, or subdue. \Fig.) To im. 
part cautiously, (c.) To make bank- 
rupt. {(J.) To cashier. — v. i. 1. To 
come to pieces. 2. To open spon- 
taneously. 3. To appear; to dawn, 

4. To burst forth violently. 5. To 
fail in business. — n. 1. An open- 
ing. 2. Interruption. 3. The dawn. 

Break'age (45), n. 1. A breaking. 
2. Allowance for things broken. 

Break'er, n. 1. One who, or that 
which, breaks. 2. pi. Waves break- 
ing into foam against the shore, &c. 

Break'fast (brek'fast), n. The first 
meal in the day. — v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] 
To eat the first meal in the morning. 

Break'Wa-TER, n. Any structure 
to break the force of waves. 

Bream, v. t. To burn filth, as grass, 
seaweed, &c, off from. 

Breast, n. [A.-S. breost. The root 
is A.-S. berstan, Eng. burst.] 1. 
Fore part of the body next below the 
neck. 2. The glands, in females, in 
which milk is secreted. 3. Seat of 
consciousness, the affections, &c. ; 
the heart. — v. t. To meet with the 
breast, or manfully. 

BREAST'-BONE,n. Bone of the breast 
to which ribs are attached. 

Breast'knot (-not), n. A knot of 
ribbons worn on the breast. 

Breast'pin, n. A pin worn for orna- 
ment on the breast. 

Breast'plate, n. 1. Armor worn 
upon the breast. 2. A strap that 
runs across a horse's breast. 

Breast'-plow, )n. A kind of 

Breast'-plough, ) plow, driven 
by the breast, for cutting turf. 

Breast'work (-wurk), n. A defen- 
sive earthwork breast-high. 

Breath, n. [A.-S. brzedk.] 1. Air 
respired. 2. Act or power of breath- 
ing. 3. Time to breathe ; respite. 4. 
A single respiration or act ; an in- 
stant. 5. A slight breeze. 

Breath'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
breathed. 

Breathe, v. i. [-ed;-ing.] 1. To 
respire ; hence, to live. 2. To take 
breath ; to rest. 3. To pass, as air ; 
to exhale ; to emanate. — v. t. 1. To 
respire. 2. To utter softly. 3. To 
emit, as breath. 4. To suffer to take 
breath. 5. To put out of breath. 

Breath'ing, n. 1. Respiration. 2. 
Aspiration. 3. Vent. 

Breath'less, a. 1. Out of breath. 
2. Dead; expired. 

Breath'less-ness, n. State of bo- 
ing breathless. 

Breccia (bret'cha), n. [It.] A party, 
colored rock composed of angular 
fragments, united by a cement. 

Breech, n. [See Breeches.] 1. 
Lower part of the body behind. . 2. 
Hinder part of any thing. 

Breech'es (brTch'ez), n. pi. [A.-S 



i, e.i, o,v,Y, long; A,E,I,6, v,y, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, TERM; pique, fIrm: s6n. 



BREECHING 



47 



BRISTLE 



brec, bmr, Lat. bracse, braccse.] A 
garment worn by men, covering the 
hips and thighs. 

BREECH'ING (brich'ing), n. Part of 
a harness round a horse's breech. 

Breech'-load'ING, a. Receiving 
the charge at the breech instead of 
the muzzle. 

Breed, v. t. [imp. & p. p. bred.] 
[A.-S. bredan.] 1. To procreate ; to 
beget. 2. To bring up. 3. To in- 
struct. 4. To produce. — v.i. To 
bear and nourish young. — n. 1. A 
race from the same stock. 2. Off- 
spring ; progeny. 

Breed'er, n. One who breeds. 

Breed'ing, n. 1. Formation of man- 
ners. 2. Deportment or behavior. 

Breeze, n. A light wind. — v. i. To 
blow gently. [winds. 

Breez'y, a. Tanned with gentle 

BRENT, n. A brant, or brand-goose. 

BRETH'REN (152), n. ; pi. of Brother. 

Breve, n. [Lat. brevis, short.] 1. 
(Mus.) A note, equivalent to i — ^ | 
two semibreves. 2. A curved I *""' I 
mark [-~] to indicate the short quan- 
tity or sound of a vowel. 

Bre-vET', n. [Fr.] A commission 
entitling the officer to take rank 
above his actual rank or pay. — v. t. 
To confer rank or title upon by bre- 
vet. — a. Taking rank by brevet. 

tiRE'VI-A-RY, n. [Lat. breviarium, 
fr. brevis, short.] 1. An abridgment ; 
a compend ; a summary. 2. A 
book containing the daily service of 
the Roman Catholic or Greek church. 

#RE-viER', n. [Prob. from being orig. 
used in printing a breviary.] A small 
kind of printing type. 

S^" This type is brevier. 

BrEv'i-TY, n. [Lat. brevitas, from 
bre, vis, short.] 1. Shortness of dura- 
tion. 2. Conciseness. 

Brew (bru), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[A.-S. breovan, allied to Gr. 4>pvyeiv. 
to roast, fry, broil.] 1. To boil or 
seethe. 2. To prepare from malt or 
other materials, by steeping, boil- 
ing, and fermentation. 3. To plot. 
— v.i. 1. To carry on brewing. 2. 
To be forming, or gathering. 

BRE WAGE (bru/-), n. Malt liquor. 

BREW'er (briber), n. One who brews. 

Brew'er-y I (bru/-), n. A house 

Brew'-house j where brewing is 
carried on. 

Brewing (bru/ing), n. 1. Prepar- 
ation of liquors from malt and hops 
&c. 2. Quantity brewed at once. 

BRE Wis (brij'is), n. [A.-S., from breo- 
van, Eng. brew.] Bread soaked in 
gravy, or in water and butter. 

Bribe, n. [Fr. bribe, a hunch of bread, 
leavings of meals generally given to 
a beggar.] 1. A gift intended to cor- 
rupt. 2. That which seduces. — v. t. 
[-ED;-ING.] 1. To corrupt by gifts. 
2. To gain by a bribe. 

BRlB'ER.n. One who bribes. 

Brib'ER-y, n. Act of bribing. 

BrIck, n. [Armor, priek, clayey, pri, 
clay.] 1. Clay and sand, tempered 



with water, molded into regular 
forms, and dried or burnt. 2. Bricks 
collectively. — v.t. [-ed; -ING.] To 
lay or pave with bricks. 

BrIck'B.Xt, n. A fragment of a brick. 

Brick'-kiln (-kil), n. A kiln, in 
which bricks are burnt. 

BrIck'-eay'er, n. One who builds 
with bricks. 

BrIck'-work (-wurk), n. A struct- 
ure of bricks. 

BrId'AL, a. Belonging to a bride ; 
nuptial; connubial. — n. Nuptial 
festival ; marriage. 

BRIDE, n. [A.-S. bryd, Skr. praudha. 
Cf. Skr. pri, to love.] 1. A woman 
recently married. 2. A woman con- 
tracted to be married. [wedding. 

BrIde'-€AKE, n. Cake for guests at a 

BRlDE'GROOM,n. [A.-S. brydgiima, 
fr. bryd, bride, and gu?na, man.] A 
man newly married, or about to be 
married. 

Bride'-maid, 1 n. A woman who at- 

Bride£'-maid, ) tends on a bride. 

Bride'-man, ) n. A man who at- 

Brides'-man, 1 tends upon a bride- 
groom and bride. 

BrIde'well, n. A house of correc- 
tion; — from a workhouse near St. 
Bride^s well, in London. 

BRIDGE, n. [A.-S. brycg, brig.] 1. A 
structure on which to pass over a 
watercourse, ravine, &c. 2. Some- 
thing analogous to a bridge. — v.t. 
[-ed ; -ING.] To build a bridge over. 

Bri'DLE,^. [A.-S. bridel.] 1. An in- 
strument to govern and restrain a 
horse. 2. A restraint ; a check. 
— «. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To put a 
bridle upon. 2. To restrain. 

Bri'dle-path, ) n. A path for 

Bri'dle-way, ) horsemen. 

BrTE-DOON', n. [Fr. bridon, fr. bride.] 
Snaffle and rein of a military bridle, 
acting independently of the bit. 

BRIEF, a. [Lat. brevis, short.] 1. 
Short in duration. 2. Short in ex- 
pression ; using few words. 

Syn.— Short; limited; concise; suc- 
cinct; summary; laconic.' 
— n. 1. An epitome ; a concise writ- 
ing. 2. Abridgment of a client's 
case. 3. A writ summoning a man 
to answer to any action. 

Brief'less, a. Having no brief; 
without clients. 

Brief'LY, adv. Concisely. 

Brief'NESS, n. Conciseness. 

Bri'ER, 11. [A.-S. brier, brir.] A 
prickly plant or shrub. 

Bri'er-Y, a. Full of briers; rough. 

BrIg, n. [Abbrev. 
of brigantine.] A 
vessel with two 
masts, square- 
rigged. 

BRf-GADE', n. 

[Orig. a contend- 
ing troop, fr. 0. 
Fr. brigue, trou- Bri S- 

ble, quarrel.] A division of troops, 
commanded by a general officer, or 
brigadier, —v. t [-ED; -ING.] To 
form into brigades. 




Brig'a-dier'-gen'er-al, n. The 
officer who commands a brigade. 

BRlG'AND, 11. [W. brigant, summit, 
highlander, plunderer.] A robber; 
a freebooter. [plunder. 

Brig'and-age, n. Theft ; robbery ; 

BrYg'AN-TINE , n . [Fr. brigantin , orig. 
a piratical vessel.] A kind of small 
brig. 

Bright (brit), a. [A.-S. beorht,briht> 
Skr. bhrddsh, to shine.] 1. Shedding 
much light. 2. Having qualities 
that render conspicuous or attrac- 
tive. 3. Having a clear, quick in- 
tellect. 

Syx. — Shining ; luminous; resplen- 
dent; effulgent; radiant. 

Brighton (brlt'n), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 

1. To make bright. 2. To make il- 
lustrious. 3. To shed light upon. 
4. To make acute. — v. i. To grow 
bright, or more bright. 

Bright'ly (brlt'-), adv. Splendidly. 

Brightness (brit'-), n. 1. Quality 
of being bright. 2. Acuteness. 

BRILL'IANOE, \n. Great brightness ; 

Br'ill/ian-^y, I splendor. 

Br'i'll'iant (bril'yant), a. [Fr. bril- 
lant, p. pr. of briller, to shine or 
sparkle.] 1. Sparkling with luster. 

2. Splendid ; shining. — n. A dia- 
mond of the finest cut. 

Brill'iant-ly, adv. In a brilliant 
manner. 

BR'iM, n. [A.-S. brymme.] Rim, or 
border, of any thing. — v. i. To be 
full to the brim. [pletely full. 

BRIM'FUL, a. Full to the top ; com- 

BR'lM'MER, n. A bowl full to the top. 

BrYm'ming, a. Full to the brim. 

BRIM'STONE, n. [A.-S. bryne, fire, 
and stone.] Sulphur. 

BRIN'DED, a. [Equiv. to branded.] 
Having different colors ; variegated. 

BRi'N'DLE, n. [ A dim. form of brind, 
the root of brind ed. ] State of being 
brinded. [variegated. 

Brin'dl^d (brln/dld), a. Spotted; 

BRINE, n. [A.-S. bryne, fr. brinnan, 
byrnan, to burn.] 1. "Water im- 
pregnated with salt. 2. The ocean 
or sea. 3. Tears. 

BRlNE'-PAN,n. A pit of salt-water, 
for evaporation. 

Bring, v. t. [imp. hp.p. brought.] 
[A.-S. bringan.] 1. To convey; to 
fetch. 2. To make to come. 3. To 
induce ; to influence. [salt. 

Brin'ISH, a. Like brine ; somewhat 

BRINK (82), n. [Icel. bringr, hillock, 
W. bryncyn.] Edge or border of a 
steep place ; verge. 

Brin'y, a. Pertaining to brine ; salt. 

BRISK, a. [W. brysg, fr. brys, haste.] 
1. Full of liveliness and activity. 2. 
Effervescing, as liquors. 

BRISK'ET, n. [W. brysced.] That 
part of the breast of an animal that 
lies next to the ribs. 

BrKsk'lY, adv. In a brisk manner. 

Br'isk/NESS, n. Quality of being brisk. 

BRfs'TLE (bris'l), n. [A.-S. bristl.] A 
short, stiff, coarse hair. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To erect the bristles of. -^ 
v. i. To stand erect, like bristles. 



Dp, WQLF, TOO. TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; 9,G,5o/i!; €,&,hard; A£; E^IST ; NasNG; this. 



BRISTLY 



48 



BRUSH 



BRts'TLV (bris'ly ), a. Thick set with 
bristles ; rough. 

Bri-tan'ni-a,«. A compound of tin, 
antimony, bismuth, and copper. 

Brit'isii, a. Pertaining to Great 
Britain or its inhabitants. 

Brit'tle (brlt'tl), a. [A.-S. bryttan, 
to break.] Easily broken; apt to 
break ; fragile. 

Brit'tle-ness, n. Fragility. 

BROACH, n. [Fr. broche, spit, It. 
brocca.] A tool for smoothing or en- 
larging holes in metal, '—v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To pierce, as with a spit. 
2. To tap ; to pierce, as a cask. 3. 
To make public. [who broaches. 

Broach'er, n. 1. A spit. 2. One 

BROAD (brawd), a. [-er; -EST.] 
[A.'-S. brad.] 1. Wide; extended 
from side to side. 2. Diffused. 3. 
Having a large measure of any thing 
or quality. 

Syn.— Ample; extensive; comprehen- 
sive; vulgar; coarse. 

Broad'-ax, )n. An ax with a 

Broad'-axe,| broad edge, for hew- 
ing timber. 

Broadcast, n. A casting seed from 
the' hand in sowing. — adv. By scat- 
tering at large from the hand. — a. 
1. Dispersed upon the ground with 
the hand. 2. Widely diffused. 

Broad'€l6th,». A fine kind of wool- 
en cloth more than 29 inches wide. 

Broaden, r. i. To grow broad.— 
v. \. To make broad. 

Broad'ly, adv. In a broad manner. 

Broad'ness, n. Quality of being 
broad ; breadth. 

BROAD'-PIECE, n. A piece of gold 
coin broader than a guinea ; in the 
reigns of James I. and Charles I. a 
20s. piece. [country or state. 

Broad'-seal,«. Public seal of a 

Broad'side, ii. 1. A discharge of 
all the guns on one side of a ship at 
once. 2. The fide of a ship above the 
water. 3. A sheet of paper printed 
on one side only. 

Broad'swSrd (-sord), n. A cword 
with a broad blade. 

Bro-CADE',:?. [It. broccare, to figure, 
to stitch.] Silk or other stuff, varie- 
gated with gold and silver, or en- 
riched with flowers, &c. 

Bro-€AD'ed, a. Woven as brocade. 

BRO'CAGE.) „ , 

Bro'kage! 1 n - Brokerage. 

ERd>-eA-TitL',n. [Sp.] A kind of 
coarse brocade, commonly made of 
silk and cotton. 

Bro€'€0-LI, n. [It., pi. of broccolo, 
cabbage sprout.] A variety of the 
common cabbage. 

Brochure (bro-shur'), n. [Fr., fr. 
brocher, to stitch.] A pamphlet. 

Brock, n. [A.-S. broc] A badger. 

BRO'GAN, or Bro-gXn', n. A stout, 
coarse shoe. 

BROGUE (brog), n. [Ir. & Gael, brog.] 
1. A stout, coarse shoe. 2. A cor- 
rupt manner of pronunciation. 

BROIL, n. [Of Celtic origin.] A noisy 
quarrel. 

Syn. — Affray; tumult; altercation. 



— v. t. [-ED ; -inc.] To dress or 
cook over coals. — v. i. To be sub- 
jected to the action of heat. 

Broil'er, n. 1. One who excites 
broils. 2. A gridiron. 

Broke (20), imp. & p. p. of Break. 

Brok'jen (brok'n, 20), p. a. [Prom 
break.] 1. Parted by violence. 2. 
Made weak ; infirm. 3. Subdued ; 
contrite. 

Brok'JEn-heart'ed, a. Crushed by 
grief or despair. 

Brok'EN-ly, adv. In a broken, in- 
terrupted manner. 

Broe'EN-Wind'ED, a. Having short 
breath, as a horse. 

Bro'ker, n. One who transacts busi- 
ness for another for a certain com- 
pensation. 

Bro'ker-age, n. 1. Business of a 
broker. 2. Pee or commission for 
transacting business as a broker. 

BRO'MA, n. [Gr. /3pd>p.a, food.] A 
chocolate preparation from the seeds 
of the cocoa. 

Bro'mine, n. [Gr. /Spw^os, bad smell.] 
One of the elements, related in its 
chemical qualities to chlorine and 
iodine. 

BroN'€HI, -jn.pl. [Gr. /3p6yxia, 

BRoiv'eHl-A, | /3p6yxos, windpipe.] 

BRuN'€Hi-Jti, ) 'lhe ramifications 
of the windpipe in the lungs. 

Bron'-chi-al j (82), a. Belonging to 

Bron'chic J the bronchise, or 
ramifications of the windpipe. 

Bron-€HI'tis, n. Inflammation 
of any part of the bronchial mem- 
brane. 

Bron'CHO-CELE, n. [Gr. /3pd-yxo?i 
windpipe, and *o?A.i7, tumor.] A mor- 
bid enlargement of the thyroid 
gland ; goiter. 

Bron-choT'o-MY, n. [Gr. /9p6yxos, 
windpipe, and to/utj, a cutting.] An 
incision into the windpipe. 

Bronze (bronz or bronz), «., [Prob. 
fr. It. bruno, brown.] 1. An alloy of 
copper with tin. 2. A work oi art 
cast in bronze. 3. A brown color. 

— v. t [~EE>; -ing.] 1. To give 
the appearance oi bronze. 2. To 
maKe hard or unfeeling. 

Brooch, n. [See Broach.] A 
bosom-pin. 

Brood, t-.t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
brad. See Breed.] 1. To sit on 
and cover eggs or young, as a fowl. 
2. To remain in anxious thought ; to 
muse. — v. t. To sit over, cover, and 
cherish. — n. 1. Offspring; progeny. 
2. That which is bred or produced. 

BRO"OK (27), n. [A.-S. brCc] Asmall 
natural stream. — v. t. [A.-S. brfocan, 
to eat, enjoy, use, bear.] To endure ; 
to be contented with. 

BRO~OM (28), n. [A.-S. brbm.] 1. A 
genus of plants. 2. A brush with a 
long handle, for sweeping floors, &c. 

Bro~om'-c6rn, n. A plant bearing a 
head of which brooms are made. 

BRO~OM'sTi'CK, n. Handle of a broom. 

Broom'y, a. Full of broom ; con- 
sisting of broom. 

BROTH (21), n. [A.-S. brodh, from 



breovan, to brew.] Liquor in which 
flesh is boiled. 

BROTH'EL, n. [A form of bordel, orig 
a little hut.] A house of ill-fame. 

BROTH'ER (bruth'er, 152), n. [A.-S. 
brodhor, brodhur.] 1. He who is born 
of the same father and mother. 2. 
One closely united to another by 
some common tie. 8. One who re- 
sembles another. 

Broth'er-hood (27), n. 1. State of 
being a brother. 2. An association ; 
a fraternity. 3. A class of individu- 
als of the same profession. 

Br6th'ER-in-law, n. Brother of a 
husband or wife ; also, a sister's 
husband. 

Br6th'er-ly, a. Pertaining to 
brothers ; kind ; affectionate. 

Brow, n. [A.-S. brav, bruva, Skr. 
bhru.] 1. The ridge and hair over 
the eye 2. The forehead. 3. Edge 
of a steep place. 

Browbeat, v. t. [imp. browbeat ; 
p. p. browbeaten.] To bear 
down with haughty, stern looks or 
arrogant assertions. 

Brown, n. A dark color inclining to 
red or yellow. — a. [-ER; -est.] 
[A.-S. brun. The root is A.-S. beorn- 
an, byrnan, Eng. burn.] Of a dark 
color, inclining to red or yellow. -- 
v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] To make brown. 

BROWN'-STOUT, n. A superior kind 
of porter. 

Brown'-stud'y, n. Mental abstrac- 
tion ; reverie. 

Browse, v. t. To eat off, as the ends 
of branches, &c. — v. i. [-ED; 
-ING.] To feed on the tender branch- 
es of shrubs or trees. 

Browse (browss), n. [0. H. Ger. 
broz, prozzen, to sprout.] Tender 
branches of trees and shrubs, fit for 
the food of cattle. 

Bru'in, n. [D. bruin, brown, from 
his color.] A bear. 

Bruise (32), v. *. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
brysan.] To injure or crush, as by 
collision ; to contuse ; to reduce to 
fragments. — n. An injury to the 
flesh of animals, to plants, &c. ; a 
contusion. 

Bruis/er, n. A boxer. 

BRUIT (brut), n. [Fr. ; W. brud, brwth.] 
Report ; rumor ; fame. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To noise abroad 

BRy'MAL (32), a. [Lat. brumalis, fr. 
bruma, winter.] Belonging to winter. 

BRU-NETTE', n. [Fr., brownish.] A 
woman with a dark complexion. 

Brunt, n. [A.-S. bront, boiling, foam- 
ing, raging.] 1. Utmost violence of 
an onset. 2. Force of a blow ; shock, 
3. A sudden effort. 

Brush, n. [0. H. Ger. brusta, bursta, 
burst, bristle.] 1. An instrument of 
bristles, &c, for various purposes. 

2. Branches of trees lopped off. 3. 
A thicket or coppice. 4. A skirmish. 
— v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To apply 
a brush to. 2. To pass lightly over. 

3. To remove or gather by brush- 
ing. — v. i. 1. To move nimbly. 2. 
To move over with a slight contact. 



X,e, I, b y v,Y,long; X,£,I, 6, 0, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ace, what; ere, veil,, term; pique, fIrm; s6n, 



BRUSH-WOOD 



49 



BULGE 



BrOsh'-wood, n. 1. A thicket. 2. 
Small branches cut from trees. 

BrUSH'Y, a Resembling a brush. 

Bru'tal (32), a. 1. Pertaining to a 
brute. 2. Savage ; inhuman. 

Bru-tal'I-ty, n. Inhumanity ; 
savageness ; cruelty. 

Bru'tal-Ize, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
make brutal. [ner ; cruelly. 

BRU'TAL-LY, adv. In a brutal mau- 

Brute (32), a. [Lat. brutus.] 1. Sense- 
less ; unconscious. 2. Irrational. 3. 
Unintelligent; animal. 4. Bestial. 
— n. 1. A beast ; an animal desti- 
tute of reason. 2. A low-bred, un- 
feeling person. 

BRU'TI-FY, v. t. [Law brutus, brute, 
and facere, to make.] [-IED ; -LVG, 
142.] To make a brute of. 

Bru'tish, a. Pertaining to, or resem- 
bling, a brute. 

Syn. — Ignorant; insensible; stupid; 
savage; cruel; brutal. 

Brtj'tish-ly, adv. In the manner of 
a~brute. [tality. 

Bru'tish-ness, n. Stupidity ; bru- 

ijRU'TIgJVI, n. Nature or characteristic 
qualities of a brute. 

BRY'O-NY, n. [Gr. Ppvoivla.] A genus 
of climbing plants. 

B&B'BLE,ra. [D. bobbd.] 1. A small 
vesicle of water or other fluid inflated 
with air. 2. Any thing that wants 
solidity ; a delusive scheme. — v. i. 
I-ED; -ing.] 1. To rise in bubbles. 
2. To run with a gurgling noise. — 
v. t. To impose on. 

Bub'bly, a. Abounding in bubbles. 

B fJB'B Y , n. A woman's breast. 

BC'bo, n. ;pl. BU/BOEg. [Gr. /3ou/3c6i>.] 
1. The groin. 2. Au inflammation, 
with enlargement, of a gland in the 
groin. 

BU-BON'O-CELE, n. [Gr. BovjSoV, 
groin, and K17ATJ, tumor.] A tumor 
in the groin. 

BU€'eAL, a. [Lat. bucca, cheek.] Per- 
taining to the cheek. 

Buc'ga-neer', ) n. [A word of Amer. 

Bue'A-NlER', j origin.] A pirate; 
a freebooter. 

Bu-CEN'TAUR,n. [Gr. /3ous, ox and 
KeVTavpo?, a centaur.] 1. A fabulous 
monster, half ox and half man. 2. 
Tkie state barge of Venice. 

BU'€HU, n. A plant used for diseases 
of the bladder. 

BUCK, n. [L. Ger. b'uke, prob. fr. b'dke, 
book, beech, because formerly lye was 
made of the ashes of this tree.] 1. 
Lye in which 
cloth is soaked in 
bleaching ; also, 
the liquor in 
which clothes are 
washed. 2. The 
clothes soaked or 
washed. 3. [A.-S. 
bucca, buc, W. bwch.] 
fallow deer, goat, sheep, rabbit, and 
hare. 5. A gay, dashing young fel- 
low. — v. t. To soak or steep in lye. 

BtJCK'-BAs'KET, n. A basket to car- 
ry clothes in to the wash. 

BOck/et, n. [A.-S. buc] A vessel 




Buck. 
4. Male of the 



for drawing or carrying water or 
other liquids. [gay ; foppish. 

BDcK'ISH,a. Pertaining to a buck ; 

BucK'LE (buk'l), n. [Lat. buccula, 
dim. of bucca, cheek.] An instru- 
ment attached to a strap. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ing.] 1. To fasten with a 
buckle. 2. To prepare for action. 
— v. i. 1. To bend; to bow. 2. To 
struggle. [of shield. 

Buck'ler, »i. [See Buckle.] A kind 

B&CK'-MAST, n. [For beech-mant.] 
Fruit of the beech-tree. 

BOck'RAM, n. [Fr. bougran, fr. bou- 
rucan, &c, by transposing the r.] A 
coarse linen cloth, stiffened with glue. 

BDck'skIn, n. 1. Leather of a buck. 
2. pi. Breeches made of buckskin. 

Buck'thor.v. n.. A genus of plants. 

BDck'wheat,/i. [Scot, buck, beech, 
and wheat.} A plant, the seed of 
which is used as a grain. 

Bu-col'ic, ) a. [Gr. /SovkoAxko?, 

Bu-col'IC-AL, J fr. /SowcoAos, cow- 
herd, herdsman.] Relating to shep- 
herds ; pastoral ; rustic. — n. A pas- 
toral poem. 

BUD, n. [II. Ger. butze, butz, core of 
a fruit, bud.] An undeveloped 
branch or flower. — v. i. [-ded ; 
-ding.] 1. To put forth buds. 2. 
To begin to grow, as a horn. 3. To 
be in bloom. — v. t. To insert, as the 
bud of a plant, under the bark of 
another tree, to raise a different fruit. 

Bud'dhIsm (bd-bd^zm), n. The doc- 
trine taught by the Hindoo sage, sur- 
named Buddha, in the 6th century 
B. c. [of Buddhism. 

Bud'dhist (bdbd/ist), n. A votary 

Bud'diiist, 1 a. Relating to, or 

Bud-dhIst'IC, ) connected with, 
Buddhism, or its founder. 

Bude '-light (-lit), n. [From Bude, 
the residence of the inventor.] An 
intense white light, produced by 
burning purified coal-gas in a lamp 
of peculiar construction. 

Budge, v.t. [-ed;-ing.] [Fr.bou- 
ger, to stir ; move.] To move off; to 
stir. — n. [Lat. bulga, a leathern bag 
or knapsack.] Lamb-skin fur. 

BtJDG'ET, n. [See Budge, ».] 1. A 
sack, with its contents ; hence, a 
stock or store. 2. Annual financial 
statement made in the House of 
Commons. 

Bud'let, n. A little bud or shoot. 

BUFF, n. [Fr. bceuf, beef.] 1. A sort of 
leather, prepared in oil. 2. A color 
between light pink and light yellow. 

Buff, a. 1. Made of buff leather. 2. 
Between light pink 
and light yellow. 

BtJF'FA-LO, n.j pi. ' 
BUF'F A-LOES. 
[Gr. /3ov^aAo5, a 
wild ox.] 1. A kind 
of wild ox found in 
warm countries of 
the East. Buffalo. 

B^- The name ir erroneously applied 
to the Bison of North America. See 
Bison. 

Buf'fa-lo-robe , n. The skin of the 




bison, or so-called buffalo, prepared 
with the hair on. 

Bijf'fer, n. A cush- "je 
ion, or apparatus, to M 
deaden concussion. Buffer. 

Buf'fet, n. [Fr. buffet, It. buffetto, 
orig. a wineskin, and then a table 
where wine in skins was placed and 
sold.] 1. A cupboard or sideboard 
at one side of a room. 2. [O. Fr., fr. 
buffe, blow.] 3. A blow with the 
hand ; a cuff. 4. Violent force or re- 
sistance. — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To 
box ; to beat ; to cuff. 2. To con- 
tend against. [actor in an opera. 

BxJF'FO, n. [It. Seem/™.] Thecomic 

BUF-FOON', n. [It. bu ff one, buff o.\k. 
droll ; a harlequin ; a clown. 

BUF-FOON'ER-Y, n. Low jests ; vul- 
gar tricks and postures. 

Buff'y, a. Resembling buff. 

BTjg, n. [Cf. W. bwg, hobgoblin, scare- 
crow.] An insect of many species. 

BUG, \ n. [W. bwg, bwgan, 

BOg'bear, [ from bw, a terrifying 

Bug'a-boo', ) object.] Something 
frightful, as a specter. 

Bljg'Gy, a. Abounding with bugs. — 
n. 1. A light one-horse chaise. 2. 
A. light one-horse, four-wheel vehicle. 

BU'GLE, ) n. [From bugle 

Bu'gle-horn, ) (Lat. buculus, a 
young bullock, dim. 
of bos, ox), a sort of 
wild ox, buffalo.] A 
musical wind instru- 
ment. 

Bu'GLE (bfi'gl), n. 1. 

[Ger. bvgel. a bent Bugle-horn, 
piece of metal or wood.] An elon • 
gated glass bead. 2. [Lat. bugillo.l 
A plant used in medicine. 

Bu'GLOSS, n. [Gr. /3ov'-yAa>ar<ros, ox 
tongue, from /3oi5s, ox, and yAtoercra, 
tongue; — from its long, rough, 
leaves.] A plant used in dyeing. 

Buhl (bul), n. [From A. Ch. Boule, a 
French carver in wood.] A figure of 
brass, unburnished gold, &c, set 
into surfaces of ebony, &c. 

BUHR'-stone (bGr'ston^n. [O.Eng. 
bur, a whetstone for scythes.] A va- 
riety of flinty quartz. 

Build, v. t. [imp. & p. p. built.] 
[A.-S. byldan, to build, from bold, 
house, hall.] 1. To construct, as an 
edifice. 2. To raise on any founda- 
tion. 3. To increase and strengthen. 
— v.i. 1. To practice building. 2. 
To depend, as on a foundation. — n. 
Form of construction. 

Build'er, n. One who builds. 

Build'ing, n. A thing built, as a 
house, church, &c. ; an edifice. 

Bulb, n. [Gr. /3oA0os.] 1. A cluster 
of partially developed leaves (usually 
below the ground), producing a stem 
above, and roots below. 2. A protu- 
berance as of a thermometer. 

Bulb'ous. a. Having or containing 
bulbs ; bulb-like in shape. 

Bulge, n. [Cf. A.-S. bdlg, bdlig, Eng... 
brtly.] Protuberant part of a cask ; 
protuberance. — v. i. To swell or 
jut out. 




OR, dq, wolf .too, TCfoK. -, URN, rue , pull ; e , I, o .silent ; c,G,so/i!/ c, G, hard; A§; E^IST; NOSNGJ THIS. 



BULK 



50 



BURLESQUE 




BOlk, n. [Icel. bulka, to swell, W. 
bwlg, bulk.] 1. Dimensions; size; 
mass. 2. Largest or principal portion. 

BDlk'-head, n. A partition in a 
ship, to form separate apartments. 

Bulk'I-ness, n. Greatness in bulk, 
size, or stature. [sions ; large. 

BOlk'Y, a. Of great bulk or dimen- 

"3ULL, n. [The root is A.-S. bellan, to 
bellow.] 1. The male of any bovine 
quadruped. 2. One of the twelve 
signs of the zodiac. 3. One who is 
interested in raising the value of 
stocks. 4. [Lat. bulla.] Any thing 
rounded by art. 5. The seal appended 
to the edicts and briefs of the pope. 

6. An edict, or rescript of the pope. 

7. An apparent congruity, but real 
incongruity, of ideas, suddenly dis- 
covered. 

Bull'-bait'ing, n. Practice of ex- 
citing bulls with dogs. 

Bull'-calf (-kaf), n. A male calf; 
a stupid fellow. 

Bull'-dog, n. A 
kind of dog, of 
remarkable fe- 
rocity and cour- 
age. 

Bul'LET, n. [Fr. 
boulet, dim. of 
boule, ball.] A Hull-dog. 

small ball for a gun. 

Bul/le-tin, n. [Fr. bulletin. See 
BULL.] Any public announcement, 
especially of news recently received. 

Bull'-fight (-fit), n. A combat 
with a bull. 

Bull'-finch (66), n. A singing-bird. 

Bull'-frog, n. A large, noisy species 
of frog, found in North America. 

BULL'ION (bcTol'yun), n. [Lat. bulla, 
any thing rounded by art.] Un- 
coined gold or silver in the mass. 

Bull'ock, n. 1. A young bull. 2. 
An ox, or_castrated bull. 

ByLL'g'-EYE, n. A thick piece of 
glass inserted in a deck, roof, &c, to 
let in light. 

Bull'Y, n. A noisy, blustering fellow ; 
a quarrelsome person. — a. Jovial ; 
merry. [Low.] — v.t. [-ED ; -ING, 
142.] To insult with noise and blus- 
tering menaces. 

Bul'rush, n. [Bull, in the sense of 
large, and rush.] A large kind of rush. 

Bul'wark, n. 1. An outwork for de- 
fense. 2. Any means of defense. 3. pi. 
Sides of a ship above the upper deck. 
— v. t. To fortify with a rampart ; 
to protect. 

Bujvt'bail'iff, n. [A corruption of 
bound-bailiff.] An under bailiff. 

BtJM'BLE-BEE, n. [0. Eng. bumble, 
to make a humming noise, and bee.] 
A large bee. 

BUM'BOAT, n. A clumsy boat, for con- 
veying provisions, &c. to vessels ly- 
ingoff shore. 

BUM'KIN, n. [From boom, and the 
dim. termination kin.] Pieces of tim- 
ber projecting from each bow of a 
vessel, to haul the fore tack to. 

BUM'MER, n. 1. A houseless vagrant. 
2. A forager. 



BUMP, n. [From bump, to strike, 
thump.] 1. A thump ; a blow. 2. 
A swelling or protuberance. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To strike, as with or 
against any thing large or solid. — v. 
i. To make a loud, heavy noise, as 
the bittern. 

BUM'PER, n. [A corrupt, of bombard, 
a large drinking vessel.] A cup or 
glass filled to the brim. 

BtiMP'KlN (84), n. [Perh. fr. bump, a 
swelling.] An awkward, heavy rus- 
tic ; a clown, or country lout. 

BUN, ) n. [Cf. 0. H. Ger. bungo, bulb] 

Bunn, ) A kind of small sweet-cake. 

Bunch, n. [Icel. bunki, heap, pile, 
W. pwng, cluster.] 1. A protuber- 
ance ; a knob or lump. 2. A collec- 
tion, cluster, or tuft. — v. i. To 
swell out, as into a bunch. — v. i. 
To form or tie in a bunch. 

Bunch'y, a. 1. Swelling out in 
bunches. 2. Growing in bunches. 

BtJN'DLE, n. [A.-S. byndel, from the 
root of bind.] A number of things 
bound together ; a parcel ; a roll. — 
v. t. [-ed; -ING.] To tie or bind 
in a bundle or roll. 

Bung, n. 1. Stopper of the orifice in 
the bilge of a cask. 2. The orifice 
itself, —v. t. To stop with a bung. 

BiJN'GA-LOW, n. [Bengalee bangla.] 
A house or cottage, of a single floor. 
[India.] 

BlJN'GLE,r. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To act 
or work in a clumsy, awkward man- 
ner, [workman. 

Bun'gler, n. A clumsy, awkward 

Bun'gling, a. Unskillful; awkward. 

BUN'ION (bun/yun), n. See BUNYON. 

Bunk, n. A wooden case, which serves 
for a seat in the day-time and for a 
bed at night. 

Bun' YON, In. [0. Eng. bunny, a 

BUN'ION, ] small swelling. Cf. BUN.] 
An enlargement and inflammation 
of the joint of the great toe. 

BiJNT'lNG, n. [Perh. from Ger. bunt, 
variegated, as it is covered with a 
great many small black spots.] A 
bird of different species. 

Bunt'ing, ) n. [Prob. from Ger. bunt, 

BUNT'INE,) variegated, streaked.] 
A thin woolen stuff, of which flags 
are made. 

BUOY (bwoy or bwoy), 
n. [D. boey, boei, 
buoy, fetter, 0. Fr. 
buie, a fetter, Lat. bo- 
ja.] A floating mark Buoy. 
to point out the position of objects 
beneath the water. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To keep afloat. 2. To fix 
buoys to ; to mark by buoys. 

Buoy~'an-CY (bwof- or bwoy'-), n. 
1. Quality of floating ; specific light- 
ness. 2. Cheerfulness ; vivacity. 

BUOY'ANT (bvrof- or bw6.v / -), a. 
1. Having the quality of floating in a 
fluid. 2. Bearing up, as a fluid. 3. 
Vivacious. 

Buoy'ant-ly, adv. In a buoj^ant 
manner. 

BUR, \ n. [D. burre, 0. Sw. bona, 

BURR, ) burdock, thistle, Ger. burre, 



hair, feathers, straw.] Prickly aa. 
velope of seeds. 

BfjR'DSN, n. [A.-S. byrdhen, fr. the 
root of bear.] 1. That which is borne ; 
a load. 2. That which is grievous or 
oppressive. 3. Capacity of a ship. 
4. [Fr. bourdon, great bell, drone, 
humble-bee.] Verse repeated in a 
song ; chorus ; refrain ; main topic. 
— v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. Tolayo 
heavy load upon. 2. To oppress. 

Bur'd.en-s6me, a. Grievous tcb« 
borne ; oppressive. 

Bur'dock, n. A genus of plants 
having a rough, bristly fruic. 

Bu'reau (bQ/ro, 114), n. ; pi. BIJ- 
REAUX (bu'roz) or BU'REAUg (hiy- 
roz). [Fr.jfrom 0. Fr. bure, drug- 
get, with which, orig. a Avriting table 
was covered.] 1. A desk with drawers 
for papers. 2. Office where business 
is transacted. 3. A department for 
the transaction of public business. 
4. A chest of drawers for clothes, &c. 

BU-REAU'€RA-CY (bu-ro/-),?/. [Bureau 
and Gr. Kparetv, to govern.] A s} stem 
in which the business of government 
is carried on in departments. 

BURG, n. [A.-S. form of borough.] A 
borough. 

BUR'GA-MOT', n. 1. A variety of 
pear. 2. A perfume. See Berga- 
MOT. [GEOIS. 

Bur-geois' (bur-jois/), n. See B'our- 

BUR'GESS, n. [Fr. bourgeois, from 
bourg, borough.] 1. A citizen, or 
freeman of a borough. 2. A repre- 
sentative or a magistrate of a bor- 
ough. [BOROUGH. 

Burgh (burg), n. See Burg and 

BURGH'ER(bQrg / er),«. [From burgh.] 
A freeman of a burgh or borough. 

Burg'lar, n. [From burgh , borough, 
town, and 0. Fr. laire, thief, fr. Lat. 
latro.] One who breaks into a dwell- 
ing-house, in the night-time, to com- 
mit a felony. [burglary. 

BUR-GLA'RI-otJS, a. Pertaining to 

Bur-gla'ri-oCs-ly, adv. With in- 
tent to commit burglary. 

Burg'LA-ry, n. Act of entering a 
dwelling-house, in the night, with in- 
tent to commit a felony therein. 

BURG'O-MAS'TER, n. [Lat. burgus 
(equiv. to burg, burgh), and Eng. 
master.] A chief magistrate of some 
municipal towns. 

BUR'GUN-DY, n. A superior kind of 
wine ; — from Burgundy, in France. 

Bu'Rl-AL (ber'i-al), n. Act of bury- 
ing ; sepulture; interment. 

Bu'rin, n. [Prob. from 0. H. Ger. 
bora, borer.] 1. An engraver's tool. 
2. Style of execution of an engraver. 

Burke, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [From an 
Irishman who committed the crime 
in 1829.] 1. To murder, so as to ob- 
tain a body for dissection. 2. To 
dispose of quietly or indirectly. 

BURL, v. t. [Cf. Fr. bourlet, bourrelet, 
pad.] To pick knots, loose threads, 
&c, from, as in finishing cloth. 

BfJR'LAP, n. A coarse linen fabric. 

BUR-LESQUE' (-leskO, a. [It. burles- 
co, fr. burla, sneer, mockery.] Tend- 



A, E, I, 5,U, Y, long; X, £,1, 6, V, Y, short ; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TERM \ PIQUE, FlRM; SON, 



BURLETTA 

ing to excite laughter by ludicrous 
images. — n. 1. Exaggerated paro- 
dy : satire. 2 A ludicrous imitation ; 
a caricature. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To turn iuto ridicule. 

Bur-let' Ta, n. [It., dim. of burla, 
mockery.] A comic opera. 

EUR'LY, a. [0. Eng. boorely, equiv. 
to boorlike, clowuisu.] 1. Of great 
bulk : stout. 2. Coarse and rough. 

Burn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. burned or 
BURNT.] [A.-S. beornan, byrnan, 
Goth, brinnan.] 1. To consume -with 
fire. 2. To injure by fire or heat. 

3. To submit to the action of fire or 
heat. 4 To produce a sensation akin 
to that of heat. — v. i. 1. To be on 
fire. 2. To be injured by heat. 3. To 
be hot or in a passion. — n. Injury 
caused by the action of fire. 

BURN'ER, n. 1. One who sets on fire. 
2. An appendage to a lamp or gas- 
fixture. 

Burn'ing-glass, n. A convex lens 
used for producing an intense heat 
by converging tne sun's ra}"S. 

Bur'nish, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Fr. 
brunir, It. brunire, to make brown, 
bright, or glossy.] 1. To polish by 
rubbing. 2. To render bright. — n. 
Effect of burnishing; gloss: luster. 

BUR'NISH-ER, n. 1. One who bur- 
nishes. 2. A tool for burnishing. 

Burnt'-off'er-ING, n. Something 
offered and burnt on an altar. 

Burr.ji. See Bur. 

BUR'ROW, n. [A.-S. beorg, beorh, hill, 
burrow, fr. beorgan, to be prominent, 
to protect.] A hole in the ground 
made by certain animals. — v. i. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To excavate a hole 
to lodge in ; to lodge in a hole. 2. 
To hide ; to take refuge in. 

BUR'SAR, n. [L. Lat. bursarius, from 
bursa, byrsa, purse.] 1. A treasurer ; 
a purser. 2. A student to whom a 
stipend is paid. 

Bur's A-RY, n. 1. Treasury of a col- 
lege or monastery. 2. A charitable 
foundation in a university. 

Burse, n. [L. Lat. bursa. See 
BOURSE.] A public edifice for the 
meeting of merchants ; an exchange. 

Burst, v. t. [imp. & p. p. burst.] 
[A.-S. berstan.] 1. To fly or break 
open with force. 2. To make any sud- 
den change to an opposite or different 
state. — v. t. To rend by violence ; 
to open suddenly. — n. A sudden 
breaking forth ; a violent rending. 

Bur'then, n. & v. See Burden. 

BVR.'Y[hir: l f),v.t. [-ED; -ing, 142.] 
[A.-S byrigan, allied to beorgan, to 
keep, cover, hide.] 1. To cover out 
of sight, as in a grave. 2. To hide 
in oblivion. 

BUR'Y-ING-GROUND \ (ber'v-), n. A 

Bur'y-ing-place J grave-yard ; a 
church-yard. [skin. 

B&s/by, n. A militarv cap of bear- 
By SH, n. [0. H. Ger busc, Fr. 60/5.] 
1. A place abounding in trees or 
shrubs. 2. A thick shrub : also, a 
cluster of shrubs. 3. A tavern sign. 

4. A lining of metal let into an orifice. 



5] 

— v. i. To grow thick or bushy. — v. 
t. To furnish with a bush. 

BysH'EL, it. [Low Lat. boissel, bois- 
sellus, fr. bustia, buxis, equiv. to Gr. 
7rv£t's, box.] A dry measure of four 
pecks or eight gallons. 

Bush'el-aGe, n. A duty payable on 
commodities by the bushel. [Eng.] 

Bush'i-ness, 11. Quality of being 
bushy. 

Bush'-whack'er, n. 1. A raw coun- 
tryman. 2. One engaged in predato- 
vy excursions against an enemy. 

BUSH'Y, a. 1. Full of bushes. 2, 
Thick and spreading, like a bush. 

BU£'I-LY (biz'i-ly), adv. In a busy 
manner. 

Bus/i-ness (Mz'nes), n. 1. Employ- 
ment ; occupation. 2. Traffic in gen- 
eral. 3. Concern. 4. Affair ; trans- 
action. 

BUSK, n. [Fr. busc, busque, from bois, 
bos, wood.] A piece of metal, whale- 
bone, or wood, worn in cornets. — 
v. t. or v. i. [L. Lat. busrus, boscus ; 
orig. to go through a bush ; hence, 
to hunt.] To prepare, make ready, 
array. 

Eus'lUN, n. [Contr. fr. 0. Fr. brosse- 
quin ; prob. fr. Gr. /3up<ra, skin, hide.] 

1. A covering for the foot and leg, 
formerly worn by actors in tragedy. 

2. Tragedy, as distinguished from 
comedy. [2. Tragic. 

Bus'KlNBD, a. 1. Dressed in buskins. 

Buss, n. [Allied to Lat. barium, kiss.] 
A rude or playful kiss. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ing.] To kiss. 

Bust, n. [Ger. bruM, breast.] 1. 
Statuary representing the upper 
part of the human iigure. 2. The 
trunk of the body. 

Bus'tard, n. [Lat. avis tarda.] A 
bird of the ostrich family. 

BUS'TLE (bus'l), V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Prob. fr. A.-S. bysig, busy, bysg-ian, 
to busy, and the termination le.] To 
stir quickly ; to be very active. — n. 
1. Great stir; hurried activity. 2. 
A cushion worn by ladies to expand 
the skirts behind. 

BOs'tler (bus'ier), n. An active, 
stirring person. 

Bus/Y (blz'y),a. [A.-S. bysig.] 1. En- 
gaged, in business. 2. Constantly in 
motion ; restless. 3. Officious. — v. t. 
[-E D ; -ING, 142. ] To make or keep 
busy ; to employ ; to occupy. 

Bus/y-bod'y (blz'y-), n. A meddling 
person. 

But, prep. & conj. [A.-S. butan, from 
pref. be and vtan, outward, without, 
fr. tit, dte, out, without.] 1. Except ; 
besides ; unless ; save. 2. Otherwise 
than that ; that not. 3. Only : sole- 
ly ; merely. 4. On the contrary ; 
yet ; still ; nevertheless. 

But, n. See Butt. 

Butch'ER, n. [Fr. boucher, orig. a 
killer of buck-goats, from Fr. boirc, a 
buck-goat.] 1. One who slaughters 
animals for food. 2. One who kills 
in a bloody manner. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To slaughter, as animals, 
for food. 2. To slay inhumanly. 



BUXOM 

Butch'er-ly, a. Grossly cruel end 
barbarous ; bloody. 

Butch'er-Y, 11. 1. Business of a 
butcher. 2. Carnage ; massacre. 

But'-end, In. Largest or blunt end 

Butt'-end, j of a thing. 

BUT'LER, 11. [Fr. bouteillier, boutillier, 
a bottle-bearer.] A servant who 
takes charge of the liquors, &c. 

But'LER-ship, 11. Office of a butlet 

Butt, In. [Fr. but, butt, aim, O-Fr. 

But, ) bot, end, extremity.] 1, 
The larger end of a thing. 2. A 
mark to be shot at. 3. Object of 
ridicule. 4. A thrust in fencing or by 
the head of an animal. 5. A large 
cask or vessel. 6. Thickest and 
stoutest part of tanned ox-hides. 7. 
A kind of hinge. — v. i. 1. To be 
bounded ; to abut. 2. To thrust the 
head forward. — v.t. To strike by 
thrusting the head against. 

BOt'TER, 11. [Gr. /Sovrupov. fr. /3o£r?*, 
ox, cow, and rvpos, cheese.] 1. A sub- 
stance obtained from cream. 2. Any 
substance resembling butter in de- 
gree of consistence, or other qualities. 
— v. t. [-ed; -ING.] To cover or 
spread with butter. 

Bu't'ter-€UP, 11. A plant having 
bright yellow flowers. 

bUT'TER-FLY, b. [From the color 
of a yellow species.] A lepidopterous 
insect of different species. 

But'ter-milk, 11. The milk that re- 
mains after the butter is separated 
from it. [fruit. 

But'ter-nut, n. A tree and its oily 

BUT'TER-Y, a. Having the qualities 
or appearance of butter. — n. An 
apartment where butter, provisions, 
&c, are kept. 

But'tock, 11. [From butt, end.] 1. 
The rump. 2. The convexity of a 
ship behind, under the stern. 

BCt'ton (bHt/n), 11. [Fr. bouton, fr. 
bout, end, extremity.] 1. A small 
ball ; a knob. 2. A catch to fasten 
parts of dress. 3. A bud ; a germ. 
4. A piece of wood or metal to fasten 
doors, &c. — v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] To 
fasten with a button. 

But'ton-hole, 11. The hole in 
which a button is caught. — v. t. To 
detain in conversation to weariness ; 
to bore. 

But'ton-wood (27), n. A large tree 
growing in North America. 

But'TRESS, n. [Fr. bou- 
ter, to push, butt, put.] 
A projecting support 
to the exterior of a 
wall; a prop. — v. t. 
To support by a but- 
tress : to prop. 

BU'TY-RA'CEOtJS, ) a. 

Bu'TY-rous, i [See 

Butter.] Having the 
qualities of butter ; re- 
sembling butter. 

Bl'X'OM, a. [A.-S. boc- 
sum , fr. beogan , bfigan , 
to bow, bend, and the term, sum, 
equiv. to Eng. some.] Brisk ; jolly ; 
frolicsome. 



I 




Buttress. 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK ; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, o, silent ; c,G,sq/*; €,&,hard; AS;. E^IST; N as NG : THI3. 



BUXOMLY 



52 



CAGE 



BtfX'OM-L Y , adv. In a buxom man- 
ner ; briskly. 

r;UY, v. t. [imp. & p. p. BOUGHT 
(bawt).] [A.-S. bycgan, bygan.] 1. 
To purchase ; to obtain for a price. 
2. To procure by a consideration. 

Buy'er, n. One who buys ; a pur- 
chaser. 

Buzz. v.i, [-ED; -ING.] [An ono- 
matopoeia.] To make a low, contin- 
uous, humming sound, as bees. — 
v. t. To spread, as report, by whis- 
pers. — n. 1. A continuous hum- 
ming noise, as of bees. 2. A whis- 
per ; a report. 

BlJZ'ZARD, n. [Lat. buteo.] 1. A 
bird of prey, of the Falcon family. 2. 
/ dunce. 



, BY (35), prep. [A.-S. be, bi, big.] \. 

| Near or next to. 2. Near to in mo- 

I tion ; hence, from one to the other 

side of. 3. With, as instrument, 

means, way, &c. ; through. 

£y-ancl-by.—(a.) Immediately; at once. 

fObs.] (6.) Presently ; pretty soon ; before 
ong. 

— adv. 1. Near ; present. 2. Pass- 
ing near. 
By, \n. A thing not directly aimed 
Bye, ) at ; an object by the way. 
By the bye, in passing ; by way of di- 
gression; apropos to the matter in hand. 
By'-End, n. Private end or interest. 
By'-gone (21), a. Past ; gone by. — 

n. A past event. 
By'-law, n. A local or subordinate 
law ; a private law or regulation. 



By '-NAME, n. A nickname ; a sobrt 
quet. 

BY'-PATH, n. A private path. 

By'-peay, n. A scene which is car- 
ried on aside, and commonly in 
dumb show, while the main action 
proceeds. [spectator. 

By'-stand'er, n. A looker-on ; a 

By'-way, n. A private or secluded 
way. 

By'-word (bT'wfird), n. A common 
saying ; a proverb. 

BfZ'ANT,_ \n. A gold coin worth 

Byz'an-tine, J £15 sterling, so 
Galled from being coined at Byzan- 
tium. 

By-zan'tTne, or Byz'an-tIne, a. 
Of, or pertaining to, Byzantium. 



c. 



C(ce), the third letter In the English 
alphabet. See §§ 63-69. 

€XE,n. [An abbrev. of cabriolet.] A 
covered carriage drawn by one horse. 

•Ca-bal.', n. [Heb. gabbalah, fr. ga~ 
bal, to take or receive.] 1. A num- 
ber of persons united to promote 
their private views by intrigue ; a 
junto. 2. Intrigue. 

Syn. — Party; faction. — Cabal and 
faction differ from party, being always 
used in a bad_ 6ense. A cabal intrigues 
secretly to gain power ; a faction labors 
more or less openly to change or break 
down the existing order of things. 
— v. i. [-LED ; -ling, 13b'.] To unite 
in secret artifices ; to plot. 

€ab'A-la, h. [See supra.] 1. A 
mysterious science among Jewish 
rabbins. 2. Mystery. [cabalists. 

■CAB'A-LlgM, n. Secret science of the 

GXb'a-list, n. A Jewish doctor con- 
versant with the cabala. 

€ab'a-list'I€, la. Pertaining to 

€ab'A-list'I€-AL, ) the cabala ; 
containing an occult meaning. 

Ca-BAL'ler, n. One who cabals. 

GXb'BAGe, n. [0. Eng. cabbish, from 
Lat. capitatus, having a head, from 
caput, head.] A common garden 
vegetable. — v. i. To form a head in 
growing. — v.t. [-EB; -ing.] [Orig, 
to cut off the heads of cabbages, esp. 
such as belong to others.] To pur- 
loin, as pieces of cloth, after cutting 
out a garment. 

€Xb'in, n. [W. caban, dim. of cab, 
cot, tent.] 1. A cottage ; a hut. 2. 
An apartment in a ship for officers, 
&c. — v.i. f-ED; -ING.] To live 
in a cabin ; to lodge, — v.t. To con- 
fine in a cabin. 

CXb'in-Boy, n. A boy who waits on 
the officers and passengers in a ship. 

€ab'in-ET, n. [Dim. of cabin.] 1. A 
small room. 2. A room in which 
consultations are held. 8. Select 
council of a prince or executive gov- 
ernment. 4. A piece of furniture 
with drawers, &c. 



Ga'BLE, n. [L. Lat. capulum, cap' 
lum, a rope, from capere, to take.] A 
large, strong rope or chain. 

■Ga-Boose', n. A house on deck, 
where the cooking is done. 

GXB'Rl-O-LET'f-la'), n. [Fr.,dim.of 
cabriole, a goat-leap, caper.] A one- 
horse pleasure-carriage with two 
seats. 

€A-€A'o (or ka'ko), n. [Mexican caca- 
uatl.] The chocolate tree. 

€Ach'a-l6t (kash'-), n. [Greenland 
hgutilik.] The sperm whale. 

CACHE (kSsh), n. [Fr., fr. cacher, to 
hide.] A hiding-place for provisions. 

€a-che€'TI€, ) a. Having, or 

€A-€HE€'Tic-AL, ) pertaining to, a 
bad state of body. 

CACHET (ktish'h), n. [Fr., fr. cacher, 
to conceal.] A seal, r.s of a letter. 

Lettre cle cachet, a sealed letter of state, 
formerly much used in France for im- 
prisoning obnoxious persons. 

€A-€HEX'Y, n. [Gr. Kax^ia, fr. *a- 
kos, bad, and efts, state.] A de- 
praved condition of the system. 

■GXgh'IN-NA'tion, n. [Lat. cachinna- 
tio.] Loud or immoderate laughter. 

GXck'le, v.i. [-ed; -ing.] [II. 
Ger. gac/celn, garkern.] 1. To make 
a noise like a goose or hen. 2. To 
giggle. — n. 1. Noise of a goose or 
hen. 2. Sillv prattle. 

€A€'0-E'TI£ES, n. [Gr. to KctKOTjfles, 
from KaKos, bad, and ?*0os, custom, 
habit.] 1. A bad custom or habit. 
2. An incurable ulcer. 

Ga-gog'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. koxos, bad, 
and yoafy-q, writing.] Bad spelling or 
writing. [ing. 

Ga-coph'o-Nous, a. Harsh-sound- 

€'A-€OPH'0-NY, n. [Gr. KaKofyuiVia., 
fr. kclkos, bad, and (J>wnj, sound.] A 
disagreeable sound of words. 2. A 
bad voice. 

■eXc'Tus, »..; pi. ■eX€ / TUs-E§, or 
■CA-e'Ti. [Gr. KaKTOs, a prickly 
plant.] A genus of tropical Ameri- 
can plants. 



GXD, n. [Abbrev. of cadet.] One who 
stands at the door of an omnibus to 
open and shut it, &c. 

€a-dXv'ER-ous, a. [Lat. cadavero- 
sms, fr. cadaver, a corpse.] Resem- 
bling a corpse ; pale ; wan ; ghastly. 

GXd'dice, ) n. The larva of the cad' 

GXd'dis, ) dice-fly. 

€Xd'd!ce-fly, n. A species of in' 
sect, frequenting marshy places. 

GXd'dy, n. [Dim. of cade, cask.] A 
small box for tea. [or cask. 

■Cade, n. [Gr. KaSos,jar.] A barrel 

Ga'DENCE, n. [L. Lat. cadentia, fr. 
Lat. cadere, to fall.] 1. A fall of the 
voice in reading or speaking. 2. A 
uniform time and pace in marching- 

•Ga-det', n. [0. Fr. capdet, as if from 
N. Lat. mpitettvm, dim. of caput, 
head, top.] A young man in a mili- 
tary school. 

€a'v1, n. ; pi. e-A>I>i£. [Turk.] The 
judge of a town or village among the 
Turks. [zinc. 

GXd'MI-UM, n. A metal related to 

€a-eu'PE-us, n. [Lat.] 
Mercury 's rod or wand. 

€a-du'ci-ty, n. [L. Lat. 
caduatas, from Lat. cadu- 
cms.1 Tendency to fall. 

Ga-dU'cous, a. [L&t.cadu- 
cus, from cadere, to fall.] 
Falling off quickly or early. 

CjE-S_U'RA, or O.E-SU'RA, 
n. ; Eng. pi. $JE-§y'RA§ 
(or -su'-) ; Lat. pi- fJE- 
$ v'rje. [Lat. , froni cm- CaduceuB . 
dere, czesum, to cut off.] A 
pause or division in a verse. 

CjE-SU'ral, or C.<E-SU'RAL, a. Per- 
taining to the caesura. 

Cafe (kafa), n. [Fr. See Coffee.J 
A coffee-house. 

€af-fe'I€. a. [See COFFEE.] Per- 
taining to, or obtained from , coffee. 

€af-Fe'Ine, n. A white, bitter sub- 
stance, obtained from coffee. [keg. 

■GXg, n. [Icel. kaggi.] A small cask ; a 

GAGE, n. [Lat. cavea, cavity.] A box 



A, £, I, o,u,y, long; X,E,,I, 6, u, ¥, short; care, fXr, ASK, ALL, WH|T ; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, fIrm ; s6N, 



CAIMAN 



53 



CALL 



or inclosure for confining birds or 
other animals. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.j 
To confine in a cage. 

Gaj'man. n. See Cayman. 

Ga'ique,' or Ga-ique', n. [Turk. 
qaiq, boat.] A kind of Turkish skiff 
or lighn boat. 

GA.IRN, n. [W. earn, heap.] A round- 
ed or conical pile of stones. 

Gais'SON, n. [Fr., from caisse, case, 
chest.] A chest containing ammu- 
nition. 

GAI'TIFF, n. [Lat. captivus, captive, 
fr. capere, to take.] A mean, despi- 
cable person. 

Gaj'e-put, n. [Of Malayan origin, fr. 
kayti, tree, and patih, white.] An 
essential oil from the East Indies. 

Ga-jole', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Er. 
cajoler, to flatter, orig. to allure one 
into a cage like a bird, fr. geOle, dim. 
of cage.] To deceive by flattery. 

Syn.— To flatter ; wheedle ; deceive; 
delude; coax; entrap. 

Ga-JOL'er, n. One who cajoles ; a 
flatterer ; a wheedler. 

Ga-JOL'er-y, n. A wheedling ; coax- 
ing language ; flattery. 

Gake, n. [From Lat. coquere, to cook, 
bake.] 1. A composition of flour, 
butter, sugar, &c, baked in a small 
mass. 2. Any mass of matter flat 
and concrete. — v. t. To form into 
a cake, or mass. — v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To concrete or form into a hard 
mass. 

Gal'a-bash, n. [Ar. garah, f., a 
kind of gourd, and aibas, f. aibasa/i, 
dry, i. e., a dry gourd scooped out.] 
1. Fruit of the calabash-tree. 2. A 
vessel made from the gourd, or the 
gourd itself. 

Gal'a-boose', n. [A corruption of 
Sp. calabozo, dungeon.] A prison ; a 
jail. 

Gal'a-man'go (82), n. [L. Lat. cal- 
amancus, camelaucus, a head cover- 
ing made of camel's hair, whence 
the name.] A woolen stuff, of a fine 
gloss, and either ribbed or plain. 

GAL/A-MlF'ER-ouSja. [Lat. calamus, 
reed, and/erre, to bear.] Producing 
reeds; reedy. 

Gal'a-mine, n. [Lat. cadinia, d 
having been, as it often is, changed 
into I.] The silicate of zinc. 

€a-l\m'i-toDs, a. 1. Suffering ca- 
lamity; miserable. 2. Producing 
calamity ; making wretched. 

Syn. — Deplorable ; distressful ; af- 
flictive ; wretched ; sad ; grievous ; bale- 
ful; disastrous; adverse ; unhappy. 

Ga-lam'1-toiJS-ness, a. Wretched- 
ness ; distress. 

Ga-lam'i-ty, n. [Lat. calamitas, 
orig. injury of crops, fr. calamus, 
reed, straw of grain.] Any great mis- 
fortune or cause of misery. 

Syn. — Disaster; misfortune: mishap; 
mischance. — Calamity is either private 
or public, and is a somewhat continu- 
ous state : disaster (lit., ill-starred) is a 
sudden and distressing event or stroke, 
ns if from some hostile planet. Misfor- 
tune, mishap, mischance, are words which 
diminish in force according to the order 
in which they stand. 



€XL'A-MUS, n. ; pi. €AL>A-MI. [Gr. 
KaAa/tos.] The Indian cane ; a plant 
of the palm family. 

Ga-lash', n. [Of Slavonic origin.] 1. 
A fight carriage having a top that 
can be raised or lowered. 2. Top of 
a carriage which can be thrown back 
at pleasure. 3. A kind of hood. 

Gal-ca're-ous, a. [Lat. calx, lime.] 
Of the nature of limestone. 

Gal'CE-A'TED, a. [Lat. calceatus.] 
from calceus, shoe.] Wearing shoes. 

Gal-CIF'ER-OUS, a. [Lat. calx, lime, 
andferre, to bear.] Containing car- 
bonate of lime. 

Gal'ci-form, a. [Lat. calx, lime, 
and forma, form.] In the form of 
chalk or lime. 

Gal-^in'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
calcined^ [calcining. 

Gal'ci-na'tion, n. Operation of 

Gal-cine, or Gal'cine, v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] [Lat. calx, lime.] To reduce, 
or to be reduced to a powder, or to a 
friable state, by heat. 

Gal'ci'-um, n. Metallic basis of lime. 

Gal'cu-la-ble , a. Capable of being 
calculated. 

GaL'CU-LATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING]. 
[Lat. calculare, calculatus, fr. calcu- 
lus, pebble.] To ascertain by arith- 
metical or mathematical processes. — 
v. i. To make a calculation. 

Syn. — To compute ; reckon ; count ; 
estimate; rate. — Calculate is generic, 
referring to the operation as a whole; 
compute relates to the obtaining of a 
gross sum or amount ; reckon and count 
to the details in so doing. 

J33"- In the U. S., calculate is often im- 
properly used for intend or purpose ; as, 
a man calculates to go a journey. 

Gal'cu-la'TION, n. Computation; 
reckoning. [calculation. 

Gal'cu-la/tTve, a. Pertaining to 

Gal'cu-la'tor, n. One who com- 
putes or reckons. 

Gal'cu-lous, a. 1. Like stone ; grit- 
ty. 2. Affected with the gravel or 
stone. 

Gal'CU-LUS, n.; pi. -elL^U-Li. 
[Lat. See Calculate.] 1. A concre- 
tion in any part of the body ; the 
stone in the bladder. 2. One of the 
branches of mathematics. 

GAL'DRON (kawl'-), n. [Lat. caldari- 
um, from caldus, calidus, warm, hot.] 
A large_ kettle or boiler. 

GAL'E-FA'CIENT, a. [Lat. calefacere, 
calefaciens.] Making warm ; heat- 
ing. — 11. A substance that excites 
warmth in the parts to which it is 
applied. [or heating. 

Gal'e-fac'tion, n. Act of warming 

Gal'e-fac'tive, ) a. Making warm 

Gal'e-fac'to-ry, J or hot. 

Gal'e-FY, v. i. [Lat. calejieri, from 
calefacere.] To grow hot or warm. 
— v. t. To make warm or hot. 

Gal'en-DAR, 11. [Lat. calendarium, 
an interest or account book. See 
Calends.] 1. An arrangement of 
the divisions of time, as days, weeks, 
months, &c. 2. An almanac. — v. t. 
To write in a calendar. 
i Gal'en-der, n. [A modif. of cylin- 



6r,dq,Wqlf,too, TOOK; urn, rue, pull; e,i, o, silent ; c, g, soft ;€,g, hard; As; Ejist 



der.] A hot press, to make cloths, 
paper, &c, smooth, even, and glos- 
sy , or to give them a wavy appear- 
ance. — v.t. [-ed; -ING.] To pre 3 
between rollers so as to make smooth, 
glossy, or wavy. 

G'AL'ENDg, n. pi. [Lat. calender from 
calare, to call, proclaim.] First day 
of each month among the Romans. 

Gal'en-ture (53), ii. [From Lafc. 
calere, to be warm.] A furious deliri- 
um caused by the heat of the tropi- 
cal sun at sea. 

Ga-LES'CENCE, n. [Lat. calescere, 
calescens, to grow warm.] Growing 
warmth . 

Galf (kaf), n. ; pi. calves (kiivz). 
[A.-S. cealf] 1. Young of the cow. 
2. Thick, "fleshy part of the leg be- 
hind, below the knee. 

Gal'1-BER, 1 n. [Lat. qua libra, of 

Gal'i-bre, ) what pound or weight?] 
1. Diameter of a round body. 2. Di- 
ameter of the bore of any tube. 3- 
Mental capacity. 

Gal'1-co, n.; pi. CAL'l-COEg. [First 
imported from Calicut, in the E. I.] 

1. Plain white cotton cloth. [Eng.] 

2. Printed cotton cloth. \Amer.] 
Gal'i-duct, n. [Lat. color, heat, and 

ductus, lead.] A pipe used to con- 
vey heat. 

Ga'lif, n. See Caliph. 

Ga-li'g'i-nous, a. [Lat. caliginosus, 
from caligo, mist, darkness.] Dark. 

Gal'I-pash', ii. Part of a turtle 
which belongs to the upper shell. 

Gal'i-pee , 11. Part of a turtle which 
belongs to the lower shell. 

Gal'i-per§, n. pi. Com- 
passes with curved legs for 
measuring the diameter 
of round bodies. 

Ga'LIPH, n. [Ar. khalifah , 
fr. khalafa, to succeed. 
One of the successors of 
Mohammed. Calipers. 

Gal'iph-ate, ) n. Office or dignity 

Gal'if-ate, ) of a caliph. 

Gal'is-then'ic, a. Pertaining to 
calisthenics. 

Gal'IS-THEN'ICS, n. sing. [Gr. <a- 
Aos, beautiful, and crfleVos, strength.] 
Exercise of the body and limbs, to 
promote strength and grace. 

Ga'lix, n. A cup. See Calyx. 

Galk (kawk), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 1. 
f Prob. fr. Fr. calfater, fr. Ar. galafa, 
to fill up crevices with fibers of palm- 
trees, or with moss.] To drive oak- 
um into the seams of, to prevent 
leaking. 2. [See infra.] To furnish 
the shoes of with sharp points; — 
said of a horse or ox. — n. [A.-S. 
calc, shoe, hoof. Lat. calx, heel.] A 
sharp-pointed piece of iron on a shoo 
for a horse or an ox. [calks. 

Galk'er (kawk'er), n. One who 

Calk'ing-i'ron (kawk'ing-f/urn), n. 
An instrument like a chisel, used in 
calking ships. 

Gall, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Tcel. kal- 
ia, Gr. KaXelv.] 1. To invite or com- 
mand to be present ; to summon ; to 
bid. 2. To name. 3. To designate, 

N as NG : THIS. 




CALLER 



54 



CAN 



as for an office, duty, &c. 4. To utter 
in a loud voice. — v. i. 1. To cry 
out. 2. To make a brief stay or 
visit. — n. 1. A summons or invita- 
tion. 2. Public claim or demand. 
3. A short visit. 

Call'er, n. One who calls. 

CAl/li-graph'ic, ) a. Of, or 

Cal'li-graph'ic-al, ] pertaining 
to, caligraphy. [penman. 

Cal-lIg'ra-phist, n. An elegant 

€AL-LIG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. KoAAiypa- 
<pia. from /caAos, beautiful, and yp<i- 
<|>eiv,to write.] Elegant penmanship. 

Call'ing , n. 1. A summons or in- 
vitation. 2. Occupation; vocation; 
business. [of skin. 

Cal-los'I-TY, n. A horny hardness 

■fc'AI/l,OUS, a. [Lat. callosvs, fr. cal- 
lum, callus.] 1. Hardened; indu- 
rated. 2. Hardened in mind. 

Cal'lous-ly, adv. In a callous or 
hardened manner. [callous. 

Cal'lous-ness, n. State of being 

Cal'low, a. [A.-S. calo.] Destitute 
of feathers ; unfledged. 

€AL'LUS,n. [Lat.] 1. A preternat- 
ural hardness of the skin. 2. New 
growth of bony matter between the 
extremities of fractured bones. 

€alm (kam),n. [-ER ; -est.] 1. Not 

stormy. 2. Undisturbed by passion. 

Syx. — Still; quiet; tranquil; serene. 

— n. Freedom from motion or dis- 
turbance. 

Syn. — Tranquillity; stillness; quiet. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To render 
still or quiet. 

Syx. — To appease; allay; tranquillize. 

€alm'ly (kam/-), adv. In a calm or 
quiet manner. [calm. 

Calm'ness (kam/-), n. State of being 

€al'0-MKL, n, [Gr. KaAos. beauti- 
ful, and /ue'Aas, black, in allusion to 
its color.] Mild chloride of mercury. 

€a-lor'I€, n. [Lat. color, heat.] The 
principle of heat and combustion. 

CAL/O-RlF're, a. [Lat. calorificus, fr. 
calor, heat, and facere, to make.] 
Causing heat ; heating. 

€al/0-RIM'E-TER, n. [Lat. calor, 
heat, and Gr. fxerpov, measure.] Ap- 
paratus forjneasuring heat in bodies. 

Ca-LOR'I-MO'TOR, n. [Lat. calor, 
heat, and motor, a mover.] A gal- 
vanic battery, producing powerful 
effects. 

Ca-loy'er, n. [Gr. KaAos, beautiful, 
and yepouv, an old man.] One of a 
sect of monks of the Greek church. 

C-AL'TRAP, ) n. [It. 

C'al'trop, ) cal- 
catrcppo , calca- 
treppnlo, star-this- 
tle, fr. calcare, to 
tread, and tribolo, 
star-thistle, steel- 
trap.] 1. A plant 
having a prickly 
fruit. 2. An in- 
strument with 
four iron points, so arranged that, 
three of them being on the ground, 
the other projects upward. 

Cal'U-met, n. [Lat. calamus, reed.] 




Caltrop. 



A kind of pipe, used by the Ameri- 
can Indians for smoking tobacco, 
and as a symbol of peace and war. 

Ca-lum'ni-ate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. calmnniari.] To accuse falsely 
and knowingly. 

Svn. —To asperse; slander; defame; 
vilify; traduce; libel. 

Ca-lum/ni-a'tion, n. False accu- 
sation of a crime or offense ; slander. 

€a-lum'ni-a / TOR, n. One who ca- 
lumniates. 

Ca-lum'ni-oOs, a. Slanderous ; de- 
famatory, [ously. 

Ca-lum'ni-ous-ly, adv. Slander- 

Cal'UM-NY, n. [Lat. calumnia.] 
False accusation of a crime or offense. 
Syn. — Slander; defamation; libel.— 
Calumny properly denotes the originat- 
ing or first uttering of such a charge; the 
remaining words apply to this, and also 
to the circulation of the charge when 
originated by others. 

CXl/VA-RY, n. [Lat. calvarium, cal- 
varia, skull.] The place of Christ's 
crucifixion. [calf. 

Calve (kav), v. i. To bring forth a 

Cal'vin-Ism, n . Doctrines of Calvin 
and his followers. [Calvinism. 

Cal'vin-ist, n. One who adheres to 

Cal/VIN i'sT'lc, I a. Pertaining 

Cal/vin-ist'io-al, J to Calvin, or 
to his opinions in theology. 

Calx, n. ; Eng.pl. €ALX y E§ ; Lat. pi. 
■cAL'fES. [Lat. calx, limestone.] 
Earthy residuum remaining after the 
calcination of a metal or minernl. 

Ca'LYX, n. ; Ertg.pl. €A'- 
LYX-Eg ; Lat. pi. €AL'- 
r-jCE£. [Gr. KaAv£. fr. 
KakvitTeiv , to cover.] The 
outer covering, or leaf- 
like envelope of a flower. 

■CAM, n. [\V. cam, crook- 
ed, bent.] A projecting 
part of a wheel or other 
moving piece, to produce 
an alternating or variable 
motion. 

€am'ber, n. [Lat. camera, vault, 
arch.] A convexity on the top of a 
beam, or of an aperture. 

Cam'BIST, n. [Lat. cambire, to ex- 
change.] A banker. 

Cam-bo~ose', h. See Caboose. 

t'AM'BRl€, n. [From Cambray, in 
Flanders, where it was first made.] 
A fine, white fabric of flax, linen, or 
cotton. 

Came, imp. of Come 

Cam'el, n. [Gr. 
kcuxtjAos, Hebrew 
gamdl.] 1. A large 
ruminant quadru- 
ped of Asia and 
Africa. 2. A con- 
trivance for lifting 
ships over shoals. 

Ca-mel'o-pard, or 

PARD', n. [Gr. KajuijAOTrapSaAis, fr. 
Kau/rjAos, a camel, and 7rdpSaAi?, 
pard, leopard ; so named because he 
has a neck and head like a camel, 
and is spotted like a pard.] A rumin- 
ant quadruped, inhabiting the deserts 
of Africa ; the giraffe. 




Calyx. 



(Li 



Camel. 
Cam'el-o- 



CXm'E-O (147), n. [It. , from Lat. gem- 
ma, gem, jewel.] A precious stone, 
or a shell, carved in relief. 

Cam'e-ra, n. [Lat.] 1. An arched 
or vaulted roof. 2. Form of the came- 
ra obscura used by photographers. 

Ca M/E-RA-LIS'TI€S, n. sing. [Lat. 
camera, vault, arch, Low Lat. treas- 
ury.] Science of finance or public 
revenue. 

€am'e-ra Ob-S€V'ra. [Lat., lit. 
dark chamber.] An apparatus in 
which the images of external objects 
are thrown upon a white surface 
placed on the focus of the glass with- 
in a darkened chamber or box. 

Cam-i-sade', ) n. [0. Fr. camise, 

Cam'I-sa'do, J shirt.] An attack 
by surprise at night. 

Cam'let, n. A stuff originally made 
of camel's hair, now frequently of 
hair and silk, or of wool and thread. 

Cam'O-MJLE, n. [Gr. x°M at '-M 1 7 A °*', 
strictly earth-apple.] A Litter plant 
used in medicine. 

Camp, n. [Lat. campus.] 1. Ground 
on which tents, huts, &c, are erect- 
ed for shelter. 2. Arrangement of 
such tents, huts, &c. 3. Whole 
company encamped in the same spot- 

— v.i. To rest or lodge; to pitch 
tents L &c. 

Cam-paign' (-pan'), n. [Lat. Cam- 
pania, the country about Naples, so- 
called from its being level (rampes 
tris).] 1. A large, open plain. 2 
Time that an army keeps the field 

— v. i_. To serve in a campaign. 
CAM-PAIGN'ER (-pan'-), n. An old 

soldier; * veteran. 

Cam-pan'i-form, a. [Low Lat. cam- 
pana, bell, and forma, form.] In 
the shape of a bell. 

Ca m/pa-n6e'o-gy, n. [Low Lat. 
campana, bell, and Gr. Aoyos, dis- 
course.] Art of ringing bells. 

Cam-pan'u-late (45), a. [Low Lat. 
campanula, dim. of campana, bell.] 
Bell-shaped. 

CAM-PES'TRAL, 1 a. [Lat. campes- 

CAM-PES'TRI-AN, \ t(r, campestris, 
from campus, field.] Pertaining to a 
field, or open ground. 

CAM-PHENE', n. [A contraction of 
camphogen.] Pure oil of turpentine. 

Cam'PHOR, n. [Ar. & Per. k&frfi, 
Skr. karpftra.] The solidified sap of 
an East Indian tree. 

Cam'PHOR-ATE, v. t. To impregnate 
with camphor. [phor. 

€AM-PHOR|ie, a. Pertaining to cam- 

Camp'-stool, n. A stool with cross- 
legs to fold up. 

Can, n. [Lat. canna, reed, a small 
vessel, Gr. Kavva.] A metal cup or 
vessel for liquors. — v. i. [imp. 
COULD.] [A.-S. cimvan, Goth. 
kunnan.] To be able : to have power, 
either physical or moral. 

Syk.— Can but: can not but. — "lean 
but perish if I try," means it is the ut- 
most thnt can befall me: " I can not but 
think," &c. means, "I can not (morally) 
but do it" — that is, can not help it. 
This latter idea of constraint is a very 
common one, and should always be ex- 



A, E, I, 5, V,Y,long; X,E, I, 6,U, ¥, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TfiRM ; PIQUE, FIRM; SON. 



CANAILLE 



pressed by the words can not out. Can 
but is properly used (as above) only 
where we refer to the worst that can 
happen. 

€anaille (ka-naF or ka'na'y'), n. 
[Fr., fr. Lat. canis, dog.] The rabble ; 
the vulgar. 

■Ga-NAL', n. [Lat. canalis, fr. canna, 
reed, pipe.] 1. An artificial water- 
course. 2. A duct for the passage 
of liquidsor solids, [coal. 

€)an'al-€OAL, n. See Cannel- 

Canard (ka-nAr' or ka-nard'), n. 
[Fr., a duck, in allusion to a certain 
absurd story about some ducks.] 
An extravagant and ridiculous fabri- 
cation. 

■Ga-na'ry-bTrd (18), n. A small 
singing-bird of the finch family, a 
native of the Canary Islands. 

G.XN'CEL,r. «. [-ED,-ING; or-LED, 
-LING, 137 ] [Lat. cancellare, from 
cancf.Ui, dim. of cancer, lattice.] 1. To 
cross aud deface the lines of. 2. To 
annul, or destroy. — n. Suppression 
and reprinting of a page or more of a 
work, or the part thus altered. 

■eXl^CEL-LA'TlON, n. 1 Act of 
canceling. 2. Operation of striking 
out common factors. 

€Xn'cer, n. [Lat.] 1. The crab. 2. 
A sign in the zodiac. 3. (Med.) A 
kind of tumor, usually terminating 
in an ulcer. [cancerous. 

€Xn'cer-a'tion, n. A growing 

€an'9ER-ous, a. Like, or consisting 
of, a cancer. 

Gan'de-la/BRUM, n. ; Lut.pl. <3AN>- 
DE-LA'BRA ; Eng. pi. CJAN'DE- 
LA'BRUMS. [Lat.,fr. candela, can- 
dle.] A branched, highly ornamented 
candlestick. 

■GAn'dent, a. [Lat. candens, -entis.] 
Heated to whiteness. 

OXn'did, a. [Lat. candidus, fr. can- 
dere, to be of a glowing white.] Free 
from undue bias. 

Syn.— Fair; open; ingenuous; frank. 
— A man is fair when he puts things on 
a just or equitable footing; he is candid 
when he looks impartially on both sides 
of a subject, doing justice especially to 
the motives and conduct of an opponent; 
he is open and frank when he declares 
his sentiments without reserve; he is 
ingenuous when he does this from a no- 
ble regard for truth. 

€Xn'di-da-cy, n. The position of a 
candidate. 

•GXn'di-date, n. [Lat. candidatus, 
from Candidas, white, because those 
who sought offices in Rome were 
clothed in a white toga.] One who 
seeks, or is selected for some office. 

€Xn'did-ly, ado. Openly; frankly. 

-GXn'did-ness,m. Frankness; candor. 

•GXn'dle, n. [Lat. candela, from can- 
dere, to be white.] A cylinder of 
tallow, wax, spermaceti, &c.,used to 
furnish light. [candle. 

€Xn'dle-light (-lit), n. Light of a 

€an'dle-mas(148), n. The feast of the 
purification of the Virgin Mary, Feb. 
2 : — so called from the great number 
of lights used on that occasion. 

€Xn'dle-stick, n. A utensil to 
hold a candle. 



lh 



•CXn'DOR, n. [Lat., fr. candere, to be 
white.] Freedom from prejudice or 
disguise ; fairness ; impartiality. 

€Xn'dy,i>. t. [-ED; -ing, 142.] 1. 
To conserve in sugar. 2. To form 
into crystals, as sugar. — v. i. 1. To 
change into sugar. 2. To be formed 
into congelations or crystals. — n. 
[Skr. khanda,n piece, sugar in lumps, 
sugar-cane, treacle, fr. khand, khad, 
to break.] A preparation of sugar 
or sirup. 

■Cane, n. [Lat. canna.] 1. A plant 
of several species belonging to differ- 
ent genera. 2. A walking-stick ; a 
staff, —v.t. [-ed; -ING.] To beat 
with a cane. 

€ane'-brake, n. A thicket of canes. 

€a-nI€'U-lar, a. [Lat. canicula, a 
little dog.] Pertaining to, or meas- 
ured by, the rising of the Dog-star. 

■Ca-NINE', a. [Lat. caninus, fr. canis, 
dog.] Pertaining to dogs. 

Canine teeth, the sharp teeth, on each 
side, between the incisors and grinders. 

•GXn'IS-TER, n. [Gr. Kavaarpov, from 
Kavr), Kavva, reed.] A small box or 
case for tea, coffee, &c. 

€Xn'KER (82), n. [Lat. cancer.] 1. 
An ulcer in the mouth. 2. Any 
thing which corrodes, corrupts, or 
destroys. 3. A kind of wild, worth- 
less rose; dog-rose. 4. A caterpillar. 
— v.t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To eat; 
corrode ; corrupt ; consume. 2. To 
infect or pollute. — v. i. 1. To be or 
become venomous. 2. To waste 
away or grow rusty. [canker. 

€an'ker-ous, a. Corroding like a 

€Xn'ker-rash, n. A variety of the 
scarlet fever. 

€XN'KER-WORM(-wu*rm), n. Aworm 
destructive to certain trees and 
plants. 

€XN'NEL-eoAL, n. [A corruption of 
candle-coal.] A kind of hard black 
coal. It burns readily, with a clear, 
yellow flame. 

€XN'NI-BAL,n. [Sp. Car i bales (equir. 
to Eng. Caribbees), afterward changed 
into N. Lat. Canibales, to express 
their canine appetite for human 
flesh.] A human being that eats 
human flesh. 

€an'ni-bal-ism, n. Act or practice 
of eating human flesh by mankind. 

€Xn'non,h. [Lat. 
canna, reed, pipe, 
tube.] A large 
metal cylinder for 
throwing balls by 
the force of gun- 
powder 

€an'non-ade', n. Act of discharging 
cannon and throwing balls. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To attack with heavy 
artillery. 

€an'non-ball, n. A ball to be 
thrown from cannon. 

■Gan/non-eer', 1 n. A man who 

Gan'NON-IER', j manages cannon. 

€!Xn'NON-Sh6t, n. 1. A ball for 
cannon. 2. The distance a cannon 
will throw balls. [able. 

€an'NOT. [can and not.] To be un- 



Cannon. 



ur. nav<av.\ L. a law 

Aa 



CANTILEVER 

€Xn'nu-lar (kan'u-lar), a. [Lat 
cannula, dim. of canna, reed, tube.^ 
Having the form of a tube ; tubular* 

€a-nqe' (ka-n<Jb'), n. A boat formed 
of the trunk of a tree, excavated, or 
of bark or skins. 

€Xn'on, n. [Gr. navuv.] 1. A law 
or rule. 2. 
Genuine 
books of the 
Scriptures. 
A catalogue 
of saints. 4. 
An ecclesias- 
tical digni- Canon T yP e - 
tary. 5. The largest size of type 
having a specific name. 

€)an'on-ess, n. A woman who enjoys 
a prebend. 

Ga-non'IC, ) a. Pertaining to a 

•Ca-non'I€-AL, j canon ; according 
to rule. [nonical manner. 

€!a-n6n'1€-AL-LY, adv. In a ca- 

Ga-n6n'k:-al-ness, n. Quality of 
being canonical. 

€a-non'I€-als_, n. pi. Full official 
dress of the clergy. 

€a-non'I€-ate, n. Office of a canon. 

€XN / ON-lc'I-TY,ra. State of belong- 
ing to the canon, or genuine books 
of Scripture. 

Gan'on-ist, n. A professor of canon 
law. [a canonist. 

€Xn/0]N-IST'_I€, a. Of, or relating to, 

€Xn'on-i-za'tion, n. 1. Ceremony 
of placing the name of a deceased 
person in the catalogue of saints. 2. 
State of being canonized. 

-GXn'on-ize, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
place upon the catalogiie of saints. 

€Xn'on-la.w, n. The law sanctioned 
by the church of Rome. 

<3Xn'on-ry, ) n. A benefice, in a 

€an'on-ship, ) cathedral or collegi- 
ate church, having a prebend an- 
nexed. 

€an'opy, n. [Gr. KwametW, a net 
over a bed to keep off gnats, from 
niLvoxp, gnat.] 1. A covering over 
the head. 2. An ornamental pro- 
jection over doors, windows, arches, 
kc.—v.l. [-ED'; -ING, 142.] To 
cover with a canopy. 

€ant, v. t. To place on the edge, as 
a cask. — n. [Icel. kantr, edge, an- 
gle, Gr. Kav06s, corner of the eye, 
felly of a wheel.] 1. An inclination 
from a horizontal line. 2. A thrust 
or push, with a sudden jerk. 3. [Lat. 
cantus, chant.] A Fing-song mode 
of speaking. 4. Affected religious 
phraseology. 5. Secret language of 
gypsies, thieves, &c. — a. Affected, 
inelegant, or vulgar. — v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To speak in an affected, 
singing tone. 2. To make whining 
pretensions to goodness. 

Can'ta-leup, ) n. [From Ca,ttalu- 

Gan'ta-loupe, J po, a castle in 
Italy.] A delicate variety of musk- 
melon. 

GXn'ta-lev'er, ) n. [From cant, an 

GXn'ti-lev'er, j external angle, 
and lever, a supporter of the roof- 
timber of a house. 1 A bracket for 



1 



OR, do, WOLF, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE , PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; <;.(i,soft; V, H, hard; A£j E£IST ; n as NG ; THIS- 



CANTATA 



56 



CAPTAIN 



supporting a balcony, the eaves of a 
house. &c. 

€ajv- ta'ta , or -€an- ta' ta , n. [It.] 
A poem set to music. 

Can-teen', n. [Sp. cantina.] A vessel 
for carrying liquor for drink. 

Gan'ter, v. ?'. [-ed; -ing] To 
move in a moderate gallop. — v. I. 
To ride upon a canter. — n. [From 
pilgrims riding to Canterbury at this 
pace.] A moderate gallop. 

■CAn'ter-bur/y (-beVry), n. A re- 
ceptacle for music, portlclios, &c, 
being a stand with_ divisions in it. 

■CXn'ter-BUR'y-tale, n. A fabu- 
lous story : — ft\the tales of Chaucer. 

■Can-thAr' I-DES, n. pi. [Lat. & 
Gr.] Spanish flies used for blistering. 

GAN'TI-€LE, n. [Lat. canticulum , 
dim. of canticum, song.] 1. A little 
song. 2. pi. The Song of Solomon. 

Gan'TIL-LATE, v. t. [Lat. cantillare, 
from canere, to sing.] To chant. 

Gan'til-la'tion,^. A chanting. 

Gan-tine', n. See Canteen. 

Gant'let, n. A piece. 

Gan'TO, n. ; pi. CAN'TOS. [It. canto, 
from Lat. cantus, singing, song.] 1. 
A chief division of a poem. 2. (Mus.) 
The soprano, or highest part. 

GAN'TON, n. [L. Lat. cantonus, corner, 
district. See Cant, n.] A small 
district constituting a distinct, state 
or government. — v.t. [-ed; -ing] 

1. To divide into distinct portions. 

2. To allot separate quarters to, as 
to troops^ [cantons. 

GXn'ton IZE,«. t. To divide into 

Gan'ton-MENT, n. Part of a town 
or village, assigned to a particular 
regiment of troops. 

GAN-TOON', n. A kind of strong stuff. 

GXN'VAS, St. [Gr. /cai/i/aj3is, Ka^vajSo?, 
hemp.] 1. A coarse cloth of hemp 
or flax. 2. The sails of a vessel. 

GXn' vas-back, n. A kind of sea -duck. 

€an'vass ? v.t. [-ed;-ing.] [From 
canvas, in 0. Fug. a sieve.] 1. To 
sift ; to examine thoroughly. 2. To 
debate. 3. To go through in the way 
of solicitation. — v. i. To solicit 
votes or interest. — n. 1. Close in- 
spection. 2. Discussion. 3. Solici- 
tation, or effort to obtain something. 

Gan'vass-er, n. 1. One who solicits 
votes or subscriptions. 2. One who 
examines the returns of votes. 

•€AN-zo'NE,n. [It.] A song or air in 
two or three parts, with passages of 
fugue and imitation. 

Gan'ZO-NET', n. [It. canzonetta, 
dim. of canzone.'] A short song, in 
one, two, or three parts. 

Gaout'chouo (kc~<ychubk), n. [A 
South American word.] An elastic 
substance, obtained from the milky 
juice of several tropical plants ; — 
called also India rubber. 

■Gap, n. [A.-S.cappe.] 1. A covering 
for the head 2. Any thing re- 
sembling a cap. — v. t. [-ped: 
-PING.] 1. To cover the top or end 
of. 2. To render complete. 3. To 
provide with a cap. [capable. 

Ga'PA-bIl'I-ty, n. Quality of being 



Ga'PA-BLE, a. [L. Lat. capabilis, fr. 
Lat. capere, to take.] 1. Possessing 
ability or qualification. 2. Possess- 
ing intellectual power. 

Syn. — Able; competent; efficient. 

Ga'PA-BLE-ness, n. Capacity ; capa- 
bility ; competence. 

Ga-pa'cious, a. [Lat. capaz.] Hav- 
ing capacity ; able to contain. 

Syn.— Large; spacious; broad; com- 
prehensive^ 

Ga-pac'i-tate, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To render capable ; to qualify. 

Ga-PAC'I-TY, n. 1. Extent of room 
or space. 2. Power of the mind to 
receive ideas, &c. 3. Solid contents 
of a body. 

Syn.— Ability ; faculty ; talent ; capa- 
bility: skill; efficiency. 

Cap-a-pie (k&p'a-pee'). [O. Fr.] 
From head to foot. 

Ga-Par'I-SON, n. [Sp. caparazon, 
cover for a saddle, coach, &c, fr. ca- 
pa, cloak, cover, and arzon, bows of 
a saddle.] 1. A covering for a saddle 
or harness; trappings. 2. Gay or rich 
clothing. — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. 
To cover with a caparison. 2. To 
dress richly. 

Gape, n. 1. [Lat. caput , head, ex- 
tremity.] A headland. 2. [Fr. cape.] 
Neckpiece of a coat or other garment. 

Ga'PER, v. i. [Lat. caper, a he-goat.] 
To leap or jump about ; to spring. — 
n. 1. A frolicsome leap or spring. 2. 
[Gr. KamrapLs , Ka.mra.pi, Ar. al-kabar.] 
Flower-bud of the caper-bush. 

i^A'Pl-AS,n. [Lat., thou mayesttake.] 
A writ commanding the officer to ar- 
rest the person named in it. 

Gap'il-la'ceous, a. [Lat. capilla- 
ceus, hairy.] Having long filaments. 

Ga-pil'la-ment, n. [Lat. capilla- 
mentum, from capilhts, hair.] A fila- 
ment ; a fine hair-like thread or fiber. 

Gap'il-la-ry, or Ga-pil'la-ry, a. 
1. Resembling a hair ; longandvery 
slender. 2. Pertaining to capillary 
tubes. — n. A fine vessel or canal. 

Gap'1-TAL, a. [Lat. capitalis. fr. ca- 
put, head.] 1. Pertaining to the head 
or to forfeiture of the head or life. 2. 
First in importance. 

Syn.— Chief; principal; leading. 
— n. 1. Upper part of a column. 2. 
Chief city or town ; metropolis. 3. 
Stock employed in trade, &c. 4. 
Means of increasing one's power. 5. 
A letter of greater size than those 
ordinarily used in the body of the 
page. [property. 

Gap'I-tae-ist, n. A man of large 

Gap'i-tal-ize, v. t. 1. To convert 
into capital. 2. To print in capital 
letters. [ner. 

Gap'i-tal-ly, adv. In a capital man- 

GAP'I-TA'tion,??. [Lat. capitatio, fr. 
caput, head.] 1. A numbering of 
persons. 2. A tax upon each head ; 
a poll-tax. 

€ap'i-te, n. [Lat., ablative case of 
caput, head.] A tenure of land. 

Gap'I-TOL, n. [Lat. capitolinm, fr. 
caput, head.] 1. Temple of Jupiter, 
in Rome. 2. A government house. 



Ga-pIt'U-lar, \n. [Lat. capitis 
Ga-pIt'u-la-ry, ) him, dim. of ca- 
put, head, chapter.] 1. An act passed 
in a chapter of knights, canons, &c 

2. A collection of laws or statutes. 

3. Member of a chapter. 
Ga-pit'u-LA-ry (44), a. Relating to 

the chapter of a cathedral. 

Ga-pit'u-late, V. i. [-ED; -ing.] 
To surrender on stipulated terms. 

Ga-PIT'u-la'tion, n. Act or instru- 
ment of capitulation. [pitulates. 

Ga-pTt'u-LA'TOR, n. One who ea- 

Ga-pi'vi (-pS've), n. [See Copaiba.] 
A balsam. 

Ga-POCH' (ka-pootsh'), n. [L. Lat. ca- 
puciurn, fr. capa, cappa, cape, cloak.] 
A monk's hood. 

Ga'pon (kfi'pn orka'pun), n. [Gr. 
Ka.nn>v] A cock gelded to improve 
his flesh for the table. 

Gap'o-niere', n. [Fr. caponnicre.] 
A work placed in a ditch for its de- 
fense by fire-arms. 

Ga-pote', n. [Fr. See Cap.] 1. A 
long cloak worn by women. 2. A 
coat with a hood, worn by soldiers, 
&c. [paper. 

Gap'-pa'per, n. A coarse wrapping 

Gap're-O-LATE, a. [Lat. caprcolus, 
wild goat, tendril, fr. caper, he-goat.] 
Having tendrils, or spiral claspers. 

Ga-price' (ka-prees / ), n. [Fr., from 
Lat. caper, capra, goat ; orig. a fan- 
tastical goat-leap.] Sudden or un- 
reasonable change of mind or humor. 
Syn. — Freak; whim; fancy; vagary. 

Ga-PRI'cious (-prish / us), a. Gov- 
erned by caprice. 

Syn. — Arbitrary ; freakish ; whimsi- 
cal; unsteady. 

Ga-pri'cious-ly (-prlsh'us-), adv. In 
a capricious manner. 

Gap'RI-corn (25). n. [Lat. capricor- 
nus, fr. caper, goat, and cornv, horn.] 
Tenth sign of the zodiac. 

GXp'RI-fi-ca'tion, n. [Lat. capri- 
Jicatio, from caprijicus, wild fig.] A 
process of accelerating the ripening 
of fruit. 

Gap'RI-OLE, n. [Lat. caper, capra, 
goat.] A leap that a horse makes 
without advancing. 

Gap'-sheaf, n. Top sheaf of a stack 
of grain. 

Gap'si-CUM, n. [N.. Lat., from capsa, 
box, because it is contained in pods.] 
A plant producing red or Cayenne 
pepper. 

Gap-size', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Prob. 
from cap, top, head, and seize.] To 
upset or overturn. 

Gap'stan, n. [Lat. capistrum, hal» 
ter.] A machine for weighing anch' 
ors, or drawing up any great weight. 

Gap'su-lar, I a. Hollow, like a cap 1 

Gap'su-la-ry, J sule. 

Gap'su-late, 1 a. Inclosed in 3 

Gap'su-la'ted, J capsule. 

Gap'SULE, n. [Lat. capsula, a little 
box, from capsa, chest, case.] 1. A 
seed-pod or pericarp. 2. A small, 
shallow saucer or dish. 3. A metal- 
lic cover for closing a bottle. 

Gap'tain (42), n. [Lat. caput, the 



A, E, I, 5,ti, y, long; A; i£, 1, 6, 0, y, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, t£rmj pique, firm; son, 



CAPTAINCY 

head.] 1. Commander of a company 
or troop ; — also, the commander of 
a ship. 2. A military leader. 

€Xp'taI\-CY, n. Kank, poet, orcom- 
mission of a ciptain. 

■eXP'TAIN-RY, n. Chieftainship. 

€Xp'tain-ship, n. 1. Rank or au- 
thority of a captain. 2. Skill in mil- 
itary affairs 

€ap'TION, n. [Lat. captio, fr. capere, 
to take.] That part of a legal instru- 
ment which shows where, when, and 
by what authority it was taken, 
found, or executed. 

€ap'tious, a. [Lat. captiosus. See 
supra.] Apt to find fault. 

Syx.— Caviling; petulant; fretful.— 
One who is captious is ready to catch at 
the slightest faults; one who is caviling 
does it on trivial or imaginary grounds; 
one who is petulant is apt, from irritabil- 
ity, to make hasty but slight attacks ; 
fretfulness is complaining impatience. 

■eXP'TlOUS-LY, adv. In a captious 
manner. [find fauit. 

€ap'tioos-ness, n. Disposition to 

•eAP'TI-VATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING-.] 
[Lat. captivare, from captivus, cap- 
tive.] To overpower with excellence 
or beauty. 

Syx.— To enslave ; subdue ; charm; 
enchant ;_fascinate. 

€Xp'ti-VA'tion, n. Act of taking 
a prisoner. 

■GXp'TIVE. ii. [Lat. captivus, fr. ca- 
pere, to take.] J. A prisoner taken 
in war. 2. Oue charmed by beauty 
or affection. — a. 1. Made prisoner. 
2. Serving to confine. 

€ap-tiv'I-ty, n. State of being a 
prisoner or under control. 

■CXp'TOR, n. One who takes, as a 
prisoner or a prize. 

■CXpt'ure, n. 1. A seizing by force ; 
seizure. 2. Thing token. — v.t. To 
take by force, surprise, or stratagem. 

€ap / U-CHIX', n. [Fr. capucin, fr. ca- 
piice, capuchon, hood, cowl.] 1. A 
monk of the order of St. Francis. 2. 
A cloak with a hood. 

•Car, n. [W. car. allied to Ger. Jcarre, 
karre.n.] 1. A small vehicle on wheels. 
2. A railway carriage. [Amer.] 3. 
A chariot of war. 

■CXR'A-eoLE, n. 1. A half turn made 
by a horseman. 2. A spiral stahvase. 

€ar'a-gheejt, ii. See Carrageen. 

■GXr'a-mel, n. [Lat. canna, reed, 
and inel, mellis, honey.] A black, 
porous substance, obtained by heat- 
ing sugar to about 400°. 

€Xr'a-pace, ) n. Upper shell of the 

-GXr'a-pax, J crab, or other crus- 
taceous animal. 

■€Xr'AT, n. [Ar. qirrat, qirat, fr. Gr. 
Kepa.Ti.ov, a little horn, a weight, car- 
at.] 1. The weight of four grains, 
used for precious stones and pearls. 
2. A twenty -fourth part; — used of 
the fineness of gold. 

■SXr'a-vXn, or €Xr'a-vaW, n. [Per. 
karwan, qirwan, traveling through 
many regions.] 1. A company travel- 
ing together for security. 2. A close 
carriage, or a train of such carriages, 
for conveving wild beasts, &c. 



57 

CXr'A-vXk'sa-RY, ) n. [Per. Mr- 

•CXr/A-van'se-RAI, J ivan-sarai, fr. 
karwan, caravan, and sara'i, palace, 
inn.] A kind of inn, in the East. 

€ar'a-vel, n. [Gr. /cdpa/3o?, a kind 
of light ship.] A small boat used for 
the herring-fishery, on the coast of 
France. 

■Gar'a-WAV, n. [Ar. kaneiya, kara- 
wiija, fr. Gr. /capov, Kapo?.] 1. An aro- 
matic plant, and its seed. 2. A sweet- 
meat containing caraway seeds. 

€AR'B1NE, n. [L. Lat. carabaga, cabu- 
lus, for cadahulus, engine of war, fr. 
Gr. KaTaf3o\r}, a throwing down.] A 
kind of fire-arm used by mounted 
troops. 

Gak'bi-neer', n. A soldier armed 
with a carbine. 

Gar'bon, ii. [Lat. carbo, coal.] An 
elementary substance, forming the 
base of charcoal. [carbon. 

Car'eo-na'ceoijs, a. Pertaining to 

Car'bon-ate, ii. A salt formed by 
union of carbonic acid with a base. 

€AR-BON'I€.a. Pertaining to carbon. 

GAR'BON-IF'ER-OUS. a. [Lat. carbo, 
coal, and ferre, to bear.] Producing 
carbon. 

Car'bon-i-za'tion, n. Act or pro- 
cess of carbonizing. 

€ar'bon-ize, r. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
convert into carbon. 

■Gar'boy, n. [Cf. Gael, carb, basket.] 
A large, globular glass bottle, in- 
closed in basket-work. 

€ar'bu\-€LE (-buijk-1, 82), n. [Lat. 
carbunculus, dim. of carbo, coal.] 1. 
A beautiful gem, of a deep red color. 
2. A malignant boil of long contin- 
uance, having no central core. 

€ar-bD\'cu-lar, a. Belonging to, 
or resembling, a carbuncle. 

-Gar'bu-rEt, ii. A combination of 
carbon with some other substance. 

Car'bu-ret'ed, ) a. Combined 

€ar'bu-ret'ted, j with carbon in 
the manner of a carburet. 

€ar'€A-net. n. [Allied to 0. H Ger. 
querca, throat.] A collar of jewels. 

-GXr'-GASS, ii. [Lat. caro, flesh, and 
capsa, chest, box.] 1. A dead body ; 
a corpse. 2. Decaying remains of a 
thing. 3. A kind of bomb. 

Carb, n. [Gr. xdpnjs, a leaf of paper.] 
1. A piece of pasteboard or thick pa- 
per. 2. A published note. 3. A paper 
on which the points of the compass 
are marked. 4. [Lat. carduus, cardus, 
thistle.] An instrument for combing 
wool, flax, or the hair of animals. — 
v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To play at cards. 
— v. t. To comb with a card. 

CAR'DA-MOM, n. [Gr. Kap5ap.top.ov, 
from ai*u>fxov, an Indian spice-plant, 
and nap?, for <r/cap6*, fr. Skr. tshhard, 
to vomit : lit. enemy to vomiting.] 
An aromatic plant of the E. Indies. 

Card'er, n. One who cards wool. 

€ar'DT-A€, ) a. [Gr. KapSiaKOS, 

CAR-Dl'A-e-AL. ( fr. KapSia, heart.] 
1. Pertaining to or resembling the 
heart. 2. Pertaining to the upper 
orifice of the stomach. 

•GXr'DI-AL/GY, n. [Gr. KapSiakyia, 



CARICATURE 

from KapBCa, heart, and aAyos, pain.{ 
Heartburn. 
€Xr'DI-wal, a. [Lat. cardinalis, fr 
cardo, hinge of a door, that on which 
a thing depends.] Of fundamental im 
portance ; superior ; chief; principal. 
Cardinal numbers, the numbers one, 
tun, three, &c, in distinction from first, 
second, thin/, &c. — Cardinal points, 
north and south, east and west. — Car- 
dinal virtues, prudence, justice, temper' 
ance, and fortitude. 

— n. 1. One of the pope's council. 
2. A womanjs short cloak. 

•Gar'di-nal-ate, ) n. Office, rank, 

€ar'di-nal-ship, ) or dignity of a 
cardinal. 

€AR'DI-OID, v. [Gr. Kapcko-eiSijs, 
heart-shaped.] An algebraic curve 

■Gar'DI-ol'O-gy, n. [Gr. icapSiai 
heart, and Aoyos, speech.] A dis' 
course_or treatise on the heart. 

CAR-DOON', n. [Lat. carduus, cardus, 
thistle.] A plant used as salad. 

Card'-ta'ble,«. A table having a 
leaf which folds over upon the other, 
used for placing cards on. 

Care (4), n. " [A.-S. cam, Goth. kara. 
allied to Lat. cura, care.] 1. Charge 
or oversight 2. Attention or heed ; 
watchfulness. 3. A burdensome 
sense of responsibility. 4. Object of 
watchful attention. 

Syx.— Anxiety; solicitude; concern; 
trouble.— Care belongs primarily to the 
intellect, and becomes painful from over- 
burdening thought; anxietu is a state of 
painful uneasiness from the dread of 
evil; solicitude and concern express the 
same feeling in diminished degrees. 

— v.i. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To be anx- 
ious. 2. To be inclined. 

•Ga-reen'. v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Lat. 
carina, the keel.] To heave on one 
side, as a ship, for repairing, cleans- 
ing, &c. — v.i. To incline to one 
side, as a ship. 

Ca-REER', ii. [Lat. carrvs, wagon.] 
1. A race-course. 2. Rapidity of 
motion. 3. General course of pro- 
ceeding. — v. i. [-ED; -ING.] To 
move or run rapidly. 

-Gare'ful (4), a. 1. Giving good 
heed. 2. Full of care or solicitude. 

Svx. — Anxious ; solicitous ; provi' 
dent ; thoughtful : cautious ; eircunv 
spect; heedful; watchful; vigilant. 

€are'FUL-L¥. adv. With care. 

-6'are'ful-ness, ii. Quality or state 
of being careful. 

■Caee'less, a. 1. Having no care ; 
inattentive. 2. Doue or said with- 
out care. [manner. 

-Care'less-ly, adv. In a careless 

-Gare'less-NESS, n. State of being 
careless. 

€a-ress', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [L. Lafc. 
carilia, caress, fr. Lat. earns, dear.] 
To treat with affection or kindness; 
to fondle. — n. Act of endearment. 

■Ga'RET, n. [Lat.. there is wanting.] 
A mark [A] used in writing which 
shows that somethingjis omitted. 

Car'GO, n. ; pi. CAR'GOES. [Sp. car- 
gar, to load, charge.] Lading or 
freight of n ship. 

-eXR'I-eA-TURE' (53), n. [It. carica- 



I 



OR, VQ, WOLF, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL, ; E, I, O, silent ; c,G,snft; €,d,hard; AS; E£IST ; n as NG ; THIS. 



CARICATURIST 



58 



CASE 



turn, fr. car i care, to charge, exagger- 
ate.] A figure or description in 
which the peculiarities of a person 
or thing are so exaggerated as to ap- 
pear ridiculous. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To make a caricature of. 

Gar'i-oa-tur'ist, n. One who makes 
caricatures. 

Za'ri-e.s, n. [ Lat. , rottenness.] Ul- 
ceration of bone. 

Gar'i-nate, ) a. [Lat. carinatus, 

€ar'i-na'TED, J from carina, keel.] 
Shaped like the keel of a ship. 

Gar'i-ole, n. [It. earriuola, dim. fr. 
Lat. carrus.] A small, open carriage, 
somewhat resembling a calash. 

Ga'ri-os'I-ty, n. Ulceration of a 
bone. 

Ga/ri-ous, a. Affected with caries. 

€arl,ii. [A.-S. carl, Tcel. karl, man.] 
A rude, rustic, rough man. 

€ar'man (150), n. A man who drives 
a cart. 

Gar-min'a-tive, a. [From Lat. c.ar- 
minare, to card, hence to cleanse.] 
Expelling wind from the body. — n. 
A medicine to expel wind. 

€JAR'MJNE,n. [Contr. fr. L. Lat. car- 
mesinus, purple color, Eng. crimson.] 
A beautiful pigment, of a rich red or 
crimson color. 

Gar'nage (45), n. [Lat. caro,carnis, 
flesh.] 1. Flesh of slain animals. 2. 
Slaughter; massacre; havoc. 

€AR'NAL, a. [Lat. carnalis, fr. caro, 
carnis, flesh.] 1. Pertaining to flesh ; 
sensual. 2. Lustful ; libidinous. 

GXr'nal-ist, n. One given to sen- 
suality, [nal ; sensuality. 

€ar-nal'i-TY, n. State of being car- 

€ar'nal-ize, v. t, [-ed ; -ING.] To 
make carnal. [flesh. 

€ar'nal-LY, adv. According to the 

Gar-na'tion, n. [Lat. camatio, 
fleshiness, fr. caro, carnis, flesh.] 1. 
Flesh-color. 2. A kind of clove-pink. 

Gar-nel'IAN (-ran), n. [N. Lat. ear- 
molds, fr. rarnnis, fleshy.] A variety 
of chalcedony, of a reddish-white 
color. 

Gar'ne-ous, a. [Lit. carneus.] Con- 
sisting of, or like, flesh. [flesh. 

Gar'ni-fi-ca'tion, n. A turning to 

Gar'NI-FY, y. i. [Lat. carnificare, fr. 
caro, carnis, flesh, and facere, to 
make.] To form flesh. 

Gar'ni-val, n. [It. carnevale, fare- 
well to meat.] A festival celebrated 
in Roman Catholic countries for a 
number of days before Lent. 

Gar-niv'o-rous, a. [Lat. caro, car- 
nis, flesh, and vorare, to devour.] 
Feeding on flesh . 

■Gar-nos'i-ty, n. 1. A fleshy ex- 
crescence. 2. Fleshiness. [tree. 

Car'ob, n. A leguminous evergreen 

Car'OL, n. [L. Lat. carola, dim. of 
Lat. chorus, a choral dance.] A song 
of joy or of mirth; a lay. — v. t. 
[-ED, -ING; or -LEU, -LING, 137-] 
To praise or celebrate in song. — c. i. 
To sins i to warble. 

Ga-rot'id, n. [Gr. pi. Kapam'Se?, 
Kapa., head.] A large artery convey- 
ing blood from the neck to the head. 



Ga-rot'id, 1 a. Pertaining to the 
Ga-rot'id-al, ) two r;reat arteries 
of the neck that carry blood to the 
head. [festival. 

Ga-ROUS/al, n. A jovial feast or 
Syn. — Feast ; banquet. — Feast is gen- 
eric; a banquet is a sumptuous feast; a 
carousal is unrestrained indulgence in 
frolic and wine. 

Ga-rouse', v. ?'. [-ed; -ING.] [Ger. 
garaus, end. entire emptying of the 
cup.] To drink freely and in a jovial 
manner. — n. A drinking match. 

GA-ROUg'ER, n. One who carouses. 

Garp, v. i [Lat. carpere, to seize.] 
To censure, cavil, or find fault pet- 
ulantly. — n. [L. Lat. carpio, carpo, 
carpa, prob. from carpere, to seize.] 
A soft-finned, fresh-vater fish. 

Gar'PAL. a. [N. Lat. carpus, wrist.] 
Pertaiuing to the wrist. 

Gar'PEL,??. [Gr. /cap™?, fruit.] A 
simple pistil, or one of the parts of a 
compound pistil. 

Gar'PEN-ter, n. [L. Lat. carpentari- 
M»',from Lat. rarpentum , wagon, car- 
riage.] An artificer who works in 
timber. 

Gar'pen-TRY, n. Art of cutting, 
framing, and joining timber. [iler. 

Garp'er, n. One who carps; a cav- 

Gar'PET. n. [L. Lat. carpeta, woolly 
cloths, from Lat. carpere, to pluck.] 
A covering for a floor. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To cover with a carpet. 

Gar'pet-eag. n. A traveling-bag. 

Gar'pet-ing, n. Cloth or materials 
for carpets. 

Gar'ra-geen', I n. A kind of sea- 

Gar'ri-ueen', ) weed, used for jel- 
lies, &c. ; — called also Irish moss. 

Gar'riage,™. [See Carry.] 1. Act 
of carrying. 2. A vehicle, especia'"/ 
one for pleasure or for passengers. 3. 
Personal demeanor. 

Syn. — Conveyance ; behavior ; con- 
duet. 

Gar'ri-er, n. One who, or that 
which, carries. 

Gar'RI-ON, n. [L. Lat. caronia, from 
Lat. caro, flesh.] Dead and putre- 
fying flesh — a. Relating to carcass- 
es ; feeding on carrion. 

Gar'ROM, n. Act of hitting two bil- 
liard balls at once witli another. 

Car'ron-ade', n. [From Carron, in 
Scotland.] A kind of short cannon. 

Gar/rot, n. [Lat. carota.] A plant 
having an esculent root. 

Gar'ROT-y, a. Like a carrot in color ; 
reddish-yellow. 

€ar'ry, t. i. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] [Fr. 
charrier, to cart, from car, char, car.] 
1. To convey ; to bear. 2. To urge ; 
to impel. 3. To exhibit ; to imply. 
4. To behave ; to demean ; — reflex- 
ively. — v. i. To convey or propel. 

GAR'RY-ALL,n. [Corrupt.fr. cariole.] 
A four-wheeled one horse vehicle. 

GXrt, n. [L. Lat. carreta, from Lat. 
carrus, car.] A two-wheeled carriage, 
for heavy commodities. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To carry in a cart. 

Gart'age, n. Act or cost of carting. 

Carte-blanche (kart'blonsh'), n 



[Fr.] 1. A blank paper, signed at 
the bottom with a person's name, to 
be filled up as another pleases. 2. 
Unconditional terms. 

Carte-de-visite (kart'du-ve/- 
zeet'), n. [Fr.] A small photo- 
graphic picture fastened upon a card. 

Gar-tel', or Gar'tel, n. [Lat. 
charta, dim. chartula.] A writing or 
agreement, between states at war, as 
for the exchange of prisoners. 

Gart'er, n. A man who drives a cart. 

Gar-te'sian, a. Pertaining to the 
French philosopher Des Cartes, or to 
his philosophy. 

Gar'TI-lage (45), n. [L&t.cartilago.] 
A smooth, whitish, elastic substance ; 
gristle. 

Gar'ti-lag'I-nous, a. Pertaining 
to, or like a cartilage ; gristly. 

Gar-tog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. x<*P T> ?i a 
leaf of paper, and ypdfaiv, to write.] 
Art of forming charts or maps. 

Gar'ton, n. [See infra.] 1. Paste- 
board^ 2. A pasteboard box. 

Gar-toon', n. [Fr. carton, from Lat. 
charta, paper.] 1. A design on paper, 
to be painted in fresco. 2. A design 
colored for working in tapestry, &c. 

Gar-touch' (kar-to-otch'). n. [Fr. ; 
fr. carte, paper.] 1. A modillion. 2. A 
case holding a charge for a fire-arm. 

Gar'tridge, n. [Formerly cartrage. 
as if fr. a N. Lat. chartaragivm. from 
Lat. charta, paper.] A case of paper, 
pasteboard, &c, containing a charge 
for a fire-arm. [tridges. 

Gar'tridge-box, n. A case for car- 

Gart'-wright (-rlt), n. A maker 
of carts. 

Gar'un-cle (82), n. [Lat. caruncula, 
dim. of caro, flesh.] A small, fleshy 
excrescence on the head of a bird. 

Garve, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [A.-S. 
ceorfan.] 1. To cut, as wood, stone, 
&c, in an artistic manner. 2. To 
make or shape by cutting. 3. To cut 
into small pieces or slices. — v.i. 1. 
To exercise the trade of a carver. 2. 
To cat up meat. [small ship. 

Gar'VEL, n. [Contr. from caravel.] A 

Garv'er, n. One who carves. 

€a / RY-a'tes, )n.pl. [Gr. Kapu- 

■Ga'RY-at'i-des, ] emSes, priestess- 
es of CerysB serving in the temple of 
Diana.] Figures of women, serving 
to support entablatures. 

Ga'RY-AT'ID, n. A female figure sup- 
porting an entablature. 

Gas'€A-bel, n. [Lat. scabillvm, sca- 
bellum, a.n instrument resembling the 
castanet.] That part of a cannon in 
rear of the base-ring. 

Gas-OADE', n. [Lat. casare, to be 
ready to fall, from cad ere, to fall.] A 
water-fall less than a cataract. 

Gas^a-ril'la. n. [Sp.,dim. of cas- 
cara, peel, bark.] A plant, the bark 
of which is used as a tonic. 

GASE.rc. [Lat. capsa.] 1. A covering, 
box, or sheath. 2. Quantity con- 
tained in a box. 3. A frame contain- 
ing boxes for holding type. 4. [Lat. ca- 
sus, fr. cadere, to fall, to happen.] An 
event ; a circumstance. 5. A par- 



A, E, I, O, H, Y, long; A,E,I, 6,U, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, V£IL, TlRMj PIQUE, FIRM ; SON, 



CASEHAKDEN 



59 



CATALOGUE 



ticular instance. 6. A question for 
discussion or decision. 7. Form of a 
noun, showing its relation to other 
parts of the sentence. 

Syn. — Situation ; condition ; state ; 
plight ; predicament. 
— v. t. [-ed, -ing.] Tocoverwith, 
or put in, a case. 

Case'iiard-jen, v. t. To harden by 
converting the surface into steel. 

Case'-knife (-nlf), n. A large table- 
knife. 

•Case 'mate, n. [It. casamatta, from 
casa, house, and matto, matta, mad, 
weak, feeble.] A bomb-proof cham- 
ber, in which cannon may be placed, 
to be fired through embrasures. 

Case'ment, n. [From case, frame.] 
A glazed frame or sash, opening on 
hioges. 

Ga'se-ous, a. [Lat. caseus, cheese.] 
Pertaining to, or like, cheese. 

CA'SERN. n. [Lat. casa, shed, house.] 
A lodging for soldiers in garrison 
towns : barracks. 

GAse'-sh5t, n. Small projectiles, in- 
closed in a case or envelope. 

■Gash, n. [Fr. caisse. See Case, a 
box.] Coin or specie; — sometimes, 
bank-notes, drafts, bonds, &c. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -rNG.] To turn into cash ; to 
exchange for money. 

Cash'-bo~ok (27), n. A book in which 
is kept an account of money received 
or paid. 

Ca-sheW (ka-sho"o'), n. [A corrupt, 
of acajou, the Fr. form of the native 
name, acajaiba.] A tropical tree of 
the same family with the sumac. 

GASH-IER', n. One who has charge of 
money in a bank, &c. — v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] [Lat. cassare, equiv. to cas- 
sum reddere, to annul.] To dismiss 
from an office or place of trust, by 
annulling the commission of 

GXsh'mere, n. A rich and costly 
kind of shawl. 

Gas'ING, n. 1. Act of covering with 
a thin substance. 2. An outside 
covering. 

■Cask, n. [Sp. casco, skull, helmet, 
cask, Fr. ras'tue.] A close wooden 
vessel for liquors. 

GAsk'ET, n. [Dim. of cask.] A small 
chest or box, for jewels. 

■Casque, n. [See Cask, n.] A helmet. 

Cas'sa-da, 7i. Same as Cassava. 

Gas-sa'TION, n. [L. Lat. cassatio, fr. 
cassare, to annul. | Act of annulling. 

Gas'SA-vA, n. [Haytian fcambi.] A 
plant from which tapioca is obtained. 

Cas'se-PA'per, n. [Ft. papier cassc.] 
Broken paper ; two outside quires of 
a ream. 

€as'SIA (kitsh'a), n. [Heb. qeslAh, fr. 
qasa J , to cut or peel off.] The cheap- 
er kinds of cinnamon. 

CXs'SI-MERE, n. [Perh. of the same 
origin as cashmere.] A thin, twilled, 
woolen cloth. 

Cas-si'no, n. [It. casino, a small 
house.] A same at cards, generally 
played by four persons. 

Cas'sock, n. [Fr. casaque, from Lat. 
casa, cottage.] A close fitting eccle- 



siastical garment, worn under the 
surplice or gown. 

Gas'so-wa-ry, n. [Hindost. kassu- 
waris.] A large bird, resembling the 
ostrich. 

•Cast (6), v. t. [imp. Sep. p. cast.] 
[Icel. kasta.] 1. To send or drive 
from, by force; to throw. 2. To di- 
rect, as the sight. 3. To throw on 
the ground, as in wrestling. 4. To 
shed. 5. To compute ; to reckon. 6. 
To form from liquid metal ; to found. 
— v. i. 1. To receive form or shape. 
2. To warp. — n. 1. A throw. 2. 
A chance or venture, 3. Act of cast- 
ing in a mold. 4. Form into which 
any thing is cast. 5. Assignment of 
parts in a play to the actors, 6. 
Look ; glance ; squint. 

GXs'TA-NET', n. [Lat. castanea, a 
chestnut.] A small concave shell of 
ivory or hard wood, fastened with 
another J;o the thumb, and beat with 
the middle finger. 

GAst'a-wAy, n. An abandoned per- 
son ; a reprobate. 

Caste (6), n. [From Lat. castus, pure, 
chaste.] A separate and fixed class 
of society, as in India. 

GXs'TEL-LAN, ii. [Lat. castellanus, 
from castellum, castle.] A governor 
of a castle. [longing to a castle. 

GXs'TEL-LA-NY (44), n. Lordship be- 

GXs'tel-la'ted, a. Adorned with 
turrets and battlements, like a castle. 

GAst'er, ii. 1. One who casts. 2. 
A stand to contain phials with con- 
diments. 3. A small Avheel on a 
swivel, on which furniture is rolled. 

Gas'ti-gate,i\ t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
castigare,fv. castus, pure, chaste, and 
agere, to move, drive.] To punish 
by stripes ; to chastise. 

CXs'ti-gA'tion, n. Punishment by 
whipping. [gates or corrects. 

Gas'ti-ga'tor, n One who casti- 

Gas'TI-GA-TO-ry (50), a. Tending to 
correction ; punitive. 

Gas't'j'le Soap. [From Castile, 
whence it originally came.] A kind 
of fine, hard, white, or mottled soap. 

CAst'ing, n. 1. Act of oue who casts. 
2. That which is cast in a mold. 

GAst'ing-net, n. A net which is 
cast and drawn. 

Cast'ing- vote, n. Vote of a presid- 
ing officer, when the votes of the as- 
sembly are equally divided. 

GX s'tle (kaVl), 11. [Lat. castellum, 
dim. of castrum, a fortified place.] A 
fortified residence ; a fortress. — v. t. 
In chess, to cover with a castle; — 
said of the king. 

Castle in the air, a visionary project. 

CXs'tle-buTld'er (kSs'l-), n. One 
who builds castles in the air. 

Gas'tor, n. [Gr. Kdtorcop, akin to Skr. 
kastitrl, musk.] 1. A genus of ani- 
mals, in which the beaver is included. 
2. A hat, esp. one made of the fur of 
the beaver. 3. A heavy quality of 
broadcloth. 4. [See CASTER.] A 
small wheel for supporting furniture. 

GAs'tor-OIL, ii. [A corruption of 
Castus-o\\, the plant producing it 



having formerly been called Agnut 
castus.] The mild cathartic oil of 
a plant found in the West Indies. 

GXs'tra-me-ta'tion, n. [Lat. cas- 
tra metari, to measure a camp] Art 
of laying out a camp. 

Cas'trate, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
castrare.] To deprive of the testicles; 
to geld. 

GXs/u-al (kSzh/u-al), a [Lat. casu- 
alis, from rasus, fall, accident, from 
cadtre, to fall.] 1. Happening with- 
out design, and without being fore- 
seen. 2. Coming without regularity. 

Syx. — Accidental ; fortuitous; inci- 
dental; occasional. — Casual and fortu- 
itous are substantially the same; a thing 
is accidental when not planned or 
sought, as a meeting ; incidental when it 
falls in as secondary, or out of the regu- 
lar course of things, as a remark; ocra- 
siovalyrimn it occurs only now and then. 

GXs'u-AL-LY (kSzh'u-), adv. By 
chance ; accidentally. 

Cas/u-al-ty (kazh'u-),™. 1. An ac- 
cident. 2. An accidental injury j 
hence, death; misfortune. 

Cas'u-ist (kSzh/u-ist), n. [Lat. casus, 
fall, case.] One who studies and 
resolves cases of conscience. 

G.X s'u-iST'l-e, \a. Relating to cases 

Gar'u-ist'I€-al, J of conscience. 

Gas'u-ist-ry, n. Science of deter- 
mining the right or wrong of acts 
and opinions of doubtful propriety 

Cat, n. [A.-S. cat, W.cath, Late Lat. 
catus, At. qitt.] 1. A well-known do- 
mestic animal. 2. A kind of ship. 3. 
A double tripod. 4. A kind of whip. 

GXt'A-GHRE'SIS, 11. [Gr. KaTdxpw^] 
misuse.] A harsh or far-fetched 
metaphor. 

Ga t'a-chres'tic, ) a. Forced; 

Gat'A-CHRES'TIC-AE. } far-fetched. 

GaT'A-CLYSjM, n. [Gr. Ka/raKAvcr/uos, 
from KaraKkv^eiv, to inundate.] A 
deluge : a flood ; an inundation. 

CAT'A-eoMB (-kom), n. [Gr. Kara, 
downward, and kv'ju.£t), cavity.] A 
cave, or subterraneous place for the 
burial of the dead. 

GXT'A-COUS'TICS, n. sing. [Gr. Kara, 
against, and Eng. acoustics.] That 
part of acoustics which treats of re- 
flected sounds. 

CXt'A-DI-OP'TRIC, ) a. [Gr. Kara, 

GaT'a-di-op'trig-al, J against, and 
Sio-Tpa, a geometrical instrument.] 
Pertaining to the reflection and re- 
fraction of light. 

CXt'a-fXlque', n. [0. Sp. catar, to 
see, to view, and It. falco, for palco, 
scaffold , stage . ] A tem porary struct- 
ure, use 1 in funeral solemnities. 

GXt'A-LEG'TIG, a. [Gr. KaToA^KTiKO? , 
fr. KarakriyeLv. to leave off.] Want- 
ing a syllable at the end. 

GXt'A-LEP'SY, n. [Gr. Ka-raA-qv/u?, a 
grasping.] Sudden suspension of the 
action of the senses and of volition. 

GXT'A-LEP'Tre, a. Pertaining to 
catalepsy. 

Cat'A-loGUE (-log), n. [Gr leard- 
Ao-yos, from Kara, down, completely, 
and Aeyeiv, to say.] A list or enu- 
meration of names, titles, or articles. 



or, do, wolf, too, took; urn, rue, pull ; E, I, O, silent ; C, G, soft ; €, G, hard • As; ejcist; n as ng ; T3IS. 



CATAMARAN 



60 



CAUCASIAN 



Catalogue raisonne" (ra/zo-na') (.Biblio- 
graphy), a catalogue of books classed ac- 
cording to their subjects. 

— v. t. To make a list of. 

CXt'A-ma-kan', n. [Catha-mdran, 
floating trees, the native name in 
Ceylon.] A raft moved by a large sail. 

eXT>A-ME f Ni-A,n. [Gr.] The month- 
ly courses of females. 

<3Xt'A-ME'NI-AL, a. [Gr. KaTap.7ji>ios, 
monthly.] Pertaining to menstrual 
discharges. 

€at'a-mount, n. [Cat of the moun- 
tain.] The North American tiger; 
the cougar, or puma. 

CXt'A-PHRXGT, 11. [Gr. /caTa<£paKTTjs, 
fr. /card, down, quite, and<£pao-o-eu/, 
to inclose.] Heavy, defensive armor, 
anciently used by horsemen. 

■CXt'A-PlXkM, n. [Gr. KardnXaap-a, 
fr. Kara, down, quite, and irkao-o-eiv , 
to form, mold.] A poultice. 

•GAT'A-PtJLT, n. [Lat. catapulta, Gr. 
Ka.Ta7reATi7S.] An ancient engine 
used for throwing stones, arrows, &c. 

€Xt'A-RXCT, 11. [Gr. Ka.Tapa.Krn>; , fr. 
Kara., down, and p-nyvvvai, to break.] 
1. A great cascade or waterfall. 2. 
Opacity of the crystalline lens, or of 
its capsule. 

Ca-tarrh' (-tar'), n. [Gr. Kardppoos, 
from Kara, down, and pete, to flow.] 
Inflammation of the air passages, at- 
tended with a discharge of a watery 
or glairy fluid. 

•Ga-tarrh'al, ) a. Pertaining to, or 

•€/A-tarrh'ous, ) attending, catarrh. 

€A-TAS'TRO-PHE,n. [Gr. Karao-Tpo- 
<prj, fr. Kara, down, and crrpifyeiv, to 
turn.] 1. A final event, usually 
calamitous. 2. The unfolding and 
winding up of the plot of a play. 

€Xt'-call, n. A squeaking instru- 
ment/used to condemn plays. 

€Xtch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. CAUGHT.] 
[0. Eng. cacche, perh. akin to A.-S. 
ceac, fetter, or from Lat. captiare, fr. 
capere, to take.] 1. To seize, especi- 
ally with the hand. 2. To ensaare. 
3. To take by sympathy, contagion, 
or infection. — v. i. 1. To be held 
or impeded. 2. To spread by in- 
fecting. — 7t. 1. Act of seizing; 
seizure. 2. That which is caught. 
3. A humorous round, in which the 
singers catch up each other's sen- 
tences. 

€Xtch'pen-NY, n. Something worth- 
less, intended to gain money. 

6atch'p6ll, ii. [From catch and 
poll, the head.] A bailiffs assistant. 

€atcii'up, ) n. [Chin, kit jap.] Sauce 

•Gat'sup, ) made from mushrooms, 
tomatoes, &c. 

Catch'-word (-w(ird),ft. 1. Last 
word of an actor; cue. 2. First 
word of every page of a book put at 
the right-hand bottom corner of the 
preceding page to assist the reader. 

CXt'E-GhEt'IG, 1 a. [Gr. Kanj- 

€at'e-€het'I€-al, I x^F^.an in- 
structor.] Consisting in asking ques- 
tions a,nd_ receiving answers. 

€XT'E-€HISE,r. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Gr. 
Karr\x^Lv, from /caret, down, against, 



and^x 6 ^.* 08011 ^-] 1. To instruct 
by questions and answers. 2. To 
question ._ [chises. 

€Xt'e-ghis'er, n. One who cate- 

€Xt'e-€H!sm, n. A system of in- 
struction by means of questions and 
answers. 

€)Xt'e-€Hist, n. One who catechises. 

•CAT'E-CEiisT'ic, I a. Pertaining 

CXt'e-ghist'ig-al, ] to a catechist, 
or to catechism. 

€at'e-€HU, n. A brown, astringent, 
vegetable extract, from India. 

€AT'E-€HU'MEN, n. [Gr. Karqxov- 
ju.ei.-o?, instructed, fr. Karrixelv, to in- 
struct.] One who is receiving in- 
struction in the elements of Christi- 
anity. 

CXt'E-GOR'IC-AL, a. 1. Pertaining 
to a category. 2. Absolute ; posi- 
tive ; express. 

CXt'e-gor'ig-al-ly, adv. Abso- 
lutely ; directly ; expressly, 

-GXt'E-GO-RY (50), 11. [Gr. KttTTj- 
vopta, from Kara, down, against, and 
ayopeveiv, to harangue, assert.] 1. 
One of the highest classes to which 
the objects of knowledge or thought 
can be reduced, as quantity, quality, 
relation, &c. 2. State ; condition. 

Syn. — Predicament. — Category and 
predicament are both popularly used to 
express the idea of condition or situation, 
but with this difference, that predica- 
ment supposes it to be a bad or unfortu- 
nate one. Hence to say, "I am in the 
same category with you," is not of ne- 
cessity to say, " I am in the same pre- 
dicament." 

■eXTVE-NA'RI-AN, \ a. [Lat. cate- 

-GXt'E-NA-RY (44), .1 narius ; catena, 
chain.] Relating to, or like, a chain. 

CAT'E-NATE,f.i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
catenare, fr. catena, chain.] To con- 
nect by links. [a.3 in a chain. 

■eXTVE-NA'Tlc-N, n. Union of parts, 

€'a'ter, f. ?'. [-ed; -inc.] [Lat. 
capture, to strive, to lay hold of, in- 
tens. form of capere, to take.] To 
provide food ; to purvey, [provider. 

Ca'ter-er, n. One who caters ; a 

-t'A'TER-ESS, n. A woman who caters. 

eXT'ER-PUVLAR, ii. [0. Eng. c.ater- 
piller, prob. fr. cate, cates, food, and 
0. Eng. pillcr, plunderer, because it 
eats up leaves and fruits.] The larve 
or larval state of a butterfly or any 
lepidopterous insect. 

€Xt'er-waul, v. i. [From cat and 
ivaul, to cry as a cat.] To cry as 
cats in rutting time. 

Cates, n. pi, [0. Fr. acat, buying, 
purchase.] Luxurious food ; delica- 
cies; dainties. 

€Xt'-fish, n. 1. A large and vora- 
cious fish of the shark kind. 2. A 
fresh-water fish of different species. 

€Xt'gut, n. 1. A cord made from 
the intestines of animals. 2. A 
coarse sort of linen or canvas. 

€Xth'a-rxst, n. [Gr. Ka.9a.p6s, clean, 
pure.] One who pretends to be 
purer than others. 

€Xt'-harp-in, ) n. A rope to brace 

€Xt'-harp-ing, ] in the shrouds of 
the lower masts. 



€A-TIIAR'TI€, 1 a. [Gr. KaBaprv- 

€A-THAR'TI€-AL, ) kos, fr. Kaflapos, 
pure.] Cleansing the bowels ; pur- 
gative, [cine. 

€a-thar'tI€, n. A purgative medi- 

<3Xt'-HEAD, ii. A projecting timber 
through which the ropes pass by 
which a ship's anchor is raised. 

Cath'e-dra, or Ca-the'dra, n, 
[Gr. KaOeSpa, seat.] A chair; seat 
of a person in authority. 

Ca-the'dral, n. The principal 
church in a diocese. — a. 1. Per- 
taining to the head church of a 
diocefe. 2. Official ; authoritative. 

€XTH'E-TER, n. [Gr. Kaderrip, a 
thing put in, from Kara, down, and 
vevai, to send.] A tubular instru 
ment to draw off the urine. 

€Xt'-HOLE, n. A small hole astern, 
through which a hawser may be 
passed. 

€Xth'0-LIC(1C3), a. [Gr. KafloAiKO?, 
fr. k6l6o\o£, whole.] 1. Universal or 
general. 2. Liberal. 3. Pertaining 
to the Roman Catholics. — n. A 
member of the Roman Catholic 
church. 

€a-th6l'i-CIRM, n. 1. The faith of 
the whole Christian church. 2. The 
Roman Catholic faith. 3. Liberality 
of sentiment. 

-eXTH'o-Li'c'l-TY, n. 1. System of 
doctrine held by all parts of the or- 
thodox Christian church. 2. Doc- 
trines of the church of Rome. 3. 
Liberality of sentiments. 

€a-thoi/i-cize, r. i. To become ca- 
tholic or a Roman Catholic. 

Ca-th6l'i-€on, n. A 
remedy for all diseases ; 
a panacea. 

€Xt'kin, n. [Dim. of 
cat, from its resem- 
blance to a cat's tail.] 
A kind of inflorescence, 
consisting of overlap- 
ping scales. 

■Cat'mTnt, 1 n. A well-known plant, 

-GXt'nip, j having a strong scent; 
— so called because cats have a pecul- 
iar fondness for it. [with nine lashes. 

-eXT'-O'-NlNE'-TAILR, 11. A whip 

■CA-TOP'TRIG, ) a. [Gr. KaT07rrpi- 

ifA-TOP'TRIG-AE, J kos, fr. KaT077rpov, 
mirror.] Relating to catoptrics. 

€a-top'trigs, ii. sing. That part of 
optics which explains the properties 
and phenomena of reflected light. 

€at*s'-paw, n. A dupe ; the tool of 
another'; — from the fable of the 
monkey who used the paws of the 
cat to draw roasting chestnuts out 
of the fire. [Ketchup. 

CXt'sup, n. Same as Catchup, or 

■Gat'TLE, n. pi. [Lat. capital!. t, chief, 
because in early ages beasts were the 
chief part of a man's property.] Do- 
mestic quadrupeds collectively, esp. 
those of the bovine genus. 

€Xt'tle-show, ii. An exhibition 
of domestic animals for prizes, &c. 

€au GA'sian, n. Any one belonging 
to the Indo-European race, or the 
race originating near Mt. Caucasus. 




Catkin 



A, E, i, a v, Y,long; X, is, 1, 6, 0, v. short; CARE, FAR, ask, all, what ; ERE, veil, term; pique, fIrm; son, 



CAUCUS 



GI 



CELLULAR 



€AU'€US, n. [A corrupt, of calkers, al- 
luding to an association of talkers in 
Boston, Mass., in the time of the 
American Revolution.] A prepara- 
tory meeting for political purposes. 

CaU'dal, a. [Lat. cauda, tail.] Per- 
taining to a tail. 

•Cau'date, ) a. Having a tail, or 

Cau'da-ted, ) tail-like appendage. 

•Gau'dle, ». [Lat. calidus, warm.] A 
kind of warm drink for sick persons. 

•GAUF, n. A chest with holes for keep- 
ing fish alive in water. 

€AU'FLE, n. A gang or drove of cap- 
tured negroes. [ Catch . 

€AUSHT (kawt), imp. & p. p. of 

€aul, n. [Prob. a modif. of cowl.] 1. 
A membrane covering the lower in- 
testines. 2. A part of the membrane 
enveloping the fetus. 

€au-LES'cent, a. [Lat. caulis, stalk, 
stem.] Having a perfect stem. 

€au-i,iF'er-o&s, a. [Lat. caulis, 
stalk, and ferre, to bear.] Caulescent. 

€AU'LI-FLOW'ER, n. [Lat. caulis, 
colis, stalk, stem, cabbage, and 
Jrower.] A variety of cabbage. 

€AU§/AL, a. Relating to a cause or 
causes. [cause. 

€au-§al'i-ty, n. The agency of a 

<3AU-gA'TlON, n. Act of causing. 

^AUg'A-TiVE, a. 1. Expressing a 
cause or reason. 2. Effecting, as a 
cause or agent. 

€au§e (kawz), n. [Lat. causa.] 1. 
That which produces a result, or is 
the occasion of an action. 2. A legal 
process ; case. 3. One side of a ques- 
tion or controversy. 

Syx. — Agency; motive; inducement. 
— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To effect by 
agency, power, or influence ; produce. 

<3au§e'less, a. 1. Uncaused or un- 
created. 2. Without just cause, 
reason, or motive. 

€au§'er,_w. One who causes. 

€au§e'way, ) n. [L. Lat. calceata, 

■GAU'gEY, j calciata, via calciata, 
fr. Lat. calceare, calciare, to pave with 
limestone.] A raised way over wet 
or marshy ground. 

•CAUS'Tre, ) a. [Gr. KavoriKos, fr. 

€AUS'TI€-AL, J Kaietv, to burn.] 1. 
Burning ; corrosive. 2. Severe ; 
satirical ; sharp. 

■€aus'TI€, n. Any substance which, 
applied to animal substances, burns 
or destroys the texture. 

€aus-t!c'I-ty, n. 1. Property which 
characterizes caustic bodies. 2. Se- 
verity of language ; sarcasm. 

■Gau'TER, n. A hot, searing iron. 

Cau'TER-I^M, n. Application of caus- 
tics ; cautery. 

•Cau'ter-i-za'tion, n. A burning or 
'searing some morbid part by the ap- 
plicationof fire. 

"fc-AU'TER-IZE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
burn or sear with fire or a hot iron, 
as morbid flesh. 

€au'ter-y, n. [See Cauter.] A 
burning, as of morbid flesh, by a 
hot iron, or by caustic medicines. 

■Cau'TION, n. [Lat. cautio, fr. cavere, 
to take care.] 1. Prudence in re- 



gard to danger ; wariness. 2. Ex- 
hortation to wariness. 

Syn. — Forethought ; forecast ; pru- 
dence; vigilance; circumspection. 

— v, I. [-ED ; -ING.] To give no- 
tice of danger to ; to warn. 

€au'tion-a-ry (44), a. 1. Contain- 
ing caution. 2. Given as a pledge. 
€au'tioOs, a. Prudent; watchful. 

Syn.— Wary; circumspect. — A man 
is cautious chiefly as the result of tim- 
idity; one may be wary, \, e., watchful in 
a high degree against danger, and yet 
bold and active ; a circumspect man looks 
around him to weigh and deliberate. 

€a.U'TIOUS-LY, adv. With caution. 

€au'Tious-ness, n. Watchfulness; 
provident care. 

CXv'AL-CADE', n. [Lat. caballus, Gr. 
/ca/3aAA.7js, an inferior horse.] A pro- 
cession of persons on horseback. 

CXv'a-lier', n. [See Cavalcade.] 
1. A horseman; a knight. 2. One 
of the leaders of the court party in 
the time of King Charles I. — a. 1. 
Gay; sprightly. 2. Brave; warlike. 
3. Haughty ; disdainful. 

€Xv'A-LlER'LY, adv. In a haughty 
manner. [horseback. 

Cav'al-KY, n. Troops that serve on 

eir'A-Ti r NA,n. [It.] {Mus.) An air 
of one movement, with little repeti- 
tion of the words. 

•Gave, n. [Lat. cavus, hollow, cavea, 
cavity.] A hollow place in the earth ; 
a den. — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
make hollow. — v.i. 1. To dwell in 
a cave. 2. To fall and leave a hollow. 

€A'VE-4.T,n. [Lat., let him beware.] 
1. A notice to some officer not to do 
a certain act until the party is heard 
in opposition. 2. A description of 
some invention, lodged in the patent- 
office before the patent right is taken 
out, operating as a bar to other ap- 
plications respecting the same inven- 
tion. 3. Warning. [and pressed. 

€av'EN-dish, n. Tobacco softened 

Cav'ern, n. [Lat. caverna, fr. cavus, 
hollow.] A large cave. [hollow. 

€Xv'ern-oOs, a. Full of caverns ; 

€a-VIARE' (ka-veer'), \ n. [Turk, ha- 

€-AV'I-AR (kaVe-ar), J vlar] Roesof 
cenain large fish, prepared and Salted. 

€XVlL, v. i. [-ED, -ING; or -LED, 
-LING, 137.] [Lat. cavillari, fr. ca- 
villa, bantering jests.] To raise cap- 
tious and frivolous objections. — n. 
A frivolous objection. 

€av'il-er, )n. A captious dispu- 

€Xv'IL-ler, ] tant. [Hollowness. 

€Xv'i-ty, n. 1 A hollow place. 2. 

€a.w, v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] [From the 
sound.] To cry like a crow, or raven. 

— n. The noise made by the crow 
or raven. 

€ay-enne' Pep'PER. [From Cay- 
enne, in South America.] A very 
pungent red pepper. 

Cay'man (150), n. An alligator. 

€a-ZIQUE' (ka-zeek'), n. [From the 
language of Hayti ] A chief among 
some tribes of Indians. 

CREASE, v.i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. ces- 
sare, intens. form of cedere, to with- 



draw.] 1. To come to an end. 2. To 
be wanting. 

Syn.— To desist; forbear; fail. 
— v. t, To put a stop to. [incessant. 

fyEASE'LESS, a. Without cessation; 

(,'e'dar, n. [Gr /ce'Spos.] An ever- 
green tree of different species. 

Qede^-J. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. cedere.] 
To yield or surrender ; to give up. 

£E-DlL'LA, n. [It. zediglia, dim. of 
zeta, Gr. name of z, which letter 
was formerly written after c, and 
then below it, to give it the pronun- 
ciation of s.] A mark placed uuder 
the letter c [thus, f], to show that it 
is to be 6ounded like s. 

Ce'drIne , a. Belonging to cedar. 

VEIL, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [L. Lat. 
celare, to cover, arch, Lat. calum, 
heaven, vault, arch.] To overlay or 
cover the inner roof of. 

£eil'ing, n. Upper, interior surface 
of an apartment, opposite the floor. 

^el'AN-dine, n. A genus of plants 
belonging to the poppy family. 

(^EL'E-BRATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[L&t.celebrare, celebratus ; celeber, fa- 
mous.] 1. To mention with praise. 
2. To honor by appropriate ceremo- 
nies ; to solemnize. 

Syn.— To praise ; extol; commemo- 
rate. — Extol is stronger thsn praise ,• we 
commemorate events which we desire to 
cherish in affectionate remembrance by 
appropriate rites, as the death of our Sav- 
ior; we celebrate by demonstrations of 
public joy, processions, &c, as the birth- 
day of our independence. 

QEL'E-BRA/TED,a. Having celebrity. 
Syn. — Distinguished ; famous ; re- 
nowned; illustrious. 

C-EL'E-BRA'TION, n. Act of cele- 
brating, [brates. 

Cel'e-era'tor, n. One who cele- 

VE-LEB'RI-TY, n. 1. Condition of 
being celebrated. 2. A person of 
distinction. 

Syn. — Renown ; honor; repute ; fame. 

CE-LER'I-TY, n. [Lat. celeritas, from 
celer, swift.] Rapidity of motion. 

Syn.— Swiftness ; speed; velocity } 
quickness. 

QEL'ER-Y, n. [Gr. aeKivov.] A plant 
of the parsley family. 

Qe-les'tial (-lest'yal), a. [Lat. ca- 
lestis, c&lestis, from calum, c&lum, 
heaven.] Heavenly. — n. An in- 
habitant of heaven. 

Qe'LI-A€, a. [Gr. koiAkxkos, fr. xoiAia, 
belly.] Pertaining to the belly. 

£e-l!b'a-cy, or Cel'i-ba-cy, n. 
[Lat. csehbatus, from cxlebs, unmar- 
ried.] Bachelorship. [bachelor. 

Cel'i-bate, n. 1. Celibacy. 2. A 

(pELL, n. [Lat. cella, akin to celare, 
to conceal.] 1. A very small and 
close apartment. 2. Any small, 
closed cavity ; a minute sac. 

(^EL'LAR, n. [Lat. cellarium, a pan- 
try.] A room under a building. 

Cel'LAR-AGE, n. 1. Excavation for a 
cellar ; a cellar, or a series of cellars. 
2. Charge for storage in a cellar. 

£ELL'U-LAR, a. [Lat. cellula, a little 
cell.] Consisting of, or containing, 
cells. 



OR, DO, WOLF. TOO, TOOK: CRN, RUE, Pi;LL ; E, I, O, silent ; C, G, soft; €,&,hard; As; E£ IST ; n. as KG; THIS. 



CELLULE 



62 



CERTAINTY 



<^ELI/ULE, n. A small cell. 

(, Ell/u-loid, n. [Eng. cellulose, and 
Gr. elSos, form.] A compound in 
imitation of coral, ivory, tortoise- 
shell, etc. ; — made chiefly from 
gun-cotton and camphor. 

pELI^U-EOsE', n. One of the sub- 
stances constituting the cellular tis- 
sue of plants. 

Qeet, n. [W. Celtiad, Celt, from celt, 
covert, shelter.] One of an ancient 
race of people, who inhabited Central 
and Western Europe, and from whom 
are descended the Irish, Welsh, &c. 

C.el.t'w, a. Pertaining to the Celts, 
or to their language. — n. The lan- 
guage of the Celts. 

(pfiM'ENT, or C/E-MENT' (115), 11. 
[Lat. csementum, chips of marble, 
from which mortar was made.] 1. 
Any adhesive substance used to unite 
bodies. 2. Bond of union. 

Qe-ment', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. 
To unite by the use of cement. 2. 
To unite firmly and closely. — v. i. 
To unite and cohere. 

Qem'en-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of ce- 
menting. 2. The process by which 
iron is turned into steel, glass into 
porcelain, &c. 

(pEM'E-TER/Y, n. [Gr. KOifirirqpiov, 
fr. Koi/xav, to sleep.] A grave-yard. 

^en'o-bIte, n. [Gr. koivos, common, 
and jStos, life.] One of a religious 
order, dwelling in a convent. 

Cen'o-bit'ic, » a. Living in com- 

Cen/o-bit'I€-al, J munity, as monks. 

Qen'O-TAPH, n. [Gr. KevoT<x<j)iov, fr. 
/cevos, empty, and to.<|>os, tomb.] A 
monument erected to one who is 
buried elsewhere. 

<^ense,i>. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Abbrev. 
from incense.] To perfume with 
odors from burning substances. 

QEns'ER, n. A pan in which incense 
is burned. 

QEN'SOR, n. [Lat., from censere, to 
value, to tax.] 1. One empowered to 
examine manuscripts and books, be- 
fore publication . 2. A harsh critic. 

C; en-so'ri-al (89), a. Belonging to 
a censor. 

£en-so'ri-ous (89), a. 1. Apt to 
blame or condemn. 2. Implying or 
expressing censure. 

C^en-so'ri-ous-ly, adv. In a cen- 
sorious manner, [being censorious. 

Oen-so'ri-oOs-ness, n. Quality of 

Cen'sor-ship, n. Office of a censor. 

£en'sur-A-ble (sen'shur-), a. Wor- 
thy of censure ; blamable. 

pEN'sUR-A-BLY, adv. In a censura- 
ble manner. 

^EN'SURE (sen'shyjr), n. [Lat. sensu- 
ra.] Act of blaming or finding fault ; 
blame ; reproof. — v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
To find fault with and condemn. 

Stn. — To blame; reprove; condemn; 
reprehend; reprimand. 

^en'sus, n. [Lat. See Censor.] An 
official enumeration of the people, 
registration of the value of their es- 
tates, &c. 

£ENT, n. [Lat. centum.] 1. A hun- 
dred. 2. An American coin of cop- 



per, or of copper and nickel, worth 
the luOth part of a dollar. 

C^ENT/AGE, n. Kate by the hundred. 

(^EN'TAUR, n. [Gr. KeVravpos, orig. a 
herdsman.] A fabulous being, half 
man and half horse. 

Qen'te-na'ri-an, n. [See Cent.] 
A person a hundred years old. 

CjEN'TE-NA-RY (44), n. A hundred ; 
a century. — a. 1. Relating to a hun- 
dred. 2. Occurring once in a hun- 
dred years. 

Qen-ten'ni-al, a. 1. Belonging to 
the hundredth anniversary. 2. Hap- 
pening once in a hundred years. 

Cen'TER, ) n. [Lat. centrum, Gr. 

(jEN'TRE, ) KePTpov, fr. Kevreiv, to 
prick.] 1. Exact middle point of 
any thing. 2. Middle portion ; the 
midst. — v.i. [-Ed; -ing.] 1. To 
be placed in a center. 2. To be col- 
lected to a point. — v. t. 1. To place 
on a center. 2. To collect to a point. 

Cen'TER-bit. ) n. An instrument for 

Qen'tre-bit, \ boring holes. 

LE.v'TER-lNG, ( n. Temporary fram- 

(^EN'TRiN(J, I ing on which any 
vaulted work is constructed. 

Qen-tes'I-MAL, a. Hundredth; by 
the hundred.- — n. A hundredth 
part. 

C/EN'Tl-FO'Ll-OUS, a. [Lat. centifo- 
lilts, fr. centum, hundred, and foli- 
um, leaf.] Having a hundred leaves. 

(^EN'Tl-GRADE,a. [Lat. cent urn ? hun- 
dred, and gradus, degree.] Divided 
into a hundred degi-ees, as a ther- 
mometer between the freezing point 
and the boiling point of water. 

Centime (song'teem'), n. [Fr.] The 
100th part of a franc. 

Cen'ti-ped (185), n. [Lat. centipeda, 
fr. centum, hundred, and pes, pedis, 
foot.] A species of land articulates, 
having a great number of feet. 

C;en'TO, n.; pi. GEN'TOg. [Lat.] A 
composition formed by passages from 
different authors. 

(^en'tral, a. Relating to, placed in, 
or containing, the center. 

(^EN-TRAL/I-TY, n. State of being 
central. [tralizing. 

CjEN'TRAL-1-ZA/TION, n. Actofcen- 

QEN'TRAL-IZE,r. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
draw to a central point. [manner. 

Cen'tral-LY, adv. In a central 

Cen'tre (sen'ter), n. See Center, j 

Cen'tric, ) a. Placed in the 

Cen'TRI€-AL, J center; central. 

gEN'TR[C-AL-LY, adv. In a central 
position. [being centric. 

Cen-tri9'i-ty (-trls'-), n. State of 

QEN-TRiF'U-GAL, a. [Lat. centrum, 
center, and fugere, to flee.] Tending 
to recede from the center. 

QEN-TR£P'E-TAL, a. [Lat. centrum, 
center, and peter e, to move toward.] 
Tending toward the center. 

CEN-TUSPVIR, n. ; pi. CEN-TftM'- 
VI-RI. [Lat., fr. centum, hundred, 
and vir, man.] (Rom. Antiq.) A 
judge appointed to decide common 
causes among the people. 

QEN-TUM'VI-RAL, a. Pertaining to 
a centumvir. 



£EN'TU-PL,E, a. [Lat. centuplex, fr. 
centum, hundred, and plivare, to 
fold.] Huudred-foid. — v. i. [-ed ; 
-ING.] To increase a hundred-fold 

C^EN-TU'RI-AL, a. Relating to a cen- 
tury. 

C;en-TU'RI-on, n. [Lat. centurio.] 
(Roman Antiq.) A military officer 
over a hundred foot-soidiers. 

QENT'U-RY, n. [Lat. ctnluria, fr. cen- 
tum, hundred.] 1. A bundled. 2. 
A period of a hundred j ears. 

QE-PHAL/IC, a. [Gr. rce</)aAiKos,from 
K€^>a\rj, head.] Pertaining to the 
head. — n. A medicine for a disorder 
in the head. 

(pEPH'A-LO-POD/, or C;E-PHAL/0- 
POD, n. [Gr. K€<£aA7j, head, and 
7rovs, iro56s, foot.] A molluscous an- 
imal, having a distinct head, sur- 
rounded by a circle of long arms. 

(^E-ra'ceous, a. [Lat. cera, wax.] 
Of the nature of wax. 

(pE-RAM'I€, a. [Gr. Kepa/oii/cos, from 
Ke'pa/u.o?, earthenware.] Pertaining 
to pottery. [oil, &c. 

Ce'rate, n. An ointment of wax, 

Ce'ra-ted, a. Covered with wax. 

yERE, n. [Lat. ceia, wax.] Naked 
wax-like skin covering the base of 
the bill in some birds. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To wax, or cover with wax. 

£e're-al (89), a. [Pertaining to Ce- 
res, or to grain.] Pertaining to edi- 
ble grain. — n. Any edible grain. 

CER'E-BEL'LVM, n. [L., dim. of 
'cerebrum, brain.] Hinder and low- 
er division of the brain. 

£er'e-bral, a. Pertaining to the 
cerebrum, or brain. 

Cer'e-br&m. n. [Lat.] Superior 
' and larger division of the brain. 

CerE'CLOTH, ) n. [Lat. cera, wax.] 

Qe RE 'ME NT, ) A cloth dipped in 
melted wax, used for embalming. 

Qer'E-MO'NI-AL, a. Relating to cer- 
emony ; ritual. — n. A system of rules 
and ceremonies. 

Qer'e-mo'ni-ous, a. 1. According 
to prescribed rules and forms. 2. 
Precise ; formal. 

Qer/e-mo'ni-ous-ly, adv. In a cer- 
emonious manner. 

£er'e-mo-ny (50), n. [Lat. cserimo- 
nia.] 1. External form in religion. 
2. Forms of civility. 

CE'RO-GRAPH'ie, ) a. Pertaining 

yE'RO-GRAPH're-Ai,, J to cerogra- 
Pby. 

CJe-rog'RA-phy, n. [Gr. Kvpos, wax, 
and ypa<f>eiv, to write.] Engraving 
on wax, from which a stereotype 
plate is taken. 

Qe-ROON', n. [Sp. seron, augmenta- 
tive of sera, a large basket.] A bale 
or package of skins. 

QfiR'TAiN, a. [Lat. certus, orig. p. p. of 
cernere, to perceive, decide.] 1. Hav- 
ing no doubts. 2. Not to be doubted 
or denied. 3. Fixed or stated. 4 In- 
determinate ; one or some. 

Syx. — Sure; undeniable; indubita- 
ble; indisputable; undoubting. 

QER'taIn-ly, adv. Without failure. 

££r'tain-ty, n. 1. Exemption from 



a,:l, i, 6, u, y, long; X, E,I # 6, 0, ¥, short; cAre, far, ask, ale, what; ere, veil, term.; pique, fIrm; s6n, 



CERTIFICATE 



63 



CHAMFER 



doubt or failure. 2. An established 
fact. 

QER-TtF'l~€ATE, n. 1. A written tes- 

. timony. 2. A written declaration le- 
gally authenticated. 

£ER-TIF'I-€ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. certus, certain, and facere, to 
make.] To verify by certificate. 

££r'TI-FI-€A>Tion, n. Act of certi- 
fying. _ [or assures. 

C/£r'TI-FPER, n. One who certifies, 

££r'ti-fy (14), v. t. [-ed ; -ing, 142.] 
1. To establish as a fact. 2. To give 
certain information of or to. 

QEr'TI-tude (53), n. Assurance ; 
certainty. 

(^e-ru'le-an (124), a. [Lat. cxrule- 
us.]" Sky-blue. 

Ce-RV'men, n. [Lat. cera, wax.] 

* Yellow matter secreted by the ear. 

Qe'RUSE (52), n. [Lat. cerussa.] 1. 
White lead. 2. Native carbonate of 
lead. 

(JliR'VTe-Al,, a. [Lat. cervix, neck.] 
Belonging to the neck. 

(^Er'VINE, a. [Lat. cervinus, fr. cer- 
vus 1 deer.] Pertaining to the deer. 

£e-§a're-AN, a. Relating to Caesar. 
Cesarean section, an incision made to 
extract a fetus ; — said to have been done 
at the birth of Julius Cassar. 

<Pes'pi-Tose/ (125), I a. [Lat. csespes, 

(,!ES'PI-TOas, ) turf.] Grow- 

ing in tufts ; turf-like. 

r?ES-SA'TION, n. [Lat. cessatio, from 
cessare, to cease.] Act of ceasing. 

Syn. — Stop ; rest ; pause ; intermis- 
sion. — Stop is generic ; cessation is a 
ceasing from action, either temporary or 
final; pause, temporary stopping ; rest, 
stopping for the sake of relief or repose ; 
intermission, stopping at intervals to re- 
commence. 

<PES'siON(seWun), n. [Lat. cessio, 
from cedere, cessum, to give way.] A 
yielding_or surrender, as of property. 

£ ess'-pool (26), n. [See Sess-POOL.] 
A cavity in the earth, to receive the 
sediment of drains. 

Qes'TUS, n. [Gr. zceoTos.] 1. The 
girdle of Venus, on which 
was represented every thing 
that could awaken love. 2. 
A loaded leather covering 
for the hand. 

Ce-§u'ra, n. See Caesura. 

Ce-TA'CEAN, n. [Gr. k^to?, 
whale.] An animal of the Cestus. 
whale kind. [whale kind. 

Ce-TA'CEOUS, a . Pertaining to the 

(;e-tol'o-gy. n. [Gr. fdj-ros, whale, 
and Aoyos, discourse.] Natural his- 
tory of cetaceous animals. 

Chafe, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. cal- 
efacere, to make warm.] 1. To ex- 
cite heat or irritation in by means of 
friction. 2. To irritate ; to vex. 3. 
To fret and wear by rubbing. — v. i. 
1. To be excited or heated. 2. To 
be fretted and worn by rubbing. — 
n. 1. Heat or irritation excited by 
friction. 2. Agitation of the mind. 

Chaf'er, n. 1. One who chafes. 2. 
[A.-S. eeafor.] An insect. 

Chaf'er-y, n. A forge in which iron 
is subjected to a welding heat. 



Chaff (6), n. [A.-S. ceaf, 0. H. Ger. 
cheva, pod, husk.] 1. The husk, 
or light, dry covering of grains and 
grasses. 2. Worthless matter. 3. 
Light, idle talk, by way of turning 
into ridicule. — v. i. [-ed; -ing.] 
To use light, idle language by way of 
ridicule. — v. t. To make fun of. 

Chaf'fer, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [0. 
Eng. chaffare,chepefare, fr. A.-S. cea- 
pan, to buy ; to attempt to buy, and 
Eng. fare, to go.] 1. To bargain ; to 
haggle. 2. To talk much or idly. 

ChaF'FER-ER, n. One who chaffers. 

Chaf'finch, n. A bird of the finch 
family, said to delight in chaff. 

Chaff'y, a. 1. Containing, resem- 
bling, or consisting of, chaff. 2. 
Light; -worthless. [for coals. 

Chaf'ing-dish, n. A portable grate 

QllA-GRlN' (sha-grin'), n. [Fr. , from 
chagrin, or chagrain, shagreen.] Ill- 
humor ; peevishness ; fretfulness.. 

Syn. —Vexation ; mortification.— Vex- 
ation springs from a sense of loss, dis- 
appointment, &c. ; mortification from 
wounded pride ; chagrin may spring 
from either, and is not usually so keen 
nor lasting. 

— v. t. [-ed; -INg.] To vex; to 
mortify. 

Chain (66), n. [Lat. catena.} 1. A 
series of links connected together. 2. 
That which confines or secures ; a 
bond. 3. A series of things con- 
nected. — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. 
To fasten with, or as with, a chain. 
2._ To enslave. 3. To unite. 

Chain'-bridge, n. A bridge sus- 
pended on chains. 

Chain'-gang, n. A number of con- 
victs chained together. 

Chain'-pump, n. A pump consisting 
of an endless chain, carrying disks 
or buckets. 

Chain'-shot, n. Two 
balls connected by a 
chain, used to cut chain-shot, 
down masts, &c. 

ChAir (4), n. [Lat. cathedra, Gr. <a- 
deSpa..] 1. A movable seat with a 
back. 2. An official seat ; hence, 
the office itself. 3. A presiding offi- 
cer. 4. A vehicle for one person. 5. 
An iron to support the rails on a 
railway. — v. t. [-Ed; -ing.] To 
carry publicly in a chair in triumph. 

ChAir'MAN (150), n. A presiding of- 
ficer. 

(^HAlgE (67), w. [Fr. chaise, for chaire. 
See Chair.] A two-wheeled car- 
riage for two persons. 

€hal-ced'o-ny, or €hai/ce-do- 
NY, n. [From Chalcedon, in Asia 
Minor.] An uncrystallized translu- 
cent variety of quartz 

€hal-cog'ra-pher, 

€hal-g6g'ra-phist, 
copper and brass. 

€hal-€og'ra-phy, n. 
copper, brass, and ypdfaiv, to "write 
Art of engraving on copper or brass. 

€HAL-DA'I€, a. Pertaining to Chal- 
dea. — n. Language of the Chalde- 
ans. 

€hai/dee, or €hal-dee' a. Per- 



An en- 
graver on 

[Gr. xaAKos, 



taining to Chaldea. — n. Language 
or dialect of the Chaldeans. 

Chai/dron, n. [Same as caldron.] 
A dry measure for coals, containing, 
at London, thirty-six bushels. 

Chal'ice (chal'is), n. [Lat. calix, 
Gr. kv\<.£ .] A cup ; especially a com- 
munion-cup. 

Chalk (chawk), n. [A.-S. cealc, front 
Lat. calx, limestone.] A soft, earthy 
substance, consisting of carbonate oi 
lime. 

Red chalk, an indurated clayey ocher. 
— v. t. [-ED; -ing.] To rub or 
mark with chalk. 

Chaek'-stone (chawk'-, 20), n. A 
concretion in the hands and feet. 

Chalk'y (chawk-y), a. Consisting of, 
or resembling chalk. 

Chal'lenge, n. [Lat. calumnia, 
false accusation.] 1. Invitation to 
a contest of any kind. 2. A claim or 
demand made of a l-ight. 3. Excep- 
tion to a juror or voter. — v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] 1. To call to a contest of 
any kind; to defy. 2. To claim as 
due. 3. To make exception or objec- 
tion to. 

Chai/lenge-a-ble, a. Capable of 
being challenged. [lenges. 

Chal'len-Ger, n. One who chal- 

Qhal'EIS (sh&Hy), n. [Fr. chaly.] 
A fine, twilled, woolen fabric. 

€JHA-LYB'E-ATE, a. [N. Lat. chalyb- 
eatus, from Gr. x<iAv<//, still.] Im- 
pregnated with some salt of iron.— 
n. Any water or liquor into which 
iron enters. 

Cham AVE (sha'mad')? n. [Fr.,from 
Lat. clamare, to call.] Beat of a 
drum, or sound of a trumpet, invit- 
ing to a parley. 

Cham/ber, n. [Lat. camara, camera, 
vault, arched roof, Gr. Kafxipa.] 1. 
An upper room for lodging, privacy, 
or study. 2. A hollow, closed space. 
3. A place where an assembly meets, 
and the assembly itself. — v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To occupy as a chamber ; 
2. To be wanton. — v. t. To shut up, 
as in a chamber. 

Cham'ber-coun'sel, ) n. A 

Cham/ber-goun'see-or, J coun- 
selor who gives his opinion in private. 

CHAM'BER-LA'iN, n. [Ger. hammer 
(Lat. camera), and the term, ling.] 
1. An officer having charge of the 
private chambers of a nobleman or 
monarch. 2. One of the high offi- 
cers of a court. 3. A receiver of 
public money. [chamberlain. 

Cham'ber-laIn-ship, n. Office of a 

Cham'ber-maid, n. A woman who 
has the care of chambers. 

€ha-me'le-on, 

n. [Gr. ^afJiaiAe- 
tav, lit. ground 
lion, from xenial, 
on the ground, 
and AeW, lion.] 
A lizard-like rep- 
tile of changeable 
hues. 
Cham'fer, d. ;. [-ed; -ing.] 1. 
cut a groove in. 2. To bevel. 




Chameleon. 



6r, do, wqef, too, ZQOKj f/RN, RUEjPyLL,; e,i, o, silent ; c,G, soft; €,G,hard; As; E^isx; N. asNG; this 



CHAMOIS 



64 



CHARGE 



QhXm'OIS (shaWmy or sham-oi'), n 
[Sp. camuza, from 0. Ger. garaz.] 1 
A species of antelope. 2. A kind of 
soft leather. 

€hXm'Q-mile, n. See Camomile. 

Champ, v. t. [-ed ; »ing.] [Lat. 
cainpusy field.] To chew ; to bite. — 
v. i. To bite frequently. 

Qham-PAGNE' (sham-pan/), n. A 
brisk, sparkling wine, from Cham- 
pagne,^ France. 

£ham-paign' (sham-pirn'), n. [See 
Campaign.] A flat, open country. 
— a. Flat or open, as a country. 

CHAM'PER-TY, n. [0, Fr. champart, 
field-rent ; champ, Lat. campus, field, 
and. part, Lat. pars, share.] Mainte- 
nance of a lawsuit, with an agree- 
ment to divide the thing in suit in 
case of success. 

Cham'pi-on, n. [Lat. campus, field.] 
One who engages in any contest for 
another or for a cause. — v. t. [-ed; 
-1NG.] To furnish with, or to at- 
tend as, a champion. 

Change, n. [Fr., from cheoir, Lat. 
cadere, to fall, as dice.] 1. Absence 
of any recognized cause. 2. An event 
happening without assigned cause. 

Syn. — Luck ; accident; casualty; 
hazard ; fortune ; opportunity. 
~v.i. [-ed; -ing.] To happen.— 
a. Happening by chance ; casual ; 
fortuitous. 

ChXn'cel, n. [Lat. cancelli, lattices, 
cross-bars, inclosing the place. ] That 
part of a church where the altar is 
placed. 

Chan'CEL-lor, n. A high officer of 
state, or chief judge of a court of 
chancery. [chancellor. 

Chan'cel-lor-ship, n. Office of a 

Chance'-med'ley, n. [See Chance 
and Medley.] Unpremeditated 
killing of another in self-defense. 

Chan'cer-y, n. [See Chancel.] A 
high court of equity. 

<PhXn'€RE (sMnk'er, 67,160), n. [Fr. 
See Canker and Cancer.] An 
ulcer, especially a venereal sore. 

C^hXn'crous (shank'rus), a. Like a 
chancre ; ulcerous. 

QhXn'de-lier' (shan'-), n. [Lat. 
candela, candle.] A frame with 
branches for lights. 

Chand'ler, n. [Fr. chandelier, can- 
dlestick, tallow-chandler.] 1. A 
manufacturer of, or dealer in can- 
dles. 2. A dealer in other commod- 
ities, [by a chandler. 

Chand'LER-y, n. Commodities sold 

Change, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
cambire.] 1. To alter or make dif- 
ferent. 2. To substitute another 
thing for ; to exchange. — v. i. 1. 
To be altered. 2. To become acid or 
tainted. — n. 1. Any variation or 
alteration. 2. That which makes a 
Variety. 3. Small pieces of money. 
■ Syn. — Variety ; mutation ; transi- 
tion; vicissitude: innovation; novelty ; 
transmutation ; revolution ; reverse. 

Change'A-bYl'i-TY, n. Changeable- 
ness ; mutability. 

Change'a-ble, a. 1. Capable of 



change. 2. Appearing different un« 
der different circumstances. 

Syn. — Mutable; variable; fickle; in- 
constant; unstable; unsteady; unsettled; 
versatile ; wavering; erratic; volatile. 

Change'a-BLE-ness, n. Quality of 
being changeable ; fickleness ; incon- 
stancy, [ble manner. 

Chang'e'A-BLY, adv. In a changea- 

Change'FUL, a. Full of change ; in- 
constant. 

Change'LESS, n. Not admitting al- 
teration ; constant. 

Change'ling, n. 1. A child left or 
taken in the place of another, as by 
fairies. 2. One apt to change. 

Chang'er, n. One who changes. 

ChXn'NEL. n. [A different spelling of 
canal.] 1. Bed of a stream of water. 
2. A strait or narrow sea. 3. That 
through which any thing passes. 4. 
A furrow, as in a column. — v.t. 
[-ED, -ING; or -LED, -LING, 137.] 
To form a channel or channels in. 

Chant, v. t. oxi. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
cantare, v. intens. of canere, to sing.] 
1. To sing ; to warble. 2. To sing 
after the manner of a chant. — n. 1. 
Song; melody. 2. Words recited to 
musical tones without musical meas- 
ure. 

Chant'er, n. One who chants. 

ChXnt'i-cleer,«. [From chant and 
clear.] A cock, so called from the 
clearness of his voice in crowing. 

Chant'ry, n. An endowed chapel 
where masses for the souls of the 
donors are celebrated. 

■Gha'os (ka/os), n. [Lat. chaos, Gr. 
\aos, from ^atVeiv, to open widely.] 

1. Unorganized condition of matter 
before the creation of the universe. 

2. Confusion ; disorder, [confused. 
€ha-oT'ic (44), a. Resembling chaos ; 
ChXp, or Chap, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 

To cleave ; to split ; to crack. — v. i. 
To crack or open in long slits. — n. 
A longitudinal cleft in the flesh. 

Chap (chop), n. [From chap, to open 
longitudinally.] The jaw ; — gener- 
ally in the pi. 

ChXp, n [An abbrev. of chapman.] 
A man or boy ; a youth. 

CHAP'AR-RAL',n. [Sp.] A thicket 
of low evergreen oaks. 

Chape, n. [Fr.] 1. Catch of any 
thing, as of a buckle. 2. A plate of 
metal at the end of a scabbard. 

Chape au (shiip'o'), n. ; pi. chap- 
ea us (shap'oz'). [Fr.] A hat. 

ChXp'EL, n. [L. Lat. capella, a short 
cloak, hood, or cowl ; hence, chapel, 
orig., the tent in which St. Martin's 
cowl was preserved.] A place of 
worship usually connected with a 
church or some establishment. 

ChXp'EL-ry, n. Bounds or jurisdic- 
tion of a chapel. 

QhXp'er-ON (shap'er-on), n. [Fr.] 1. 
A hood or cap. 2. One who attends 
a lady in public places as a guide and 
protector. — v. t. [-ed;-ING.] To 
attend in public places as a guide 
and protector. [ jected. 

Chap'-falljen (chop'fawln), a. De 



ChXp'I-TER, n. [Late Lat. capitellum, 
capitulum, dim. of caput, head.] A 
summary in writing of such matters 
as are to be inquired of or presented 
before justices. 

ChAp'lain (-lin, 42), n. 1. An ec- 
clesiastic who performs service in a 
chapel. 2. A clergyman attached to 
a ship of war, an army, some public 
institution, or a family. 

ChXp'laIn-^y, ) n. Office of a 

ChXp'laIn-ship, ) chaplain. 

ChXp'LET, n. [Fr. chapelet, dim. of 

0. Fr. chapel, garland.] 1. A gar- 
land or wreath. 2. A string of beads 
used by Roman Catholics in counting 
their prayers. 

ChXp'man,m. / pi. chXp^men. [A.-S. 
ceapman, fr. ceapan, to buy.] One 
who buys or sells. 

Chaps, n. pi. The jaws. See Chap. 

Chap'TER, n. [From Lat. capitvlum, 
dim. of caput, head.] 1. A division 
of a book or treatise. 2. An or- 
ganized branch of some body. 8. A 
decretal epistle. 

ChXp'trel, n. [From chapiter.] 
Capital of a pier or pilaster which re- 
ceives an arch. 

ChXr, ) n. [A.-S. cerr, cyrr, turn, 

ChAre, ( time, business, fr. cerran, 
cirran, to turn.] Work done by the 
day ; a task. See Chore. [Eng.] 

Char, v. t. [-red; -ring, 136.] [Cf. 
Ir. caor, brand, flame, spark of fire.] 
To reduce to charcoal. 

€IhXr'ac-ter, n. [Gr. x a P aKT >lPi fr- 
Xapda-creiv, to engrave.] 1. A letter, 
figure, or sign. 2. Sum of distin- 
guishing qualities. 3. Estimate put 
upon a person or thing ; reputation. 
4. A person. 

€hXr/A€-ter-¥s'tI€, ) a. Serving 

€hXr'a€-ter-Ys'tjc-al, ) to con- 
stitute the character ; peculiar. 

€hXr'ac-ter-Is'ti€, n. That which 
constitutes a character. 

€hXr'A€-ter-is'ti€-al-ly, adv. In. 
a manner to distinguish character. 

ChXr'ac-ter-i-za'tion, n. Act or 
characterizing. 

€hXr'a€-ter-ize, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 

1. To mark with a peculiar stamp. 

2. To give an account of the personal 
qualities of. 3. To distinguish or 
express the character of. 

£ha-rade' (sha-rad'), n. [Fr.] A 
composition in which are described 
enigmatically the objects expressed 
by each syllable of a word, separate- 
ly , and then by the word as a whole. 

ChXr'coal, n. [See Char, v. t.] 
Coal made by charring wood. 

CHXRGE,n. [Fr.] 1. Person or thing 
intrusted to one's care or custody. 
2. Office ; commission. 3. Earnest 
command, or instruction. 4. Costs ; 
expense. 5. Account of that which 
is due from one party to another. 6. 
Imputation ; accusation. 7. Quan- 
tity which any apparatus, as a gun, 
machine, &c, is intended to receive. 
8. Attack, or signal for attack. 9. 
(Her.) A tearing or emblem on a 
field, — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Fr. 



A, E, I, 5, fj, Y,long; X,fi,I, 6, 0, y, short; cAre, fab. Ask, &ll, wh^t ; ere, veil, xjsrm; pique, fIrm; s6n, 



CHARGEABLE 



65 



CHECK 



charger, fr. L. Lat. carricare, fr. Lat. 
earrus, wagon. J 1. To impose, as a 
load, task, duty, or trust. 2. To 
command, request, or exhort ear- 
nestly or authoritatively ; to give in- 
structions to. 3. To place to the ac- 
count of. 4. To accuse of. 5. To 
load, as a gun, &c. 6. To rush 
upon ; to fall on. — v. i. To make 
an onset. 

Charge 'a-ble, a. 1. Capable of 
being charged. 2. Subject to be 
charged or accused. 3. Costly ; 
burdensome. [being expensive. 

Charge'a-ble-ness, n. Quality of 

Charge d'affaires (shar'zha' 
daf far'). [Fr. charge, p. p. of charger, 
to charge, and affaire, affair.] An 
inferior diplomatic representative at 
a foreign court. 

Char'ger, n. 1. One who, or that 
which, charges. 2. A large dish. 3. 
A horse used in battle. 

Char'i-ly, adv. In a careful, wary 
manner. [chary. 

Char'i-ness, n. Quality of being 

Char'I-OT, n. [Fr. chariot, fr. char, 
car.] 1. A war car or vehicle. 2. A 
four-wheeled pleasure or state car- 
riage, having one seat. 

Char'I-ot-eer'. n. One who drives 
or conducts a chariot. 

Char'i-ta-ble, a. [See Charity.] 
1. Full of love and good will. 2. 
Liberal to the poor. 

Char'i-t a-ble -NESS, n. Quality of 
being charitable. [manner. 

Char'I-ta-bly adv. In a charitable 

CHAR'I-TY (88). n. [Lat. caritas, fr. 
cams, dear, ccstly, loved] 1. Dis- 
position to tbink favorably of others, 
and to do them good. 2. Liberality 
to the poor. 3. Alms. 4. Any act 
of kindness or benevolence. 

Syx. — Love; benevolence; affection; 
tenderness; liberality. 

C-ff-AKjr^Krtsha-ree'va-ree'), n. [Fr.] 
A mock serenade. 

Char'la-ta\. n. [Sp. charlar, It. 
aarlare, to chatter, prate.] A quack ; 
an empiric. 

Char'la-tan-Ysm, ) n. Undue pre- 

£har'la-tan-ry. J tensions to 
skill ; quackery ; empiricism. 

Charles's Wain (charh/ez wan.) 
[A.-S. carles -ivxn, or ceorles-wscn, 
the churl's or farmer's wain.] The 
cluster of seven stars, commonly 
called the Dipper. 

Charm, n. [Lat. carmen, song, in- 
cantation, for casmen, Skr. gasman, 
a laudatory soug, fr. cans, to praise.] 

1. Something possessing, or imagined 
to possess, occult power or influence. 

2. Enchantment; fascination. — p. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To subdue or con- 
trol by occult influence. 2. To at- 
tract irresistibly ; to fascinate. 

Charm'er, n. One who charms. 

Charm'ing, p. a. Pleasing in the 
highest degree. 

Syj?. — Enchanting: bewitching; cap- 
tivating : enrapturing ; alluring ; fasci- 
nating; delightful; pleasurable. 

Charm'ing-ly, adv. Delightfully. 



I Char'XEL, a. [Lat. carnalis, fr. caro, 
carnis, flesh.] Containing the re- 

[ mains of dead men or animals. 

; Char'xel-hocse, n. A place under 

j or near a church, for the bones of 
the dead. 

| Char'ry, a. [See Char.] Pertaining 

! to, or like, charcoal. 

1 CHART, n. [Lat. charta, Gr. x«P""??i 
a leaf of paper.] 1. A sheet of paper 
containing information arranged 
methodically. 2. A map representing 
a portion of water and land, 
f har-ta'ceous, a. Resembling pa- 
per or parchment. 
Char'TER, n. [Lat. charta, paper.] 
1. An instrument in writing, bestow- 
ing rights and privileges ; an act of 
incorporation. 2. A special privilege 
or immunitv. — v.t. [-ed; -IXG.] 
1. To establish by charter. 2. To 
hire or let, as a ship. 
Char'ter-par'TY, n. [Fr. chartre 
partie, or charte partie, a divided 
charter, from the practice of cutting 
the instrument in two, and giving 
one part to each of the contractors.] 
A conditional agreement respecting 
the hire of a vessel. 
Chart'ISJVT, n. [Fr. charte, charter. 
Cf. Chart.] The principles of a po- 
litical party in England. 
Chart'ist, n. A supporter of chart- 
ism. [Eng.] 
CHAR'Y, a. [A.-S. cearig ; cear, cearu, 

care.] Careful; close; cautious. 
Chase, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
captiare, for captare, to strive to 
seize, intens. form of capere, to take.] 

1. To pursue, as game ; to hunt. 2. 
To urge onward; to persecute. 3. 
[Acontr. of enchase.] To engrave, as 
plate. — n. 1. Hunting, as of an 
enemy, game, &c. 2. That which is 
hunted. 3. A private hunting-ground. 
4. [Lat. capsa, box, case.] An iron 
frame used by printers to confine 
type. 

Chas'er, n. 1. One who chases. 2. 
A gun at the head or stern of a ves- 
sel for firing when in chase. 

-Ghasm: (kazm), n. [Gr. x^cM-a, from 
Xa-Cveiv, to gape, to open wide.] 1. 
A deep opening ; a cleft ; a fissure. 

2. A gap or break. 
£has'seur (shas'sur), n. [Fr., a 

huntsman, fr. chasser, to hunt.] One 
of a body of cavalry trained for 
. rapid movements. 

Chaste, a. [Lat. castus.] 1. Pure 
from unlawful sexual intercourse ; 
virtuous. 2. Pure from obscenity, 
from barbarous words, or the like. 

Chaste'ly, adv. In a chaste manner. 

Chas'T£.\ (chaVn), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[Lat. castigare, to punish, fr. castus, 
pure, and agere, to lead, drive.] 1. 
To correct by punishment ; to chas- 
tise. 2. To purify from errors or 
faults. 

Chas'ten-ER (chaVn-er), n. One 
who chastens. [chastisement. 

Chas-tis/a-ble, a. Deserving of 

CHAS-TIS.E', r. t. [-ed: -ing.] [Lat. 
castigare. See CHASTEN.] 1. To 



inflict pain upon, in any manner, for 
the purpose of correction. 2. To 
free from faults or excesses. 

Stx. — To punish: chasten. — Punish 
and chastise differ in the object aimed 
at. The former is designed to uphold 
law by the infliction of penalty; the lat- 
ter to prevent the repetition of faults and 
reclaim the offender. In a rarer and 
somewhat irregular sense, chastise de- 
notes to disgrace publicly by stripes. 

Chas'tIse-MENT, n. Pain inflicted 
for punishment and correction. 

Chas-tis/er, n. One who chastises. 

Chas'TI-TY,h. 1. Purity from un- 
lawful sexual intercourse. 2. Free- 
dom from corrupt or extravagant 
thought. 

Chas/u-ble, n. [L. Lat. casubula, a 
hooded garment, covering the person 
like a little house ; from Lat. casa, 
house.] A vestment worn by the 
priest in saying mass. 

ClIAT,t\t. [-ted; -TING, 136.] [Cf. 
A.-S. civsedan. Goth, gvithan, to 
speak. See Chatter.] To talk in 
a light and familiar manner. — n. 
Light familiar talk. 

Chateau (sha-to'), n. ; pi. cha- 
teaux (sha-toz') [Fr.] 1. A castle 
[France.] 2. A country-seat. 

Chat'el-la-NY, n. [See Castel- 
LANY.] Lordship or jurisdiction of 
the governor of a castle. 

Chat'tel (chat'tl), n. [See Cattle.] 
Any kind of property except the 
freehold, or things parcel of it. 

Chat'ter, t. !. [-ed; -ing.] [Cf. 
D. koeteren, to jabber.] 1. To utter 
inarticulate and indistinct sounds. 
2. To talk idly and rapidly ; to jab- 
ber ; to prate. — n. Sounds like 
those of a magpie ; idle talk. 

Chat'ter-box, ) n. One who talks 

Chat'ter-er, J incessantly. 

Chat'ty, a. Given to conversation ; 
talkative. 

Chaud'-med'ley (shod'meda^), n. 
[Fr. chaude melle, fr. chaud, hot, and 
mesler, meler, to mingle.] The kill- 
ing of a person in an affray, while 
under the influence of passion. 

Chaunt, n. & v. See Chant. 
| Chaw, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To chew. 
— ft. As much as is put in the 
mouth at once ; a chew. [Low.] 

Cheap, a. [An abbrev. of good cheap, 
a good bargain ; A.-S. ceap, bargain, 
price.] 1. Of sn»all cost. 2. Being 
of small value. 

CHEAP'jEN(ch5p / n),r. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[A.-S. ceapan, ceapian, to buy, sell, 
Goth, kaupun.] 1. To attempt to 
buy. 2. To beat down the price of. 

Cheap'£N-er, n. One who cheapens. 

Cheap'ly, adv. At a low rate. 

Cheap'ness, n. Lowness in price. 

Cheat, v. f. [-ed; -ing.] To de- 
ceive and defraud in any way. — n. 
[Prob. an abbrev. of escheat, because 
fraudulent measures were often taken 
in procuring escheats.] 1. An act 
of deception ; a fraud : a trick ; im- 
position. 2. A person who cheats. 

CllEAT'ER, n. One who cheats. 

Check, n. [Fr. echec, check (No. 5.). 



OR DO , WOLF .TO"0 TOTOK •, CRN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; C, G, soft; €, G, hard; Ag; EXJST ; H(UN6; THIS- 



CHECKER 



GG 



CHIEF 



See Chess.] 1. Restraint, physical 
er moral ; hindrance ; obstruction. 

2. [From the Exchequer Chamber, 
where the king's accounts were set- 
tled on a checkered cloth.] A mark 
put against items in going over a list. 

3. A token given to identify a thing 
or person. 4. An order on a bank 
for money. 5. ( Chess.) Exposure of 
the king to the attack of an adversary . 
— v. t. [-ED; -ing.] 1. To hinder; 
to repress; to curb. 2. To rebuke, 
chide, or reprove. 3. To make a 
mark against in going over a list. 4. 
To provide with checks, as luggage. 

CiiEck'er, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [See 
Check.] 1. To form into little 
squares. 2. To diversify. — n. 1. 
One who checks. 2. A piece in the 
game of draughts. 

Check'er-board, n. A board for 
playing checkers, or draughts. 

Check'ers, n.pl. A common game, 
called also draughts. 

Check'mate, n. [Ger. schactmatt, 
fr. Per. shah mat, checkmate, lit. the 
king is conquered or dead, from Ar. 
mala, is dead ; because, when the 
king is made prisoner, the game is 
finished.] 1. The movement in chess 
which ends the game. 2. A com- 
plete check or defeat. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To defeat by checkmate. 
2. To arrest or defeat completely. 

Cheek, n. [A.-S. ceac, fr. ceowan, to 
chew.] Either side of the face below 
the eyes. [To chirp. 

Cheep, v. i. [A modification of chirp.] 

Cheer, n. [Gr. <dpa, head, face.] 1. 
A state of feeling or spirits. 2. A 
state of gayety or mirth. 3. Enter- 
tainment. 4. Applause ; encourage- 
ment. — V.t. [-EDJ-ING.] 1. To 
cause to rejoice. 2. To infuse life, 
courage, or hope, into. 3. To urge 
or salute by cheers. — v. i. To utter 
cheers. 

Cheer'ful, a. Having, promoting, or 
expressing, good spirits or joy. 

Cheer'ful-ly, adv. In a cheerful 
manner. 

Oheer'ful-ness, n. Good spirits; 
moderate joy or gayety. 

Syn.— Gayety; mirth; merriment.— 

Cheerfulness is a habit of mind; gayety is 
an occasional excitement of animal spir- 
its; mirth or merriment is noisy gayety. 

Cheer'i-ly, adv. With cheerfulness. 

Cheer'less, a. Gloomy; comfort- 
less ; dreary. 

Cheer'ly, a. Gay ; cheerful. — adv. 
In a cheerful manner. 

Cheer'y, a. 1. In good spirits; 
cheerful. 2. Promoting cheerfulness. 

Cheese, «. [Lat. caseus.] Curd of 
milk, separated from the whey, and 
pressed. 

Cheesje'-cake, n. A cake made of 
soft curds, sugar, and butter. 

Cheese'-mon/ger (-mung'ger, 82), 
n. One who deals in cheese. 

Chees_e'-pr£ss, n. A press for ex- 
pelling whey from curd. 

CHEES/Y,a. Having the qualities or 
taste of cheese. 



CHEP-&(EWRE (sha'diTovr'), n. ; 
pi. CHEFS-DCEUVRE. [Fr.] A 
master-piece in art, literature, &c. 

ChI?'?e,'|- See Chigoe. 

•Chel'i-form, a. [Gr. X V^V, daw, 
and Lat. forma, form.] Having a 
movable joint closing against a pre- 
ceding joint or a projecting part of it, 
as in the claw of a crab. 

€he-lo'ni-an, a. Pertaining to ani- 
mals of the tortoise kind. 

€hem'ic, ) a. Pertaining to chem- 

€hem'I€-AL, j istry. 

€hem'I€-al-ly, adv. According to 
chemical principles. 

£hem'I€-AL§, n. pi. Substances for 
producing chemical effects. 

^he-mise' (she-meez'), n. [Fr., from 
Ar. kamls, shirt, linen under-gar- 
ment.] An under-garment worn by 
females. 

gHEM'i-§ETTE'(shem'e-zet'),n. [Fr., 
dim. of chemise.] An under-garment 
worn over the chemise, [chemistry. 

diEM'IST, «. A person versed in 

€hem'IS-try (kem'is-tr^), n. [See 
Alchemy.} That branch of science 
which treats of the composition of 
substances, and of the changes which 
they undergo. 

C;he-nille' (she-neel'), n. [Fr., a 
caterpillar.] Tufted cord, used in 
ladies' dresses. 

Cheque (chek), n. See Check. 

Cheq'uer (chek'er), n. & v. See 
Checker. 

Cher'ish, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Fr. 
cherir, fr. cher, dear, Lat. carus.] 1. 
To treat with tenderness and affec- 
tion. 2. To hold dear. 

Sytt. — To nourish; foster; nurse; en- 
tertain; encourage; comfort; support. 

ChEr'ish-er, n. One who cherishes. 

Che-root', n. A kind of cigar. 

ClIER'RY,n. [Lat. cerasus, fr. Cerasus, 
a city in Pontus, whence the tree was 
imported into Italy.] 1. A tree and 
its fruit. 2. A cordial of cherry- 
juice and spirit, sweetened. — a. 
Like a red cherry in color ; ruddy. 

€h£r'so-nese, n. [Gr. xepo-oVrpo?, 
fr. xe'pcros, land, and vrjaos, an isle.] 
A peninsula. 

Cher'ub (68, 154), n. [Heb. ker'ab, 
from karab, to grasp.] 1. One of an 
order of angels. 2. A symbolical 
figure, used in the tabernacle and 
temple. 3. A beautiful child. 

Che-ru'bic, ) a. Of, or pertain- 

Che-ru'bic-AL, j ing to, cherubs; 
angelic. [of Cherub. 

Cher'u-BIM, n. The Hebrew plural 

Cher'up, v. i. [Prob. from chirp.] To 
make a short, shrill sound ; to chirp. 
— n. A short, sharp noise, as of a 
cricket. 

Chess, n. [Per. shah, king, as being 
the principal figure.] A game played 
by two persons, on a board contain- 
ing sixfy-four squares. [in chess. 

Chess'-board, n. The board used 

ChEss'-mXn (150), n. A piece used 
in the game of chess. 

Chest, n. [Lat. cista, Gr. kiottj.] 1. 



A box in which articles are deposited. 
2. The thorax. 
Chest'NUT (ches'nut), n. [Gr. ko.<t- 
tolvov, fr. Kdorava, a city of Pontus.] 

1. The fruit, seed, or nut of a certain 
tree. 2. The tree itself, or its tim- 
ber. — a. Being of the color of a 
chestnut ; of a reddish brown color. 

Che va l -d e- fr tse ( shv&ldMreei;'), 

n.; pi. CHEVAUX-DE FRISS 
( shev'o-de-freez ; Fr. pron. shvod'- 
freez'). [Fr., fr. cheval, horse, and 
Frise, Friesland.] A piece of timber 
traversed with pointed spikes. 

^hev'A-eier' (sh6v'-), «: [Fr.,from 
cheval, horse.] 1. A horseman ; 
hence, a knight. 2. A member of 
certain orders of knighthood. 

£hev'i-§ance (shfcV-),»i. [O.Fr.,fr. 
chevir, to come to an end, to per- 
form.] 1. A making of contracts; a 
bargain. 2. An unlawful agreement. 

£hev'RON, n. [Fr., rafter, chevron, 
equiv. to Lat. capriolus, a support of 
timber, from caper, goat.] 1. An 
honorable ordinary, representing two 
rafters meeting at the top. 2. Dis- 
tinguishing marks on the sleeves of 
non-commissioned officers' coats. 

Chew (chob), v. t. or i. [-E»; -ing.] 
[A.-S. ceowan.] 1. To bite and grind 
with the teeth. 2. To ruminate 
mentally; to meditate. — n. That 
which is chewed ; a cud. [Low.] 

CHI-A'RO-bs-ey'RO, ) The same as 

Chi-ar'-os-€V''ro, j Clare- 
obscure, q. '»'. 

Chi-bouque' \ (che-bobkO, n. 

Ch'i-bo'uk' ) [Turkish.] A Turk- 

ish tobacco-pipe. 

C/HI-CANE' (shi-kanO, n. [Fr.,orig. 
a crumb, a small part.] An artful 
subterfuge ; cavil ; sophistry. 

Chi-CAN'er-y, n. Mean or unfair ar- 
tifice to perplex a cause ; chicane. 

Syn. — Trick ; sophistry ; quibble ; 
fetch; stratagem. 

ChIc'O-RY, n. [Lat. cichorium., Gr. 
/cixwpio"-] A plant used for adulter- 
ating coffee ; succory ; endive. 

CHICK, ,\ n. [A.-S. cicen, D. kieken, 

Chick'En/) kuiken.] 1. The young 
of fowls. 2. A young person. 

ChIck'A-dee', n. A bird of North 
America ; — named from its note. 

ChIck'en-heart'ed, a. Timid; 
fearful ; cowardly. 

Chick'en-pox, n. A mild, conta- 
gious, eruptive disease, [cant weed. 

Chick'- weed, n. A kind of insignifi- 

Chide, v. t. [imp. chid ; p. p. chid, 
chidden.] [A.-S. cidan, chidan.] 
To rebuke ; to reproach ; to blame. 

— v. i. 1. To find fault. 2. To 
make a clamorous, roaring noise. 

CHIEF, a. [0. Fr. chief, chef, fr. Lat. 
caput, head.] 1. Highest in office or 
rank. 2. Principal or most eminent 
in any quality or action. — * n. 1. 
Leader of any band or community. 

2. Principal person or thing. 
Syn.— Chieftain; commander; leader. 

— A chief has the pre-eminence or rule 
in civil matters, as, the chief of police or 
of a tribe; a chieftain and commander 



X, e, i, 5, u, y, long; I, £, *i o, tJ, y, short ; cAre, far, Ask, all, what ; ere, veil, tIrm ; pique, fIrm; s6n, 



CHIEF-JUSTICE 



occupy fii'gA military stations; a 
takes the direction of enterprises. 

Chief'-jOs'tice, n. The presiding 
judge of a court. 

Chief'LY, adv. 1. In the first place ; 
principally. 2. For the most part. 

Chief'tain (42), n. [L. Lat. capi- 
taneus, from Lat. caput, head. See 
CHIEF.] Head of a troop, army, or 
clan. [of a chieftain. 

Chief'ta¥n-shTp, n. Rank or office 

ChIg'OE, ) n. A small tropical insect 

ChIg're l | of the flea f.imily. 

ChTl'blain, n. A sore caused by cold. 

Child, n. ; pi. chLVdren. [A.-S. 
cild, pi. cildru, cildra.] 1. A son or 
a daughter. 2. A young person of 
either sex. [ducing children. 

Child'-bear'ING n. Act of pro- 

Child'bed, n. State of a woman in 
labor ; parturition. 

Chilb'birth, n. Act of bringing 
forth a child ; travail ; labor. 

Childe [in Eng. child or child), n. A 
title formerly prefixed to his name 
by the oldest son, until he succeeded 
to the titles of his ancestors, or gained 
new honors. 

Child'hood (27), n. State of a child ; 
time in which persons are children. 

Child'ish, a. Of, or pertaining to, a 
child ; puerile. [a child. 

CHiLD'isH-LY,atfr. In themannerof 

Child'ish-ness, n. State or qualities 
of a child; simplicity. 

Child'less, a. Destitute of children. 

Child'-like, a. Like or becoming a 
child ; submissive ; docile. 

€fIIL'I~AD, n. [Gr. x'Aias, fr. x^'oj/, 
thousand.] A thousand ; especially, 
a thousand years. 

€hil'i-ar€H, n. [Gr. -p.\[a.pxn<> , fr. 
vt\tov, thousaud, and apxo?, leader.] 
Commander of a thousand men. 

CHILL, a. [A.-S. cyle, cele, fr. celan, 
calan, to be cold ] 1. Moderately 
cold ; cool. 2. Affected by cold. 3. 
Formal; distant. — n. A disagree- 
able sensation of coolness ; shiver- 
ing. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 
make chilly ; to affect with cold. 2. 
To depress ; to discourage. 

Chill'i-ness, n. A sensation of 
coolness. 

Chill'ness, n. Coolness ; coldness. 

Chill'Y, n. Moderately cold. 

Chimb (chlm), /i. [D.kim.] Edge of 
acask, &c. See Chine, 2. 

CHIME, n. [It. campana, bell.] 1. 
Harmonious sound of bells. 2. A 
set of bells musically tuned to one 
another. 3. [See Chimb.] Edge of 
a cask or tub. — v i. [-ED ; -ing.] 
1. To sound in harmonious accord, as 
bells. 2. To be in harmony ; to cor- 
respond. 3. To jingle, as in rhyming. 

■ChI-ME'RA, n. [Lat. chim&ra, Gr. 
Xt/u-atpa, orig. a she-goat.] 1. A 
fabulous fire-spouting monster. 2. A 
vain or foolish fancy. 

€hI-mer'I€-AL, a. Merely imaginary; 
existing only in thought. 

€hI-mer'ic-al-ly, adv. Wildly ; 
vainlv ; fancifully. 

ChIm'ney (14'8), n. [Fr. cheminee, fr. 



C7 

Gr. kouuvos, furnace, oven.] Passage 
througn which the smoke is carried 
off ; a flue. 

ChLm'neY-sweep, ) n. One who 

Chim'ney-sweep'er, J sweepsand 
scrapes chimneys. 

C H l M-P X N ' z E E , n . A kind of African 
monkey resembling man. 

Chin, n. [A.-S. cinne, cin, Goth, kin- 
nus, cheek, akin to Lat. gena, Gr. 
yeVvs, Skr. ganda.] The lower ex- 
tremity of the face, below the mouth. 

Chi'NA, n. A fine species of earthen 
ware; porcelain. 

ChIng'A-pin, n . The dwarf chestnut. 

Chin-chIl'la, n. [Sp.] A small 
rodent animal, remarkable for its 
fine fur. [cough. 

Cihn'coUGH (-kof,21), n. Hooping- 

CHINE, n. [0 H. Ger. skina, needle, 
prickie.] 1. Back-bone of an animal. 
2. The chimb or chime of a cask. 

Chink, n. [A.-S. cine, fissure, chink, 
from cinan, to gape.] 1. A gap or 
crack. 2. [See Jingle.] A short, 
sharp sound, as of metal. — v. i. To 
crack; to open; to jingle. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] To jingle. 

Chintz (chints, 108), n. [Hind, chlunt, 
spotted cotton cloth.] Cotton cloth, 
printed with flowers and colors. 

Chip, v. t. [-ped; -ping, 138.] [H. j 
Ger. kippen, to clip, pare.] To cut ( 
into small pieces. — v. i. To break in j 
small pieces. — n. A piece cut or j 
broken off. 

€hi'ro-graph, n. [Gr. x«poypa</>o?, 
written with the hand; x et Pi hand, I 
and ypa^etv, to write.] A writing re- 
quiring a counterpart. It answered ] 
to what is now called a charter-parti/. 

€hi-ROG'ra-pher,'/i. One who prac- 
tices writing. 

€hi'ro-graph'I€, ) a. Pertain- | 

Chi'ro-graph'ic-al, J ing to chi- i 
rography. [pher. ' 

€hi-r6g'ra-ph!st, n. A chirogra- i 

€hi-rog'ra-phy, n. 1. Art of writ- ! 
ing. 2. A writing done with one's 
own hand ; handwriting. 

Ghi-rol'o-gy, n. [Gr. xei'p, hand, 
and Aoyos, speech.] Art of com- 
municating thoughts by signs made 
by the hands and fingers. 

Gin'RO-MAN'OY, n. [Gr. xet'p, hand, 
and fxavreCa, divination.] Divination 
by inspection of the hand ; palm- 
istry. 

€hi-ron'o-my (ki-), n. [Gr. x e <-P°vo- 
pu'a, fr. x et 'p> hand, and vojuos, law, 
rule.] Gesture. 

Ghi-rop'o-dist, n. [Gr. xei'p, hand, 
and 77-ovs, n-oSos, foot.] One who re- 
moves corns, &c. , from the feet. 

Chirp (18), v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Ger. 
zirpen, tschirpen.] To make a short, 
sharp sound, as is done by fowls or 
crickets. — n. A short, sharp note. 

Chir'rup, i'. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [See | 
Chirp.] To quicken or animate by 
chirping. — n. Act of chirping. 

Chi-rur'geon (ki-riir'jun, 34), n. I 
See Surgeon. 

CHfg'EL,n. [0. Fr. cisel, Fr. ciseau, j 
fr. Lat. sicilicula, dim. of sicilis, 



CHOKER 

sickle.] An instrument for paring, 
hewing, or gouging. — v. I. [-ED, 
-ING; or -LED, -LING, 137.] Tocut, 
pare, gouge, or engrave with a chisel. 

CHIT, n. [A.-S. cidh, shoot, sprig, fr. 
the root cian, to germinate.] 1. A 
shoot ; a sprout. 2. A child or babe. 

Chit'chXt,/i. [From chat, by re- 
duplication.] Familiar or trifling 
talk. 

Chit'ter-lLngr,k. pi. [Cf. A.-S. 
cwidli and cwidha, belly, womb, 
stomach.] The smaller intestines of 
swine, &c, fried for food. 

(^HIV'AL-r'ig I (shiv'-), a. Pertain- 

£hiv'al-ROUS j ing to chivalry ; gal- 
lant. 

^Hlv'AL-RY(shiv<'-, 67), n. [Fr. cheval- 
erie, fr. chevalier, knight.] 1. A body 
of cavaliers or knights serving on 
horseback ; cavalry. 2. Dignity or 
system of knighthood. 3. Qualifica- 
tions or character of knights. 

Chives, n. pi. [See Cives.] 1. Slenuer 
filaments in the blossoms of plants. 

2. A small species of onion. 
€hl6'rate,h. A salt formed by the 

union of chloric acid with a base. 

CHLO'Rre, a. Pertaining to chlorine, 
or obtained from it. 

€HLO'RtDE (49), n. A compound of 
chlorine with another element. 

€HLO'RiNE,n. [Gr. x^po?, pale- 
green ; — from its color.] A heavj' 
gas of greenish color, which forms a 
constituent of common salt. 

eHL5'RO-FORM (25), n. [From chlo- 
rine &nd.formyl, it being a terchloride 
of formyl.] An oily, volatile liquid, 
used to produce insensibility. 

Chock, v. t. To stop or fasten as with 
a wedge. — n. Something to confine 
a cask or other body, by fitting into 
the space around or beneath it. 

CHOCK'-FULL, a. Completely full. 

Cho€'o-late, n. [Mexican cacuatl, 
cacao.] A paste composed of the 
roasted and ground kernel of the ca- 
cao, or a beverage obtained from it. 

Choice (66), n. [Fr. choix, fr. choisir, 
to choose, fr. Goth, kausjan, to ex- 
amine.] 1. Act of choosing ; elec- 
tion. 2. Power of choosing ; option. 

3. The thing chosen. — a. [-ER,- 
-EST.] 1. Worthy of being chosen. 
2. Selected with care. 

Syx. — Precious; costly; uncommon. 

CHOICE'LY, adv. With care in choos- 
ing, [choice. 

Choice 'NESS, n. Quality of being 

€hoir (kwTr) (38), n. [Lat. chorus, 
Gr. x°P°5.] 1. An organized com- 
pany of singers. 2. That part of a 
church appropriated to the singers. 

Choke (20), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
aceocjan, to suffocate : ceace, ceac, 
jaw, cheek.] 1. To stifle; to suffo- 
cate. 2. To obstruct by filling up or 
clogging. — v. i. To have the wind- 
pipe stopped. 

Choke'-damp, n. Carbonic acid gas 
accumulated in wells, mines, &c. 

Ch5ke'-FULL, a. Full as possible; 
quite full. [chokes. 

ChSk'er, n. He who, or that which, 



I 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TO"OKj URN, RUE, PULL ; E.I, O, silent ; C,G,5q/i!/ €,G,hard; AgJ EXIST j N as NG ; THI3 



CHOKY 



68 



CHUCK-FARTHING 



CHOK'Y, a. Tending to choke. 

€Hol'er (koPer), n. [Gr. x oA e'pa, fr. 
XoAos, x°^Vi bile 1- ,JLlQe bile ; — 
formerly supposed to be the seat of 
irascibility. 2. Anger; wrath. 

£hol'er-a, n. A disease character- 
ized by vomiting and purging, and 
also by griping and spasms in the 
legs and arms. 

Cholera morbus, a milder and more 
common form of the cholera. 

€hol'ER-ic (123), a. 1. Easily ir- 
ritated ; irascible. 2. Angry ; indi- 
cating anger. 

Choose (66), v. t. [imp. chose ; p. 
p. CHOSEN, CHOSE.] [A.-S. ceosan, 
Goth, kiusan.] To make choice of. 

SYx. — Prefer; elect. — Choose is ge- 
neric: to prefer is to choose one thins as 
more desirable than another; to elect is 
to choose or take for some purpose, of- 
fice, &c, usually by suffrage, as, to elect a 
president. 

— v. i. 1. To prefer. 2. To have 
the power of choice. 

Choos/er, n. One who chooses; an 
elector. 

Chop (33), v. t. [-ped ; -ping.] [Gr. 
fc6Aa</>os, buffet.] 1. To cut into 
pieces. 2. To sever by one or more 
blows. — v. >'. 1. To come upon or 
seize suddenly. 2. To shift suddenly. 

— n. 1. Act of chopping. 2. A 
piece chopped off; a slice or small 
piece. 3. [Chinese.] Quality ; brand. 

Chop'-HOUSE, n. A house where 
chops, &c, are sold, [which, chops. 

Chop'per, n. One who, or that 

ChoP'ping, a. [Cf. Chubby.] 1. 
Stout or plump. 2. Coming from 
different directions. 

Chop'stick, n. One of two small 
sticks used by the Chinese to convey 
food to the mouth. 

•Cho'RAL, a. [Lat. choralis, fr. chorus, 
Gr. xopo?.] Belonging to a choir; 
sung in chorus. — n. A hymn-tune. 

■Chord, n. [Lat. chorda, __l 
Gr. x°P 5r ?> string.] 1. 
String of a musical in- 
strument. 2. An har- 
monious combination of 
tones simultaneously 
performed. 3. A right 
line, uniting the extrem- 
ities of the arc of a cir- 
cle. — v.t. [-ED; -ing.] To pro- 
vide with musical chords or strings. 

Chore,??. [Eng. char.] A small job; 

— commonly in the pi. [Amer.] 
€ho'ri-amb, n. [Gr. xopia^os, fr. 

Xopetos, trochee, and ta/u./3o?, iambus ] 

(Ancient Pros.) A foot consisting of 

four syllables, the first and last long, 

and the others short. 
Cho'rist, n. A singer in a choir. 
€hor'is-ter, n. 1. One of a choir ; 

a singer in a concert. 2. A leader 

of a choir. 
€ho-rog'ra-pher, n. One who 

makes a map of a particular country. 
Cho'ro-graph'ic-al, a. Pertaining 

to chorography. 
€'HO-ROG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. xwpoypa- 

(j>Ca, fr. x<«>po5, place, and ypa^eiv, to 

describe.] Art of making a map or 




| description of a particular region or 

! country. 

-Gho'rus, n. [Lat. chorus, Gr. x°P°*-] 
1. ( Gr. Drama.) A company sup- 
posed to behold what passes in the 
acts of a tragedy, and who sing their 
sentiments between the acts. 2. A 
company of singers singing in con- 
cert. 3. What is said or sung by the 
chorus in a tragedy ; part of a song 
in which the company join. 
CHd£E (shoz), n. [Fr.*, fr. Lat. causa, 
cause.] A thing; personal property. 

Chose in action, a thing of which one 
has not possession or actual enjoyment, 
but only a right to it. 

CHOgE, imp. & p. p. of Choose. 

CHOg'SN (choz'n), p. p. of Choose. 

Chough (chtif), n. [A.-S. ceo, Fr. 
choucus.] A bird of the crow family. 

Chouse, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Turk. 
chiaous, a messenger of the Turkish 
emperor, one of whom, in 1609, com- 
mitted a gross fraud upon the Turk- 
ish merchants resident in England.] 
To cheat, trick, defraud. — n. 1. A 
simpleton ; a gull. 2. A trick ; im- 
position. 

Chow'chow, n. [Chin.] A kind of 
mixed pickles. 

Chow'der, n. A dish of fresh fish, 
pork, onions, &c, stewed together. 

€hres-ToM'a-thy, n. [Gr. XPW- 
TOfj.a6eia, from xp^o"™?, useful, and 
fj.a6elv, to learn.] A selection of 
passages, with notes, &c, to be used 
in acquiring a language. 

CHRisM, n. [Gr. xptcrp.a, fr. xP tetI/ > *° 
anoint. ]_ Oil consecrated by a bishop. 

€hris-i\ta'TION, n. Act of applying 
consecrated oil. [the chrism. 

-CiiRts'MA-TO-RY (50), n. A vessel for 

■CHRIST, n. [Gr. xpicrros, anointed, fr. 
Xpieiv, to anoint.] THE ANOINTED ; 
the Savior ; the Messiah. 

€HRis'TJEN(krTs / n),r. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[A.-S. cristnian, fr. cristen, cristena, 
a Christian.] 1. To baptize. 2. To 
give a name to. 

€hris'T£N-dom (kris'n-), n. [A.-S. 
cristendom, from cristen, a Christian, 
and the term, dom.] 1. That portion 
of the world in which Christianity 
prevails. 2. Whole body of Christians. 

-Ghris'tian (knst'yan, 65), n. [See 
CHRIST.] A believer in Christ. — a. 
1. Pertaining to Christ or his re- 
ligion. 2. Professing Christianity. 

Cliristianname, the name given in bap- 
tism, as distinct from the family name, 
or surname. 

€HRIS-TIAN'I-TY (krist-y;Wi-ty), n. 
The religion_ taught by Christ. 

CHRIS'TIAN-IZE, v.t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To convert to Christianity. 

€HRls'TlAN-LY, adv. In a Christian 
manner. [Christ. 

Christ'less, a. Having no faith in 

-GHRtsT'MAS (kris'mas, 146), n. 1. 
Festival of Christ's nativity ; the 25th 
of December. 2. Christmas-day. 

€hrIst'mas-box (kris'mas-), n. A 
box in which presents are put at 
Christmas. 

€hris-t5l'o-gY, n. [Gr. xpktoS) 



Christ, and Ao-yos, discourse.] A dis- 
course or treatise concerning Christ. 

€hro-Mat'IC, a. [Gr. xP^/uaTiKos, 
suited for color, fr. xP^Ma, color.] 1. 
Relating to color. 2. (Mus.) Pro- 
ceeding by the smaller intervals 
(half-steps or semitones) of the scale. 

€hro-mat'1€S, n. Science of colors. 

€hrome, \n. [Gr. xpw/uia, color.] 

€hro'mi-UM, j A hnrd, brittle metal 
of a grayisL-white color. 

€hr6'MO, n. [Gr. XP^M", color.] A 
chromo-lithograph. 

€HKO'MO-LiTH'o-GRAPH, w. A lith- 
ograph printed in colors. 

€hr6n'ic, I a. [Gr. xpovikos, fr. 

€hroj\'I€-AL, J xp° v °s, time.] Con- 
tinuing for a long time. 

€hr6]\'I-€LE (krSn'I-kl), n. A reg- 
ister of events in the order of time. — 
v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To record in 
history ; to register. [chronicle. 

€hron'i-cler, n. A writer of a 

€hron'o-gram, )n. [Gr. xpovos, 

€hron'o-grAPH, ) time, and ypdfi- 
ixa, writing, ypa^etv, to write.] An 
inscription which includes in it the 
date of an event. [oger. 

€hro-nog'ra-PHER, n. A chronol- 

Chro-nol'o-Ger, ) n. One skilled 

€hro-nol'o-gist, J in chronology. 

enEON'o-LOG'K, 1 a. Relating 

Chron'o-L(3g'I€-al, ) to chronol- 
ogy ; according to the order of time. 

€huon / o-l6g'ic-al-ly, adv. In a 
chronological manner. 

€lIRO-NOL'0-GY, n. [Gr. xpovoAcyia, 
fr. xpoVos, time, and Ao-yos, discourse.] 
Science of computing time by regular 
divisions and which assigns to events 
their proper dates. 

€hro-n6m'e-ter, n. [Gr. XP° V0 *> 
time, and p-erpov, measure.] A time- 
keeper ; esp. a portable time-keeper of 
superior construction and accuracy. 

Chron'o-met'ric, ) a. Pertain 

Chron'o-met'ric-al, ) ing to, oi- 
measured by, a chronometer. 

€hrys'a-l,is (krls-), n. ; pi. CHRY- 
sXl/1-DES. [Gr. xpvo-aAAis, gold- 
colored sheath of butterfiies, from 
Xpvo-os, gold.] A form into which 
the caterpillar of butterflies, moths, 
&c, passes, and from which the per- 
fect insect, after a while, emerges. 

€HRYS'0-PRASE, n. [Gr. xpveronpa- 
o-os, from xpveros, gold, and irpdo-ov, 
leek.] A kind of massive quartz. 

Chub, n. [Cf. Fr. chabot, a chub, 
Lat. capito, a fish with a large head, 
caput, head.] A fresh-water fish of 
the carp family. 

ChCb'bed, 1 a. Like a chub ; plump, 

Chub'by, j short, and thick. 

Chuck, v. i. [Formed in imitation of 
the sound] To make a noise like 
that of a hen calling her chickens. — 
v. t. [-ed: -ing.] 1. To strike 
gently. 2. To throw ; to pitch. — n. 
1. The call of a hen. 2. A slight 
blow under the chin. 3. A contriv- 
ance fixed to the mandrel of a turn- 
ing-lathe for holding the material to 
be operated upon. 

ChOck'-far'thing, n. A play in 



A, E, I, O, U, Y.,long; A.E,!, 6, tJ, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM j PIQUE, FIRM ; S6N, 



CHUCKLE 



69 



CIRCUMFERENTOR 



which a farthing is pitched into a 
hole. 

CHU€K'LE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] fFrom 
chuck.] To call, as a hen her chick- 
ens. — v. i. To laugh in a suppressed 
or broken manner. — n. A short, 
suppressed laugh of exultation or de- 
rision. 

Chuff, n. [Perhaps a modif. of chub.] 
A coarse, dull, or surly fellow. 

ChOff'y, a. Surly ; clownish. 

CHUM, n. [Prob. a contr. from com- 
rade.] A room-mate, esp. in a college. 

Chunk, ii. A short, thick piece of 
any thing. 

CHURCH (68), n. [Gr. Kvpiairq, Kvpia- 
kov, Lord's house, fr. Kupios, lord.] 

1. A building for Christian worship. 

2. An organized body of Christian 
believers. 3. The collective body of 
Christians. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
unite with in returning thanks in 
church, as after childbirth. 

ChUrch'man (150). n. 1. An eccle- 
siastic or clergyman. 2. An Episco- 
palian, [a churchman. 

Church'man-ship, a. State of being 

ChOrch'-ward'en, n. An officer 
whose duties respect the temporal 
interests of a church or parish. 

ChOrch'-yard, n. A grave-yard ad- 
joining to a church ; a cemetery. 

CHURL, (86), n. [A.-S. ceorl.] 1. A 
rustic ; a countryman or laborer. 2. 
A rough, surly, ill-bred man. 3. A 
niggard. 

Churl/ish, a. Like a churl ; illiberal. 

Churl'ish-ness, n. Rudeness of 
manners or temper ; indisposition to 
kindness or courtesy. 

Churn (36), n. A vessel for making 
butter in. — v. t. [-ED; -ING] [A.- 
S. cernan, Icel. kirna, from kiarni, 
marrow, cream.] To agitate, as 
cream, in order to make butter. 

Churn'ing, n. Quantity of butter 
made at one operation. 

Chyle (kll), n. [Gr. x u *-°?> juice, 
from x eet,/ ) *° pour.] A miiky fluid, 
derived from chyme, and conveyed 
into the circulation. 

€hyl/i-fa€'tion, it. [Gr. x v ^°s, 
and Lat. facere, to make.] Process 
by which chyle is formed. [chj le. 

CH^L/l-Fr-eX'TiON, n. Formation of 

€hyl'OUs (kTl'us), a. Consisting of 
chyle, or partaking of it. 

Chyme (kim), n. [Gr. x v t JL °^i juice, 
from x eeu/ ) *° pour.] Pulp formed 
by the food after it has been for 
some time in the stomach. 

Chym'is-try, &c. See Chemistry. 

Chym'I-fi-ga'tion, n. [Lat. ckymus, 
chyme, and facere, to make.] Act 
or process of becoming or of forming 
chyme. [chyme. 

€hym'OUs (kfm'us), a. Pertaining to 

(pi€'A-TRif ( :E, ii. A scar remaining 
after a wound is healed. 

C1-€_A'TRIX, n. ; pi. fie'A-TRl'- 
PE£. [Lat.] A scar; a cicatrice. 

(plfe'A-TRl-ZA'TlON, n. Process of 
forming a cicatrice. 

Cl€'A-TRiZE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
heal and induce the formation of a 



cicatrice in, as in wounded flesh. — 
v. i. To heal or be healed. 

Cicerone (che-che-rd'ne or sis'e- 
ro'ne), n. [It. Cicerone, Cicero, the 
Roman orator; fr. the talkativeness 
of such a guide.] One who shows 
strangers the curiosities of a place. 

Qic'E-RO'Ni-AN, a. Resembling Cice- 
ro in style or action. 

ClClSBEO (che'ehis-ba'o or se-sis'- 
be-o), n. [It.] The professed gal- 
lant of a married woman. 

QI'DER, ii. [Fr. cidre, Gr. criKepa ; of 
Oriental origin.] A drink made from 
the juice of apples. 

Ci-devant (sSd'vSng'), a. [Fr.] 
Former ; previous. 

£l-GAR', n. [Sp. cigarro.] A small 
roll of tobacco, used for smoking. 

CiG'AR-ETTE', ii. A little cigar. 

£il'ia-ry (sll'ya-), «. Belonging to 
the eye-lashes. 

Qi-Ll'cious (si-Hsh'us), a. [Lat. cili- 
cium, a covering, orig. of Cilician 
goat's hair, from Cilicia, in Asia Mi- 
nor.] Made, or consisting, of hair. 

(^TlM'E-TER, n. [Biscayan cimetarra, 
with a sharp edge.] A short sword 
with a, recurvated point. 

£im-me'ri-an (89), a. 1. Pertaining 
to the Cimmerii, a fabulous people, 
said to have dwelt in caves, in utter 
darkness. 2. Intensely dark. 

ClN-GHO'NA. n. [Named from the 
Countess Cinchon.] Peruvian bark, 
or thetree which produces it. 

QlNCT'URE (53), it. [Lat. cinctura, 
from cingere, to gird.] 1. A belt ; a 
girdle. 2. That which encompasses ; 
inclosure. 

QlN'DER, ii. [A.-S. sinder, fr. syndri- 
an, to separate.] 1. A particle of 
matter remaining after combustion. 
2. A small coal with ashes ; an ember. 

QlN'E-MAT'ICS, n. sing. [Gr. Kiveta, 
to move.] Science which treats of 
motions considered apart from their 
causes. 

ClN'ER-A-RY, a. [Lat. cinerarius, fr. 
cinis, ashes.] Pertaining to, or con- 
taining, ashes. [thing to ashes. 
IN'ER-A'TION, n. Reducing of any 
IN'ER-I'TIOUS (-ish'us), a. Having 
the color or consistence of ashes. 

QlN'NA-BAR, n. [Gr. /awa/Sapis, Per. 
qinbar.] Red sulphuret of mercury ; 
vermilion. 

QlN'NA-MON, n. [Gr. Ktvvafxov, Kivva- 
/xw/ixov, from a Phenician word.] Aro- 
matic inner bark of a tree growing in 
Ceylon. 

(plNQUE (sink, 82), n. [Lat. quinque, 
five.] Five, upon dice or in cards. 

ClNQUE'-FOIL, n. [Fr. cinque, five, 
undfeuille, leaf.] 1. A plant of dif- 
ferent species. 2. An ornamental 
foliation having five points, used in 
windows, panels, &c. 

Ql'ON, n. [0. Fr. fr. Lat. sectio, a cut- 
ting.] A young shoot, twig, or sprout. 

Cl'PHER, n. [Ar. sifrun, empty, ci- 
pher, zero.] 1. The character in 
arithmetic. 2. A person of no worth 
or character. 3. An enigmatical 
character. 4. A private alphabet or 







system of characters. — v. i. [-ED, 
-ING.] To practice arithmetic. 

ClR'GLE (18), n. [Lat. circulus, dim. 
of circus, circle.] 1. A 
plane figure, bounded by 
a single curve line, every 
part of which is equally- 
distant from a point 
within it called the cen- 
ter. 2. The line that Circle - 
bounds such a figure ; a circumfer- 
ence. 3. A round body ; a sphere. 
4. Compass ; circuit. 5. A company- 
6. A series ending where it begins. — 
v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To move or 
revolve around. 2. To surround ; to 
inclose. — v. i. To move circularly. 

CiR'€LET, n. A little circle. 

OlR'€UlT (sir'kit, 18), n. [Lat. circu- 
itus, from circum, around, and ire, to 
go] 1. Act of moving or revolving- 
around. 2. The region over which 
the jurisdiction, as of a judge, &c, 
extends. 3. The distance around 
any space. — v. t. To move or make 
to go_ round. [circuit ; indirect. 

Cir-GU'i-tous, a. Going round in a 

(JIR-CU'I-TOUS-LY, adv. In a circuit. 

£lR'€U-L>R(18). a. 1. Pertaining to, 
or in the form of, a circle ; round. 2. 
Addressed to a number of persons. — 
n . A letter, or paper, copies of which 
are addressed to various persons. 

^ir'gu-lar'i-ty, n. State of being 
circular. [manner. 

(plR'cu-LAR-LY, adv. In a circular 

£lR'€U-LATE, V. i. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To move or pass round. 2. To pass 
from place to place, from person to 
person, or from hand to hand. — v. 
t. To cause to pass round. 

Qir'cu-la'tion, 11. 1. Act of circu- 
lating. 2. Currency ; coin, or notes, 
bills, &c, current as money. 3. Ex- 
tent to which any thing circulates. 

(^Ir/GUM-am'BI-ent, a. [Lat. circum, 
around, and ambire, to go round.] 
Surrounding ; encompassing. 

ClR'GUM-AM'BU-LATE, V. i. [Lat. 
circumambulare, fr. circum, around, 
and ambulare, to walk.] To walk 
round about. _ [walking around. 

CTr'gum-am/bu-LA'tion. ii. Act of 

giR'GUM-CIgE (18), V. t. [-ED ; -ING. J 
[Lat. circumcidere, circumcisum, fr. 
circum, around, and cxdere, to cut.] 

1. To cut off the foreskin of. 2. To 
render spiritual or holy. 

Cir'cum-^is/er, n. One who per- 
forms circumcision. 

C^ir/cum-cis'ion (-sTzh'un), n. 1. 
Act of cutting off the prepuce or 
foreskin. 2. (Script.) (a.) Spiritual 
purification, and acceptance of th& 
Christian faith, (b.) The Jews as 
distinguished from the Gentiles. 

Cir-gOm'fer-ence, n. [Lat. circum- 
ferentia, from circum, around, and 
ferre, to bear.] 1. Line that encom- 
passes a circular figure ; periphery. 

2. Any thing circular. 3. External 
surface of a sphere. 

Cir-gum'fer-EN'tiae, a. Pertain- 
ing to a circumference. 
Qir-gOm/fer-en'tor, n. An instrU- 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL ; e,i, O, silent ; c, G, soft; €,G,/iard; A§; E£IST; JfasNG; THIS. 



CIRCUMFLEX 



70 



CIVILIZE 



ment used by surveyors for taking 
horizontal angles and bearings. 

QIr'€UM-flex, n. [Lat. circumflexus, 
a bending round.] 1. A wave of the 
voice. 2. A character, denoting in 
Greek a rise and fall of the voice 
on the same long syllable [marked 
thus, "" or "] ; and in Latin and some 
other languages, denoting a long and 
contracted syllable [marked "]. 

ClR-efJM'FLU-ENT, ) a. [Lat. circu?*- 

£lR-€UiYI'FLU-OUS, ) fluere,circum- 
Jluens, from circum, around, nndflu- 
ere, to flow.] Flowing around. 

CIr/«UM-fo-ra'ne-an, )a. [Lat. 

^iR^eUM-FO-RA'NE-OIJS, J circum- 
foraneus, fr. circum, around, and_/b- 
rum, a market-place.] Going about 
or from house to house. 

QIr/CUM-fuse', v. t. [Lat. circum- 
fundere, -fusum, fr. circum, around, 
and fundere, to pour.] To pour or 
spread round. [spreading around. 

Cir'cuivi-fu'sion, n. A pouring or 

QIr'cum-gy-ra'tion, n. [Lat. cir- 
cum, around, and gyrare, to turn 
around.] A turning, rolling, or 
whirling round. 

QlR/GUM-JA'CENT, a. [Lat. circum- 
jaccre, circumjazens, from circum, 
around, and jaccre, to lie.] Lying 
around ; bordering. 

C/lR'GUM-LO-CU'TION, n. [Lat. cir- 
cumlocittio, fr. circum, around, and 
loqui, to speak.] A circuit of words ; 
a periphrase. 

£Ir/€UM-l6€'u-to-ry, a. Relating 
to a circumlocution ; periphrastic. 

CIr'€UM-nav'i-ga-bl,e, a. Capable 
of being sailed around. 

QlR'eUM-NAV'I-GATE, V. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] [Lat. circumnavigare , fr. cir- 
cum, around, and navigare, to nav- 
igate.] To sail around. 

(TlR^eUM-NAV'l-GA'TION, n. Act of 
circumnavigating. [sails around. 

QlR'CUM-NAV'I-GA'TOR, n. One who 

(^Ir'CUM-PO'lar, a. [Lat. circum, 
around, and Eng. polar.} About or 
near the pole. 

^Ir/€UM-ko'ta-RY, a. Turning, roll- 
ing, or whirling round. 

C/lR'CUM-RO-TA'TION, n. [Lat. cir- 
cumrotare, from circum, around, and 
rota, wheel.] A rolling or revolving 
round, as a wheel. 

(^iR^euM-RO'TA-TO-RY (50), a. Turn- 
ing, rolling, or whirling round. 

^If/gum-scrib'a-ble, a. Capable 
of being circumscribed. 

^iR'CUM-SeRIBE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. circumscribere , from circum, 

„ around, and scribere, to write, draw.] 
To inclose within a certain limit. 

QxR/GUM-seRiP'Ti-BLE, a. Capable 
of being circumscribed. 

QIr'gum-sgrip'tion, n. Limitation 
by conditions, restraints, &c. ; con- 
finement ; limit. [external form . 

CTR'€UM-S€RiP'TlVE, a. Defining the 

VIR'€UM-SPE€T, a. [Lat. circumspi- 
cr-re, circumspectus, from circum, 
around, and spicere, to look.] Cau- 
tious ; prudent ; watchful ; wary : 
vigilant. 



QiR/^um-spec'tion, n. Attention to 
all the facts and circumstances of a 
case ; caution ; watchfulness. 

<piR'€UM-SPE€T'lVE, a. Cautious ; 
careful of consequences ; wary. 

Cji'R'CJUM-SPECT'LY, adv. With cir- 
cumspection, [circumspection. 

CIr'^UM-SPECTVNESS, n. Caution; 

(,'lR'GUM-STANCE (113), n. [Lat. cir- 
cumstantia, fr. circum, around, and 
stare, to stand.] 1. Something at- 
tending on a fact, though not essen- 
tial thereto. 2. pi. Condition in re- 
gard to property. 

Syn. — Fact; event; incident.— A/act 
is a thing done; an event a tiling which 
turns up or occurs ; an incident some- 
thing that falls in to some general course 
of events. A circumstance is some ad- 
junct to an event which more or less 
affects it. 

QIr'CUM stan'tial, a. 1. Consisting 
in, or pertaining to, particular inci- 
dents. 2. Abounding with circum- 
stances; minute; particular. — n. 
Something incidental, but of minor 
importance ; — in the plural. 

£nV€UM-STAN'TlAL-LY,atfu. 1. Ac- 
cording to circumstances. 2. In every 
particular. 

C/IR'GUM-STAN'TI-ATE (-shi-at), V. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. To place in partic- 
ular circumstances. 2. To enter into 
details concerning. 

CtfR^UM-VAL'EATE, v. t. [Lat. cir- 
cumvallare, fr. circum, around, and 
vallare, to wail.] To surround with 
a rampart. 

C^r'cum-val-la'tion, n. 1. Act of 
surrounding with a wall or rampart. 
2. A line of field works surrounding 
the camp of a besieging army. 

C/IR'eUM-VENT', V. t. [-EC; -ING.] 
[Lat. circumvenire, from circum, 
around, and venire, to come.] To 
overreach ; to deceive ; to delude. 

C/Ir^um-ven'TION, n. Deception; 
fraud ; imposture. [artifices. 

CiR'CUM-VENT'ivE, a. Deceiving by 

£lR'€UM-VEST', v. t. [Lat. circum- 
vestire, fr. circum, around, and ves- 
tire, to clothe.] To cover round, as 
with a garment. 

C^Tr^um-vo-lu'tion, n. 1. Act of 
rolling round. 2. A thing rolled 
round another. 

QlR^GUM-VOLVE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. circumvolvere, from circum, 
around, and volvere, to roll.] To cause 
to revolve. — v.i. To revolve. 

giR'eus, n. ; pi. 9?r'€US-E2- [Lat. 
circus, Gr. Kip/co?.] 1. An inclosed 
place for games or feats of horseman- 
ship. 2. Performers in a circus. 

Qi'R'ROUS, a. [Lat. cirrus, lock, curl.] 
Terminating in a curl or tendril. 

CIs-al'pIne , a. [Lat. Cisalpinus ; cis, 
on this tide, and alpinus, Alpine.] On 
the hither or south side of the Alps. 

Cjis'AT-LAN'TIC, a. Being on this side 
of the Atlantic Ocean, [mountains. 

Cis-MON'TANE, a. On this side of the 

(^is'PA-DANE , a. [Lat. cis, on this 
side, and Padanus, fr. Padus, the Po.] 
On the hither or south side of the Po. 

CjIS'SOID, n. [Gr. /acrcroeiSr??, like ivy, 



fr. kkto-os, ivy, and elSos, form.] A 
certain geometrical curve. 

£is-t£r'CIAN (63), n. One of an or- 
der of Benedictine monks established 
at Citeaux, in France. 

Cjis'TERN, n. [Lat. cisterna, fr. cista, 
chest.] A reservoir for water, beer, 
or other liquids. 

C/lT. n. [Contr. from citizen.] A cit- 
izen : — used contemptuously. 

giT'A-DEL, n. [It. citadella, dim. of 
cittd, city.] A fortress or castle in 
or near a fortified city. 

£i-TA'tion, n. [L. Lat. citatio, fr. ci- 
tare, to cite.] 1. A summons ; a notice 
to appear. 2. A passage from a book, 
or from another person, in his own 
words; a quotation. 

CjI'TA-TO-RY, a. Having the power or 
jform of citation. 

C/ITE,r. t. [-ed;-ING.] [L&t.citare, 
intens. form of circ, cicre, to put in 
motion, to excite.] 1. To summon. 

2. T© quote, name, or repeat. 3. To 
call or name, in support, proof, or 
confirmation of. [or quotes. 

Cit'er, n. One who cites, summons, 

C'ith'ern, a. Same as Cittern. 

£lT'I-Z.EN, n. [From city.] 1. A 
freeman of a city. 2. An inhabitant 
in any city, town, or place. 3. Any 
native born or naturalized inhabi- 
tant of a country. [Amer.] [citizen. 

OlT'l-ZJEN-siiip, n. State of being a 

yiT'RATE, n. [Lat. ntreum, citron, 
lemon.] A salt formed by the union 
of citric acid and a base. 

CJlT'Ric, a. Pertaining to an acid 
in the juice of the lemon, &c. 

C/it'rine , a. Like a citron or lemon ; 
of a lemon color. 

£lT'RON,n. [Gr. Kirpov.] Fruit of 
the citron-tree, resembling a lemon. 

C^T'Y, n. [Lat. civitas, fr. civis, citi- 
zen.] 1. A large town. 2. A corpo- 
jale town. 3. Inhabitants of a city. 

QlVEg (slvz), n.pl. [Lat. cepa, csepa, 
cxpe, onion.] A species of garlic. 

Qiv'et, n. [L.Gr. £x7reTioi/,frorn Per. 
zabad, civet.] 1. 
A strong, musky 
substance, used 
as a perfume. 2. 
The animal that 
produces civet ; — 
a native of North 
Africa. 

CJlV'lG, a. [Lat. civicus, fr. civis, citi- 
zen.] Relating to, or derived from, 
a city or citizen. 

£lV'IL, a. [La,t. civilis, fr. civis, citi- 
zen.] 1. Lawful or political, as op- 
posed to military. 2. Pertaining to 
an organized community ; civilized. 

3. Courteous ; complaisant. 
(pI-VlL'IAN, n. 1. One skilled in the 

civil law. 2. One whose pursuits 
are those of civil life. 

C/i-viL'l-TY, n. 1. Courtesy ; polite- 
ness. 2. p'. Acts of politeness. 

Qiv'il-I-za'tion, n. Act of civiliz- 
ing, or state of being civilized. 

C/iv'lL-iZE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To re- 
claim from a savage state ; to edu- 
cate ; to refine. 




Civet. 



5., e, l, o,u, y, long; a, £,1,6, tJ, y, short; cAre, far, ask; all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, fIrm; son, 



CIVILIZED 



71 



CLEAN 



Crv'IL-IZJED, a. Reclaimed from sav- 
age life and manners ; cultivated. 

Ctv'lL-iz'ER, n. One who, or that 
which, civilizes. 

CIv'lL-LY, adv. 1. In a civil manner, 
in reference to civil society. 2. Po- 
litely. 

CIv'lgM, n. State of citizenship. 

■eLAB'BER, n. [See Bonny-Clab- 
BER.] Milk turned thick. 

"GL.XCK, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 
make a sudden, sharp noise; to 
clink ; to click. 2. To talk rapidly. 
— n. [Fr. claque, a slap or smack, 
M. H. Ger. klac, crack.] 1. A sharp, 
abrupt sound made by striking an 
object. 2. Any thing that causes a 
clacking noise. 3. Continual talk. 

Claim, r. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. da- 
mare, to cry out, call.] To call for ; 
to challenge as a right. — n. 1. A 
demand of a right. 2. A right to 
demand ; a title to any thing in pos- 
session of another. 3. The thino: 
demanded. [claimed. 

Claim' A-BLE, a. Capable of being 

Claim'ant, ii. One who claims. 

Clair- voy'ance, n. A power of dis- 
cerning objects not present to the 
senses. 

CLAIR-VOY'ANT, a. [Fr., from clair, 
clear, and voyant, p. pr. of voir, to 
see.] Discerning objects which are 
not present. — n. One who discerns 
objects not present to the senses. 

€lam, ii. [Another form of clamp.] 

1. A bivalve shell-fish. 2. pi. A kind 
of vise. — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
clsemian.] To clog, as with gluti- 
nous matter. 

€lam'ber, f. ?', [-ed; -ing.] [L. 
Ger. klempern, 0. II. Ger. c.hlimban, 
chlimpan.] To climb with difficulty, 
or with hands and feet. 

Clam'mi-ness, n. State of being 
clammy. [ous. 

Clam'my, a. Soft and sticky ; glutin- 

ClXm'OR, n. [Lat.] Loud and con- 
tinued shouting or noise. 

Syx. — Outcry : exclamation ; noise ; 
uproar ; vociferation. 
— v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] To salute or stun 
with noise. — v. i. To vociferate; 
to make importunate demands. 

Clam'or-ous, a. Noisy ; vociferous ; 
turbulent. [noise or words. 

€lam'or-ous-ly, adv. With loud 

Clamp, n. [D. klamp, fr. klampen, 
to fasten.] 1. A piece 
of timber or iron, used /^S 
to fasten work together. ([ * 

2. One of a pair of mova- 11 
ble pieces of soft materi- ^^g JJ 
al, to cover the jaws of a Sp 
vise.— v.t. [-ED; -ing.] 

To fasten with a clamp. clam P W- 

€lan, n. [Of Celtic origin.] 1. A 
tribe uuder one chieftain, and bear- 
ing the same surname. 2. A clique. 

Clan-des'tJne, a. [Lat. clandesti- 
ne, fr. clam, secretly.] Kept secret. 
Srx. — Hidden : secret ; private : con- 
cealed ; underhand ; sly; fraudulent. 

CLAN-DES'TINE-LY, adv. Secretly. 

CLANG, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 



clanger e, Ger. klingen.] To strike to- 
gether with a ringing metallic sound. 

— v. i. To produce a sharp, shrill 
sound. — 7i. A sharp, ringing sound. 

Clan'gor (82), n. [Lat.] A sharp, 
shrill, harsh sound. 

Clank (82), n. [See Clang.] The 
loud, ringing sound made by a col- 
lision of sonorous bodies. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To cause to make a 
sharp, ringing sound . — v. i. To make, 
a sharp, ringing noise. 

Clan'nish, a. Closely united, like a 
clan ; disposed to unite. 

Clan'nish-ness, n. Close adher- 
ence or disposition to unite. 

Clan'ship, n. A state of union as 
in a family or clan. 

€lap, i'. t. [-ped; -ping.] [A.-S. 
clappan.] 1. To strike with a quick 
motion. 2. To thrust, drive, or put 
hastily. 3. To applaud, by striking 
the hands together. — n. 1. Aloud 
noise made by sudden collision. 2. 
A stroke ; a thrust. 3. A sudden 
explosion. 4. A striking of hands to 
express approbation. 

Clap'board (kriVburd), n. A strip 
of board for covering the outside of 
houses. 

Clap'per, n. 1. A person who claps. 
2. That which strikes, as the tongue 
of a bell . 

Clap'per-claw, v. t. [From clap 
and claw.] To fight and scratch. 

Cl.Xp'-trap, n. A trick to gain ap- 
plause. 

Clare'-ob-scure', n. [Lat. clarus, 
clear, and obscurus, obscure.] Light 
and shade in painting. 

Clar'et, n. [Fr. clairet, prop. dim. 
of e'.air, clear.] A light French wine. 

Clar'I-FI-€A'TION, it. Act of clear- 
ing or fining. 

CLAR'l-Fi'ER, n. 1. That which 
clarifies. 2. A vessel in which clari- 
fication i_s conducted. 

£'lar'i-fv, f. ?. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
clarijicare, from darns, clear, and/a- 
cere, to make.] To make clear; to 
defecate; to fine. — v.i. 1. To be- 
come pure, as liquors. 2. To grow 
clear or bright. 

Clar'I-on, n. [Lat. clarus, clear.] 
A kind of trumpet, whose note is 
clear and shrill. 

Clar'I-O-NET'. \ n. A wind instru- 

CLAR'I-NET', ' j ment, of the reed 
kind. [obscure. 

GLA'RO-OB-Sev'RO, n. il'eeCLARE- 

■fe'LASH, v. i. [-ED : -ing.] [Ger. klat- 
schen, klitschen.] 1. To dash noisily 
together. 2. To come in collision ; 
to interfere. — v. t. To strike noisi- 
ly against. — n. 1. A violent meet- 
ing of bodies. 2. Contradiction. 

Clasp (6), n. 1. A catch, for holding 
parts together. 2. A close embrace. 

— v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [0. Eng. 
elapse, Ger. klappsen, to tap, clack, 
slap.] 1. To fasten with a clasp. 2. 
To embrace. 

Clasp'er, n. One who, or that 

which, clasps, as a tendril. 
Clasp'-knIfe (-nlf), n. A large 



knife, the blade of which shuts into 
the handle. 

Class (6), n. [Lat. classis, from Gr. 
/cAacris, kAtjo-is, the people assembled 
or called together.] 1. A group of 
individuals ranked together. 2. A 
number of students pursuing the 
same studies. 3. An order or divis- 
ion. — v.t. [-ed; -ing.] To form 
into a class ; to arrange in classes. 

Clas'sic, )a. 1. Of the first class 

Clas'sic-al, J or rank, esp. in lit- 
erature or art. 2. Pertaining to the 
Greeks and Latins. 

Clas'sic, n. 1. A work of acknowl- 
edged excellence. 2. One learned ia 
the classics. 

Clas'sic-al-LY, adv. 1. In a classical 
manner. 2. According to a regular 
order. 

CLAS-sYF're,_a. Constituting a class. 

Clas'si-fi-ca'tion, ii. Act of form- 
ing into a class or classes. 

€las'si-fy,i\ t. [-ed; -ing, 142.] [Lat. 
classis, class, and facere, to make.] 
To distribute into classes. 

Class'mate, ii. One who is in the 
same class with another. 

Clat'TER, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [D. 
klaieren, A.-S. clatrung, drum, rat- 
tle.] To make rattling sounds. — v. 
t. To strike and make a rattling 
noise. — n. A repeated rattling noise. 

Clause, n. [Lat. claudere, to shut, 
to end.] 1. A separate portion of 
any writing. 2. A portion of a sen- 
tence containing a finite verb and 
its adjunct. 

CLAUS'TRAL, a. [Lat. claustrum, 
lock, bar, inclosure.] Relating to a 
cloister. 

Cla'vate, ) a. [Lat. clava, club.] 

Cla'va-ted, J Club-shaped. 

Clav'i-chord, ii. [Lat. clavis, key, 
and chorda, string.] A musical in- 
strument with keys and strings, now 
disused. 

Clav'i-€LE (klav'I-kl), n. [Lat. cla- 
vicula, dim. of clavis, key.] The 
collar-bone. 

Cla'vi-er (kla'vi-er or kla've-a'), «. 
[Fr., fr. Lat. clavis, key.] The key- 
board of a musical instrument. 

CLAW, n. [A.-S. clavn, da.] 1. A 
sharp, hooked nail, as of a beast. 2. 
Any thing resembling the claw of an 
animal. — v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] To 
pull, tear, or scratch with claws. 

Clay, n. [A.-S. claeg.] 1. A soft 
earth, consisting of alumina and sili- 
ca, with water. 2. Earth in general ; 
hence, the human body. [less. 

CLAY'-eoLD, a. Cold as clay ; life- 

Clay'ey, a. Consisting of clay; 
abounding with clay ; like clay. 

CLAY'MORE, n. [Gael, claidheamh- 
mor, a broadsword, from Gael, daid- 
heamh, sword, and mor, great, large.] 
A large two-handed sword. 

Clean, a. [-er ; -est.] [A.-S. clsene.] 
1. Free from dirt or filth. 2. With- 
out defects. 3. Adroit ; dexterous. 
4. Complete. 5. Sinless ; pure. 6. 
(Script.) Free from ceremonial defile- 
ment. — adv. 1. Quite; perfectly, 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK J URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; C,Gc,Soft; €,5, hard; A£ J E£IST ; TfOJNG; THIS. 



CLEANLINESS 



72 



CLIP 



* 



■wholly; entirely. 2. Adroitly. — v.t. 
[-ed ; -ING.] To free from dirt. 

Clean'li-ness (klen'li-nes), n. 1. 
Freedom from dirt. 2. Neatness of 
person or dress ; purity. 

€lean'ly (klen'ly), a. [-ER ; -EST, 
142.] [From clean.] 1. Habitually 
clean. 2. Innocent ; pure. 3. Cleansing. 

Glean'ly (klen'iy), adv. In a clean 
manner. 

€l,ean'ness (109), n. State or qual- 
ity of being clean. [cleansed. 

Gleans/a-BLE, a. Capable of being 

CLEANSE, -f. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [A.-S. 
clsensjan, fr. clsene, clean.] To ren- 
der clean. [which, cleanses. 

Cleans/er, n. One who, or that 

Clear, n. Full extent ; distance 
between extreme limits. 

Clear, a. [-er ; -est.] [Lat. clarus, 
clear ; bright.] 1. Free from opaque- 
ness, uncertainty, pas -ion, blemish, 
guilt, obstacle, &c. 2. Able to per- 
ceive clearly ; acute ; discriminating; 
unbiased. 3. Easily or distinctly 
heard; audible. — adv. 1. Plainly. 
2. Wholly; quite; entirely. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To free from obscu- 
rity, perplexity, or impediment, &c. 
2. To pass by, or over, without touch- 
ing or failure. 3. To remove so as 
to leave something unobstructed. 

To clear a ship, to procure a permis- 
sion to sail, and such papers as the law- 
requires. 

— v. i. 1. To become free from clouds 
or fog. 2. To become disengaged. 

Glear'age, n. Act of removing any 
thing ; clearance. 

Clearance, n. 1. Act of clearing. 
2. A certificate that a vessel has been 
cleared at the custom-house. 

CLEARING, n. 1. Act of making 
clear. 2. A tract of land cleared of 
wood. 

CLEAR'iNG-HOUSE,n. A place where 
the accounts of different banks are 
adjusted. [obstruction, &c. 

Clear'ly, adv. "Without obscurity, 

Glear'ness, n. Freedom from what- 
ever obscures, obstructs, injures, or 
defiles, &c. 

ClEar'-sight'ed (-sit'ed), a. Hav- 
ing acuteness of sight. 

Clear'-starch, r. «. [-ED; -ING.] 
To stiffen with starch, and then clear 
by clapping with the hands. 

€leat,»i. [Prov. Eng. dead, a m 
to clothe.] A narrow strip of 1 f 
wood of different forms for A; 
strengthening, fastening, or W 
other uses. h 

CLEAV'AGE, n. Act or quality 

of cleaving. Cleat. 

€LEAVE,r. ?'. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. 
clifan, clifjan.] To adhere closely ; 
to stick. — v. t. [imp. CLEFT 
(CLAVE, obs., CLOVE, obsolescent) ; 
p. p. CLEFT or CLEAVED.] [A.-S. 
cleofan,cltifdn.] 1. To part by force ; 
to split. 2. To open naturally ; to 
divide. 

■Gleav'er, n. A butcher's instru- 
ment for cutting up meat. 

CLEF, n. [Lat. clavis, key.] (Mus.) 



A character to determine the position 
and pitch of the scale. 

Cleft, imp. & p. p. from Cleave. 
— n. 1. An opening made by split- 
ting. 2. A piece made by splitting. 
Syn. — Crack; crevice; fissure; chink. 

GLEM'A-TIS, n. [Gr. KAij/ma/ris, from 
Kkfjixa., twig, shoot.] A genus of 
climbing plants. 

GlEM/en-^y, n. [Lat. dementia, fr. 
clemens, mild, calm.] Disposition to 
treat with lenity. 

Svn. — Mildness; tenderness; indulg- 
ence; mercy; gentleness; compassion. 

Glem'ent, a. Mild in temper and 
disposition. [of temper. 

GLEM'ENT-LY, adv. With mildness 

Clench, v. t. See Clinch. 

Clep'sy-dra, or Clep-sy'dra, n. 
[Gr. K\e\j/v6pa, fr. kKstttsiv, to steal, 
and i'owp, water.] An ancient kind 
of clock, in which water was dis- 
charged from small apertures, as if 
by stealth. 

GlEr'gy (14), n. [Gr. icA-npi/cog, priest ; 
<cATJpo5,the clergy.] 1. The whole 
body of ecclesiastics. 2. The privi- 
lege or benefit of clergy. 

Benefit of clergy, the exemption of 
clergymen from criminal process before 
a secular judge — a privilege extended 
at one time to all who could read, but 
now abolished. 

Gl£r'Gy-a-ble, a. Entitled to, or 
admitting, the benefit of clergy. 

ClEr'gy-man, n.; pi. clergy- 
men. One of the clergy. 

Gler'ic, n. A clerk, or clergyman. 

Cler'ic, ) a. 1. Pertaining to the 

Gler'ic-al, J clergy. 2. Pertain- 
ing to a clerk or copyist. 

Clerk (14), n. [Lat. clericus. See 
Clergy.] 1. An educated person. 
[Obs.] 2. [Eng.] A parish officer, 
who assists in the church service. 3. 
An assistant in a shop or store. 
E0f Pronounced Hark in England. 

GlErk/ly, a. Scholar-like. 

GlErk'ship, n. Condition, office, or 
business of a clerk. 

Glev'er, a. [A.-S. gleaw, skillful, 
wise.] 1. Possessing skill, dexterity, 
talent, or adroitness. 2. Showing 
skill or adroitness in the doer or 
former. 3. Kind-hearted. [Amer.] 

Syx.— Expert ; dexterous ; skillful ; 
adroit; talented. 

Glev'er-ly, adv. In a clever man- 
ner ; skillfully. [ing clever. 

Glev'er-ness, n. Quality of be- 

Glev'is, ) n. [Eng. cleave, 

Glev'y, ) to fasten.] The 
draft-iron on the end of a 
cart-tongue. 

Clew (klu), n. [A.-S. cleow ; Clevis, 
akin to Lat. globus and glomus.] 1. 
A ball of thread. 2. That which 
guides one in any thing doubtful or 
intricate. 3. Lower corner of a 
square sail, and aftmost corner of a 
fore-and-aft sail. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To draw up to the yard, as a sail. 

Click, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [An ono- 
matopoetic word.] To make a small, 
sharp noise; to tick. — n. 1. A small, 



sharp sound. 2. A small iron, fall- 
ing into a notched wheel. 

GLi'ENT,n. [Lat. cliens, from cluere, 
Gr. kAvW, to hear.] 1. A Roinan 
citizen who put himself under the 
protection of a patron. 2. One wh® 
applies to a lawyer or counselor for 
advice, direction, &c. 

Gli-ent'al. a. Pertaining to a client. 

Gli'ent-ship, n. State or condition 
of a client. 

Cliff, n. [A.-S. clif, fr. cleofan, cli- 
fan, to cleave, split.] A high, steep 
rock ; a precipice. 

Cl^ff'y, a. Having cliffs ; craggy. 

GLI-MAC'TER-IC, or CLjM'AC-TER'- 
l€, a. [Gr. KAtp-aKTrjpiKos, fr. *cAi/uia£, 
a ladder.] Relating to a critical peri- 
od of human life. — n. 1. A critical 
period in human life. 2. Any criti- 
cal period. 

Grand or great climacteric, 63d year. 

GLI r MATE,n. [Gr. kAi'^o-, kAiju.o.tos, 
zone of the earth , fr. kAiVciv, to slope, 
incline.] Condition of a place in re- 
lation to temperature, moisture, &c. 

Cli-MAT'IC. ) a. Pertaining to a 

Cli-mat'ic-al, ) climate or cli- 
mates ; limited by a climate. 

GlI'ma-tize, v..t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
accustom to a climate. 

Cli'ma-tol'o-gy, «. [Gr. »cAi>a, 
zone of the earth, and Aoyos, dis- 
course.] The science cf climates. 

CLi'MAx, 11. [Gr. KXly.a.%, ladder, fr. 
KkCvtLV, to bend, to Jean.] A figure 
in which a sentence rises as it were 
step by step in importance, force, or 
dignity. 

Climb (kllm), v. ?'. or t. [-ED ; -ing.] 
[A.-S. climban.] To ascend by means 
of the hands and feet. 

Glimb'a-ble (klim/-), a. Capable 
of being climbed. [climbs. 

Climb'er (klinVer), n. One who 

Glime, n. A climate ; a region. 

Clinch (66), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 1. 
To make, or. hold, fast ; to grasp. 2. 
To confirm ; to establish. — n. 1. A 
holding fast, or that which holds 
fast. 2. A kind of knot and seizings 
used to fasten a cable, &c, to ring- 
bolts. 

Glinch'er, n. One who, or that 
which, clinches. 

Cling, v. i. [imp. & p. p. clung.] 
[A.-S. clingan.] To hold fast, es- 
pecially by winding round or em- 
bracing ; to adhere closely. 

Cling'y, a. Apt to cling; adhesive. 

GLIN'IC, ^ a. [Gr. kAiviko?, fr. kAi- 

Glin'ig-AL, ) vtj, couch, bed.] Per- 
taining to a bed; bed-iidden. — n. 
One confined to the bed by sickness. 

Clink, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [0. H. 
Ger. Minkan, chlingan.] To make a 
small, sharp, ringing sound. — n. A 
sharp, ringing sound. 

Glink'er, n. [From clink, because it 
makes a sharp and sonorous sound.] 
Refuse of a furnace : vitrified matter 
ejected from a volcano. 

Gl?p, v. t. [-ped; -ping.] [A.-S. 
clyppan.] 1. To cut off, as with a 
single stroke of scissors. 2. To cur- 



*,E,l f o,u,Y 



long; A, E, 1, 6, i5, ¥, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, what; ERE, VEIL, TfiRM ; PIQUE, fIrm ; SON, 



CLIPPER 



73 



CLUMSINESS 



tail. — n. 1. A cutting ; a shearing. 
2. Product of a single shearing. 

€lIp'per, ii. 1. One who clips. 2. 
A kind of vessel built for fast sailing. 

€l!p'PING, n. 1. Act of cutting oil", 
or curtailing. 2. That which is 
clipped off. 

Cz I Q UE {kleek), n. [Ft.] A narrow 
circle of persons ; a party. 

■Cloak (20), n. [L. Lat. cloca, 0. Fr. 
cloche.] 1. A loose outer garment. 
2. A disguise or pretext. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ing.] To cover with a cloak ; 
hence, to hide. 

€lock, n. [«A.-S. clucge, 0. H. Ger. 
glocca, clocca, fr. cloccOn, to strike, 
beat.] An instrument for measur- 
ing time. 

€lock'-work (-wfirk), n. Machin- 
ery and movements like those of a 
clock. 

€lod, n. [A.-S. chid, rock, stone.] 1. 
A lump of earth, turf, or clay. 2. 
The ground ; the earth. 3. A dull, 
stupid fellow. — v. i. To collect into 
concretions ; to clot. 

€lod'dy, a. 1. Full of clods. 2. 
Earthy ; mean ; gross. 

^LOD'-hop'per, n. A rude, rustic 
fellow ; a clown ; a dolt. 

€lod'pate, n. A stupid fellow. 

€lod'pat-ed, a. Stupid; dull. 

€L6e, f. (. [-ged ; -ging.] [Icel. 
kleggi, a compact mass.] 1. To en- 
cumber, or load, esp. with something 
that sticks fast. 2. To obstruct ; to 
choke up. 3. To hinder ; to embar- 
rass. — n. 1. That which hinders 
motion. 2. A heavy shoe with a 
wooden sole ; hence, a wooden shoe. 
Syn.— Load; weight; hindrance; im- 
pediment. 

€log'gi-ness, n. State of being 
clogged. [adhesive. 

Clog'uy, a. Having power to clog ; 

GLOIS'TER, n. [Lat. daustrum, from 
claudere, to close, to shut.] 1. A 
covered arcade. 2. A monastic es- 
tablishment. 

Syx. — Monastery ; nunnery ; con- 
vent; abbey; priory. — CloistciAs, gener- 
ic, being a place of seclusion from the 
world; a monaster)/ is usually for men 
ealled monks; a nunnery is for women; 
a convent is a community of recluses ; 
an abbey and a priory are named from 
their heads, an abbot or prior. 

— v. t. [-ed;-ing.] To confine in 
a cloister. 

Glois'tral, a. Pertaining to, or 
confined to, a cloister. 

€loke, n. See Cloak. 

€lo£e, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] 1. To 
bring together the parts of; to stop ; 
to shut. 2. To bring to an end. 3. 
To inclose ; to encompass. — v. i. 1. 
To come together ; to unite. 2. To 
end; to terminate. — n. 1. Union 
of parts,- junction. 2. Conclusion; 
termination ; end. 3. A grapple in 
wrestling. 4. An inclosed place. 5. 
Narrow passage fr. a street to a court. 

€lose (klos, 20), a. [-er; -est.] 
[Lat. clausus, p. p. of claudere, to 
shut.] 1. Shut fast ; closed. 2. Con- 
fined ; secret ; retired. 3. Stagnant ; 



oppressive. 4. Reticent; taciturn. 5. 
Parsimonious ; penurious. 6. Dense ; 
solid ; compact. 7. Near. 8. Evenly 
balanced ; doubtful. 

Close communion, with Baptists, com- 
munion restricted to those who have re- 
ceived baptism by immersion.— Close 
corporation, a corporation which tills its 
own vacancies, and is not open to the 
public. 
■—adv. In a close manner or state. 

Glose'-fist'ED, a. Covetous ; nig- 
gardly. 

Glose'ly, adv. In a close manner. 

•Glo?e'ness, n. State of being close. 

Glose'-sto"ol,m. A stool, in which 
a chamber vessel is placed, for the 
sick. 

€lo§'et, n. [0. Fr., dim. of clos, an 
inclosure.] 1. A small private room. 
2. A small, close apartment, in the 
side of a room, for utensils, &c. — 
v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1 To shut up 
in a closet. 2. To take into a private 
room for consultation. 

€lo£'ure (klo'zhyjr), n. 1. A closing. 
2. That which closes. 3. That which 
incloses ; an inclosure. 

€lot, n. [See Clod.] A concretion, 
especially of a soft, slimy character ; 
a coagulation. — v. i. [-ted ; -ting, 
135.] 1. To concrete, as soft matter. 
2. To be formed into clots. 

€loth (21), n.; pi. €l5ths. [A.-S. 
cladh.] 1. A stuff of some fibrous 
material, formed by weaving. 2. A 
profession, or the members of it. 

€LOTHE,f.!. [imp. & p.p. CLOTHED 
or CLAD ; p. pr. & rb. n. CLOTH- 
ING.] [A.-S. cladhjan.] 1. To put 
garments upon. 2. To furnish with 
raiment. 3. To cover or invest. 

-(3lothes_ (klothz, colloq. kloz), n. pi. 
[From cloth.] 1. Covering for the 
human body. 2. Covering of a bed. 
Syn. — Garments; dress; apparel; at- 
tire; vesture; raiment; garb. 

Clothes'-wring'er (-ringer), n. 
A machine for pressing water from 
clothes after thev have been washed. 

CLOTH'IER (kloth/yer), n. 1. One 
who makes cloths. [Eng.] 2. One 
who sells cloth. 3. One who dresses 
or fulls cloth. [Ainer.] 

€loth'ing, it. Garments in general ; 
clothes ; dress. 

-Glot'ty, a. Full of clots. 

€LOUD, ii. [Prob. from A.-S. clttd, a 
rock or hillock, as clouds often re- 
semble rocks or hillocks.] 1. Visible 
vapor suspended in the atmosphere. 

2. A mass of smoke. fl\ ing dust, &c. 

3. A dai-k spot, as in marble. 4. A 
dark, lowering, or threatening as- 
pect. — v.t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
overspread with clouds. 2. To render 
dark. 3. To variegate with colors. 

■Gloud'-C.apt, a. Capped with clouds. 
€LOUD'l-LY,/7rfi\ Darkly; obscurely. 
€LOUD'I-NESS, n. State of being 

cloudv. [unclouded. 

Cloud'less, a. Without a cloud ; 
£'LOUD'Y, a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] 1. 

Obscured with clouds ; clouded. 2. 

Lacking clearness or brightness. 3. 

Not easily understood. 4. Having the i 



appearance of gloom. 5. Marked 
with spots, as marble. 

€loDgh (kliif), n. [A.-S.,fr. cleofan 
or clitfan. See Cleave, v. t.] A 
narrow valley between two hills. 

€lough (klot), n. An allowance of 
two pounds in every hundred weight, 
after deducting tare and tret. 

€lout, n. [A.-S. cm.] 1. A patch. 

2. Center of the butt at which ar- 
chers shoot. 3. Iron plate on an 
axle-tree. 4. [0. Fr. clouet, dim. of 
clou, nail.] A small nail. — v.t. 
[■ED; -ing.] 1. To patch; to mend. 
2._ To guard with an iron plate. 

€love, n. [From Lat. clavus, nail, 
from its likeness to a nail.] 1. The 
aromatic uuexpanded flower-bud of 
the clove-tree. 2. [A.-S. clufe, from 
cleofan, clitfan, to cleave, split.] One 
of the small bulbs in the axils of the 
scales of a large bulb. 

Clo'ven (klo'vn), p. p. from Cleave. 

Clo'ven-foot'ed l (27, 108), a. 

€lo'ves-hoof£D J Having the 
foot or hoof divided into two parts. 

€LO'VER, n. [A.-S. clsefer.] A plant 
of different species. 

€lown, n. [Lat. colonvs, husband- 
man, from colere, to till.] 1. A hus- 
bandman; rustic. 2. An ill-bred man. 

3. Buffoon in a play, circus, &c. 
€lo\vn'ish, a. Of, or relating to, a 

clown ; like a clown ; rude ; ill-bred ; 
boorish ; rustic. [manner. 

€lown'ish-ly, adv. In a clownish 

€lown'ish-ness. ii. Rusticity ; in- 
civility ; awkwardness. 

Cloy, d. (. [-ed; -ing] [0. Fr- 
doer, Fr. clover, to nail up.] To glut, 
or satisfy ; to satiate ; to surfeit. 

€lub,«. 1. [0. H. Ger. chlo/Cn, chlo- 
phZn, to knock.] A heavy staff or 
piece of wood. 2. One of the four 
suits of cards. 3. Of uncertain or- 
igin. 4. An association of persons 
for a particular purpose. — v. i. 1. 
To combine for some common ob- 
ject. 2. To pay an equal proportion 
of a common expense. — v.t. [-BED; 
-BlNG.] To unite for the accom- 
plishment of a common end. 

CL'-B'-FOOT (27), n. A short, de- 
formed foot. 

Club'-FOOT'ed, a. Having deform- 
ed or crooked feet. [by a club. 

•GlOb'-HOUSE, ii. A house occupied 

CLUB'-LAW, ii. Government by 
clubs, or violence. [a club meets. 

GLVJB'-RO~bM, it. Apartment in which 

GlOck, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. 
cloccan, W. clocinn, clwcian.] To 
make the noise of a brooding hen. 

€LUE,n. [See Clew.] 1. A ball of 
thread. 2. Any thing serving to 
guide or direct. 3. One of the two 
lower corners of a square-sail. 

€lCmp, n. [Icel. klumpr, fr. the root 
klimpa, preserved in M. II . Ger. 
klimpfen, to press together.] 1. A 
shapeless mass. 2. A cluster of trees 
or shrubs. 

€lOm'si-ly. adv. Awkwardly. 

-CLOufsi-NESS, 11. . Quality of being 
clumsy. 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK; u"RN, RUE, PLJLL J E, I, O, Silent ; C,G, so/i; €,5, hard; AgJ EJJIST; N05NG; THIS. 



CLUMSY 



74 



COCKLE 



€LtJM'§Y,a. [-ER; -est, 142.] [From 
clump.] 1. Without grace ; unhandy. 
2. Ill-made ; badly constructed. 

Glung, imp. & p. p. of G7mg\ 

GlOs'ter, n. [A.-S.] 1. A number 
of things of the same kind together. 
2. A crowd. — v.i. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
grow in clusters ; to gather or unite 
in a mass. 

GlOs'ter-y, a. 1. Growing in clus- 
ters. 2. Full of clusters. 

Gl&tch, v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Akin 
to Ger. khtppe, 0. II. Ger. chluppa, 
claw, tongs.] 1. To seize, or gripe 
with the hand. 2. To close tightly ; 
to clinch. — v. i. To catch ; to 
snatch. — n. 1. A gripe ; grasp. 2. 
A projecting piece of machinery, for 
connectiug shafts. 3. pi. The hands : 
hence, power ; rapacity. 

GlOt'ter, n. [Cf. 0. Sw. kluttra, to 
quarrel, W. cluder, heap, pile.] A 
confused collection ; confusion ; dis- 
order. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
crowd together in disorder. — v.i. 
To make a bustle, or fill with confu- 
sion. 

Clyp'e-ate, a. [Lat. clypeus, clipeus, 
shield.] Shaped like a round shield. 

GLYS'TER, n. [Gr. kXvo-ttqp and k\v<t- 
Trjptov, fr. kAv^lv, to wash out.] A 
liquid substance injected into the 
lower intestines with a syringe. 

€oach (20), n. [Lat. conchula, dim. 
of concha, muscle-shell, vessel.] A 
large, close, four-wheeled carriage. 

Coacii'-box, n. Seat on which the 
driver of a coach sits. [a coach. 

Coach'man (150), n. One who drives 

Co-AG'TION, n. [Lat. coactio, fr. co- 
actere, to force.] Force; compulsion. 

Go-act'ive, a. 1. Serving to com- 
pel or constrain. 2. Acting in con- 
currence. 

CO-AD'JU-TANT, or Co'AD-JU'TANT, 
a. Mutually assisting or operating. 

GS'ad-ju'tor, n. 1. One who aids 
another. 2. One empowered to per- 
form the duties of another. 

Co'ad-ju'trix, n. A female assistant. 

Go-a'gent, n. An assistant or asso- 
ciate, [ing coagulated. 

Go-ag'u-la-ble, a. Capable of be- 

t'O-A&'U-LATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. coagulare, from cogere, to drive 
together.] To cause to chanare into 
a curd-like state. — v. i. To under- 
go coagulation ; to curdle. 

Co-AG'U-LA'TION, n. Act of curdling. 

Co-ag'u-la-tive, a. Having the 
power to coagulate. 

€o-as'u-la'toe, n. That which 
causes coagulation. 

Co-AG'U-Lt/M, n. [Lat.] A coagu- 
lated mass, as curd. 

■Goal, n. [A.-S. col or coll. akin to 
Lat. calere, to be hot.] 1. Wood 
charred ; charcoal. 2. A combustible 
substance, found embedded in the 
earth. — v.J. [-ED ; -ing.] 1. To 
burn to coal. 2. To supply with coal. 
— v. i. To take in coal. [is dug. 

Goal'er-y, n. A place where coal 

GS'A-LESCE' (-leV), v. i. [-ed ; 
-ING.] [Lat. coalescere, from con and 



alescere, to grow up.] 1. To grow 
together. 2. To unite in society. 

Go'a-LES'cence, n. Act of coales- 
cing ; union. [gether ; uniting. 

Go'a-les'cent, a. Growing to- 

Goal'-heav'er, n. One who dis- 
charges coal from ships. 

Co'a-li'tion (-lish'un), n. 1. Union 
in a body or mass. 2. A temporary 
combination of parties, or states. 

Syn. — Alliance; confederation; con- 
federacy; league; conspiracy. 

Goal'-meas/ure (-mezh'ur), n. pi. 
Strata of coal with the attendant 
rocks 

Coal'-pit, n. 1. A pit where coal is 
dug. 2. A place where charcoal is 
made. [Amer.] [holding coal. 

CoAL'-seuT'TLE, n. A utensil for 

Goal'Y, a. Pertaining to, or like coal. 

G5am/ing§, n. pi. Raised borders or 
edges of the hatches. 

Coarse, a. [-er; -est.] 1. Large 
in bulk, or composed of large parts. 
2. Not refined or nice ; rude. 

Goarse'ly, adv. Without fineness 
or refinement. [being coarse. 

Goarse'ness, n. Quality or state of 

Coast, n. [Lat. costa, rib, side.] 
Margin of the land next to the sea ; 
sea-shore. — v.i. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To sail by or near a coast. 2. To slide 
down a hill on a sled. [Amer.] 

Coastinfj trade, trade carried on be- 
tween different ports of the same coun- 
try, as distinguished from foreign trade. 

Goast'er, n. A person or trading 
vessel that sails along a coast. 

Goast'wise, adv. By way of, or 
along, the coast. 

Goat (20), n. [L. Lat. cota, cotta, 
cottus, tunic, mattress.] 1. An outer 
garment worn by men. 2. An ex- 
ternal covering, as the hair of a 
beast. 3. A layer of any substance 
covering another. 4. That on which 
ensigns armorial are portrayed. — v. 
t. [-ED : -ING.] To cover with a 
coat. 

Goat-ee', n. A coat with short flaps. 

Goat'ING, n. 1. Any substance used 
as a cover. 2. Cloth for coats. 

Coax (20), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Cf. 

0. Eng. cokes, fool, W. coeg, empty, 
foolish.] To persuade by a gentle, 
insinuating courtesy, flattering, or 
fondling. 

G6b,ji. [A.-S. cop or copp, Gr. kvjS^.] 

1. Top or head ; hence, that which 
is large, round, &c. 2. A lump or 
piece of any thing. 3. A spider. 4. 
A short-legged and stout variety of 
horse. [Eng.] 5. The spike on which 
the grains of maize grow. [Amer.] 

Go'BALT, n. [M. II. Ger. kobolt, gob- 
lin, Gr. KojSaAo?, knave ; because a 
poisonous metal and troublesome to 
miners.] A metal of a reddish-gray 
color, brittle and difficult of fusion. 

Go-BALT're, a. Pertaining to cobalt. 

G6b'bee,ti. See Coble. 

Gob'BLE } (20), n. [From cob, 

Gob'ble-stone I 2.] A rounded 
fragment, as of stone, coal, &c. 

GSb'ble, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 



copulare, to couple, join.] 1. To 
mend coarsely, as shoes. 2. To make 
or do bunglingly. 
Gob'Bler, n. 1. A mender of shoes. 

2. A clumsy workman. 3- A beverage 
of wine, sugar, lemon, and ice finely 
broken up. 

GoB'LE, n. [A.-S. cuople.] A boat 
used in the herring fishery. 

GoB'WEB, n. [From cob, 3, and web. 
1. A spider's web or net. 2. Any 
snare. 

Goc-AGNE' (kok-an'), n. [From It. 
cucca, dainties, sweet-meats, fr. Lat. 
coquere, to cook ; because the houses 
were thought to be covered with 
cakes.] An imaginary country of 
idleness, luxury, and delight; — a 
term applied to London and its 
suburbs. 

Go€-clF'ER-o0s, a. [Lat. cocewn, 
Gr. ko/c/cos, a berry, .and L&t.ferre. to 
bear.] Producing berries. 

Goch'i-neal, n. [Dim. of Lat. coc- 
cum, Gr. kokkos, berry.] A dye-stuff 
consisting of dried insects, found on 
the cactus. 

Gooh'le-a-RY, ) a. [Gr. KOxAias, 

Gooh'le-ATE, J from koxAos, a 

Coch'le-a'TED, ) shell-fish with a 
spiral shell.] Having the form of a 
snail-shell ; spiral ; turbinated. 

Cock, n. [A.-S. coc, or cocc] 1. Male 
of birds. 2. A vane ; a weathercock. 

3. A spout to let out liquids. 4. Part 
of the lock of a fire-arm. 5. A small 
conical pile of hay. — v. t. [-ed; 
-ING.] 1. To set erect. 2. To turn 
up the brim of. 3. To place jauntily 
or pertly on the head 4. To set up 
in small conical piles, as hay. 5. To 
draw back the cock, in order to fire. 

GOCK-ADE', n. [Fr. cocarde, from coq, 
cock, from its resemblance to the 
crest of a cock.] A knot of ribbons 
worn on the hat, as a badge. 

C6ck'A-too', n. [Malayan kakatiia.] 
A bird of the parrot kind. 

Gock'a-trioe, n. The basilisk; a 
fabulous serpent, produced from a 
cock's egg brooded by a serpent. 

Gock'-boat, n. A small boat of a 
ship. 

GSck'-chaf/er, n. An insect. 

Gock'-crow, \n. The time at 

Cock'-crow'ing, j which cocks 
crow ; early morning. 

Gock'er, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Prov. 
Eng. , to crow like a cock, to boast ; 
hence, to be wanton.] To fondle ; to 
indulge ; to pamper. 

Gock'er-el, n. A young cock. 

Gock'et, n. A custom-house certifi- 
cate. 

Gock'-fight ) (-fit), n. A con- 

Gock'-fight'ING J test of game- 
cocks, [horse. 

Gock'-horse, n. A child's rocking- 

Gock/le (kok'l), n. [A.-S. coccel, 
cocel, or code] 1. A weed that grows 
among corn. 2. The darnel. 3. [Gr. 
icoyxvMov, a muscle or cockle.] A 
kind of bivalve shell-fish with a cor- 
rugated shell. — v. t. To contract 
into wrinkles. 



A, £, I, 0,fJ, Y, long; A,E,'l, 6, X},^, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TlRM; PIQUE, FIRM; SON, 



COCKLE-STAIRS 



75 



COGNOVIT 




€ock'le -stairs (4), n. pi. Winding 
or spiral stairs. [room. 

€6ck'-l6ft(21), n. Top-loft; upper 

€6CK'NEY, Yl. ; pi. COCK'NEYS.. [Cf. 
CocAaNE.] A resident of London. 

■66ck'ney-Ij>M, n. Qualities, man- 
ners, or dialect of a cockney. 

■Gock'pit, n. 1. An area where game- 
cocks fight. 2. A room in a ship 
under the lower gun-deck. 

■Cock/roach, n. Avery troublesome 
insect, infe-ting houses and ships. 

€!6cks'€OMB (-kom), n. 1. The car- 
uncle or comb of a cock. 2. A fop. 

€6ck'swain (colloq. kok'sn), n. The 
person who steers or pulls the after 
oar m a boat. 

■Go'eoA (ko%o), n. 
[Sp. and Pg. coco.] 
1. A palm-tree pro- 
ducing the cocoa- 
nut. 2. [Corrupted 
fr. cacao.] A bever- 
age made from the 
crushed kernels of 
the chocolate tree. 

€o--eoON', n. [Fr. 
cocon, fr. Lat. con- 
cha, muscle-shell.] 

1. A case in which 
the silk-worm lies 
in its chrysalis state. Cocoa-tree. 

2. Case constructed by any insect to 
contain its larva. 

€o-€OON'er-y, n. A place for silk- 
worms, when forming cocoons. 

■Go€'TlLE,a. [Lat. coctilis, from co- 
quere, to bake.] Made by baking. 

<3o€'tion, n. 1. Act of boiling. 2. 
Alteration experienced by morbific 
matter before elimination. 

€6d, n. [A.-S. code/, small bag.] 
1. Any envelope 
containing seeds ; 
a pod. 2. The 
scrotum. 3. [Ger. 
gadde.] A 'fish Cod. 

inhabiting the northern seas. 

€6d'dle,i\«. [-ed;-ing.] [Prob. 
fr. Lat. coquere, to cook.] 1. To par- 
boil. 2. To treat with tenderness. 

•CODE, n. [Lat. codex, or caudex, stock 
of a tree, tablet of wood, hence, book, 
writing.] A collection, system, or 
digest of laws. 

■€6'dex, n.; pi. voD'l-pE$. [Lat. 
See Code.] A manuscript ; a code. 

€6d'GER,w. [Either from A.-S codd, 
scrip, bag, or a corruption of cot- 
tager.] A covetous or mean person ; 
a rustic ; a clown ; a miser. 

■GOD'I-CIL, n. [Lat. codicillus, dim. 
of codrx.]_ A supplement to a will. 

■©O'DI-FI-^A'TION, n. Act of reducing 
laws to a code or system. 

Co'Dl-FY, v. i. -ED;-ing,142.] [Lat. 
codex, code, and facere, to make.] To 
reduce to a code, as laws. 

■God'lin, ) n. A kind of cooking 

■God'ling, I apple. [ciency. 

Co'-ef-fI'cien-^y, n. Joint efh- 

€<V-ef-fPcient (-fish'ent, 63), a. 
Acting in union to the same end. — 
n. 1. That which unites in action 
with something else. 2. A number 



put before letters or quantities, to 
show how often they are to be taken. 

Cce'l,i-a€, 1 a. [Lat. cceliacus, Gr. 

£e'LI-A€, J koiAioxos, from Koikia, 
belly.] Pertaining to the belly, or to 
the intestinal canal. 

-eo-EMP'TiON (82), n. [Lat. coemptio, 
fr. con and emere, to buy.] Act of 
purchasing the whole quantity. 

€o-E'QUAL, a. Of the same rank, 
dignity, or power. — n. One who is 
equal to another. 

€o / -E-QUAL'i-TY, n. Equality in 
rank, dignity, or power. 

€o-£RgE' (14), v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. coercere, fr. con and arcere, to 
shut up.] To restrain by force ; to 
constrain ; to repress. 

Syk. — To compel. — Coerce had at 
first only the negative sense of checking 
or restraining by force, as, to coerce sub- 
jects within the bounds of law ; it has 
now also gained a positive sense, that of 
driving forward or compelling, as, to co- 
erce the performance of a contract. 

€o-£r'CI-ble, a. Capable of being, 
or deserving to be, coerced. 

€o-£r'cion (14, 63), n. Act or pro- 
cess of compelling ; restraint. 

€o-Er'cive, a. Compelling; com- 
pulsory, [the same essence. 

€cy-ES-SEN"riAL, a. Partaking of 

Co'E-TA'NE-OUS, a. [Lat. coxtaneus, 
from con and xtas, age.] Of the same 
age ; beginning to exist at the same 
time. [nal. 

£'o/-e-t£r'nal (14). a. Equally eter- 

Co'-E-ter'ni-ty, n. Equal eternity 
with another. 

■€o-e'val, a. [Lat. cosevus, fr. xvum, 
life-time, age.] Of the same age. — 
n. One of the same age. 

€<y-EX-IST', v. i. [-EB ; -ING.] To 
exist at the same time. 

-Gcy-EX-lST'ENCE, ii. Existence at 
the same time with another. 

■ecy-EX-isT'ENT, a. Existing at the 
same time with another. 

€o'-EX-TEND', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To extend through the same space 



[sion. 
Equal exten- 
Equally ex- 




with another. 
Co'-EX-TfiN'SION, 
-GO'-EX-TEN'SIVE, 

tensive. 
€6f'fee, n. [At. 

qahuah, or qahoeh, 

which the Turks 

pronounce qa/iveh, 

wine, coffee.] 1. 

The berries of a 

tree growing in the 

warm climates of 

Asia and America. 

2. A drink made from the roasted 

berry of the coffee-tree. 
€6f'fee-house, n. A house of en- 
tertainment, [grinding coffee. 
Cof'FEE-MJLL, n. A small mill for 
■Cof'fee-pot, n. A covered pot in 

which coffee is boiled. 
€6f'fer, n. [Gr. koc^ivo?, basket.] 1. 

A chest for money. 2. A hollow 

work across a dry moat. — v. t. [-ED ; 

-ING.] To place In a coffer. 
•Gof'fer- DAM, n. A water-tight box 

of timber used in laying the founda- 



tion of piers and abutments in deep 
water. 

€6f'fin,«. [See Coffer.] 1. The 
case in which a dead human body is 
inclosed. 2. Hollow part of a horse's 
hoof. 3. (Print.) A wooden frame 
inclosing the stone on which forms 
are imposed. — v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] To 
inclose in a coffin. 

€6f'fle (kof'fl), n. [At. kafala, 
caravan.] A gang of slaves going to 
market. 

€6G,t)J. [-GED; -GING.] [Cf. COAX.J 
1. To wheedle ; to deceive. 2. To 
thrust in, by deception. 3. To fur- 
nish with cogs. — v. i. To deceive ; 
to cheat ; to wheedle. — n. [Cf. W. 
a short piece of wood, cog of a 
".] A projection on a wheel, by 
which it receives or imparts motion. 

€o'gen-9Y, n. Power of constrain- 
ing ; urgency ; force. 

i>5'GENT, a. [Lat. cogens, p. pr. of 
cogere, to force.] Having great force ; 
not easily resisted. 

Syn. — Forcible; powerful; weighty. 

€og'i-ta-bt j e, a. Capable of being 
made the subject of thought. 

€6g'i-tate, v. i. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
cogitare, to think, from con and agi- 
tare, to agitate.] To engage in con- 
tinuous thought ; to reflect. 

■GoGa-TA'TlON, n. Act of thinking; 
thought ; meditation; contemplation. 

Cog'i-ta'TIVE, a. 1. Pertaining to 
the power of thinking. 2. Given to 
thought ; contemplative. 

■Gog'nate, a. [Lat. cognatus, fr. con 
and gnatus, p. p. of nnsci, anciently 
gnasci, to be born.] 1. Allied by 
blood or birth. 2. Kindred in origin, 
formation, &c. — n. One of a num- 
ber of things allied in origin. 

€og-na'tion, n. 1. B,elation by 
descent from the same original ; 
kindred. 2. Participation of the 
same nature. 

-eoG-NpTlON (-nish'un), n. 1. Act of 
knowing, by any means. 2. An ob- 
ject known. 

€6g'ni-za-ble (kog / ni-za-bl or kon'- 
]-za-bl), a. 1. Capable of being 
known. 2. Fitted to be a subject of 
judicial investigation. 

€6g'ni-zance (kog'ni- or kon'i-), n. 
1. Knowledge or notice. 2. Judicial 
knowledge or jurisdiction. 3. Ac- 
knowledgment or confession. 4. A 
badge worn by a retainer or depend- 
ent. 

€6g'ni-zant (kog'ni-zant or kSn'i- 
zant), a. Having knowledge. 

€6g / ni-zee' (k5g / - or kon'-), n. Ono 
to whom a fine of land is acknowl- 
edged. 

66G/NI-ZOR' (kog/- or k5n'-), n. Ono 
who acknowledges the right of tho 
plaintiff in a fine ; tho defendant. 

-6oa-NO'MEN,n. [Lat.] Asurname: 
family name of an individual among 
the ancient Romans. 

€og-nom'i-nal, a. Pertaining to a 
surname. [ing known. 

€og-nos'ci-ble, a. Capable of be- 

€og-NO'vit, n. [Lat., he acknowl- 



or, do, wolf, too, took; fjRN, rue, pull; e,i, o, silent; 9, &, soft; €,G,hard; A£; Exist; n as ng ; THP» 



COG-WHEEL 



76 



COLLISION 



edges.] An acknowledgment by a 
defendant of the justice of a plaint- 
iffs claim. [or teeth. 
€6g'-wheel, n. A wheel with cogs 

CO-HAB'IT, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] Lat. 
cohabitare, from con and habitare, to 
dwell.] To live together as husband 
and wife. 

Co-hab'it-a'TION, n. State of liv- 
ing together as man and wife. 

Co-heir' (ko-ar', 13), n. A joint- 
heir, [heiress. 

Co-heir'ess (ko-ar'es), n. A joint- 

CO-HERE', f. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
cohserere, from con and hazrere, to 
stick, adhere.] 1. To stick together. 
2. To follow regularly in the natural 
order. 

Co-her'ence, ) n. 1. A sticking or 

Co-he r'en-cy, ] cleaving together. 
2. Suitable connection or depend- 
ence. 

Co-HER'ENT, a. 1. Sticking together. 
2. Consistent. [manner. 

Co-her'ent-ly, adv. In a coherent 

Co-he 'giON, n. [See Cohere.] 1. 
Act of sticking together. 2. A state 
of connection or dependence. 

Go-he 'si ve, a. Having the power of 
sticking. [ing cohesive. 

€o-he's'ive-ness, n. Quality of be- 

€o'HORT,«. [Lat. cohors. See COURT.] 

1. {Rom. Antiq.) A body of about 
five or six hundred soldiers. 2. Any 
band of warriors. 

■Coif, n. [0. H. Ger. kuppa, kitppha, 

miter.] A covering for the head ; a 

cap. [dress. 

toOiF/FURE, n. [See COIF.] A head- 

CoiGNE (koin), n. [See QUOIN.] 1. 

An external angle ; a corner-stone. 

2. A wedge. 

»oO!L, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. colleg- 
ers, from con and lege re, to gather.] 
To wind in rings, as a rope. — n. 
Ring, or rings, into which a rope or 
other like thing is wound. 

Coin, n. [Lat. cunevs, wedge.] 1. A 
corner or external angle. 2. Apiece 
of metal stamped, making it legally 
current as money. — v. t. [-ed; 
-ING.] 1. To stamp and convert 
into money. 2. To make or fabricate. 

CoiN'AGE, n. 1. Act of coining. 2. 
Money coined. 3. Formation; in- 
vention ; fabrication. 

Co'IN-CIDE', V. i. [-ed;-ing.] [L. 
Lat. coincidere, fr. Lat. con and inci- 
dere, to fall on.] 1. To fall together ; 
to agree in position. 2. To corre- 
spond ; to be identical. 

Co-in'ci-dence, n. Act or result of 
coinciding ; agreement ; concurrence. 

Co-lN'<^I-DENT, a. Having coinci- 
dence ; agreeing ; corresponding. 

Coin'er, n. 1. One who makes coin. 
2. An inventor. 

Co-I'TION (-Ish'un), n. [Lat. coitio, 
fr. coire, to come together.] Sexual 
intercourse. 

tOKE, n. [Akin to cook and cake.] 
Mineral coal charred. 

€6l'AN-der, n. [Lat. colum, a strain- 
er.] A vessel with little holes in the 
bottom for straining liquors. 



Cold, a. [-er; -est.] [A.-S. cald, 
ceald, Icel. caldr, from I eel. kala, to 
blow cold.] Wanting warmth, phys- 
ical or moral. 

Syn. — Bleak; frigid: chill; indiffer- 
ent ; spiritless ; reserved ; coy. 
— n. 1. Absence of warmth. 2. Sen- 
sation of chilliness or chillness. 3. A 
disorder produced by cold ; a catarrh. 

€6ld'-bl6od'ed (-bifid'-), a. With- 
out sensibility ; hard-hearted. 

Cold'ly, adv. In a cold manner. 

Cold'ness, n. Quality of being cold. 

Cole, n. [Lat. colis, caidis, Gr. kov- 
Ads, stalk of a plant, cabbage-stalk, 
cabbage.] A plant of the cabbage 
family. 

Co'LE-OP'TER-AL, ) a. [Gr. KoKeon- 

Co'LE-OP'TER-oOs, ) Tepos, sheath- 
winged.] Having wings covered with 
a, case or sheath, as the beetles. 

Cole'-wort (-wQrt), n. A cabbage 
cut young. 

C6l'I€, n. [Gv. KOiXiKiq (sc.Sidflecri?, 
state, illness), from its being seated 
in the colon and parts adjacent.] An 
acute pain in the abdomen or bowels. 

C6l'ick-y, a. Pertaining to colic. 

Col'i-se'um,^. See Colosseum. 

Col-lab'o-RA'TOR, n. [From Lat. 
collaborare, fr. con and laborare, to la- 
bor.] An associate in labor ; a co- 
worker : an assistant. 

Col-lapse', v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
collabi, collapsum , from con and labi, 
to fall, slide.] To fall together sud- 
denly, as the sides of a hollow ves- 
sel. — n. 1. A falling together sud- 
denly. 2. A sudden failing of the 
vital powers. 

Col-lap'sion, n. A state of falling 
together, or shrinking up. 

Col'lar, n. [Lat. collum, neck.] 1. 
Something worn round the neck. 2. 
A ring or cincture. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To seize by the collar. 2. 
To put a collar on. 

Col'lar-bone, n. The clavicle ; a 
bone shaped like the markc^r>, con- 
necting the breast-bone and the 
shoulder-blade. 

Col-late', v. t. [-ed ; -ing]. [Lat. 
con/err e, collatum, fr. con and ferre, 
latum, to bear.] 1. To compare crit- 
ically. 2. To see that the signatures 
run consecutively, as of sheets gath- 
ered for binding. 3. To present and 
institute in a benefice. 

COL-LAT'ER-AL, a. [L. Lat. collater- 
alis, fr. con and lateralis, lateral.] 1. 
Subordinate^ connected ; indirect. 
2. Descending from the same ances- 
tor, but not one from the other. — n. 
1. A collateral relation. 2. Security 
in addition to a principal promise or 
bond. 

Col-lat'er-AL-ly, adv. Ina collat- 
eral manner or relation. 

Col-la'tion, n. 1. Act of bringing 
together and comparing. 2. Act of 
conferring or bestowing. 3. Presen- 
tation of a clergyman to a benefice 
by a bishop. 4. An unceremonious 
repast or lunch. [collation. 

CoL-LA'TtvE, a. Passing or held by 



Col-la'tor, n. One who collates. 

Col'lkague, n. [Lat. collega,oxie 
chosen at the same time with anoth- 
er.] One united with another in 
some office ; a partner or associate. 

€OL-LE€T', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
colligere, collectum, fr. con and legere, 
to gather.] 1. To gather ; to bring 
together. 2. To infer as a conse- 
quence. — v. i. 1. To accumulate' 
2. To infer ; to conclude, [rive prayer. 

C6l'LE€T, «. A short, eomprehen' 

■€0L'LE€-TA'NE-A, n. pi. [Lat., 

things collected.] Passages selected 

from various authors. 
Col'leg-ta'ne-ous, a. Collected. 
Col-le€T'ed, a. Self-possessed ; 

cool ; composed. 
COL-LE€T'ED-NESS, n. A self-pos- 

sessed state of the mind, [ing collected. 
Col-lect'i-ble, a. Capable of be- 
Col-lec'tion, n. 1. Act of collect- 
ing. 2. That which is collected. 3. 

A contribution. 

Syn. — An assembly ; assemblage ; 

group ; crowd ; meeting ; mass ; heap ; 

compilation ; selection. 

Col-LE€T'ive, a. 1. Formed by 
gathering. 2. Deducing conse- 
quences. 3. Expressing an aggre- 
gate of individuals. [or body. 

Col-le€T'Kve-LY, adv. In a mass 

€ol-LE€T'or, n. 1. Ore who collects 
or gathers. 2. An officer to collect 
duties, taxes, or toll. 

Col-lect'or-shIp, ) n. Office of a 

Col-lect'or-ate, ) collector of 
customs or taxes. 

CoL'LEGE (47), n. [Lat. colbgivm, 
fr. colligere, to collect.] 1. A collec- 
tion or society of men. 2. An estab« 
lishment for students who are acquir- 
ing the languages and sciences. 

Col-le'gi-AL, a. Relating to a col- 
lege, [college. 

Col-le'GI-AN, n. A member of a 

Col-le'gi-ate, a. Pertaining to, or 
resembling, a college. — n. A mem> 
ber of a college. 

Col'let, n. [Lat. collum, neck.] 
That part of a ring in which the 
stoneis set. 

COL-LIDE',r. i. [Lat. collidere ,fr. con 
and Isedere, to strike.] To strike or 
dash against each other. 

Coll'IER (kol'yer), n. [From coal.] 
1. A digger of coal. 2. A dealer in 
coal. 3. A vessel employed iu the 
coal trade. [coal is dug. 

C6ll'ier-y (kol'yer-), n. Place where 

Col'LI-MA'TION, n. [Lat. collimare, 
to aim, for collineare, fr. con and lin- 
eare, fr. linta, lice.] Act of leveling 
or of directing the sight to a fixed 
object. 

Col'li-ma'tor, n. A telescope to 
determine errors of collimation. 

Col-lI'n'gual (-ling/gwal, 82), a. 
Pertaining to the same language. 

COL-LIQ/UE-FAC'TION, n. [Lat. col- 
liqitefacere, to melt, from con and li- 
quSre, to be liquid, and facere, to 
make.] A melting of different bodies 
into one mass. 

€ol-lis/ion, n. [See Collide.] 1. 



I, e, I, o, e, y, long; A, e. 1, 6, 0, y, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; scn, 



COLLOCATE 



77 



COMBINE 



A striking together, as of two hard 
bodies. 2. A state of opposition. 
Syn. — Conflict; clashing; encounter. 

fOL'LO-CATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. collocare, from con and locare, 
to place. ]_ To set or place ; testation. 

Gol'lo-ca'Tion, n. 1. Act of 
placing. 2. State of being placed, or 
placed with something else. 

eOL-LO'Dl-ON, n. [Gr. /coAAa, glue.] 
A strongly adhesive solution of gun- 
cotton in ether. 

€6l'LOP, n. [Gr. KoAa^os, buffet, 
cuff.] 1. A small slice of meat. 2. 
A piece of any thing. 

€OL-LO'QUl-AL, a. Pertaining to 
common conversation. 

€ol-lo'qui-al-is.m, 71. A colloquial 
form of expression. 

€OL-LO'QUI-AL-LY, adv. By mutual 
conversation. [alogue. 

€6l'lo-Quist, n. A speaker in a di- 

€6l'LO-QUY, n. [Lat. colloquium, fr. 
colloqui, to converse.] Mutual dis- 
course of two or more. 

Syx. — Conference; dialogue. 

€ol-l«de',u.!. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
colluriere, fr. con and ludere, to play.] 
To conspire in a fraud ; to act in 
concert. 

■Gol-lu'sion, n. A secret agreement 
and co-operation for a fraudulent 
purpose. 

Syn. — Connivance. — In connivance, 
one overlooks and thus sanctions what 
he was bound to prevent ; in collusion, 
he unites with others for fraudulent pur- 
poses. The connivance of public men at 
what is wrong is often the result of the 
basest collusion. 

•Coii-liU'siVE, a. Fraudulently con- 
certed; deceitful. 

Gol-LU'sive-LY, adv. By collusion. 

Gol-lu'sIve-ness, n. The quality 
of being collusive. 

Gol-lu'so-ry, a. Characterized by 
collusion ; collusive. 

■CoL-zu'ri-Eg, n. sing. & pi. [Lat., 
from con and luere, to wash.] A 
mixed mass of refuse matter ; filth. 

Gol'ly, n. [From coal.] The black 
grime of coal or burnt wood. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -me, 142.] To render black, 
as if with coal smut. 

€o-logne' (ko-16n'),n. A perfumed 
liquid used in the toilet ; — originally 
made in Cologne. 

Go'LON, n. [Gr. kwAov.] 1. Largest 
of the large intestines. 2. A point 
[:], marking a pause greater than 
a semicolon. 

Colonel (kfir'nel), n. [Fr. colonel, 
Sp. coronel, from Lat. columna, col- 
umn.] Chief commander of a regi- 
ment of troops. 

Golonel CY ) (kfir'nel-), n. Office, 

■Golonel-shIp ) rank, or com- 
mission of a colonel. 

Co-LO'ni-al, a. Pertaining to a col- 
ony, [colony. 

Gol'O-nIst,^ n. An inhabitant of a 

Gol'o-NI-za'tion, n. Act of colo- 
nizing, or sja.te of being colonized. 

Gol'o-ni-ZA'tion-Ist, n. A friend 
to colonization. 

Gol'o-nize, V. t. [-EDJ-ING.] To 



plant a colony in .— v.i. To remove 
and settle in a distant country. 

CoL'ON-NADE', n. [It, colonna, Lat. 
columna, column,] A series of col- 
umns placed at regular intervals. 

Gol'o-ny, n. [Lat. colonia, fr. colO' 
nus, farmer.] 1. A company trans- 
planted to a remote country, and re- 
maining subject to the parent state. 
2. The country colonized. 

Gol'o-phon, n. [Gr. ko\o<$u)V, sum- 
mit, top, finishing stroke.] An in- 
scription on the last page of old books, 
containing the place or year of its 
publication, &c. 

Gol'o-phcny, or Go-loph'o-ny, 
n. [From Colophon.] The dark-col- 
ored resin obtained by the distilla- 
tion of turpentine. 

G6l'or (kQl'ur), n. [Lat.] 1. A 
property of light, in consequence of 
which differences in the appearance 
of objects are apprehended by the 
vision. 2. Any hue or tint as dis- 
tinguished from white. 3. Paint ; 
pigments. 4. False show ; pretense. 
5. pi. A flag, ensign, or standard. — 
v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To change the 
hue or tint of ; to dye. 2. To palliate ; 
to excuse. — v. i. To turn red; to 
blush. 

G6l'OR-A-BLE, a. Designed to cover 
or conceal ; specious ; plausible. 

G6l'or-a-BLY, adv. Speciously ; 
plausibly. [of coloring. 

G6l / or-a'TION, n. Act or practice 

G6l'OR_ED (ktil'urd), a. 1. Having 
color. 2. Having a specious or plausi- 
ble appearance. 

Colored people, black people ; negroes, 
mulattoes, &c. 

€6e / or-IF'I€ (kill'-), a. [Lat. color, 
and facere, to make.] Communi- 
cating or producing color. 

GQL'OR-tsT, n. One who excels in 
giving color to his designs. 

Gol'or-less, a. Destitute of color. 

Go-LOS'SAL, ) a. Of enor- 

Gol'os-se'an (124), { mous size ; 
gigantic. [Vespasian in Rome. 

Gol'os-se'UM, n. Amphitheater of 

Go-los'sus, n. ; Lett. pi. -eo-Los'si; 
Eng.pl. €0-los'sus-E2. [Lat. ; Gr. 
koAoo-o-os-] A gigantic statue. 

Gol'PORT-AGE, n. Distribution of 
religious books, tracts, &c.,by col- 
porteurs. 

Gol'port-eur, \ n. [Fr. colporteur, 

Gol'port-ER, ) fr. col, neck, and 
porter, to carry.] One who peddles 
religious tracts and books. 

Gol'stAff (6), n. [Lat. collum, 
neck, and Eng. staff.] A staff for 
carrying burdens by two persons on 
their shoulders. 

Golt (20), n. [A.-S., prob. akin to 
collen, swelling, audacious.] Young 
of the horse kind. 

Col'ter I (20), n. [Lat. cid- 

GOUL'TER ) ter, fr. colere, to 
cultivate.] Sharp fore iron 
of a plow. [frisky. 

€6lt'ish,_ a. Like a colt; 

Gol'U-Brine, a. [Lat. colu- 
brinus, from coluber, serpent.] Colter. 



Relating to serpents ; cunning; 
crafty. 

€6l'UM-BA-RY, n. [Lat. columbari- 
um, fr. columba, dove.] A dove-cot; 
a pigeon-house. 

Go-LUM'BI-AD, n. [From Columbia, 
or the United States.] A species of 
heavy cannon. 

Gol'UM-BINE, n. [Lat. columbinus, 
dove-like, fr. columba, dove ; — from 
the beak-like spurs of its flowers.] A 
genus of plants. 

Col'u-mel'la, n. [Lat., dim. of col* 
umen, columna, column.] An axis 
to which a carpel of a compound pis 
til may be attached. 

Col'UMN (kol'um), n. [Lat. columna, 
fr. cellere, Gr. Ke'AAeiv, to urge, ex- 
tend upward.] 1. A cylindrical sup- 
port for a roof, ceiling, &c. ; a pillar. 
2. Any upright, cylindrical body. 3. 
A body of troops in files with a nar- 
row front. 4. (Naut.) A body of 
ships arranged in a line. 5. A per- 
pendicular set of lines. 

Go-LUM'N AR, a. Formed in columns ; 
having the form of columns. 

Go-LURE', n. ; pi. CO-LURES'. [Gr. 
KoAovpo?, dock-tailed : — so named 
because a part is always beneath the 
horizon.] One of two great circles 
intersecting at right angles in the 
poles of the equator. 

-C6' MA, n. [Gr. kw/u<x, lethargy.] A 
morbid propensity to sleep ; lethargy. 

Co'mate, a. [Lat. comatus, fr. coma, 
hair.] Hairy. 

€o'MA-TOSE / , ) a. Relating to coma ; 

Go'MA-TOUS, J drowsy ; lethargic. 

Gomb (kom), n. [Prob. fr. A.-S. camb^ 
a valley or hollow.] The cells in 
which bees store their honey. 

GOMB (kom, 20), n. [A.-S. camb, Icel 
kambr.] 1. An instrument for sepa 
rating and adjusting hair, wool, &c 
2. Crest on a cock's head. 3. Top, 
or crest, of a wave. — v.t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To disentangle, cleanse, and 
adjust. — v. i. To break with a white 
foam. 

€6m'bat, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Fr. 
combattre, from com and battre, to 
strike, beat.] To struggle or con- 
tend, as with an opposing force. — 
v. t. To fight with ; to contend 
against. — n. 1. A struggle to resist 
or conquer. 2. A military engage- 
ment of no great magnitude. 

Single combat, a combat with one on 
either side; a duel. 

Gom'bat-ant, a. Contending : dis- 
posed to contend. — n. One who en- 
gages in combat. 

G6M'BAT-lVE,a. Disposed to combat. 

Gom'bat-ive-ness, n. Disposition 
to contend. 

Comb'ER (kom'er), n. 1. One who 
combs. 2. A long, curling wave. 

GOM-BIN'A-BLE, a. Capable of com- 
bining. 

Gom'bi-na'TION, n. 1. Close union or 
connection. 2. Alliance. 
Syn.— Cabal; confederacy; coalition. 

GOM-BINE', r. t. [-ED;-ING.] [L. 
Lat. combinare, fr. com, for con, and 



or, do, wqlf, too, TO"okj urn, rue, pull; £,/, o, silent; 9,6, soft; v,&,hard; Ag; e^ist; 2? as no ; this. 



COMBINER 



78 



COMMISERATE 



binus, pi. bini, two and two, double.] 
To unite or join. — v. i. 1. To form 
a union. 2. To unite by affinity. 

•fc'OM-BiN'ER, n. One who combines. 

t'OM-BUS'Tl-BLE, a. [From Lac. com- 
burere, combustus, from com, for con, 
and burere, to burn.] 1. Capable of 
taking fire; inflammable. 2. Irasci- 
ble. — n. A substance that will take 
fire and burn. 

€om-B0s'TI-BLE-ness, ) n. Quality 

COM-BUS'TI-BIL'I-TY, j of being 
combustible. 

€om-bDs'tion (-bQst'yun), n. A tak- 
ing fire and burning ; conflagration. 

■Gome (kHm, 57), v. i. [imp. came ; 
p. p. come.] [A.-S. cuman, for 
cviman, Goth, qviman.] 1. To draw 
near ; to approach. 2. To arrive at 
some state or condition ; to occur ; 
to happen. 3. To become manifest 
or evident ; to appear. 

€o-me'di-an, n. An actor in comedy. 

GoM'E-DY, n. [Gr. KuifxwSia, from kS>- 
|u.os, a festal procession, an ode sung 
at this procession, and aei'Seiv, to 
sing.] A light and amusing dramat- 
ic composition. 

€6me'li-ness (kilm'li-), n. Quality 
of being comely ; gracefulness. 

€6ME'LY (kunvTy), a. [-ER;-EST, 
142.] [From come, in the sense of 
become, to suit or be suitable.] Hand- 
some ; graceful ; well-proportioned. 

•Gom'er, n. One who comes, or who 
has come. 

•GoM'ET, n. [Gr. ko/htjttjs, long- 
haired, from KOfxrj, hair.] A member 
of the solar system, usually moving 
in a very eccentric orbit, and con- 
sisting of a nucleus, an envelop, and 
a tail. 

€6m'et-a-RY, ) a. Pertaining to, or 

■eo-MET're, j resembling a comet. 

t 1 6M'ET-6G'RA-PHY,n. [Gr. ko/ujjttjs, 
comet, and ypdcfteiv, to write.] A 
description of, or a treatise on comets. 

€6m'fit, I n. [Lat. confi- 

t>OM'FlT-URE (53), I cere t to pre- 
pare.] A dry sweetmeat. 

€6M'FORT (kum'furt), v. I. [-ED; 
-ING.] [Lat. confortare, fr. con and 
fortis, strong.] To relieve or cheer 
under affliction or depression. — n. 
1. Strength and relief received under 
affliction. 2. A state of quiet enjoy- 
ment, or whatever contributes to it. 
3. A wadded quilt. [Amer.] 

Syn. — Consolation: solace.— Consola- 
tion supposes some definite and pretty 
severe affliction, as, a friend consoles un- 
der bereavement; comfort may refer to 
lighter evils or continuous trials, as, the 
con\fort of love, comforts of old age. Sol- 
ace is a thing we make or find for our- 
selves, as, the solace of books, society, &c. 

€6m'fort-a-ble, a. Affording or 
enjoying comfort. — n. A heavy, 
quilted coverlet. [Amer.] 

€6m'fort-a-ble-ness, n. State of 
being comfortable. 

<36m'fort-a-bly, adv. In a manner 
to give comfort. 

€6m'fort-er, n. 1. One who com- 
forts. 2. The Holy Spirit. 3. A knit 
woolen tippet. 4. A wadded quilt. 



€6M'FORT-LEss, a. Without com- 
fort ; miserable. 

Com'frey, n. [Lat. conferva.] A 
genus of plants used in medicine. 

■Gom'ic, a. 1. Relating to comedy. 2. 
Fitted to excite merriment. 

-Com'ic-al, a. Exciting mirth ; laugh- 
able. 

Syn.— Droll; diverting; ludicrous. 

€6m'I€-al'i-T¥, n. That which is 
comical; something ludicrous. 

€6m'I€-AL-LY, adv. In a comical 
manner; ludicrously. [comical. 

€6m'I€-AL-NESS, n. Quality of being 

t'o-Mt'TIAL (ko-mish / al), a. [Lat. 
co?nitia, popular assembly , fr. comire, 
to come together.] 1. Relating to the 
popular assemblies of the Romans. 
2. Pertaining to assemblies of the 
people. 

€6m'i-ty, n. [Lat. comitas, fr. comis, 
affable.] Courtesy of intercourse. 

€6m'MA, n. [Gr. Ko/n/ua, segment, 
clause ; Koirreiv, to cut off.] A char- 
acter [,] marking the smallest gram- 
matical division of a sentence. 

€OM-MAND' (6), V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. con and mandare, to commit 
to, to command.] 1. To order with 
authority. 2. To exercise supreme 
authority over. 3. To have within a 
sphere of influence, control, or vision. 
Syn.— To bid; order; direct; charge; 
govern ; lead; overlook ; challenge. 
— v. i. To have or exercise supreme 
authority. — n. 1. An authoritative 
order. 2. Exercise of authority. 3. 
Ability to overlook, control, or watch. 
4. A body of troops under a partic- 
ular officer. 

COM'MAN-DANT', n. [Fr., from com- 
mander, to command.] A command- 
ing officer. 

€OM-MAND'ER, n. 1. Chief officer of 
an arm j', or of any division of it. 2. 
An officer next above a lieutenant. 

€om-mand'ing, a. Fitted to impress 
or control. 

Syn. —Authoritative ; imperative. 

Com-mAnd'ment, n. An order given 
by authority ; charge ; precept. 

■eoM-MEAg'UR-A-BLE (-mezh'ur), a. 
Reducible to the same measure ; com- 
mensurate. 

€om-mem-o-ra-ble, a. "Worthy to 
be commemorated. 

€OM-MEM'0-RATE,1>. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. commemorare , commemoratus , 
to remember.] To celebrate with 
honor and solemnity. 

COM-MEM'0-RA'TION,«. Act of call- 
ing to remembrance by some solem- 
nity. 

€om-iviem'o-ra-t1v"E, ) a. Tending 

■eoM-MEM'o-RA-TO-RY, J to pre- 
serve in remembrance. 

€om-MENCE', v. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. com, for con, and initiate, to 
begin.] To begin ; to originate. — 
i\ t. To enter upon ; to originate. 

€om-MENCE'MENT. n. 1. Rise; ori- 
gin ; beginning. 2. Day when de- 
grees are conferred by colleges. 

€OM-MEND', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
commendare, from com and man- 



dare, to commit to.] I. To intrust 
for care or preservation. 2. To 
praise. 3. To recommend. 

€om-mend'a-ble, a. Worthy of 
being commended ; laudable ; praise- 
worthy. 

€om-mend'a-ble-ness, n. State of 
being commendable. 

€om-M£nd'a-BLY, adv. In a com- 
mendable manner. 

€6M'MEN-DA'TION,tt, 1. Act of com- 
mending. 2. A message of affection 
or respect; compliments. 

Syn. — Praise; approbation; applause. 

€om-mend'A-TO-RY (50), a. Serving 
to commend. 

€OM-MEN'SU-RA-BIL-I-TY } (-men'- 

€OM-MEN'SU-RA-BLE-NESS j shvj-), 
n. Capacity of having a common 
measure. 

€om-mEn'su-RA-BLE (-mgn'shu-), a. 
[Lat. com, for con, and m ensurare , to 
measure.] Having a common meas- 
ure. 

€om-MEN'su-rate (-mEn'shu-), a. 1. 
Having a common measure. 2. Equal 
in measure or extent. 

€OM-MEN'SU-RATE,r.Z. [-ED;-ING.] 
To reduce to a common measure. 

COM-MEN'SU-RA/TION, n. State of 
being commeusurate. 

COM'MENT, r. )'. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
commentary, to meditate upon, to 
explain.] To explain by means of 
remarks, observations, or criticisms. 
— n. An explanatory or illustrative 
remark, observation, or criticism ; 
annotation. 

€6M'MEN-TA-RY,n. A collection, or 
book of comments. 

€6M'MEN-TA'TOR,n. One who com- 
ments ; an annotator. [ments. 

toM'MENT-ER, n. One who com- 

■CoM'MERCE, n. [Lat. commercium, 
fr. com and merx, mercis, merchan- 
dise.] 1. Extended trade or traffic; 
2. Social or personal intercourse ; 
familiarity. 

€om-m£rce' (14), v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To hold intercourse with. 

€om-m£r'cial (14, 63), a. Pertain- 
ing to, or engaged in, commerce ; 
mercantile. [mercial manner. 

-eoM-MfiR'CIAL-LY, adv. In a com- 

■eoM'MI-NA'TlON, n. [Lat. commi- 
natio, fr. com, for con. and minari, 
to threaten.] Denunciation of pun- 
ishment or vengeance. 

€om-min'a-to-RY, a. Threatening 
or denouncing punishment. 

€OM-MIN'GLE, V. t. [ED; -ING.] 
To mingle together in one mass ; to 
blend. — v. i. T© mix or unite to- 
gether. 

€oM'MI-NUTE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.J 
[Lat. comminuere, comminutvm, fr. 
com, for con, and minuere, to lessen.] 
To reduce to minute particles ; to pul- 
verize. 

GoM'MI-NU'TION, n. Act of reducing 
to small particles ; pulverization. 

€OM-MIg'ER-ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. commiserari, commiseratus, fr. 
con and miserari, to pity.] To be 
sorry for ; to pity ; to compassionate. 



A, E, I, O, V,?, long; 1,Z,1,6,V,Y, Short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALE, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM ; PIQUE, FIRM j s6N, 



COMMISERATION 



€JOM->rfs/ER-A'TION, n. Act of com- 
miserating. 

Syn. — Pity; sympathy ; compassion; 
condolence. 

€OM-jYri2'ER-A / TOR,«. Onewhocom- 
miserates,_or pities. 

Com/mis-sa'ri-AL, a. Pertaining to 
a commissary. 

■Com'mis-sa'ri-at, ft. 1. A military 
department charged with the supply 
of provisions. 2. Body of officers in 
that department. 

•GSm'MIS-sa-RY, n. [L. Lat. commissa- 
rius, fr. committere, to commit.] An 
officer having charge of a special de- 
partment, esp. that of subsistence. 

€om'mis-sa-ry-ship, n. Office orem- 
ployment of a commissary. 

€om-MIS'sion (-mlsh'un), n. 1. Act 
of committing. 2. A warrant com- 
mitting some charge to a person. 3. 
A company of persons joined in the 
exercise of some duty. 4. A thing 
to be done as agent for another. 5. 
Allowance made to an agent. 

Syn.— Charge ; authority ; mandate. 
— v.t. [-ED; -ing.] To give a com- 
mission to ; to empower or authorize. 

€om-M!S'sion-er, n. One who has a 
commission to execute some business. 

€om-mis'sure (-mish'nr, 95), n. A 
joint or seam ; line of junction ; point 
of union. 

€OM-MlT',r. t. [-TET>; -TING.] [Lat. 
committere, to send to, to connect, to 
commit.] 1. To give in trust. 2. To 
do ; to perform ; to perpetrate. 3. To 
pledge or bind ; — used reilexively. 

Gom-mTt'MENT, n. Act of commit- 
ting ; committal. 

CoM-Mi'T'TAL, n. 1. Act of commit- 
ting. 2. A pledge, actual or implied. 

€OM-MlT'TEE, n. [From cornmit.] A 
select number of persons appointed 
to attend to any business. 

€om-MIX', v. t. or i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. commiscere, commixtum, from 
com, for con, and miscere, to mix.] 
To mix or mingle ; to blend. 

€om-m1xt'ure (-mikst/yur), n. 1. 
Act of mixing. 2. Mass formed by 
mixing; compound. 

€OM-MODE', n. [Lat. commodus, fr. 
com, for con, and modus, measure, 
mode.] A chest of drawers, often 
with shelves, &c, added. 

€OM-MO'Dl-o0s, a. Affording ease 
and convenience. 

Syx.— Convenient; suitable; fit; prop- 
er; comfortable. 

€om-mo'di-oiJs-ly, adv. In a com- 
modious manner. 

€OM-MO'Dl-o0s-NESS, n. Suitable- 
ness for its purpose ; convenience. 

€OMMOD'l-TY, n . [See COM3IODE .] 
That which affords convenience ; 
hence, goods, merchandise, &c. 

€6M'MO-DORE', n. [Prob. from Ital. 
comandatore, commander.] 1. Com- 
mander of a squadron. 2. Leading 
ship in a fleet of merchantmen 

€6m'mon, a. [-er: -est.] [Lat. 
communis, fr. com, for con, and mu- 
nis, ready to be of service.] 1. Be- 
longing equally to more than one. 



79 

2. Often met with. 3. Not distin- 
guished by rank or character. 

Common council, a representative 
council for the government of a city. — 
Common law, the unwritten law; the 
law that receives its binding force from 
immemorial usage and universal recep- 
tion, in distinction from the written or 
statute law. — Common J'leas, a court 
for trying civil actions. In the United 
States, it sometimes has criminal juris- 
diction.— Common prayer, the liturgy 
of the Protestant Episcopal church. — 
Common sense, sound, practical judg- 
ment; the' instantaneous decision of un- 
perverted reason. 

Syn. — General; public; frequent; or- 
dinary; customary; usual; familiar; ha- 
bitual; vulgar. 

— «. 1. An uninclosed tract of pub- 
lic ground. 2. Right of taking a profit 
in the land of another. — v. i. 1. 
To have a joint right with others in 
common ground. 2. To board to- 
gether, [mon. 

€om'mon-A-BLE, a. Held in com- 

€6m'mon-AGE , n. Right of pastur- 
ing on a common. 

€6m'MON-al-TY, n. The common 
people ; the commons. 

€oM'MON-ER,n. 1. One not noble. 2. 
A member of the House of Com- 
mons. 3. One who has a joint right 
in common ground. 4. A student of 
the second rank at Oxford. 

C6ji'MON-ly, adv. Usually ; gener- 
ally ; ordinarily ; frequently ; for the 
most part. 

€6m'mon-ness (109), n. State of 
being common or usual. 

€6bi'mon-pl a^e , a. Common ; trite ; 
hackneyed. — n. 1. A general idea 
applicable to different subjects. 2. A 
trite remark. — v. t. To enter in a 
commonplace-book, or to reduce to 
general heads. 

■Com/mon-pla^e'-book (27), n. A 
book in which things to be remem- 
bered are recorded. 

€6m'MON§, n.pl. 1. Mass of the peo- 
ple. 2. Lower house of parliament. 

3. Pood at a common table. 
€6m'MON-weal', )n. 1. A free 
€6m'mon- wealth', j state: apop- 

ular government. 2. Whole body of 
people in a state. 

€om-MO'tion, n. [Lat. commotio, fr. 
com, for con, and movere, to move.] 
1. Violent motion ; agitation. 2. A 
popular tumult. 3. Perturbation of 
mind. [mune. 

COM-MUN'AL, a. Pertaining to a com- 

€OM-MUNE', v. i. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
communicate, to communicate.] 1. 
To converse together familiarly. 2. 
To partake of the Lord's supper. 

-€&M'MUNE, n. [Fr.] A small ter- 
ritoriaj district in France. 

€om-mu / ni-€A-b!l'i-ty, n. Quality 
of being communicable. 

€03I-MU'NI-€A-BLE, a. Capable of 
being communicated. 

€OM-MU'NI-€A-BLE-NESS, n. Quality 
of being communicable. 

€OM-MU'Nl-€ANT, n. One who par- 
takes of the Lord's supper. 

€OM-MU'NI-€ATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. communicare, communicatus, 



COMPANY 

fr. communis, common.] 1. To im- 
part for joint possession. 2. To give, 
as information. 

Syn.— To impart; reveal. — To com- 
municate is generic; it is allowing others 
to enjoy in common with us. Impart is 
more specific ; it is giving to others a part 
of what we had held as our own, as, to 
impart our feelings, of our property, &c. 
Hence there is something more intimato 
in imparting intelligence than in com' 
municating it. To reveal is to disclose 
something hidden or concealed, as O 
secret. 

— v. i. To have intercourse or tho 
means of intercourse. 

COM-MfJ/NI-eA'TION, n. 1. Act of 
communicating. 2. Means of pass- 
ing from place to place. 3. That 
which is communicated or imparted. 
Syx. —Commerce; correspondence. 

€OM-MU'NI--eA-TlVE, a. Inclined to 
communicate ; ready to impart to 
others. 

€OM-MU'NI-€A-TlVE-NESS, n. Quali- 
ty of being communicative. 

€OM-MUN'ION, n. 1. Mutual inter- 
course. 2. Union in religious faith ; 
fellowship. 3. A body of Christians 
having one common faith. 4. Cele- 
bration of the Lord's supper. 

■eoM'MU-NfsM, n. [Fr. communisme, 
fr. commun, common.] Community 
of property among citizens ; social- 
ism, [communism. 

€6m'mu-nYst, n. An advocate for 

€OM-MU'Nl-TY,n. [Lat. communitas\ 
1. Common possession. 2. A society 
of people having common interests. 
3. The public, or people in general. 

Com-MU'TA-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of 
being commutable. 

€OM-MU'TA-BLE, a. Capable of being 
exchanged or given for another. 

Com/MU-ta'tion, n. 1. Change. 2. 
Barter; exchange. 3. Substitution 
of one penalty for another. 

€om-mu'ta-tive, a. Relative to ex. 
change ; interchangeable. 

€OM-MUTE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
commutare , from com, for con, and 
mutare, to change.] 1. To exchange; 
to substitute. 2. To pay less for in 
the gross than would be paid for the 
separate trips. — v.i. 1. To obtain 
or bargain for exemption. 2. To 
make an arrangement to pay in 
gross. 

€om-PACT',o. [Lat. compingere, com- 
pactus, fr. com, for con, and pangere, 
to fasten, fix.] 1. Closely united. 2. 
Brief; succinct, — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
1. To consolidate. 2. To unite or 
connect firmly, as in a system. — n. 
An agreement ; a covenant. 

€om-pXct'ly, adv. Closely ; densely. 

€om-pX€T'ness, n. Close union o£ 
parts ; density. 

€om-PAN'ION, n. [From L. Lat. cortu 
panium, fellowship, a mess.] Ono 
who accompanies, or is associated 

. with, another. 

€om-pXn'ion-A-ble, a. Agreeable 
as a companion ; fit for good fellow- 
ship; sociable. [association. 

€om-pXn'ion-shYp, n. Fellowship; 

€6m'pa-ny (kum'-), n. 1. State of 



I 



OR, do, wolf, TOO, XOOfc; Orn, RUE, pi/ll ; E, I, o, silent; 9, G, soft; €, 5, Imrd; Ag; exist ; tf as ng; this. 



COMPARABLE 



80 



COMPLEX 



being a companion. 2. An assemb- 
lage of persons. 3. Uuests. 4. A 
corporation ; a firm. 6. Partners 
whose names are not mentioned in 
the title of the firm. 6. A subdivision 
of a regiment. — v. i. To associate. 

€6m'pa-ra-ble, a. Capable of being 
compared ; worthy of comparison. 

•€6m'PA-ra-bly, adv. In a manner 
worthy to be compared. 

£!om-pXr'a-tive, a. 1. Estimated by 
comparison. 2. Having the power 
of comparing. 8. (Gram.) Express- 
ing a greater or less degree than the 
positive. 

Com-par'A-tTve-LY, adv. In a com- 
parative manner ; relatively. 
50M-PARE' (4), V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. comparare, fr. compar, like or 
equal to another.] 1. To examine 
the mutual relations of 2. To rep- 
resent as similar ; to liken. 3, To 
inflect according to degrees cf com- 
parison. — v. i. To be like or equal. 

Syn. — Compare to ; compare with.— 
A thing is compared with another to 
learn their relative value or excellence; 
to another, with a view to show their 
similarity. 

6toM-PAR'l-so\ (-sun or -sn), n. 1. 
Act of comparing ; a comparative es- 
timate. 2. Inflection of an adjective 
or adverb. 3. A simile or simiiitude. 

€om-part', v. t. [-ed; -in&.] [Lat. 
compartiri, from com, for con, and 
partiri, parlire, to share.] To divide ; 
to mark out into parts. 

€6m'par-Ti'TION (-tish'un), n. Act 
of dividing into parts 

£om-parT'mext, n. One of the sep- 
arate parts into which any thing is 
divided. 

£6m'pass (kum'-), n. [L. Lat. com- 
passus, circle.] 1. A circuit; cir- 
cumference. 2. An inclosing limit ; 
boundary. 3. An inclosed space ; 
extent ; capacity. 4. Range of notes 
of any voice or instrument. 6. A 
magnetic instrument, used to de- 
termine the north and other cardinal 
points. — r. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
go around. 2. To inclose on all 
sides. 3. To besiege or invest. 4. 
To get within one's power. 5. To 
purpose ; to intend ; to plot. 

Syn. — To surround ; environ ; in- 
close ; contrive ; gain ; secure i obtain. 

■€>6m'PASS-E§, n. pi. An instrument 
for describing circles, &c. 

•Gom-pas'sIon (-pash'un), n. [Lat. 
compassio, fr. compati, fr. com and 
patiy to bear, suffer.] Sorrow excited 
by the distress or misfortunes of an- 
other. 

Syn . — Pity ; sympathy ; commisera- 
tion. 

€toM-PAS'SION-ATE,t\ t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To pity ; to commiserate. 

£om-pXs'sion-ate (-pash'un-, 45), 
a. Full of compassion. 

Syn. — Sympathizing; tender; merci- 
ful. 

€om-pXs'sion-ate-ly, adv. With 
compassion ; mercifully. 

Com-pXtVi-bIl/I-ty, n. Quality of 
being compatible. 



€OM-PXT'KBLE, a. [L. Lat. compati- 
bills. See COMPASSION.] Capable 
of existing in harmony. 

Syn.~ Cousistent ; suitable ; agreea- 
ble; accordant; congruous. 

€om-pat'i-ble-ness, n. Compati- 
bility ; consistency. [sistently. 

€om-pXt'i-bly, adv. Fitly ; con- 

Com-pa'tri-ot, n. A fellow-patriot 
of the same country. 

€om-PEER', n. One who is an equal ; 
a companion ; a peer. 

€OM-PEL', v. t. [-LED ; -LING.] [Lat. 
compellere, fr. com, for con, and pel- 
lere, to drive.] 1. To drive or urge 
irresistibly. 2. To take by force. 

Syn. — To constrain ; oblige ; neces- 
sitate. 

€om-PEl'la-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing compelled. 

€6M'PEL-LA'TION, n. [Lat. compel- 
latio, fr. compellare, to accost.] Man- 
ner of address ; appellation. 

€om-PjSl'ler, n. One who compels. 

<J6m/pend, n. [Lat. compendium, it. 
compendere, to weigh.] A brief com- 
pilation ; an abridgment. 

€om-pend'i-OUs, a. Summed up 
within narrow limits. 

€om-pend'i-oOs-ly, adv. Sum- 
marily ; in brief. [ness ; brevity. 

€oM-PEND'l-otrs-NEss, n. Short- 

€OM-PEN'DI-TJM, n.; pi. COM-PEN'- 
DI-UMS.. [See COMPEND.] An a- 
bridgmentor epitome. 

€oM'FEN-SATE, or €OM-PEN'SATE, 
v.t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. compensare, 
compe.nsatus, to weigh.] 1. To give 
an equivalent to. 2. To be equiva- 
lent to in value or effect. — v. i. To 
make amends. 

€6m/fen-sa'tion, n. 1. Act or prin- 
ciple of compensating. 2. An equiv- 
alent. 

Syn. — Recompense ; reward ; remu- 
neration ; requital ; satisfaction. 

€OM-PEN'SA-TtVE, ) a. Affording 

Com-pen'sa-TO-ry, j compensation ; 
making amends. 

COM-PETE', 1). i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
competere, from con and pe.tere, to 
seek.] To contend, as rivals, for a 
prize. 

-CoM'PE-TENCE, 1 n. [Lat. competen- 

€oM'PE-TEN-CY, j tia.] 1. State of 
being competent ; fitness ; power ; 
capacity. 2. Sufficiency, especially of 
property. 

€6m'PE-TENT, a. 1. Answering to 
all requirements. 2. Having ade- 
quate power or right. 

Syn. — Sufficient ; fitted ; suitable ; 
qualified; adequate. 

€om'pe-tent-ly, adv. Adequately. 

€oM/PE-Tl"riON (konVpe-tish'un), n. 
Common strife for the same object ; 
strife for superiority. 

Syn. — Emulation ; rivalry ; contest ; 
struggle; contention. 

€om-pet'I-tIVE, a. Pertaining to 
competition. 

€om-pet'i-tor, n. [Lat.] One who 
claims what another claims ; a rival. 

€6m / PI-la'TION, n. 1. Act of com- 
piling. 2. A book compiled. 



€OM-PILE', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
compilare, to scrape together and 
carry off.] To compose out of ma- 
terials from other works. 

€om-pil'er, n. One who makes a 
compilation. 

€om-pla'cence, ) n. 1. A feeling 

€om-pla'cen-cy, j of quiet pleas- 
ure. 2. Cause of pleasure. 3. Mani- 
festation of pleasure. 

SYN. — Gratification; satisfaction; ci- 
vility. 

€OM-PLA'CENT, a. [Lat. complacere, 
complacens, from con and placere, to 
please.] Accompanied with pleasure; 
gratified. [placent manner. 

€OM-PLA'CENT-LY, adv. In a com- 

€OM-PLAIN'. V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [L. 
Lat. complangere, fr. con and plan- 
gere, to beat the breast, bewail.] 1. 
To express distress, pain, or censure. 
2. To bring an accusation. 

Syn. — To murmur; accuse; lament; 
regret; repine. 

€OM-PLAlN'ANT, n. 1. One who 
makes a complaint. 2. A plaintiff. 

€om-PLAIN'er, n. One who com- 
plains. _ 

€om-PLAINT', n. 1. Expression of 
grief, pain, censure, or resentment. 
2. Cause of complaining. 3. A dis- 
ease ; a disorder. 

Syn. — Lamentation; sorrow; grief. 

€om'plai-s.Xnce/, n. [Fr. See Com- 
placent.] Obliging compliance 
with the wishes of others. 

Syn. — Civility ; courtesy ; urbanity ; 
suavity; affability. 

€6M'PLAl-gXNT / , a. Kindly atten- 
tive ; affable. Ivility. 

€om'plai-§XntVly, adv. With ci- 

CoM'PLE-MENT, n. [Lat. complemen- 
tum. See Complete.] That which 
supplies a deficiency ; something re- 
quired to make a thing complete. 

€6m'PLE-MENT'al, a. Supplying,or 
tending to supply, a deficiency. 

€6m-'Ple-ment'a-ry, a. Serving tr 
complete. 

€om-plete', a. 1. Free from de- 
ficiency ; perfect ; consummate. 2. 
Finished ; ended ; concluded. 

Syn. — Whole; entire; total. — Whole 
has reference to parts, as, & whole week; 
total to parts taken collectively, as, the 
total amount; entire 6ets aside parts, and 
regards a thing as continuous or un- 
broken, as, an entire year; complete sup- 
poses progress, end, or object, as, a com- 
plete victory. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. complete, 
completum, fr. con and plere, to fill.] 
1. To bring to a state in which there 
is no deficiency. 2. To bring to pass. 

€oM-PLETE'LY,a<2u. In a completo 
manner ; fully. 

€om-plete'ness, n. State of being 
complete. 

€OM-PLE'TlON, n. 1. Act of com- 
pleting. 2. Fulfillment ; accomplish- 
ment. 

€oM-PLE'TlVE, a. Making complete. 

■Gom'plex, a. [Lat. complecti, com- 
plexus, to comprise, fr. con a,n& plec- 
tere., to twist.] Composed of two cr 
more parts. 



5., e, T, o, u, Yjong; X, £,I, 6,0,tf , short; care, far, Ask, all, vhat; ere, veil, r£RM; pique, fIrm; s6w a 



COMPLEXEDNESS 



81 



COMPURGATION 



Stk. — Composite; compounded; com- 
plicated. 

— n. Assemblage ; collection. 
eo.n-PLEX'ED-pss, n. Quality of 

being complex. 
€oji-pl£x'!ON (-plek'shun), n. [Lat. 

complexio.} 1. Connection of parts. 

2. Color or hue of the face or skin. 

3. General appearance or aspect. 
€om-plex'ion-al, ) a. Pertaining 
€om-plex'ION-a-RY, j to the com- 

pL'xion. 

€o.\l-PL.EX'l-TY, n. State of being 
complex; intricacy. [manner. 

€om'plex-ly, adv. In a complex 

€om-plex'ure, n. Complication of 
one thing with others. 

€om-PLI'a-bl.e, a. Inclined to com- 
ply or yield; compliant. 

€o.U-PI,I'ANCE, n. 1. Act of com- 
plying. 2. A disposition to yield to 
others. 

€oM-PL,I'ANT, a. 1. Bending ; pliant. 
2. Inclined to comply. 

€6m'pli-ca-cy, n. State of being 
complex or intricate. 

€6M'PLI-€ATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. complicare, complicatus, fr. con 
and plicare, to fold.] 1. To fold or 
twist together. 2. To render complex. 

€6.)I'pli-€ATE (45), a. Complex; 
complicated. 

CoM'PLi-el'TiON, n. Intricate or 
confused blending of parts ; complex- 
ity, [voire. 

Som/pei-ca'tive, a. Tending to in- 

€OM-PX.I9'I-TY, n. Condition of being 
an accomplice. 

€6m'pli-mekt, n. [From Lat. com- 
plere, to fill up.] Manifestation of 
regard or admiration ; delicate flat- 
tery. — v. t. To flatter, or gratify 
with praises. — v. i. To use or pass 
compliments. 

€om'pli-ment'al, ( a. Expres- 

€o3I'PLI-mest'a-ry, J sive of civil- 
ity, regard, or praise ; civil. 

<3om / pi.ot, n. [Lat. complicitum, 
equir. to complication complication.] 
A conspiracy ; a cabal. 

COM-PLOT', V. t. & i. [-TED ; -TING, 
133. 1 To plot together ; to conspire. 

SoJi'PLU-TEJf'slAJJ, a. Pertaining 
to the polyglot edition of the Bible 
published at Complutum , or Alcala, 
in Spain, in 1522. 

30M-PLY', V. i. [-ED; -ING, 142.] 
[La:, complicare, to fold up or to- 
gether, to bead ; or from complere, to 
to rill up, to fulfill.] To yield assent ; 
to iccord, agree, or acquiesce. 

■GOM-Pd'NENT, a. [See COMPOSE.] 
Serving or helping to form. — n. A 
constituent part ; an ingredient. 

■Gom-port', v. i. [-ED; -ing.] [Lat. 
comportarr, from con and portare, to 
bear, conduct.] To agree; to ac- 
cord ; to suit. — v. I. To behave ; to 
conduct. 

GOM-PORT'A-BLE, a. Consistent. 

eo>l-po§E', v. t. [-eu ; -ing.] [Lat. 
componere, compositum, to put to- 
gether, from con and ponere, to put.] 
1. To form by uniting two or more 
things. 2. To constitute. 3. To be- 




come the author of. 4. To reduce to 
order. 5. To set at rest. 6. 'io place 
in order for printing, as ty pe. 

Syx. — To construct ; settle ; quiet ; 
calm ; appease ; allay. 

€03I-POSED',j). a. Calm; quiet. 

€'om-po§'ed-ly, adv. In a composed 
manner. [dateness. 

€"o:\i-pos'ed-ness, n. Calmness ; se- 

€om-POS/ER, n. One who composes ; 
an author ; especially an author of a 
piece of music. 

€o3I-pos'ing-stT€K, n. An instru- 
ment of adjustable width, in which 
types are arranged into words and 
lines. 

€om-pos'Ite, a. 
[See Compose.] 

1. Made up of 
distinct parts or 
elements. 2. Be- 
longing to an or- 
der of architect- 
ure made up of 
the Ionic graft- 
ed upon the Cor- 
inthian. Composite Order. 

Composite number, one which can be 
measured exactly by a number exceed- 
ing unity. 

CoM/PO-gi'TlON (-zlsh'un), n. 1. 
Act of composing. 2. State of being 
composed. 3. That which is formed 
by composing. 

Syx.— "Work ; production ; mixture ; 
agreement ; adjustment. 

€om-pos/i-tive, a. Compounded, 
or having the power of compounding. 

-Gom-pos/i-tor, n. One who sets 
type._ 

•Com'post, n. [Lat. compositum. See 
Compose.] A mixture for fertil- 
izing land. — v. t. To manure with 
compost. 

€om-pos'ure, n. 1. Act of compos- 
ing, or that which is composed ; a 
composition. 2. Calmness ; tranquil- 
lity. 

€"OM-POUND', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
componere, from con and ponere, to 
put, set.] 1. To combine or unite. 

2. To settle amicably. — v. i. To 
settle by compromise. 

€om'pound, a. [0. Eng. compowned, 
p. p. of compowne, compone, fr. Lat. 
componere.] Composed of elements, 
ingredients, or parts. — n. Mixture 
of elements ingredients, or parts. 

CoM'PRE-HEND', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. comprehendere, from con and 
prehendere, to grasp, seize.] 1. To 
include by construction or implica- 
tion. 2. To take into the mind ; to 
apprehend the meaning of. 

Com'pre-hen/si-bIl'i-ty, n. State 
of being comprehensible. 

"Gom'PRE-hen'si-ble, a. Capable of 
being comprehended. 

€oM / PRE-HEN'siON,n. 1. Actof com- 
prehending. 2. That which is com- 
prehended. 3. Capacity of the mind 
to perceive and understand. 

Gom'pre-hen'sYve, a. Including 
much within narrow limits. 

Syx. — Extensive ; wide ; large ; full. 



Com'pre-hen'sIve-ly, adv. In a 
comprehensive manner. 

Com'pre-hen'sive-ness, n. Quali- 
ty of being comprehensive. 

€OM-PRESS', V.t. [ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
comprimere, compressum, from con 
and premere, to press.] To bring 
within narrower limits or space. 

Syx.— To crowd; press; squeeze; con- 
dense. 

€6m'press, n. A folded piece of 
linen, to make due pressure on any 
part. 

€om-press'I-bTl'i-TY, n. Quality 
of being compressible. 

€om-press'i-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing compressed. [pressibility. 

€OM-PRESS'I-BLE-NESS, n. Com- 

€om-PREs'sion (-presh'un), n. Act 
of compressing, or state of being com- 
pressed. 

€om-press'ure (-presh'ijr), n. Act 
or force of one body pressing against 
another ; pressure. 

€om-pris/al, n. Act of comprising 
or comprehending. 

€om-prise', v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] [Fr. 
compris, comprise, p. p. of compren- 
dre, from Lat. comprehendere.] To 
comprehend ; to include. 

Syx. — To embrace; contain; inclose; 
imply. 

"GoM'PRO-MlgE, n. [Lat. compromis- 
sum, from compromittere , to promise 
mutually to abide by the decision of 
an arbiter.] Adjustment of differ- 
ences by mutual concessions. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To adjust by mutu- 
al concessions. 2. To put to hazard. 

€6m'PRO-mis/er, n. One who com- 
promises. 

€om'pro-mIt, v. t. [-ED, -ing; or 
-ted, -ting, 137.] [See Compro- 
mise.] 1. To promise. 2. To put to 
hazard ; to compromise. 

€omp-tr5l'ler (kon-), n. A con' 
tr oiler ; — a title of certain officers. 

€om-pui/sa-tive, ) a. [Fr. Lat. 

€OM-PUE'SA-TO-RY, ) compulsare, 
to compel.] Operating by force; 
compelling. 

€'OM-PiJi/siON, n. 1. Act of compel- 
ling. 2. State of being compelled. 

Syx. — Constraint ; restraint. — Re- 
straint is a holding back from some act; 
constraint is a driving one into it by an 
urgency which overrules the will; com- 
pulsion is the use of overpowering force. 

-fc'OM-PUi/siVE, a. Forcing; con- 
straining ; compulsatory. 

€om-pOl/sive-l y, adv. By compul- 
sion, [straining. 

-6'OM-PtJl/so-RY, a. Compelling ; con- 

£'OM-PtJN€'TION, n [From Lat. ccrni- 
pungere, from con and pungere, to 
prick, sting.] Poignant grief. 

Syx. — Remorse. — Remorse (lit. gnaw- 
ing") is anguish of soul under a sense of 
guilt; compunction is pain from a wound- 
ed and awakened conscience. 

€om-pOn€'tious, a. Attended with 
compunction. 

-eoM'PUR-GA'TlONjn. [Lat. compur- 
gare, to purify wholly.] Act of jus- 
tifying a man's veracity by the oath 
of others. 



OR, DO, WQLF,TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL \ E, I, O, silent j £, G .soft; €,G,hard; AgJ EXIST; NOSNGJ TfilS. 

6 



COMPURGATOR 



82 



CONCOCTIVE 



Com'pur-ga'tor, n. One who bears 
testimony to the veracity of another. 

€om-put'a-ble , a. Capable of being 
computed. 

•Gom/pu-ta'tion, n. Act or process 
of computing. 

Syn. — Reckoning ; calculation ; esti- 
mate ; account. 

OOM-PUTE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
computare, from con and putare, to 
clean ; fig., to set in order, reckon.] 
To determine by calculation. 

Syn.— To calculate; number ; count; 
reckon ; estimate. 

■Gom-put'er, n. One who computes. 

€6m'rade (22), n. [0. Eng. came- 
rade, from Lat. camera, chamber.] 
A companion or associate. 

€6s,v.t. [-ned; -ning, 136.] [A.-S. 
cunnan, to know, to be able.] To 
study over ; to peruse. 

■Co'na-tive , a. [Lat. conari, conatus, 
to attempt.] Endeavoring ; attempt- 
ing. 

€on-€Am'er-ate, v. t. [Lat. con- 
camerare, from con and camerare, to 
arch.] To arch over ; to vault. 

€on-€AM / er-a'tion, n. An arch or 
vault. 

€ON-€AT'E-NATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. concatenare, -natuni, from con 
and catena, chain.] To link togeth- 
er ; to unite jn a successive series. 

€on-€AT'e-na'tion, n. A series of 
links united ; a successive series of 
things depending on each other. 

€on'€AVE (82), a. [Lat. concavus, 
fr. con and cavus, hollow.] Hollow 
and curved or rounded. — n. A hol- 
low ; an arched vault. 

€on-€Av'1-ty, n. Internal surface 
of a hollow rounded body ; or the 
space_within such body. 

€on-€A'vo-con'€Ave, a. Concave 
or hollow on both surfaces. 

€on-ca'vo-€6n'?ex, a. Concave 
on one side and convex on the other. 

€oN~eA/vous, a. Concave; hollow. 

■GON-CEAI/, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
concelare, fr. con and celare, to hide.] 

1. To withdraw from observation. 

2. To withhold from utterance or 
declaration. 

Syn. — To hide ; disguise ; dissemble ; 
secrete. — To hide is generic ; to conceal 
issimply not to make known what we 
wish to keep secret; to disguise or dissem- 
ble is to conceal by assuming some false 
appearance ; to secrete is to hide in some 
place of secrecy. A man may conceal 
facts, disguise his sentiments, dissemble 
his feelings, or secrete stolen goods. 

€on-ceal'a-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing concealed. 

€on-ceal'ment, n. 1. Act of con- 
cealing, or state of being concealed. 
2. Place of hiding. 

€ON-CEDE'. V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
concedere, from con and cedere, to 
yield.] 1. To yield or suffer to pass. 
2. To admit to be true. 

Syn. — To grant; allow; admit; yield; 
surrender. 

<3on-CEIT', 11. 1. A conception ; idea. 
2. A quaint fancy. 3. Over-estima- 
tion of one's self ; vanity. 



€ON-CEIT'ED, a. Entertaining a flat- 
tering opinion of one's self; vain. 

€on-ceit'ed-ly, adv. In a conceit- 
ed manner. [conceited. 

€ON-^EIT'ED-NESS,». State of being 

€on-9EIV'a-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing conceived; imaginable. 

€on-9eiv'a-ble-ness, n. Quality 
of being conceivable. 

€on-ceiv'a-bly, adv. In a conceiv- 
able manner. 

€on-cei VE', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
concipere, from con and capere, to 
seize.] 1. To receive into the womb 
and breed. 2. To form in the mind. 
3. To picture to the imagination. 

Syn. — To apprehend; imagine ; sup- 
pose ; believe ; think. 
— v.i. 1. To become pregnant. 2. 
To think. 

€on-£ENT', n. [Lat. concentus.] Con- 
cert of voices ; harmony. 

Con-cen'ter, ) v. t. cr i. [-ED ; 

€on-c;en'tre, ) -ing.] [Lat. con 
and centrare, to center.] To come or 
bring to a point. 

€6n'£EN-trate, or -Gon^en'- 

TRATE, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
bring to a common center, or to unite 
more closely ; to combine. 

€6n^en-tra'tion, n. 1. Act of 
concentrating. 2. Volatilization of 
part of a liquid, to increase the 
strength of the remainder. 

€on-£en'tra-tive-ness, n. Pow- 
er of concentrating the intellectual 
force. [center. 

€on-€EN'tri€, a. Having a common 

€ON-CEN'TRI€-AL-LY, adv. In a 
concentric manner. 

Gon^en-tric'i-ty, n. State of 
being concentric. [conception. 

<36n'9EPT, n. An abstract general 

€on-9EP'tion, n. 1. Act of con- 
ceiving. 2. State of being conceived. 
3. Formation in the mind of an idea 
or notion. 4. Idea or notion formed 
in the mind. 5. Faculty of forming 
ideas. 

€oN-CEPT'u-AL-igM, n. A theory 
that the mind has the power of form- 
ing for itself general conceptions of 
individual or single objects. 

€ON-CERN' (14), V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[L. Lat. concernere, to mix together, 
as in a sieve.] 1. To relate or be- 
long to. 2. To take an interest in. 
3. To disturb. — n. 1. That which 
belongs to one. 2. Interest in, or 
care for, any person or thing. 3. 
Persons connected in business. 

Syn. — Anxiety ; solicitude ; interest; 
regard ; affair. 

<3on-cern'ing, prep. Pertaining to ; 
regarding ; with respect to. 

€on-cern'ment, n. 1. Affair; busi- 
ness. 2. Importance ; moment. 3. 
Interposition. 4. Anxiety. 

GON-^ERT', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
concertare, to contend.] 1. To plan 
together. 2. To plan ; to devise. 

€6n'9ERT, n. 1. Agreement. 2. Mu- 
sical accordance or harmony. 3. A 
public musical entertainment. 

■eSN'CERT-PlTCH, n. (Mus.) The 



pitch generally adopted for a given 
tone, and by which the other tones 
are governed. 

€oN-CES'sroN (-sesh'un), n. [Lat. 
concessio.] 1. Act of granting. 2. 
The thing granted ; a boon. [sion. 

€on-CES'sive, a. Implying conces- 

€6n€H (k5nk, 82), n. "[Gr. Koyxy-l 
A marine shell. 

€dN€H'OID, n. [Gr. Koy^oeiST??, from 
Koyxy, shell, and eiSos, form.] 
( Geom.) A curve of the fourth order. 

€ON-€HOID'AL, a. Having elevations 
or depressions like the valve of a bi- 
valve shell. 

€on-€Hol/o-gist, n. One versed 
in the natural history of shells. 

€on-€h6l'o-gy, n. [Gr. Koyxv, shell, 
and Aoyos, discourse.] Doctrine or 
science of jshells. 

€ON-CIL/I-ATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. conciliare, conciliatus, to bring 
together.] To win over from a state 
of indifference or hostility. 

€on-9IL/i-a'tion, n. Act of concil- 
iating ; reconciliation. 

€on-cYl/i-a'tor, n. One who con- 
ciliates or reconciles. 

€on-9'il/i-a-to-ry (50), a. Tending 
to conciliate. 

€on-cise', a. [Lat. concisus, cut off, 
short.] Expressing much in a few 
words. 

Syn. — Laconic ; terse ; brief; short ; 
compendious; comprehensive ; summa- 
ry; succinct. 

€on-cise'ly, adv. In few words. 

€on-91SE'ness, n. Brevity in speak- 
ing or writing. 

€oN-clg'ION (-sizh'un), n. 1. A cut- 
ting off ; a faction. 2. Circumcision. 

€5n'gl AVE , n. [Lat. conclave, fr. con 
and clavis, key.] 1. Assembly of the 
cardinals. 2. A private meeting. 

€ON-€LUDE',l<. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
concludere, fr. con and cludere, clau- 
dere, to shut.] 1. To close, as an ar- 
gument, by inferring. 2. To bring 
to an end. 3. To make a final deter- 
mination of. 

Syn. — To infer ; decide ; determine ; 
finish ; terminate ; end. 

— v. i. 1. To come to an end ; to 
terminate. 2. To form a final judg- 
ment. 

€on-€LUD'ER, n. One who concludes. 

-eoN-€LU's_iON, n i. Last part of 
any thing. 2. Final decision. 3. 
Consequence or deduction. 

€on-€L,u'sive, a. Putting an end to 
debate or question. 

€on-€LU'sive-ly, adv. Decisively; 
definitively. 

€on-€LU'sive-ness, n. Quality of 
being conclusive. 

CON-€0€T', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
concoquere, from con and coquere, to 
cook, to digest.] 1. To digest. 2. 
To mature or perfect. 3. To contrive; 
to plot. 

t)ON-€0€"TlON, n. 1. Digestion. 2. 
A bringing to maturity. 3. Contriv- 
ance. 

€on-go€T'IVE, a. Having the pow- 
er of digesting or ripening. 



I, E, i, o, v, Y t long; X, £, I, 6, tt, *Z,short; cAre, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, XEKM J PIQUE, FIRM ; s6N, 



CONCOMITANCE 



83 



CONFABULATE 



Son-coxi'i-tance, } a. State of ac- 

€ONr€OM'l-TAN-^Y, ) eonipanying ; 
accompaniment. 

eON-€OJI'l-TAST, a. [Lat. con and 
comitari, to accompany.] Accompa- 
nying, or conjoined. — re. A com- 
panion ; an accompaniment. 

€6V€ORD (82), re. [Lat. concordia, 
fr. ce/i and cor, heart.] 1. Harmony ; 
union. 2. Grammatical agreement 
of words with one another. 3. Aeon- 
sonant chord ; consonance. 

<3on-€6rd'ance (82), n. 1. Agree- 
ment. 2. A minute verbal index to 
a work. [monious. 

Cox-€ORD'ANT, a. Agreeing; har- 

€o>'-€ORD'AM-LY, adv. In a con- 
cordant manner. 

Cox-eoR'DAT, re. An agreement be- 
tween the pope and a government for 
the regulation of ecclesiastical mat- 
ters. 

€cy-€OR'PO-RATE , v. i. To unite in 
one mass or body. [one body. 

Cox-€OR'PO-RATE, a. United in 

t ON'OOURSE (82), re. [Lat. concursus, 
from concurrere, to run together.] 1. 
A moving or running together. 2. 
An assembly : a crowd. 

€6n'€RE-mext, n. [See Concrete.] 
Mass formed by concretion or natu- 
ral union. 

eox-€RES'CE>"CE, ?i. A growing by 
spontaneous union, or by coales- 
cence. 

Gox'CRETE, a. [Lat. concretus, p. p. 
of concrescere, to grow together.] 1. 
United in growth ; united in a solid 
form. 2. Existing in a subject ; not 
abstract. — n. 1. Amass formed by 
concretion. 2. A term designating 
both a quality and the subject in 
which it exists. 

€OX-€RETE', v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
unite, as separate particles, into a 
mass. — v. t. To form into a mass. 

€'OX-£'RETE'LY, adv. In a concrete 
manner. [concrete. 

-€"ON-eRETE'NESs, re. State" of being 

€ON"-€RE'TIOX, re. 1. Act of concret- 
ing. 2. Mass formed by congelation, 
or other like natural process. 

€on-€RE'tive, a. Promoting con- 
cretion, [concubine. 

€on-€U'bi-nage, n. State of being a 

€on-€U'bi-nal, la. Pertaining to 

€on-€U'bi-xa-ry~, j a concubine or 
to concubinage. 

€6>'€U-bine (82), n. [Lat. concubi- 
na, fr. concubare, to lie together.] A 
•woman who cohabits with a man 
witho_ut being his wife. 

€on-€U'pis-cexce, re. Unlawful or 
irregular desire ; lust. 

■Gox-eu'Pis-CENT, a. [Lat. concupis- 
cerc, concupiscent, to long for.] De- 
sirous of unlawful pleasure. 

Syx.— Libidinous: lustful; lecherous. 

€fc>N-e©R', v. i. [-RED ; -RING, 136.] 
[Lat. concurrere, to run together.] 1. 
To meet in the same point. 2. To 
act jointly. 3. To unite in opinion. 

Sy>". — To agree ; unite ; combine ; 
coincide. 

€on-€UR'rexce, re. 1. Union ; con- 



junction. 2. Agreement in opinion. 
3. Joint rights. 
Cox-et'R'REXT, n. 1. Acting in con- 
junction ; co-operating. 2. Conjoined ; 
associate. 3. Joint and equal in au- 
thority. — re. Joint or contributory 
cause. [curvence. 

€ox-€Cr'rext-ly, adv. With cou- 
€'ON-eus'siON (-kash'un), n. [Lat. 
concussio, fr. concutere, to shake vio- 
lently.] Act of shaking or agitating ; 
agitation ; shock. 
€ON-e&s'siVE,a. Having the power 

or quality of shaking. 
€oN-D£MN'(-dem/), v. t. [-ed:-ing.] 
[Lat. condemnare, from con and dam- 
nare. to condemn.] 1. To pronounce 
to be wrong. 2. To pronounce a ju- 
dicial sentence against. 3. To pro- 
nounce unfit for service. 

Syx. — To blame ; censure ; reprove; 
doom; sentence. 
€on-dexi'na-ble, a. Worthy of 

condemnation. 
{ElON'DEM-NA'TION, n. Act of con- 
demning, or state of being con- 
demned. 

Syx.— Sentence; judgment; reproba- 
tion; blame. 
€ON-DEM/NA-TO-RY, a. Bearing con- 
demnation or censure. [demns. 
j €ON-BEM'NER, n. One who con- 
€oN-DEN'sA-BLE,a. Capable of being 

condensed^ 
Cox-dex'sate, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] 
To condense. — v. i. To become more 
dense, close, or hard. 
Gon'DEN-sa'tion, n. Act of mak- 
ing more dense or compact. 
€on-dew'sa-TIVE, a. Having power 

to condense. 
i €ON-DEXSE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
I condensare, from con and densare, to 
make thick or dense.] To make more 
close, compact, or dense. — v. i. To 
I become close or more compact. 
; €"ox-dens'er, n. One who, or that 
I which, condenses. 
I Cox'de-s^esd', v. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[L. Lat. condescendere, from Lat. con 
and descendere .] 1. To relinquish 
rank or dignity. 2. To recede from 
one's rights ; to stoop. 
Cox'de-scen'siox, n. Voluntary 
descent from rank, dignity, or just 
claims to equality with another. 
€on-DIGN' (-din/), a. [Lat. condig- 
?ius, very worthy.] Deserved ; mer- 
ited ;_ suitable. 
j €on-DIGN'LY (-din'ly), adv. Accord- 
j ing to merit. 

€ox-DTGX'XESs(-dTn / -,109),n.Agree- 
j ableness to deserts ; suitableness. 
I €J6n'DI-MENT, n. [Lat. condimetUum, 
from condire, to preserve, pickle.] 
Something to give relish to food; 
| seasoning. 

j €6n / dis-CI'PLE, n. [Lat. condiscipu- 
■ his, fr. con and discipulus, disciple.] 

A fellow-disciple : a school-fellow. 
I -eoN-DI'TlON (-d'ish'un), re. [Lat. con- 
\ dilio, from condere, to put orjoin to- 
j gether.] 1. State or situation as to 
j external circumstances. 2. Quali- 
I ty; property; attribute. 3. That 



I which must exist as the occasion of 
concomitant of something else. 

Syx.— Circumstances; station ; case; 
terms. 
I — v. i. [-ED; -ing.] To stipulate", 
to make terms. — v. t. 1. To con- 
tract. 2. To impose conditions on. 

€ox-di'tion-al (-d'ish'un-). a. L. 
Implying conditions ; not absolute. 
2. Expressing a condition or supposi- 
tion. 

€ox-di'tion-al-ly (-dlsh'un-), adu 
With cer tain limitations. 

Cox-dole', v. i. [-ed : -ING.] [Lat. 
condclere, from con and dole re , to feel 
pain.] To express sorrow at the dis- 
tress of another. 

€on-dole'xient, 1 n. Expression of 

€'ox-do'lexce, j grief for the 
sorrow of another. 

€ox-doxe', i'. J. [-ed; -ing] [Lat. 
condonare, to forgive.] To forgive 
for a violation of the marriage- vow. 

Cox'DOR, re. [Peruv. cuntur.] A 
very large bird of the vulture family, 
found in the Andes. 

■fc'ON-DUCE', v. i. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
conducere , fr. con and ducere, to lead.] 
To promote, answer, or further an 
end; to tend. 

€on-du'ci-bl,e, ) a. Having a ten- 

■eoN-DU'CiVE, j dency to conduce. 

-C'on-du'C'Tve-ness, re. Quality of 
conducing. 

€6x'DU€T, re. 1. Act or method of 
leading. 2. Skillful guidance. 3. 
That which Teads or brings safely. 4. 
Manner of carrying one*s self. 

Syx. — Behavior ; carriage ; deport- 
ment ; demeanor ; management. 

Cox-DU€T', V. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To 
lead, or guide. 2. To direct ; to con- 
trol. 3. To manage ; to regulate. — 
v. i. To behave ; to act. 

Cox-dug'tion, re. Transmission by 
means of a conductor. 

€on-du€T'Ive, a. Having the power 
of conducting. 

CoN-Due-TIY'l-TY, re. Power of giv- 
ing passage to some molecular actioa. 

€on-duot'or, re. 1. A leader; a 
manager ; a director. 2. A sub- 
stance capable of forming a medium 
for the transmission of heat or elec- 
tricity. 

•Cox-dugt'ress, re. A woman who , 
conducts. 

€5n'duit (kon'dit or kQn'dit). n. [0- 
Fr. conduict, Lat. conductus. See 
supra J A pipe, canal, or the like. 

-Con-du'pli-GATE. a. [Lat. condu- 
plicatus, fr. conduplicare, to double.] 
Doubled together. 

€ONE, n. [Gr. kcovo?.] 1. 

A solid body, taperiug 

regularly to a point 

from a circular base. 

2. Conical fruit of the 

pine, cedar, _&c. 

| Cox-fab'u-late, v. i. 

j [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. con- 

fabulatus, p. p. of con- 

fabulari, from con and 

• fabulari, to speak.] To 

talk familiarly together ; to chat. 




Cone. 



OR, DO, wolf, too, TOOK; tJrn, rue, pull ; E, I, O, silent; C,G,so/it,- €,G,hard; Aj; EJIST ; j; as XG : this. 



CONFABULATION 



8^ 



CONFUTE 



Con-fab'u-ea'tion, n. Familiar 
talk or conversation. 

€6n'fe€T, I n. [From Lat. con- 

fc'ON-FEe'TlON, J ficere, confectum, 
to prepare.] A preparation of fruit, 
&c, with sugar; a comfit. 

€on-fe€'tion-ER, n. One who 
makes and sells candies, &c. 

€k>N-FE€'TlON-ER-Y, n. 1. Confec- 
tions ; candies. 2. A place where 
candies, sweetmeats, &c, are made 
or sold. 

•®ON-FED'ER-A-CY, n. 1. A league or 
covenant. 2.' Persons or states, 
united by a league. 3. An unlawful 
combination ; a conspiracy. 

Syn. — League ; alliance ; coalition. 

€ON-FED'ER-ATE, a. [Lat. confad- 
eratus, p. p. of confaderare , to join by 
a league.] United in a league. — n. 
A person or nation engaged in a con- 
federacy ; an ally. 

€ON-FED'ER-ATE, V. t. or ?'. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To unite in a league ; to ally. 

€on-Fed'er-a'tion, n. 1. A league ; 
an alliance. 2. Parties to a league. 

Con-FED'er-a'tive, a. Pertaining 
to a confederation. 

€on-f£r',«J. [-red; -ring.] [Lat. 
conferre, from con and ferre, to bear, 
carry, bring.] To bestow ; to award. 
— v. i. To discourse or converse in a 
serious manner. 

€6n'fer-ence, n. 1. Act of con- 
versing seriously. 2. A meeting for 
consultation ; an interview. 

€on-f£r'RA-BLE, a. Capable of be- 
ing conferred. 

€ON-FESS', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
conjiteri, confessum, fr. con and fnte- 
ri, to confess.] 1. To acknowledge 
cr admit. 2. To own or recognize. 
3. To assent to. 4. To acknowledge, 
as one's sins to a priest. 

Syn. — To avow. — We acknowledge 
what we feel must or ought to be made 
known, as a fault or a favor ; we avow 
with solemnity, as against opposition or 
obloquy, as our principles ; we confess 
what we feel to have been wrong, as our 
sins or errors. 

€on-fess'ed-ly, adv. Avowedly ; 
undeniably. 

€'ON-FES'siON (-fesb/un), n. 1. Ac- 
knowledgment; avowal. 2. Act of 
disclosing sins to a priest. 3. A 
formulary of articles of faith. 

€on-fes'sion-al, n. Seat where a 
priest sits to hear confessions. 

€on-fess'or (113), n. 1. One who 
confesses. 2. One who makes a pro- 
fession of his faith in the Christian 
religion. 3. A priest who hears the 
confessions of others. 

•goN'Fr-DANT', n. m. \ [0. Fr.] Acon- 

Co.Vfi-dante', n.f. ) fidential 

friend. 

€on-fide', v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
conftdere, fr. con andfldere, to trust.] 
To put faith ; to believe. — v.t. To 
intrust ; to give in charge. 

■Gon'FI-DENCE, n. 1 . Act of confid- 
ing. 2. That in which faith is put. 
3. Feeling of security. 

€6n'FI-DENT, a. 1. Having confi- 
dence ; trustful. 2. Having an ex- 



cess of assurance. 3. Giving occa- 
sion for confidence. 

€6n / FI-1>EN'tial, a. 1. Enjoying 
confidence; trustworthy. 2. Com- 
municated in confidence. [dence. 

€6n'fi-den'tial-l,y, adv. In confi- 

•Con'fi-dent-ly, adv. With confi- 
dence ; positively. 

€on-fig'U-ra'tion, n. [Lat. config- 
uration fr. configurare, to form.] 1. 
External form or figure. 2. Relative 
position of the planets. 

€ON-FIG'URE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
arrange in a certain form or shape. 

€on-fin'A-ele, a. Capable of being 
confined. 

■Gon'fine,?!. [Lat. confinivm, from 
conjinis, bordering.] Common bound- 
ary ; border ; limit. 

€ON-FlNE'. v. t. [-EDJ-ING.] To 
restrain within limits. 

Syn. — To bound; limit; restrict. 

€6n'fine, or €on-fine', v. i. To 
have a common boundary ; to border. 

€ON-FINE'MENT, n. 1.' Restraint 
within limits ; imprisonment. 2. 
Detention within doors by sickness. 

€ON-FIRM' (18), V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. conjirmare, fr. con and firmare, 
to make firm.] 1. To make firm, 
fixed, or certain 2. To render valid 
by formal assent. 3. To administer 
the rite of confirmation to. 

Syn. — To strengthen ; establish ; veri- 
fy; assure. 

€on-firm'a-BLE, a. Capable of be- 
ing confirmed. 

€6n / fir-ma'tion, n. 1. Act of con- 
firming. 2. Convincing testimony. 
3. Ratification. 4. Right of confirm- 
ing baptized persons. 

€on-fIrm'a-tIve, ) a. 1. Hav- 

t'ON-FrRM'A-TO-RY (50), ) ing the 
power of confirming ; serving to con- 
firm ; corroborative. 2. Pertaining 
to the rite of confirmation. 

■eoN-FlRM'ER, n. One who confirms. 

€on-fis'€A-bee, n. Liable to for- 
feiture. 

€6n'fis-€ATE, or €on-f1s'€ATE 
(117), v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. con- 
jisrattis, p. p. of confiscate, from con 
and jiscus, basket, state treasury.] 
To appropriate, as a penalty, to the 
public use. 

€6n'fis-cate, or Con-fis'^ate, a. 
Appropriated, as a penalty, to the 
public use. 

Con'fis-CA'TION,?!. The act of ap- 
propriating, as a penalty, to the pub- 
lic use. [cates. 

-eoN'Fls-eA'TOR. n. One who confis- 

€on-fis'€A-to-ry, a. Consigning to 
confiscation. 

€ON-FLA'GRANT, a. [Lat. confla- 
grate, fr. con and flagrare, to blaze.] 
Burning together in acommon flame. 

^ON'FLA-GRA'TION, it. A fire on a 
great scale. 

€6n'fli€T, n. 1. Violent collision. 
2. A striving to oppose or overcome. 

€!ON-FLi€T', r. /. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
confligere, conflictum, from con and 
fligere, to strike.] 1. To strike or 
dash together. 2. To engage in strife. 



€oN'FLU-ENCE,n. 1. Meeting of two 
or more streams ; place of meeting. 
2. The running together of people. 

€6n'FEU-ENT, a. [Lat. confluere, con- 
fluens, from con and flnere, to flow.] 
Flowing together ; running one into 
another. — n. A small stream which 
flows into a large one. 

€6n'flux, n. 1. A flowing together. 
2. A large assemblage ; a crowd. 

€on-form', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
conformare, fr. con and formare, to 
form.] To shape in accordance with ; 
to make like. — v. i. 1. To comply ; 
to yield. 2. To be a conformist. 

-eoN-FORM'A-BLE, a. 1. Similar; 
like. 2. In proper or appropriate 
form. 3. Disposed to compliance; 
submissive. 

€on-form'a-bly, adv. Suitably; 
agreeably ; consistently. 

€6n / for-ma'tion, n. 1. Agree- 
ment; harmony. 2. Structure of a 
body : form ; make. 

Con-form'ek, n. One who conforms. 

€on-form'ist, ii. One who com- 
plies with the worship of the church 
of England. 

€on-form'i-TY,m. 1. Resemblance; 
agreement; congruity. 2. Compli- 
ance with the usages of the estab- 
lished church. 

Con-found',*, t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
confundere, to pour together, fr. con 
and fnndere, to pour.] 1. To min- 
gle and blend, so as to be indistin- 
guishable. 2. To throw into con- 
fusion or disorder. 

€on-found'ed,/». a. 1. Confused. 
2. Very great; enormous. [Colloq.] 

CON-FOUKD'ED-LY, adv. Enormous- 
ly ; greatly. [founds. 

€on-found'er, n. One who con- 

€6n/fra-t£r'ni-ty, ». A brother- 
hood. 

€6n'fri-€A"HON, ii. [Lat. confrica- 
tio, fr. confricare , to rub vigorously.] 
Act of rubbing against or together ; 
friction. 

€on-front' (-frunt'), v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] [From Lat. con and frons, 
the forehead or front.] 1. To stand 
facing, or in front of. 2. To stand 
in direct opposition to. 3. To com- 
pare, [fronting. 

Con'fron-ta'tion, n. Act of con- 

€ON-FUSE', V. t. [-EDJ-ING] [Lat. 
confundere, confusum. See CON- 
FOUND.] 1. To render indistinct or 
obscure. 2. To throw into disorder. 
Syn. — To abash ; disconcert ; per- 
plex; confound; distract. 

€ON-FU2'ED-LY, adv. In a confused 
manner. [confusion. 

€on-fus'ed-NESS, n. A state of 

-oON-fus'ion, n. 1. A promiscuous 
mingling together. 2. Loss of self, 
possession. 3. Overthrow ; defeat. 

€on-FUT'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
confuted. 

€on-fut'a.nt, n. One who confutes. 

-Gon'FU-TA'tion, n. Act of confut- 
ing or disproving. 

■CON-FfJTE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
confutare, fr. con and futare, to ar- 



&, E, I, o,u,Y,fong; A, E,I 3 6,u, y, short; CARE, far, ask, all, what; ERE, VEIL, TEKJW.J PIQUE, fIrm; s6n, 



CONFUTES 



85 



CONJUNCTURE 



gue-l 1. To put to silence. 2. To 
disprove. 

Syn. — To refute. — In refuting, we 
prove an assertion to be untrue; in con- 
futing, we prove it to be positively false, 
absurd, &c. 

Gon-fut'er, n. One who confutes. 

GON'GE (kSn'jee), n. [Fr. conge.} 1. 
Act of taking leave ; farewell. 2. A 
bow or a courtesy. — v. i. [-ed ; 
-ING.] To takeleave with customary 
civilities. 

€ON-&EAL', t'. (. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
congelare, from con and gelare, to 
freeze.] 1. To freeze ; to stiffen with 
cold. 2. To stiffen, as from the effect 
of terror. — v. i. To grow hard or 
stiff from cold. [ing congealed. 

Gon-ge A l'a-bee , a. Capable of be- 

CONGE d'EZIRE (kon'ja-da-leer'). 
[Fr., leave to choose.] King's per- 
mission to a dean and chapter to 
choose a bishop. 

Gon'ge-la'tion, n. 1. Process of 
congealing. 2. Thing congealed. 

Gon'ge-ner, n. [Lat., from con and 
gener, birth, kind.] A thing of the 
6ame kind or nature. 

GON-GE'Nl-AL, or Gon-gen'ial 
(-yal), a. [Lat. con and genialis, 
genial.] 1. Partaking of the same 
nature or feeling. 2. Naturally suited. 

Con-ge'ni-al'i-ty, ». Natural af- 
finity; suitableness. 

Gon-ge'ni-al-ness, n. Congeniality. 

Gon-gEn'i-tal, I a. [Lat. congeni- 

Gon-gen'ITE, j tus, from con aiid 
genitus, born.] 1. Begotten together. 
2. Dating from birth. 

Gon'ger I (kong'gur, 82), n. 

€6n'GER-EEL J [Lat. conger, Gr. 
yoyypos.] A large species of eel. 

Gon-ge'ri-es, n. sing. & pi. [Lat., 
fr. congerere, to bring together.] A 
collection of particles or bodies into 
one mass. [lect into a mass. 

Gon-gest', v. t. [See supra.] To col- 

GoN-GES'TION (-jest'yun), n. Un- 
natural accumulation of blood. 

Gon-gest'i've, a. Indicating, or at- 
tended by, an accumulation of blood 
in some part^of the body. 

GON-GLA'CI-A'TION (-gla/shi-), n. 
[Lat. conglaciare, to freeze.] Act of 
changing into ice ; congelation. 

GON-GLO'BATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To form into a ball. 

COX-GLO'BATE, a. [Lat. conglobare, 
conglobatus, to gather into a ball.] 
Formed or gathered into a ball. 

Gon-glo'bate-ly, adv. In a round 
or roundish form. 

Gon'glo-ba/tion, n. Act of form- 
ing into a ball ; a round body. 

€ON-GLOBE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
gather into a ball. 

Gon-glob'u-late. v. i. To gather 
into a little round mass. 

Gon-gl,6ai'er-ate (45), a. [Lat. con- 
glomerare , conglomerate, to roll to- 
gether.] Gathered together in a 
mass ; collected. 

€on-gloji'er-ate, n. 1. Collec- 
tion; accumulation. 2. A rock, 
composed of pebbles, cemented to- 



gether. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
gather into a ball or round body. 

€on-glom'er-a'tion, n. A gather- 
ing into a mass ; collection. 

GON-GLU'TI-NANT,cr. [Lat. congluti- 
nare, -nans.] Serving to unite close- 
ly ; healing. — n. A medicine that 
heals wounds by closing them up. 

GON-GLU'TI-NATE,f. t. [-ED; -ING ] 
[Lat. conglutinare, conglutinatus, to 
glue together.] To glue together ; 
to unite by some glutinous or tena- 
cious substance. 

GON-GLU'TI-NA'TION, n. Act of glu- 
ing together ; junction ; union. 

Gon-glu'ti-na-tive, a. Uniting by 
glue or other like substance. 

Gon'go, ) n. [Chin, kung-foo, labor.] 

€oN'Gon, J Akind of black tea. 

GON-GRAT'U-LATE, V. t. [-ED ; 

-ING.] [Lat. congralulari, congratu- 
latus, fr. con and gratulari, to wish 
joy.] To wish joy to on account of 
some happy event. 

Syx. — To felicitate. — "We may felici- 
tate a friend on his marriage, meaning 
that we wish him all joy; butto con- 
(iratulate, means to unite our joy with 
his. A man whose mistress has married 
his rival may felicitate, but can hardly 
congratulate that rival on such an event. 

€oN-GRAT'u-LA'TlON,n. Act of con- 
gratulating. _ [fers congratulation. 

Con-grat'u-la'tor, n. One who of- 

Gon-grat'u-la-to-ry, a. Expres- 
sive of congratulation. 

G6;v'gre-gate (82), v. t. [-ed; 
-ING.] [Lat. congregare, congrega- 
tion, from con and gregare, to collect 
into a flock.] To collect into an as- 
sembly. — v.i. To come together; 
to assemble. 

Gon'gre-ga/TION, n. 1. Act of as- 
sembling. 2. A collection of sepa- 
rate things. 3. An assembly of per- 
sons, esp. a religious assembly. 

Gon'gre-ga'tion-al (82), a. Per- 
taining to a congregation, or to Con- 
gregationalism. 

GoN'GRE-GA'TION-AL-fSM, n. A 
system of church government which 
vests all power in the assembled 
brotherhood of each local church. 

GON'GRE-GA'TION-AL-IST, tl. One 
who belongs to a Congregational 
church or society. 

Gon'gress (82), n. [Lat. congressus, 
fr. congredi, to go or come together.] 
1. A meeting of two or more. 2. A 
formal assembly, as of representa- 
tives. 3. An assembly of senators 
and representatives. 

C@~ In the United States, the whole 
body of senators and representatives for 
the two years during which the repre- 
sentatives hold their seats, is called one 
Congress. 

Gon-gres'sion-al (-gresh'un-), a. 
Pertaining to a congress. 

Gon-gres'sive, a. Coming together. 

Co\'gress-jian (150), n. A member 
of the United States Congress. 

Gon'GRTJ-EN^E, n. [Lat. congruentia, 
fr. congruere, to agree.] Suitable- 
ness ; agreement : consistency. 

Gon'gru-ent (82), a. Suitable; 
agreeing ; consistent. 



Gon-gru'i-ty, n. Quality of being 
j congruent ; fitness ; consistency. 
I Gon'gru-ous (kong'gru-us, 82), a. 
Being suitable or pertinent. 

Syx. — Accordant ; fit ; appropriate ; 
consistent. 

G6n'gru-ous-LY, adv. In a congru- 
| ous manner. 

€6n'I€, ) a. 1. Having the form 

€6n'I€-al, J of a cone. 2. Pertain- 
ing to a cone. 

Conic section, a curved line formed by 
the intersection of a cone and plane. 
The conic sections are the parabola, hy- 
perbola, and ehipse. 

Go-nif'er-ous, a. [Lat. conns, cone, 
and ferre, to bear.] Bearing cones, as 
the pine, fir, &c. 

Go'ni-form, a. [Lat. conns, cone, 
and forma, shape.] In form of a 
cone ; conical. 

€on-JE€T'ur-a-BLE, a. Capable of 
being conjectured. [conjecture. 

GON-JE€T'UR-AL, a. Depending on 

Gon-JE€T'UR-al-LY, adv. In a con- 
jectural manner. 

Gon-jEgt'ure (53), n. Formation 
of an opinion on defective evidence. 
— v. t. [-ED; -ing.] [L. Lat. con- 
jectnrare, from Lat. con and jacere, 
to throw.] To infer on slight evi- 
dence ; to surmise ; to guess. 

€on-JE€T'ur-er, n. One who con- 
jectures. 

Gon-join', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
conjungere, from con and j ungere , to 
join.] 1. To join together. 2. To 
associate. — v. i. To unite ; to join. 

Gon-JOINT', a. United ; associated. 

Gon-joint'ly, adv. In a conjoint 
manner. 

Gon'ju-gal, a. [Lat. conjugalis , fr. 
conjitx, husband, wife.] Belonging 
to the marriage state ; matrimonial ; 
connubial. 

G6n'JU-GAL-LY, adv. Connubially. 

€6n'ju-gate, v. t. [-ed; -ING] 
[Lat. conjugare, conjugatus, from con 
and jugare, to yoke, join.] To in- 
flect, as verbs. 

Gon'ju-gate, n. One of two or 
more words of the same stock. — a. 

1. United in pairs. 2. Agreeing in 
derivation with other words. 

Conjugate diameter, a diameter paral- 
lel to a tangent at the vertex of the 
primitive diameter. 

Gon'ju-ga'tion, «. 1. Act of in- 
flecting, as a verb. 2. A scheme in 
which are arranged all the parts of 
a verb. 3. A class of verbs inflected 
in the same manner. 

GON-JU'GI-AL, a. Conjugal. 

Gon-JUN€T', a. [Lat. conjungere, con" 
junctns.] United; conjoined. 

€ON-JUN€'TION, n. 1. Act of con- 
joining. 2. Meeting of two or more 
stars or planets in the same degree 
of the zodiac. 3. A connecting word. 

-CoN-jr;N€'TiVE,rt. 1. Closely united. 

2. Serving to unite. [junction. 
GoN-jUNe'TivE-LY, adv. In con- 
Gon-jun€T'ly, adv. In union ; con- 
jointly. 

Gon-jDnct'ure (53), «. 1. Union; 
connection. 2. An occasion or crisis 



OR, do.wqlf, too, TOOK ; fjRN, rj/e, pull ; E, I, o, silent j C, G, soft; €, G, hard; Ag ; ejcist ; N as ng ; this. 



CONJURATION 



86 



CONSERVE 



as the effect of a concurrence of cir- 
cumstances. 

GoN'JU-RA'TION, n. 1. Earnest or 
solemn entreaty. 2. Incantation. 

Gon-JURE', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
conjurare, to swear together, to con- 
spire.] To call on in a solemn man- 
ner ; to adjure. 

Con'jure (kun'jur), v. t. To en- 
chant; to charm; to bewitch. — v. 
i. To practice magical arts. 

Con-JUR'er, n. One who conjures, 
or entreats. [practices magic 

G6n'jur-er (khVjur-er), n. One who 

Gon'nate, or Gon-nate' (114), a. 
[Lat. connatus, from con and natus, 
born.] Born with another ; existing 
from birth. 

€on-nat'u-RAL, a. 1. Inborn ; in- 
herent ; natural. 2. Participating of 
the same nature. 

Gon-nat'u-ral'i-TY, ». Participa- 
tion of the same nature. 

CON-NE€T',l'.(. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
connectcre, from con and nectere, to 
bind.] To fasten together ; to unite. 
— jo. t. To have a close relation. 

Con-nect'ec-LY, adv. By connec- 
tion. 

Gon-NE€'TION, n. 1. Act of uniting, 
or state of being united. 2. Persons 
or things connected together. 3. One 
connected by family ties. 

Syx. — Union; coherence; continuity; 
junction; intercourse. 

Gon-NE€T'Ive, a. Having the power 
of connecting. — n. A word that 
connects other words, or that con- 
nects sentences. 

Gon-nect'or, n. One who, or that 
which, connects. [Connection. 

GON-NEX'ION (-neVshun),«. Same as 

GON-Nlv'ANOE, n. Intentional failure 
or forbearance to see a fault. 

GON-NlVE',t'. i. [-EDJ-ING.] [Lat. 
connivere, to shut the eyes.] To fail 
or forbear, by intention, to see. 

Gon-niv'ent, a. 1. Forbearing to 
see. 2. Brought close together. 

CON-NJV'ER,n. One who connives. 

GoN'NOIS-SEUR' (kSn'nis-svjr' or 
kon'nis-sur', 33), n. [Fr.] A crit- 
ical judge or master of any art. 

GON-NU'BI-AL, a. [Lat. connubialis, 
fr. connubium, marriage.] Pertain- 
ing to marriage ; conjugal ; nuptial. 

Go'NOID,n. [Gr. »cwvoei- 
Srjs, fr. /ccovos, cone, and 
elfios, form.] A solid 
formed by the revolu- 
tion of a conic section 
about its axis. 

€5'noid, ) a. Near- 

£o-NOID'AL, J ly, but 
not exactly, conical. 

Go-noid'ic, » a. Pertaining to a 

■Go-NoiD'ie-AL, I conoid; having 
the form of a conoid. 

Gon'quer (konk'er, 82), v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] [Lat. conquirere, to seek for, 
to bring together.] 1. To gain or 
acquire by force. 2. To subdue or 
overcome by mental or moral power. 
Syx. — To subdue ; vanquish ; subju- 
gate. — Conquer is generic ; to vanquish 
is to conquer by fighting, as a foe ; to 




Conoid. 



subdue is to bring completely under, as 
one's enemies ; to subjuyute is to bring 
under the yoke of bondage. 
— v. i. To gain the victory. 

Gon'QUER-a-ble (konk'er-), a. Ca- 
pable of being conquered. 

•eoN'QUER-OR (koyk'er-ur), n. One 
who conquers. 

Gon'quest (koijk'west, 82), n. 1. Act 
of conquering. 2. That which is 
conquered. 

Syx. — Victory ; subjugation; subjec- 
tion ; triumph. 

Gon'san-GUin'e-ous, a. [Lat. con- 
sanguineus, fr. con and sanguis, 
blood.] Related by birth. 

Gon'san-guIn'i-ty, n. Relationship 
by blood or birth. 

Go'n'science (kon'shenss), n. [Lat. 
conscientia, fr. conscire, to know.] 
1. The faculty which decides on the 
lawfulness or unlawfulness of our 
actions and affections. 2. The estimate 
or determination of conscience. 3. 
Reasonableness. 

Gon'sci-en'tious (kon'shi-), a. 1. 
Governed by a strict regard to the 
dictates of conscience. 2. Charac- 
terized or regulated by a regard to 
conscience. 

Gon'sci-en'TIOUS-LY. adv. In ac- 
cordance with the directions of con- 
science, [lous regard to conscience. 

Gon'sci-en'tious-ness, n. Scrupu- 

G6n'scion-a-ble (-shun-), a. [Irreg- 
ularly formed from conscience.] Gov- 
erned by conscience ; reasonable. 

Gon'scious (kon'shus, 63), a. [Lat. 
conscius, fr. con and scire, to know.] 

1. Possessing the power of knowing 
one"s own thoughts. 2. Possessing 
knowledge. 3. Made the object of 
consciousness. 

G6n'scioDs-ly, adv. With knowl- 
edge of one's own mental opera- 
tions. 

€6N'sciotrs-NESS, n. 1. Knowledge 
of what passes in one's own mind. 

2. Immediate knowledge of any ob- 
ject whatever. 

G6n'S€RIPT, a. [Lat. conscribere.,con- 
scriptus, to enroll.] Enrolled ; writ- 
ten; registered. — n. One taken by 
lot, and compelled to serve as a sol- 
dier or sailor. 

Gon-S€R1P'tion, n. 1. A registering. 
2. A compulsory enrollment of indi- 
viduals liable to draft. 

GoN'SE-CRATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. consecrare, consecratus, fr. con- 
and sacrare, to consecrate.] 1. To 
make, or declare to be, sacred. 2. To 
enroll among the gods or saints. 3. 
To dignify. [sacred. 

Gon'se-crate (45), a. Consecrated; 

Gon'se-cra'tion, n. Act or cere- 
mony of consecrating. [secrates. 

Gon'se-cra/tor. n. One who con- 

GON-SEG'U-TlVE, a. [Lat. consequi, 
consecutus, to follow.] 1. Following 
in a train ; successive. 2. Following, 
as a consequence or result. 

GoN-SEe'u-Ti'vE-LY, adv. By way of 
consequence, or succession. 

Con-sent', n. 1. Agreement in 
opinion. 2. Correspondence in parts, 



qualities, &c. 3. Yoluntary accord 
ance with what is done by another. 

— v. i. [-ED;-ING.] [Lat. consen- 
tire, from con and sentire, to feel, per- 
ceive, think.] 1. To agree in opin- 
ion. 2. To give assent. 

Syn. — To yield; assent ; agree; allow. 

Gon'sen-ta'ne-ous, a. Consistent; 
agreeable or accordant. 

G6n'sen-ta'ne-ous-ly, arfi>. Agree- 
ably ; consistently. 

GON'SEN-TA'NE-OUS-NESS, n. Qual- 
ity of being consistent. 

Gon-seint'er, n. One who consents. 

Gon-sen'tient (-sen'shent), a. [See 
Consent.] Agreeing in opinion. 

Gon'se-quence, ii. 1. That which 
follows something on which it de- 
pends. 2. A logical conclusion ; in- 
ference ; deduction. 3. Connection 
of cause and effect. 

Syn. — Lffect ; result. —An effect is the 
most immediate, spiinging directly from 
some cause ;_a consequence is more re- 
mote, not being strictly cause nor yet a 
mere sequence, but flowing out of and 
following something on which it truly 
depends; a result is still more remote and 
variable, like the jebound of an elastic 
body which falls in very different direc- 
tions. "We may foresee the eflects of a 
measure, may conjecture its consequen- 
ces, but can rarely discover its final results. 

€6n'se-QUENT, a. [Lat. conseqvi, 
conseuuens.] 1. Following as a result 
or inference. 2. Following by neces- 
sary inference , or rational deduction. 

— ii. That which naturally fellows 
or results ; a conclusion or inferenc e. 

GSn'se-quen'tial, a. 1. Follow ii g 
as a consequence or result. 2. As- 
suming an air of consequence. 

GON'SE-QUEN'TIAL-LY, adv . 1. By 

consequence. 2. With assumed im- 
portance. 

GoN'SE-QUENT-LY, adv. By natural 
or logical sequence or connection. 

GoN-SERV'A-BLE, a. Capable of be- 
ing kept or preserved. 

Gon-sErv'an-cy (14), n. Act of pre- 
serving; preservation. 

GON-SERV'ANT, a. Having the power 
of preserving from decay. 

Gon'ser-va'tion, ii. Act of pre- 
serving ; preservation. 

GON-s£RV'A-TJSM, ii. [From conser- 
vative.] Disposition to preserve what 
is established. 

Gon-s£rv'A-tive, a. 1. Preserva- 
tive. 2. Disposed to maintain exist- 
ing institutions. — v . 1. One who, or 
that which, preserves. 2. One who 
desires to maintain existing institu- 
tions. 

GON'SER-VA'TOR, or GoN'SER-VA'- 
TOR, ii. One who preserves from 
injury, violation, or innovation. 

Gon-s£rv'a-to-ry (£0), a. Having 
the quality of preserving. — n. 1. A 
green-bouse for tender plants. 2. A 
public place of instruction in some 
branch of learning or the fine arts. 

Gon-s£rve' (14), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[Lat. conservare, fr. con and servare, 
to keep, guard.] 1. To save ; to 
preserve. 2. To prepare with sugar, 
&c, as fruits, &c. 



A, £,i, o, u% y, Zon^; A, £,I,6,u,y # sAori; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, t£rm; PIQUE, fIrm; son, 



CONSERVE 



87 



CONSTRICTION 



■GCn'sErve, n. A sweetmeat made of 
fruit, &c, prepared with sugar. 

€ON-SID'ER, f. t. [-ED ;-lNG.] [Lat. 
consider are..'] 1. To think on with 
care. 2. To take into view or ac- 
count. 3. To estimate ; to think. — 
v. i. To reflect ; to deliberate. 

€on-sid'er-a-ble, a. 1. Possessing 
consequence or importance ; respect- 
able. 2. Of importance or value. 

■Con-sid'er-a-bly, adv. In a con- 
siderable decree. 

€on-sid'er-ate (45), a. Mindful of 
the rights, claims, .and feelings of 
others. 

€on-sid'er-ate-ly, adv. In a con- 
siderate manner. 

€ON-siD<ER-A'TION, n. 1. Act of 
considering; deliberation. 2. Appre- 
ciative regard. 3. Claim to notice or 
regard. 4. Motive ; reason ; influ- 
ence. 5. Compensation ; equivalent. 

•GON-si D'ER-ER, n. One who considers. 

€oir-sieN' (-sin'), v.t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. consignare, to seal or sign.] 1. 
To give in a formal manner. 2. To 
commit ; to intrust. 3. To give into 
the hands of an agent for sale, &c. 
Syk. — To commit; deliver; intrust. 

To commit is generic ; to intrust, is to 

commit as a trust or deposit ; to consign 
is to deliver over in a formal manner. A 
man may commit a lawsuit to his attor- 
ney, may intrust a child to his friend, 
may consign goods to an agent. 

Oon'SIGN-EE' (kon'sT-nee'), n. One 
to whom goods are delivered in trust, 
for sale or superintendence. 

€on-sign'er (-sln'er), n. One who 
consigns. 

€on-sign'ment (-sm/-), n. 1. Act of 
consigning. 2. Thing consigned. 

€on-sign'or (-sin 7 -), n. One who 
consigns or makes a consignment. 

€ON-SIST',r. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. con- 
sister*, fr. con and sistere, to stand.] 
1. To be; to exist ; to subsist. 2. 
To be consistent or harmonious. 

<3on-sIst'enoe, )n. 1. Condition 

€on-sist'en-cy, ( of standing to- 
gether. 2. Degree of firmness or 
density. 3. Agreement or harmony. 

€on-sTst'ent, a. 1. Possessing firm- 
ness or fixedness. 2. Having harmo- 
ny among its parts. 

Syx.— Accordant; harmonious; con- 
gruous ; compatible ; uniform. 

€on-sist'ent-ly, adv. In a con- 
sistent manner. [consistory. 

■GoN'sis-TO'Rl-AL, a. Pertaining to a 

€on-sis'to-ry (113), n. [See Con- 
sist.] 1. Any solemn assembly. 2. 
A spiritual court. 3. College of car- 
dinals at Rome. 

Con-so'ci-ate (-so'shT-, 63), v. t. 
[■ED; -ING.] [Lat. ronsociare, conso- 
ciatum, fr. con and sociare, to join.] 
To associate. — v. i. To form an as- 
sociation. _ 

Con-so'ci-a'tion (-so'shl-), n. 1. 
Intimate union. 2. A confederacy 
or union of neighboring churches. 

•eoN-SOL/A-BLE, a. Capable of receiv- 
ing consolation. 

GoN'so-LA'TrON, n. 1 .* Alleviation 
of misery. 2. That which comforts. 



€on-sol'a-to-ry (50), a. Tending 
to give consolation. 

€ON-SOLE', V.t. [-EDJ-ING.] [Lat. 
consolari, fr. con and solari, to com- 
fort.] To cheer in distress or depres- 
sion. 

Syx. — To comfort ; solace ; soothe ; 
cheer; sustain ; encourage ; support. 

<3oN'soLE,rc. [Fr.] A bracket ; or a 
projecting ornament on the keystone 
of an arch. _ 

€ON-SOL'I-DATE, V. t. [-ED : -ING.] 
[Lat. consolidare, consolidation , fvom 
con and solid are, to make firm.] 1. 
To unite together into a compact 
mass. 2. To unite, as various par- 
ticulars, into one body. — v.i. To 
unite and become solid. 

€on-sol'i-date (45), a. Formed in- 
to a solid mass. [solidating. 

€on-s6l/i-da'tion, n. Act of con- 

€on-sol£', or €6n'sols, n. pi. The 
leading English funded government 
security, formed by the consolidation 
of different annuities. 

€6n'SO-NANCE, In. 1. A pleasing 

€6n'so-nan-cy, j accord of sounds 
produced simultaneously. 2. A state 
of agreement. 

■(36n'so-nant, a. [Lat. consonare, 
consonans, to sound at the same 
time.] 1. Having agreement ; con- 
sistent. 2. Harmonizing together. — 
n. An articulate sound, usually com- 
bined with a more open sound called 
a vowel ; also, a letter representing 
such a sound. 

■Gon'so-nant-LY, adv. Agreeably. 

Gon'so-noDs. a. Agreeing in sound. 

•Gon'sort, n. [Lat. consors, from con 
and sors, lot, fate.] A companion or 
partner ; especially, a wife or hus- 
band : a spouse. [associate. 

€on-s6rt'(25),i\ ?'. [-ed ; -ing.] To 

€ON-SPl-e'U-OUS, a. [Lat. conspicuus, 
fr. conspicere, to behold attentively.] 

1. Obvious to the eye ; manifest. 2. 
Clearly or extensively known, per- 
ceived, noted. 

Syx. — Distinguished; eminent; illus- 
trious; prominent; celebrated. 

€on-spig'u-ous-ly, adv. In a con- 
spicuous manner. 

-€oN-spie'u-o£js-NESS, n. State of 
being conspicuous. 

-eoN-SPlR'A-CY, n. 1. A combination 
of two or more for an eviUjrurpose. 

2. A concurrence or general tenden- 
cy to one event 

Syn.— Combination ; plot ; cabal. 

€ON-SPIR'A-TOR, n. One who con- 
spires^ 

€ON-SPlRE', v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
conspirare, from con and spiral e, to 
breathe.] 1. To unite or covenant 
together for an evil purpose ; to plot 
together. 2. To concur to one end ; 
to agree. 

-Gon-spir'ER, n. One who conspires. 

€6n'sta-ble (kun'sta-bl), n. [L. 
Lat. constabulus , comestabulus, comes 
stabuli, orig. count of the stable, 
master of the horse.] 1. A high offi- 
cer in the monarchical establish- 
ments of the middle ages. 2. An 
officer of the peace. 



€on-stXb'u-la-RY, a. Pertaining to 

constables. 

€6n'stan-cy, n. 1. Quality of be- 
ing constant. 2. Steady, unshaken 
determination. 

Syx. — Fixedness ; stability; steadi- 
ness; steadfastness; resolution. 

•eoN'STANT, a. [Lat. co?istans,-p. pr. 
of constare, to stand firm.] 1. Not 
liable or given to change. 2. Re- 
maining unchanged or invariable. — 
n. That which is not subject to 
change. [cy ; firmly. 

■Gon'stant-ly, adv. With constan- 

-Gon/stel-la'TION, n. [Lat. conslel- 
latio, fr. con and stellare, to set with 
stars.] A cluster of fixed stars. 

Gon'ster-na'tion, n. [Lat. con- 
slernatio, fr. consternare, to overcome, 
perplex.] Amazement or terror that 
confounds the faculties. 
Syx.— See Alarm. 

€6n'sti-pate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. constipare, constipatus, fr. con 
and stipare, to crowd together.] 1. 
To stop, as a passage. 2. To render 
costive. 

-eoN'STl-PA'TION, n. 1. Act of crowd- 
ing or stuffing; condensation. 2. 
Costiveness. [constituents. 

€on-stit'"u-en-cy, n. A body of 

€on-STIT'u-ENT, a. 1. Serving to 
form ; component ; elemental. 2. 
Having the power of electing or ap- 
pointing. — n. 1. The person or thing 
that constitutes. 2. A component 
pa-rt ; an element. 3. One who as- 
sists to elect a representative. 

€6n'sti-tute (30), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[Lat. constituere, constilutum, fr. con 
and statuere, to place, set.] 1. To 
establish ; to enact. 2. To compose ; 
to form. _3. To appoint or depute. 

Gon'sti-tu'tion, n. 1. Act of con- 
stituting. 2. Natural condition. 3. 
Fundamental laws of a state or other 
organized body of men. 4. An au- 
thoritative ordinance or enactment. 

Gon'sti-tu'tion-al, a. 1. Belong- 
ing to the constitution. 2. In ac- 
cordance with the constitution of a 
government or society. 

Gon/sti-tu'tion-al'i-ty, n. State 
of being constitutional. 

Gon'sti-tu'tion-al-ly, adv. In 
accordance with the constitution. 

€oN'STi-TfJ/T!VE, a. Tending, or 
having power, to constitute. 

€ON-STRAIN', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
constringere, fr. con andstringere, to 
draw tight.] 1. To hold back by 
force. 2. To urge with irresistible 
power. 

Syx.— _To compel ; force ; drive ; impel. 

€on-STRAIN'A-ble, a. Capable of 
being constrained. [strains. 

€on-STRAIN'er, n. One who con- 

€ON-STRAINT', o. 1. Act of constrain- 
ing, or state of being constrained- 2. 
That which constrains. 

■eON-STRIGT', V. t. [-ID; -ING.] 
[Lat. constringere , constrictum. See 
Constrain.] To contract or cause 
to shrink. 

•€ON-STRl€'TION, n. Act of constrict- 
ing, or state of being constricted. 



OR, dq, WOLF, TOO, TO~OK; URN, rue, PULL ; E, I, o, silent; C, G, soft; €,a,hard; A£ ; EXIST; N as NG ; THIS. 



CONSTRICTOR 



88 



CONTENTEDLY 



€ON-STRl€T'OR, n. That which con- 

etricts, draws together, or contracts. 

CON-STRINGE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 

[See Constrain.] To draw togeth- 
er ; to contract. 

Con-strin'GENT, a. Having the 
quality of contracting. 

Gon-struct', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[Lat. construere, constructum , fr. con 
and struere, to pile up, set in order.] 
1. To put together the constituent 
parts of. 2. To devise and arrange. 
Syn.— To build; erect; form; make; 
fabricate. 

Gon-stru€T'ER, n. One who con- 
structs. 

Con-struc'tion, n. 1. Act of con- 
structing ; fabrication. 2. Structure 
conformation. 3. Syntactical ar- 
rangement. 4. Interpretation ; sense. 

Gon-strOc'TION-al, a. Pertaining 
to construction. 

Con-struc'tion-ist, n. One who 
construes a public instrument. 

CON-STRUCT'lVE, a 1. Havingabil- 
ity to construct. 2. Derived by in- 
terpretation, [of construction. 

Cox-struct'IVE-ly, adv. By way 

Con-struct'ive-wess, n. The fac- 
ulty which leads to the formation of 
parts into a whole. 

Con'strue, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [See 
Construct.] To explain the con- 
struction of, as of a sentence ; to in- 
terpret. 

Con'stu-prate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. constuprare , constupratus, from 
con and stuprare, to ravish.] To vio- 
late the person of. [ing. 

Con'stu-pra'tion, n. Act of ravish- 

Con'sub-stan'tial, a. Having the 
same substance. 

Gon'sub-stan'ti-ate (-shT-at) v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] [Lat. con and substan- 
tia, substance.] To uaite in one 
common substance or nature. 

CoN'SUB-STAN'TI-A'TION (-shl-a/- 

shun),n. Actual, substantial pres- 
ence of the body of Christ with the 
bread and wine of the Lord's supper. 

CoN'SUL, n. [Lat., from consulere, to 
deliberate, consult.] 1. One of two 
chief magistrates of the Roman re- 
public. 2. (Fr. Hist.) One of three 
supreme magistrates of France from 
1799 to 1804. 3. An officer appointed 
by a government to protect the com- 
mercial and other interests of its citi- 
zens in some foreign country. [sul. 

GoN'SU-LAR, a. Pertaining to a con- 

GoN'SU-LATE, n. Office, jurisdiction, 
or residence, of a consul. 

Gon'sul-ship, n. Office or term of 
office of a consul. 

Gon-sOlt', v. i. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
consulere, consultum .] To seek opin- 
ion or advice. — v. t. 1. To ask ad- 
vice of. 2. To decide or to act in 
favor of. 3. To deliberate upon. 

CON'SUL-TA'TION, n. 1. Act of con- 
sulting. 2. A meeting of persons to 
consult together. 

Gon-sult'er, n. One who consults. 

GoN-sfJM'A-BLE, a. Capable of be- 
ing consumed 



Gon-sume', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
consumere, to take.] To destroy, as 
by decomposition, dissipation, waste, 
or fire. — v. i. To waste away slowly. 
Syn.— To destroy; absorb; waste; ex- 
pend j_squander; lavish; dissipate. 

Gon-sum'ER, n. One who consumes. 

CoN'SUM-MATE, or GON-SUM'MATE, 
v. t. [Lat. consummare, consumma- 
tum, fr. con and summa, sum.] To 
bring to completion ; to perfect. 

Gon-sum'mate (45), a. Carried to the 
utmost extent ; complete ; perfect. 

Con-sOm'mate-LY, adv. In a con- 
summate manner. 

Gon'sum-ma'tion, n. Completion ; 
termination ; perfection. 

Gon-sOmp'tion (84), n. 1. Act of 
consuming. 2. State of being con- 
sumed. 3. A gradual decay of the 
body ; especially a disease seated in 
the lungs, &c 

Gon-sump'tive, a. 1. Destructive; 
wasting. 2. Affected with, or in- 
clined to, consumption. 

Gon-sump't'ive-ly, adv. In a way 
tending to consumption. 

CoN'TACT, n. [Lat. contingere, con- 
tactum, to touch on all sides.] A 
close union of bodies ; a touching. 

GON-TA'GION, n. [See CONTACT.] 1. 
Communication of a disease from one 
person to another, by contact. 2. 
Pestilential influence. 

GoN-TA'Glous,a. 1. Communicable 
by contact or approach ; catching. 
2. Pestilential. 3. Spreading from 
one to another. 

Syn.— Contagious; infectious.— These 
words have been used in very diverse 
senses; but, in general, a contagious dis- 
ease is one which is caught from another 
by contact, by the breath, by bodily 
effluvia, &c, while an infectious one sup- 
poses some entirety different cause act- 
ing by a hidden influence, like the mi- 
asma of prison-ships, of marshes, &c, 
infecting the system with disease. 

Gon-tain', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
continere, fr. con and tencre, to hold.] 
1. To comprehend ; to comprise. 2. 
To beable to hold ; to inclose. 

GON-T AIN'A-BLE , a. Capable of be- 
ing contained. 

CON-TAM'I-NATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. contaminare , contaminatvs, fr. 
con and taminare, to violate.] To 
corrupt bv defiling contact. 

Syn.— To pollute; defile. 
— a. Polluted; corrupt; tainted. 

Gon-Tam'1-na'tion, ii. Pollution; 
defilement. 

Gon-temn' (-tern'), v.t. [-E D ; -ING.] 
[Lat. contemner <?,fr. con&wltemnere, 
to slight, despise.] To consider and 
treat with disdain. 

Syn.— Despise ; scorn; disdain.— 
Contemn is generic; to despise is to re- 
gard or treat as mean, unbecoming, or 
worthless; to scorn is stronger, express- 
inn a quick, indignant contempt; dis- 
dain is still stronger, denoting either a 
generous abhorrence of what is base, or 
unwarrantable pride and haughtiness. 

GON-TEM/NER,n. One who contemns. 

GON-TEM/PER, v. t. [Lat. contempe- 
rare, from con and temperare, to tem- 
per.] To temper ; to moderate. 

GON-TEM'PER-A'TION, n. 1. Act of 



moderating ; moderation. 2. Propor- 
tionate mixture. 
GON'TEM-PLATE, or GON-TEM'- 
PLATE (117), V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 

[Lat. contemplari, contemplatns, to 
look around carefully, to consider.] 

1. To regard with deliberate care; 
to meditate on ; to study. 2. To 
look forward to. 

Syn. — To meditate; intend. — We 
meditate a design when we are looking 
out or waiting for the means of its ac- 
complishment; we contemplate it when 
the means are at hand, and our decision 
is nearly or quite made; to intend is 
stronger. 

— v.i. To think studiously; to 
ponder. 

Gon'tem-pla'tion, 7i. Act of con- 
templating ; meditation. 

Con-tem'pla-tIve, a. Pertaining 
to, or given to, contemplation ; 
studious ; thoughtful. 

GON-TEM'PLA-TIVE-LY, adv. With 
contemplation. 

Gon-tem'pla-tive-ness, n- State 
of being contemplative. 

G6n'tem-pla / tor, n. One who con- 
templates. 

Gon-tem'po-ra'ne-ous, a. [Lat. 
contewporaneus, fr. con and tempns, 
time.] Living, acting, or transpiring 
at the same time. 

Con-tem'po-ra'ne-ous-ly, adv. At 
the same time with some other event. 

Gon-tem'po-ra-ry, a. [Lat. con and 
Umporarius, of or belonging to time.] 
Contemporaneous. — n. One who 
lives at the same time with another. 

Gon-TEMPT' (84), n. [Lat. contemp- 
tus See Contemn.] 1. Act of con- 
temning. 2. State of being despised. 
Syn. — Disdain; scorn; contumely. 

Gon-tempt'i-ble, a. Worthy of 
contempt. 

Syn.— Contemptuous ; despicable ; 
palry; pitiful. — Despicable is stronger 
than contemptible, and pitifvl than pal- 
try. A man is dcspicaUe for what is base 
or wicked ; contemptible for what is 
weak, foolish, &c. A thing is pitiful 
when it indicates nieannessand timidity, 
paltry when low and worthless. 

GON-TEMPT'I-ELY, adv. In a con- 
temptible manner. 

Gon-tempt'u-oOs, a. Expressing 
contempt or disdain ; scornlul. 

Gon-tempt'tj-oOs-ly, adv. In a 
contemptuous manner. 

Con-tend', v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
contendere, from con and tendere. to 
stretch.] 1. To strive in opposition. 

2. To strive in debate. 
Con-tend'er, r\ . One who contends. 
Con-tent', a. [Lat. contentvs, p. p. 

of continere, to hold together.] Hav- 
ing the desires limited by present en- 
joyment ; satisfied. — *■. t. 1. To sat- 
isfy the mind of. 2. To please or grat- 
ify. — n. 1. Satisfaction; moderate 
happiness. 2. That which contents. 

Gon'tent, or Con-tent', n. 1. 
That which is contained ; — usually 
in the pi. 2. Power of containing ; 
capacity. 

Gon-tEnt'ed, a. Content ; satisfied. 

Gon-TENT'ed-ly, adv. In a con- 
tented manner. 



A, £,.!, 5,U, Y,long; A,E, \,6, U,Y , short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM ; SON 



CONTENTION 



89 



CONTRAVENE 



€on-ten'tion, n. 1. A violent strug- 
gle. 2. Strife in debate. 

Syx. — Strife ; contest ; quarrel ; dis- 
sension; variance. 

€ON-TEN'Tlous, a. 1. Apt to con- 
tend. 2. Relating to contention. 

€on-tent'ment, n. 1. Satisfaction 
of mind; acquiescence; content. 2. 
That which affords satisfaction. 

■CON'TENTS, or €ON-TENTS' (114), 

n. pi. See Content, n. 

■CON-T-ER'MI-NODs, a. [Lat. contermi- 
nus, from con and terminus, border.] 
Bordering ; contiguous. 

CON-TEST', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
contestari, to call to witness.] 1. To 
make a subject of dispute. 2. To 
strive earnestly to hold or maintain. 
Syx. —To dispute; controvert; debate. 
— v. i. To contend ; to vie. 

■Con'TEST, n. 1. Strife in argument. 
2. Strife in arms. 

Syx. — Conflict ; combat ; encounter; 
strife. — Strife is generic; an encounter 
is a sudden and hostile meeting; a con- 
flict is a violent meeting of the parties; a 
combat is a deadly conflict of two or 
more. 

■Con-test'a-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing contested, [tests ; an opponent. 

■GON-TEST'ANT, n. One who c-on- 

■Con'TEXT, n. [Lat. coniextus, from 
contexere, to knit together.] Parts 
of a discourse which precede or fol- 
low a sentence quoted. 

eON-TEXT'URE (53), n. Composition 
of parts: constitution, [contiguous. 

•Gon'ti-gu'i-ty, n. State of being 

•eoN-TiG'u-ous, a. [Lat. contiguus, 
fr. contingere, to touch on all sides.] 
In actual or close contact ; touching. 
Syx.— Adjoining; adjacent.— Things 
are adjacent when they lie near to each 
other without touching, as, adjacent 
fields; adjoining when they meet or join 
at some point, as, adjoining farms; con- 
tiguous when they are brought more 
continuously in contact, as, contiguous 
buildings. 

Con-tI&'u-ous-ly, adv. In a man- 
ner to touch. [contact. 

€ON-TIG'U-OiJS-NESS, 11. State of 

•eoN'Tl-NENCE, I n. Voluntary re- 

<36n'ti-nen-cy, ) straint put on 
one's desires and passions ; chastitv. 

€6N'TI-NENT,a. [Lat. continens,~fr. 
continere, to hold together.] Re- 
straining the indulgence of desires or 
passions; temperate; chaste. — n. 1. 
One of the larger bodies of land on 
the globe. 2. Main land of Europe. 

Con'ti-nent'al, a. 1. Pertaining to 
a contineut. 2. Pertaining to the 
main land of Europe. 3. Pertaining 
to the American colonies in the time 
of the Revolutionary war. 

€6n'ti-nent-ly, adv. Chastelv. 

€on-tin'gence, I n. 1. Quality of 

-eoN-TIN'GEN-OY, 1 being contin- 
gent. 2. An event which may oc- 
cur ; possibility. 

€ON-TlN'GENT,~ a. [Lat. contingent, 
p. pr. of conlinsere, to happen.] 1. 
Possible, or liable to occur. 2. De- 
pendent on what is undetermined or 
unknown. — n. 1. A contingency. 
2. That which falls to one in an ap- 
portionment; a quota. 



€0N-tTn'gent-ly, adv. Accidental- 
ly or incidentally. 

€oN-TlN'u-AL.,a. 1. Proceeding with- 
out interruption. 2. Very frequent ; 
often repeated. 

Syx. — Constant; continuous; per- 
petual. — A thing is continuous which 
flows on without interruption througli 
its whole course, as, a continuous dis- 
course or train of thought; it is. continual 
when, with perhaps brief interruptions, 
it steadily recurs again, as, continual 
showers. 1'erpetual is sometimes used 
for continual in a stronger sense, as, 
perpetXLal applications ; sometimes for 
continuous and lasting, as, perpetual mo- 
tion. 

€on-tLn'u-AL-ly, adv. 1. Without 
cessation. 2. Very often. 

€on-t!n'u-ance, n. 1. Permanence, 
as of condition, habits, abode, &c. 
2. Uninterrupted succession ; con- 
tinuation^ 

Gon-tin'u-a'TION, n. 1. Uninter- 
rupted extension or succession. 2. 
That which extends or increases, &c. 

■Gon-tin'u-a'tor, n. One who con- 
tinues. 

€toN-TlNtJE, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
continuare.] 1. To remain in a given 
place or condition. 2. To be perma- 
nent or durable. 3. To be steadfast 
or constant ; to endure. — v. t. To 
prolong ; to persist in. 

Gon'ti-nu'i-ty, n. Uninterrupted 
connection ; cohesion. 

-eoN-TXN'u-ous, a. Without break, 
cessation, or interruption. 

-eoN-TlN'u-ous-LY, adv. In a con- 
tinuous manner. 

CON-TORT', v. t. [Lat. contorquere, 
contortum, from con and torquere, to 
twist.] To twist together. 

•Gon-tor'tion, 7i. A twisting ; a 
writhing : wry motion. 

CON-TOUR' (kon-tobr'), n. [Fr., from 
con and tour, Gr. ropvos, lathe.] 
Bounding line ; outline. 

■CoN'TRA-BAND, a. [L. Lat. contra- 
bannum. prop., contrary to public 
proclamation.] Prohibited by law or 
treaty; forbidden. — n. 1. Prohib- 
ited merchandise or traffic. 2. A 
negro slave. \Amer.] 

€ON-TRA€T',l\ t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
contrahere , contractum , from ron and 
trahere, to draw.] 1. To draw to- 
gether or nearer. 2. To bring on ; to 
be liable to. 3. To make a bargain 
for. 4. To betroth : to affiance. 5. 
To unite into one long vowel or diph- 
thong. 

Sy.v. — To shorten : condense; reduce. 
— v. i. 1. To be drawn together. 2. 
To make an agreement : to bargain. 

Con'TRACT, n. 1. An agreeuieut be- 
tween two or more parties. 2. A 
word in which concurrent vowels 
are contracted. 

Syx. — Covenant ; compact ; stipula- 
tion. — A covenant is a mutual agree- 
ment: a contract is such an agreement 
reduced to writing: a stipulation is one 
of the articles or parts of a contract : a 
compact is a more solemn and binding 
c ntract. 

CON-TRACT'I-EIL'I-TY, n. Capabil- 
j ity of being contracted, [contraction. 

€on-tra€T'i-ble, a. Capable of 



€ON-TRA€T'I-BLE-NESS, n. Con^ 
tractibility. (.tract. 

€on-tra€T'ile, a. Tending to con- 

•eoN'TRAe-TiL'i-TY, n. Inherent 
force by which bodies contract. 

€ON-TRA€'TION, n . 1. Act of con- 
tracting. 2. Any thing in a state oi 
abbreviation or contraction. 

€on-tra€T'OR,?7. [Lat.] One who 
contracts, or makes a contract. 

€6n'TRA-dance, n. A dance in 
which the partners are arranged in 
opposite lines. 

CON'TRA-DICT', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. contradicere, contradictum, fr. 
contra and dicere, to say, speak.] 1. 
To assert the contrary of; to deny. 
2. To oppose. 

Gon'tra-dIg'tion, n. 1. An asser- 
tion of the contrary ; denial. 2. Di- 
rect opposition ; incongruity ; con- 
trariety. 

€ON/TRA-DI€'TIOUS, a. 1. Pilled with 
contradictions. 2. Inclined to con- 
tradict, [contradiction. 

€6n-tra-DI€T'ive, a. Containing 

C6n'TRA-DI€T'o-RY, a. 1. Affirming 
the contrary. 2. Inconsistent. 

€6n/tra-dis-tin€'tion, n. Dis- 
tinction by contrast. 

CoN'TRA-Dls-TXNCT'iVE, a. Distin- 
guishing by contrast. 

GoN'TRA-DIS-TlN'GUISH, v . t. [-ED : 
-ING.] To distinguish by contrast. 

€ON-TR\L'TO, n. [It., from contra, 
against, and alto.] (Mus.) (a.) Part 
sung by the highest male or lowest 
female voices ; the alto or counter- 
tenor, (b. ) Voice or singer perform- 
ing this part. 

€6n'tra-RIes, n. pi. (Logic.) Prop- 
ositions opposed in quality only, but 
of which the falsehood of one does 
not establish the truth of the other. 

€'6n'tra-ri'e-ty, n. 1. State of be- 
ing contrary to. 2. Something which 
is contrary to something else. 

Syx. — Inconsistency; opposition; dis- 
agreement. 

€6n'tra-ri-l,y, adv. In a contrary 
manner ; in opposition. 

€6n'tra-ri-\vise, adv. 1. On the 
contrary. 2. In a contrary order. 

•GON'TRA-RY, a. [Lat. contrarius,fr. 
contra.] 1. Opposite ; different: con- 
tradictory. 2. Given to opposition. 
— 11. 1. A thing of contrary or op- 
posite qualities. 2. A proposition con- 
trary to another. 

€ON-TRAST', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
contra, against, and stare, to stand.] 
To set in opposition, with a view to 
show the superiority of one thing 
over another. — v. i. To be or stand 
in contrast or opposition. 

€6n'trast, n. Opposition of things 
or qualities. 

-Gon/tra-val-la'tion, n. A trench 
guarded with a parapet, formed by 
the besiegers between their camp 
and the place besieged. 

€6n'TRA-VENE', V. t. [-ED ; -INC.] 
[L. Lat. rontravenire, fr. Lat. contra, 
against, and venire, to come.] To 
come in conflict with. 



OR, do, wolf, too, TOOK ; fjRN, Rtje, PULL ; E, I, o, silent ; c . G, soft; €, 5, hard; Ag ; exist ; N as NG; this- 



CONTRAVENTION 



90 



CONVEXITY 



Syn. — To contradict ; obstruct ; op- 
pose. 

Con'tra-ven'tion, n. Opposition ; 
obstruction. [to the opposite side. 

^on'tra-ver'sion, n. A turniDg 

€on-trib'U-ta-ry, a. Paying trib- 
ute ; contributing aid. 

€!ON-TRIB'UTE , v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. contribuere, contributum, from 
con and tribuere, to grant, impart.] 
To give to a common stock or for a 
common purpose. — v. i. To give 
apart; tojend assistance or aid. 

CJon'TRI-bu'tion, n. 1. Act of con- 
tributing. 2. That which is con- 
tributed. 

€on-tr!b'u-tive, a. Tending to 
contribute. [tributes. 

■Con-trib'u-TOR, n. One who con- 

<3on-trib'u-to-ry, a. Contributing 
to the same stock or purpose. 

■Gon'TRITE, a. [Lat. conterere, con- 
tritus, to grind, to bruise.] Broken 
down with grief or penitence. 
Syn. — Penitent ; repentant. 

€6n'trite-ly, ado. In a contrite 
manner. [itence. 

€!6N'TRlTE-NESS,n. Contrition ; peu- 

■eoN-TRi'TiON (-trish/un), n. State 
of being contrite ; deep sorrow for sin. 
Syn. — Repentance. — Contrition is a 
continuous state of grief and self-con- 
demnation ; repentance is an act in 
which, with sorrow for our sins, we re- 
nounce them. 

€)ON-TRiv'A-BLE,a. Capable of being 
contrived. 

■eoN-TRlv'ANCE, n. 1. Act of con- 
triving. 2. Thing contrived ; device. 

■GON-TRIVE', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [0. 
Fr. contreuver, from con and treuver, 
to find.] To form by an exercise of 
ingenuity. 

Syn.— To devise ; invent; plan ; pro- 
ject ; plot. 

€on-triv'er, n. One who contrives. 

■CON-TROL', n. [Fr. contrOle, a coun- 
ter register, fr. contre-rQle, fr. contre, 
against, and ru^e,roll, catalogue.] 1. 
That which serves to check, restrain, 
or hinder. 2. Restraining influence. 
— v. t. [-led; -ling, 136.] To ex- 
ercise a restraining influence over. 

■Gon-trol'la-ble, a. Capable of 
being controlled. 

€on-trol'ler, n. 1. An officer to 
oversee, control, or verify the ac- 
counts of other officers. 2. One who 
controls. [controller. 

€on-trol'ler-shiP, n. Office of a 

€on-trol'ment, n. Power or act 
of controlling ; state of being con- 
trolled, [disputes. 

■eoN'TRO-vfiR'slAL, a. Relating to 

■Con'tro-ver'sial-ist, n. One who 
carries on a controversy. 

€on'tro-v£r / sy, n. A protracted 
contest or dispute. 
Syn. — Contention; wrangle; strife. 

€ON'TRO-v£RT, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. contra, against, and vertere, to 
turn.] To contend against in words 
or writings : to deny. 

€on / tro-v£rt'i-ble, a. Capable of 
being controverted ; disputable. 

Con'tro-vErt'ist, n. One who con- 
troverts. 



€*n/tu-ma'ciou-s, a. Willfully and 
perseveringly disobedient. 

^on'tu-ma'cious-ly, adv. In a con- 
tumacious manner. 

Con'TU-ma'cioUs-ness, n. Obsti- 
nacy ; stubbornness. 

€6n'TU-ma-cy, n. [Lat. contumacia, 
fr. contumax, insolent.] Persistent 
obstinacy. 
Syn.— Stubbornness; perverseness. 

€6n'tu-me'li-ous, a. Overbearingly 
contemptuous ; insolent. 

€6N'TU-ME'Ll-otJs-LY, adv. Re- 
proachfully ; rudely ; insolently. 

€6n'tu-me-ly, n. [Lat. contumelia.] 
Rudeness compounded of haughti- 
ness and contempt. 

€on-tuse', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
contendere, contusum, from con and 
tundere, to beat.] 1. To beat or 
pound. 2. To bruise or injure by 
beating. 

€on-tu'SION, n . 1. Act of beating 
and bruising. 2. State of being 
bruised. 

€o-NUN'DRUM, n. [Cf. 0. Eng. conne, 
cunne, to know.] A puzzling ques- 
tion, of which the answer is or in- 
volves a pun. 

CoN'VA-LESCE', V. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. convalescere , fr. con and vales- 
cere, to grow strong.] To recover 
health and strength after sickness. 

Con'va-les'^ence, ) n. Recovery 

CSn'va-les'^en-cy, J of health 
and strength after disease. 

€6n'vA-les'CENT, a. Recovering 
health and strength. — n. One re- 
covering from sickness, [convened. 

€ON-VEN'A-BLE, a. Capable of being 

€ON-VENE', V. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
convr.nire, from con and venire, to 
come.] To come together ; to meet. 
— v. t. To cause to assemble; to 
call together. 

€on-ven'ience, 1 n. 1. Fitness or 

€on-ven'ien-cy, J suitableness, as 
of place, time, &c. ; adaptedness. 
2. Freedom from discomfort. 3. That 
which is convenient; an accommo- 
dation. 

€on-VEN'IENT (-yent), a. [Lat. con- 
veniens, p. pr. of convenire. See 
Convene.] 1. Adapted to an end. 2. 
Promotive of comfort or advantage. 
Syn. — Fit; suitable; adapted; suited. 

€)ON-ven'ient-ly, adv. In a con- 
venient manner. 

•Gon'vent, n. [Lat. conventus. See 
Convent.] 1. A body of monks or 
nuns. 2. An abbey ; a monastery ; 
a nunnery. 

€ON-VENT'l-€LE,n. [See Convent, 
».] An assembly or gathering, es- 
pecially for religious worship. 

€on-ven'tion, n. [See Convene.] 
1. Act of coming together. 2. Arbi- 
trary custom ; conventionalism. 3. 
Assembly of delegates or representa- 
tives. 4. An informal or preliminary 
compact, as between commanders of 
armies. 

€on-VEN'TION-AL, a. 1. Formed by 
agreement. 2. Sanctioned by usage. 

€ON-VEN'TION-AL-Is.M, n. That 



which is received or established by 
informal agreement. 

€on-ven'tion-al-Ist, n. One who 
is governed by conventionalism. 

€on-ven / tion-al'i-ty, n. State of 
being conventional. 

€oN-VEN"TiON-AL-LY,adt\ Inacon- 
ventional manner. 

€ON- VERGE', V. i. [-ED; -ING.] [N. 
Lat. converger e, fr. con and vergere, 
to turn, incline.] To incline and ap- 
proach nearer together. 

€on-ver'gence, \n. Tendency to 

€on-v£r'gen-cy, J one point. 

€on-ver'gent, a. Tending to one 
point. [conversation ; sociable. 

€on-ver'sa-ble, a. Qualified for 

€6n'ver-sant, a. 1. Having fre- 
quent intercourse. 2 Acquainted 
by use or study ; versed. 3. Havkg 
relation. 

€6n / ver-sa'tion, n. 1. Behavior; 
deportment. [ Obs.] 2. Familiar dis- 
course ; informal talk. 

Syn. —Talk; chat; conference.— Talk 
is broken, familiar, and versatile; chat 
is still more so ; conversation is more con- 
tinuous and sustained; a conference is 
held for the discussion of some important 
topic. 

Con'ver-sa'tion-Al, a. Pertaining 
to conversation ; colloquial. 

€6n'ver-sa'tion-al-ist, n. One 
who excels in conversation. 

€on-verse', v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
conversari , fr. con and versari, to be 
turned, to live, remain.] 1. To keep 
company ; to commune. 2. To talk 
familiarly ; to chat. 

€6n'verse, n. 1. Familiarity; ac- 
quaintance. 2. Conversation. 3. 
A proposition which is the reverse of 
another. — a. Turned about; re- 
versed in order. [manner. 

■€6n'verse-ly, adv. In a converse 

€on-ver'sion, n. 1. A turning or 
changing from one state to another. 
2. A radical change of heart. 

€on-vert', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
converter e, from con and vertere, to 
turn.] To change from one form, 
substance, religion, party, intended 
use, or the liko, to another. 

€6n'vert, n. A person who is con- 
verted from one opinion or practice 
to another. 

Syn. — Proselyte; neophyte; pervert. 
— Convert is generic, and refers to a 
change of mind or feelings; a proselyte 
is one who, leaving his former sect or 
system, becomes the adherent of anoth- 
er; a pervert is one who is drawn off or 
perverted from the true faith. 

•Con-vert'i-bTl'i-ty, n. Quality of 
being convertible. 

€on-vert'i-ble, a. 1. Capable of 
being converted ; susceptible of 
change ; transmutable ; transforma- 
ble. 2. Capable of being exchanged 
or interchanged ; reciprocal. 

€on-v£rt'i-bly, adv. In a con- 
vertible manner. 

-€6n,'vex, a. [Lat. convexus, fr. con- 
vehere, to bring together.] Swelling 
into a rounded form. 

€on-vEx'i-TY, n. Exterior surface 
of a convex body. 



A, E, I, 6, fj, Y, long; A, E, I, o, u, y, short; CARE, far, ask, all, what ; ERE, veil, t£rm ; pique, firm ; SON, 



CONVEXLY 



91 



COPULA 



€oN'VEX-LY,arf«. In a convex form. 

Con'vex-ness, n. State of being 
convex ; convexity. 

€on-Vex'0-€6n'€AVE , a. Convex 
on one side, and concave on the 
other. [both sides. 

€on-vex'o-€ON'vex, a. Convex on 

CON-V£Y', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
con and via, way.] 1. To carry ; to 
bear ; to transfer. 2. To impart or 
communicate. 

Con-vey'an^e. n. 1. Act or means 
of conveying ; transmission. 2. A 
writing by which property is con- 
veyed to another. 

Con-vey'an-cer, n. One who em- 
ploys himself in drawing up convey- 
ances of property. 

Con-vey'an-cing, n. Act or prac- 
tice of drawing up conveyances of 
property. 

Con-vey'er, n. One who conveys. 

CON-VIOT', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
convincere, conviction, fr. con and 
vincere, to conquer.] 1. To prove 
guilty of an offense or crime. 2. To 
show by evidence. 

Con'viot, n. A person proved guilty 
of a crime ; a criminal. 

Syx.— Malefactor; culprit; felon. 

Con-vic'tion, n. 1. Act of convict- 
ing. 2. Act of convincing of error. 
3. State of being convinced or con- 
victed. 

CON-VINCE',^. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
convincere, from con and vincere, to 
conquer.] To overcome by argu- 
ment ; to satisfy by proof. 

S yn. — To persuade. — To convince is 
an act of the understanding; to per- 
suade, of the will or feelings. The one 
is effected by argument, the other by 
motives. When we say, " I am per- 
suaded it is so," " I can wot persuade my- 
self of the fact," there is a degree of feel- 
ing mingled with the conviction which 
gives rise to the expression. 

CON-VIN'CER, n. One who convinces. 

Con-vIn'ci-BLE, a. Capable of be- 
ing convinced. 

CON-viv'I-AL, a. Relating to a feast 
or entertainment. 

Syx. — Festive ; festal; jovial; social. 

Con-viv/I-al'i-ty, n. The mirth in- 
dulged in on festive occasions. 

€ON'VO-€ATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. convorare.] To convoke. 

Con'vo-oa'tion, n. 1. Act of call- 
ing or assembling. 2. An assembly 
or meeting. ( Church of Eng.) A gen- 
eral assembly of the clergy. 

Syx. — Convention; synod; council. 

€ox-voke', f. «. [-ed;-ing.] [See 
CONVOCATE.] To call together. 

Syx. — To summon; assemble; con- 
vene. 

Con'vo-lu'ted, a. Curved or rolled 
to°:ether._ 

Con'vo-lu'tion, n. A rolling or 
winding together, or one thing on 
another. 

Con-volve', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. convolver?, fr. con and volvere, 
to roll.] To roll or wind together. 

Con-voy', v. t. 1-ed; -ing.] [Fr. 
convoyer. See CONVEY.] To accom- 
pany for protection. 



-Gon'voy, n. 1. A protecting force 
accompanying ships or property on 
their way from place to place. 2. 
That which is convoyed. 

Con-vulse', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
convellere, convulsum, from con and 
vellere, to pluck.] To draw or con- 
tract violently and irregularly. 

Con-vul'sion, n. 1. A violent and 
involuntary contraction of the mus- 
cular parts of an animal body. 2. 
Any violent and irregular motion. 

CoN-VL'L'sivE, a. Producing, or at- 
tended with, convulsion or spasms. 

Co'NY, or CON'Y, n. [Lat. cuniculus, 
ajrabbit, cony.] A rabbit. 

€00, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Formed 
from the sound.] To make a low cry, 
as pigeons. 

Co'OK, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. cog- 
were.] To prepare, as food for the 
table, by boiling, roasting, baking, 
&c. — v. i. To prepare food for the 
table. — n. One who prepares food 
for the table. [cooking. 

€'ooR'ER-y, n. Art or practice of 

COOK'Y, n. [D. koek, dim. of koekje, 
cake.] A small, fiat, hard, sweet- 
ened cake. 

Cool, a. [-er ; -est.] [A.-S. cOl. 
See COLD.] 1. Moderately cold. 2. 
Calm, or free from excitement by 
passion. 

Syx. — Calm; dispassionate; self-pos- 
sessed ; composed ; repulsive ; frigid ; 
alienated; impudent. 

— n. A moderate state of cold. — *. 
t. [-ed; -ING.] 1. To make cool 
or cold. 2. To moderate the excite- 
ment of; to allay, as passion of any 
kind. — v. i. 1. To become less hot. 
2. To become more moderate. 

Co~ol'er, n. 1. That which cools. 
2^ A vessel for cooling. 

Cool'ISH, a. Somewhat cool. 

t'OOL'LY (109), adv. In a cool man- 
ner ; with coolness. 

Co_ol'ness, n. State of being cool. 

Co_0'LY, 1 n. [Hind, kuli, a laborer, 

Coo'lIe, J porter.] A laborer trans- 
ported from the East, for service in 
some other country. 

€OOMB (kobm), n. [A.-S. cumb, a 
liquid measure. Gr. KvixfSos, cup, ba- 
sin.] A dry measure of four bushels. 

Co - OP, n. [Icel. kupa, 0. H. Ger. chuo- 
fa.] A grated box or a cage for keeping 
small animals. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To confine in a coop ; to shut up. 

Co"op'er, n. One who makes barrels, 
casks, &c. 

COOP'ER-AGE, n. 1. Price for coop- 
er's work. 2. A place where cooper's 
work is done. 3. Business of a cooper. 

CO-OP'ER-ATE, V. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. co, for con, and operari, opera- 
tus, to work.] To act or operate 
jointly with another. 

Co-OP'ER-A'TION, n. Concurrent ef- 
fort or labor : joint operation. 

Co-op'er-a-tive, a. Operating 
jointly to the same end. 

€o-op'er-a'tor, n. One who labors 
jointly with others. 

€0 6r'di-nate (45), a. [Lat. co, for 



con, and ordinare, ordinatus, to reg- 
ulate.] Equal in rank or order. — 
n. pi. Lines, or other elements of 
reference, by means of which the po- 
sition of any point, as of a curve, is 
defined with respect to certain fixed 
lines, or planes. 

€o-6r'di-nate-ly, adv. In the 
same order or rank. 

Coot (26), n. [W. civtiar, from acta, 
short, bob-tailed.] 1. A water-fowl, 
which frequents lakes and other still 
waters. 2. A stupid fellow. 

Co-PAI'BA, I n. [Brazil, cupaiiba.] A 

Co-pai'vA, ) liquid, resinous juice 
used in medicine. 

Co'PAL, n. [Mexican copalli.] A 
resinous substance used in the man- 
ufacture of varnishes. 

Co-par'ce-na-ry, n. Partnership 
in inheritance. 

Co-par'ce-ner, n. A joint heir. 

Co-part'ner, n. A joint partner ; 
an associate. 

€o-part'ner-ship. n. Joint inter- 
est or concern in any matter. 

Cope, n. [W. cob, A.-S. cappe.] 1. A 
covering for the head. 2. Any thing 
regarded as extended over the head. 
3. A cloak worn during divine ser- 
vice by the clergy. — v. i. [-ED; 
-ING.] To contend, especially on 
equal terms ; to match. 

Cop'i-er, n. One who copies ; a 
transcriber. [sonry in a wall. 

Cop'ING, n Highest course of ma- 

Co'Pl-ot'S, a. [Lat. copiosus, from co- 
pia, abundance.] Large in quantity 
or amount. 

Syx. — Ample; abundant; plentiful ; 
exuberant. 

€6'Pl-ol*s-LY, adv. Plentifully. 

Co'PI-OL'S-NESS, n. State of "being 
copious. 

Cop'PER, n. [Gr. xoAkos Kvirpios, 
Cyprian brass, fr. Cyprus, renowned 
for its copper mines.] 1. A metal of 
a reddish color. 2. A coiu made of 
copper. 3. A large boiler of copper. 
— v.t. [-ED; -ING.] To cover with 
copper. 

CoP'PER-AS, n. [Lat. enprirosa, equiv. 
to Gr. x<iAjcav0os, i. e. copper-tiower.] 
Sulphate of iron, or green vitriol. 

Cop'PER-HEAD, n. [From its color.] 
1. A poisonous American serpent. 2. 
A northern sympathizer with the 
southern rebellion of 1861 -65. [Am.] 

Cop'PER-PLATE, n. An engraved 
plate of copper, or a print taken from 
such a plate. 

€6p'per-smith, n. One who man- 
ufactures copper utensils. 

€'6p'per-y, a. Mixed with, contain- 
ing, made of, or like, copper. 

Cop'PICE, ) n. [0. Fr coppiz, from 

COPSE, ( coper, couper, to cut.] 
A wood of small growth. 

Cop'TIO, a. Relating to the Copts, 
an ancient Egyptian race. — »'. The 
language of the Copts. 

C6p'U-lA, n. [Lat., from co, for con, 
and apere, to take, seize upon.] The 
word which unites the subject and 
predicate of a proposition. 



OR, do, wolf, TOO, TO"OK; C'RN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; C, G, soft; -e, G, hard; As; EXIST; x as NG ; TEia. 



COPULATE 



92 



CORONAL 



€6P'U-LATE, v. t. [Lat. copulare, 
copulatum, to couple.] [-ED; -ING.] 
To unite in sexual embrace. 

€6p'u-la'tion, n. Embrace of the 
sexes in the act of generation. 

€6p'u-la-tive , a. Serving to couple, 
unite, or connect. — n. A conjunc- 
tion that unites the sense as well as 
the words. 

Cop'y, n. [Lat. copia, abundance, 
L. Lat., a pattern for writing.] 1. 
A writing like another writing ; a 
transcript. 2. One of a series of rep- 
etitions of an original work. 3. 
Manuscript placed in a compositor's 
hands. 4. A model ; pattern. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING, 142.] To imitate ; to tran- 
scribe ; to model after. — v. ?'. To do a 
thing in imitation of something else. 

€6p'Y-book, n. A book in which 
copies are written for learners to im- 
itate. 

<36p'y-er, n. One who copies or 
transcribes. 

€6p'y-hold, n. (Eng. Laio.)(a.) A 
tenure of estate by copy of court- 
roll, (b.) Land held in copy-hold. 

■Cop'y-Yst, n. A copier ; a transcriber. 

■Cop'y -right (-rit), n. Exclusive 
right of an author to print and pub- 
lish his own literary works for his 
own benefit. — v. t. To secure by 
copyright, as a" book. 

€o-QUET' (-kef), v. t. [-TED ; -TING.] 
[See Coquette.] To attempt to 
attract admiration or love, from 
vanity. — v. i. To trifle in love. 

€o-quet'ry, n. Affectation of amor- 
ous advances ; trifling in love. 

Coquette' (-kef), n. [Fr., coquet- 
tish, originally strutting like a cock.] 
A vain, trifling woman, who endeav- 
ors to gain matrimonial offers, with 
the intention to reject her suitor. 

€o-qu£T'tish (ko-ket'tish), a. Prac- 
ticing or exhibiting coquetry. 

€6r^AL, n. _ [Gr. KopdWiov.] 1. The 
solid secretion of zoophytes, produced 
within the tissues of the polyps. 2. 
A plaything made of coral. 

€6r'al-line, a. Consisting of coral; 
like coral. 

€6r'al-loid, ) a. [Gr. tcopdWiov, 

Cor'AL-LOID'al, j coral, and eifios, 
form.] Having the form of coral ; 
branching like coral. 

•Core, n. [Lat. corbis, basket.] A 
basket used in coaleries. 

€6r'ban, n. [Heb.] 1. An alms- 
basket. 2. (Jewish Antiq.) A vow 
by which a person bound himself not 
to give to another, or to receive from 
him, some particular object. 

Cor'bel, n. [Lat. corbicula, dim. of 
corbis, basket.] 
(Arch.) (a.) Vase of "I 
the Corinthian col- 
umn, {b.) Carved , 
end of a piece of 1 
timber or stone pro 
jecting from a wall. Corbel (b). 

€6rd, n. [Lat. chorda, Gr. \opSvj.] 1. 
A string, or small rope. 2. A solid 
measure, equivalent to 128 cubic feet. 
— v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] 1. To bind with 




a cord. 2. To pile up, as wood, for 

sale by the cord, [used collectively 

Cord'age, n. Ropes or cords ; — 

-Gor'date, la. Having the shape 

€6r'da-ted, j or form of a heart. 

Cor'de-LIER', n [Fr., from 0. Fr. 

cordel, fr. corde, rope or girdle worn 

by that order.] One of a religions 

order founded by St. Francis. 

€6r'di-al, or Cor'dial, a. [Lat, 

cor, heart.] 1. Proceeding from the 

heart. 2. Tending to cheer or invig 

orate. 

_ Syn. — Hearty; sincere; warm; affec 
tionate. 

— n. Any thing that cheers or invig 
orates, esp. a medicine which does so 

COR'DI-AL'I-TY, or CORD-IAL'I-TY, 
n. Sincere affection and kindness. 

€or'di-al-ly, or €6rd'ial-ly, 
adv. Heartily ; sincerely. 

Cor'DON ( or koVdong), n. [Fr. , from 
corde. See Cord.] 1. The project- 
ing coping of a scarp-wall. 2. A se- 
ries of military posts. 

€6r'du-roy', or Cor'du-roy', n. 
[Probably fr. Fr. corde du roi, king's 
cord.] A thick cotton stuff, corded 
or ribbed on the surface. 

Corduroy rood, a roadway formed of 
logs laid side by side across it, as in 
marshy places. 

€6rd'wain-er, n. [From 0. Eng. 
cordwain, a corruption of Cordovan, 
a kind of leather.] A shoemaker. 

Core, ». [Norm. Fr., from Lat. cor, 
heart.] Heart or inner part of a 
thing. 

€o'ri-a'ceous, a. [Lat. corhtm, 
leather.] Consisting of, or resemb- 
ling, leather; leathery. 

Co'RI-AN'DER, n. [Gr. KopCavvov, ko- 
Plov, fr. *copi5, bug, on account of the 
bug-like smell of its leaves.] A plant, 
the seeds of 
which have a 
strong smell. 

€o-r1n'tih-an, 
a. Pertaining to 
Corinth, or to a 
certain order of 
architecture. 

€6rk, n. [Lat. 
cortex, corticis.] 
1. Outer bark 
of the cork- 
tree. 2. A stopper cut out of cork. 

— v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To stop with 
corks. 2. To furnish with cork. 

Cork'-jack'et, n. A jacket having 
pieces of cork inclosed within canvas, 
and used to aid in swimming. 

CoRK'st'REW (-skru), ii. A kind of 
screw used for drawing corks. 

CORK'Y, a, Pertaining to cork. 

€'6r'mo-rant, n. [W. morvran, a 
sea-raven, fr. mOr, sea, and bran, ra- 
ven, with corb, equiv. to Lat. corvus, 
raven, pleonastically prefixed.] 1. 
A genus of sea-birds, of the pelican 
family. 2. A glutton, or gluttonous 
servant. 

Corn, n. [A.-S. corn, Goth, kaarn, 
allied with Lat. granum.] 1. A sin- 
gle seed of certain plants : a grain. 
[In this sense it has a pi.] 2. The 




Corinthian. 



various grains which grow in ears, 
and are used for food, as wheat, oats, 
rye, barley, maize ; — used collective- 
ly. 3. A small, hard particle ; a 
grain. 4. [Lat. cornu, horn.] A 
hard, horn-like induration of the 
skin on the toes. — v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] 

1. To preserve and season with salt. 

2. To granulate. 3. To render in- 
toxicated L 

Corn'-crake, n. A bird which fre- 
quents corn-fields. 

€6r'ne-A (147), n. [Lat. corneus, 
horny.] The horny transparent mem- 
brane in the front part of the e\e. 

Cor'NEL, n. [L. Lat. cornolium, fr. 
Lat. cornu, horn, from its hardness.] 
A shrub and its fruit ; the dog-wood. 

€6r'ne-OUS, a. [Lat. corneus, from 
cornu, horn.] Horn-like ; horny. 

Cor'NER, ii. [Lat. cornu, horn, end, 
angle.] 1. The point where two con- 
verging lines meet, or the space be- 
tween them. 2. A secret or retired 
place. 3. Any part. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To drive into a corner. 2. 
To get control of ; — said of stocks. 

€6r'ner-stone, n. Stone which 
forms the corner of a foundation. 

CoR'NER-wigE, adv. Diagonally; 
with the corner in front. 

Cor'ket, n. [From Lat. cornu, horn.] 
1. (Music.) (a.) A wind instrument 
blown with the mouth, (b ) A spe- 
cies of trumpet. 2. The officer who 
carries the standard in a cavalry 
troop. 

C6r'net-cy, n. Commission or rank 
of a cornet. 

COR'NiCE, n. [Lat. coronis, Gr. Kopto- 
vk, a curved line.] Any molded pro- 
jection which crowns the part to 
which it is affixed. 

Cor'NU-co'pi-a, n. ; 
pi. eoR'NV-eo'pi- 
JE. [Lat. cornu, a 
horn, and copia, 
plenty.] The horn 
of plenty ; — an em- 
blem of abundance. 

Corn'y, a. [Lat. cor- 
nu, horn.] 1 Strong, Cornucopia, 
stiff, or hard , like a horn. 2. Pro- 
ducing corn or grain. 3. Contain- 
ing corn or grain. 

Cor'ol, 1 n. [Lat. corol- 

Co-rol/lA,) la, dim. of 
corona, crown.] The inner 
part of a flower, composed 
of one or more leaves, called 
petals. 

€6r'ol-l,A-ry (44), n. [Lat. 
corollarium, coronet, from 
corolla.'] An inference; a 
deduction ; a cons€quence. 

-€o-RO'na< n.; pl.€0-RO'- Corolla. 
NAi. [Lat., crown, Gr. ko- a - man J" 
pwr,, any thing curved.] 1. 6 f V^ 
A large, flat member of a petaled. 
cornice. 2. A circle around 
a luminous body, as the sun or 
moon. 

Cor'o-nal, a. Pertaining to the 
kingly crown, or to coronation. — n. 
A crown ; wreath ; garland. 




A, E", I, 5,U, \,long; A,E,1, 6,0, ¥,s/wrt.- CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEJL, T^RMJ PIQUE, FIRM ; SON, 



CORONARY 



93 



CORUSCATE 



€6r'0-NA-ry, a. Relating to, or re- 
sembling, a crown. 

Cor'o-na'tion, n. Act or ceremony 
of crowning a sovereign. 

C6r'o-NER, n. [L. Lat. coronarius, 
fr. Lat. corona, crown.] An officer 
whose duty is to inquire into the 
manner of a violent death. 

C6r'o-NET, n. [Lat. corona, crown.] 1, 
An inferior crown, worn by noble- 
men. 2. Upper part of a horse's hoof. 

Cor'po-ral, n. [Corrupted from Fr. 
caporal, fr. Lat. caput, head.] Low- 
est officer of a company of infantry, 
next below a sergeant. — a. [Lat. 
corporalis, fr. corpus, body.] 1. Be- 
longing to the body. 2. Having a 
body or substance ; not spiritual. 

C6r'PO-ral-LY, adv. In or with the 
body ; bodily. 

Cor'po-rate, a. [Lat. corporare, 
corporatus, to shape into a bodv, from 
corpus, body.] United in, or belong- 
ing to, a corporation. 

€6r'po-rate-ly, arfu. In a corpo- 
rate capacity. 

Cor'po-ra'tion , n. A body politic 
or corporate, formed and authorized 
by law toact as a single person. 

Cor'po-ra'tor, n. A member of a 
corporation. 

€or-po're-al (89), a. Having a ma- 
terial body or substance ; material. 

Syn. — Corporal ; bodily. — Bodily ia 
opposed to mental ; as, bodily affections. 
Corporeal refers to the interior animal 
structure ; as, corporeal substance or 
frame. Corporal, as now used, refers 
more to the exterior; as, corporal pun- 
ishment. To speak of corporeal pun- 
ishment is now a gross error. 

€or-po're-al-ly, adv. In a bodily 
form or manner. 

Cor'po-re'i-TY, n. Materiality. 

■Corps (kor, pi. korz), n. sing. & pi. 
[Fr., fr. Lat. corpus, body.] An or- 
ganized part or division of an army. 

-Corps-darmee (kor'dar'ma'), n. 
[Fr., body of the army.] A portion 
of a grand army possessed of all the 
constituents of a separate or an in- 
dependent army. 

■Corpse, n. [Lat. corpus, body.] 
Dead body of a human being. 

Cor'pu-lence, ) n. Excessive fat- 

COR'PU-EEN-qY, J ness ; obesity. 

COR'PU-LENT, a. [Lat. corpulentus, 
fr. corpus, body.] Having an exces- 
sive quantity of flesh ; obese. 

Syn.— Stout; fleshy; large; fat; pursy. 

Cor'pus-cle (-pus-1, 65), n. [Lat. 
corpusculum, dim. of corpus, body.] 
A minute particle. 

eoR-PtJS'€U-LAR, n. Pertaining to, 
or composed of, corpuscles, or small 
particles. 

■Cor-ra'di-a'tion, n. Conjunction 
of rays ia one point. 

€or-r£€T', a. [See infra.'] "Conform- 
able to truth, rectitude, or proprie- 
ty ; free from error. 

Syn. — Accurate; right: exact. 
— v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. corrigere, 
t correctum, fr. con and regere, to lead 
straight.] 1. To make or set right. 2. 
To punish for faults. 3. To obviate 
or remove ; to counteract or change. 



Cor-re€'TION, 7i. 1. Act of correct- 
ing ; change for the better ; amend- 
ment. 2. Punishment; discipline. 
8. That which is substituted in the 
place of what is wrong. 4. Counter- 
action of what is hurtful in its effects. 

Cor-re€'tion-al, a. Tending to 
correction ; corrective. 

€or-RE€T'Ive, a. Tending to recti- 
fy. — 71. That which has the power 
of correcting. [manner. 

€or-RE€T'ly, adv. In a correct 

Cor-reot'ness, n. State of being 
correct. 

Syn. — Accuracy ; regularity ; precis- 
ion; exactness. 

Cor-RE€T'or, 7i. One who, or that 
which, corrects. 

Cor'RE-la'tion, n. [L. Lat. correla- 
tion Reciprocal or mutual relation. 

COR-REL'A-TlVE, a. Having or in- 
dicating a reciprocal relation ; recip- 
rocal. — n. One who, or that which, 
stands in a reciprocal relation to some 
other person or thing. 

Cor're-spond', v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[L. Lat. correspond ere, from con and 
respondere, to answer.'] 1. To be 
adapted. 2. To have intercourse, 
esp. by sending and receiving letters. 
Syjt. — To correspond with; corres- 
pond to. — We correspond with a friend 
by letters; one thing corresponds to 
another, i. e. answers to it. 

CoR'RE-SPOND'ENCE, ) 71. 1. Mutu- 

Cor're-spond'en-cy, J al adapta- 
tion of one thing to another. 2. 
Intercourse by means of letters. 3. 
Letters which pass between corre- 
spondents. 

Cor're-spond'ent, a. Suitable ; 
congruous ; conformable ; answer- 
able. — n. One who corresponds. 

Cor're-spond'ent-ly, ) adv. Con- 

Cor're-spond'ING-ly, J formably; 
answerably ; suitably. 

Cor'ri-dor', n. [Fr., fr. Lat. cicrrere, 
to run.] A passage-way to apart- 
ments independent of each other. 

■€OR'RI-GEN'DUM,n.; pi. €OR'RI- 
gen'da. [Lat] A word or thing 
to be corrected. 

€6r'ri-gi-ele, a. [L. Lat. corrigi- 
bilis, from Lat. corrigere, to correct.] 
1. Capable of being set right or 
amended. 2. Worthy of being chas- 
tised, [competitor. 

Cor-ri'val, n. A fellow-rival; a 

Cor-rob'o-rant, a. Having the 
quality of giving strength ; confirm- 
ing. — n. A medicine that strength- 
ens the body. 

Cor-rob'o-rate, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. corroborare, corroboratus, from 
con and roborare, to strengthen.] To 
make more certain ; to confirm. 

COR-ROB'O-RA'TION, 71. 1. Act of 
corroborating ; confirmation. 2. 
That which corroborates. 

Cor-rob'o-ra-tPve, a. Corrobo- 
rating, or tending to corroborate. 

Cor-RODE', d. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
corrodere, from con and rod ere, to 
gnaw.] To eat away or consume by 
degrees ; to wear away. 

Syn. — To canker; gnaw; rust; waate. 



j €OR-ROD'ENT,n. Any substance that 
i corrodes. 

Cor-rod'i-ble, ) a. Capable of be- 

Cor-RO'si-ble, J ing corroded. 
; €or-RO'£ION, n. Action of eating or 
j wearing away by slow degrees. 
I Cor-ro'sIve, a. 1. Eating away; 
I acrimonious. 2. Having the quality 
I of fretting or vexing, 
i Cor-ro'sive-ly, adv. Like a cor- 
I rosive : in a corrosive manner. 
: Cor'RU-GANT, a. Having the power 
| of corrugating. 

€6r'ru-gate, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. corrugare, comtgatus, from con 
and rugare, to wrinkle.] To form 
into wrinkles or folds. 

Cor'ru-ga'tion, n. A contraction 
into wrinkles. 

Corrupt', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
corrumpere, corruption, from con anc» 
rumpere, to break.] 1. To make 
putrid; to putrefy. 2. To change 
from good to bad. — v. i. 1. To be- 
come putrid ; to rot. 2. To become 
vitiated ; to lose purity. — a. 1. 
Changed from a sound to a putrid 
state ; spoiled ; tainted. 2. Yitiated ; 
depraved ; debased ; perverted. 

Cor-RUPT'er, n. One who corrupts. 

Cor-rOpt'i-bIl/i-TY, 7i. Possibility 
of being corrupted, [ing corruptee!. 

Cor-RUPT'I-ble, a. Capable of be- 

Cor-rtjpt'i-ble-ness, 7i. Suscepti- 
bility of corruption. 

Cor-rupt'i-bly, adv. So as to be 
corrupted. 

Cor-rup'tion, n. 1. Act of cor- 
rupting, or state of being corrupt. 2. 
Product of corruption. 3. Perversion 
of moral principles. 4. Taint or im- 
purity of blood. 

Cor-RUPT'IVE , a. Having the quali- 
ty of corrupting. [manner. 

Cor-rOpt'ly, adv. In a corrupt 

Cor-RUPT'ness, «. State of being 
corrupt. 

CdR'sAlR, n. [L. Lat. corsarius, from 
Lat. currere, cur sum, to run.] 1. A 
pirate. 2. A piratical vessel. 

Corse, or Corse, 71. [See Corpse.] 
A corpse. 

Corse'let, n. [Fr., dim. of 0. Fr. 
cors, Lat. corpus, body.] A kind of 
light breastplate worn by pikemen. 

Cor'set, n. [Fr., dim. of 0. Fr. cors, 
Lat. corpus, body.] An article of 
dress worn by women to support or 
correct the figure ; stays. 

Cortege (kor' fezh'), n. [Fr.,fr.It. 
corte, court.] A train of attendants. 
Cortes (kor'tes), n. pi. [Sp. & Pg. 
corte, court.] The legislative as- 
semblies of Spain and Portugal. 

C6r'TI-€AL, a. [Lat. cortex, bark.] 
Belonging to, consisting of, or re- 
sembling, bark ; external. 

Cor'TI-COSE', ) a. [Lat. rorticosus.] 

C6r'TI-€OUS, j Resembliug bark ; 
made of bark. 

Co-RUN'DUM, n. [Hind, kurand, co- 
rundum stone.] The earth alumina, 
as found native in a crystalline state. 

Co-ROs'€ANT, a. Glittering by flashes- 

COR'US-GATE, or CO-RUS'€ATE, V. i. 



©r.do, wqlf, TOO, TOO* • urn, rue, pull; E, J, o, silent ; c,G, so/*; €,G,hard; Ag; exist; tfasNG; this. 



CORUSCATION 



94 



COUNTERBALANCE 



[Lat. cornscare, coruscatus, to flash.] 
To throw off vivid flashes of light. 

Gor'us-oa'tion, n. A sudden flash 
or play ot light. 

Gor'vet, I n. [Lat. corbita, a slow 

Gor-vette', J sailing ship, fr. cor- 
dis, basket.] A sloop of war. 

Gor'VINE, a. [Lat. corvinus, fr. cor- 
vus, crow.] Pertaining to the crow 
or raven. 

■Cor'ymb {the b is sounded), n. [Gr. 
Kopv/oij3os.] Inflorescence, in which 
the lesser flower-stalks are produced 
along the common stalk on both 
sides, and rise to the same height. 

GOR'Y-PHE'US, n. [Gr. /copv^cuos, 
standing at the head.] ( Gr. Antiq.) 
The leader of the dramatic chorus ; 
hence, any chief or leader. 

Go-se'€ANT, n. [For co. secans, an 
abbrev. of Lat. complementi secans.] 
The secant of the complement of an 
arc or angle. 

Go's.EY (ko'zy), a. See COZY. 

Go'-sine, n. [For co. sinus, an ab- 
brev. of Lat. complementi sinus.] Sine 
of the complement of an arc or angle. 

Go§-METlC, la. [Gr. Koo-jUTjTt/cos, 

Gos_-MET'l€-AL, j fr. koo-juos, order, 
ornament.] Improving the beauty 
of the complexion. — n. Any ex- 
ternal application to improve the 
complexion. 

G6s/Ml€, 1 a. [Gr. koo>u/c6?. See 

Gos/mic-al, j Cosmos.] 1. Per- 
taining to the universe. 2. Rising 
or setting with the sun. 

Gog-MOG'O-NY, n. [Gr. Koa/JioyovCa, 
fr. /cdcrjtxos, the world, and yevetv, to 
beget, bring forth.] Science of the 
formation of the world or universe. 

Gos_-m6g'ra-PHER, n. One versed in 
cosmography. 

Gos/mo-grXph'ic, ) a. Pertain- 

Gos/mo-grXph'ic-al, J ing to cos- 
mography. 

Gos.-m6g'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. Koo-juoypa- 
<£ia, fr. K007J.0;, world, and ypa.<f>eiv, 
to write . ] A description of the world 
or universe. [cosmology. 

€os_-mol'o-gIst, n. One versed in 

Go§-m6l'o-gy, n. [Gr. Kocr/xos, the 
world, and Aoyos, discourse.] Science 
of the world or universe ; or a treatise 
relating to its structure and various 
parts. 

Gos/mo-pol'i-tan, ) n. [Gr. Koo-fxo- 

Gog-MOP'o-LITE, j TroA.tT7js, from 
koo-jw.05, the world, and 7roAin}s, citi- 
zen.] A person who has no fixed 
residence, but is at home in every 
place ; a citizen of the world. 

GoS/MO-RA'MA, or GOS/MO-RA'MA, 
n. [Gr. /coa>(.o?, the world, and opa- 
/aa, a sight.] An exhibition, through 
a lens or lenses, of a number ol 
drawings or paintings. 

3&s'MOS, n. [Gr. »c6crp.os, order, 
harmony.] The universe, — so called 
from its perfect arrangement. 

Gos'SET, n. 1. A lamb brought up 
by hand. 2. A pet in general. 

€6st (21), n. [See the verb.] 1. 
Amount paid ; charge ; expense. 2. 
Loss of any kind ; detriment ; pain 



— v. t. [imp. & p. p. COST.] [Lat. 
constare, to stand at, to cost.] 1. To 
require to be given or expended for. 
2. To require to be borne or suffered. 

Gos'tal, a. [Lat. costa, rib.] Relat- 
ing to the side of the body or the ribs. 

Gos'tard, n. [A modif. of custard, 
custard -apple.] 1. A large apple. 2. 
The head ; — used contemptuously. 

Gos'tive, a. [Contr. fr. It. costipa- 
tivo, from Lat. constipare, to press 
closely together.] Retaining fecal 
matter in the bowels ; constipated. 

Gos'tIve-Ness, 11. Constipation. 

Gost'li-ness, n. Great cost or ex- 
pense, [pensive. 

Gost'LY, a. Of great cost ; dear ; ex- 

Gos-tume', or €6s'TfJME, n. [From 
Lat. consuetumen, for consuetudo, 
custom.] ]. An established mode or 
style, esp. of dress. 2. Adaptation 
of accessories, as in a picture, statue, 
poem, &c, to the time, place, or 
other circumstances. 

Go'sy, a. See Cozy. 

Got, ) n. [A.-S. cote, cyte, Icel. hot.] 

G'OTE,] 1. A cottage or hut; also, 
a shed or inclosure for beasts. 2. A 
cover for a sore finger. 

Got, ) n. [A.-S. cote, cyte, cottsge, 

Gott, J bed, couch.] A little bed ; 
a bedstead which can be folded to- 
gether. 

Go-TAN'GENT, n. [For co. tangens, 
an abbrev. of Lat. complementi tan- 
gens.] The tangent of the comple- 
ment of an arc or angle. 

Go-tem'po-ra'ne-ous, a. Living 
or being at the same time. 

Go-tem'PO-ra-ry, a. Living or be- 
ing at the same time. — n. One who 
lives at the same time with another. 

Go'TE-RIE', n. [Fr., fr. cote, share, 
portion.] A set of persons who meet 
familiarly ; a club, [ty in the tides. 

Go-tid'al, a. Indicating an equali- 

Go-tTi/ION ) (ko-tll'yun), n. [Fr. 

Go-TlLL'fON / cotillon, from 0. Fr. 
cote, tunic] A brisk dance of eight 
persons ; a quadrille. 

Got'taGe (45), n. [From cot.] A 
small dwelling ; a cot. 

G6t'ta-ger, ) n. One who lives in a 

Got'TER, ) cottage. 

Got'ton (kSt'tn), n. [Ar. qoton, al- 
qoton.] 1. A downy vegetable sub- 
stance, resembling fine wool. 2. 
Cloth made of cotton. — v. i. 1. To 
rise with a regular nap. 2. To agree ; 
to adhere. 

Got'ton-gIn, n. A machine to sep- 
arate the seeds from cotton. 

GoT'TON-PLANT, n. A plant grow- 
ing in warm cli- 
mates, and bearing 
the cotton of com- 
merce. 

GSt'ton-wo'ol', n. 
Cotton in its raw 
state. 

GoT'Y-LE'DON, n. 
[Gr. KOTvk-qSaiv, fr. 
K0Tv'A.i7,acup.] One 
of the seed-lobes of 
a plant 




Cotton-plant. 



GoT'y-led'o-nous, a. Having a 
seed-lobe. 

Gouch, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. col- 
locare, to lay, put, place.] 1. To lay 
down upon or in a bed, or other rest- 
ing-place. 2. To express; to phrase. 
8. To depress, as a cataract in the 
eye, by means of a needle in order to 
its removal. — v. 1. 1. To lie down 
or recline. 2. To lie down for con- 
cealment. — n. A place for rest or 
sleep. [ting. 

GoucH'ANT,a. L) ing down ; squat- 

Gou'gar (koo'gar), n. A carnivorous 
American quadruped. 

G6ugh (kawf, 21), n. [D. latch, from 
M. II. Ger. kitchen, to breathe, kich~ 
en, to gasp.] A violent effort of the 
lungs to throw off irritating matter. 
— v.i. [-ED ; -ING.] To make the 
violent effort just described. — v.t. 
To eject by a cough ; to expectorate. 

G'QUL.D (kdbd), imp. of Can. 

Goul/ter, n. Same as Colter. 

GOUN'CIL, n. [Lat. concilium, fr. con- 
cire, conciere, to assemble together.] 
Assembly for consultation or advice. 

Goun'cil-or, ) n. A member of a 

GouN'<piL-LOR, J council. 

Goun'sel, n. [Lat. consilium, fr. the 
root of consulere, to consult.] 1. 
Mutual interchange of opinions. 2. 
Exercise of deliberate judgment. 3. 
Result of deliberation . 4. Deliber- 
ate purpose. 5. One who gives ad- 
vice, esp. in legal matters. — v.t. 
[-ED,-ING; or LED, -LING, 1S7-] To 
advise or instruct. 

Goun'sel-OR, I n. One who coun- 

Goun'sel-LOR, j sels ; an adviser. 

Gount,^.«. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. com- 
putare, to reckon.] 1. To number ; to 
enumerate. 2. To consider or esteem 
as belonging to one. — v.i. 1. To be 
counted; hence, to swell the num- 
ber ; to add strength or influence. 
2. To depend; to rely. — n. 1. A 
numbering ; reckoniug. 2. State- 
ment of a plaintiff's case in court. 3. 
One of several charges in an indict- 
ment. 4. [Fr. comte, from Lat. comes, 
comitis, companion.] A nobleman 
on the continent of Europe. 

Goun'te-NANCE, 11. [Fr. contenance, 
fr. conttnir, from Lat. continere, to 
hold together.] 1. Appearance or 
expression of the face ; aspect ; mien. 

2. The features. 3. Favor ; aid ; en- 
couragement. — V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To encourage by a favoring aspect. 

Syx. — To sanction; favor; support. 
Goun'TER, n. 1. One who counts, or 
aids in counting ; that which indi- 
cates a number. 2. A shop-table. 

3. (Mus.) Counter-tenor. 4. Back- 
leather or heel part of a boot. — a. 
Contrary; opposite. — adv. In op- 
position ; in an opposite direction. 

Goun'ter- Act', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 

To act in opposition to. 
Goun'ter-Xc'tion, n. Action in op. 

position ; hindrance ; resistance. 
Goun'ter- Aot'ive, a. Tending to 

counteract. 
Goun'ter-bXl'ance, V. t. [-ED; 



a,e,i, 5,u,Y,Zong;X,E,I, 6, ti, y, s/ior*; care, far, Ask. all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, fTrm ; son, 



COUNTERBALANCE 



95 



COURTIER 



-ING.] To act against with equal 
power or effect. 

•eouN'TER-BAL/ANCE, n. Equal op- 
posing weightj equivalent. 

€oun'ter-change', v. t. To ex- 
change ; to reciprocate. 

€oun'ter-c hange', n. Exchange; 
reciprocation. 

COUN'TER-CHARM', V. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To destroy the effect of a 
charm on. 

■Goun'ter-charm/, n. That which 
has the power of opposing the effect 
of a charm. 

Counter-check', v. t. To oppose; 
to check. [rebuke. 

€oun'ter-CHECK',ji. Check; stop; 

€!oun'TER-cur'rent, n. A current 
running in an opposite direction 
from that of the main current. 

€OUN'TER-FEIT, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Fr. contrefaire,]). p. contrefait, from 
contre, against, and /aire, to make.] 
1. To put on a semblance of. 2. To 
imitate, with a view to deceive; to 
forge. — a. Similar ; forged ; false ; 
deceitful. — n. 1. A likeness; a 
counterpart. 2. A cheat; a forgery. 
3. An impostor. 

€OUN'TER-FEIT-ER, n. One who 
counterfeits ; a forger. 

€oun'ter-guard, n. A low work 
before the salient point of a bastion. 

Coux'TER-JUMP/ER, n. A salesman 
in a shop ; — used contemptuously. 

■eOUN'TER-MANV)', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Fr. contremander,fv. contre, against, 
and mander, to command.] To re- 
voke, as a former command. 

•eoUN'TER-MAND', n. llevocation of 
a former command. 

€0UN'TER-MARCH', V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To march back, or in a reversed or- 
der. 

€oun'TER-march', «. A change of 
the wings or face of a battalion. 

€oUN'TER-MARK',n. An additional 
mark on goods. 

€OUN/TER-MINE', V. t. [ED; -ING.] 
1. To oppose by means of a counter- 
mine. 2. To frustrate by secret op- 
position. 

GOUN'TER-MINE', n. A gallery un- 
der ground to reach and destroy 
those of an enemy. 

Goun'ter-mo'tion, n. An oppos- 
ing motion. 

€oun'ter-mqve'ment. n. A move- 
ment in opposition to another, [bed. 

€oun'ter-pane, n. Coverlet for a 

GOUN'TER-PART, n. A part corre- 
sponding to another part ; a copy ; 
a duplicate ; an opposite. [a plea. 

Coun'ter-plea, n. A replication to 

Counter-plot', v. t. To oppose, 
as another plot, by plotting. 

€oun'ter-PLot', n. A plot or arti- 
fice opposed to another. 

ec-UN'TER-POlNT, n. 1. A cover for 
a bed, made in squares. 2. [Point 
against point.] Art of composing 
music in parts ; harmony. 

eOUN'TER-POI5E',t\ t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To act against with equal weight, 
power, or effect. 



€6un'TER-poi§e/, n. Equalweight, 
power, or force, acting in opposition. 

€oUN'TER-POi'gON, n. A poison 
. that destroys the effect of another. 

COUN'TER-REV'O-LU'TION, n. A 
revolution reversiug a former one. 

€oun'ter-S€ARP, n. {Fort.) Exte- 
rior slope of the ditch ; the whole 
covered way. 

€OUN'TER-SIGN (-Sin), V. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To sign in addition and op- 
posite to the signature of a principal 
or superior. — n. 1. Signature of a 
subordinate officer to a writing signed 
by the principal or superior. 2. A 
private military signal or watch- 
word, [sponding signal. 

GouN'TER-sfG'NAL, n. A corre- 

GOUN'TER-SINKjf. J. [-SUNK; -SINK- 
ING.] To form, as a depression, for 
the reception of the head of a screw or 
bolt below the surface. — n. A tool 
for forming a depression to receive 
the head of a screw. 

€OUN'TER-TEN'OR, n. (Mus.) One 
of the middle parts, between the 
tenor and the treble. 

COUNTER-VAIL', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[counter and Lat. valere, to be 
strong.] To act against with equal 
force, power, or effect ; to balance. 

Cc-UN'TER-WORK' (-wQrk'), v. t. To 
work in opposition to. [count. 

•CoUNT'ESS, n. Consort of an earl or 

€ount'ing-HOUSE, ) n. House or 

€ount'ing-room, J roomforthe 
keeping of books, papers, and ac- 
counts. 

€ount'less, a. Incapable of being 
counted ; innumerable ; numberless. 

OoUN'tri-fijed, a. Having the ap- 
pearance and manners of the coun- 
try ; rustic ; rude. 

■GOUN'TRY (kun'try), n. [Fr. contree, 
from Lat. contra, on the opposite 
side.] 1. A region; — as distin- 
guished from any other, and with a 
personal pronoun, region of one's 
birth or residence. 2. Rural re- 
gions. — a. Pertaining to the coun- 
try ; rural ; rustic ; rude ; ignorant. 

€OUN'TRY-DANCE, n. See CONTRA- 
DANCE. 

€oiJN'TRY-MAN (150), n. 1. A fellow- 
inhabitant of a country. 2. A rustic. 

€oiJN'TRY-SEAT, n. A dwelling in 
the country, used as a place of retire- 
ment from the city. 

€oun'ty, n. [Fr. comtd, L. Lat. com- 
itatus. See COUNT.] A division of 
a state ; a shire. 

€oUP'LE (kup'l), n. [From Lat. cop- 
ula. See Copula.] 1. Two things 
of the same kind. 2. A betrothed 
or married pair. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To connect together ; to join. — v. i. 
To come together as male and fe- 
male ; to embrace. 

€oiJP'LET, n. [Fr., dim. of couple.] 
Two lines of verse rhyming with 
each other. 

€oup'ling, n. 1. Connection; sex- 
ual union. 2. That which serves to 
connect one thing with another. 

€<?U'PON (or koo'pong), n. [Fr., fr. 



couper, to cut.] An interest certifi- 
cate attached to a transferable bond , 
designed to be cut off for payment 
when interest is due. 

€our'AGE, n. [Fr., from Lat. cor, 
heart.] Quality of mind enabling 
one to meet danger and difficulties. 

Syx. — Bravery ; intrepidity ; valor; 
boldness; gallantry; daring. 

•Gou-RA/GEOUS (ku-ra'jus), a. Pos- 
sessing, or characterized by, courage. 

•eou-RA'GEOUS-EY, adv. In a coi> 
rageous manner. [courage. 

€ou-RA'geoOs-ness, n. Quality of 

■Cou-RANT', n. [Fr., p. pr. of courir, 
to run.] 1. A piece of music in triple 
time. 2. A lively dance. 3. A news- 
paper. 

€oU'RI-ER(ko<yri-er), n. [Fr. courier, 
courrier, from courir, to run.] 1. A 
messenger sent in haste ; an express. 

2. An attendant on travelers. 
■COURSE, n. [Lat. cursus, fr. currere, 

to run.] 1. Act of moving from one 
point to another. 2. Ground or path 
traversed. 3. Line of progress. 4. 
Usual, stated, or methodical action. 
5. Conduct ; behavior. 6. A suc- 
cession of acts or practices. 7. Part 
of a meal served at one time. 8. A 
continued level range as of bricks. — 
v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To hunt or 
chase after ; to pursue. 2. To run 
through or over. — v. i. To run as 
if in a race, or in hunting. 

•GOURS'ER, n. A swift or spirited 
horse ; a racer. 

€0URT, n. [0. Fr., fr. Lat. cohors, co- 
hortis, inclosure, crowd, Gr. ^op-rd?.] 
1. An inclosed space. 2. Residence 
of a sovereign or nobleman ; a pal- 
ace. 3. Retinue of a sovereign. 4. 
Conduct designed to gain favor; 
politeness. 5. A legal tribunal. 6. 
The judge or judges in any case. 
7. Session of a judicial assembly. 8. 
Any jurisdiction, civil, military, or 
ecclesiastical. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 

1. To strive to please ; to pay court 
to. 2. To seek in marriage ; to woo. 

3. To solicit. 

€oURT'E-oiJS (kurt'e-us), a. Pertain- 
ing to, or expressive of, courtesy. 

Syn.— Civil; obliging; well-bred; po- 
lite; complaisant. 

€ourt'e-ous-ly, adv. In a court- 
eous manner. [being courteous. 

€ourt'e-ous-ness, n. Quality of 

€of)RT'E-2AN (kurtte-ziin), n. [See 
COURT.] A prostitute ; a strumpet. 

€ourt'e-sy, n. [From court.] 1. 
Elegance and politeness of manners. 

2. Act of civility. 3. Favor or in- 
dulgence. 

€o0rte'sy (kurt'sy), n. An expres- 
sion of civility by women, — now 
little used, — consisting of a slight 
bending of the knees and inclination 
of the body.— v. i. [-ED ; -ING, 142. ; 
To make a courtesy. 

€ourt'-h5nd, n. Manner of writing 

' used in records. 

€5urt'IER (kort'yer), n. 1. One who 
frequents the courts of princes. 2. 
One who solicits favor. 



6r,do,wolf,to"o, TO"&K5 urn, rue, pull; e,i, o, silent; c,G, soft; €,G,hard; AS; ejcist ; n as ng; -reus. 



COURTLINESS 



96 



CRAM 



t35urt'l.i-ness, n. Quality of being 
courtly. 

COURT'LY, a. 1. High-bred; digni- 
fied and elegant. 2. Obsequious ; 
sycophantic. 

€ourt'-mar'tial (156), n. A court 
for the trial of offenses against mili- 
tary or naval laws. 

■Gourt'-PLAS'TER, n. Sticking-plas- 
ter made of silk. 

•€ourt'ship, n. 1. Act of soliciting 
favor by complaisance. 2. Act of 
wooing in love. fa house. 

€ourt'-vard, n. Inclosure round 

CoOs/IN (kilz'n), n. [L. Lat. cosinus, 
contr. fr. Lat. consobrinus, child of 
a mother's sister.] One collaterally 
related more remotely than a brother 
or sister. 

eous/jN-GER'MAN (155), n. A cousin 
in the first generation. 

GovE,n. [A.-S. cofa, cove, cave, room, 
Lat. cavum, cavity.] 1. A small in- 
let, creek, or bay. 2. A boy or man. 
[Slang.] 

€6v'e-nant, n. [0. Fr. covenant, 
convenant, p. pr. of convenir, to 
agree.] 1. A mutual agreement in 
writing ; a contract. 2. Conditional 
promises of God as revealed in the 
Scriptures. — v. i. [-ed; -1NG.] To 
enter into a formal agreement. 

Syn.— To agree; contract; bargain. 
■ — v. t. To grant or promise by cove- 
nant. 

€6v'E-NANT-ER, n. One who makes 
or who subscribes a covenant. 

€X)V'ER } v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
cooper ire, from con and operire, to 
cover.] 1. To overspread the surface 
or whole body of. 2. To hide from 
sight ; to conceal. 3. To protect ; to 
defend. 4. To comprehend or in- 
clude; to account for or solve. 6. 
To put the usual head-dress on. — n. 
1. Any thing laid, set, or spread 
upon, about, or over another. 2. 
Any thing which veils or conceals. 
3. [Fr. couverte.] Table furniture for 
the use of one person at a meal. 

•C6VER-LET, n. [0. Fr. covrelict, 
equiv. to couvre-lit, from couvrir, to 
cover, and lit, bed.] Uppermost 
cover of a bed. 

€6v'ert (kuv'ert),a. [0. Fr. covert, 
p. p. of covrir. See COVER.] 1. 
Covered over ; hid. 2. Sheltered. 3. 
Under authority or protection, as a 
married woman. — n. A shelter ; a 
defense. [vate. 

C6VERT-LY, orfi'. Secretly; in pri- 

€6v'ert-ure (53), n. 1. Covering ; 
shelter ; defense. 2. Condition of a 
woman during marriage. 

■C6v'et (kuv'et), V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[0. Fr. covoiter, coveiter, from Lat. 
cupidus, eager.] To wish for with 
eagerness or inordinately. 

€6v'ET-o0s (kuVet-us), a. Very or 
inordinately desirous ; excessively 
eager. [ariciously. 

€6v'ET-OUS-LY, adv. Eagerly ; av- 

€6v'ET-o0s-NESS, n. Strong or in- 
ordinate desire of gaining some sup- 
posed good. 



Syn. — Avarice; cupidity; greed. 

■Gov'EY (kuVy), n. [Fr. couvee, from 
couve, p. p. of couver, to sit or brood 
on.] 1. A small flock or number of 
birds together. 2. A company ; set. 

€6v'IN (kuVin), n. [0. Fr. covine, 
covaine, from convenir, to agree.] A 
deceitful agreement between two or 
more persons to prejudice a third. 

€ow (kou), n. [A.-S. eft, Icel. ku, 
Skr. go.] Female of the bovine 
genus of animals. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] [Icel. kuga, to depress.] To 
sink the spirits or courage of. 

€oWard, n. [0. Fr. conard, orig. 
short-tailed, as an epithet of the 
hare, fr. Lat. cauda, tail.] One who 
lacks courage to meet danger. 

Syn. — Craven ; poltroon ; dastard.— 
A craven is literally one who begs off, or 
shrinks at the approach of danger ; a 
poltroon is a mean-spirited coward; 
dastard is one of the strongest terms of 
reproach in our language. 

€o W'ARD-f <;e , n. Want of courage. 

€ow'ari>-li-NEss, n. Cowardice. 

€ow'ARD-LY, a. 1. Wanting courage 
to face danger. 2. Proceeding from 
fear of danger. — adv. In the man- 
ner of a coward. 

€ow'-€ATCH'ER, n. A strong frame 
in front of a locomotive for catching 
or throwing off obstructions, such as 
cows, &c. 

€ow'ER, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Cf. W. 
cwrian, to cower, from cwr, corner.] 
To crouch, especially through fear. 

<3ow'h£rd, n. One whose occupa- 
tion it is to tend cows. 

€ow r 'HlDE,n. 1. Hide of a cow. 2. 
Leather made of the hide of a cow. 
3. A coarse riding-whip. — v. t. 
[-ed; -ING.] To beat with a cow- 
hide. 

€o\VL, n. [A.-S. cuhle, cugle, fr.Lat. 
cucullus, cap, hood.] 1. A monk's 
hood. 2. A cowl-shaped cap for the 
top of chimneys. 

€ow'lIck, n. A tuft of hair turned 
up over the forehead, as if licked by 
a cow. 

€5'-woRK f ER (-wfjrk'er), n. One 
who works with another ; a fellow- 
laborer. 

€ow'-pox, n. A pustular eruption 
of the cow ; the vaccine disease. 

€ow'RY (kou'ry), n. [Hind, kauri.] 
A small shell, used for monev in the 
East. 

Cowslip, in. A species of prim- 
Co w's'-lIp, J rose. 

C6x'€OMB (-kom), n. [A corrupt, of 
cock's comb.] 1. A vain, superficial 
pretender; a fop. 2. A plant of 
several species, bearing red flowers. 

€ox-€OMB'l€-AL (-kSm'-), a. Fop- 
pish ;_ conceited ; fanciful. 

€6x'€OMB-ry (-kom-), n. Manners 
of a coxcomb. 

■6'OY, a. [0. Fr. coy, coi, fr. Lat. quie- 
tus, quiet.] Shrinking from ap- 
proach or familiarity. 

Syn. — Shy ; shrinking ; reserved ; 
modest ; bashful. 

€OY'ISH, a. Somewhat coy. 

CoY'LY, adv. With reserve ; slyly. 




Crab. 
A contrivance 



€OY'NESS, n. Unwillingness to be- 
come familiar. 

€6z (kuz), n. A contraction of Cousin. 

€oz'jbn (kuz'n), v. t. [-ED; -ing.] 
[Either fr. cousin, to deceive through 
pretext of relationship, or from Ger. 
kosen, liebkosen, to wheedle.] To 
cheat ; to defraud ; to deceive. 

€6z'.en-age (kuz'n-), n. Artifice; 
trick ; fraud. 

€6z'£N-ER, n, One who cheats. 

€o'zi-ly, adv. Snugly ; comfortably. 

fjo'ZY, a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] [Fr. 
causer, to talk, chat.] Snug ; com- 
fortable ; easy. 

€rXb, n. 1. [A.-S. crabba, fr. Gr. /capa- 
/3os.] A crusta- 
ceous animal, 
having ten legs. 

2. [Akin to W. 
garv, garw, 
rough, harsh, 
Lat. acerbus. 
sour.] A wild 
apple, or the 
tree producing it. 3 
for launching ships. 

CrXb'BED (60), a. Harsh ; rough, or 
austere, like a crab-apple. 
Syn. — Peevish; sour; morose. 

€rXb'bed-ly, adv. In a crabbed 
manner. 

€rXck, v. t. [-ED;-ING.] [Fr. cra- 
quer, D. kraken, Gael, crac] 1. To 
open in a fissure. 2. To cause to 
sound abruptly and sharply ; to 
snap. — v.i. To be fractured with- 
out breaking to pieces. — n. 1. A 
chink or fissure ; a crevice. 2. A 
sound as of any thing suddenly rent. 

CrXck'er,m. 1. One who cracks. 2. 
A small firework. 3. A kind of hard 
biscuit. 

€rack'le, v. i. To make slight 
cracks ; to make small, abrupt, snap- 
ping noises. 

€ra'dee (kra/dl), n. [A.-S. cradel, 
cradol.] 1. A kind of movable bed 
for infants. 2. A framework for re- 
ceiving the grain as cut, and laying 
it evenly. 3. A framework to sup- 
port a vessel about to be launched. 
4. A case for a broken bone. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To lay or rock in a 
cradle. 2. To cut and lay with a 
cradle . 

€RAFT (6), n. [A.-S. craft, Icel. 
kraptr.] 1. Dexterity. 2. A trade. 

3. Cunning; artifice; guile. 4. Yea* 
sels or ships of any kind. 

€RAFT'I-LY, adv. With craft or guile. 

€!raft'i-ness, n. Cunning ; artifice. 

€rAfts'man (150), n. An artificer; 
a mechanic. [others. 

€RAFT'Y, a. Skillful at deceiving 
Syn. — Cunning; artful; wily; sly. 

•GrXg, n. [W. craig.] A steep, rug- 
ged rock. 

€rXg'ged (60), a. Full of crags or 
broken rocks. [craggy. 

■GrXg'gi-ness, n. State of being 

€rXg'gy, a. Full of crags ; abound- 
ing with broken rocks. 

€rXm, v. t. [-MED ; -MING, 136.] 
[A.-S. crammian.] 1. To stuff; to 



A, E, I, o,u 



Y, long; X, E, I, O, C, Y, short ; CARE , FAR, ASK, ALL., WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, T£RM ; PIQIT^ , FIRM ; S6N, 



CRAMP 



97 



CREOLE 




crowd. 2. To fill with food beyond 
satiety. — v.i. 1. To eat greedily 
or beyond satiety. 2. To prepare 
for an examination by a hasty re- 
view of studies. 

€ramp, n. 1. [D. kramp, German 
krampf.] A restraint. 2. [O.H. Ger. 
chramph, crooked.] An iron instru- 
ment to hold together pieces of tim- 
ber, &c. 3. A painful spasmodic 
contraction of muscles. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To hold tightly pressed 
together. 2. To afflict with cramp. 

€kam-POONS', n. pi. [Fr. crampon, 
from 0. H. Ger. chramph* crooked.] 
Hooked pieces of iron, for raising 
stones, boxes, &c. 

Cran'ber-ry, n. [From crane, be- 
cause its slender 
stalk has been 
compared to the 
long legs and 
neck of a crane.] 
A red, sour ber- 
ry , used for 
sauce. 

€RANE, n. [A.-S. 
cran, allied to 
Gr. yepafO?.] 1. 
A wading bird, Crane (1). 

having a long, straight bill, and 
long legs and neck. 2. A machine for 
raising, lower- 
ing, and moving 
heavy weights. 
3. A bent pipe, 
to draw liquors 
out of a cask. 

CRA'NI-AL, a. Be- 
longing te the 
cranium. 

Cra'ni-Sl'o-gist, n. One versed in 
craniology ; a phrenologist. 

Cra'ni-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. upavLov, 
skull, and A.6yos, discourse.] The 
science which investigates the struct- 
ure of the skull ; phrenology. 

€RA'NI-OM'E-TER, n. [Gr. upavLov, 
skull, and /xeVpov, measure.] An in- 
strument for measuring_skulls. 

€ra'xi-um, n.; pi. €RA'?, t i-a. [N. 
Lat., from Gr. KpavCov.] Skull of an 
animal ; brain-pan. 

Crank, n. [Cf. Icel. kringr, circle.] 
1. A bent portion of an axis, serving 
as a handle. 2. Any bend, turn, or 
winding. 3. A verbal conceit. — a. 

_ [A.-S. crane, weak.] 1. Liable to be 
overset, as a ship. 2. Brisk ; livelv. 

€rank'le, v. i. [See Crank, «.,a"nd 
Crinkle.] To run in a winding 
course. — n. A bend or turn. 

Cran'NY, n. [Lat. crena, notch.] 1. 
A fissure, crevice, or chink. 2. A 
secret, retired place. 

Crape, n. [Fr. crepe, fr. Lat. crispus, 
crisped.] A thin stuff, made of raw 
silk gummed and twisted. It is much 
used for mourning garments. 

€rAsh, v. t. [-ed; -ING. J [Goth. 
kriustan, to gnash, crash, grate.] 
To break to pieces violently. — v. i. 
To make a loud, clattering sound, as 
of things falling and breaking at 
once. — n. 1. Sound of many things 




Crane (2). 



falling and breaking at once. 2. [Lat. 
crassus.] A kind of coarse linen. 

Crass'a-ment, n. [Lat. crussamen- 
tum, fr. crassus, thick.] Thick part 
of any fluid ; a clot. [coarseness. 

Crass'I-TUDE (53), it. ^Grossness; 

Cratch, n. [0. II. Ger. krippa, krip- 
pea.] A manger or open frame for 
hay ; a crib. 

Crate, n. [Lat. crates.'] A hamper 
of wicker-work for crockery. 

CRA'TER, n. [Gr. Kpcmjp, a mixing 
vessel, crater, fr. Kepavvvvax, to mix.] 
Mouth of a volcano. 

CRA-TER'I-FORM, a. [Lat. cratera, 
bowl, and forma, form.] Having 
the form of a goblet. 

Craunch, v. t. [-EB ; -ING.] To 
crush with the teeth ; to crunch. 

CRA-VAT', n. [From Fr. Cravate, an 
inhabitant of Croatia, from whom 
this article of dress was adopted in 
France.] A neck-cloth. 

Crave, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
crafian.\ 1. To ask with earnestness 
and humility. 2. To long for; to 
require or demand. 

Cra'v.en, n. One who, being van- 
quished in trial by battle, has craved 
his life of his antagonist. 

Sr>*.— Coward; poltroon; dastard. 
— a. Cowardly with meanness; 
spiritless. 

Craw, n. [D. kraag.] Crop or first 
stomach of fowls. 

CRAW'-FISH, ) n. [0. H. Ger. krebiz.] 

Cray'-fish, ) A crustaceous ani- 
mal, resembling the lobster. 

Crawl, v.i. [-ed;-ing.] [D. krab- 
belen, dim. of krabben.] 1. To move 
slowly, as a worm ; to creep. 2. To 
have a sensation as if insects were 
creeping about the body. 

CRAY'ON, n. [Fr., fr. craie, Lat. creta, 
chalk, fr. Creta, the island Crete.] 1. 
A soft, earthy substance, in form of 
a cylinder, for use in drawing. 2. 
A drawing made with a pencil or 
crayon. — v. t. L-ed; ing.] To 
sketch, as with a crayon. 

Craze, v.t. [-ed;-ing.] [From 
Icel. krassa, to grind.] 1. To con- 
fuse ; to impair. 2. To render in- 
sane. 

€ra'ZI-LY, adv. In a crazy manner. 

CRA'ZINESS, n. State of being crazy. 

CRA'ZY, a. 1. Decrepit : broken. 2. 
Deranged ; weakened ; shattered. 

Creak, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [A modif. 
of crack.] To make a sharp, harsh, 
grating sound. 

CREAM, n. [Lat. tremor, thick juice 
or broth.] 1. The oily substance 
which forms a scum on milk. 2. 
Best part of a thing. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To take off by skimming, as 
cream. — v.i. To become covered 
with cream. [sembling cream. 

CREAM'Y, a. Full of cream ; re- 

Crease, n. [Cf. H. Ger. krausen, 
krausen, to crisp, curl.] A mark 
made by folding any pliable sub- 
stance ; any similar mark. — v.t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To make a crease or 
mark in. 



Cre-ate', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. ere- 
are, creatum.] 1. To bring into being; 
to originate. 2. To be the occasion 
of. 3. To constitute ; to make. 

Cre-a'tion, n. 1. Act of creating. 
2. Constitution ; formation. 3. That 
which is created. [create. 

€re -a'tive , a. Having the power to 

Cre-a'tor, n. One who creates ; tho 
Supreme Being. 

Creat'ure (53), n. 1. Any thing 
created ; an animal ; a man. 2. A 
human being, in contempt or en- 
dearment. 3. A servile dependent. 

Cre'DENCE. n. [L. Lat. credential 
Lat. credere, to believe.] 1. Belief ; 
credit. 2. That which gives a claim 
tocredit. 

Cre'dent, a. Believing. 

Cre-den'tial, a. Giving a title to 
credit. — n. That which gives credit 
or a title to confidence. [credible. 

Cred'i-bii/i-TY, n. Quality of being 

Cred'1-ble, a. Worthy of belief. 

Cred'i-ble-ness, n. Worthiness of 
belief. [deserves belief. 

Cred'i-BLY, adv. In a manner that 

CRED'IT,n. [Lat. credi turn, loan, &c, 
fr. credere, to trust, loan.] 1. Belief ; 
faith. 2. Esteem ; honor ; reputa- 
tion. 3. Influence ; interest. 4. 
Trust given or received. 5. Amount 
due from one to another. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To put trust in ; 
to believe. 2. To set to the credit of. 

€red'it-a-ble, a. Reputable ; esti- 
mable, [with credit. 

Cred'it-A-bly, adv. Reputably ; 

Cred'it-or, n. One who gives cred- 
it in business matters ; one to whom 
money is due. 

CRE-Dfj'Ll-TY,n. Disposition to be- 
lieve on slight evidence. 

Cred'U-LOUS, a. [Lat. credulus; cred- 
ere, to believe.] Easily convinced or 
imposed upon ; unsuspecting, [lity. 

CRED'u-LOu-s-LY, adv. With credu- 

Creed, n. [Lat. credo, I believe.] A 
summary of religious belief. 

Creek, n. [A.-S. crecca.] 1. A small 
inlet, bay, or cove. 2. A small river 
or brook. [osier basket. 

Creel, n. [Gael, craidhleag.] An 

Creep, v. i. [imp. crept; p. p. 
CREPT.] [A.-S. creopan.] 1. To 
move along, as a worm ; to crawl. 
2. To move slowly or feebly. 3. To 
move in a stealthy manner. 4. To 
fawn. 5. To grow, as a vine. 

CREEP'ER,n. 1. One who creeps ; any 
creeping thing. 2. A fixture worn 
on a shoe to prevent slipping. 3. pi. 
An instrument with iron claws for 
dragging the bottom of any water. 

CRE-MA'TION, n. [Lat. crematio, fr. 
cremare, to burn.] A burning of tho 
dead._ [violin. 

Cre-mo'na, n. A superior kind of 

Cre'NATE, I a. [Lat. crena, notch. J 

Cre 'n a-te d , ) Notched in the form 
of a scallop-shell. 

Cre 'OLE, n. [Sp. criollo, prop, cre- 
ated, nursed, grown up.] One born 
in tropical America, or the adjacent 
islands, of any color. 



or, do, wolf, TOO, SOOK ; r fjRN, RyE .p\jll ; E, I, O, silent ; c,G,so/3:,- €,& 1 hard; Ag; EXIST 



N as NG : THIS, 



CREOSOTE 



CROOK 



Crescendo. 



GRE'O-SOTE, n. [Gr. *pea?, general- 
ly /tpews, flesh, and atZ&iv, to pre- 
serve.] An oily liquid, having the 
smell of smoke, and strong antisep- 
tic properties. 

Grep'i-tate, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. crepitare, crepitatum.] To 
crackle ;_to snap, [crackling. 

Grep'i-ta'tion, n. A snapping or 

Crept, imp. & p.p. of Creep. 

€re-pus'€U-lar, I a. [See supra.] 

Cre-pus'ctj-lous, J Pertaining to 
twilight ; glimmering. 

■€res-pen'do, a. 
[It.] With a con- 
stantly increasing 
volume of voice ; — indicated as in 
the margin. 

•VIres'cent, a. [Lat. crescens, p. pr. 
of crescere, to increase.] Increasing ; 
growing. — n. 1. The moon in her 
first quarter. 2. The Turkish flag 
itself, on which is a figure of the new 
moon. 3. The Turkish power. 

CRESS, n. [A.-S. cresse, Ger. kresan, 
to creep.] A plant of various species 
used as a salad. 

CRES'SET, n. [Fr. croisette, dim. of 
croix, cross, because beacons former- 
ly had crosses on their tops.] An 
open lamp placed on a beacon, or 
carried on a pole. 

CREST, n. [A.-S. crdsta, Lat. crista.] 
1. A tuft ; the comb of a cock. 2. 
Plume or other decoration on a hel- 
met ; hence, the helmet itself. 3. 
The rising part of a horse's neck. 4. 
The foamy top of a ware. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] To furnish with a 
crest ; to serve as a crest for. 

€r£st'-fallen (-fawln),a. With 
hanging head ; hence, dejected. 

Gre-ta'ceous, a. [Lat. cretaceus, 
fr. creta, chalk.] Having the quali- 
ties of chalk. 

Gre'tin, n. [Fr. cretin.] An idiot in 
the low valleys of the Alps, generally 
afflicted with goiter. 

Cre'tin-ism, n. A species of idiocy. 

€re-vasse', it. [Fr.,fr. Lat. crepare, 
to crack, to burst.] A deep crevice 
or split, as in a glacier. 

Grev'ICE, n. [Fr. crevasse. See su- 
pra.] A narrow opening ; a fissure. 

Crew (kru), n. [Fr. crue, increase, 
accession.] 1. A company ; an as- 
semblage. 2. Seamen belonging to 
a vessel. — v., imp. of Croic. 

€ee\Vel (kru'el), n. [For clewel, 
dim. of clew, a ball of thread.] 
W T orsted yarn slackly twisted. 

CrIb, n. [A.-S. crybb.] 1. Manger or 
rack of a stall. 2. A stall. 3. A 
small inclosed bedstead. 4. A box. 
— v.t. [-bed; -BING. 137.] 1. To 
confine in a narrow habitation. 2. 
To pilfer. 

Crib'bage, n. A game at cards. 

Crib'ble, n. [L. Lat. criblus.] A 
coarse sieve or screen. 

GrIck, n. A spasmodic and painful 
affection as of the neck or back. 

Grick'et, n. 1. [W. criciad. cricell, 
cricket, and cricellu, to chirp.] A 
small insect,characterized by a chirp- 



ing note. 2. [A.-S. cricc, crooked staff, 
crutch.] A game with a bat, ball, 
and wicket. 3. A sort of low stool. 

Crick'et-er, n. One who plays at 
cricket. [makes proclamation. 

Gri'er, n. One who cries ; one who 

GRIME, n. [Lat. cr hnen, from ce.rnere, 
to decide judicially.] Any violation 
of law, either divine or human. 

Capital crime, a crime punishable with 
death. 

Svn. — Sin; vice.— Sin is generic, em- 
bracing wickedness of every kind. Crime 
is a violation of law, and springs from 
our passions; vice from the inordinate 
indulgence of natural appetites, which 
in themselves are innocent. Intemper- 
ance is a vice, sometimes leading to the 
crime of murder. 

Crim'i-nal, a. 1. Guilty of, or in- 
volving, a crime. 2. Relating to 
crime. — n. One who has committed 
a crime. [criminal ; guiltiness. 

CrIm'i-NAL'i-t y , n. Quali ty of being 

Grim'i-nal-ly, adv. Wickedly. 

Crim'i-nate,^. t. [-EDJ-ING.] To 
accuse or charge with a crime; to 
impeach. 

Grim'i-na'tion, n. Act of accusing ; 
accusation. [sorious. 

GRi'M'l-NA-TO-RY, a. Accusing ; cen- 

Grimp, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Cf. Ger. 
krimmen, to seize with the claws or 
beak.] 1. To form into ridges or 
plaits. 2. To pinch and hold. 3. 
To decoy into the power of a recruit- 
ing officer. — «. One who decoys 
into the power of a recruiting officer. 

Grimp'le, v.t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
contract ; to curl ; to corrugate. 

GRlM'£ON (krim'zn), n. [Ar. qarmaz, 
qermez, cochineal insect, and a liquid 
expressed from it.] A deep-red color, 
tinged with blue. — a. Of a deep red 
color, —v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To dye 
with crimson. — v. i. To become 
crimson ; to blush. 

Cringe, t>. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Cf. Icel. 
kringi, to make round.] To draw 
one's self together as in fear or tim- 
id servility; to fawn. — n. Servile 
civility ; a mean bow. 

Grin'gle (krlng/gl),™. [Icel. kringla, 
orb, round cake, from kringr, circle.] 
A rope, having its end formed into a 
ring to secure it to a sail. 

GRINK'LE, V. t. [-EDJ-ING.] [D. 
krinkenel, to wind or twist.] To 
form with short turns or wrinkles. — 
v. i. To run in and out in little 
bends. 

Crin'o-lIne , n. [Fr., fr. crin, hair.] 
A lady's skirt expanded by hoops, or 
by being made of hair cloth, &c. 

Grip'PLE, n. [Prop, one that must 
creep.] One who creeps, halts, or 
limps. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
deprive of the use of the limbs ; to 
lame. 2. To disable. 

Cri'sis, n. ; pi. CRl'SEg. [Gr. *p»n?, 
fr. icpiveiv, to separate, decide.] The 
decisive moment; the turning point. 

CRISP, a. [Lat. crispns.] 1. Formed 
into stiff curls. 2. Full of indenta- 
tions. 3. Brittle. 4. Effervescing ; 
sparkling. — v. t. [-ED: -ING.] 1. 
To curl, as the hair. 2. To wrinkle I 



GrIsp'LY, adv. With crispness. 

Grisp'ness, n . State of being crisp. 

Crisp'y, a. 1. Frizzled; crisp. 2. 
Brittle. ' 

Cri-te'ri-on, n. ; pi. cri-te'ri-A. 
[Gr. Kpinjpiov, from icpiveiv, to sepa- 
rate, decide.] A standard of judging. 

GRlT'IC, n. [Gr. Kptrt/cos, fr. icpiveiv, 
to separate, judge.] 1. One skilled 
in judging of literary works or pro- 
ductions of art. 2. A caviler. 

€rit'I€-al, a. 1. Exact; nicely ju- 
dicious. 2. Inclined to find fault ; 
catipous. 3. Relating to criticism. 
4. Decisive ; hence of doubtful issue. 

GRIT'I€-AL-LY, adv. In a critical 
manner; exactly. 

Crit'ic-al-ness, n. State of being 
critical ._ 

Crit'i-^ise, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
examine and judge as a critic. — v. i. 
To act as a critic ; to animadvert. 

Crit'I-ci'SM, n. 1. Art of judging of 
a literary performance, or of a pro- 
duction in the fine arts. 2. A de- 
tailed examination and review. 

Gri-tique' (-teekO, n. [See CRITIC] 
A critical examination or estimate of 
a_work. 

Croak, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
cracetan, Gr. /cpai^eiv, Kpdgeiv.] 1. 
To make a low, hoarse noise, as a 
frog, or crow. 2. To forbode evil ; 
to grumble. — n. Low, harsh sound, 
as of a frog or raven. 

Croak/er, n. One who croaks. 

Cro-chet' (kro-sha/), n. [Fr., small 
hook, fr. Icel. krukr, hook.] A kind 
of netting made by means of a small 
hook. — v. t. To perform the kind 
of netting called crochet. 

Crock, n. [Cf. W. croeg, cover.] 
soot; smut; lamp-black. — v. t. or 
i. [-ed; -ing.] To blacken with 
soot, or coloring matter of cloth. 

Cr6ck'er-Y, n. [ Crock, obs. an earth- 
en vessel.] Earthen-ware ; pottery. 

Crock'et, n. [Cf. Crook, curve.] 
(Arch.) An imitation of curved and 
bent foliage. 

Croc'o-dii/e, 
n. [Gr. *poKo- 
SeiAo?.] A 

large reptile, 
growing to the 
length of six- 
teen or eigh- 
teen feet. 

Cro'cus, n. [Gr 

kpokos, Skr. Crocodile. 

kunkuma.] 1. A genus of plants. 
2. A mineral powder of a yellow or 
red color. 

CROFT, n. [A.-S. croft, Gr. Kp-unrrh 
upvirros, concealed.] A small close, 
or inclosed field. 

Cro-MOR'na, n. [Ger. krummhorn, 
crooked horn] A certain reed stop 
in the organ. 

Crone, n. [A.-S. crone, an old ewe.] 
An old woman ; — in contempt. 

Cro'ny, n. [See Crone.] An inti- 
mate companion. [Colloq.] 

Crook (27), n. [Icel. krdkr.] 1. A 
bend, turn or curve. 2. A trick or 




R, e, I, o,u, y,long; £,£,!, 6, u, y, short ; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, TfiRM; pique, fIrm; s6n, 



CROOK-BACK 



99 



CRURAL 




artifice. 3. A shepherd's or a bish- 
op's staff. — v.t [-ed; -ING.] 1. 
To turn from a straight line ; to 
bend ; to curve. 2. To pervert. — 
v. i. To be bent or curved. 

Crook'ed (60), p. a. 1. Bent ; not 
straight. 2. Devious ; perverse. 

€rook'ed-ly, adv. in a crooked 
manner. 

€ro~ok'ed-ness, n. Curvity ; inflex- 
ion: deformity. 

Croon, v. [-edj-ing.] To sing in 
a low tone ; to sing softly. 

€ROP,n. [A.-S. crop, cropp.] 1. Upper 
receptacle of food of a bird, situated 
in the throat. 2. Ilighe.-t part of 
any thing. 3. That which is cropped 
or gathered from a single field; fruit; 
harvest. 4. Any thing cut off or 
gathered. — v. t. [-PED; -PING. J To 
cut off the ends of ; to pluck. — 
<•. i. 1. To appear above the surface, 
as a bed of coal. 2. To come to light. 

Crop'-eaR-ED, a. Having the end 
of the ears cut off. 

CRO-QUET' (kro-k.T'), n. [Fr., from 
croc, crooked stick.] An open-air 
game played with wooden balls and 
long-handled mallets. 

Cro'sier (kro'- 
zher), n. [L. Lit. 
cruriarium, from 
crux, cross.] Of- 
ficial staff of an 
archbishop, or 
pastoral staff of 
a bishop. 

Cross (21), n. [Lat. 
crux, cruris.] 1. A* 
gibbet, consisting of two pieces of 
timber placed on one another, in 
various forms, as T" or "t"j or X- 2. 
Symbol of Christ's death, and hence, 
of Christianity. 3. Affliction as a 
test of patience or virtue. 4. Mark, 
symbol, or ornament, in form of a 
cross. 5. A mixing of breeds or 
stock. — a. 1. Lying - athwart ; trans- 
verse. 2. Adverse ; contrary. 3. 
Peevish ; fretful. 4. Interchanged. — 
v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To put, lay, 
or draw across. 2. To pass from one 
side to the other of. 3. To thwart ; 
to interfere with. 4. To cancel ; to 
erase. 5. To mix the breed of. — 
v. i. 1. To lie or be athwart. 2. To 
pass from one side toward the other, 
or from place to place. 

Cross'-Bill, n. 1. A defendant's bill 
in a chancery or equity suit. 2. A 
kind of bird. [wise on a stock. 

Cr5ss'-bow, n. A bow put cross- 

Cross'-breed, n. A breed produced 
from parents of different breeds. 

Cross'-bun, n. A bun or cake marked 
with a cross. 

Cross'-ex-am'i-na'TION, n. Ex- 
amination of a witness, called by one 
party, by the opposite party. 

CROSS'-eVaM'iNE, v. t. [-ED : -ING.] 
To subject to cross-examination. 

€r6ss'-eyed (-id), a. Having the 
eyes turned, so that they look in di- 
rections which cross one a-nother. 

€ross'-grain.ed, a. 1. Having the 



a, Archbishop's; 
b, Bishop's. 



grain crossed or irregular. 2. Ill- 
natured ; contrary. 

Cross'ly, adv. In a cross way. 

C'ROSS'NESS, n. Quality of being cross. 

Cross'-PUR'pose (pGr'pu*), n. An 
opposing purpose ; inconsistency. 

Cross'-QUES'tion (-kwest'yun),«. t. 
To cross-examine. 

Cross'-ROAD, I n. A road thatcrosses 

C'ROSS'-WAY, J another. 

Cross' wigE , adv. In the form of a 
cross ; across. 

Crotch, n. [Cf. Crutch.] 1. Fork- 
ings of a trunk. 2. A forked piece 
of wood, &c. 

Crotch'et, n. [See CROCHET.] 1. 
A crotch. 2. A note, equal in dura- 
tion to half a minim. 3. (Print.) A 
bracket. 4. A whim ; a conceit. 

Crouch, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [0. Eng. 
crooch, from crook, to bend.] 1. To 
stoop or he low. 2. To bend obse- 
quiously ; to cringe. 

Croup, h. 1. [Fr. croupe. Cf. Crop.] 
Buttocks of a horse ; hence, the place 
behind the saddle. 2. [Cf. Crop.] 
An inflammatory affection of the 
wind-pipe. 

Crou'P1-er (krob'pi-er), n. [Fr., fr. 
groupe, group.] 1. One who watches 
the cards and collects the money at 
a gaming-table. 2. An assistant 
chairman at a public dinner party. 

Crow, n. [A.-S. crawe, so named 
from its cry.] 1. A large black bird, 
having a harsh, croaking note. 2. 
An iron lever. 3. Yoke of the cock. 

— v. i. [imp. CREW or CROWED ; 
p. p. CROWED.] 1. To make the 
shrill sound of a cock. 2. To exult ; 
to_brag. [as a lever. 

Crow'-bar, n. A bar of iron used 
Crowd, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 1. To 
press or drive together. 2. To en- 
cumber. — v. i. 1. To press together 
in numbers. 2. To urge forward. 

— n. [A.-S. croda,crudh.] A throng ; 
ajnultitude. [2. A caltrop. 

Crow'-foot, n. 1. A genus of plants. 

CROWN, n. [Gr. Koptovy).] 1. A wreath, 
garland, or any ornament worn on 
the head, esp. as a badge of dignity 
or power. 2. A sovereign. 3. A 
certain denomination of coin. 4. 
Chief or topmost part of any thing, 
as of the head. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
1. To invest with a crown, or with 
royal dignity. 2. To adorn ; to 
dignify. 3. To complete ; to perfect. 

Crown'-glass, n. The finest sort of 
window-glass. 

Crown'-Prince, n. The prince royal 
who inherits the crown. 

Cro wn'-saw, n. A species of tubu- 
lar saw. 

Crown'-wheel, n. A wheel with 
cogs at right angles to its plane. 

CRU'CIAL (32), a. [Lat. crux, crucis, 
cross.] 1. Having the form of a 
cross. 2. Trying or searching. 

Cru'ci-ate (kru/shl-, 45.95), a. [Lat. 
cr'uciare, cruciatus. to torture, from 
crux, cross.] Having the leaves ar- 
ranged in the form of a cross. 

CRU'gi-BLE, n. [Prob. from L. Ger. 




Crucibles. 



kroos, kruus, mug, 
jug, jar, English 
cruse.] A chemi- 
cal vessel or melt- 
ing-pot, capable of 
enduring great 
heat. 

Cru'ci-FUEr, n. 
One who crucifies. 

C'RU'Cl-Fix, n. [Lat. crux, cross, ami 
jigere^fixum, to fix.] A cross, with 
the figure of Christ crucified upon it 

€ru / ci-fix'ion (-iTk'shun), n. Act 
oi' fastening a person to a cross. 

Cru'CI-Form, a. [Lat. crux, cross, 
and forma, form.] Cross-shaped. 

€ru'ci-fv, v. t. [-ed; -ing, 142.] 
[Lat. crux, cross, and jigere, to fix.] 
1. To fasten to a cross. 2. To destroy 
the power of. 

Crude (32), a. [-er ; -est.] [Lat. 
'crudus, prop, bloody.] 1. In its 
natural state ; raw. 2. Unripe ; im- 
mature. 3. Not reduced to order or 
form. 4. Coarsely colored. 

Crude'ly, adv. In a crude manner. 

Crude'ness, n. Rawness ; unripe- 
ness ; immaturity. 

Cru'di-ty, it. 1. Rawness. 2. That 
which is in a crude state. 

CRU'EL, a. [Lat. crudelis, fr. crudus. 
See Crude.] 1. Pleased to give 
pain to others. 2. Causing pain, 
grief, or miser}-. 

Syx. —Savage; barbarous; inhuman. 

Cru'el-ly, adv. With cruelty. 

Cru'el-ty,«. 1. Inhumanity; bar- 
barity. 2. A cruel deed. 

CRU'ET, 11. [Contr. fr. Fr. cruchette, 
dim. of cruclie, jug, jar.] A small 
glass bottle for vinegar, oil, &c. 

Cruise, n. A small bottle. See CRUSE. 

Cruise (kruz, 32), v. i. [-ed; -ing.] 
[D. kruisen, from cruis, a cross.] To 
go back and forth on the ocean. — n. 
A voyage made without settled 
course. [cruises. 

Cruir'er, n. One who, or a ship that, 

CRUMB (krum), n. [A.-S. cruine, fr. 
cruman, to break into small pieces.] 
[Written also cruin.] A small frag- 
ment, especially of bread or cake. 

— v. t. To break into crumbs. 
CRlJM'BLE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Dim. 

of crumb.] To break into small 

pieces. — v. i. To fall to decay. 
Crum'my, a. 1. Full of crumbs. 2. 

Soft. 
Crum'pet, n. [Cf. Crumb.] A kind 

of soft cake, not sweetened. 
CRUM'PLE, v. t. [-ED; -ING] [Cf. 

Crimp and Cramp.] To press into 
wrinkles or folds. — v. i. To shrink 
irregularly ; to wrinkle. 

CrOnch, v. i. [-ed : -ing ] To chew 
with violence and noise. 

CRUP'PER (krdbp'per in Amer.; 
krQp'per in Ens.), n. [Fr. croupiere. 
See Croup, buttocks.] 1. Rump of 
a horse. 2. Strap of leather to pre- 
vent the saddle from slipping forward. 

— i*. t. To place a crupper upon. 
CRU'RAL (32), a. [Lat. cruralis, from 

crus, cruris, leg.] Belonging to, or 
shaped like, a leg. 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO,rO"OKj URN, RUE, PUEE ; E, I, O, silent ; C, G, soft; €,G, 



hard 



A§; EX.IST; N as NGj THIS. 



L.ofC. 



! 



CRUSADE 

CRU-SADE', n. [Fr. croisade, fr. Lat. 
crux, cross.] 1. A mediaeval military 
expedition to recover the Holy Land. 
2. Any fanatical enterprise. 

€ru-sad'ER, n. A person engaged in 
a crusade. [small cup or bottle. 

€ruse (82), n. [See Crucible.] A 

€ru'set, n. [See Crucible.] A 
goldsmith's crucible. 

Crush, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Icel. kras- 
sa, to grind. Cf. Crash.] 1. To 
press and bruise between two hard 
bodies 2. To overwhelm by pres- 
sure. 3. To subdue; to ruin. — n. 
A violent collision or compression. 

€RUST,n. [Lat. crusta, W". crest, fr. 
cresu, to harden by heat.] The hard, 
external covering of any thing ; 
hence, any concretion. — v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] To cover with a hard case, or 
crust. — v. i. To gather or contract 
into a hard crust. 

GRVS-Ta'CE-a (-taVshe-), n. pi. [Lat. 
crusta, crust, rind, shell.] One of 
the classes of the articulated animals, 
having a crust-like shell, including 
lobsters, shrimps, and crabs. 

€RUS-TA'CE-AN (-she-an), n. An ani- 
mal belonging to the Crustacea. 

€rus-ta'ce-6l'o-gy (-ta'she-), n. 
[From crustacea, and Gr. Aoyos, dis- 
course.] Science which treats of the 
Crustacea. 

€RUS-TA'CEOtJs,a. 1. Pertaining to, 
or having, a crust-like shell. 2. Be- 
longing to the Crustacea. 

CrCsT'I-ly, adv. In a crusty manner. 

€rust'i-NESS, n. Quality oi l,oing 
crusty. 

€RUST'Y,a. 1. Like crust ; hard. 2. 
Peevish ; surly ; morose. 

CRUTCH, n. [L. Lat. croccia, fr. crux, 
cross.] A staff with a cross-piece at 
the head, placed under the arm. 

€RY,r. i. [-ED; -ING, 142.] [Fr. 
crier, fr. Lat. quiritare, freq. form of 
queri, to complain.] 1. To speak, 
call, or exclaim loudly. 2. To weep 
and sob. — is. t. 1. To utter loudly. 
2. To advertise by outcry. — n. 1. 
The inarticulate sound made by an 
animal. 2. Outcry ; clamor. 3. 
Loud expression of triumph or won- 
der, of pain, &c. [rious ; heinous. 

€ry'ing, a. Calling for notice ; noto- 

€RYPT, n. [Gr. Kpvim\, fr. KpvVreiv, 
to hide.] 1. A subterranean cell ; a 
vault under a church , used for burial 
purposes. 2. A subterranean chap- 
el ; hence, a hiding-place. 

€ryp'TI€, \a. Hidden; con- 

■CRYP'TIC-AL, J cealed ; secret. 

€RYP'TO-GAM, n. [Gr. Kpvmos, hid- 
den, and ■yaju.os, marriage.] A flower- 
less plant. 

•eRYP / TO-GA'MI-AN, ) a. Pertaining 

■Cryp'to-gam'ic, J to cryptogams; 

€ryp-tog'a-MoUs, ) having the 
fructification concealed. 

€RYP-TOG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. icpvmos, 
secret, and ypa<j>etv, to write.] Art of 
writing in secret characters. 

€RYP-TOL'0-GY, n. [Gr. Kpvnroi, 
secret, and Ao-yo?, discourse.] Secret 
or enigmatical language. 




Cube. 



100 

€r¥s'TAL, n. [Gr. xpvcrraAAos, ice, 
crystal, from itpvos, frost] 1. Reg- 
ular lorm which a substance tends to 
assume in solidifying. 2. A fine kind 
of glass. 3. Glass of a watch case. 
4. Any thing resembling crystal. — 
a. Clear ; transparent ; crystalline. 

€rys'tal-line, a. Pertaining to, or 
like, crystal ; pure ; clear ; pellucid. 

Crys'tal-li-za'tion, n. Act or 
process of becoming crystallized. 

€R?S'TAL-L~IZE, V. t. [-EDj-ING.] 
To cause to form crystals. — v. i. To 
be converted into crystals. 

€rys'TAL-LOG'ra-PHY, n. [Gr. Kpvtr- 
raAAos, ice, crystal, and ypdfeiv, to 
write.] Science of crystallization. 

€lJB, n. [Prob. from Lat. cubare, to lie 
down.] A young animal, especially 
the young of the bear. — v. t. or i. 
[-BED ; -BING, 136.] To bring forth ; 
— said of animals. 

€u'ba-ture (53), n. Process of find- 
ing the cubic contents of a body. 

Cube, n. [Gr. kv[3o$, a cube, a cubi- 
cal die.] 1. A regu- 
lar solid body, with 
six equal square 
sides. 2. Product 
of a number multi- 
plied twice into it- 
self.— v.t. [-ed; 
-ing.] To multiply into itself twice. 

€U'BEB, n. [At. kababat.] The small, 
spicy berry of a tropical plant. 

t'u'Blc, ) a. Having the form or 

-Gu'Blc-AL, ) properties of a cube. 

€u'bic-al-ly, adv. In a cubical 
method. 

•€u'Bl€-AL-NESS, n. Quality of being 
cubical. 

€u'bi-form, a. [Lat. cubus, cube, 
and forma, form.] Having the form 
of a cube. 

■Cu'BlT, n. [Lat. cubitum, cubitus, el- 
bow, ell, cubit.] 1. The fore-arm. 2. 
Distance from the elbow to the ex- 
tremity of the middle finger. 

■Gu'BlT-AL, a. Pertaining to the cubit. 

-C U'BOID, ) a. [Gr /cvjSoeiSTjs, fr. 

■Gu-BOID'AL, ) kv)3os, cube, and e!Sos, 
form.] Having nearly the form of a 
cube. 

€trcK'lNG-STdoL, n. [Perh. a cor- 
rupt, of ducking-stool.'] An instru- 
ment for punishing scolds, by plung- 
ing them into water. 

-GOck'old, n. [From Lat. cucidus, 
cuckoo, in allusion to the habit of 
the female cuckoo, who lays her eggs 
in the nests of other birds, to be 
hatched by them.] A man whose 
wife is false to his bed ; husband of 
an adulteress. 

€ycK'oo (kdbk'oo), n. [Gr. kokkv^, 
Skr. kCkila.] A well-known bird, de- 
riving its name from its note. 

€u'cUL-LATE, or \ a. [Lat. cu- 
-€u-cCl'_late, (45) / cullus, a 

Cu'-CUL-la'TED, or ( cap, hood, 
-eU-cOL'LA-TED, ) cowl.] 1. 

Covered, as with a hood or cowl. 2. 
Having the shape of a hood. 

€u'€UJl-BER, n. [Lat. cucumis.] A 
well-known plant and its fruit. 



CULMINATION 

€U-€UR'BIT, ) n. [Lat. cucurbita, a 

€u-€Ur'bite, J gourd.] A chemical 
vessel in the shape of a gourd. 

€u-€UR'Bi-TA'CEotjS, a. Belonging 
to. or like, the melon and cucumber. 

•Cud, n. [A.-S. cud; ceowan, to chew.] 
1. Food brought up into the mouth 
by ruminating animals from their 
first stomach, and chewed a second 
time. 2. A piece of chewiDg tobacco. 

€UD'DLE, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Cf. 
W. cvddiaw, to hide.] To lie close 

€ud'dy, n. [Prob. a contr. from D. 
kajwt, Fr. cahute, cabin, hut.] A 
small cabin in a lighter or boat. 

tlftD'GEL, n. [W. cogel, from cog, a 
mass or lump.] A short, thick stick ; 
aclub. — v.t. [-ED,-ING; or-LED, 
-LING, 137.] To beat with a cudgel 

€0d'gel-er, n. One who beats with 
a cudgel. 

€UE (kii), n. [0. Fr. cove, coe, now 
queue, fr. Lat. cauda, tail.] 1. A tail- 
like twist of hair at the back of the 
head. 2. A hint or intimation. 3. 
The part one is to perform. 4. A 
straight rod used in playing billiards. 

•€u"FF, n. 1. A blow with the open 
hand. 2. [Perh. fr. Fr. coiffe, coeje, 
head-dress, hood, or coif.] Fold at 
the end of a sleeve. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] [Sw. kuffa, to knock, to 
push.] To strike with the flat of the 
hand, as a man. 

■Cui'-RASS' (kwe-ras' or kwe'ras), n. [L. 
Lat. coratia, curacia, orig. a breast- 
plate of leather, fr. corium, leather.] 
Defensive armor, covering the body 
from the neck to the girdle. 

€UI 7 RAS-SIER', n. A soldier armed 
with a cuirass. 

€UISH (kwis), n. [Fr. cuisse, thigh, 
leg.] Defensive armor for the thighs. 

Cuisine (kwe-ze"n'),«. [Fr.] 1. Ihe 
kitchen. 2. Style of cooking. 

€UL-DEE', n. [Lat. Cultores Dei, 
worshipers of God.] One of an an- 
cient monkish fraternity in Scotland 
and Ireland. 

€u'LI-NA-RY, a. [Lat. culinarivs, fr. 
cidina, kitchen.] Relating to the 
kitchen, or to cookery. 

€0ll, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. col- 
ligere, to collect.] To select or pick 
out. 

€!ft"LL'ER, n. One who culls ; especial- 
ly, an inspector who selects wares 
suitable for market. 

€t)L'LY, n. [Lat. colevs, culeus, a 
leather bag, scrotum, O.Fr. couillon. 
coillon, a vile fellow.] A person easi- 
ly deceived. — v. t. To d« ceive. 

€ULM, n. 1. [Lat. culmus, stalk, 
stem.] Stalk or stem of corn and 
grasses. 2 [W. cH-/w,knot.] An- 
thracite coal in small masses. 

€UL-MiF'ER-otJs, a. [Lat. culmus, 
stalk, stem, and ferre, to bear.] 
Bearing culms ; containing culm. 

€tTL'MI-NATE, V. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. culmen, top, ridge.] To reach 
the highest point or position, [ward. 

■Ctri/MI-NATE (45), a. Growing up- 

€ul / MI-NA'TION, n. 1. Attainment 
of the highest point of altitude. 2. 



A, E, I, o,v,Y, long; A,E,I, 6,U, ¥, short; care, far, ask, all. what ; ERE, veil, t£rm; p'i'que, fTrm; s6n, 



CULPABILITY 



101 



CURRENT 



Arrival at the highest pitch of glory, 
power, &c. 

Cul'pa-bil'1-ty, n. Quality of being 
culpable ; blameworthiness. 

€Du'PA-BLE, a. [Lat. culpabilis,fr. 
cidpare, to blame.] Deserving cen- 
sure ; worth} r of blame. 

Syx.— Wrong ; blamable ; censurable. 

•Gul/pa-ble-ness, n. Quality of de- 
serving blame. [manner. 

■€Di/pa-bly, adv. In a culpable 

€itl'prit, n. [Prob. for culpit (with 
r inserted), an ancient form of culped, 
accused, from a supposed 0. Eng. 
verb to culpe, Lat. cuipare, to accuse.] 
1. One accused of a crime. 2. One 
convicted of crime ; a criminal. 

€C'LT, n. [Lat. cultus, care, rever- 
ence.] Homage ; worship. 

€ul'ti-va-ble, a. Capable of being 
cultivated. 

€UL'TI-VATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [L. 
Lat. cultivare, fr. Lat. colere, to till.] 

1. To till ; to fertilize. 2. To foster ; 
to cherish. 3. To improve by care or 
study. 4. To produce by tillage. 

GUL/TI-VA'TION, n. 1. Tillage ; pro- 
duction by tillage. 2. Fostering 
care ; civilization. 3. Refinement. 

CUL/TI-VA/TOR, n. 1. 
One who cultivates. 

2. Agricultural imple- 
ment to loosen the 
surface of the earth. Cultivator. 

•CULT'URE (53), n. [Lat. cultura, fr. 
Lat. colere, to cultivate.] 1. Culti- 
vation. 2. Result of cultivation : 
refinement.— v.t. [-ED ; -ing.] To 
cultivate. 

€tJL/ VE R-1N, it. [Lat. coluber, a ser- 
pent, colubrinux, like a serpent ] A | 
long, slender piece of ordnance, for- 
merly in use. 

€0i/vert, n. [Prob. corrupt, fr. Fr. | 
couvert, covered.] An arched drain [ 
under a road or canal, &c. 

€Dl'ver-tailed, a. United by a ' 
dove-tailed joint. 

CUM'BER, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [L. 
L;it. cumbru.i;, a heap of earth.] To 
be burdensome or oppressive to. 

CtJM'BER-SOME, a. Burdensome. 

€0m'ber-s6me-ly, adv. So as to 
encumber. 

€rr>i'BER-s6ME-XESS, n. Quality of 
being cumbersome. [hindrance. 

•efni'BRANCE, n. Encumbrance ; 

■etiM/BRO&s, a. 1. Burdensome. 2. 
Giving trouble. 

Cfhl'FREY, n. See Comfrey. 

€um'IN, n. [Gr. icvfjiivov, Ar. kam- 
mun.] A dwarf plant, havi.ig aro- 
matic seeds. 

eOj^IU-LATE, V. t. [-ED : -INS.] 
[Lat. cumulare, cumulatum, fr. cu- 
mulus, a, heap.] To heap together. 

GJu'MU-LA'TION, n. Act of heaping 
together : a heap. 

€u'ML'-la-tive, a. 1. Forming a 
mass. 2. Augmenting. 

CO'N'E-AL, a. [Lat. cuneu*. a wedge.] 
Wedge-shaped ; cuneiform. 

€u'ne-ate, ) a. [See SUPRA.] Hav- 

€tJ'XE-A'TED,| iog the shape of a 

€u'NE-AT'I€, ) wedge : cuneiform. 



€u-ne'i-form, ) a. [Lat. cuneus, a 
€u'ni-form, J wedge, and/or/na, 
form.] Having the form of a wedge. 
€&N'NING, a. [From A.-S. cunnan, 
to know, to be able ] 1. Skillful ; ex- 
perienced. 2. Artfully deceitful. 3. 
Ingenious ; curious. 

Syx. — Artful ; sly ; wily ; crafty. — 
Cunning is usually low, as a trick; art- 
ful more ingenious and inventive, as a 
device: sly implies a turn for what is 
double or concealed, as, sly humor, a sly 
evasion; crafty, a. talent for dexterously 
deceiving, as, a crafty manager; wily, a 
talent for the use of stratagems, as, a 
wily politician. 

— n. Faculty or art of using strata- 
gem to accomplish a purpose ; deceit ; 
art ; craft. 

€0n'ning-ly, adv. With cunning. 

€tJP, ii. [A.-S. cupp, cuppa, from Lat. 
cupa, cuppa, tub, cask.] 1. A small 
vessel to drink from. 2. Contents of 
a cup. 3. Any thing formed like a 
cup. — v. t. [-ped; -PING, 133.] To 
bleed by scarification and a cupping- 
glass. 

Gup'-bear'er,^ One who fills and 
hands the cups at an entertainment. 

•eCP'BOARD (kub'urd), n. A small 
closet for cups, plates, &c. 

•eu'PEL, n. [Lat. cupella, small cask.] 
A small cup used in refining precious 
metals. 

Gu'pel-la/tion, n. The refining of 
gold, silver, &c, in a cupel. 

€u-PiD'l-TY,n. [Lat. cupiditas, from 
cupidus, longing.] Eager desire to 
possess something, espcially wealth ; 
covetousness ; lust. 

€C'PO-LA (147), n. [Lat. cupula, fr. 
cupa, a tub, cask.] A spherical vault 
on the top of an edifice. 

€iJP'PING, n. Operation of drawing 
blood with a cupping-glass. 

Cup'ping-glass, n. A glass vessel 
like a cup, used in letting blood. 

€u'PRE-ous, a. [Lat. cupreus, fr. cu- 
prum, copper.] Of or like copper; 
coppery. 

Cu-prif'er-ous, a. [Lat. cuprum, 
copper, and ferre, to bear.] Contain- 
ing or affording copper. 

<Ju'pule, n. [Lat. cupula.] A little 
cup, as of the .acorn. 

€UR, n. [Contr. fr. L. Ger. koter, ko- 
ther, a common dog, orig. dog of a 
cot, fr. Ger. kolli, Eng. cot.] A worth- 
less or degenerate dog. 

Cur'a-ble. a. Capable of being cured. 

€ur'a-ble-ness, n. Possibility of 
being cured. 

€l t/ ra-coa' (ku/ra-so'), n. A cordial, 
flavored with orange-peel, cinnamon. 
and mace ; so called from the island 
of Curacoa. [of a curate. 

€*u'RA-CY, n. Office or employment 

■Gu'rate, 11. [L. Lat. curatus. prop, 
one charged with the carp (Lat. rura) 
of souls.] A minister employed as an 
assistant to the rector or vicar. 

Cu'ra-tTve, a. Relating or tending j 
to cure. 

Cd-ra'TOR, n, [Lat., from curare, to ■ 
take care of] 1. A superintendent. 
2. A trustee : a guardian. 



€urb, n. 1. A check; part of a bri- 
dle. 2. A wall to hold back a mass 
of earth. 3. A wall within a well or 
round the mouth of it. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] [Fr. courber, to bend, curve, 
Lat. curvare.] 1. To restrain ; to 
confine. 2. To furnish with or re- 
strain by_a curb. 

€URB'-ROOF, 11. A 

roof having a double 
slope. 

€URB'-STONE. n. A 

stone placed edgewise Curb - roof - 
against earth to prevent its giving 
way. 

CURD, n. [Ir. gruth, truth, curd, cru- 
thaim, I milk.] Coagulated part of 
milk or of any liquid. 

€ur'dl,e, v. i. [From curd.] 1. To 
change into curd. 2. To thicken : 
to congeal.— v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] To 
change into curd. 

-Cure, n. [Lat. cura, care.] 1. Spirit- 
ual charge ; office of a curate. 2. Med- 
ical care. 3. Restoration to health. 
4. Remedy ; restorative. — v. t. [-ed ; 
-IXG.] 1. To restore to health. 2. 
To remedy ; to remove. 3. To pre- 
serve by drying, salting, &c. 

Gure'less, a. Incapable of cure ; 
incurable. [cian. 

€ur'er, ii. One who cures ; a physi- 

€ur'fe\v (kur'i'u), n. [0. Fr. couvre- 
feu, from couvrir, to cover, and feu, 
fire.] A bell at night-fall, orig. a 
signal to cover fires, extinguish lights, 
and retire to rest. 

Cu'Rl-os'l-TY, n. 1. Quality of being 
curious ; accuracy : scrupulousness. 
2. Disposition to inquire ; inquisi- 
tiveness. 3. That which is curious. 

€0'RI-OL'S, a. [Lat. curiosus, fr. cura, 
care.] 1. Solicitous to be correct ; 
careful. 2. Artfully constructed. 3. 
Eager to learn ; habitually inquisi- 
tive. 4. Singular ; odd. [manner. 

■Gu'ri-oCs-ly, adv. In a curious 

Gu'Rl-oCs-NESS, n. State or quality 
of being curious. 

€lJRL,,v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Icel. knd- 
la, to curl, to crisp.] To twist or 
form into ringlets or coils. — v. i. 1. 
To bend into curls or ringlets. 2. 
To move in curves. — n. 1. A ringlet. 
2. An undulating or curving line. 

Cur'eew (kGr'lu), n. [Fr. courlieu.] 
A wading bird, with n long bill. 

■Gurl'i-ness, n. State of being curly. 

€URI/Y, a. Having curls or a tend- 
ency to curl. 

€ur-mud'geon (-jun). 11. [0. Eng. 
corn-mud gin, a corrupt, of corn-mer- 
chant. — this class being accused of 
withholding bread from others.] An 
avaricious, churlish fellow : a miser. 

€E'R'RANT, n. [From Corinth, in 
Greece.] 1. A small dried grape, 
used in cookery. 2. Fruit of a well- 
known shrub. 

€ur'rex-cy, n. 1. State of being 
current ;' circulation . 2. Current 
value. 3. That which is in circukv 
tion ; money. 

GUR'RENT, a. [Lat. currere, current 
to run.] 1. Running or moving rap- 



OR, DQ.WOLF, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, o, silent ; , G, soft ; €, g, hard ; Ag ; EXIST; NasNG; THIS. 



CURRENTLY 



102 



CYCLE 



idly. 2. Now passing or present. 3. 
Generally received ; common. — n. 
1. A stream. 2. General course; 
ordinary procedure. 

Gur'rent-ly, adv. In a current 
manner; commonly. 

Gur'RENT-ness, n. General recep- 
tion ; currency. 

■Gur'ri-cle , n. [Lat. curriculum, fr. 

I currere, to run.] A chaise drawn by 
two horses. 

•©Or'RI-er, n. One who curries, 
dresses, and colors tanned leather. 

GUR'RISH, a. [See Cur.] Like a cur; 
snarling; quarrelsome. 

G0r'rish-ly, adv. Like a cur. 

GUR'RISH-NESS, n. Churlishness. 

GOr'ry, v. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] [Fr. 
corroyer, from Lat. corium, leather.] 
1. To dress by a particular process, 
as leather. 2. To comb or rub the 
skin of; — said of a horse. — n. [Per. 
Mitrdi, broth, juicy meats.] 1. A 
kind of sauce. 2. A stew of fowl, 
fish, &c._ 

Gur'ry-comb (-kom), n. An instru- 
ment for cleaning horses. 

GURSE, V. t. \imp. & p. p. CURSED 
or CURST.] [A.-S. cursian, prob. at 
first to imprecate evil in the name of 
the cross.] 1. To utter a wish of evil 
against; to execrate. 2. To vex, 
harass, or torment. — v. i. To use 
profane language; to swear. — n. 
Wish of evil ; malediction ; impreca- 
tion ; execration. 

Gurs'ed (60), a. 1. Blasted by a 
curse. 2. Deserving a curse. 

Syn. — Execrable; hateful; detestable. 

Curs'ed-ly, adv. Miserably; enor- 
mously; detestably. 

GOrs'er, n. One who utters a curse. 

GUR'SIVE, a. [L. Lat. cursivus, from 
cursare, to run hither and thither.] 
Running; rapid; flowing. 

Gur'so-ri-ly, adv. In a cursory 
manner ; superficially. [attention. 

GUR'SO-RI-NESS, n. Hasty view or 

GOr'so-RY, a. [Lat. cursorius, from 
currere, cursum, to run.] Character- 
ized by haste ; hastily or superficially 
performed ; superficial ; careless. 

GtJRST, imp. & p. p. of Curse. 

GOrt, a. [Lat. curtus.] Short ; con- 
cise ; abrupt ; crusty. 

€ur-taii/, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [O.Fr. 
curt, short, and tailler, to cut.] To 
cut short ; to abridge ; to diminish. 

Gur'tain (kOr'tin, 42), n. [Lat. cor- 
tina, kettle, circle, circle of a thea- 
ter.] 1. A movable cloth screen or 
covering. 2. Part of the rampart 
and parapet between the flanks of 
two bastions. — v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To inclose as with curtains. 

■eOR'Tl-EAGE (45), n. [L. Lat. curti- 
lagium; cortile, curtile, court, court- 
yard.] A yard or piece of ground 
pertaining to a dwelling-house, and 
included within the same fence. 

GftRT'LY, adv. Briefly ; abruptly. 

Gu'RULE, a. [Lat. curulis, fr. currus, 
a chariot.] (Horn. Antiq.) Belong- 
ing to a chariot ; — applied to a kind 
of chair. 



Gur'vate, ) a. [Lat. curvare,cur- 

Gur'va-TED, J vatus, to curve.] 
Bent in a regular form ; curved. 

Gur-va'tion, n. Act of bending. 

Gur'va-ture (53), n. Continual 
bending of a line or surface. 

Cure, a. [Lat. curvus, allied to Gr. 
KvpTos, curved.] Bent without an- 
gles ; curved. 

Gurve, n. 1. A bending / ^ 
without angles ; a flex- _, 
ure. 2. A line of which t ' urTe - 
no three consecutive points are in 
the same direction. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To bend; to crook ; to inflect. 

Gur'VET, ti. [Fr. courbette. See 
Curve.] 1. Leap of a horse, in 
which all his legs are in the air at 
once. 2. A prank; a frolic. — v.i. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To make a curvet. 
2. To leap and frisk. 

Gur/VI-LIn'e-AL, I a. [N. Lat. curva, 

Gur'vi-lin'e-ar, j a curve, and 
Lat. linea, line.] Consisting of, or 
bounded by, curved lines. 

G ur'yi-ty, n. State of being curved. 

GysH'ATfkdbsh'at), n. ' [A.-S. cusce- 
ote.] The ring-dove, or wood-pigeon. 

Gush'ion (kObsh'un), n. [Fr. cous- 
sin, Ger. kiissen.] 1. A stuffed case 
to sit upon. 2. Any stuffed or pad- 
ded surface. — v. t. [-ED; -ing.] 
To furnish with cushions. 

GOsP, n. [Lat. cuspis, point.] 1. A 
projecting point in arches, panels, 
&c. 2. Point or horn of the crescent. 

Gtisp'l-DAL, a. Ending in a point. 

GiJSP'l-DATE, lo. Having a sharp 

Gusp'i-DA'ted, J end. 

Gus'tard, n. [O.Fr.] A dish com- 
posed of milk and eggs. 

Gus'tard-aP'PLE, n. A plant grow- 
ing in the West Indies, and its yel- 
lowish pulpy fruit. 

Gus-to'di-an, n. [Lat. custos, a 
guard.] One who has custody of 
some public building ; a superin- 
tendent. 

Gus'to-dy, n. 1. A keeping or guard- 
ing. 2. Confinement; imprisonment. 

Gus'TOM, n. [L. Lat. costuma, from 
Lat. consuetudo, or from a later sec- 
ondary form consuetumen, custom.] 
1. Habitual or long-established prac- 
tice. 2. Business support ; patron- 
age. 3. Customary toll or tax. 4. 
pi. Duties on commodities. 

GtJS'TOM-A-BLE, a. 1. Common ; 
habitual. 2. Subject to the payment 
of duties. 

Gfts'TOM-A-Rl-LY, adv. Habitually. 

G0s'TOM-A-RY, a. According to cus- 
tom : conventional. 

GOs'tom-er, n. One who frequents 
any place for buying what he wants ; 
a purchaser. 

GOs'tom-house, n. The building 
where customs and duties are paid, 
and where vessels are entered or 
cleared. 

GOt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. cut.] [Norm. 
Fr. cotu, cut. Cf. W. cwtau, to cur- 
tail.] 1. To separate the parts of 
with a sharp instrument ; to divide ; 
to sever. 2. To hew, as wood; or 



mow and reap. 3. To carve. 4. To 
intersect; to cross.— v. i. 1. To serve 
in dividing. 2. To admit of incision 
or severance. — n. 1. A cleft : a gash. 
2. An injury or wound. 3. That 
which wounds the feelings. 4. A 
notch or channel made by cutting. 
5. A portion cut off. 6. An engraved 
block, or an impression from it. 7. 
Shape ; style ; fashion. 

Gu-ta'ne-oDs, a. [Lat. cutis, skin.] 
Belonging to, or affecting, the skin. 

Gute, a. [An abbrev. of acute.] Clev- 
er ; keen ; sharp. 

Gu'Tl-CLE, n. [Lat. cuticula. dim. of 
cutis, skin.] The outer skin ; epi- 
dermis, [cuticle. 

Gu-tic'u-LAR, a. Pertaining to the 

{Ju'tis, n. [Lat.] A dense membrane, 
next below the cuticle. 

Gut'lass, n. [L. Lat. cultellacius, 
augm. of Lat. cultellus, dim. of culler, 
knife.] A broad, curving sword. 

GlJT'LER, n. [Lat. cultellus, dim. of 
culter, knife.] A dealer in cutlery. 

Gut'ler-y, n. 1. Business of a cut- 
ler. 2. Cutting instruments in gen- 
eral. 

Gut'let, n. [Fr. cdtelette, little rib, 
dim. of cote, rib.] A piece of meat, 
cut for broiling. 

GtJT'PURSE, n. One who cuts purses 
for the sake of stealing their con 
tents. Hence, a pickpocket. 

Gut'ter, n. 1. 
One who cuts. 
2. A vessel 
rigged nearly 
like a sloop. 

GDt'-throat, 
n. A murder- 
er ; an assas- 
sin : a ruffian. 

GOt'ting, n. 1. 

Act of one who Cutter. 

cuts. 2. Something cut, cut off, or 

cut out. 

Gut'tle, )n. [A.- 

GUT'TLE-FISH, ) S. cud- 
ele, Ger. kuttel-fiscli ; fr. 
Ger. kottel, hotel, dirt 
from the guts.] A mol- 
luscous animal, which, 
when pursued, throws 
out a blackish liquor to 
conceal itself. 

Gut'-wa/ter, n. Fore 
part of a ship's prow. 

GDt'-worm (-wQrm),n. 

pillar which eats young plants. 

Cy'A-NIDE, n. A basic compound of 
cyanogen with some other element or 
compound. 

Cy-an'o-gen, n. [Gr. kvovos, dark 
blue, and root of yewdeiv, to beget.] 
A gas composed of one equivalent of 
nitrogen and two of carbon. 

Cy^-nom'e-ter, n. [Gr. kvovos, 
dark blue, and /xerpov, measure.] An 
instrument for estimating degrees of 
blueness, as of the sky. 

Cy'cl.e,m. [Gr kukAos, ring or circle.] 
1. An imaginary circle in the heav- 
ens. 2. An interval of time marked 
by the recurrence of certain events. 





Cuttle-fish. 



Any cater- 



I, E, I, 5, V, Y,long; i, 5,1,6,0, y, short; care, far, ask all, what- ere, veil, x£bm; pique, fIrm; son, 



CYCLIC 



103 



DAM 



Cy/€'LI€, ) a. Pertaining to a cy- 

<^$€'LI€-AL , J cle ; moving in cycles. 

<^Y'€LOID,«. [From Gr.Kv/cAo;, circle, 
and elSos, form.] A curve generated 
by a point in the plane of a circle, 
when the circle is rolled along a 
straight line. [cloid. 

Cy-cloid'al, a. Pertaining to a cy- 

^Y-€LOM'E-TRY,«. [Gr. kvkAo?, cir- 
cle, and ixerpov, measure.] Art of 
measuring circles. 

Qy'clone, n. [Gr. kvkKos, circle.] 
A rotatory storm or whirlwind. 

yY'CLO-PE'AN, a. Pertaining to the 
Cyclops ; huge ; gigantic ; massive. 

Cy/€LO-pe'di-a, ) n. [Gr. kvkAos, 

Qy'CLO-PyE'di-A, j circle, and irai- 
3ei'a, the bringing up of a child, edu- 
cation, erudition, from 7raiSevei.v, to 
bring up a child, fr. nals, child.] The 
circle of the arts and sciences. Hence, 
a dictionary of arts and 
sciences. 

(pYG'NET, n. [Lat. cygnus, 
Gr. kuki/os, swan.] A 
young swan. 

Qyl'in-der, n. [Gr. kv- 
AivSpos, fr. kvKCvSslv, kv- 
Ateiv, to roll.] A body of 
which the longitudinal sec- Cylinder. 




Hifr 



tion is oblong, and the cross sec- 
tion is circular. 

Cy-lin'dri€, ) a. Having the 

VY-LiN'DKre-AL, J form of a cylin- 
der, or partaking of its properties. 

^YL'IN-droid, n. [Gr. KuAii/Spos, 
cylinder, and elSos, form.] A solid 
body resembling a right cylinder. 

QYM'BAL, n. [Gr. KvixfiaXov; /cvp./3os 
any thing hollow.] A 
musical instrument. 

QYME, n. [Gr. Kv/jLa 
young sprout of a cab- 
bage.] A flat-topped or 
convex flower-cluster. Cymbals. 

Cy'mose, ) a. Containing a cyme; 

(^Y'MOUS, J in the form of a cyme. 

yvN'ie, ) a. [Gr. kwikos, dog-like.] 

(jYN'I€-AL, ) 1. Snarling ; captious ; 
surly ; currish. 2. Belonging to the 
sect of philosophers called Cynics. 

Qyn'I€, n. 1. One of the sect of an- 
cient philosophers. 2. A snarler ; a 
misanthrope. 

C/YN'l-ci§M, n. Practice or principles 
of a cynic. 

Qyn'o-sure (sin'o-shijr or si'no- 
shijr), n. [Gr. Kvvocrovpd, fr. kvojv, 
kvvos, dog, and ovpd, tail.] 1. Con- 
stellation of the Lesser Bear, which 



contains the polar star. 2. A center 
of attraction. 

Cy'pher, n. See Cipher. 

VY'PRESS, n. [Gr. KV7rapi<rcros.] A 
coniferous tree, generally evergreen. 
It is an emblem of mourning. 

Qyp'ri-an, n. 1. A native of Cyprus. 
2. A lewd woman. — a. 1. Belonging 
to Cyprus. 2. Pertaining to lewdness. 

€YR / I-0-LOG'I€,a. [Gr. Kvp.oAoyixo?; 
Kvptos, chief, and Aoyos, discourse.] 
Pertaining to capital letters. 

Qyst, n. [Gr. ku'cttis, from kvsiv, to 
hold.] A pouch or sac without 
opening, containing morbid matter. 

Qyst'io, a. Pertaining to, or con- 
tained in_, a cyst. 

Qys'to-cele, n. [Gr. kvVti?, bag, 
and *o?Ai7, tumor.] Hernia of the 
urinary bladder. 

Qys-tot'o-my, n. [Gr. kuotis. blad- 
der, and Teixveiv, to cut.] Act or 
practice of opening cysts. 

Czar (zar), n. [0. Pol., fr. Lat. Cae- 
sar.] Title of the emperor of Russia. 

Cza-ri'na (za-rS'na), n. Title of the 
empress of Russia. 

CzXr'o-witz (zar'o-wits), n. [Russ. 
tsarcwitch.] Title of the eldest son 
of the czar of Russia, 



D. 



D(de), is the fourth letter, and the 
third consonant of the alphabet. 
See Prin. of Pron. § 70. 
Dab,v. t. [-bed; -bing,136.] [Cf. 
dap, dip, tap, tip.] To strike gently, 
as with the hand or with a soft sub- 
stance. — n. 1. A gentle blow. 2. A 
small lump of any thing soft. 3. An 
expert. 4. A small flat fish. 
Dab'ble, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Dim. 
of dab.] To wet by little dips or 
strokes. — v. i. 1. To play in water. 2. 
To touch here and there ; to tamper. 
Dab'bler, n. 1. One who dabbles. 
2. A superficial meddler. [ness. 

Dab'ster, n. A master of his busi- 
ly capo (da-ka/po). [It.] (Mus.) 
A direction to return to, and end 
with, the first strain. 
Dace, n. A small river fish. 
DACTYL, n. [Gr. ScucrvAos, prop, a 
finger.] A poetical foot of three syl- 
lables, one loug, followed by two 
short, or one accented followed by 
two unaccented. 
Da€-tyl'I€ (123), a. Pertaining to, 
or consisting of, dactyls. — n. A 
line chiefly or wholly of dactyls. 
Dag'tyl-ist, ii. One who writes dac- 
tylic verse. 
DAg'TYL-ol'O-gy, n [Gr. S<£ktvAo?, 
finger, and Aoyos, discourse.] A 
method of communication by certain 
positions and motions of the hand 
and fingers. 
DXd, / n. Father ; — a word used 
Dad'dy, 1 by little children. 



Da'do, n. [It. & Sp.] Square part 
in the middle of the pedestal of a 
column. 

DAF'FO-DIL,rc. [Fr. d'asphodcle, Gr. 
aer^oSeAo?, a flowering plant.] A 
plant with beautiful yellow flowers 

Daft (6), a. Delirious; insane; cra- 
zy ; foolish. 

DAg'GER, n. [D. dagge, a dagger, W. 
dager, dagr.] 1. A short sword ; a 
poinard. 2. (Print.) A mark of ref- 
erence in the form of a dagger 
[thus, t]. — v. t. To stab. 

Dag'gle, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
trail so as to wet or befoul. 

Dag'gle-TAIL, n. A filthy person. 

Dag'-lock, ii. [0. Eng. dag, dew, 
and lock.] A dirty lock of wool. 

Da-guer're-an ( (-ger'T-an),**. Per- 

Da-guerre'i-an ) taining to Da- 
guerre, or to his invention of the da-» 
guerreotype. 

Da-guerre'o-type (-ueVo-fTp), v. 
[From Baguerre, the discoverer.] 1. 
A method of taking pictures by pho- 
tography, on plates of silvered cop- 
per. 2. The picture thus produced. 
— v. t. 1. To represent by photo- 
graphs. 2. To impress with great 
distinctness. 

Dahl'ia (daPya or dal'ya), n. [From 
Dahl, a Swedish botanist.] A genus 
of beautiful flowering plants. 

DAI'LY, a. Happening or belonging to 
each successive day. — adv. Every 
day. 

Dain'TI-LY, adv. Fastidiously ; nicely. 



Dain'TI-ness, n. State or quality of 
being dainty. 

Dain'ty, a. [Prob. from Lat. digitus, 
worthy, suitable.] 1 Delicious to the 
taste. 2. Elegant in form, manner, 
or breeding. 3. Hard to please ; fas- 
tidious. — n. That which is delicious, 
delicate, or nice. 

Syn. — Delicacy. — A delicacy is a 
nice article of any kind; a dainty is an 
exquisite article of cookery. 

DAI'RY (da'ry, 89), n. [From a sup- 
posed 0. Eng. day or dey, milk..] 
Place where milk is kept, and made 
jnto butter or cheese. 

DA'IS, n. [Gr. ScV/cos, quoit, It. dcsr.o, 
Ger. tisch, a table.] 1. A raised floor 
at the upper end of the diniug-hall. 
2. A seat with a high wainscot back, 
for the use of those who sat at the 
high table. 

DAI'§Y, n. [A.-S. d&ges-edge, day's 
eye, daisy.] A well-known plant. 

Dale, n. [Goth, dal, Icel. dalr, dala.\ 
A vale or valley. 

Dal'li-ance, ii. Act of dallying; 
interchange of caresses. 

DXl'LI-ER, n. One who dallies. 

Dai/ly, v. i. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] [Icel. 
thylia, to talk, A.-S. dot, foolish.] 1. 
To waste time in trifles ; to delay. 
2. To use fondling or wantonness ; to 
sport. 

Dam, n. [See Dame.] 1. A female 
parent; — used of beasts. 2. [Icel. 
dammr.] A bank of earth, or any 
wall to obstruct the flow of water. — 



OR, Dd, WOLF, TOO, TOOK J URN, RUE, PULL J E, 7, O, silent; 9,G,S0/r; €,G,hard; A£i EJIST; NasNO; THIS. 



DAMAGE 



104 



DATELESS 



v.t. [-med;-ming.] 1. To obstruct 
the flow of, by a dam. 2. To confine. 

DXm'AGE, n. [0. Fr., from Lat. dam- 
num, damage.] 1. Any permanent 
injury or harm. 2. pi. Compensation 
for a wrong or injury done. — v. t. 
[-ed ; -ING.] To hurt ; to injure. 

Dam'age-a-ble, a. Capable of being 
damaged^ 

Dam'as-cene, n. [From Damascus, 
a city celebrated for its plums.] A 
damson. 

Dam'ask, a. 1. Pertaining to, or re- 
sembling the products of, Damascus. 
2. Having the color of the damask- 
rose. — n. 1. A kind of stuff with 
raised figures woven in the loom. 2. 
Linen woven in imitation of damask 
silk.— v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To decorate 
with ornamental figures by weaving, 
etching, or inlaying. 

Dam'ask-en, If. i. [See Damas- 

Dam'ask-eeiV, ) cene.] To dam- 
ask. 

Dam'ask-in, n. A kind of saber ; — 
so called from Damascus. . 

Dame, n. [Lat. domina, mistress, 
lady, fr. domus, house.] 1. A lady. 
2. Mistress of a family or of a school. 

DAMN (dam), v. t. [damned; p. 
DAMNING (danVing or dam'ning, 
81).] [Lat. damnare, fr. damnum, 
damage, fine.] 1. To condemn ; to 
sentence. 2. To condemn to pun- 
ishment in the future world. 

Dam'na-ble, a. Worthy of, or liable 
to, damnation. 

Dam'na-Bly, adv. So as to incur or 
deserve damnation. 

Dam-na'tion, n. Condemnation to 
everlasting punishment. 

Dam'na-to-ry, a. Condemning to 
damnation . 

l/AMNED (damd : in serious discourse, 
damped), p. a. 1. Sentenced to 
punishment in a future state. 2. 
Hateful ; detestable. 

2)amp, a. [-ER; -est.] Moderately 
wet; moist. — n. [Icel. dampi, Ger. 
damp/, steam, vapor, smoke.] 1. 
Moisture; fog. 2. Dejection; dis- 
couragement. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 

1. To moisten. 2. To render chilly ; 
to deject. 3. To discourage. 

Damp'-EN, v. t. or 7. [ed; -ING.] 
To make or become damp. 

DAMP'ER, n. That which damps or 
checks ; as a valve in the flue of a 
stove, to regulate the draught. 

Damp'ness, n. Moderate humidity; 
moisture. 

DXM'SEL, n. [L. Lat. domicalla, dom- 
inicella. See DAME.] A young un- 
married woman. 

Dam's on (dapyzn), n. [Con tr. from 
damascene.] A small black plum. 

Dance, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [0. II. 
Ger. dansZn, to draw, fr. dinsan, to 
draw.] 1. To move with measured 
steps to a musical accompaniment. 

2. To caper; to frisk.— ?-, t. To 
eause to dance. — n. 1. Movements 
regulated by art, and the sound of 
instruments. 2. A tune for dancing. 

Dan'cer, n. One who dances. 



DXN'DE-LI'ON, n. [Fr. dent de lion, 
lion's tooth, from the size and form 
of its leaves.] A plant, with large 
yellow flowers. 

Dan'der,«. [Corrupted fr. dandruff. .] 
1. Dandruff or scurf. 2. Anger or 
vexation. [Low.] 

Dan'di-prat, n. [From dandy and 
brat, child.] A little fellow ; a child. 

DXiv'dle, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Ger. 
tdndeln, fr. tand, trifle, prattle.] 1. 
To caress ; to fondle. 2. To treat as 
a child ; to pet. [dren. 

Dan'dler, n. One who dandles chil- 

Dan'druff, n. [Cf. A.-S. tan, a 
tetter, and diof, dirty.] A scurf on 
the head. [a coxcomb. 

Dan'dy, n. [Allied to dandle.] A fop ; 

Dan'dy-'i'rm, n. Manners and charac- 
ter of a dandy. 

Dan'ger, n. [L. Lat. dangerium , fr. 
Lat. damnum, damage.] Exposure 
to injury, loss, pain, or other evil. 
Syn.— Peril; hazard; risk; jeopardy. 

— Danger is generic; peril is instant or 
impending danger, ns, in peril of one's 
life. Hazard arises from something for- 
tuitous or beyond our control, as, the 
hazard of the seas. Risk is doubtful or 
uncertain danger, often incurred volun- 
tarily, as, to risk an engagement. Jeop- 
ardy is extreme danger. 

Dan'ger-ous, a. 1. Attended with 
danger ; perilous ; unsafe. 2. Caus- 
ing danger. 

Dan'ger-ous-LY, adv. In a danger- 
ous manner. [exposed to evil. 

Dan'ger-oDs-ness, n. State of being 

Dan'GLE, v. i. [Icel. dingla.] To 
hang loosely, or with a waving mo- 
tion. 

Dan'gler, n. One who hangs about 
or follows others. [moist ; humid. 

Dank, a. [Allied to damp.] Damp; 

DAPH'NE (dafne), n. [Gr. &a.$vn.] 
The laurel, a genus of diminutive 
flowering sbrubs. 

Dap'PER, a. [D. dapher, brave, val- 
iant, Ger. tapfer.] Little and active ; 
lively ; spruce ; smart. 

Dap'ple, a. [Perh. fr. apple.] Spot- 
ted ; variegated. — i\ t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
To variegate with spots ; to spot. 

Dare, v. i. [imp. & p. p. durst.] 
[A.-S. dearr, Goth, dars, daursun, 
darusta, allied to Gr. Oapcrelv, 6ap- 
pelv.] To have sufficient courage; to 
venture, — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. 
To venture to do. 2. To challenge ; 
to defy. [some fellow. 

Dare'-dev'zl, n. A rash, venture- 

DARK, a. [-ER ; -EST.] [A.-S. dearc, 
deorc] 1. Destitute of light ; ob- 
scure. 2. Obscure ; mysterious. 3. 
Unrefined ; ignorant. 4. A 7 ile ; wick- 
ed. — n. 1. Absence of light ; ob- 
scurity. 2. Ignorance ; secrecy. 

Darken, v.t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To 
make dark or black. 2. To render 
dim. 3. To render less intelligible. 

— v. i. To grow dark or darker. 

DARK'lsH,a. Somewhat dark ; dusky. 

Dark'ling, a. In the dark, or with- 
out light. 

Dark'ly, adv. With imperfect light ; 
obscurely; dimly; blindly. 



DXrk'ness, n. 1. Absence of light. 
2. Privacy ; secrecy. 3. A state of 
ignorance or error ; wickedness. 

Syn. — Dimness ; obscurity ; gloom. 
— Darkness arises from a total, and dim- 
ness from a partial want of light. A 
thing is obscure when so overclouded or 
covered as not to be easily perceived. As 
the shade or obscurity increases, it deep- 
ens into gloom. When taken figurative- 
ly, these -words have a like, use, as, the 
darkness of ignorance; dimness of dis- 
cernment; obscurity of reasoning; gloom 
of superstition. 

Dark'some (-sum), a. Dark; gloomy. 

Dar'LING, n. [A.-S. deorling ; deore, 
dear.] One dearly beloved ; a favor- 
ite. — a. Dearly beloved ; favorite. 

Darn, r. r. [-ed;-ing.] [Cf. A.-S. 
dtaman, dyrnan, to hide.] To mend, 
as a rent, with yarn or thread. — n. 
A place mended by darning. 

Dar'nel, n. A plant ; rye-grass. 

Dart, n. [A.-S. daradh, Icel. dar- 
radhr, 0. II. Ger. tart, javelin, dart.] 
A pointed, missile weapon, to be 
thrown by the hand. — v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] 1. To throw with a sudden 
effort ; to hurl. 2. To emit ; to 
shoot. — i'. i. 1. To te let fly or 
launched, as a dart. 2. To start and 
run swiftly. 

Dart'er, n. 1. One who throws a 
dart. 2. A bird of the pelican fami- 
ily ; — so called from the way it darts 
out its long neck at its prey. 

Dash, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Icel. das- 
ka, to beat, strike.] 1. To throw 
with violence or haste. 2. To break, 
as by throwing. 3. To touch here 
and there. 4. To form or sketch 
rapidly. — v.i. To rush with vio- 
lence ; to come into collision. — n. 1. 
Collision ; crash. 2. Admixture, in- 
fusion, or adulteration. 3. Capacity 
for quick, bold movements against an 
enemy. 4. A vain show ; parade. 5. 
A mark or line [thus — ], in writing 
cr printing. 

Dash'-board, n. A board on the 
fore part of a vehicle, to intercept 
water, mud, or snow. 

Dash'er, n. 1. That which dashes. 

2. A dash-board. 

Das'TARD, n. [From dastriged. p. p. 
of A.-S. daslrigan, to frighten.] An 
arrant coward; a poltroon. — a. 
Meanly shrinking from danger ; cow- 
ardly. 

DXs'tard-ize, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
To make a dastard of. 

Das'tard-ly, a. Meanly timid ; cow- 
ardly ; sneaking, 

Da'ta, n. pi. [Lat., neut. pi. of da- 
tum, given.] See DATUM. 

Date, n. [Lat., datvs, given.] "L 
Specification of the time when a writ- 
ing, inscription, &c, was given or 
executed. 2. Precise period or time. 

3. [Gr. 8<x/ctvAo5, a finger, a date, fr. 
the fancied resemblance of this fruit 
to the finger.] Fruit of the date- 
palm.— v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To note 
the time of. — v. i. 1. To have be- 
ginning. 2. To have a date. 

DATE'LESS, a. Without date; having 
no fixed term. 



A, E, I, 6,U, \,long; XjEjIjO,^, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM ; PIQUE, FIRM; SON, 



DATE-PALM 



105 



DEBASEMENT 




Date'- d al?,i (pam), ) n. 

Date '-tree, J The 

genus of palms which 
bear dates. 

Da'tive,». [Lat. dativvs, 
fr. dare, to give.] The 
case of a noun which ex- 
presses the remoter ob- 
ject. — a. Pertaining to 
the case named dative. 

Da'tum, n.; pi. DA'TA. 
Something given or admitted 

Daub, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [ W. dwbiaw.] 

1. To smear with soft, adhesive mat- 
ter. 2. To paint in a coarse manner. 
— n. A picture coarsely executed. 

Daub'er, n. One who daubs ; a 
coarse painter. [tion. 

Daub'er-y, n. A daubing; imposi- 

Daugh'ter (daw'ter, 75), n. [A.-S. 
doktor, dohter, Gr. OvyaTqp, Skr. 
duhitri.] A female child or descend- 
ant, [of one's son. 

DAUGH'TER-iN-LAW(daW-), n. Wife 

Daugh'ter-ly (daw'-), a. Becom- 
ing a daughter ; filial. 

Daunt, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
do?nitare, intens. form of domare, to 
tame.] To repress the courage of. 
Syn.— To dismay: appall; intimidate. 

DAUNT'LESS, a. Bold; fearless. 

DAU'PHIN, n. [Fr. dauphin, a dol- 
phin, — a name given, from some 
reason unexplained, to Guigo, count 
of Vienne, in the 12th century.] Eld- 
est son of the king of France. 

Dau'phin-ess, n. 
Wife of the dauphin . 

Dav'IT, or DA'VIT, 
»'. One of two 
pieces of timber or 
iron , projecting over 
a ship's side or 
stern to raise a boat 
by Davits. 

Daw, n. A kind of crow ; a jackdaw. 

Daw'dle, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Allied 
to dandle.] To waste time in trifling 
employment, —v. t. To waste by 
trifling. 

Dawdler, n. One who dawdles. 

DAWS.D.i. [-ED; -ING.] [A -S. dagi- 
an, from daeg, day.] 1. To begin to 
grow light. 2. To begin to open and 
give promise. — n. 1. Break of day. 

2. First opening or expansion. 
DAY, n. [A.-S. dseg, Goth, dags, Skr. 

dyu, from diju, dlv, to shine.] 1. 

Period from sunrise to sunset. 2. 

Period of the earth's revolution on 

its axis, — divided into 24 hours. 3. 

A specified time. 4. Victory. 
Day'-book, n. A book in which are 

recorded the accounts of the day, in 

their order. 
Day'-break, n. First appearance of 

light in_the morning. 
Day'-dream, n. A vain fancy or 

speculation 
Day'-la'bor, n. Labor bv the day. 
Day'light (-lit), n. Light of day. 
Daysman (150), n. An umpire. 
DAY'SPRl'NG, n. Beginning of the 

day ; the dawn. 
Day'-star, n. The morning star. 




Day'-time , n. Time between sunrise 
and sunsetting. 

Daze,i>.«. [0. D. daesen, to be fool- 
ish, insane, A.-S. dwses, dwxsig, 
stupid, foolish.] To dazzle ; hence, 
to confuse ; to bewilder. 

DXz'ZLE, V. t. [-EDJ-ING.] [Dim. 
of daze.] 1. To overpower with 
light. 2. To surprise with any 
brilliancy or display. 

Dea'con (d5'kn), n. [Gr. 8l6lkovo<;, a 
servant.] A subordinate officer in 
Christian churches. 

Dea'€ON-ess (dS'kn-es), n. A female 
deacon in the primitive church. 

Dea'con-ry, I n. Office or ministry 

Dea'oon-ship, j of a deacon. 

Dead, a. [A.-S. dead, Goth, dauths.] 

1. Deprived or destitute of life ; in- 
animate; lifeless. 2. Resembling 
death in any respect. 3. Inactive ; 
unprofitable ; dull ; monotonous ; 
fixed. — adv. To the last degree ; 
completely; wholly. — n. 1. The 
most quiet or death-like time. 2. pi. 
Those who are dead. 

DEAB'EN,f.(. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
impair in vigor, &c. 2. To retard. 
3. To make vapid. 4. To deprive of 
brilliancy. 

Dead'-head, n. One who receives 
free tickets for theaters, public con- 
veyances, &c. [main strength. 

Dead'-lIft, n. A lift made with 

Dead'-light (lit), n. 
A strong shutter, for 
a cabin window. 

De ad'li-ness, v . Qual- 
ity of being deadly ; 
destructiveness. 

Dead'ly, a. 1. Capa- 
ble of causing death ; Dead-light, 
mortal ; fatal. 2. Implacable ; des- 
perately hostile. — adv. 1. So as to 
resemble death. 2. So as to occa- 
sion death. [a funer. 1. 

Dead'-MARCH, n. Solemn music at 

DEAD'NESS, n. State of being dead ; 
dullness ; languor ; coldness. 

Dead'-reck/ on-ing, n. Method of 
determining the place of a ship with- 
out the aid of celestial observations. 

Dead'-wa/ter, v.. The eddy that 
closes behind a ship as she passes on. 

DEAD'- WEIGHT (ded'wat), n. A heavy 
or oppressive burden. 

DEAF (def or d3f ), a. [A.-S. deaf, 
Goth, daubs ] 1. Wanting the sense 
of hearing either wholly or in part. 

2. Unwilling to hear or listen. 
DEAF'^N (def'n or d^fn), v. t. [-ED ; 

-ing.] 1. To make deaf; to stun. 
2. To render impervious to sound, 
as a floor. 

Deaf'-MUTE (defmut or defmut), n. 
One who is deaf and dumb. 

Deaf'ness (def- or de.f-), n. 1. Want 
of the sense of hearing. 2. Unwill- 
insrness to hear. 

Deal, t\ t. [imp. & p. p. dealt.] 
[A.-S. dselan, Goth, dailjan.] To di- 
vide ; to distribute. — v.i. 1. To 
make distribution. 2. To trade ; to 
carry on business. 3- To act : to 
manage; to treat. — n. [A.-S. dsel, 




Goth, dails.] 1. A part or portion. 

2. Distribution of cards ; also, the 
portion distributed. 3. A pine or fir 

» board or plank. 4. Wood of the 
pine or fir. 

Deal'ER, n. One who deals. 

Dean, n. [From Lat. decanvs, chief 
of ten, from decern, ten.] 1. An ec- 
clesiastical dignitary, subordinate to 
a bishop. 2. An officer in the uni- 
versities (»f Oxford and Cambridge, 
Eng. 3. Head of the faculty in some 
English universities. 4. A secretary 
of the faculty in a department of a 
college. [Amer.] 

Dean'er-y, n. Office, residence, or 
jurisdiction of a dean. 

Dean'ship, n. Office of a dean. 

Dear, a. [-er ; -est.] [A.-S. deore, 
deor, dior.] 1. Bearing a high price ; 
costly. 2. Scarce and of high price. 

3. Much esteemed ; precious. — n. 
One dearly beloved ; a darling. 

Dear'born (-bum), n. A light four- 
wheeled carriage. [a dear rate. 

Dear'ly, adv. In a dear manner ; at 

DEAR'NESs,n. State of being dear. 

DEARTH (14), n. 1. Scarcity which 
renders dear. 2. Want ; need ; 
famine. 3. Poverty ; sterility. 

Death, n. [A.-S. deadk. See Dead 
and Die.] 1. Cessation or extinction 
of bodily life. 2. Total loss. 3. Man- 
ner of d)ing. 4. Cause or instru- 
ment of loss of life. 5. A skeleton. 
6. Danger of death. 

Syx.— Decease ; demise ; departure; 
release.— Death applies to every form 
of existence; the other words only to the 
human race. Decease is the term used 
in law for the removal of a human being 
out of life; demise was formerly confined 
to the decease of princes, but is now 
sometimes used of distinguished men, 
as, the demise of Mr. Pitt: departure and 
release are peculiarly terms of Christian 
affection and hope. 

Death'-bed, n. Bed on which a 
person dies. [or extinction. 

Death'less, a. Not subject to death 

Death'ly, a. Resembling death or 
a dead body. 

DEATH's'-HEAD, n. An image rep- 
resenting the head of a human skel- 
eton. 

Death's'man. n. An executioner. 

DEATH'- WARRANT, n. An order 
from the proper authority for the 
execution of a criminal. 

Death'-watch, n. A small beetle, 
whose ticking noise (the call of the 
male for its mate), has been thought 
to forebode death. 

DE BAR', V. t. [-RED ; -RING, 136.] 
[From de and bar.] To cut off from 
entrance, as if by a bar ; to exclude; 
to deny. 

DE-BARK', r. t. [Fr. debaraiter, from 
barque. See BARK.] To" land; to 
disembark. [barking. 

De/bar-ka'tton, n. Act of disem- 

De-base', v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [From 
de and base.] To reduce from a 
higher to a lower state. 

Syn. — To abase; degrade: lower. 

De-base'ment, n. Act of debasing', 
state of being debased ; degradation- 



OR, do, WQLF, TOO, TOOK; urn, rue, PULL ; E, I, O, silent; C,G,sq/i;; €, G, hard; AS; E£IST; NOSNG; THI3. 



DEBASER 



106 



DECIDUOUS 



De-BAS'er, n. One who debases. 

De-bat'a-ble, a. Liable to be de- 
bated ; disputable. 

De-bate', n. Contention in words 
or arguments. — v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[See Beat and Abate.] To contend 
for in words or arguments. — v. i. 
To dispute ; to deliberate. 

De-bat'er, n. One who debates. 

ite-BAUCH', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Fr. 
dcbaucher, orig. to entice away from 
the workshop.] To corrupt ; to lead 
astray; to seduce. — n. 1. Intem- 
perance ; gluttony ; lewdness. 2. Act 
of debauchery. 

Mb'AU-CHEE' (deVo-she'), n. A sen- 
sual or dissipated person. 

DE-BAUCH'ER, n. One who debauches. 

De-bauch'er-y, n. Excessive in- 
dulgence of the appetites ; intemper- 
ance ; sensuality. [ing. 

De-bauch_'ment, n. Act of debauch- 

De-bent'ure (53), n. [Lat. c/ebentur, 
3d pers. pi. pres. pass, of debere, to 
owe.] 1. A writing acknowledging a 
debt. 2. Certificate entitling an ex- 
porter of imported goods to a draw- 
back. 3. Bonds and securities for 
money loans. 

De-bil'i-tate, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. debilitare, debilitatum, fr. de- 
bilis, feeble.] To make feeble, faint, 
or languid. 

De-bIl'i-ty, n. State of being feeble 
or weak ; languor. 

Syn. — Infirmity ; imbecility. — An 
infirmity belongs, for the most part, to 
individual numbers, and is often tem- 
porary's of the eyes, &c; debility is 
more general, and prevents, while it 
lasts, the ordinary functions of nature: 
imbecility attaches to the whole frame, 
and renders it more or less powerless. 
These words, in their figurative uses, 
have the same distinctions; we speak of 
infirmiti/ of will, debility of intellect, and 
an imbecility which affects the whole 
man. 

DEB'IT, n. [Lat. debitum, debt, from 
debere, to owe.] A recorded item of 
debt ; debtor side of an account. — 
v. t. [-ED ; -ING ] 1. To charge 
with debt. 2. To enter on the debtor 
side of a book. 

DEB'O-NAIR', a. [Fr. dcbonnaire, fr. 
de, of, bon, good, and air, air, look, 
manner.] Characterized by courte- 
ousness ; complaisant. 

De-bouch' (-booshO, v. i. [Fr. de- 
boiicker ; from de and boucher, to stop 
up.] To issue out of a confined 
place. 

Debouchure (da'boo'shijr'), n. 
[Fr.] Outward opening, as of a val- 
ley, river, &c. 

DEBRIS (da'Dree/), n. [Fr., fr. briser, 
to break.] 1. Fragments from a 
rock or mountain, piled up at the 
base. 2. Bubbish ; remains. 

jDEBT (det), n. [O. Fr. debte, fr. Lat. 
debita,])\. of debitum. See DEBIT.] 
1. Due ; obligation ; liability. 2. A 
fault ; a crime ; a trespass. 

BEBT'OR (def or), n. One who owes 
another money, goods, or services. 

DEBUT (da-bu'/ or da-bi}'), n. [Fr., 
prop, first cast or throw at play.] A 



beginning, first attempt, or first ap- 
pearance. 
Debutant (da'bu-tong'), n. [Fr.] 

One who makes his first appearance 

before the public. 
DECADE, n. [Gr. 6Ws, from 6Y<ca, 

ten.] Sum or number of ten. 
De-cA'dence, l n. [Lat. de and ca- 
De-CA'den-cy, j dere, to fall.] De- 
cay ; fall ; deterioration. 
Dec'A-g5n, n. [Gr. 6Y<ca, ten, and 

•yojvt'a, corner, angle.] A plane figure 

of ten sides and ten angles. 
Dec'A-He'DRAL, a. Having ten sides. 
Dec'a-he'dron, n. ; pi. dec'a-he'- 

DRA. [Gr. Sexa, ten, and eSpa, a 

seat, a base.] A solid body having 

ten sides. 
De-cal'o-gTst, n. One who explains 

the decalogue. 
Dec'a-logue (-log), n. [Gr. 6W- 

Aoyos, from Se<a, ten, and Ao-yos, 

speech.] The ten commandments. 
De-CAM'E-RON, n. [Gr.Sexa, ten, and 

jmepos, part.] A work in ten books. 
De-camp', v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Fr. 

dccamper, from camp, a camp.] To 

move away from a camp ; to depart 

suddenly. 
De-camp'ment. n. Departure from 

a camp ; a marching off. 
De-cant', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Fr. 

decanter, prop, to pour off from the 

edge of a vessel, from de and 0. Fr. 

cant, edge.] To pour off gently, as 

Hquor from its sediment. 
De'can-ta'tion, n. Act of pouring 

off a fluid gently. [cant liquors. 

De-cant'er, n. A vessel used to de- 
De-cap'i-tate, r. t. [-ED ; -INS.] 

[L. Lat. derapitare, decapitatum, fr. 

Lat. de and caput, head.] To cut off 

the head of: to behead. [ing. 

De-cap'i-t a'tion , n. Act of behead- 
DEC'A-POD, n. [Gr. oVxa, ten, and 

7rous, 7ro86s, foot.] A crustacean 

with ten feet orlegs, as the crab. 
De-car/bon-i-za'tion, n. Process 

of depriving^ a substance of carbon. 
De-car'bon-ize, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 

To deprive of carbon. 
DEC'A-STYEE, n. [Gr. Se/cao-rvAos, 

fr. Sena, ten, and oriiAos, column.] 

A building having a portico with ten 

columns in front. 
DEC'A-SYL-LAB'IC, a. [Gr. Sexa, ten, 

and o-v\\af3rj, a syllable.] Consisting 

of ten syllables. 
DE-CAY',"r. i. [-ed ; -ING.] [Lat. 

de and cadere, to fall.] To pass 

gradually from a sound or perfect 

state, to a worse one ; to fail. — v. t. 

To bring to a worse state. — n. 

Gradual failure of health, strength, 

soundness, or prosperity. 

Syn. — Decline. — Decay is stronger 

than decline. What is declining leans 

toward a fall ; what is decaying is on the 

wav to destruction. 
DE-CEASE', ». [Lat. de cessus, fr. de- 

cedere, to depart, die.] Departure 

from this life. 

Syn.— Death; demise: release. 

— v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To depart from 

this life ; to die. 
De-ceit', n. [0. Eng. deceipt, from 



Lat. deceptus, deception.] Attemp 
or disposition to deceive. 

Syn. — Deception; fraud; imposition. 

De-ceit'fue, a. Full of deceit 
triekish. [ful manner 

De-ceit'ftjl-ly, adv. In a deceit 

De-9eit'ftjl-NEss, n. Disposition to 
deceive. [or imposition 

DE-CElVA-BLE,a. Subject to deceit 

DE-CEIVE', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
decipere,^ fr. de and capere, to catch.] 
To lead into error ; to impose upon. 
Syn. — To delude : insnare ; entrap. 

DE-CElv'ER, n. One who deceives. 
Syn. — Impostor. — A deceiver operates 
by stealth and in private; an impostor 
practices his arts on the community at 
large. The one succeeds by artful false- 
hood; the other, by bold assumption. 

De-CEM'ber, n. [Lat., from decern, 
ten ; this being the 10th month 
among the early Bomans.] The last 
month in the year. 

DE-CEM'VIR, n.; Eng. pi. 3E-CEM'. 
VIRS; Lat. pi. JJE-pEM'VI-RI. 
[Lat., from decern, ten, and vir, a 
man.] One of ten magistrates in an 
cient Borne from 449 to 447 B. C. 

De-cem'VI-rae, a. Pertaining to th« 
decemvirs. 

De-cem'VI-rate (45), n. 1, Officw 
of the decemvirs. 2. A body of ten 
men in authority. 

De'cein-cy, n. 1 State of being de- 
cent ; proper formality ; modesty. % 
That which is decent or becoming. 

DE-CEN'NA-RY, n. [Lat. decern, ten, 
and annus, a year.] A period of ten 
years. 

DE-CEN'NI-AL, a. Consisting of ten 
years, or happening every ten years. 

DE'CENT, a. [Lat. decent, p. pr. of 
decet, decere, to be fitting.] 1. Suit- 
able in words, behavior, &c. 2. 
Modest. 3. Moderate, but compe> 
tent ; sufficient ; hence, respectable. 

De'cent-ly, adv. In a decent manr 
ner. 

DE-CEP'TION, n. [Lat. deceptio. See 
Deceive.] 1. Act of deceiving. 2. 
State of being deceived. 3. That 
which deceives. 

Syn. — Deceit ; fraud ; imposition.— 
Deception usually refers to the act, and 
deceit to the habit of the mind; hence we 
speak of a person as skilled in deception 
rnd addicted to deceit. An imposition 
is an act of deception practiced upon 
some one to his annoyance or injury; a 
fraud implies the use of stratagem, with 
a view to some unlawful gain or ad- 
vantage. 

De-CEP'tIve, a. Tending to deceive ; 
deceitful ; misleading. 

De-CEP'to-RY, a. Tending to deceive. 

De-charm', v. t. To disenchant. 

De-cide', v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
decldere, from de and cscdere, to cut.] 
To settle ; to end ; to conclude. — v. 
?'. To form a definite opinion ; to 
come to a conclusion. 

DE-CID'ED, a. 1. Free from ambigu- 
ity ; unequivocal. 2. Determined ; 
of fixed purpose. 3. Undeniable; 
clear. [manner. 

De-cid'ed-ly, adv. In a decided 

De-cid'er, n. One who decides. 

DE-^ID'U-oOs, a. [Lat. deciduus, fr. 



A, E,I,o,U, Y,lon§, 



,£,1,6,0-, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT J ERE, VEIL, TERM ; PIQUE, FIRM ; SON, 



DECILLION 



107 



DECREPITATION 



decider e, to fall off.] Having but a 
temporary existence. 

De-cIll'ion, n. [Lat. decern, ten.] 
According to the English notation, a 
million involved to the tenth power, 
or a unit with 60 ciphers annexed ; ac- 
cording to the French notation, a unit 
with 33 ciphers annexed. 

£)ec'i-:vial. a. [Lat. decimus, tenth, 
fr. decern,' ten.] Pertaining to deci- 
mals ; proceeding by tens. 

Decimal fractions, fractions in which 
the denominator is some power of 10. 
— n. A number or fraction ex- 
pressed in the scale of tens. 

DEC'1-MATE, V. t. [-EDJ-ING.] [Lat. 
decimare, -malum, from decern, ten.] 
1. To take the tenth part of. 2. To 
select by lot and punish with death 
every tenth man of. 

DEC'I-MA'TION, n. A selection of 
every tenth by lot. 

DEC'I-MA'TOR, n. One who decimates. 

De-CI'pher, v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [From 
de and cipher.] 1. To translate from 
a cipher into intelligible terms. 2. 
To find out the meaning of. 

DE-CI'PHER-A-BLE,a. Capable of be- 
ing deciphered. 

De-cI'pher-er, n.One who deciphers. 

DE-<j:Is/ION (-slzh'un), n. [Lat. decisio. 
See Decide.] 1. Determination; 
settlement. 2. A report of a legal 
adjudication. 3. Prompt and fixed 
determination. 

DE-Ci'siVE,a. 1. Having the quality 
of deciding a question or controversy, 
&c. 2. Marked by promptness and 
decision. 

De-ci'sive-LY, adv. So as to end de- 
liberation, doubt, or contest. 

De-ci'sive-ness, n. Quality of end- 
ing doubt, controversy, &c. ; con- 
clusiveness, [determine. 

De-CI'SO-RY, a. Able to decide or 

DECK, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. de- 
can, gedecan, allied to Lat. tegere, to 
cover ] 1. To cover. 2. To dress ; 
to clothe with elegance. 3. To fur- 
nish with a deck. — n. 1. Floor-like 
covering of a ship. 2. A pile of cards. 

Deck/er, n. 1. One who decks or 
adorns. 2. A vessel which has a 
deck or decks ; — used in composition. 

De-claim', v. i. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
dedamare, fr. de and clamare, to cry 
out.] 1. To make a formal speech 
or oration ; to harangue. 2. To 
speak pompously and elaborately. 

DE-CLAIM^ER, n. One who declaims. 

DEC'LA-MA'TION, n. 1. Act of de- 
claiming. 2. A set speech. 3. Pre- 
tentious rhetorical display. 

Ste-CLAM'A-TO-RY, a. Characterized 
by mere rhetorical display. 

Dec'LA-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of de- 
claring. 2. That which is declared 
or proclaimed ; distinct statement. 

De-clar'a-tive, ) a. Making dec- 

De-clar'a-to-ry, ) laration ; ex- 
planatory ; assertive. 

De-clare', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
declarare, fr. de and clarare, to make 
clear.] 1. To make known publicly; 
to proclaim. 2. To assert ; to af- 



firm. — v. i. To make a declaration ; 
to proclaim one's self. 

De-clar'ed-ly, adv. Avowedly. 

De-clen'sion, n. [See Decline.] 1. 
Declination ; descent. 2. Deteriora- 
tion ; decay. 3. Act of courteously 
refusing. 4. Inflection of a word, 
according to its grammatical forms. 

De-clln'a-BLE, a. Admitting of de- 
clension, [ward. 

Dec'li-nate (45), a. Curved down- 

DECH-NA'TION, n. 1. A bending 
downward. 2. Deterioration ; de- 
cay ; decline. 3. Act of deviating ; 
obliquity. 4. Angular distance of any 
object from the celestial equator. 

De-clin'a-to-RY, a. Containing or 
involving a declination. [ing. 

DE-€LIN'A-TURE<(53), 11. Actof refus- 

De-cline', v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] [Lat. 
declinare, fr. de and a supposed clin- 
are, to lean, incline.] 1. To bend 
over or hang down. 2. To fail ; to 
sink ; to decay. 3. To deviate ; to 
stray. 4. To refuse. — v. t. 1. To 
turn off or away from ; to reject 
courteously. 2. To inflect in order 
in the changes of grammatical form. 
— n. 1. A falling off; diminution; 
deterioration. 2. A gradual wasting 
away of the physical faculties. 

Syx. — Decay; consumption.— The 
first stage of the downward progress is 
decline; decay follows, tending to ulti- 
mate destruction ; consumption is steady 
decay from an inward wasting of 
strength. 

De-clin'er, n. One who declines. 

De-CLIV'I-TY, n. [Lat. dediritas, fr. 
rJeclivis, sloping.] 1. Inclination 
downward ; slope. 2. An inclining 
surface ; a slope. 

De-cli'vous, 1 a. Gradually de- 

De-cliv'1-tous, ) clining or de- 
scending ; sloping. 

De-coct', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
decoquere, decoctum, from de and co- 
quere, to cook.] 1. To prepare by 
boiling. 2. To digest. 

De-COC'TION. n. 1. Act of preparing 
for use by boiling. 2. An extract 
prepared by boiling. 

De-col'late, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. decollare, decoUatum, from col- 
lum, neck.] To behead ; to decapi- 
tate, [ing. 

DE'COL-LA'TION, n. Act of behead- 

De-€OL'OR (-kQl'ur), v. t. To deprive 
of color. [absence of color. 

De-col'or-a'TION, n. Kemoval or 

De'COM-pos'a-ble, a. Capable of 
being decomposed. 

De'com-pose', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To resolve into original elements. 

De'com-pos'Ite, a. Compounded 
more than once. 

DE-coM'PO-gl'TlON (zlsh'un). n. 1. 
Act of decomposing ; analysis. 2. 
State of being decomposed. 

De'com-pound', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
1. To mix with that which is already 
compound. 2. To decompose. — a. 
Compound of what is already com- 
pounded. 

De'com-pound'a-ble, a. Capable 
of being decompounded. 



Dec'o-rate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat 
decorare, decoratum, fr. decus, orna- 
ment.] To deck with that which is 
becoming or ornamental. 

Syn. — To adorn ; embellish ; orna- 
ment; beautify. 

Dec'O-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of deco- 
rating. 2. That which decorates. 

Dec'o-ra-tIve, a. Suited to em- 
bellish ; adorning. [rates. 

Dec'o-ra'TOR, n. One who deco- 

De-co'rous, or Dec'o-rous (118), a. 
[Lat. decorosus.] Becoming ; prop- 
er ; _seemly. 

De-co'rous-ly, or Dec'o-rous-ly, 
adv. In a becoming manner. 

De-cor'ti-cate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. decorticare, decorticatum, from 
de and cortex, bark.] To take off the 
bark of; to husk ; to peel. 

De-cor'ti-ca'tion, n. Act of strip- 
ping off the bark or husk. 

De-co'rum (118), n. [Lat. See De- 
corous.] Propriety of speech, man- 
ner, or conduct. 

Syx. — Dignity. — Decorum is that 
which is becoming in outward act or ap- 
pearance; dignity springs from an in- 
ward elevation of soul producing a cor- 
respondent effect on the manners.— The 
decorum of a public assembly; the dig- 
nity of the men who compose it. 

De-coy', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [From 
de and coy ; orig. to soothe, entice.] 
To lead into a snare. 

Stbt. — To deceive; entrap; insnare. 

— n. 1. A lure for birds used by 
sportsmen. 2. A place into which 
wild fowl are enticed. 

De-coy'-duck, n. A duck, or an 
imitation of one, used to draw others 
into a net ; — often used figuratively. 

De-crease', v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
decrescere, from de and crescere, to 
grow.] To become less. — v. t. To 
make less ; to diminish gradually. 

Syn. — To diminish.— Things usually 
decrease or fall off by degrees, and from 
within, or through some cause which is 
imperceptible; as, the flood decreases; 
the cold decreases; their affection has 
decreased. Things commonly diminish 
or are diminished by an action from with- 
out, or one which is apparent: as, their 
affection lias diminished since their sepa- 
ration. The turn of thought, however, 
is often such that these words may be in- 
terchanged. 

— n. A becoming less ; gradual dim- 
inution. 

DE-CREE', n. [Lat. dccretum, fr. de- 
cernere, to decide.] An order or de- 
cision made by some competent au- 
thority. — v. t. [-ed; -ING.] To 
determine by authority ; to order ; 
to appoint. 

DEC'RE-MENT, n. [Lat. decrementum, 
from decrescere. See DECREASE.] 1. 
Decrease ; waste ; loss. 2. Quantity 
lost by gradual diminution. 

DE-CREP'IT, a. [Lat. decrepitvs, orig. 
noised out, noiseless, as old people. [ 
Wasted by the infirmities of old age. 

De-crep'i-tate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
To roast or calcine, so as to cause a 
continual crackling — v. i. To 
crackle, as salts when roasting. 

De-CREP'I-ta'tion, n. Act of de- 
crepitating. 



OR, do, wolf, TOO, TOOK.; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; C,g, soft; €,u,hard; ASj EXIST ; N as KG ; THIS. 



DECREPITNESS 



108 



DEFENSE 



De-€REP'it-ness, ) n. Broken state 

De-crep'i-tude, ) produced by de- 
cay and the infirmities of age. 

De-€RES'cent, a. Decreasing. 

De-cre'tal, a. [Lat. decretalis. See 
Decree.] Containing a decree. — 
n. 1. An authoritative decree ; esp. 
a letter of the pope, determining 
some point in ecclesiastical law. 2. A 
collection of the pope's decrees. 

^e-cre'tist, n. One who studies, or 
is versed in, the decretals. 

De-€RE'tive, a. Having the force 
or nature of a decree. 

Dec're-to-ry (50), a. Established 
by a decree ; definitive. 

De-crT'AL, n. A crying down ; a 
clamorous censure. 

De-€RI_'ER, ii. One who decries. 

De-cry', v t. [-ed ; -ing, 142.] [Fr. 
dccrier. See CRY.] To censure as 
faulty, mean, or worthless. 

Syn. — To depreciate; detract; dispar- 
age. — Decry and depreciate refer to the 
estimation in which a thing is held, the 
former seeking to cr// it down, and the 
latter to run it down in the opinion of 
others. Detract and disparage refer to 
merit or value, which the former assails 
with caviling, &c., while the latter will- 
fully underrates and seeks to degrade it. 
Men decry their rivals and depreciate 
their measures. The envious detract 
from the merit of a good action, and dis- 
parage the motives of him who performs 

De-cCm'bence, ) n. Act, posture, or 

De-€ Cm/be n-'cy, J state of lying 
down. 

De-cOm'BENT, a. [Lat. decumbere, 
decumbent, from de and cttmberc, for 
cubare, to lie down.] Lying down ; 
prostrate ; recumbent. 

DEC'U-PLE, a. [Gr. oe/ccurAoOs, from 
8eica, ten.] Tenfold ; multiplied by 
ten. — ii. A number ten times re- 
peated. — v. t. To make tenfold. 

0E-€U'RI-ON, n . [Lat. decurio, fr. de- 
curia, a division of ten] A Roman 
officer who commanded ten soldiers. 

DE-ctJR'RENT, a. [Lat decurrere, de- 
currens, to run down.] Extending 
downward. 

DE-CUS'SATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. decussare, -atum, from decussis, 
(orig. eqniv. to decern asses), the 
number X, or ten.] To cross at an 
acute angle. [the form of an X. 

De'cus-sa'tion, n. Intersection in. 

De-DEC'O-ROUS, a. [Lat. dedecorus. 
See Decorous.] Disgraceful; un- 
becoming ; infamous. 

DEd'i-cate, r. J. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
dedicate, -catum, from de and dicare, 
to declare, dedicate.] 1. To set 
apart aud consecrate. 2. To inscribe 
or address. 

Ded'I-cate (45), a. Set apart ; de- 
voted ; consecrated. 

DED'I-CA'TION, ii. 1. Actof dedicat- 
ing. 2. Address to a patron or 
friend, prefixed to a book. 

DED'I-CA'TOR, v. One who dedicates. 

Ded'i-ca-to-ry (50), a. Composing, 
or serving as, a dedication. 

De-dFce', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
d edit cere, from de and ducere, to lead, 



draw.] To obtain as the result of 

reasoning ; to infer. 
De-vjuce'ment, n. Act of deducing; 

that which is deduced. [deduced. 
De-du'ci-ble, a. Capable of being 
DE-DU'£iVE,a. Performing the act 

of deduction. 
DE-DUCT', v. t. [-EDJ-ING.] [Lat. 

deducere, deductum. See DEDUCE.] 

To take away ; to subtract. 
De-DU€'TION, n. 1. Act or method 

of deducing. 2. Act of deducting. 

3. That which is deduced ; inference. 

4. That which is deducted ; part 
taken away. 

De-duct'ive, a. Pertaining to de- 
duction ; deducible. [deduction. 

De-duct'ive-ly, adv. By way of 

Deed, n. [A.-S. died, fr. don, to do.] 
1. That which is done ; an act. 2. 
Achievement ; exploit. 3. A sealed 
instrument in writing, containing 
some transfer or contract, -especially 
in regard to real estate. — v. t. To 
convey by deed. 

Deem, f. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. de- 
man, domian.] To think ; to judge; 
to be of opinion. 

Deep, a. [-er ; -est.] [A.-S. deop, 
diop, from dyppan, to dip, immerse.] 

1. Extending far below the surface. 

2. Extending far back from the 
front. 3. Low in situation. 4. Hard 
to penetrate or comprehend ; pro- 
found. 5. Profoundly learned. G. 
Penetrating; thorough. 7. Com- 
plete and overmastering. 8. De- 
pressed ; abject. 9. Dark ; intense. 
10. Of low tone: grave. — adv. Far 
down; profoundly; deeply. — n, 1. 
Deep water. 2. That which is pro- 
found. 3. The midst ; the depth. 

Deep'en, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 
make deep or deeper. 2. To make 
darker. — v. i. To become deeper. 

Deep'ly, adv. 1. At or to a great 
depth. 2. Profoundly. 

Deer, n. sing. & pi. 
[A.-S. deor, an ani- 
mal, esp. a wild ani- 
mal.] A ruminant 
quadruped of several 
species. 

De-face',^, t. [-ed; 
-ING ] [Lat. de and 
fades, face.] To mar 
the appearance of ; to 
disfigure. 

De-FACE'MENT, n. 1. Act of defa- 
cing; injury to the external appear- 
ance. 2. That which defaces. 

De-fa'CER. ii. One who defaces. 

DE-FAL/CATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[L. Lat. defalcate, def ale atum, to de- 
duct, orig. to cut off" with a sickle.] 
To cut off ; to deduct a part off. 

De'fal-ca'tion, n. 1. A cutting off: 
deficit. 2. That which is cut off. 3. 
An abstraction of money, &c. ; an 
embezzlement. 

Def'a-ma'tion, n. [See DEFAME.] 
Slander ; detraction : calumny. 

De-f\m'A-to-ry, a. Containing def- 
amation ; calumnious ; slanderous. 

De-fame', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 




Deer. 



defamare, from de and fama, fame.] 
To speak evil of ; to asperse. 
Syn.— To slander; calumniate. 

De-fam'er, n. One who defames. 

De-fault', n. [L. Lat. defalta, from 
de and fallere, to deceive.] 1. Omis- 
sion of what ought to be done. 2. 
Defect ; want ; failure ; lack. 3. Fail- 
ure to take some step necessary to 
secure the benefit of law. — v.i. 
[-ED ; -ing.] To fail to appear in 
court. — v. t. 1. To fail to perform. 
2. (Latv.) To call, as a defendant, 
and make an entry of his default, if 
he fails to appear in court. 

De-fault'er, 11. One who fails to 
account for public money intrusted 
to his care. 

De-fea'sance, n. [Norm. Fr. de- 
fesance, fr. def aire, to undo.] A ren- 
dering null or void. [defeated. 

De-fea'si-ble, a. Capable of being 

De-FEAT', n. [Fr. defaite, from de-- 
faire, to undo.] 1. An overthrow, 
as of an attack, an army, &c. 2. 
Frustration. — v. t. [-ED : -ing.] 1. 
To render null and void. 2. To 
overcome, as an army. 3. To re- 
sist with success. 

Syn.— To overthrow; ruin; over- 
power ; subdue ; rout ; foil ; discomfit ; 
baffle; disappoint; frustrate. 

Def'e-cate, r. (. [-ED; -ing.] [Lat. 
defsecare, defsecatum, from de and 
fsex, dregs.] To clear from lees, 
dregs, &c. ; to purify. 

Def'e-cate, a. Freed from any 
thing that can pollute ; refined ; 
purified. [from impurities. 

Def'e-ca'tion, n. Act of separating 

De-FECT', n. [Lat. defectus. from de- 
ftcere, to desert, fail, be wanting.] 1. 
Want or absence of something ne- 
cessary. 2. Blemish ; deformity. 

Syn. — Fault. — Defect is negative, de- 
noting the absence of that which is neces- 
sary to a thing's completeness or perfec- 
tion ; fault is positive, denoting some- 
thing improper or wrong. The faults of 
a friend are too often palliated into mere 
defects. 

De-fec'tion, n. Act of abandoning 
a person or cause ; apostasy. 

De-FECT'ive, a. Wanting in some 
important respect ; deficient ; faulty. 

De-fegt'ive-ly, adv. Imperfectly. 

De-fect'IVE-ness, n. State of being 
imperfect. 

De -fence', n. See Defense. 

De-fend', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
defendere.] 1. To guard from injury. 
2. To contest, as a suit. 

Syn. - To protect. — To defend is lit- 
erally to ward oft ; to protect is to cover 
over. We defend those who are attacked; 
we protect those who are liable to injury 
or invasion. A fortress is defended by it3 
guns, and protected by its walls. See also 

VlNniCATE. 

De-fEnd'ant, v. 1. One who makes 
defense. 2. (Law.) The party that 
opposes a complaint, demand, or 
charge. 

De-fend'er, n. One who defends. 

De-fEn'sa-tive, n. That which 
serves to guard or defend. 

De-FENSE', ) n. [Fr. defense, Lat. de- 

DE-FENCE', ) fensa. See DEFEND.] 



A, e, I, o,u, Y,long; A,£,I, 6, u, y, short; CARE, FAR, ask, all, what; ERE, V£IL, TERM; pique, firm; son, 



DEFENSELESS 



109 



DEHORT 



1. Act of defending. 2. That which 
defends. 3. Defendant's plea. 

SYN. — Protection ; guard; fortifica- 
tion; vindication; apology : justification. 

De-feN9E'less, i a. Destitute of 

De-FENCE'LEss, J defense or pro- 
tection, [defended. 

De-fen'st-BLE, a. Capable of being 

Pe-fen'sIve, a. 1. Serving to de- 
fend. 2. Carried on by resisting at- 
tack. 3. In a state to defend. — n. 
That which defends ; a safeguard. 

De-fen'sIVE-ey, adv. In a defensive 
manner. 

De-f£r' (14), v. t. [-RED; -ring.] 
[Lat. defette, to 'bear away, deliver, 
report ; diffetre, to bear apart, put 
off, delay.] 1. To put off; to post- 
pone. 2. To submit in a respectful 
manner. — v. i. 1. To delay; to 
wait. 2. To yield from respect to 
another. 

DE F'E R -E NC E , n . A yielding of judg- 
ment or preference ; complaisance. 

S YX. — Respect. — Deference usuallv, 
but not always, implies respect. We 
may defer on some one point to a man 
who knows better than we do, while we 
have no general respect for his character. 

Def'er-ent, a. Serving to convey. 
— n. That which carries or conveys. 

Def'er-en'TIAE, a. Expressing def- 
erence. 

Defi'ance, n. 1. Act of defying; 
a challenge. 2. State of opposition ; 
willingness to fight. [insolent. 

De-fi'ant, a. Full of defiance ; bold; 

De-fi'cience, In. State of being 

De-fi'cien-CY, j deficient; inade- 
quacy ; failure. 

De-FI'cient (-fish'ent), a. [Lat. de- 
ficere, dejiciens, to be wanting ] Want- 
ing to make up completeness. 

Syn.— Inadequate; defective; imper- 
fect; short. 

De-fi'cient-ly (-fish'ent-), adv. In 
a deficient manner. 

Def'i-cIt, n. [Lit. it is wanting.] 
Deficiency in amount or quality. 

D E -F I'E R , n . One who defies . 

De-file', or De'file, n. [Fr. de- 
file, fr. defiler.] A long, narrow pass, 
as between hills, &c. 

DE-FILE', l\ t. [-ED; -ING.] [0. Eng. 
defyle, defoul, A.-S. fylan, to pol- 
lute, from fill , foul.] 1. To pollute ; 
to corrupt. 2. To make impure or 
turbid. 3. To make ceremonially 
unclean. — v. i. [Fr. defiler, from 
de, for des, andfile, a row or line.] 
To march off file by file. 

De -file 'me NT, n. State of being 
defiled ; foulness ; pollution. 

De-FIL'ER, n. One who defiles or pol- 
lutes, [defined. 

De-fin'a-ble , a. Capable of being 

De-fine', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
definite, fr. de and finite, to iirnit. to 
end.] 1. To end. 2. To mark the 
limits of. 3. To determine with pre- 
cision. 4. To explain ; to interpret. 

De-fin'er, n. One who defines. 

Def'i-nIte, a. 1. Having certain 
limits. 2. Precise in signification. 
3. Fixed; exact. 4. Serving to de- 
fine or restrict. 



Def'I-nIte-LY, adv. In a definite 
manner; exactly. [definite. 

Def'i-nIxe-ness, n. State of being 

Def'i-Ni'TIQN (-nlsh'un), n. 1. Act 
of defining. 2. An explanation of 
the meaning of a word or term. 

Syn. — Explanation; description. — A 
definition is designed to settle a thing in 
its compass and extent; an explanation 
is intended to remove some obscurity or 
misunderstanding, and is therefore more 
extended and minute; a. description en- 
ters into striking particulars with a view 
to interest or impress by graphic effect. 

DE-FlN'I-TlVE, a. Determinate; final ; 
conclusive ; unconditional. — n. A 
word used to limit the extent of the 
signification of a common noun. 

DE-FIN'I-TIVE-LY, adv. Finally ; con- 
clusively ; positively. [ness. 

DE-fIn_'i-tive-ness, n. Conclusive- 

De-fla'gra-Ble, or Def'la-gra- 
BLE, a. Burning with a sudden 
and sparkling combustion. 

DEF'LA-GRATE, v. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. deflagtate, deflagtatmn, fr. de, 
andflagtate, to flame.] To burn 
with a sudden and sparkling com- 
bustion. 

Def'la-gra'tion, n. A sudden and 
sparkling combustion, without ex- 
plosion. 

DEF'LA-GRA'TOR, n. A form of the 
voltaic battery for producing rapid 
and powerful combustion. 

DE-FLECT', v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
deflectete, fr. de and fleeter e, to bend.] 
To deviate from a right line, proper 
position, course, or direction. — v. t. 
To cause to turn aside. 

DE-FLE€'TlON, n. Act of turning 
aside from a right line or proper 
course ; deviation . 

De-FLEX'URE, n. A bending or turn- 
ing aside j deflection. [ing. 

Def'lo-ra'tion, n. Act of deflour- 

DE-FLOUR', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [L, 
Lat. deflorate, fr. de and florare, to 
flower.] To deprive of virginity ; to 
ravish ; to seduce. 

De-FlOx'ION (-fluk'shun),?;. [Lat. de- 
fluxio, fr. defluere, to flow down.] A 
discharge of humors. 

De-FO'LI-A'TION, n. [Low Lat. de- 
foliate, to shed leaves.] The fall of 
the leaf, or shedding of leaves. 

DE-FOR^E', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [0. Fr. 
deforcer, defotciet. See FORCE.] To 
keep from the lawful possession of 
the owner. 

DE -FORCE 'ME NT, n. A wrongful 
withholding, as of lands or tene- 
ments. 

DE-FOR'CIANT, n. One who keeps out 
of possession the rightful owner of 
an estate. 

DE-FORM',v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat.rfe- 
fotmatt, fr. de and form ate, to form.] 
1. To mar ; to disfigure. 2. To ren- 
der displeasing or ugly. [uring. 

Def'or-ma'tion, n. Act of disfig-- 

De-f6rm'er, n. One who deforms. 

De-f6rm'I-ty, n. 1. State of being 
deformed ; irregularity of shape. 2. 
Any thing that destroys beauty, 
grace, or propriety. 



8 Yff. — Distortion; ugliness; defect. 

DE-FRAUD', v. t. [-EDp-lNG.] [Lat. 
defraud ate, from de nndfraudare, to 
cheat.] To deprive of right by fraud, 
deception, or artifice. 

8YN. — To cheat ; cozen ; deceive. 

DE-FRAUD'ER, n. One who defrauds. 

De-fray', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Fr 
defrayer, fr. de and ftais, expense.^ 
To bear or pay the expense of. 

DE-FRAY'AL, n. Act of defraying. 

De-fray'er, n. One who pays ex- 
penses. 

Deft, a. [A.-S. daft ; da/an, to be fit 
or apt.] Apt ; fit ; neat. [ously. 

D&FT'LY, adv. Aptly ; fitly ; dexter- 

De-fOncT', a. [Lat. defunctus, p. p. 
of de fungi, to discharge, depart, die.] 
Dead ; deceased. — n. A dead person. 

DE-FY', v. t. [-ed; ; -ING, 142.] [Fr. 
defier, from Lat. dis and fides, faith.] 
To provoke to combat or strife ; to 
challenge ; to dare. 

DE-GAR'NI3H,V. t. [-ED, -ING.] [Fr. 
degarnir, from de and garnir, to fur- 
nish.] To deprive of entirely, as of 
furniture or troops. 

De-gen'er-a-cy, n. A becoming de- 
generate ; a growing worse. 
Syn. — Decay; deterioration. 

DE-GEN'ER-ATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. degenerate, -atum, fr. degener, 
degenerate.] To be or grow worse; 
hence, to be inferior ; to deteriorate. 

De-GEN'er-ate (45), a. Deteriorated j 
degraded ; mean ; base ; low. 

De-gen'er-ATE-LY, adv. In a de- 
generate manner. 

De-gen'er-ate-ness, n. State of 
being degenerate. [worse. 

De-gen'ER-a'tion, n. A growing 
Syn. — Decline; degradation; debase- 
ment: deterioration. 

DE-GLU'TI-NATE, V. t. [-EDJ-ING.] 
[Lat. deglutinare, -atum, fr. de and 
glutinare, to glue.] To unglue. 

Deg'lu-tPtion (-tish'un), n. [Lat. 
deglutire, to swallow down.] Act oi 
power ofswallowing. 

Deg'ra-da'TION, n. [L. Lat. degra. 
datio. See Degrade.] 1. A reducing 
in rank, character, or reputation. 2. 
A gradual wearing down, as of rocks, 
banks, and the like. 

De-grade', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. 
To reduce from a higher to a lower 
rank or degree. 2. To reduce in es- 
timation or reputation. 3. To wear 
down, as hills and mountains. 
Syn. — To abase; demean; lower. 

DE-GREE', n. [Fr. degr6, fr. Lat. de 
and gtadus, step, degree.] I. One 
step upward or downward ; grade ; 
gradation. 2. Position; station; 
rank ; extent. 3. Academical rank 
indicated by a diploma. 4. 360th 
part of the circumference of a circle. 
5. A division on a mathematical or 
other instrument. 6. (Mus.) Differ- 
ence in position between two notes. 

DE-HIS'CENCE, n. [Lat. dehiscete, de- 
hiscens, to gape.] 1. Act of gaping. 
2. Opening of pods, &c, at maturity. 

DE-hIs'cent, a. Opening, as the cap* 
sule of a plant. 

DE-HORT', v. t. [Lat. dehottati, from 



OR, DO, WQLF,TO"0,TO"OK; Urn, rue, pyLL •, JE , J, o, silent \ c, G, soft; €,G,hatd; Agj bxist; Ho-sng; THIS. 



DEHORTATION 



110 



DELUDE 



de and hortari, to urge, exhort.] To 
dissuade._ [ing. 

Df/hor-ta'TION, n. Act of dissuad- 

De-hort'a-to-ry, a. Fitted to dis- 
suade. 

D£'I-CIDE, n. [Lat. deus, god, and 
cssdere, to cut, kill.] 1. Act of put- 
ting to death a being possessing a 
divine nature. 2. One concerned 
in putting Christ to death. 

De-if'I€, I a. [Lat. deificus, from 

De-IF'I€-AL, J deus, a god, and fa- 
cere, to make.] Making divine. 

De'i-fi-ca'TION, n. Act of deifying ; 
apotheosis. 

De'i fi'er, n. One who deifies. 

De'I-FORM, a. [Lat. deus, a god, and 
forma.] Like a god ; of a godlike 
form. 

De'i-fy,u. t. [-ed; -ing, 142.] [Lat. 
deificure. See DEIFIC] 1. To make 
a god of. 2. To treat as an object 
of supreme regard. 

Deign (dan), v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Fr. 
daigner, from Lat. dignus, worthy.] 
To vouchsafe ; to condescend. — v. t. 
To condescend to give or bestow. 

De'ism, n. Doctrine or creed of a deist. 

De'IST, n. One who believes in the 
existence of a God, but denies re- 
vealed religion ; a freethinker. 

De-Tst'I€, ) a. Pertaining to de- 

De-Ist'ig-AL, ) ism or to deists. 

De'I-TY, n. [Lat. deltas, from deus, 
god.] 1. Divinity ; godhead. 2. A 
divine being. 

De-JE€T',i\ t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. de- 
jicere, dejectum, fr. de and jacere, to 
throw.] To cast down the spirits of. 
Syn. — To dispirit ; dishearten ; de- 
press. 

De-ject'ed-LY, adv. In a dejected 
manner. 

De-jec'tion, n. 1. Lowness of spir- 
its ; melancholy ; disheartenment. 2. 
A low condition ; weakness. 3. ( Med. ) 
(a.) Act of voiding the excrements. 
(b) Matter voided. 

De-lapse', v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
delabi, delapsus, to fall down..] To 
fall or slide down. 

De-lay', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To 
put off; to defer. 2. To stop or 
hinder, for a time. 
Syn. — To procrastinate ; prolong. 

— v. i. To move slowly; to linger. 

— n. [Fr. delai, fr. Lat. dilatum, 
from differre, to defer.] 1. A put- 
ting off or deferring ; procrastination. 
2. Stay ; detention ; hindrance. 

De_-lay'er, n. One who delays. 

De'le, v. t. [Lat., imp. sing, of de- 
lere, to destroy.] Erase ; remove ; — 

- a direction to cancel something which 
has been put in type. [ted out. 

D£l'E-BLE, a. Capable of being blot- 

DE-LE€'TA-BLE, a. [Lat. delectabilis, 
from de.lectare, to delight.] Highly 
pleasing ; delightful. 

De-LE€'ta-bly, adv. In a delecta- 
ble manner. [delight. 

De'lec-ta'TION, n. Great pleasure ; 

Del'e-gate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. delegare, delegatum, from de, 
and legare, to send as embassador, 



to depute.] 1. To send as one's rep- 
resentative. 2. To assign ; to commit. 

Del'e-gate (45), n. One deputed to 
represent another. — a. Sent to act 
for or represent another. 

Del'e-GA'tion, n. 1. Act of dele- 
gating. 2. One or more persons de- 
puted to represent others. 

De-LETE', v. t. [-ED;-ING.] [See 
DEL*.] To blot out ; to erase. 

DEL'E-TE'RI-OUS (89), a. Having the 
quality of destroying, or extinguish- 
ing, life. 

De-le'TION, n. Act of deleting. 

Delf, n. Earthen ware, covered with 
white glazing. 

DE-L1B'ER-ATE, V. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. deliberare, deliberatum, from de 
and librare, to weigh.] To take 
counsel with one's self; to reflect ; to 
consider. 

De-lib'er-ATE, a. 1. Carefully con- 
sidering the probable consequences ; 
circumspect. 2. Formed with delib- 
eration. 3. Not hasty ; slow. 

De-l!b'er-ate-LY, adv. Circum- 
spectly ; slowly. [being deliberate. 

De-lYb'er-ate-ness, n. Quality of 

DE-LfB'ER-A'TlON, n. 1. Act of de- 
liberating. 2. Careful discussion and 
examination of the reasons for and 
against a measure. 

De-lib'er-a-tjlve, a. Proceeding or 
acting by deliberation. 

Del'i-€A-CY, n. 1. State of being 
delicate ; delightfulness. 2. Nicety 
of form or texture ; hence, frailty or 
weakness. 3. Susceptibility or ten- 
derness of feeling ; and henco, effem- 
inacy. 4. Critical niceness. 5. A 
luxury or pleasure. 6. Something 
pleasant to the taste ; a dainty. 

Del'I-GATE, a. [Lat. delicalus, from 
eWi«';e, delight.] 1. Delightful. 2. 
Pleasing to the senses. 3. Fine or 
slender. 4. Slight or smooth. 5. Soft 
and fair. 6. Refined. 7. Tender ; 
not able to endure hardship. 8. Re- 
quiring nice handling. 

Syn.— Nice; fine ; elegant ; gentle ; 
considerate ; feeble ; frail ; effeminate ; 
critical; luxurious. 

Del'i-caje-ly, adv. In a delicate 
manner. [delicate. 

D£l'i-€ATE-ness, n. State of being 

De-li'cious (-lish'us), a. [Lat. deli- 
ciosus, fr. delicise, delight.] Sweet or 
grateful to the senses, especially to 
the taste. 

Syn.— Delightful.— Delicious refers 
to the pleasure derived from certain of 
the senses, as, delicious food, a delicious 
fragrance; delightfxd may also refer to 
most of the senses, hut has a higher ap- 
plication to matters of taste, feeling, and 
sentiment, as, a delightful abode, conver- 
sation, prospect, &c. 

De-lPcious-ly (-lish'us-), adv. In 
a delicious manner. 

DEL'I-GA'TION, n. [Lat. deligatio, 
fr. delegare, to bind up.] A binding 
up \_ a bandaging. 

De-light' (-Hf), n. [From Lat. de- 
lectare.] 1. Lively pleasure or hap- 
piness ; joy. 2. That which affords 
delight. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [0. 
Fr. deliter, from Lat. de.lectare, from 



de and lacere, to entice.] To please 
highly. [delight. 

De-light'ed (-lit' ), p. a. Full of 
Syn. — Glad; pleased ; gratified ; 
charmed. 

De-light-ful (-lit'-), a. Affording 
great pleasure and satisfaction. 

De-light'ful-ly (de-lit'-), adv. In 
a manner to delight. 

De-lin'e-ate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. delineare, -aturn , fr. r/eand lin- 
eare.] 1. To represent by sketch or 
diagram .2. To portray to the mind. 

De-lKn'e a'tion, n. Act of delin- 
eating. 

Syn. — Sketch ; portrait ; outline ; 
draught. 

De-liN'e-a'tor, n. One who delin- 
eates. 

De-lIn'quen-cy (de-link'wen-), n. 
Omission of duty ; fault ; misdeed. 

De-Lin'quent (-llnk'went), a. Fail- 
ing in duty. — n. [Lat. delinquescere, 
delinquens, to be wanting in duty.] 
One who fails to perform his duty ; 
an offender or transgressor. 

DEL'I-QUESCE' (-kweV), v. i. [-ED 
(-kwesf); -ING.] [La.t.deliquescere, 
fr. de and liquescere, to become fluid.] 
To dissolve gradually by absorbing 
moisture from the air. 

Del'i-ques'cence, n. Act or state 
of being deliquescent. [the air. 

DEL'I-QUES'CENT, a. Liquefying in 

De-lir'i-oOs, a. Having a delirium ; 
lightheaded ; insane. 

DE-LIR'I-UM, n. [Lat., from delirare, 
orig. to go out of the furrow.] 1. 
Mental aberration. 2. Strong ex- 
citement. 

Delirium tremens, a violent delirium 
induced by the excessive use of intoxi- 
cating liquors. 
Syn. —Insanity; frenzy; madness. 

De-liv'er, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Fr. 
delivrer, fr. Lat. de and liberare, to 
set free.] 1. To set at liberty ; to 
save from evil. 2. To give or trans- 
fer. 3. To communicate. 4. To re- 
lieve of a child in child-birth. 

Syn.— To release; discharge; liberate; 
surrender; resign; pronounce; utter.— 
One who delivers a package gives it forth ; 
one who delivers a cargo discharges it ; 
one who delivers a captive liberates him; 
one who delivers a message or a discourse 
utters or pronounces it; when a platoon 
of soldiers deliver their fire, they set it 
free or give it forth. 

De-liv'ER-ance, n. 1. Act of deliv- 
ering. 2. State of being delivered; 
freedom . 

De-liv'er-er, n. One who delivers. 

De-liv'er-y, n. 1. Act of delivering ; 
rescue ; surrender. 2. Style of ut- 
terance. 3. Parturition. 4. Free- 
dom ; preservation. 

Dell, n. [See Dale.] A small re- 
tired dale or valley. 

Del'PHIN, )a. Pertaining to the 

Del'phine, ) dauphin of France or 
to an edition of the classics, prepared 
for his use. 

Del'ta, n. 1. The Greek letter A. 
2. A tract of land of a similar figure ; 
esp. between two mouths of a river. 

De-lude', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
deludere, fr. de and ludere, to play, 



i, e, i, 5, u, y, long; A, S,I, 6,u, y, short; care, far, Ask; all, what; ere, veil, t£rm; pique, firm; son, 



DELUDER 



111 



DEMURRAGE 



mock.] 1. To lead into error. 2. To 
frustrate or disappoint. 

De-lud'er, n. One who deludes. 

Del'UGE, n. [Fr. deluge, fr. Lat. di- 
luvium, from diluere, to wash away.] 
1. An inundation ; a flood. 2. Any 
great calamity. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To overflow ; to inundate. 

DE-LU'giON, n. 1. Act of deluding ; 
deception. 2. State of being delud- 
ed. 3. False belief. 

Syx. — Illusion ; fallacy. — An illusion 
is a false show, a mere cheat on the fancy 
or senses; a delusion is a false judgment, 
usually affecting the real concerns of 
life; a. fallacy is something (like an argu- 
ment, &c.) having a specious appearance, 
but destitute of reality and truth. The 
illusions of youth; the delusions of stock- 
jobbing; a. fallacy in reasoning. 

DE-LU'si'VE, a. Fitted to delude ; de- 
ceptive; beguiling. [lacious. 

De-lu'so-ry, a. Apt to delude ; fal- 

Delve, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. 
del/an.] 1. To dig. 2. To pene- 
trate ; to trace out. — v.i. To labor 
with the spade. 

Delv'er, n. One who delves. 

Dem'a-gog'Ism, n. Practices of a 
demagogue. 

Dem'A-goGUE (-gog), n. [Gr. Srj/xa- 
yuryos, fr. Sr}p.o?, the common people, 
and dywyos, leading.] An artful 
politician. 

De-main', n. See Demesne. 

De-mand', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Lat. 
demandare, to intrust.] 1. To ask 
or call for with authority. 2. To ask ; 
to question. 3. To be in urgent need 
of. — n. 1. Act of demanding ; exac- 
tion. 2. Earnest inquiry. 3. Dili- 
gent search. 4. Thing claimed. 

De-mand'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
demanded. [a plaintiff. 

De-mand'ant, n. One who demands ; 

De'MAR-ka'tion, n. [Fr. demarca- 
tion. See Mark.] 1. Act of mark- 
ing, or setting a limit. 2. A limit 
ascertained. 

De-mean', v.*. [-ed; -ing.] 1. [0. 
Fr. demener, demesner, from de and 
mener, to lead, drive, conduct.] To 
manage ; to conduct ; to treat. — v. 
t. 2. To carry or conduct; to behave. 
3. [From de and mean.] To debase ; 
to lower. 

Syx.— To degrade. — Among our early 
writers, demean was taken to be connect- 
ed with mien and demeanor, «nd not with 
mean. This is still the approved use of 
the word; yet it is not unusual, even at 
the present day, to speak of a man's de- 
meaning [i. e. degrading], himself by 
improper conduct. 

De-Mean'or, n. Manner of behaving. 
Syx. — Behavior; deportment; car- 
riage; bearing; mien; conduct. 

De'men-c"Y, n. "[Lat. dementia, from 
de.mens, mad.] Insanity. 

De-men'tate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. dementare,dementatus.] To de- 
prive of reason, [reason. 

DE'MEN-TA'TION, n. Deprivation of 

De-men* ti-a (-shl'a), n. [Lat.] 1. 
Insanity. 2. A total loss of reason-} 
idiocy. 

De-meph'i-tize, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[From de and Fr. mephitiser, to infect 



with mephitis.] To purify from foul, 
unwholesome air. 

DE-MER'IT, n. [Fr. demerite, from de 
and merite, merit.] 1. That which de- 
serves blame ; fault ; crime ; vice. 2. 
Ill-desert. 

De-mEr'SION, n. 1. A drowning ; im- 
mersion. 2. State of being over- 
whelmed. 

De-mes/mer-Ize, v. t. To relieve 
from mesmeric influence. 

DE^MESNE' (-meen'), n. [From Lat. 
dominium, prop, right of ownership.] 
Chief manor-place, with part of the 
lands belonging thereto. 

Dem'i-&6d, n. A fabulous hero. 

Dem'i-JOHN (-jon), n. [A corrupt, of 
Damaghan, in Khorassan.] A glass 
vessel inclosed in wicker-work. 

Dem'1-lune, n. A work constructed 
beyond the main ditch of a fortress, 
to defend the curtain ; a ravelin. 

DE-MISJE', n. [From Fr. demetlre, p. 
p. de.rn.is, demise, to put away, lay 
down.] 1. Transmission ; transfer- 
ence. 2. Decease of a royal or prince- 
ly person, or of any distinguished in- 
dividual. 3. Conveyance or transfer 
of an estate. 

Syx. —Death ; decease; departure. See 
Death. 

— v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] To transmit 
by succession or inheritance ; to be- 
queath. 

Dem'i-sem'i-qua/ver, n. A short 
note, equal to half of a semi-quaver. 

De-mis'sion (-mish/un), n. [Lat. de- 
missio.] Degradation ; humiliation. 

DEM'I-TINTy, n. A gradation of color 
between positive light and positive 
shade. 

DEM'I-URGE, n. [Gr. S-rj/uoupyd?, work- 
ing for the people, a workman.] An 
exalted and mysterious agent, em- 
ployed in the creation of the world 
and of man from matter. 

Dem'i-volt, n. An artificial motion 
of a horse, in which he raises his fore- 
legs in a peculiar manner. 

DE-MOG'RA-CY, n. [Gr. SrnxoicpaTCa, 
fr. Srjfj.o';, the people, and Kparelv, to 
rule.] Government in which the 
supreme power is in the hands of the 
people. [mocracv. 

Dem'o-crat, n. An adherent of de- 

Dem'O-crXt'K, \ a. Pertaining 

Dem'o-crat'ic-al, J to, or favor- 
ing, democracy. 

Dem'O-^rXt'ig-AL-LY, adv. In a 
democratical manner. 

De-mol'ish,^. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
demoliri, from de and moliri, to con- 
struct.] To throw or pull down ; to 
pull to pieces ; to ruin. 

Syx. — To overturn ; overthrow ; de- 
stroy ; dismantle; raze. — That is over- 
turned or overthrown, which had stood 
upright; that is destroyed whose compo- 
nent parts are scattered; that is demol- 
ished which had formed a mass or struct- 
ure; that is dismantled which is stripped 
of its covering, as a vessel of its sails, or a 
fortress of its bastions, &c; that is razed. 
which is brought down smooth and level 
to the ground. 

De-mol'ish-er, n. One who demol- 
ishes. 



Dem'O-lI'tion (-lish/un), n. Act of 
demolishing; ruin; destruction. 

DE'MON, n. [Gr. Saipnov, a divinity] 
1. ( Gr. Antiq.) A spirit holding a 
middle place between men and the 
gods ; also, a departed soul. 2. An 
evil spirit ; a devil. 

DE-MO'm-A€, I a. Pertaining to, 

Dem'o-ni'A€-al, ) or influenced by, 
demons ; devilish. 

De-mo'ni-ag, n. A human being 
possessed by a demon. [false gods. 

De'mon-Isjvi, n. Belief in demons or 

De'MON-oe'A-TRY, n. [Gr. Sai>wi>, 
demon, and \arpeCa, worship.] Wor- 
ship of demons. 

De'mon-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. Saifiw, 
demon, and Aoyos, discourse.] A 
treatise on demons. 

De-mon'stra-bil'i-ty, n. Quality 
of being demonstrable. 

De-mon'stra-bee, a. Capable of 
being demonstrated. 

De-Mon'stra-bly, adv. In a man- 
ner to demonstrate 

Dem'on-strate, or De-mon'- 
strate (117), v. t. [Lat. demon- 
strare, demonstratus, fr. de andmon- 
strare, to show.] 1. To point out; 
to indicate. 2. To prove, or estab- 
lish so as to exclude possibility of 
doubt. 3. To exhibit and describe 
the parts of when dissected. 

DEM'ON-STRA'TlONjn. 1. Act of dem- 
onstratiug ; proof. 2. A manifesta- 
tion. 3. Exhibition and description 
of the parts of a subject for dissec- 
tion. 4. (Mil.) A decisive exhibi- 
tion of force. 

De-mon'stra-tive, a. 1. Having 
the power of demonstration. 2. 
Frank ; open. 

De-mon'stra-tIve-ly, adv. Cer- 
tainly ; clearly ; openly. 

Dem'on-stra/tor, n. One who dem- 
onstrates, [demonstrate. 

De-m6n'stra-TO-ry, a. Tending to 

De-mor'al-i-za'tion, n. Act of 
subverting morals, or of corrupting 
discipline, courage, &c. 

De-mor'al-ize, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To render corrupt in morals, or in 
discipline, courage, &c. 

DE-MOT'l€, a. [Gr. Stj/aotiko?, from 
Stj/uos, the people.] Pertaining to the 
people ; popular ; common. 

DE-MUL'CENT, a. [Lat. demulcens, 
p. pr. of demulcere, to soften.] Soften- 
ing, mollifying. — n. A substance of 
a bland, mucilaginous nature. 

De-mOr', v. i. [-red ; -RING, 136.] 
[Lat. demorari, fr. de and morari, to 
delay.] 1. To delay ; to suspend 
proceedings in view of a doubt. 2. 
To raise an objection, and rest upon 
it for a decision by the court. — n. 
Stop ; hesitation as to proceeding. 

De-mure', a. [0. Fr. de murs, i. e. dz 
bonnes murs, of [good] manners.] L, 
Of modest appearance ; grave. 2. 
Making a show of gravity. 

DE-MURE'EY,acft>. In a demure man- 
ner, [demure. 

DE-MURE'NESS, n. State of being 

De-mur'rage, n. 1. Detention of a 



OR, do, WOLF, TO~0, TO"ok ; URN, RUE, PULL ; e, I, o, silent ; C, G, soft; c, &, hard; A£ ; exist ; N. as NG ; THIS. 



DEMURRER 



112 



DEPLANTATION 



vessel by the freighter. 2. Payment 
made for such detention. 

De-MUR'RER, n. 1. One who demurs, 
2. (Law.) A stop in an action upon 
a point of difficulty which must be 
determined by the court before 
further proceedings can be had. 

De-my', n. A size of paper next 
smaller than medium. 

Den, n. [A.-S.] 1. A cave used for 
concealment or security. 2. A haunt ; 
a retreat. 

DEN'A-RY,a. [La 1 den arms, from de- 
cern, ten.] Containing ten ; tenfold. 
— n. The number ten. 

DE-NA'TirN-AL-lZE (-nash'un-), v. t. 
[-ED;-ING.] To divest of national 
character or rights. 

DE-NAT'U-RAL-iZE,*?. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
1. To render unnatural. 2. To de- 
nationalize. 

Den'dri-form, a. [Gr. SevSpov, a 
tree, and Lat. forma, form.] Haying 
the appearance of a tree. 

Den'drite, n. [Gr. 5ei/SpiTrj5, from 
SevSpov, a tree.] A mineral, on or in 
which are branching figures. 

Den-drit'IG, ) a. Containing de- 

Den-drYt'IC-AL, { lineations which 
branch like shrubs or trees. 

DEN'DROID, a. [Gr. SevSpoeiS^, from 
SevSpov, tree, and elSos, form.] Re- 
sembling a shrub or tree in form. 

Den-drol'O-gYst, n. One who is 
acquainted with the natural history 
of trees. 

DEN-DROL'O-GY, n. £Gr. SevSpov, a 
tree, and \6yos, discourse.] Natural 
history of trees. 

Den-drom'e-TER, n. [Gr. Sevdpov, 
a tree, and p.4rpov, measure.] An 
instrument to measure the height 
and diameter of trees. [denied. 

De-ni'a-BLE, a. Capable of being 

De-ni'al, n. 1. Act of denying. 2. A 
contradiction. 3. Refusal to grant. 4. 
Refusal to acknowledge ; disavowal. 

De-ni'ER, n. One who denies. 

Den'i-za'TION, n. Act of making 
one a denizen or adopted citizen. 

DEN'1-Z.EN (-zn), n. [Norm. Fr. deins- 
zein.] 1. An adopted or naturalized 
citizen. 2. A dweller ; an inhabit- 
ant. 

De-nom'i-na-Ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing denominated or named. 

De-nom'i-nate, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. denominare, denomination, fr. 
de and nomen, a name.] To give a 
name to ; to entitle ; to designate. 

De-nom'i-na'tion, n. 1. A name, 
esp. a general name indicating a class 
of like individuals. 2. A collection 
of individuals called by the same 
name ; a sect. [a denomination. 

De-nom'I-na'TION-AL, a. Relating to 

DE-NOM'l-NA-TfvE, a. Conferring or 
possessing a denomination or title. 

De-nom'1-na'TOR, n. 1. One who 
gives a name. 2. That number 
placed below the line- in vulgar frac- 
tions, [denoted. 

De-not'a-BLE , a. Capable of being 

De.n'o-ta'tion, n. Act of denoting. 

De-note', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 



denotare, fr. de and nolare, to mark.] 
1. To indicate ; to mark. 2. To 
signify ; to mean. 

Denouement (d'noo'mong'), n. 
[Fr.] 1. Catastrophe. 2. feolution 
of a mystery ; event. 

DE-NOUNVE',r. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
denunciare ^ from de and nunciare, to 
announce.] 1. To threaten. 2. To 
inform against. 

De-nounce'MENT, n. Denunciation. 

Dense, a. [Lat. densus.] Having the 
constituent parts closely united ; 
close ; compact. [compactness. 

Den'si-TY, n. Quality of being dense; 

Dent, n. [A modif. of dint.] Mark 
made by a blow ; indentation. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To make a dent upon ; 
to indent. 

Den'TAL, a. [Lat. dens, dentis, a 
tooth.] Pertaining to the teeth. 

DEN'TATE, ) a. [Lat. dentatus, fr. 

Den'TA-ted, J dens, a tooth.] 
Toothed ; notched. [of teeth. 

Den-TA'tion, n. Form or formation 

Dent'ed, a. Impressed with little 
hollows. [point. 

DEN'TI-€LE, n. A small projecting 

DEN-Tfe'U-LATE, ) a. Notchedinto 

Den-tkj'U-la'ted, j little tooth- 
like projections. 

Den-TI€'U-LA'TION, n. State of be- 
ing set with small notches. 

Den'ti-FORM, a. [Lat. dens, tooth, 
and forma, form.] Having the form 
of a tooth. 

DEN'TI-FRICE, n. [Lat. dentifricium, 
fr. dens, a tooth, and fricare, to rub.] 
A powder to clean the teeth with. 

DEn'TIL, n. [Lat. denticulus.] A 
square block in cornices. 

Den'tist, n. One who cleans, ex- 
tracts, repairs, or fills teeth, and in- 
serts artificial ones. [a dentist. 

DEn'tist-ry, n. Art or profession of 

Den-TI'tion (-tlslVun), n. 1. Pro- 
cess of cutting the teeth. 2. System 
of teeth peculiar to an animal. 

Den'toid, a. [Lat. dens, tooth, and 
Gr. et8os,form.] Shaped like a tooth. 

De-nude', v. t. [Lat. denudare, from 
de and nudare, to make naked.] To 
make bare or naked ; to strip. 

Den'U-da'tioN, n. 1. Act of making 
bare. 2. The wearing away of rocks, 
as by running water. [nounce. 

De-nun'ci-ate (-shl-at), v. t. To de- 

De-nDn'ci-a'tion (-shl-a'shun), n. 
1. Act of denouncing. 2. Public 
menace or accusation, [denounces. 

DE-NUN'ci-A'TORf-shl-),^. One who 

De-nun'ci-a-to-ry (-shi-), a. Con- 
taining a denunciation. 

DE-NY', v. t. [-EO ; -ING, 142.] [0. 
Eng. denay, Lat. denegare, lrom de 
and negare, to say no.] 1. To con- 
tradict. 2. To refuse ; to reject. 3. 
To withhold. 4. To disown. 

De-6b'stru-ENT, a. Removing ob- 
structions"; aperient. — n. A medi- 
cine which removes obstructions ; an 
aperient. 

De'o-dand', n. [Lat. Deo dandum, 
to be given to God.] A personal 
chattel given to God, that is, for- 



feited to the crown, to be applied to 
pious uses. [odor. 

De-o'dor-ize, v. t. To deprive of 

De-o'dqr-iz'er, n. He who, or 
_that which, deodorizes, [deontology. 

De'ON-tol'o-gist, n. One versed in 

De'on-tol'o-gy, it. [Gr. Seov, an ob- 
ligation, and Aoyos, discourse.] Sci- 
ence of that which is morally binding. 

DE-6x'I-DATE, V.t. [-EDJ-ING.] To 
deprive of oxygen. 

De-ox'1-da'tion, n. Act or process 
of reducing from the state of an ox- 
ide, [deoxidate. 

De-6x'i-DIZE, v. t. [-ED; -ing.] To 

De-part', v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [From 
Lat. de and partire, partiri, to pari?, 
divide, distribute.] 1. To go forth 
or away. 2. To quit this world ; ;o 
die. 

DE-PART'MENT, n. 1. A distinct 
portion or course. 2. Subdivision 
of business or official duty. 3. Ter- 
ritorial division. 4. Military sub- 
division of a country. 

De-part-MENT'AL, a. Pertaining to 
a department. 

De-part'URE (53), n. 1. Act of de- 
parting. 2. Death. 3. Distance east 
or west from the meridian from 
which a vessel or course departs. 
Syn.— See Death. 

DE-PEND', v. i. [-EDJ-ING.] [Lat. 
dependere, from de and pendcre, to 
hang.] 1. To hang. 2. To be in 
suspense. 3. To rely for support. 
4. To trust ; to confide. 5. To be in 
a condition of service. 

De-pend'ant, n. See Dependent. 

DE-pend'ence, n. 1. Act or state 
of depending or of being dependent ; 
concatenation ; subjection ; reliance. 
2. That which depends. 

DE-PEND'EN-CY, n. 1. State of be- 
ing dependent. 2. A thing hanging 
down. 3. That which is attached to 
something else. 4. A colony. 

De-pend'ent, a. [See Depend.] 1. 
Hanging down. 2. Contingent or 
conditioned; subordinate. — n. 1. 
One who depends ; a retainer. 2. 
That which depends ; a corollary. 

DE-PHLEG'MATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. de and phlegma, phlegm, Gr. 
<j!>A.ey|ua.] To deprive of superabun- 
dant water ; to rectify. 

Deph'leg-ma'tion, n. Operation of 
dephlegmating ; concentration. 

DEPH'LO-GIS'TI-CATE, V. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To deprive of phlogiston, or 
the supposed principle of inflamma- 
bility. 

DE-PY€T', V. t. [-EDJ-ING.] [Lat. 
depingere, depictum ; from de and 
pingere, to paint.] 1. To form a 
painting or picture of. 2. To rep- 
resent in words ; to describe. 

DE-PI€T'URE (53), V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[From Lat. de and pictura, painting.] 
To paint ; to picture. 

DE-PlL'A-TO-RY, a. [From Lat. de- 
pilare, to strip of hair.] Having 
power to remove the hair and make 
bald. 

De'PLAN-TA'TION, n. [Lat. deplan- 



A, E, I, Q,\},Y,long; A, £,I, 6, tJ, f, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, firm; s6n, 



DEPLETE 



113 



DERIDINGLY 



tare, to take off a twig, from de and 
planta, plant.] Act of taking up 
plants from beds. 

De-plete', v. t. [ -ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
deplete, depletion, to empty out.] 1. 
To empty by venesection. 2. To ex- 
haust the strength or resources of. 

De-ple'tion, n. Act of depleting. 

De-ple'to-ry, a. Calculated to de- 
plete._ [ing deplored. 

JSE-PLOR'A-BLE, a. Worthy of be- 

Syx. — Lamentable. — Literalh/, the 

word lamenUMe denotes mourning 

aloud, and deplorable, mourning with 

tears._The last is. therefore, the strongest. 

De-plor'a-ble-ness, n. State of 
being_ deplorable. 

De-plor'a-bly, adv. Lamentably. 

De-plore', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
deplotate* from de and plorare, to cry 
out.] To express poignant grief for. 

De-pl5r'er, n. One who deplores. 

De-ploy', v. t. [-ed; -i> t g.] [Fr. 
deployer, from de, equiv. to Lat. dis, 
and ployer, equiv. to p' f r, to fold,fr. 
Lat. plicare.] To open ; to extend. 

Dep'lu-ma'tion, n. 1. The stripping 
or falling off of plumes or leathers. 
2. A disease of the evelids. 

De-plume', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [From 
Lat. de and plumare, to cover with 
feathers.] 1. To deprive of plumes 
or plumage. 2. To lay bare. 

De-PO'nent, a. [Lat. deponens, lay- 
ing down (its proper passive mean- 
ing).] Having a passive form with 
an active meaning ; — said of certain 
verbs. — n. [Lat. deponens, laying 
down (evidence).] 1. One who gives 
a deposition under oath. 2. A de- 
ponent verb. 

DE-P6p'U-LATE, r. t. [-EDI-ING.J 
[0. Fr. depopu'.er.] To deprive of 
inhabitants ; to dispeople. 

De-pop'u-la'tion, n. Act of de- 
populating, [populates. 

De-pop'u-la'tor. 7t. ODe who de- 

De-port', v. t. [-ed: -ing.] [Lat. 
deportare, fr. de and portare, to car- 
ry.] 1. To transport : to carry away. 
2. To demean : to behave. 

De'POR-ta'tion, n. Banishment; 
exile ; transportation. 

De-port'jient, n. Manner of de- 
meaning one"s self with respect to 
the courtesies and duties of life. 
Syx. — Carriage; behavior; conduct. 

De-POVa-ble, a. Capable of being 
deposed. 

De-pos'al, ». Act of deposing. 

De-pose', v. t. [-ed: -ing.] [Fr. de- 
poser, fr. Lat. de and ponere, to put, 
place.] 1. To degrade ; to divest of 
office. 2. To bear written testimony 
to. —v. i. To bear witness. 

De-POS/er, n. One who deposes. 

DE-POg'lT, v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] [Lat. 
deponere, depositum. See supra.] 1. 
To lay down ; to place ; to put. 2. 
To lay away for safe keeping. — n. 
1. That which is deposed, or laid or 
thrown down. 2. That which is in- 
trusted to the care of another. 

De-p6§'i-ta-RY. n. One with whom 
any thing is left in trust ; a trustee. 

DEP'o-gl'TIONt-zish'un), n. 1. Act 



| of deposing or depositing. 2. Act of j De-pres'sion (de-presh'un) 



setting aside a public officer ; re- 
moval. 3. That which is deposited ; ! 
sediment. 4. (Law.) Testimony in j 
writing, under oath or affirmation. \ 
_ Syx. — Affidavit. — An affidavit is 
simply a declaration under oath ; a dep- 
osition is the testimony of a witness 
who is unable to attend on a trial. It 
must so be taken before a magistrate that 
both parties have an opportunity to ask 
questions. 

DE-p5s'i-TOR,7t. One who makes a 
deposit. 

De-pos_'I-to-ry, n. Place where any j 
thing is deposited for sale or keeping. | 

De-pot' (de-p5' or dG'po), n. [Fr. \ 
depot. See Deposit.] 1. A ware- 
house ; a storehouse. 2. A military 
station. 3. A railway station. 

DEP'RA-VA'TION, n. 1. Act of de- 
praving. 2. State of being depraved ; 
corruption ; profligacy. 

De-prave', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. I 
depravare, fr. de and pravus, crooked, j 
wicked.] To make bad or worse. 

Syx. — To corrupt ; vitiate ; contami- ! 
nate; pollute. 

De-prav'1-ty, n. [Lat. de and pravi- 
tas, crookedness, perverseness.] State I 
of being depraved : extreme wicked- I 
ness. 

Syx. — Depravation ; corruption. — I 
Depravity is a disposition or settled J 
tendency to evil; depravation is the act j 
or process of making depraved, as, the 
depravation of morals. Corruption ap- 
plies to any thing which is greatlv viti- ! 
ated, as, a corruption of morals, of" taste, 
of language, &c. 

DEP'RE-€ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. deprecari, deprecatum, from de 
and precari, to pray.] To pray for 
deliverance from ; to regret deeply. 

DEP'RE-GA'TION, n. 1. Act of dep- 
recating. 2. Entreaty for pardon. 

Dep're-ca/tive, a. Deprecatory. 

Dep're-ca'tor, n. One who depre- 
cates, [to deprecate. 

Dep're-oa-to-RY (50), a. Serving 

De-pre'ci-ate (-shi'at, 95), v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] [Lat. depretiare, de- 
pretiatum ; de and pretiare, to prize.] 
To lessen in price or estimated value. 
Syx.— To decry; disparage ; traduce ; 
lower ; underrate. See Decby. 
— v. i. To fall in value ; to become 
of less worth ; to sink in estimation. 

DE-PRE'CI-A'TION (-pre'shi-), n. I. 
Act of lessening reputation, price, or 
value. 2. Falling of value. 

De-pre'ci-a/tive (-prG'shi-), a. In- 
clined to underrate. 

DEP'RE-DATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. deprtedari, deprsedatum, fr. de 
and prsedari, to plunder.] 1. To 
plunder :_ to despoil. 2. To devour. 

Dep're-da'tion, n. Act of depre- 
dating, or state of being depredated. 

DEP'RE-DA'TOR, n. One who com- 
mits depredations. 

De-press', v. t. [-ed : -ing.] [Lat. 
deprimere, depression, from de and 
premere, to press.] 1. To press 
down : to cause to sink. 2. To hum- 
ble. 3. To cast a gloom upon. 4. 
To embarrass, as trade, commerce, 
&c. 5. To cheapen. 



Act of depressing. 2. State of being 
depressed. 3. A cavity or hollow. 4. 
Humiliation. 5. Despondency. 6. 
Embarrassment or hindrance, as of 
trade, &c. 7. Angular distance of a 
celestial object below the horizon. 

Syn. — Reduction ; sinking ; fall ; de- 
jection; melancholy. 

De-PRESS'Ive, a. Able or tending to 
depress. 

De-priv'a-ble, a. Liable to be d<y- 
prived, dispossessed, or deposed. 

Dep'ri-va'tion, n. 1. Act of de- 
priving. 2. Loss ; want ; bereave- 
ment. 

De-prive', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
de and private, to bereave, deprive.] 

1. To takeaway: to remove. 2. To 
dispossess. 3. To divest of office. 

Syx. — To strip : bereave ; rob ; de- 
spoilj debar : abridge. 

De-prjy'er, n. One who deprives. 

Depth, n. [From deep.] 1. Quality 
of being deep. 2. Profundity ; ob- 
scurity : poignancy ; completeness ; 
darkness ; lowness. 3. That which 
is deep : a deep, or the deepest part. 

Dep'u-rate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [L. 
Lat. depurate, depuratum, fr. Lat. 
de and purare, to purify.] To free 
from impurities or feculence, [ing. 

DEP'U-RA'TION, n. Act of depurat- 

DeP'U-ta'tion, n. 1. Actof appoint- 
ing a substitute or representative. 

2. Person or persons deputed to act. 
on behalf of auother. 

De-pute', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat 
deputare, to esteem, in late Lat. to 
destine, allot.] To appoint as subs- 
titute or agent ; to delegate. 

Dep'u-ty, n. One appointed as the 
substitute of another, and empow- 
ered to act for him. 

fSS^ Deputy is used in composition 
with the names of various executive 
officers, to denote an assistant empow- 
ered to act in their name. 
IDE-RANGE', v. t. [-ED;-ING.] [Fr 
deranger, fr. de, for des, and ranger, 
to range, arrange.] 1. To put out of 
place. 2. To disturb in the action 
or function. 3. To render insane. 

Stk. — To disorder ; embarrass ; dis- 
arrange; disturb; ruffle ; disconcert. 

De-range'ment, ?i. The act of de- 
ranging, or the state of being de- 
ranged ; mental disorder. 

DER'E-LfGT, a. [Lat. derelictus, p. p. 
of derelinquere, to forsake wholly.] 1. 
Abandoned. 2. Abandoning respon- 
sibility. — 77. A thing voluntarily 
abandoned by its proper owner. 

Der'e-lio'tion, n. 1. Abandon- 
ment. 2. State of being abandoned. 

De-ride', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat 
deridere, fr. de and ridere, to laugh.] 
To laugh at with contempt. 

Syx.— To ridicule : mock ; taunt ~ 
A man may ridicule without unkind- 
ness of feeling ; his object may be to 
correct. He who derides is actuated by 
a severe and contemptuous spirit ; to 
mock is stronger, denoting open and 
scoffing derision ; to taunt is to reproach 
with bitter insult 

De-rid'er, n. One who derides. 

De-rid'ing-ly, adv. In derision. 



OR,D 7, a t olf,TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE , PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; C,G, soft; €,&,hard; A§; EglST ; N as NG ; THla. 



DERISION 



114 



DESIRE 



De-RiS/ION (-rlzh'un), n. 1. Scorn- 
ful or contemptuous treatment. 2. 
An object of contempt. 

Syn.— Scorn; mockery; insult; ridi- 
cule. 

De-rT'sTve, a. Expressing, or char- 
acterized by derision. [manner. 

De-ri'sive-ly, adv. In a derisive 

De-riv'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
derived; inferrible. 

Der'i-va'tion, n. 1. A drawing or 
descending from a source. 2. That 
which is derived ; a derivative. 

De-riv'a-tive, a. Derived; second- 
ary. — n. That which is derived ; any 
thing obtained, or deduced from, an- 
other, [ative manner. 

De-riv'A-tIve-LY, adv. In a deriv- 

De-rive', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
derivare, from de and rivus, stream.] 
1. To receive as from a source. 2. 
To trace the origin, descent, or deri- 
vation of. 

Syn.— To trace; deduce; infer; draw. 
— v_. i. To flow ; to proceed. 

De-riv'er, ii. One who derives. 

DERM (14), n. [Gr. Sep/xa.] Natural 
covering of an animal ; skin. 

DErm'al,, a. Pertaining to the skin. 

Der'ni-er, a. [St.] Last ; final. 

Der'o-gate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. derogare, derogatum, from de 
and rogare to ask the people about 
a law.] 1. To annul in part ; to re- 
strict. 2. To detract from ; to dis- 
parage. — v. i. To take away. 

Der'o-gate (45), a. Diminished in 
value; damaged. 

Der'o-ga'tion, n. Act of derogat- 
ing, partly repealing, or lessening in 
value. 

De-rog'a-TO-ri-ly, adv. In a de- 
rogatory manner. 

De-rog'a-to-ry (50), a. Tending to 
lessen in value ; injurious. 

Der'rick, n. [Orig. an 
abbrev. of Theodoric; 
the name of a celebrat- 
ed executioner at Ty- 
burn in the 17th cen- 
tury ; hence it became 
a general term for a 
hangman.] A spar sup- 
ported at the top by 
stays, with suitable 
tackle for raising heavy weights. 

DiiR'VIS, \ n. [Per. denvesch, poor.] 

DEr'vise, J A Turkish or Persian 

Der'vish, ) monk who professes 
extreme poverty. 

Des'gant, n. [0. Fr. deschant, from 
Lat. dis and cantus, singing.] 1. A 
variation of an air. 2. A comment 
or comments. 3. (Mus.) A compo- 
sition in parts, or the art of com- 
posing in parts. 

Des-gXnt', v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 
sing a variation 2. To comment. 

De-SCEND' (-send'), v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] [Lat. descendere, fr. de and 
scandere, to climb.] 1. To come or 
go down in any way. 2. To lower 
one's self; to condescend. 3. To 
pass from the more general or im- 
portant to the particular or more 




trivial. — v. t To go down upon or 
along. 
De-scend'ant, 11. One who de- 
scends, as offspring, however remote- 
ly- 
De-scend'ent, a. Proceeding from 
an ancestor or source. 

DE-sCEND'i-BLE,a. 1. Admitting de- 
scent. 2. Capable of descending. 

De-SCEN'SION (-sen'shun), n. Act of 
going downward ; descent. 

De-scen'sion-al, a. Pertaining to 
descension or descent. 

DE-SCENT', n. 1. Act of descending. 
2. Incursion. 3. Progress downward, 
as in station, virtue, or the like. 4. 
Lineage, birth, extraction. 5. In- 
clinedor sloping surface. 

De-sgrib'a-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing described. 

De-sgribe', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
describere, from de and scribere, to 
write.] 1. To form or represent by 
lines. 2. To sketch in writing of. 

Syn. — To delineate ; recount; nar- 
rate ; explain ; depict ; portray. 

De-sgrib'er, 11. One who describes. 

De-S€RI'er, ii. One who descries. 

DE-S€Ri'P'TlON, ii. 1. Act of describ- 
ing. 2. A sketch of any thing in 
words. 3. The class to which a cer- 
tain representation applies. 

Syn. — Account ; recital ; relation ; 
detail ; narrative ; narration ; explana- 
tion ; delineation ; sort. 

De-S€rTp't¥ve, a. Tending to de- 
scribe ; containing description. 

De-scry', v. t. [-ed; -ing, 142.] 
Norm. Fr. deserter, to discover, per- 
ceive.] To discover by the eye, as 
objects at a distance. 

Syn.— To behold ; espy ; detect ; dis- 
cern. 

Des'e-crate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. desecrare , -cratum , fr. de and sa- 
crare, to declare as sacred.] To treat 
in a sacrilegious manner. [ing. 

Des'e-gra'tion, 11. Act of desecrat- 

De-sErt' (14), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[Lat. deserere, desertum, fr. de and 
serere, to join.] To part fi\,m ; to 
leave without permission; to run 
away. 

Syn. — To abandon ; forsake ; leave ; 
quit ; relinquish. See Abandon. 
— n. [0. Fr. deserte, desserte, mer- 
it, recompense.] That which is de- 
served ; — usually in a good sense. 
Syn. — Merit; worth; excellence; due. 

Des'ert, a. Forsaken : without iife 
or cultivation. — n. A deserted tract 
of land ; an unproductive region. 

De-§£rt'er, n. One who forsakes 
duty, post, or party, or friend. 

De-s/er'tion, n. 1. Act of deserting. 
". State of being deserted. 

De-serve' (14), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[Lat. deservire, to serve zealously, fr. 
de and servire, to serve.] To earn 
by service ; to merit. — v. i. To be 
worthy of recompense. 

De-rerv'ed-ly, adv. According to 
desert, whether good or evil ; justly. 

DE-gERV'ER, n. One who deserves. 

DE-gfiRV'lNG-LY, adv. In a deserv- 
ing manner. 



Deshabille (deVa-bYl'), n. [Fr. 
deshabille; deshabiller, to undress.] 
An undress ; a careless toilet. 

DE-SI€'GANT, a. Drying. — n. A 
medicine that dries a sore. 

Des'ic-gate, or DE-SIC'CATE, v.t. 
[-ED; -ING.] [Lat. desiccare, desic- 
catum, from de and siccare, to dry.^ 
To exhaust of moisture; to dry.— 
v. i. To become dry. [ing. 

Des'ic-ga'tion, 11. Act of desiccat- 

De-sic'ga-tive, a. Tending to dry. 

De-sid'er-ate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. desiderare , -ratum , to desire, to 
miss.] To be sensible of the lack of; 
to miss ; to desire. [desire. 

De-sid'er-a-tive, a. Expressing 

DE-SID'E-RA'TUM, n. ; pi. DE- 
SID* E-RA'TA. [Lat.] A want gen- 
erally felt and acknowledged. 

De-sign' (-sin' or -zhV), v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] [Lat. designate, from de and 
signare, to mark, mark out.] 1. To 
sketch for a pattern or model. 2. 
To mark out and exhibit ; to desig- 
nate. 3. To form a plan of; to con- 
trive. 4. To intend or purpose. 

Syn.— To sketch ;. delineate ; plan ; 
project ; mean. 

— v. i. To have a purpose. — n. 1. 
Preliminary sketch ; a delineation. 

2. Preliminary conception ; scheme. 

3. Contrivance. 4. Object for which 
one plans ; aim ; intent. 

Syn. — Intention ; purpose. — Design 
has reference to something aimed at; in- 
tention (lit., straining after) to the feel- 
ings or desires with which it is sought; 
purpose to a settled choice or determina- 
tion for its_ attainment. " I had no de- 
sign to injure you," means, it was no 
part of my aim or object. " I had no in- 
tention to injure you," means, I had no 
wish or desire of that kind. " My pur- 
pose was directly the reverse" makes 
the case still stronger. 

Des'ig-nate,!'. t. [-ed;-ing.] [See 
Design.] 1. To mark out and 
make known ; to indicate. 2. To 
set apart for a purpose or duty. 

Des'IG-na'tion, n. 1. Act of point- 
ing out. 2. Selection and appoint- 
ment. 3. Distinctive title ; appella- 
tion, [ignate. 

Des'ig-na'TIVE, a. Serving to des- 

De-SIGN'ED-LY (-shy- or -zln'-), adv. 
Bydesign ; purposely. 

De-sign'er (-sTn'- or -zin'-), n. One 
who designs. 

De-sIp'i-ent, a. [Lat. desipiens. p. 
pr. of desipere, to be foolish.] Tri- 
fling ; foolish ; sportive. . 

De-§ir'A-ble (89), a. Worthy of de- 
sire or longing. [ing desirable. 

De-§ir'a-ble-ness, n. Quality of be- 

De-s_ire', v. t. [-ed ; -ing." [Fr. 
desirer, Lat. desiderare.] 1. To wish 
for. 2. To express a wish for. 

Syn. — To request. — To desire is to 
feel a wish or want; to request is to ask 
for its gratification. A man desires food, 
and requests to have it prepared. Desire 
may be used for request when the rela- 
tions of the parties are such that the ex- 
pression of a wish is all that is felt to be 
necessary. A man desires his friend to 
write often; a merchant desires his clerk 
to be more careful in future. In this lat- 
ter case, desire is stronger than request; 
it implies a command or injunction. 



A, E, i, o,u, Y,long; A, £,I, o,tj, y, short; cAre, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, t£rm; pique, fIrmj s6n, 



DESIROUS 



115 



DETECTER 



— n. 1. Eagerness to obtain any 
good. 2. A request; petition. 3. 
Any good which is desired. 

Syx.— Wish i craving ; aspiration ; 
longing. 

De-sir'olts (89), a. Feeling desire; 
solicitous ; eager. [eagerly. 

De-sir'oCs-ly, adv. With desire; 

De-sYst', v.i. [-ed; -ING] [Lat. 
desistere, ft. de and sistere, to stop.] 
To cease to proceed or act ; to for- 
bear. 

De-sYst'ANCE, n. Act of desisting. 

Desk, n. [A.-S. allied to Gr. oYctko?, 
a round plate, quoit.] 1. A table 
with a sloping top. 2. Pulpit. 

Des'man (150), n. An amphibious 
animal. 

DEs'o-late, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
desolare, desolation, from de and so- 
lare, to make lonely.] 1. To deprive 
of inhabitants. 2. To lay waste ; to 
ravage. 

Dfis'o-LATE (45), a. 1. Deprived of 
inhabitants. 2. Laid waste ; ruin- 
ous. 3. Left alone ; solitary. 

Syx.— Desert ; uninhabited ; lonely ; 
waste. 

Des'O-LATE-LY, adv. In a desolate 
manner. 

Des'o-la'tion, n. 1. Act of laying 
waste. 2. State of being laid waste. 
3. A desolate place or country. 

De-spair', v. i. [-ed ; -IN&.] [Lat. 
desperare, from de and sperare, to 
hope.] To give up all hope ; to des- 
pond. — n. 1. Loss of hope. 2. 
That which is despaired of. 
Syx. —Desperation ; despondency. 

De-spair'ing-LY, adv. In a despair- 
ing manner. 

De-spatch', n. See Dispatch. 

Des'per-a'do, n. [0. Sp.] A des- 
perate fellow ; a madman. 

Des'per-ate (45), a. 1. Beyond 
hope ; despaired of. 2. Proceeding 
from despair. 

Syx. — Despairing; rash; precipitate; 
mad ; furious ; frantic. 

Des'per-ate-ly, adv. In a desper- 
ate manner. 

Des'per-A'tion, n. 1. A giving up 
of hope. 2. State of despair. 

Des'PI-€A-BLE, a. [Lat. despicabilis, 
fr. despicari, to despise.] Deserving 
to be despised. 

Syx. — Contemptible ; mean ; vile ; 
worthless ; pitiful ; paltry ; sordid ; de- 
grading. See Contemptible. 

DLs'pi-ga-ble-ness, n. Quality or 
state of being despicable, [manner. 

Des'pi-ga-bly, adv. In a despicable 

De-spi§e', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
despicere, to despise, fr. de and spi- 
cere, to look.] To look down upon 
with_ contempt. 

De-spis/er, n. One who despises. 

De-spite', n. [0. Fr. despite, from 
Lat. despectus, contempt ] Extreme 
malice; malignity. — prep. In spite 
of; notwithstanding. 

De-spite'ful, a. Full of despite; 
malicious; malignant. 

De-spIte'ful-ly, adv. In a de- 
spiteful manner. 

De-spoil', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 



despoliare ; de and spnliare, to strip.] 
To strip or divest, as of clothing. 
Syx. — To rob; bereave; rifl<>. 

De-spoil, 'er, n. One who despoils. 

De-spo'li-a'tion,«. Act of despoil- 
ing. 

De-spond', v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
despondcre , to promise away, to lose 
courage.] To give up; to abandon 
hope ; to become dispirited. 

De-spond'ence, ) n. State of de- 

De-spond'en-cy, ) sponding ; dis- 
couragement ; permanent dejection. 

De-spond'ent, a. Marked by, or 
given to, despondence. 

De-spond'ent-ly, adv. In a de- 
spondent manner. 

De-sp6nd'ING-LY, adv. In a de- 
sponding manner. 

Des'POT, n. [Gr. Secr7r6T7]?, master, 
lord.] 1. A sovereign invested with 
absolute power. 2. A tyrant. 

DES-POT'I€, ) a. Having the char- 

Des-POT'I€-AL, ) acter of, or per- 
taining to, a despot; tyrannical ; ar- 
bitrary, [potic manner. 

DES-POT'IO-AL-LY, adv. In a des- 

Des'pot-ism, n. 1. Power or prin- 
ciples of a despot ; tyranny. 2. A 
government directed by a despot. 

Des'pu-mate, or De-spu'mate 
(117), v.i. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. des- 
pumare, despumatum, from de and 
spumare, to foam, froth.] To throw 
off impurities ; to form scum. 

Des'pu-iwa'tion, a. Separation of 
scum; clarification. 

Des'QUA-ma'TION, n. [Lat. desqua- 
mate, to scale off.] Separation of 
the cuticle in the form of scales. 

Des-s£rt' (dez-zerf, 14), n. [Fr. des- 
sert, fr. desservir, to clear the table] 
A service of pastry, fruits, &c, at 
the close of an entertainment. 

Des-TEM'per, ) n. [Fr. dctrempe, 

Dis-TEM'PER, ) from Lat. dis, and 
temperare , to temper.] A peculiar 
sort of painting with opaque colors. 

Des'ti-na'tion, «. 1. Predetermined 
eud, object, or use. 2. Place or 
point aimed at. 

Des'tine, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
destinare, fr. de and the root stan-o, 
allied to Gr. tcrray-to, lit. to set, to 
make fast.] 1. To set apart by de- 
sign or intention. 2. To establish 
irrevocably. 

Syx. — To design ; intend ; devote ; 
doom. — We may speak of goods as des- 
tined to a certain port, and of a ship as 
bound thither. We may also speak of a 
city as destined to become a great com- 
mercial emporium ; but to say it is 
bound to become so, or that a man is 
bound to succeed in life, is a gross abuse 
of language. Bound always implies 
some obligation or engagement; and yet 
the above use of the word is common in 
some parts of our country, and is find- 
ing its way into our newspapers. 

Des'ti-ny, n. 1. Foreordained con- 
dition ; doom. 2. The power con- 
ceived of as determining the future. 

Des'TI-tute (30), a. [Lat. destitu- 
ere, destitutus, to leave alone, to for- 
sake.] 1. In want ; deficient. 2. 
Needy ; poor ; indigent. 



Des'TI-tu'tion, n. Stato of beinj 
destitute ; want ; poverty. 

De-stroy', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [0. 
Eng. distruye, Lat. deslruere, fr. de 
and struere, to pile up.] 1. To pull 
down. 2. To put an eud to ; to lay 
waste. 

Syx. — To demolish; consume; ruin,* 
overthrow ; subvert ; annihilate ; kill. 

DE-STROY'ER, n. One who destroys. 

DE-sTRUe'Tl-BlL'l-TY, n. Quality 
of being capable of destruction. 

De-stru€'TI-BLE, a. Liable to de* 
struction. 

De-strU€'TION, n. 1. Act of de- 
stroying. 2. State of being de- 
stroyed. 3. Destroying agency. 

Syx. — Demolition ; subversion ; over- 
throw; extinction ; extermination. 

De-strU€'TIVE, a. Causing destruc- 
tion ; ruinous. — n. One who de- 
stroys ; a radical reformer. 

De-struc'TIVe-NESS, n. 1. Quali- 
ty of destroying. 2. Faculty which 
impels to acts of destruction. 

Dks'U-da'TION, n. [Lat. desudatio, 
from de and sitdare, to sweat.] A 
copious sweating. 

Des'ue-tude (des'we-, 53), n. [Lat. 
desuetudo, fr. desuescere, to become 
unaccustomed.] Cessation of use ; 
disuse. 

Des'UL-to-ri-LY, adv. In a desul- 
tory manner. 

Dfis'UL-TO-RY, a. [Lat. desultorius, 
fr. desultor, a leaner.] Leaping from 
one thing to another, without order 
or rational connection. 

Syx.— Immefhodical; discursive; dis- 
connected; inconstant; cursory; loose. 

De-tach', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Fr. 
detacher, from dc, des, and the root 
of Eng. tack, to fasten.] 1. To part; 
to disunite. 2. To separate for a 
special object or use. 

De-tach'JIENT, n. 1. Act of de- 
taching. 2. State of being detached. 
3. A body of troops or part of a fleet 
detailed for special service. 

De-tail,', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Fr. 
dctailler, to cut up in pieces, from 
dc and tailler, to cut.] 1. To partic- 
ularize. 2. To appoint for a partic- 
ular service, as an officer, a troop, or 
a squadron. 

De'tail, or De-tail' (114), ». 1. A 
minute portion ; a particular. 2. Se- 
lection for a particular service of a 
person or company ; hence, the per- 
sonor company so selected. 

De-tain', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
detinere, fr. de and tenere, to hold.] 

1. To keep back or from. 2. Tore- 
strain from proceeding. 3. To hold 
in custody. 

Syx. — To withhold ; retain ; stops 
stay; retard; delay ; hinder. 

De-tain'der, n. A writ. See De- 
tinue. 

De-tain'er, n. 1. One who detains, 

2. Detention of what is another's. 
De-tect', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 

detegere. defectum, fr. de and tegere, 
to cover.] To uncover; to bring to 
light ; to expose. 
De-tegt'er, n. One who detects. 



OR, DO, WQLF, TOO, TOOK; fJRN. RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; C, G, soft / €, G, hardy A£i EJCIST; N. as NG; THIS. 



DETECTION 



116 



DEVISE 



De-teg'tion, n. Act of detecting; 
discovery. 

DE-TE€T'iVE, a. Pitted for, or em- 
ployed in, detecting. — n. A police- 
man whose business is to detect 
rogues. [which, detects. 

De-tegt'or, n. One who, or that 

De-tent', n. That which locks or 
unlocks a movement, as the wheel- 
work in the striking part of a clock. 

3*E-Ten'TION, n. 1. Act of detain- 
ing ; a withholding. 2. Confine- 
ment; restraint; delay. 

De-t£r' (14), v. t. [-red; -ring, 
136.] [Lat. detertetc, fr. de and ter- 
rere, to frighten.] Tc prevent by 
fear ; hence, to hinder, cr prevent 
by opposing motives. 

De-terge', v. t. [-ED: -ing.] [Lat. 
detergere, fr. de and tergete, to rub 
off.] To cleanse ; to purge away. 

De-ter'gent, a. Cleansing; purg- 
ing. — n. A medicine that cleanses 
the vessels or the skin. 

De-te'ri-o-rate (89), v. t. [-ed; 
-ING.] [Lat. deteriorate, -tatum, fr. 
dctetior, worse.] Tomake worse. — 
v. i. To grow worse ; to degenerate. 

De-te'ri-o-ra'tion, n. State of 
growing, or of having grown, worse. 

De-t£r'ment, n. 1. Act of deter- 
ring. 2. That which deters. 

De-ter'mi-na-ble, a. Capable of 
being determined. 

De-t£r'mi-nate (45), a. 1. Having 
defined limits ; fixed ; established. 

2. Conclusive ; decisive. 
De-ter'mi-NATE-ly, adv. Definite- 
ly ; distinctly. 

De-tEr'mi-na'tion, n. 1. Act of 
determining, or state of being deter- 
mined. 2. Termination. 3. Ten- 
dency to a certain end. 4. Result of 
deliberation. 5. Decision of mind. 

Syn. — Decision ; resolution.— Decis- 
ion is a cutting short, and supposes en- 
ergy and promptitude; determination is 
the settling of a thing with a fixed pur- 
pose to adhere ; resolution is a spirit to 
face danger or suffering in carrying out 
one's determinations. Luther was distin- 
guished for his prompt decision, stead- 
last determination, and inflexible reso- 
lution. 

De-ter'mi-na-tive , a. Having pow- 
er to determine. 

DE-TER'MINE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. determinate, fr. de and termi- 
nate, to limit.] 1. To mark off and 
separate. 2. To bring to an end. 

3. To fix the form or character of. 

4. To fix the course of. 5. To ascer- 
tain definitely. 6. To resolve on. — 
v. i. To come to a decision ; to re- 
solve, [as a sore. 

jDe-TER'siqn, n. Act of cleansing, 
De-tEr'sIve, a. Having power to 
free from offending matter ; cleans- 
ing. 
JDe-test', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
detestari, to curse while calling a 
deity to witness to execrate.] To 
hate or dislike extremely. 

Syn. — Hate ; abhor ; abominate ; 
loathe.— Hate is generic. We abhor 
what is repugnant to our sensibilities or 
feelings; we detest what contradicts our 



moral principles. What we ahominate 
does equal violence to our religious and 
moral sentiments; what we loathe is of- 
fensive to our nature, and excites uu- 
miugled disgust. 

De-test'a-ble, a. Worthy of being 
detested. 

Syn. — Abominable ; execrable. 

DE-TEST'A-BLY, adv. Very hateful- 
ly: abominably. 

Det'es-ta'tion, or De'tes-ta'- 
TION, n Extreme hatred or dis- 
like ; abhorrence. 

De-throne', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
drive from a throne ; to depose. 

De-throne'Ment, n. Removal from 
a throne ; deposition. [tained. 

Det'i-ntje, n. A person or thiug de- 

DET'0-NATE,t\ i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
detonare, -alum, to thunder down 
or away.] To explode with a sudden 
report.— -v. t. To cause to explode. 

DeT'o-NA'TION, n. Explosion by the 
inflammation of combustible bodies. 

Det'o-nize, v.t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
cause to explode ; to burn with an 
explosion. — v. i. To explode; to 
detonate. 

De-tort', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat.rfe- 
torquere, -tortum ,fr . de and torquere, 
to twist.] To pervert; to wrest. 

De-TOR'TION, n. Act of detorting, 
or state of being detorted. 

Detour (d;Vtoor'),n. [Fr.] A turn- 
ing ; a circuitous way. 

De-tragt', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
detrahere, detractum , fr. dz and tta- 
here, to draw.] 1. To take away. 2. 
To take credit or reputation from. 

Syn. — To decry; disparage ; depreci- 
ate; abuse; vilify; traduce. 
— v. i. To remove a part ; to take 
away reputation. 

De-TRA€'TION, n. Act of depreciat- 
ing another, from envy or malice. 

De-TRA€T'OR, n. One who detracts. 

DE-TRA€T'o-RY, a. Defamatory ; de- 
rogatory. 

DET'RI-MENT, n. [Lat. detrimentum, 
from deterere, to rub or wear away.] 
That which injures ; diminution. 

Syn. — Injury ; loss ; damage ; hurt ; 
mischief; harm. 

DET'RI-MENT'AL, a. Causing det- 
riment ; injurious. [ing away. 

De-tri'tion (-trlsh'un),^. A wear- 

Be-TRI'tus, n. [Lat.] A mass of 
substances worn off from solid bodie". 

De-TRUDE', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
dettudete, from de and trudere, to 
thrust.] To push down with force. 

DE-TRtJN'€ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. detruncare, -catiem, fr. de and 
truncate, to maim, by cutting off.] 
To shorten by cutting ; to lop. [off. 

De'trun-ga/tion, n. Actof cutting 

DE-TRU'glON, n. 1. Act of thrusting 
down". 2. The slipping of one por- 
tion of a substance over another. 

DEUCE, n. 1. [Fr. deux, two.] Two; 
a card or a die with two spots. 2. 
[Amor, dus, tebz, phantom, specter.] 
An evil spirit; the devil. 

Deu'CED (60), a. Devilish ; exces- 
sive. [Low.'] 

Deu'ter-og'a-MY, n. [Gr. Sevrepo- 



yap.la, fr. Seurepos, second, ana ya, 
/mos, marriage.] A second marriage. 

DEU'TER-ON'O-MY, n. [Gr. Aevrepo- 
vofjuov, from Sevrepos, second, and 
FOjutos, law.] Fifth book of the Pen 
tateuch, containing the second gr» 
ing of the law by Moses. 

DEU-TOX'IDE, n. [Gr. ievrepog, the 
second, and Eug. oxide.] A com- 
pound of two equivalents of oxygen 
with one of a base. 

DEV'AS-TATE, or DE-VAS'TATE, V- 
t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. devastate, 
-tatum, from de and vaslate, to l&y 
waste.] To lay waste ; to desolate. 

Dev'as-TA'TION, n. Act of devastat- 
ing, or state of being devastated. 

De-vel'op, v. t. [-ED; -ing.] [Fr. 
dcveloppet, fr. de and 0. Fr. voluper, 
from Lat. volup, volupe, agreeably; 
hence, orig. to make agreeable or 
comfortable by enveloping, to keep 
snug.] To uncover ; to disclose ; to 
unfold gradually ; to lay open to 
view by degrees. 

De-vel'op-ment, n. Act of de- 
veloping ; a series of progressive 
changes. 

De-vest', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
devestite, to undress ] 1. To divest. 

2. To_ alienate, as title or light. 
DE'VI-ATE, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 

deviate, -atum , fr. de and viare, to 
go, travel. J To turn aside from a 
course or direction. 

Syn. — To swerve; stray; digress; de- 
jpart ; deflect ; err. 

De'VI-a'TION, n. 1. A wandering 
from one's course. 2. State of hav. 
ingdevia ted ; error. 

DE-viCE', n. [From Lat. dividete, 
divisus, to distinguish.] 1. A con. 
trivance; a stratagem. 2. An her. 
aldic motto, connected with an em. 
blematic picture. 3. Invention ; 
genius. 

Syn.— Contrivance. — A device im-. 
plies more of invention ; a contrivance 
more of skill in manipulation. The 
former word is often used in a bad 
sense; the latter almost always in a good 
one, as a crafty device, a useful contriv- 
ance. 

DEv'JE (dev'l), 7i. [A.-S. deofl, Gr. 
6"ia/3oA.os, the devil, the slanderer.] 
1. The evil one, Satan. 2. An evil 
spirit. 3. A machine for tearing or 
cutting raw materials, as cotton, 
wool, &c. 4. A very wicked person. 
5. An errand boy or youngest ap- 
prentice in a printing office, [treme. 

Dev'/l-ish, a. Wicked in the ex- 
Syn. — Diabolical ; infernal ; hellish s 
patanic; fiendish. 

Dev'JL-TRY, n. Diabolism ; malig- 
nant mischief. 

De'vi-OUS, a. [Lat. devius; de and 
via, way.] 1. Out of a straight 
line. 2. Going out of the right or 
common course ; erring. 

DE'vl-otJS-LY, adv. In a devious 
manner. [devised. 

DE-VI§'A-BLE, a. Capable of being 

De-vise', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 1. To 
form in the mind ; to strike out by 
thought. 2. To plan or scheme. 

3. To give by will, as real estate. — 



A, E,T, 5,fj. Y,long; A,£,I, 6,U, V, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ERE, VEIL, TERM -jPYque, fTrm; s6n. 



DEVISEE 



117 



DIAMOND 



c. i. To form a scheme ; to lay a 
plan. — n. 1. Act of giving real 
estate by a will. 2. A will or testa- 
ment. 3. Property given by will. 

DEv'I-SEE', n. One to whom a de- 
vise is made, [inventor. 

De-vjs/er, n. One who devises ; an 

De-vi§/or (127), n. One who devises 
or gives real estate by will ; a testa- 
tor, [session . 

De-void', a. Destitute ; not in pos- 

Devoir (dev-wor/), n. [Fr., fr. Lat. 
debere, to owe.] Duty ; service owed ; 
hence, due respect ; compliment. 

DEV'O-LU'TION, n. 1. Act of rolling 
down. 2. A passing or falling upon 
a successor. 

De-volve', v. t. [-ED ; -IXG.] [Lat. 
devolvere, fr. de and volvere, to roll.] 

1. To roll onward or downward. 2. 
To transfer from one person to an- 
other; to hand down. — v.i. To 
pass by transmission or succession. 

De-vote', v. t. [-ed ; -life.] [Lat. 
devovere, devotum, fr. de and vovere, 
to vow.] 1. To appropriate by vow. 

2. To doom to evil. 3. To direct 
the attention of wholly or chiefly. 

Syx.— To addict ; consecrate ; des- 
tine; consign. 

De-vot'ed-ness, n. State of being 
devoted ; addictedness. 

Dev'O-tee', n. One wholly devoted, 
especially to religion ; a bigot. 

De-vo'tion, n. 1. Affection; esp., 
feelings toward God implied in acts 
of worship. 2. Act of devoutness. 

3. Object of affection. 

Syx. — Consecration: devoutness; re- 
ligiousness ; piety ; attachment ; earn- 
estness. 

De-vo'tion-al, a. Pertaining to, or 
used in, devotion. 

DE-VOUR', f. (. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat: 
devorare, fr. de and vorare, to eat 
greedily.] 1. To consume ravenous- 
ly. 2. To seize on and destroy or 
appropriate. 3. To enjoy with avid- 
ity. 
Syx. — To waste; destroy; annihilate. 

De-vour'er, n. One who devours. 

De-vout', a. [See Devote.] 1. Pi- 
ous ; reverent. 2. Expressing piety. 
3. Hearty ; earnest. [ner. 

De-vout'ly, adv. In a devout man- 

De-vout'ness, n. Quality of being 
devout. 

Dew (30), n. [A.-S. demo.] Moisture 
from the atmosphere condensed by 
cool bodies upon their surfaces. — v. 
t. [-ed ; -ING.] To wet with dew. 

Dew'-drop, n. A drop of dew. 

De w'i-ness, n. State of being dewy. 

Dew'lap, n. [From dew and lap, to 
lick.] Flesh hanging from the 
throats of oxen, which laps the dew 
in grazing. 

Dew'-point, n. Temperature at 
which dew begins to form. 

DEW'Y(du'y), a 1. Covered with 
dew. 2. Pertaining to, or resem- 
bling, dew. [posed to left. 

Dex'ter, a. [Lat.] Right, as op- 

Dex-ter'i-ty, n. 1. Readiness and 
grace in physical activity. 2. Men- 
tal activity and expertness. 



Syn. — Skill ; adroitness ; address ; 
tact ; cleverness; aptness; aptitude. 

Dfix'TER-ous, a. 1. Ready and ex- 
pert in the use of the body. 2. 
Quick at inventing expedients. 3. 
Done with dexterity. 

Syx. — Adroit; expert; skillful; clev- 
er; apt; handy. 

Dex'ter-ous-ly, adv In a dexter- 
ous manner. 

Dex-TROR'SAL, ) a. [Lat. dextror- 

Dex'trorse, j sum, toward the 
right, fr. dexter, right, and versus, 
vorsus, turned.] Rising from right 
to left, as a spiral line. [ous. 

Dex'trous, a. Same as Dexter- 

Dey (da.), n. [Turk, dai, orig. a ma- 
ternal uncle.] Governor of Algiers. 

DTA-BE'TEg, n. [Gr. £iaj3T?T7js, fr. 
SiajSaiVeiv, to pass through.] A dis- 
ease attended with a persistent, ex- 
cessive discharge of urine, 

Di'a-bet'I€, i a. Pertaining to, 

Dl-A-BET'I€-AL, j or afflicted with, 
diabetes. 

Diablerie (de-iWlu-r3'), ) n. [Fr-, 

Dl-AB'LER-Y (de-Sb'ler-y), j from 
diable, devil.] Deviltry; sorcery; 
mischief. 

DPA-BOL'I-e, ) a. [Gr. Sia0oA.i/eo?. 

Di'a-bol'io-al, j See Devil.] Per- 
taining to, resembling, or appropri- 
ate to, the devil ; devilish. 

Di'a-bol'io-al-ly, adv. In a dia- 
_bolical manner. 

Di-ao'o-nal, a. [See Deacon.] Per- 
taining to a deacon. 

Di'a-€OUS'ti€, a. [Gr. Sicucoveiv, to 
hear through.] Pertaining to the 
science of refracted sounds. 

DPa-cous'tics, n. sing. Science 
which treats of the properties of 
sound refracted by passing through 
different mediums. 

Dl'A-€RIT'I€, I a. [Gr. StctAepiT- 

DPA-€RiT'l€-AL, J ikos, fr. StaKpC- 
veiv, to separate, distinguish.] In- 
dicating something to be distin- 
_guished. 

Dl'A-DEHE, n. [Gr. SiaS^a. fr. SiaSelu, 
to bind round.] 1. A badge of roy- 
alty ; a crown. 2. Royalty ; sover- 
eignty. 

Dl-.ER'E-SIS, ) n.; pi. DI-jER'E-SES, 

Dl-ER'E-SIS, j or DI-ER'E-SES. [Gr. 
Stat'pecrt?, fr Sta-pelu, to divide, Lat. 
dixresis.] A mark [••] over the sec- 
ond of two adjacent vowels, to de- 
note that they are to be pronounced 
as distinct letters', as, aerial. 

DT'AG-yo'ais, n. [Gr. Stdyvuia-n, fr. 
Siayiyvujo-Keii/, to distinguish] De- 
termination of a disease by means of 
distinctive characteristics. 

DPAG-Nos'Tre, a. Pertaining to, or 
furnishing, a diagnosis. — n. Symp- 
_tom by which a disease is known. 

Di-ag'o-nal, a. [Gr. 
Siaycoeio;, from an- 
gle to angle, fr. &.<£, 
through, and ywvia., 
an angle.] Joining Diagonal, 
two not adjacent angles, and divid- 
ing the figure into two parts ; cross- 
ing at an angle with one of the sides. 



— n. A right line from one aagle to 

another not adjacent. [direction. 

Dl-AG'o-.\AL-LY, adv. In a diagonal 

Dl'A-GRAM, n. [Gr. 8(.dypafj.p.a, fr.Sia- 

ypa.<f>eti>, to mark out by lines.] 1. 

A figure to illustrate a statement, or 

facilitate a demonstration. 2. Any 

illustrative outline or drawing. 

DI'a-graph, n. [See Diagram.] An 

instrument used in perspective. 
Dl'AL, v. [L. Lat. dialis, daily, fr. Lat 
dies, day.] 1. An instrument to show 
the time of day from the shadow of a 
style. 2. The graduated face of a 
time-piece. 
DI'A-LE€T, n. [Gr. SiaAeKTOs, fr. 5ta- 
keyeiv, to converse ; discourse.] 1. 
Language ; tongue. 2. Local form 
of a language. 
DPA-LE€'Tl€, \ a. 1. Pertaining 
Dl'A-LEC'TIG-AL, j to a dialect. 2. 

_Pertaining to dialectics ; logical. 
DPA-lec-ti'cian (-tish'an), n. A 

logician ; a reasoner. 
DI'A-LE^'TICS, n. sing. [Gr. SioAe*- 
Tiicj (sc. Te'xi^?).] That branch of 
logic which teaches the rules of rea- 
soning, [structing dials. 
Dl'AL-lNG, n. Science or art of con- 
Di-al'o-gist, n. 1. A speaker in a 
dialogue. 2. A writer of dialogues. 
Dl-AL/0-GiST'I€, ) a. Relating to, 
Di-al'O-gist'ig-al, j or having the 
form of, a, dialogue. [dialogue. 
DI-al'o-GIZE, v. i. To discourse in 
Dl'A-LOGUE (-log), n. [Gr. StoAoyos, 
j fr. SiaAe'yeo-flai, to converse.] 1. A 
I formal conversation between two or 
j more. 2. A composition in which 
two or more persons are represented 
' as conversing. 
DI-AL'Y-SlS,n. [Gr. StoAvcrt?, from 
hiakveiv. to part asunder ] (Med.) 
! (a.) Debility. (6.) A solution of con- 
tinuity. 
DPA-MAG-NET'ie, a. [Gr. Sia, 
{ through, or across, and /u.a-yv7jnjs, 
magnet.] Pertaining to the phenom- 
ena of diamagnetism. — n. Any sub- 
I stance which in a field of magnetic 
I force is differently affected from the 

ordinary magnetic bodies. 
DI'A-MAG'NET-ISM, n. That form of 
magnetic action which characterizes 
diamagnetic bodies. 
Dl-AM'E-TER, n. [Gr. Siaju-erpos, fr 
£ia, through, and ner- /•" f~"\ 
pov, measure.] 1. A/ \ 

, right fine through the.' ] 

! center of a figure or I J 

body, and terminated V / 

i by the opposite bound- x -~— - 
J aries. 2. Width; thick- Diameter. 
j ness. 

Di / a-mEt'rI€, ) a. 1. Relating 
DPA-met'ric-al, ) to a diameter. 
| _2. Directly adverse. 
' Di'a-met'ric-al-ly, adv. In 
| a diametrical direction ; di-/ 
jectlv. N 

Dl'A-MOND (or di'mund), n. 
[Corrupt, from Lat. adamas, 
-mantis. Gr. i8a/xas, -/xairos, ^£*1 
steel, diamond.] 1. A mineral ^). 
remarkable for its hardness ; 



I 



6r, do, wolf, TOO, TOOK; fjRN, rue, pull; E, I, O, silent; C, G, soft; €,G,hard; As ; exist; J[sjN&; this 



DIAPASON 

crystallized carbon. 2. A geometri- 
cal figure ; a lozenge. 3. One of a 
suit of playing cards. 4. The small- 
est kind of type. 

This line is printed in the type called Diamond. 

DI'A-PA'SON, n. [Gr. Stanao-uv, from 
Sid, through, and naa-Siv, gen. pi. of 
iris, all.] 1. The octave or interval 
which includes all the tones. 2. Har- 
mony. 3. One of certain stops in the 
organ, extending through the scale 
of the instrument. 

Dl'A-PER, n. [Fr. diaper, diaspre, 
jaspe, variegated, L. Lat. diaspra, a 
kind of costly stuff, fr. Lat. jaspis, 
a. green-colored precious stone. See 
Jasper.] 1. Figured linen cloth, 
for towels, napkins, &c. 2. A towel 
or napkin; an infant's breech-cloth. 
3. Paneling filled up with arabesque 
gilding and painting, or with carving, 
&c. — v. t. 1. To diversify with fig- 
ures, as cloth. 2. To put a dia- 
per on. 

DPa-pha-ne'i-ty, n. Quality of be- 
ing diaphanous. 

Di-aph'a-noOs, a. [Gr. Sia<f>avri<; , 
from 6"ia<pcuVeiv, to show, or shine 
through.] Pellucid; transparent. 

DI'A-ph6n'I€s, n. sing. |Gr. Sid, 
through, and (fjwvj}, a sound, tone.] 
Doctrine of refracted sound. 

DI'A-FHO-RE'SIS,n. [Gr. Sia^oprj- 
crts, fr. Sta^opeiv, to carry through.] 
Augmentation of the insensible per- 
spiration. 

DPa-pho-ret'ic. | a. Capable 

Di'A-pho-ret'IC-AL, ) of increas- 
ing the insensible perspiration. 

DI'A-PHO-RET'l-e, n. A medicine 
which promotes insensible perspira- 
tion. 

Dl'A-PHRAGM (-fram), n. [Gr. 8ia- 
<ppa-yjua,fr. Siafypayvvvai, to fence by 
a partition wall.] 1. A dividing 
membrane or thin partition. 2. 
The muscle that separates the chest 
from the abdomen ; midriff. 

Di'a-rist, n. One who keeps a diary. 

Dl'AR-RHE'A ) (-re'a), n. [Gr. Siap- 

Dl ; AR-RH03'A ) pota, fr. Siappelv, to 
flow through.] A morbidly frequent 
evacuation of the intestines. 

Dl'AR-RHET're, la. Producing diar- 

Dl'AR-RHCET're, I rhea. or a purging. 

DI'A-RY, n. [Lat. diarium, from dies, 
day.] A register of daily occur- 
rences ; a journal. 

DI-Xs'to-ze, n. [Gr. Suxo-toAtj, fr. 
8ia.oTeAA.eiv, to separate.] 1. Dilata- 
tion of the heart. 2. A figure by 
which a syllable naturally short is 
made long. 

Dl-ATH'E-SIS, n. [Gr. 8ia0e<ris, fr. 
Siari9ivai , to place separately, to ar- 
range.] Bodily condition that pre- 
disposes to a particular disease. 

Dl'A-TON'lc, a. [Gr. SiaroviKos ,• Sia- 
reiveiv, to stretch out.] Pertaining 
to the scale of eight tones, the eighth 
of which is the octave of the first. 

DI'A-TRlBE, n. [Gr. Siarpi^i, fr. 6\a- 
rptjSetv, to rub away, spend time.] 
An invective harangue. 



118 

DlB'BER, ) n. A pointed hand instru- 

D'lB'BLE, J ment, to make holes lor 
planting seeds, &c. 

DLB'BLE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
plant with a dibble. 2. To make 
holes in, as with a dibble. 

Dice, n.; pi. of Die. A game. See 
Die — v.i. To play with dice. 

DIc'er, n. A player at dice. 

Di'chro-Ism, n. [Gr. Si'xpoos, two- 
colored.] Property of presenting dif- 
ferent colons by transmitted light, 
when viewed in two different direc- 
tions. 

Dl'CHRO-MAT'IC.a. [Gr. Si'xpco/xos, 
two-colored.] Having or producing 
two colors. 

DlCK'ER, n. [Lat. decuria, a division 
of ten, fr. decern, ten.] 1. Number 
of ten, particularly, ten hides or 
skins. 2. A chaffering exchange of 
small wares. — v. i. To barter. 

DlCK'EV, I n. 1. A seat behind a 

DiCK/Y, ) carriage, for servants, &c. 
2. A false shirt-bosom. 3. A gentle- 
ma njs shirt-collar. 

Dictate, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. die- 
tare, -talum, freq. form of dicere, to 
say.] 1. To state, or utter, for an- 
other to reduce to writing. 2. To de- 
liver to a subordinate, as a command. 
Syn. — To suggest; prescribe; enjoin; 
urge; admonish. 

— v. -i. To deliver or communicate 
commands. — n. An authoritative 
rule or principle. 

Syn.— Command ; order; injunction. 

Dl€-TA'TION, n. Act of dictating. 

Dic-ta'tor, n. 1. One who dictates. 
2 One invested with absolute au- 
thority ._ 

Dicta-to'ri-al, a. Pertaining to, or 
characteristic of, a dictator. 

Syn.— Absolute ; imperious; over- 
bearing. 

Dic-tA'tor-ship, n. Office, or term 
of office, of a dictator. 

Dic-ta'tress, ) ». A female dicta- 

DI€-tA'trix, ) tor. 

DICTION, 71. [Lat. dictio, from dicere, 
to say.] Choice of words; manner 
of expression. 

Syn. — Style; phraseology. — Style re- 
lates both to language and thought; dic- 
tion, to language only ; phraseology, to 
the mechanical structure of sentences, 
or the mode in -which they are phrased. 
The style of Burke was enriched with all 
the higher graces of composition; his 
diction was varied and copious ; his 
phraseology, at times, was careless and 
cumbersome. 

Dic'tion-a-ry, n. [N. Lat. dictio- 
narium, from dictio. See supra.] A 
book in which words are alphabeti- 
cally, arranged and explained ; a 
lexicon ; a word-book. 

Die'TUM, n. ; pi. Die' ta . [Lat , fr. 
dicere, to say.] An authoritative 
saying or assertion. 

Did, imp. of Do. 

Df-DAC'TIC, ) a. [Gr. SiScuctiko?, 

Dl-DA€'TI€-AL, ( from SiSao-Ketv, to 
teach.] Fitted or inclined to teach ; 
preceptive. [of teaching. 

DI-DAC'T1€S, n. sing. Art or science 

D'id'ap-PER, n. [For dip-dabber, fr. 



DIFFEKENTIATION 

dip, and dab.] A certain bird that 

dives into the water. 
Dl l)ST . becond person imperfect of Do. 
DlE,t>.*. [DIED; DYING.] [Icel. deya, 

deyja, Goth, divan.] 1. To cease to 

live. 2. To become lost or extinct. 

3. To sink; to faint. 4. To grow 

fainter or imperceptible. 

Syn.— To expire ; decease ; perish; 

depart; vanish. 

— n. [Fr. de, fr. Lat. dare, to give, 
to throw.] 1. [pi. DICE.] A small 
cube used in gaming. 2 Any small 
cubical body. 3. [pi. dies.] Cubi- 
cal part of a pedestal, between its 
base and cornice. 4. Apiece of metal 
on which a device is cut for stamp- 
ing money, medals, &c. 

D_i-er'e-sis, n. Same as Diaeresis. 

Dl'ET, v. [Lat. diseta, Gr. Ua.no, 
manner of living.] 1. Habitual 
food. 2. Course of food selected with 
reference to health. 3. [L. L&t.dieta, 
diseta, &n assembly, from Lat. dies, 
day.] A legislative or administrative 
assembly. — v.t. [-ed ; -ING.] To 
feed ; esp. to cause to eat and drink 
sparingly, or by prescribed rules. — 
r. i. To eat sparingly, or according 
to prescribed rules. 

Dl'ET-A-RY, a. Pertaining to diet, or 
rules of diet. — n. Allowance of 
food. 

Dl'E-TET'IC, ) a. Pertaining to 

DPe-tet'ic-AL, J diet, or to the 
rules for diet. 

DPe-tet'ics, 77. sing. That part of 
the medicine which relates to diet. 

Dif'fer, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
differre, from dis anAferre, to bear ] 

1. To disagree ; to be unlike. 2. To 
have a difference or quarrel. 

Syn. — Differ with ; differ from.— Dif- 
fer with is used in reference to opinions, 
as, "I differ with my friend on that 
point." In all other cases, expressing 
simple unlikeness, differ from is used, 
as, " These two persons or things differ 
entirely from each other." This distinc- 
tion is fully established in England, and, 
to a great extent, in America. 
Dif'fer-ence, n. 1. State of being 
different, 2. Disagreement in opin- 
ion ; dissension, or cause of dissen- 
sion. 3. Characteristic quality. 

Syn. — Distinction; dissimilarity; di- 
versity; contrariety; disagreement; va- 
riance; dispute; controversy ; quarrel. 

— v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] To cause to 
differ. 

Dif'eer-ENT, a. 1. Distinct; not the 
same. 2. Unlike ; dissimilar. 

Dif'fer-en'tial, a. 1. Creating a 
difference ; discriminating ; special. 

2. ( Mech. ) (a. ) Differing in amount or 
in the producing force, (b.) Intended 
to produce or indicate difference of 
motion or effect. 

Differential calculus, one of the higher 
branches of mathematics. 

— n. An increment, usually an in' 
definitely small one, given to a vari- 
able quantity. _ 

Dif'fer-En'ti-ate (-shl-at), v. t. To 
obtain the differential, or differential 
co-efficient, of._ 

Dif'fer-En'ti-a'tion (-shi-a'shun ), 
n. 1. Act of distinguishing a thing, 



a,e, I, o,u, Y,long; A } E 3 i,6,u-,Y,s/iort; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, t£rm J pique, firm; son. 



DIFFERENTLY 



119 



DILIGENT 



by giving its specific difference. 2. 
Act of differentiating. 

DlF'FER-ENT-LY, adv. In a different 
manner. 

Dif'fi-€ULT, a. [Lat. difficilis, dif- 
ficult 1. Hard to make or do. 2. 
Beset with difficulty. 3. Not easily 
wrought upon ; not complaisant. 

Dif'fi-gult-ly, adv. With difficulty. 

UlF'Fl-euL-TY (110), n. 1. State of 
being difficult. 2.' Something difficult. 
3. A controversy ; disagi-eement. 

Dif'FI-dence, n. A being diffident ; 
want of confidence in one's self. 

Syn. — Bashfulness ; modesty; dis- 
trust; timidity; hesitation. 

DlF'FI-DENT, a. [Lat. diffidens, p. 
pr. of diffiderp, to distrust.] 1. 
"Wanting confidence in others. 2. 
Wanting confidence in one's self. 

Dif'fi-dent-ly, adv. In a diffident 
manner. 

DlF-FRA€T', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
diffringere, diffractum, to break in 
pieces.] To break or separate into 
parts. 

Dif-frag'tion, n. Deflection and 
decomposition cf light in passing by 
the edges of opaque bodies or through 
narrow slits. 

Dif-fuse', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
diffundere , diffusion, from dis and 
fundere, to pour.] To pour out and 
spread, as a fluid ; to send out in ah 
directions. 

DlF-FUSE' (dif-ms'), a. Poured out: 
not restrained, especially as to style ; 
verbose ; prolix. 

Dif-fOse'ly, adv. In a diffuse man- 
ner: verbosely. [diffuse. 

Dif-fuse'ness, n . Quality of being 

DlF-FU'Rl-BlL'l-TY, n. Quality of 
being diffusible. [diffused. 

Dif-fu'si-ble, a. Capable of being 

DlF-FU'glON, n: Act of diffusing ; dis- 
semination ; extension ; dispersion. 

DlF-FU'SIVE, a. Having the quality 
of diffusing ; extending. [manner. 

Dif-fu'sive-ly, adv. In a diffusive 

Dif-fu'sive-ness, n. Quality of be- 
ing diffusive or diffuse ; — said espe- 
cially of style. 

DIG, v. t. [imp. & p. p. DUG or 
DIGGED.] [A.-S. dician, Goth, di- 
gan, deigan, to form.] 1. To turn 
and throw up, as tbe earth. 2. To 
excavate. — v. i. To work with a 
spade : to delve. 

DI-GAM/MA, n. [Gr. Siyafijua, fr. St, 
for Si's, twice, and -youA/aa, the letter 
T ; — because it resembled two garn- 
mas, one above the other.] A letter 
(F) of the Greek alphabet, which 
early fell into disuse. 

DI-Gest', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Lat. 
digerere, digestum, to separate, ar- 
range, dissolve.] 1. To arrange 
methodically. 2. To prepare in the 
stomach for conversion into blood ; 
to turn into chyme. 3. To think 
over ; to reflect upon. 

Syn.— To arrange; distribute; dispose. 

DI'GEST, n. 1. That which is classi- 
fied and arranged. 2. A collection 
of Roman laws, arranged under pro- 



per titles by order of the emperor 
Justinian. 

Syn. — Compendium ; summary ; 
abridgment ; pandect. 

Di-gest'er, n. 1. One who digests. 
2. Something that aids digestion. 3. 
A strong, closed vessel, for gradually 
dissolving bones or other substances. 

Di-gest'I-bIl'i-ty, n. Quality of 
being digestible. [digested. 

Di-gest'I-ble. a. Capable of being 

Di-GES'TION (66), n. 1. Act of di- 
gesting. 2. Conversion of food into 
chyme. 3. Gradual solution. 

Di-gest'ive, a. Causing to digest; 
producing digestion. 

DlG'GER, n. One who digs. 

Di'G'GlNG, n. 1. Actof one who digs. 

2. pi. Places where ore, especially 
gold, is dug. 

Dight (dlt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. 
DIGHT, or DIGHTED.] [A.-S. dik- 
tan, to dictate, arrange, fr. Lat. dic- 
tarc, to say often, dictate.] To put 
in order ; to array ; to adorn. 

DlG'IT, n. [Lat. digitus, a finger, an 
inch.] 1. A finger. 2. One of the 
ten figures, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 
by which all numbers are expressed. 

3. A twelfth part of the diameter of 
the sun or moon. 

DYG'I-TAL, a. Pertaining to the fin- 
gers, or to digits. 

DlG'I-TATE, )a. [See supra.] Hav- 

Dia'I-TA'TED, ) ing several leaflets, 
arranged like the fingers of the hand. 

DIGa-TA'TlON, n. A division into 
finger-like processes. 

DlG'I-TI-GRADE', a. [Lat. digitus, 
finger, toe, and gradi, to walk.] 
Walking on the toes. — n. An ani- 
mal that walks on its toes, as the 
lion, wolf, &c. 

Dig'ni-fv, v. t. [-ed; -ing, 142.] 
[Lat. dignus, worthy, and faccre, to 
make.] To invest with dignity or 
honor. 

Dig'ni-ta-ry, n. One who possesses 
exalted rank, esp. ecclesiastical rank. 

DlG'NI-TY, n. [Lat. dignitas, fr. dig- 
nus, worthy.] 1. Elevation of miud 
or character. 2. Elevation of rank. 
3. Loftiness and elegance. 4. A dig- 
jiitary. 

Dl'GRAPH, n. [Gr. Si, for Si's, twice, 
double, and ypa$-q, a writing.] A 
combination of two characters to ex- 
press a single sound. 

Dl-GREss', v. i. [-ED:-ing.] [Lat. 
digredi, digressus, fr. di, for dis, and 
gradi, to walk.] 1. To turn aside, 
esp. in writing or speaking, from the 
main subject. 2. To turn aside from 
the right path. 

Syn. — To deviate ; wander ; depart. 

DI-GRES'SION (-gresh'un), n. Act 
of digressing, especially in writing 
and speaking. 

Di-gres'sion-al (-greWun-), a. Per- 
taining to, or consisting in, digres- 
sion, [main subject. 

Dl-GRESS'IVE, a. Departing from the 

Dike, n. [A.-S. die. See Dig.] 1. 
A ditch. 2. A mound to prevent low 
lands from being inundated. 3. A 



wall-like mass of mineral matter, 
filling up fissures. — v. t. [-ed; 
-ING.] 1. To protect with a dike or 
bank. 2. To drain by a dike. 

Dl-LAC'ER-ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. dilacerare , dilaceratum, fr. di, 
for dis, and lacerare, to tear.] To 
rend asunder. [ing asunder. 

DI-LAC'ER-A/TION, n. Act of rend- 

Dl-LAP'I-DATE, V.t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. dilapidare, -datum, to scatter 
like stones, from di, fov dis, and lapi- 
dare, to throw stones.] 1. To suffer 
to fall into a condition of decay. 2. 
To squander. 

Dl-LAP'I-DA'TION, n. Act of dilapi- 
dating, or state of being dilapidated. 

Dl-LAT'A-BIL'I-TY, a. Quality of be- 
ing dilatable. [sion or extension. 

Di-lat'a-ble, a. Capable of expam- 

D'iL/A-TA'TION, ii. Act of dilating ; 
expansion ; dilation. 

Dl-LATE', Or Dl-LATE', V.t. [-E D ; 
-ING.] [Lat. dilatare, fr. di, for dis, 
and latus, wide.] To enlarge or ex- 
tend in all directions. 

Syn. — To expand; distend; enlarge. 
— f. ?'. 1. To swell or extend in all 
directions. 2. To expatiate ; to des- 
cant. 

Di-la'tion, or DI-LA'TION, n. [From 
Dilute.] Act of dilating, or state of 
being dilated ; dilatation. [tardily. 

DlL'A-TO-RI-LY, adv. With delay; 

DlL'A-TO-RY (50), a. [Lat. dilatori- 
us, fr. differre, d datum, to delay.] l. § 
Inclined to put off what ought to b* 
done at once. 2. Marked with delay 
3. Intended to make delay. 

Syn.— Slow ; sluggish ; backward « 
procrastinating ; tardy. 

Di-lem'ma, or Di-lem'mA, ii. [Gr. 
SiAtj/ujuo., fr. Si, for Si's, twice, double, 
and Arjja/uia, an assumption.] 1. An 
argument which presents an antagc 
nist with two or more alternatives, 
but is equally conclusive against 
him, whichever he chooses. 2. A 
difficult or doubtful choice. 

DlL'ET-TAJV'TE, n.; pi. DIL'ET- 
TAN'TI. [It., fr. Lat. delectare, to 
delight.] An admirer of the fine arts ; 
an amateur. 

Dli/ET-TAN'TE-IsM, n. Quality of 
being a dilettante. 

DlE'l-GENCE , n. Quality of being dil- 
igent ; sedulousness ; assiduity. 

Syn. — Industry. — Industry has the 
widersense of the two, implying an hab- 
itual devotion to labor for some valuable 
end, as knowledge, property, &c. ; dili- 
gence denotes earnest application to some 
specific object or pursuit. A man may 
be diligent for a time, or in seeking soma 
favorite end, without meriting the title 
of industrious. Such was the case with 
Fox, while Burke was eminent not only 
for diligence, but industry ; he was al- 
ways at work, and always looking out 
for some new field of mental effort. 

Diligence (dsa^zhongss'), n. [Fr.] 

A four-wheeled public stage-coach, 

used in France. 
DlL'l-GENT, a. [Lat. diligens, p. pr. 

of diligere, to esteem highly.] Steady 

in application to business. 

Syn. — Active ; assiduous; sedulous; 

attentive; industrious. 



OR, DO, WQLF, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent J C, G, soft; €, G, hard; Ag J EXIST ; N as NG J THIS, 



DILIGENTLY 



120 



DIRECTION 



DIl'i-gent-ly, adv. With industry 
or assiduity ; not carelessly. 

DiLL, n. [A.-S. clil.] A plant having 
aromatic seeds. 

DIll'y, n. [Contr. fr. diligence.] A 
kind of stage-coach. 

DIl/u-ent, a. [See DILUTE.] Mak- 
ing thinner or weaker by admixture. 

— n. That which dilutes or weakens 
any thing (especially the blood) by 
mixture with it. 

DI-lute', v.t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
diluere, dilutum, fr. di, for dis, and 
luere, to wash.] 1. To make thinner, 
by admixture with something. 2. To 
reduce, especially by the addition 
of water. — a. Thin ; reduced in 
strength, as spirit or color. 

Di-LU'tion, n. Act of diluting, or 
state of being diluted. 

Dl-LU'VI-AL, a. [Lat. diluvialis, fr. 
diluvium.] Pertaining to, or pro- 
duced by, a deluge. 

Dl-LU'Vl-AN, a. Pertaining to a del- 
uge, or to the Noachian deluge. 

Df-LU'vi-ON, I n. [Lat.] A deposit 

D f-L v> VI- UM, ) of loam , sand , grav- 
el, pebbles, &c, caused by former 
action of the sea. 

Dim, a. [-mer; -mest,136.] [A.-S. 
dim, allied to Skr. tamas, dark- 
ness.] 1. Not bright or distinct ; 
obscure. 2. Of obscure vision; hence, 
dull of apprehension. 

Syn. —Dusky ; dark ; dull ; obtuse. 

— V. t. [-MED; -MING.] ]. To 
render dim ; to darken ; to dull. 2. 
To darken the senses or understand- 
ing of. 

DIME, n. [Fr., fr. Lat. decern, ten.] A 
silver coin of the United States, of 
the value often cents. 

DI-MEN'SION, n. [Lat. dimensio, fr. 
dimetiri, dimensus, to measure out.] 
Measurement in a single direction ; 
extent; size. [sions or limits. 

DI-MEN'SIVE, a. Marking the dimen- 

Dl-MID'I-ATE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING ] [Lat. 
dimidiare, -atum, fr. dimidius, half.] 
To divide into two equal parts. 

DT-mTd'i-ate , a. Divided into two 
equal parts. 

Dl-MiN'ISH, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
diminuere, from dis and minuere, to 
lessen.] To make smaller in any 
manner. 

Syn.— To decrease; lessen; reduce. 

— v. i. To become or appear less or 
smaller. 

Dl- mYn' U- ItN' DO, — ~~~ ___-^~ 
adv. [It.] {Mus.) In-rTT 7 

a gradually diminish- Diminuendo, 
ing manner ; — indicated as in the 
margin . 

PlMa-NU'TiON, n. 1. Act of dimin- 
ishing; reduction in size, quantity, 
or degree. 2. A lessening of dignity 
or consideration. 

Df-MIN'U-TIVE, a. Of small size; mi- 
nute. — n. A derivative from a noun 
denoting a small or young object of 
the same kind as the primitive. 

Dt-MlN'u-TiVE-LY, adv. In a dimin- 
utive manner. [littleness. 

Di-mIn'u-tive-ness, n. Smallness ; 



DYM'IS-SO-KY (50), a. [Lat. dimisso- 
rius, from dimittere, to send away.] 
Dismissing to another jurisdiction. 

DlM'l-TY,»i. [Gr. 6i>itos, lit. of double 
thread.] A stout, white, cotton cloth, 
ribbed or figured. 

DlM'LY, adv. In a dim or obscure 
manner. [tinct. 

Dim'mish, a. Somewhat dim ; indis- 

DlM'NESS, n. Quality of being dim. 
Syn. — Darkness ; indistinctness; ob- 
scurity. See Darkness. 

Di-mor'PHI2M, n. [Gr. fit's, twice, 
double, and fj.a>p(f>rj, form.] Prop- 
erty of being dimorphous. 

Di-mor'phous, a. Occurring under 
two distinct forms. 

Dim'ple, n. [Of. Ger. dvmpel, a pool.] 
A slight natural depression on the 
cheek or chin. — v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To form dimples or little inequalities. 

Din, n. [A.-S. dyne.] Loud, stunning 
noise; clamor. — v. t. [-NED; 
-NING, 13o.] To stun with noise. 

DlNE,r. i. [-ED;-ING.] [Fr. d'ner, 
from Lat. dis and jejunare, to fast.] 
To take dinner. — v. t. To give a 
dinner to. 

Ding, v. i. [A.-S. dingan.dencgan, to 
knock.] 1. To bluster. 2. To ring or 
tinkle. — n. A stroke, esp. of a bell. 

Djng'-dong, n. Sound of bells or 
some similar sound. 

Din'GI-ness, n. State of being dingy. 

D'in'gle (d'mg/gl),vi. [Of. Den.] A 
narrow dale. 

Din'gy,«. [-ER ; -EST, 142.] [Allied 
to dim and dun.] Of a dark or dusky 
color ; dun. 

Din'ner, n. [See Dine.] Principal 
meal of the day, between breakfast 
and supper. 

Dint, p. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To make a 
small cavity on, as by a blow. 

Dl-6c'E-SAN,or Dl'O-^E/SAN, a. Per- 
taining to a diocese. — n. A bishop. 

Dl'O-CESE, n. [Gr. fiiotxrjcris, house- 
keeping, administration, province, 
jurisdiction.] District of a bishop's 
_ecclesiastical authority. 

Dl-OP'TRI€, 1 a. [Gr. fii07rTpucds, 

Di-6p'tri€-al, ) belonging to the 
SioiTTpa, a geometrical instrument.] 
Relating to dioptrics. 

Dl-OP'TRI€S, n. sing. That part of 
optics which treats of the laws of the 
refraction of light in passing through 
different lenses. 

DI'o-ra'ma, or DT'o-ra/ma, n. [Gr. 
fita, through, and 6pap.a, a sight.] 1. 
A painting seen from a distance 
through a large openiug. 2. A build- 
ing for such an exhibition. 

DI'o-RAM're, a. Of, or pertaining to, 
a diorama. 

DlP,f. t. [-PED: -PING.] [A.-S. dip- 
pan, di/ppan, 133.] 1. To plunge into 
a fluid and withdraw again. 2. To 
take out, by immersing and remov- 
ing again a dipper, ladle, or pail, &c. 
— v.t. 1. To immerse ones self. 2. 
To take out something, by immersing 
and withdrawing a receptacle. 3. To 
enter slightly. 4. To incline down- 
ward. — n. 1. Action of dipping. 2. 



Inclination downward ; slope, & 
Gravy or sauce. 

Di-pet'al-oOs, a. [Gr. fits, double, 
and 7re / TaAoi', a leaf.] Having two 
petals. 

Diph-the'ri-a (dip/- or dif-), n. [Gr. 
bifytiepa, a membrane.] An epidemic 
disease in which the throat becomes 
coated with a false membrane. 
j Diph'thong (dif- or dip'-), n. [Gr. 
fit'$0oyyos , from fit's, twice, and $06y- 
•yos, voice.] 1. A union of two vowel 
sounds pronounced in one syllable; 
as, ou in out, oi mnoise. 2. A union 
of two vowels in the same syllable, 
only one of them being sounded ; as, 
ai in rain, eo in people. 

Diph-thon'gal (dif- or dip-, 82), a. 
Belonging to a diphthong. 

Di-plo'ma (150^ n. [Gr. fitVAw^ta, fr. 
SittXovv, to double.] A deed of priv- 
ilege ; a certificate of a literary de- 
gree. 

Di-pl5'ma-cy, n. 1. Conduct of ne- 
gotiations between nations. 2. Dex- 
terity in securing advantages. 3. 
Body of ministers or envoys. 

Dip'lo-mat, ) n. One skilled in di- 

Dip'lo-mate, J plomacy; a diplo- 
matist. 

Dip/LO-MAT'ic, )a. Pertaining to 

Dlp/LO-MAT'l€-AL, ) a diploma, to 
diplomacy, or to diplomatics. 

Dip/l,o-mXt'I€S, n. sing. Art of read- 
ing ancient writings, public docu- 
ments, &c. : paleography. 

Di-plo'ma-tist, n. One skilled in 
diplomacy ; a diplomat. [dips. 

DlP'PER, n. One who, or that which, 

Dip'ping-nee/dee, n. A magnetic 
needle suspended so as to move freely 
in a vertical plane. 

DlP'TER-AL, a. [Gr. fitWepos, with 
two wings.] 1. Having two wings 
only. 2. Having a' double row of 
columns on each of the flanks. 

Dip'ter-ous, a. Having two wings, 
or wing-like processes. 

DIP'TY€H, n. [Gr. fiun-vxos, folded, 
doubled.] 1. A writing tablet among 
the ancients, consisting of two leaves. 
2. A list of bishops and saints. 

Dl-RA/Dl-A'TION, n. [N. Lat. dhadia. 
tio, fr. dis and radiatio, radiation.] 
Emission and diffusion of rays of 
light. 

Dire, a. [-er ; -est.] [Lat. dims.] 
Dreadful ; horrible : terrible. 

Di-r£€T', a. 1. Straight. 2. Straight- 
forward ; sincere ; outspoken. 3. 
Unambiguous ; absolute. 4. In the 
line of descent. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. dirigerc, directum, fr. rfw and 
regere, to keep straight.] 1. To give 
direction to 2. To determine the 
course of. 3. To put upon the right 
track. 4. To instruct as a superior. 
5. To superscribe. 

Dl-RE€'TlON, n. 1. Act of directing. 
2. Guiding or authoritative instruc- 
tion. 3. Name and residence of a per- 
son ; superscription ; address. 4. Line 
or point of tendency. 

Syn.— Control ; command. — These 
words, as here compami, have reference 



A, £, I, 0,fj, Y,long,- A, £,1,6,0, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM ; PIQUE, FIRM ; SON. 



DIRECTIVE 



121 



DISCERNMENT 



to the exercise of power over the actions 
of others. Control is negative, denoting 
power to restrain; command is positive, 
implying a right to enforce obedience ; 
directions are commands containing in- 
struction* how to act. A shipmaster has 
the command of his vessel ; he gives di- 
rections to the seamen as to the mode of 
sailing it ; and exercises a due control 
over the conduct of the passengers. 

D'l-RE€T'iVE, a. Having power to di- 
rect ; directing. 

DI-RE€T'LY, adv. In a direct man- 
ner; immediately. 

Syn. — Immediately ; instantly ; in- 
stantaneously. — " I will do it directly" 
means, " I will go straightway about it." 
— "I will do it immediately " means, " I 
will do it as the very next thing." — "I 
•will do it instantly or instantaneously" 
allows not a particle of delay. 

DI-RE€T'NESS, n. State of being di- 
rect. 

DT-RE€T'OR, n. One who, or that 
which, directs ; especially one of a 
body of persons who manage the 
affairs of a corporation. 

DI-RE€T'o-rate, n. A body of direct- 
ors, or the office of director. 

Dl-REe-TO'Ri-AL, a. 1. Directive. 2. 
Pertaining to a director or to a di- 
rectory. 

Dl-REGT'O-RY, a. Containing direc- 
tions. — n. 1. A collection of direc- 
tions. 2. A book of the names and 
residences of the inhabitants of any 
place. 3. A body of directors. 

Dl-REGT'RESS, n. A female director. 

DIre'ful, a. Dire; dreadful; terri- 
ble, [ribly. 

Dire'ful-ly, ado. Dreadfully ; ter- 

DlRGE (18), n. [From the first word 
of a hymn, " Dirige gressus meos," 
formerly sung at funerals.] Apiece 
of music of a mournful character. 

DIRK (18), n. [Ir. & Gael, duirc, dure, 
a dagger.] A kiud of dagger. — v. t. 
To stab with a dirk. 

DTrt (18), n. [Tcel. drit, excrement, 
drita, to dung, A.-S. drltan, id.] Any 
foul or filthy substance, as excre- 
ment, mud, &c. — v. t. To soil; to 
dirtv. [ily. 

DlRT'l-LY, adv. Foully ; nastily ; filth- 

DTrt'y, a. [-ER; -est, 142.] 1. 
Defiled with dirt. 2. Sordid ; base ; 
groveling.— v. t. [-ED;-ING,142.] 1. 
To foul ; to soil. 2. To scandalize. 

Dis'a-bil'I-ty, n. 1. State of being 
disabled; incapacity. 2. Want of 
legal qualification. 

Syn.— Inability. — Inability is want 
of power in itself considered ; disability 
arises from some depravation or loss of 
the needed competency. One who he- 
comes deranged is under a disability of 
holding his estate; and one who is made 
a judge, of deciding in his own case. 

DlS-A'BLE,U . t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 

render unable or incapable. 2. To 
deprive of legal qualification. 

Dls'A-BUgE', v. t. [-ED; -ing.] To 
undeceive ; to set right, [commode. 

DlS'AG-GOM'MO-DATE, V. t. To in- 

Dts'AG-eoivPMO-DA'TiON, n. A state 

of being unaccommodated or un- 

suited. [accustomed. 

DTfs'A€-e0s'TOM, v. t. To render un- 

Dis'ad-vAn'taGe,^. 1. Deprivation 



of advantage. 2. Prejudice to inter- 
est, fame, profit, or other good. 

Dis-Ad'van-ta'Geous, a. Attended 
with disadvantage ; prejudicial ; det- 
rimental. 

Dis-Xd'van-ta'Geous-ly, adv. With 
loss or inconvenience. 

Dis-AD'van-ta'geous-ness, n. In- 
convenience ; loss. 

DlS'AF-FEGT', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To fill with unfriendliness. 2. To dis- 
order. 

Dis'af-feg'TION, n. State of being 
disaffected ; want of good- will. 

Dis'af-fIrm' (18), v. t. To contra- 
dict ; to deny. 

DiVaf-fIrm'an^E , n. Act of disaf- 
firming ; denial ; negation. 

DlS'A-GREE'. v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To fail to agree ; to be at variance. 
2. To differ in opinion. 3. To be un- 
suited. 

Dis'A-GREE'A-BLE, a. Not agreeable ; 
exciting repugnance. 

SrN. — Unpleasant ; offensive ; dis- 
pleasing. 

Dis'A-gree'A-ble-ness, n. Unpleas- 
antness, [agreeable manner. 

Dis'a-gree'A-bly, adv. In a dis- 

Dis'a-gree'ment, n. 1. Act of dis- 
agreeing. 2. Difference of opinion. 3. 
Unsuitableness. 4. A controversy. 

Syn.— Diversity ; discrepancy ; vari- 
ance ; dissent ; dispute ; discord. 

Dis'al-loW, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
refuse to allow ; to disown and re- 
ject. — v. i. To refuse permission. 

Dis'al-low'a-ble, a. Not allow- 
able ; not to be suffered. 

Dis'al-lo w'ANCE, n. Refusal to ad- 
mit or permit. 

Syn. — Disapprobation; rejection. 

DIS-AN'I-MATE, v. t. To deprive of 
spirit ; to discourage ; to dishearten. 

Dis'AN-NEX', v. t. To separate. 

Dis'AN-NiJL', v. t. To annul. 

egp- The prefix in this word is inten- 
sive. 

DIs'ap-pear', v. i. [-ed; -ing.] 1. 
To vanish from the sight ; to become 
invisible. 2. To cease to be or exist. 

Dis/AP-PEAR'ANCE, n. Act of disap- 
pearing. 

Dis'AP-POINT', V. t. [-EB; -ING.] 
[Pref. dis and appoint, prop., to un- 
fix or unsettle.] 1. To defeat of ex- 
pectation or hope. 2. To hinder of 
result. 

Syn. — To frustrate; balk; baffle; foil. 

DIVap-point'ment, n. 1. Defeat or 
failure of expectation or hope. 2. 
That which disappoints. 

Dis-ap/pro-ba'tion, n. Act of dis- 
approving. 

Dis-.Xp'pro-ba-to-ry (50), a. Con- 
taining disapprobation. 

DlS'AP-PROV'AL, n. Disapprobation. 

DlS'AP-PROYE',r. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. 
To regard as wrong or inexpedient ; 
to censure. 2. To decline to sanc- 
tion ; to disallow. 

Dl§-ARi\l' (91), V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
deprive of arms, or of the means of 
attack or defense. 

Dl§-ARM'A-MENT, n. Act of disarm- 
ing. 



DIS'AR-RANGE', V. t. [-ED ; -IN®.] 
To disturb the due arrangement of. 

Dls'AR-RAN&E'MENT, n. Act of dis- 
arranging ; confusion; disorder. 

DlS'AR-RAV', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To break the array of. 2. To undress ; 
to unrobe. — n. 1. Disorder; con- 
fusion. 2. Undress ; dishabille. 

Dlg-As'TER (91), n. [Lat dis and an- 
trum, Gr. arrrpov, ao-rqp, star.] A 
sudden misfortune. 

Syn. — Calamity; mishap; mischance. 

Dls-Xs'TROiJS, a. Unfortunate; ca- 
lamitous. 

Dlg-AS'TRoCs-LY, adv. In a disas- 
trous manner. [ness. 

DI£-as'trous-ness, it. Unfortunate- 

DIS'A-VOUCH', v. t. To disavow. 

Dis'A-VOW', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
refuse to own or acknowledge. 2. To 
disprove. [disclaimer. 

Dis'A-vow'AL, n. Act of disavowing ; 

Dis-band', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To dis- 
perse ; esp. to break up the military 
organization of. — v. i. To become 
separated or broken up. 

Dis-bark', v. t. To put on shore ; to 
disembark. 

Dis'be-lief', n. 1. Act of disbeliev- 
ing ; denial of belief. 2. System of 
error. 

Syn. — Unbelief. — Unbelief is, a mere 
failure to admit ; disbelief is a positive 
rejection. One may be an unbeliever in 
Christianity from ignorance or want of 
inquiry; a disbeliever has the proofs be- 
fore him, and incurs the guilt of setting 
them aside. 

DlVBE-LIEVE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To hold not to be true ; to refuse 
credit to._ [lieves. 

Dfs'BE-LlEV'ER, n. One who disbe- 

DlS-BOW'EL, V. t. [-ED ; -ING, 137.] 
To take out the bowels of; to gut. 

DlS-BUR'D.EN, V. I. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To rid ot a burden. 2. To become 
relieved of. — v. i. To ease the mind. 

Dis-burse', v. l. [-ed; -ing.] To 
pay out ; to expend. 

Dis-burse'ment, ii. Act of disburs- 
ing : expenditure. [money. 

Dis-burs'er, n. One who disburses 

Disg, n. A circular plate. See Disk. 

DlS-GARD', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
cast off or dismiss ; to discharge. 

Dis-CERN' (-zern', 14, 65), v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] [Lat. d i scernerr. , fr. dis, and 
cernere, to separate, perceive.] 1. To 
note the distinctive character of. 2. 
To perceive and recognize. 3. To 
perceive with the mind. 

Dl2-CERN'ER, n. One who discerns. 

Dis-cern'i-ble (diz-zrrn'i-bl),a. Ca- 
pable of being discerned. 

Dis_-CERN'MENT (diz-zern'-), n. L 
Act of discerning. 2. Faculty of tho 
mind by which it distinguishes one 
thing from another. 

Syn. — Discrimination ; penetration ; 
sagacity. — Discernment is accuracy and 
keenness of mental vision ; penetration 
js the power of seeing deeply into a sub- 
ject in spite of every thing that inter- 
cepts the view: discrimination is a ca- 
pacity of tracing out minute distinctions 
and the nicest shades of thought. A dis- 
cerning man is not easily misled: one of 
a penetrating mind sees a multitude of 



6r, do, wolf, too, TOOK; URN, rue, PULL ; E,I, O, silent; C, G, soft; €,ti,hard; As_; EjciST; NasNG; THIS. 



DISCERPTION 



122 



DISCRETION 



things which escape others ; a discrimi- 
nating judgment detects the slightest 
differences. 

DlS-CERP'TION, n. [Lat. discerpere, 
to rend.] Act of pulling to pieces. 

DlS-CHARGE', V. t. [-ED; -1NG.] 1. 
To relieve of a charge or burden ; to 
unload. 2. To let go the charge of. 
3. To relieve of a debt, obligation, ac- 
cusation, office, &c. 4. To perform or 
execute, as an office or part. 5. To give 
vent to; to utter. — v. i. To throw 
off a charge, or burden. — n. 1. Act 
of discharging. 2. That which dis- 
charges. 3. That which is discharged. 

Dis-char'ger, n. One who, or that 
which, discharges. 

Dis-ci'ple, n. [Lat. discipulus, from 
discere, to learn.] A learner ; a schol- 
ar ; a pupil; a follower. [disciple. 

Dis-cI'PLE-ship, n. State of being a 

Dis'91-PLIN-A-BLE, a. Capable of 
being disciplined. 

Dis'ci-plin-a'ri-an, a. Pertaining 
to discipline. — n. One who enforces 
rigid discipline. 

Dis'CI-plin-a-ry, a. Pertaining to, 
or intended for, discipline. 

Dls'Cl-PL'iNE,7i. [Lat. disciplina. See 
DISCIPLE.] 1. Treatment suited to 
a disciple or learner. 2. Training ; 
subjection to rule. 3. Corrective 
punishment. 

Syn. — Education; instruction; cul- 
ture; correction; chastisement. 
—v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To educate ; 
to bring under control ; to drill. 2. 
To correct ; to chastise. 3. To in- 
flict ecclesiastical penalties upon. 

DlS-CLAIM', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 

reject all claim to; to disavow; to 
disown. 

Dis-claim'er, n. 1. One who dis- 
claims. 2. (Law.) A denial or re- 
nunciation, as of a title, estate or 
trust._ 3. A public disavowal. 

DlS-GLOSE', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
unclose : to open ; to bring to light ; 
to make known. 

Dis-CLOs'f r , n. One who discloses. 

Dis-CLOS'ure, n. 1. Act of disclos- 
ing. 2. That which is disclosed. 

Dis'COlD, n. Any thing having the 
form of a disc. 

Dis'COlD, 1 a. [Gr. 6<.crKoetS^s, fr. 

Dis-COID'AL, I Stcncos, a quoit, and 
etSos, shape.] Having the form of a 
disk. 

Dis-col'or (-kul'ur), v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] To alter the color or appear- 
ance of; tostain ; to tinge. 

Dis-gol'or-a'tion, -it. 1. Change of 
coloring. 2. Discolored spot ; stain. 

Dis-COM'FIT (-kum'fit), v. t. [-ED; 
-ing.] [Lat. dis and conficere, to 
prepare.] 1. To scatter in fight. 2. 
To break up and frustrate the plans 
of. 

Syn. — To disconcert; defeat; rout. 

Dis-com'fit-ure (-klini'i'it-yrjr, 53), 
n. Act of discomfiting ; rout ; de- 
feat : frustration. 

Dis-COM'fort (-kum'furt), n. Want 
of comfort; uneasiness; inquietude. 
— v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To destroy 
or disturb the comfort of. 



DYs-€OM-m£nd', v. t. To blame. 

DlS'COM-MODE', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. dis and commodare, to make 
fit.] To put to inconvenience ; to in- 
commode^ [ous. 

DIs'com-mo'di-ous', a. Incommodi- 

DlS / COM-POS_E', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 1. 
To disarrange. 2. To destroy the 
composure of. 

Syn. — To disorder; derange; dis- 
turb; disconcert; ruffle. 

Dis'COM-Pos/URE, n. 1. Disorder; 
agitation. 2. Discordance ; incon- 
sistency. 

DlS'CON-CERT' (14), V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
1. To throw into disorder. 2. To 
disturb the composure of. [formity. 

Dls'CON-FORM'I-T Y, n. Want of con- 

Dis'CON-NECT', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To separate ; to sever. 

Dis'gon-nec'TION, n. Separation ; 
want of union. 

Dis-con'so-late (45), a, 1. Desti- 
tute of consolation ; deeply dejected ; 
melancholy. 2. Cheerless. 

Dis-c5n'so-late-ly, adv. In a dis- 
consolate manner. 

Dis'con-tent', n. Want of content; 
dissatisfaction. — 1\ t. [-ED ; -ing.] 
To deprive of content ; to dissatisfy. 

Dis'con-tent'ed-ly, adv. In a dis- 
contented manner. [inquietude. 

Dis'CON-TENT'MENT, n. Uneasiness ; 

DiVeoN-TlN'u-ANCE, n. Act of dis- 
continuing ; want of continued con- 
nection. 

Syn. — Cessation ; intermission ; in- 
terruption; disjunction; disruption. 

DiS'CON-TlN'UE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
1. To interrupt the continuance of ; 
to put an end to. 2. To cease atten- 
tion to. 3. To disunite. — v.i. To 
cease ; to part. 

Dls-eoN'Tl-NU'l-TY,?*. Want of con- 
tinuity or cohesion. 

D'is'GON-TIN'u-ous, a. Not continu- 
ous ; interrupted ; broken up. 

Dis'GORD, n. [Lat. discord 7a. fr. dis 
and cors, cordis, heart.] 1. Want of 
concord; variance. 2. Union of mu- 
sical sounds which strikes the ear 
disagreeably. 

Syn.— Difference ; dissension ; con- 
tention; strife; dissonance. 

Dls-€ORD'ANCE, ) ii. Disagreement; 

Dis-cord'an-'cy, j inconsistency. 

Dis-GORD'ANT, a. 1. Being at vari- 
ance ; opposing. 2. Not in harmony 
or musical concord. 

Syn. — Incongruous; repugnant: con- 
trary; dissonant; harsh. 

Dis-cord'ant-ly, adv. In a dis- 
cordant manner. 

Dls'-eoUNT, n. [Prefix dis and count.] 
1. An allowance made on an ac- 
count, debt, price asked, &c. 2. A 
deduction for interest, in advancing 
money upon a bill or note not due. 

Dis'count, or Discount', v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING ] 1. To deduct from an 
account, debt, charge, &c. 2. To 
loan money upon, deducting allow- 
ance for interest. — v. i. To lend 
money, abating the discount. 

Dis-count'a-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing discounted. 



DlS-€OUN'TE -NANCE, V. t. f-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To put out of counte- 
nance ; to abash. 2. To discourage. 
— n. Cold treatment ; disapproba- 
tion. 

Dis'COUNT-er, n. One who discounts. 

Dis-coDr'age (-kuVej), v. t. [-ed; 
-ING.] 1. To extinguish the courage 
of. 2. To deter one from. 

Syn.— To dishearten; dispirit; de- 
press; dissuade. 

DlS-COUR'AGE-MENT (-kuVej-) «. 1. 
Act of discouraging ; dejection. 2. 
That which discourages. 

Dis-gourse', n. [Lat. discursus, fr. 
discurrere, to run to and fro.] 1. 
Oral treatment of a subject ; talk ; 
conversation. 2. A formal disserta- 
tion; a sermon. — v.i. [-ED ; -ING.] 

1. To exercise reason. 2. To talk or 
treat in a continuous or formal man- 
ner. — v. t. To utter or give forth. 

Dis-cours'ive, a. 1. Reasoning; dis- 
cursive. 2. Containing conversation. 

Dis-cour'te-ous (-kGr'te-us), a. Un- 
civil ; rude. 

Dis-COUR'TE-SY, n. Want of courte- 
sy ; rudeness. 

Disg'ous, a. Disk-like ; circular, wide, 
and flat. 

Dis-cov'er (-kuV-), v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] 1. To remove the covering 
from ; to expose to view. 2. To make 
known. 3. To find out. 

Syn. — To invent.— We discover what 
existed before but remained unknown ; 
we invent by forming combinations 
which are either entirely new or which 
attain their end by means unknown be- 
fore. Columbus discovered America; 
Whitney invented the cotton-gin. 

Dis-cov'er-a-ble, a. Capable of 
being discovered. 

Dis-c6v'er-er, n. One who discov- 
ers ; an explorer. 

Dis-COV'ER-Y (-kuV-), n. 1. Action 
of discovering ; disclosure. 2. Rev- 
elation. 3. Finding out for the first 
time. 4. That which is discovered. 

Dis-cred'IT, n. 1. Want of credit : 
disesteem. 2. Act of discrediting, or 
state of being discredited. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. To disbelieve. 2. 
To deprive of credibility. 3. To bring 
reproach upon. 

Dis-cred'it- a-ble, a. Tending to 
injure credit ; disgraceful. 

Dis-CREET', a. [Lat. discretus, p. p. 
of disr.ernere. See DISCERN.] Pos- 
sessed of discernment or discretion. 

Syn.— Prudent ; sagacious ; circum- 
spect. 

Dis-CREET'LY, adv. Prudently. 

Dis-crep'ance ) (113), a. Disagree. 

Dis-€REP'an-cy j ment ; variance ; 
inconsistency. 

DIS-GREP'ANT (113), a. [Lat. discre- 
pare, discrepans, to sound discord- 
antly.] Discordant; disagreeing; 
different. 

Dis-crete', a. [See Discreet.] 1. 
Separate; distinct. 2. Disjunctive. 

Dis-cre'tion (-kreWun), n. [Lat. 
disrretio, separation, difference. See 
Discreet.] 1. Sagacity ; prudence 

2. Freedom to act according to one's 
own judgment. 



A, E, I, O,V,Y t l0ng; A,S,L, 6, U, Y, Short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM ; SON, 



DISCRETIONAL 



123 



DISHONOR 



Dis-€RE'tion-al ) (-kreWun-), n. 

Dis-cre'tion-a-ry j Left to discre- 
tion ; unrestrained except by discre- 
tion. 

Dis-CRE'TION-AL-LY \ (-kresh'un), 

DlS-€RE'TION-A-RI-LY j adv. At 

discretion ; according to discretion. 

Dis-€RE'tive, a. Disjunctive; sep- 
arating. 

JfcS-CRIM'I-NATE , V. t. [-ED ; -INS.] 

. [Lat. discriminare, -atum, fr. discri- 
men, division, distinction.] 1. To sep- 
arate ; to distinguish. 2. To distin- 
guish by a peculiar note or sign. — v. i. 
To make a difference or distinction. 

Dis-€RIM'I-NATE-LY, adv. Distinctly. 

Dls-CRl'M'I-NA'TION, n. 1. Act of dis- 
criminating. 2. Faculty of nicely 
distinguishing. 3. Mark of distinc- 
tion. 

Syn.— See Discernment. 

DlS-CRlM'l-NA-TlVE, a. 1. Distin- 
guishing ; distinctive. 2. Observing 
distinctions. [prive of a crown. 

Dis-crown', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To de- 

Dis-€UM'ben-cy, n. [Lat. disown- 
bere, -cumbens, to lie down, recline.] 
Act of reclining at meat, after the 
manner of the ancients. 

Dis-eiLvt'BER, v. t. To unburden. 

Dis-efrR'siON, n. [See Discourse.] 
1. Desultory talk. 2. Act of reason- 
ing.^ 

Dis-cur's'iye, a. 1. Rational. 2. Rov- 
ing ; rambling ; digressive. 

Dls-CUR's'iVE-LY, adv. In a discur- 
sive manner. [discursive. 

Dis-€UR'SC-RY, a. Argumentative; 

Di's'€US,H. 1. A quoit. 2. A disk. 

Dls-eC'SS', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
discutere, discussum, fr. ef/sand qua- 
tere, to shake, strike.] 1. To break 
up ; to disperse. 2. To examine by 
disputation. 

S y.\. — To debate. — To discuss a sub- 
ject is to pull it to pieces; to debate a 
point is to battle it out. 

Dis-eDs'siON (-ktish'un), n. Act of 
discussing ; debate ; disputation. 

Dis-euss'lVE, a. Able or tending to 
discuss. 

Dis-€TU'TIENT, a. [Lat. discutiens, 
.p. pr. of discutere. See Discuss.] 
Serving to disperse morbid matter. — 
n. A medicine to disperse any coag- 
ulated (luid in the body. 

Dljji-DAIN', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
dis and dignari, to deem worthy.] 
To look with scorn upon ; to despise. 
Sy_n.— See Contemn. 

Dis_-DAIN', n. A feeling of contempt 
and aversion. 

Dis_-dain'ful, a. Full of disdain; 
scornful ; haughty. [ful manner. 

Dis-DAIN'FUL-LY, adv. Inadisdain- 

DI&-EAS.E', n. [Prefix dis and ease.] 
A morbid condition of body ; sick- 
ness; — applied figuratively to the 
mind, to moral character, to insti- 
tutions, &c 

Syn. — Disorder; distemper ; malady. 
--Disease is the leading medical term. 
Disorder means the same, though, per- 
haps with some slight reference to an ir- 
regularitu of the system. Distemper is 
now used bv physicians only of the dis- 
eases of animals. Malady is not a med- 



ical term, and is less used than formerly 
in literature. 

— v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To afflict 
with sickness ; — used almost exclu- 
sively in the past participle. 
DlS'EM-BARK', V. I. [-ED; -ING.] 
To put on shore ; to land. — v. i. 
To go on land. [embarking. 

Dis-EiWBAR-KA'TION, n. Act of dis- 
DlS'EM-BAR'RASS, V. t. [-E D ; -ING.] 
To free from embarrassment ; to 
clear. 

DlS'EM-BAR'RASS-MENT, 11. Act of 

disembarrassing. 
Dis'EM-bEi/lish, v. t. To deprive of 

embellishment. [bitterness. 

Dis'EM-BlT'TER, v. t. To free from 
DlS'EM-BOD'Y, V. t. [-ED; -ING, 142.] 

To divest of the body. 
DiVem-bogue' (-bog'), v. t. [-ed ; 

-ING.] To discharge at the mouth, 

as a stream. 
Dis'em-bow'el (137), v. t. To take 

out the bowels ; to eviscerate ; to gut. 

DlS/EM-BROIL', V. t. [-ED , -ING.] 
To free from perplexity or confusion. 

DlS'EN-CHANT', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To free from enchantment. 

DlS'EN-CHANT'MENT, n. Act of dis- 
enchanting. 

D'iVen-cum'ber, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
To free from encumbrance. 

Dls'EN-etJjyr/BRANCE,?*. Deliverance 
from any thing burdensome or trou- 
blesome 1 

DlS'EN-GAGE', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
release from some previous connec- 
tion or engagement. 

Syn. — To liberate; free ; loose; de- 
tach; withdraw. 

DlS'EN-GAGE'MENT, 11. 1. Act of 
disengaging ; extrication. 2. Free- 
dom from engrossing occupation ; 
leisure. _ 

Dis'en-no'ble, v. t. To deprive of 
what ennobles ; to degrade. 

D'is'en-ROLL', v. i. To erase from a 
roll or list. 

DlS'EN-TAN'GLE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To free from entanglement. 

Syn. — To unravel; untwist; loose; 
extricate ; disengage. 

DiVen-tan'gle-ment, n. Act of 
disentangling. 

Dis'EN-TOMB' (-tobmO, v. t. To take 
out from a tomb. 

D'is'ES-TEEjtt', n. Want of esteem ; 
disfavor. — v.t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
regard with disapproval ; to slight. 

Dis-fa'vor, n. 1. Want of favor; 
disesteem. 2. An unkindness. — v.t. 
[-ED; -ING.] To withhold or with- 
draw favor from. 

Dis-fT£g / u-ra'tion, n. Act of disfig- 
uring, or state of being disfigured. 

Dis-fig'ure, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] To 
mar the figure or appearanceof. 
Syn. — To deface; deform; injure. 

Dis-fYg'ure-ment, n. Deformity ; 
defacement. 

DlS-FRAN'CHlSE (-chiz), V. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To deprive of a franchise or 
chartered right : to dispossess of any 
right of a citizen. 

DlS-FRAN'CHJSF-MENT (-chiz-), 71. 
Act of disfranchising. 



DlS-FUR'NISH, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
deprive of furniture ; to strip. 

Dis-gar'nish, v. t. To divest of garni- 
ture, ornaments, or furniture ; ta 
dismantle. 

DlS-GORGE', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To vomit. 2. To throw out with 
violence, as from a mouth. 3. To 
make restitution of. 

DIS-GORGE'MENT, n. Act of dis- 
gorging ; that which is disgorged. 

Dis-grace', n. 1. Lack or loss of 
favor. 2. Ignominy ; infamy. 3- 
Cause of s 



Syn.— Opprobrium; dishonor; shame; 
disrepute. 

— v.t. [-ed;-ing.] 1. To dis- 
miss with dishonor. 2. To bring re- 
proach or shame upon. 

Syn^ — To degrade; dishonor; debase. 
Dis-GRACE'FUL, a. Bringing dis- 
grace ; shameful ; infamous. 
Dis-GRACE'FUL-LY, adv. In a dis- 
graceful manner. [pleasing. 
Dis-GRA'CIOUS, a. Ungracious; un- 
DlS-GUISE' (72), V.t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
1. To change the guise or appear- 
ance of; especially to conceal by an 
unusual dress. 2. To intoxicate. — 
n. 1. Something put on to conceal 
or deceive. 2. Slight intoxication. 
Dis-guis/er, n. One who disguises 
Dis-GUST', n. [Lat. prefix dis and 
gustus, tasting, taste.] Repugnance 
to what is offensive; — said of any 
thing which offends the organ of 
taste, or the sensibilities of the soul. 
Syn. — Aversion ; disrelish; dislike. 
See Aversion. 

— v.t. [-ED; -ING.] To provoka 
disgust in ; to displease. 

Dis-gust'ful, a. Provoking dis- 
gust ; nauseous. [to disgust. 

Dis-GUST'ING-LY, adv. In a manner 

Dish, n. [A.-S. disc. See Desk and 
Disk.] 1. A vessel for serving up 
food. 2. Any particular kind of 
food. — v.t. [-ed; -ing] 1. To 
put in a dish. 2. To make like a 
dish. 3. To frustrate. [Loiv.] 

DIs'ha-bille' (dis'a-bil'), n. An un- 
dress ; deshabille. 

D'isil'CLOTH, ( n. A cloth for wiping 

Dish'clout, ) dishes. 

DlS-HEART'iJN, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 

To deprive of heart, courage, or hope. 
Syn. — To dispirit ; discourage ; de- 
press; deject. 
DI-SHEV.EL (-sheVl), V. t. [-ED, 

-ING; or -LED, -LING, 137] [Fr. 

decheveler, fr. Lat. dis and capillus, 
hair.] To suffer to hang in a loose 

or negligent manner, as the hair. 
DisH'FUL, n. As much as a dish holds. 
Dlg-HON'EST (-on'est, 91), a. 1. 

Wanting in honesty ; fraudulent. 2. 

Characterized by fraud 
Dis-hon'est-ly (-Sn'est-), adv. In 

a dishonest manner. 
Dis-Hon'es-ty (-on'es-ty), n. 1. 

Want of honesty. 2. Violation of 

trust or of justice. 
Dis-hon'or (diz-on'ur, 91), n. Want 

of honor. 

Syn. — Disgrace ; ignominy ; shame ; 

reproach; opprobrium. 



6r, do, wolf, too, TOOK; urn, rue . pull ; J2, J, o, silent ; c.G,so/i!; €,G,hard; as; E£lST; % as ng; this. 



DISHONORABLE 



124 



DISPATCH 



— v. t. [-ED; -ing.] 1. To bring 
reproach or shame on. 2. To violate 
the chastity of. 3. To refuse to ac- 
cept or pay ; — said of a draft which 
is due and is presented. 

Syn. — To disgrace ; shame ; degrade. 

DI£-hon'or-a-ble (-on'ur-), a. 
Bringing or deserving dishonor; 
base ; wanting in honor. 

Di^-hon'or-a-bly (-fin'-), adv. In a 
dishonorable manner. [mor. 

Dis-hu'mor, m. Peevishness ; ill hu- 

Dls-lN'fLI-NA'TlON, n. State of be- 
ing disinclined. 

Syn.— Unwillingness; aversion; re- 
pugnance. 

Ms'IN-CLInE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
excite the dislike or aversion of. 

DlS'IN-FECT', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
cleanse from infection. 

Dis'in-fect'ant, n. That which dis- 
infects, [iug. 

D'is'in-fec'tion, n. Act of disinfect- 

Dis'in-gen'u-ous, a. 1. Mean ; un- 
worthy. 2. Wanting in candor or 
frankness. 

Dis'in-gen'u-ous-LY, adv. Unfairly ; 
not openly and candidly. [candor. 

Dis'in-gen'u-ous-ness, n. Want of 

Dis'in-her'it, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
deprive of an inheritance. 

Dis'in-her'it-an^e, n. Act of dis- 
inheriting, or condition of being dis- 
inherited. 

DlS-IN'TE-GRATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. integrare, -atum, to renew, from 
integer, whole.] To separate into 
integrant parts, [to integrant parts. 

Dis-IN'TE-GRA'TION, n. Reduction 

DiVin-ter', v. t. [-ed; -ing, 136.] 
To take out of the grave or tomb. 

Dis-in'ter-est-ed, a. Not influ- 
enced by regard to personal advan- 
tage. 

Syn. — Unbiased; impartial. 

Dis-in'ter-est-ed-ly, adv. In a 
disinterested manner. 

Dis-In'ter-est-ed-ness, n. State 
of being disinterested; impartiality. 

Dis'in-tEr'ment, n. Act of disin- 
terring. 

DIs'in-thrall', v. t. To release 
from thralldom ; to emancipate. 

Dls'IN-THRALL'MENT, n. Emanci- 
pation, [part ; to separate. 

Dis-JOIN', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 

DIS-JOINT', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 
put out of joint ; to dislocate. 2. 
To separate at junctures. 3. To 
break the natural order and relations 
of. [state. 

Dis-JOINT'LY, adv. In a disjointed 

DIS-JUN€T', a. [Lat. disjimgere, dis- 

junctus, to disjoin.] Disjoined; sep 

arated. [tion 

Dis-JUN€'tion, n. Disunion; separa 

Dis-JUN€T'IVE, a. Tending to dis 

join ; separating. — n. A conjunc 

tion connecting grammatically two 

words or clauses expressing at the 

same time an opposition inherent in 

the notions. [junctive manner. 

Dis-jOn€T'ive-ly, adv. In a dis- 

DlSK, n. [Gr. Sioxo?. See Desk and 

Dish.] 1. A flat, circular plate. 2. 



A quoit. 3. Face of a celestial body. 
4. Central part of a radiate com- 
pound flower. 
Dis-LIKE', n. Positive aversion. 

_Syn. — Disapprobation ; displeasure ; 
distaste; antipathy; repugnance. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To haA'e an 
aversion to. 

Dis'lo-€ATE (45), a. Dislocated. 

DiS'LO-€ATE, v. t. [-ed; -ing. J 
[Lat. prefix dis and locare, to place.] 
To displace ; to put out of joint. 

Dis'lo-€A'tion, n. 1. A displacing; 
displacement. 2. A disjointing ; 
luxation. 

Dis-lodge', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
drive from a lodge, or place of rest or 
hiding. 

Dis-LODG'MENT, n. Act of dislodging. 

Dis-loy'al, a. Not loyal; false to 
allegiance. 

Syn. — Faithless ; treacherous; per- 
fidious; inconstant. 

Dis-LOY'AL-LY, adv. Treacherously. 

Dis-LOY'AL-TY, n. Want of loyalty ; 
violation of allegiance. 

DIS/MAL, (diz'mal, 91), a. [Orig. a n. ; 
from Lat. dies melius, evil day.] 
Gloomy to the eye or ear ; sorrowful 
and depressing. 

Syn.— Dreary; doleful ; direful. 

Dis/mal-ly, adv. In a dismal man- 
ner; dolefully. 

DlS-MAN'TLE,*t\ t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
deprive of dress, apparatus, furni- 
ture, equipments, or fortifications. 

Dis-MASK', v. t. To strip a mask from. 

DlS-MAST', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 

deprive of masts. 
Dis-MAY', v. t. [-ED; -ing.] [0. Fr. 
esmaier, from des, es, equiv. to Lat. 
dis, er, and Goth, magan, to be 
strong.] To fill with distressing fear, j 

Syn. — Daunt ; appall. — Dismay de- 
notes a continuous state of gloomy ap- I 
prehension; to daunt supposes some- 
thing more sudden and startling; to ap- ' 
pall is the strongest term, implying a 
sense of terror which overwhelms the 
faculties. 

— n. Loss of firmness and energy 
through fear. 

Syn. — Fear; fright; terror; consterna- 
tion. 

DlS-MEM'BER, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To divide limb from limb. 2. To 
strip of its essential parts. 
Syn.— To disjoin; mutilate. 

Dis-mem'ber-ment, ». A dismem- 
bering ; mutilation. 

Dis-MJSS', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Lat. 
dimittere, for dismittere, -missum* 
from dis and mitte.re, to send.] 1. To 
send away ; to cause or permit to go. 
2. To remove from office or employ- 
ment. 3. To lay aside or reject. 

DlS-Mlss'AL,n. Dismission ; discharge. 

Dis-Mis'siON (-rmsh'un), n. Act of 
dismissing ; removal ; discharge. 

Dis-mIss'ive, a. Giving dismission, 
or leave to depart. 

Dis-mount', v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
descend ; to alight from a horse. — 
v. t. To throw or bring down from 
an elevation, place of honor and au- 
thoritv, &c. 

Dis'o-Be'di-ence, n. Neglect or re- 
fusal to obey. 



DIs'o-be'di-ent, a. Neglecting or 
refusing to obey. 

DIs'o-be'di-ent-ly, adv. In a dis. 
obedient manner. 

Dis'o-eey', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
neglect or refuse to obey. 

Dis-ob'li-ga'tion, n. Act of dis- 
obliging, [ing obligation, 

Dis-6b'l,i-ga-TO-ry (50), a. Releas- 

Dis'o-blige', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
offend by an act of unkindness or in- 
civility^ 

DIVo-bli'GING-LY, adv. in a diso- 
bliging manner. [proper orbit. 

Dis-orbjed', a. Thrown out of the 

Dis-or'der, ». 1. Want of order. 2. 
Neglect of order or system. 3. Dis- 
turbance of the peace. 4. Disturb- 
ance of functions of body or mind. 

Syn. — Disease: irregularity; confus- 
ion; tumult; bustle; illness; malady; 
distemper. See Disease. 
— v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To throw 
into confusion. 2. To make sick. 3. 
To disturb the regular operations of. 
Syn.— To disarrange ; confuse ; dis- 
compose. . 

Dis-or'der-li-ness, a. State of be- 
ing disorderly. 

Dis-OR'DER-EY, a. 1. Marked by 
disorder. 2. Not acting in an orderly 
way. 3. Not complying with the 
restraints of law. 4. Not regulated 
by the restraints of morality. 

DlS-OR'GAN-1-ZA'TION, 11. Act of 
disorganizing or state of being disor- 
ganized. 

DlS-OR'GAN-IZE, t>. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To destroy the organic structure or 
connected system of. [organizes. 

Dis-or'gan-iz'er, it. One who dis- 

Dlg-OWN' (91), v. t. [-ed;-ing.] To 
refuse to own. 

Syn. — To disavow; disclaim; deny; 
disallow. 

DlS-PAR'AGE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [L. 
Lat. disparagare, fr. dis and paragi- 
um, parity of condition or birth, fr. 
par, equal.] To injure by depreciat- 
ing comparisons ; to detract or dero- 
gate from. 

Syn.— To decry; undervalue; vilify; 
degrade. See Dect.y. 

Dis-par'age-ment, n. Injurious 
comparison with an inferior ; unjust 
depreciation. 

Syn. — Derogation; detraction. 

Dis-par'a-ger, n. One who dis- 
parages. 

Dis-PAR'1-TY. n. [Lat. dispar, unlike, 
unequal.] Difference in age, rank, 
condition, or excellence. 

Syn. — Inequality; disproportion. 

Dis-part', t>. t. or i. [-ed ; -ing.] 
To part asunder ; to separate. 

Dis-pas'sion (-pash / un), n. Freedom 
from passion. 

Dis-pas'sion-ate (45), a. 1. Freo 
from passion. 2. Not dictated by 
passion. 

Syn. — Calm ; cool ; composed ; tem- 
perate. 

Dis-pas'sion-ate-ly, adv. Without 
passion ; calmly. 

Dis-patch', v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] [Lat. 
pref. dis and pangere, pactum, to 
fasten, fix.] 1. To send off on a 



I, E, i, o,ti 5 Y,long; A, E,I, 6, u, y, short; cAre, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son 1 



DISPATCHFUL 



125 



DISRESPECTFUL 



special errand. 2. To put out of the 
way ; to put to death. 3. To dis- 
pose of, as business. 

Stk. — To expedite ; hasten ; speed ; 
conclude ; slay ; kill. 

— n. 1 . The sending of a messenger 
in haste. 2. Any sending away. 3. 
Rapid performance. 4. A message 
dispatched orient off. [eating, haste. 

Dis-patch'ful, a. Bent on, or indi- 

Dis-pau'per, v. t. To deprive of the 
claim of a pauper to public support. 

DlS-PEL', V. t. [-LED ; -LING, 133.] 
[Lat. dispellere, pref. dis and pellere, 
to push.] To drive away ; to cause 
to disappear. 

Dis-pen'sa-ble, a. 1. Capable of 
being dispensed or administered. 2. 
Capable of being dispensed with. 

Dis-pen'sa-rv, n. A place where 
medicines and medical advice are 
given gratis to the poor. 

DIs'PEN-sa'tion, n. 1. Act of dis- 
pensing or dealing out ; — often used 
of the dealing of God with his crea- 
tures. 2. A system of principles, 
promises, and rules ordained and ad- 
ministered. 3. The granting of a 
license, or the license itself, to do 
what is forbidden. 

Dis-pen'sa-to-ry (50), a. Granting, 
or authorized to grant, dispensations. 

— n. A book of directions for com- 
pounding medicines. 

DlS-PENSE', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
dispensare. from dis and pendere, to 
weigh.] 1. To deal out in portions. 
2. To apply, as laws to particular 
cases. 

Syx. — To distribute; administer; ex- 
ecute. 

— v. i. To permit neglect or omis- 
sion. 

Di's-p£ns'er, a. One who dispenses. 

Dis-peo'ple, v. t. [-ED; -ing.] To 
depopulate. 

Di-sp£rm'ous, a. [Gr. Sis, twice, 
double, and cr7rep/u.a, seed.] Contain- 
ing two seeds only. 

Dis-pErse' (53), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[Lat. dispergere, from pref. dis and 
spargere, to scatter.] 1. To scatter 
here and there ; to spread, as knowl- 
edge, light, &c. 2. To cause to 
separate. 

Syx.— To dissipate; dispel; diffuse; 
distribute; disseminate. 

Dis-PER'siON, n. 1. Act of dispers- 
ing. 2. State of being scattered. 

DlS-PlR'IT, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
depress the spirits of. 

Syx . — To dishearten ; discourage ; de- 
ject. 

DlS-PLACE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To change the place of : to remove 
2. Todischarge ; to depose. 

Dis-pla^e'ment, n. 1. A displacing ; 
removal ; discharge. 2. Quantity of 
water displaced. 

Dis-plXnt', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
remove from the place where any 
thing has been planted. 

DIs'PLAN-ta'TION, n. Act of dis- 
placing ; removal. 

Dis-play', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [0. Fr. 
desployer, fr. des and ployer, to un- 



fold.] 1. To unfold ; to spread wide. 
2. To exhibit to the view. 3. To set 
in view ostentatiously. 

SYX. — To show; purade; expand. 

— n. 1. Exhibition; manifestation. 
2. Ostentatious show ; parade. 

Dis-plea^e', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] Not 
to please ; to make angry. 

Syx. — To offend; dissatisfy; disgust; 
vex; chafe; provoke. 

Dls-PLEAg'fJRE (-plezh'ur), n. 1. Feel- 
ing of one who is displeased. 2. That 
which displeases. 

Syx.— Dissatisfaction ; disapproba- 
tion; dislike; anger. 

DlS-PLODE', V. t. & t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. displodere, fr. dis and plodere, 
plaudere, to clap, strike.] To dis- 
charge ; to explode. 

Dls-PLO'£ION, n. An explosion. 

Dis-PLO'siVE, a. Tending to displode. 

DlS-PLLblE', v. t. To strip of plumes. 

Dis-PORT', n. Play ; sport ; diversion. 

— v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] [As if from 
a Lat. word disportare, to carry to 
andjfro.] To play ; to sport. 

Dis-pos'a-ele, a. Liable to be dis- 
posed of. 

Dis-POg'AL, n. 1. Act of disposing, 
or disposing of. 2. Regulation of the 
condition, application, &c, of any 
thing. 3. Authority to dispose of. 

Syx. — Dispensation; management; 
arrangement; regulation. 

Dls-pSgE', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
disponere, -position, fr. dis and po- 
nere, to lay, set.] 1. To set in order. 
2. To regulate. 3. To assign to a 
service or use. 4. To give a tendency 
or inclination. 

To dis])ose of, (a.) To exercise the 
power of control over. (6.) To part 
with; to get rid of. 

Dis-PO£ED f ,p. a. Inclined ; minded. 

Dis-Pos/ER, n. One who disposes. 

Dis'po-sJ'tion (-zlsh'un), n. 1. Act 
of disposing; disposal; distribution; 
arrangement. 2. Tendency result- 
ing from natural constitution. 3. 
Aptitude of mind resulting from 
constitution. 4. Moral character. 

Syx. — Inclination ; tendency. — A 
man's disposition is the prevailing spirit 
or governing purpose of his mind; his 
inclinations are excited states of desire or 
appetency; tendenojis a strong determi- 
nation or proclivity toward some partic- 
ular mode of action. A man's inclina- 
tions are variable; his natural tendencies 
are apt ultimately to prevail; but a dis- 
position formed and sustained on the 
side of virtue will give him the control 
of both. 

Dls / POS-SESS'(-pos-s6s / or -poz-zes'), 
v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To put out of 
possession. 

Dfe/pos-SES'siON (-sesh'un or -zesh'- 
un), n. 1. A putting out of posses- 
sion. _ 2. Result of the act. 

Dis-PRAI§E', n. Blame ; censure ; re- 
proach ; disparagement. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] To censure; to blame. 

Dis-PREAD', v. t. To spread abroad. 

Dis-PROOF', n. A proving to be false ; 
confutation. 

DIs'PRO-POR'TION, n. l.Wantof pro- 
portion or of symmetry. 2. Want 
of suitableness. — v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To make unsuitable. 



DlS'PRO-POR'TION-A-BLE, a. Dispro- 
portionalj inadequate. 

Dis'Pro-por'tion-al, a. Not hav- 
iug due proportion. 

D'lS'PRO-POR'TION-AL-LY, adv. Un- 
suitably with respect to form, quan- 
tity, or value, [proportioned. 

Dts'PRO-POR'TION-ATE (45), a. Not 

Dis'PRO-POR'TioN-ATE-Lif, adv. Un- 
suitably ; inadequately. 

Dis-PROV'a-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing disproved. 

DlS-PROVE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
prove to be false ; to confute. 

Dls'PU-TA-BLE, a. Capable of being 
disputed ; controvertible. 

DIs'PU-TANT, n. One who disputes. 

Dis'PU-TA'TlON, n. Act of disputing ; 
controversy in words. 

Dls'PU-TA'Tlotrs, \ a. Inclined to dis- 

Dis-pu'ta-tive, j pute; apt to 
cavil. 

Dis-pute', v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
disputare, from dis and putare, to 
clean, set in order, reckon.] 1. To 
contend in argument ; to debate. 2. 
To strive in opposition to a competi- 
tor. — v. t. 1. To argue for and 
against. 2. To struggle for th.3 
possession of. 3. To call in question- 
Si'x.— To controvert; contest; debate. 
— n. 1. Terbal controversy; de- 
bate. 2. Contest ; struggle. 

Syx. — Altercation ; quarrel; disagree- 
ment; difference. 

Dis-PUT'ER, n. One who disputes. 

Dis-QUAL'I-FI-eA'TION, n. 1. A dis- 
qualifying ; disability ; especially le- 
gal disability. 2. Want of qualifica- 
tion. 3. That which disqualifies. 

DlS-QUAL'I-FY, V. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] 

1. To render unfit ; to incapacitate. 

2. To_ deprive of legal capacity. 
Dis-QUI'ET, n. Want of quiet; un- 
easiness ; restlessness. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To render unquiet ; to dis- 
turb^ 

Dis-QUI'e-tude (30), n. Uneasiness ; 
disturbance ; agitation. 

DIs'QUl-21'TION (-zish'un), n. [Lat, 
disquisitio, fr. disquirere, to investi- 
gate.] A formal or systematic in- 
quiry into, or discussion of, any sub- 
ject. 

DIs'RE-GARD', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
pay no heed to ; to neglect ; to 
slight. — n. Omission to notice. 

Dis-REL'ISH, n. 1. Want of relish ; 
distaste; aversion. 2. Bad taste. — 
v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To feel a 
degree of disgust at. 2. To make 
nauseous. 

Dis-REP'U-TA-BLE, a. Tending to 
bring into discredit. 

Syx. — Dishonorable; low; mean; dis- 
graceful. 

DIS-REP'U-TA-BLY, adv. In a dis- 
reputable manner. 

DlS-REP'U-TA'TION, ) 7». LOSS or 

DIS'RE-PUTE', ) want of repu- 

tation or credit. 
Syx. — Dishonor; disgrace. 

DIs/RE-SPECT', n. Want of respect 
or reverence : disesteem ; incivility. 

Dis/re-spect'ful, a. Wanting in 
respect ; uncivil. 



6r, do,w<?lf,too,TO"ok; fjRN,RUE,PT/LL; E, I, o , silent ; g.G.so/*,- c, g, hard; A§ ; EglST; tftwNG; this. 



DISRESPECTFULLY 



126 



DISTEMPERATURE 



DTs're-spe€T'ful-ly, adv. In a 
disrespectful manner. 

Dis-ROBE', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
divest of a robe ; to strip. 

Dis-root', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
tear up by the roots ; to extirpate. 

Dis-rOpt', a. [Lat. disru-mpere, dis- 
mptus, to break asunder.] Rent 
asunder; broken. 

Dis-rPp'tion, n. A rending asunder ; 
disrupture. [asunder. 

Dis-RUPT'fiRE (53), n. A rending 

Dis-sat'is-Fag'tion, n. State of be- 
ing dissatisfied. 

Syn. — Discontent; displeasure; dis- 
like. 

Dis-sXt'is-FA€'to-RY, a. Causing 
dissatisfaction. 

DlS-SAT'IS-FY, V. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] 

To render discontented. 

DlS-SE€T', v. t. [ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
dissecare, dissectum, from dis and 
secare, to cut.] 1. To cut iu pieces 
for the purpose of examining the 
structure. 2. To analyze into its 
constituent parts. 

Dis-seot'i-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing dissected. 

Dis-sec'tion, n. Act of dissecting ; 
anatomy. 

Dis-segt'or, n. One who dissects. 

Dis-seize', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
dispossess wrongfully. 

Dis'sei-zee', n. One put out of pos- 
session of an estate unlawfully. 

DlS-SEl'ZIN, n. An unlawful dispos- 
session of a person actually seized of 
the freehold. 

Dis-sei'zor, n. One who disseizes. 

Dis-sem'ble,v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
dissinudare, fr. dis and simulare, to 
make like another.] 1. To hide tin- 
der a false semblance ; to disguise ; 
to mask. 2. To make pretense of; 
to feign. — v. i. To conceal the real 
fact, motives, or sentiments, under 
some pretense. [bles. 

Dis-SEM'BLER, n. One who dissem- 
Syn. — Hypocrite. — A dissembler con- 
ceals what he is. A hypocrite feigns to 
be what he is not. "When Andre passed 
within the American lines in a citizen's 
dress he war a dissembler; Arnold, whom 
he went to visit, had long been a hypo- 
crite. 

DlS-SEM'I-NATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. disseminare, -natum, from dis 
and seminare, to sow.] 1. To sow, as 
seed. 2. To spread or extend by dis- 
persion. 

Syx. — To diffuse ; propagate ; circu- 
late; disperse. 

Dis-SEM'I-NA'TION, n. Act of dis- 
seminating ; diffusion ; dispersion. 

Dis-sem'1-na/TOR, n. One who dis- 
seminates. 

Dis-sen'sion, n. [Lat. dissensio. See 
Dissent.] Violent disagreement in 
opinion ; strife ; quarrel. 

DIS-SENT', v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
dissent ire, fr. dis and sentire, to feel, 
think.] 1. To differ in opinion. 2. 
To differ from the established church. 
— n. 1. Act of dissenting ; disagree- 
ment. 2. Separation from an estab- 
lished church, esp. that of England. 

Dis-SENT'ER, n. One who dissents ; 



esp. a Protestant who dissents from 
the church of England. 

Dis-SEN'TIENT. a. Disagreeing; de- 
claring dissent. — n. One who dis- 
sents. 

Dls'SER-TA'TION, n. [Lat. disseria- 
tio, from dissertare, to discuBs ] A 
formal or elaborate discourse ; a dis- 
quisition. 

Dis-s£rve' (14), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
To injure ; to harm. [chief. 

Dis-s£rv'ice, n. Injury ; harm ; mis- 

Dis-serv'I(,.'E-A-ble, a. Mischiev- 
ous; harmful. 

DlS-SEV'ER, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [In 
this word dis augments the significa- 
tion.] To disunite; to sever. 

DIS-SEV'ER-AN£E, n. Act of dissev- 
ering, [sent. 

DIs'si-DENCE, n. Disagreement; dis- 

DlS'SI-DENT, a. [Lat. dissidere, dis- 
sidens, to sit apart; to disagree.] 
Dissenting. — n. One who dissents 
from the established religion ; a dis- 
senter, [neous. 

Dis-sim'I-LAR, a. Unlike ; heteroge- 

DIS-SIM/I-LAR'I-TY, n. Want of re- 
semblance ; unlikeness. 

Dls-si'M/I-LAR-LY, adv. In a dissim- 
ilar manner. 

Dis'si-Mi'L'l-TUDE (30), n. Unlike- 
ness ; dissimilarity. [to feign. 

Dis-sIm'u-late, v.i. To dissemble; 

Dis-sim'U-la'TION, n. Act of dissem- 
bling ; hypocrisy. 

Dis'si-pate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
dissipare, -palum, from dis and an 
obs. sipare, to throw.] 1. To drive 
asunder. 2. To destroy by wasteful 
extravagance. 

Syx. — To disperse ; scatter ; dispel ; 
squander; waste; lavish. 

DTs-si-PA'tion, n. 1. A dissipating 
or dispersing. 2. A dissolute course 
of life. 3. A state of distracted at- 
tention. 

Dis-so'ciA-BLE, a. Not well associ- 
ated or assorted ; incongruous. 

Dis-SO'CIAL, a. Unfriendly to society. 

Dis-so'CI-ATE (-shi-at), v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] [Lat. dissociare, -atuin, fr. 
dis and sociare, to unite.] To sepa- 
rate ; to disunite. 

DIS-SO'CI-A'TION (-shY-a/shun), n. 
Act of dissociating ; disunion. 

DIs'so-LU-BLE, a. Capable of being 
dissolved. 

DIs'SO-LUTE (30), a. [Lat. dissolvere, 
dissohttus See Dissolve.] Aban- 
doned to vicious pleasures. 

Syx. — Wild; wanton ; luxurious ; li- 
centious; rakish; debauched. 

Dls'SO-LUTE-LY, adv. In a loose or 
dissolute manner. [dissipation. 

Dls'SO-LTJTE-NESS, n. Debauchery ; 

Dis'so-lu'TION, n. 1. Act of dissolv- 
ing. 2. Change from a solid to a 
fluid state. 3. Change of form by 
chemical agency. 4. The breaking 
up of an assembly or a partnership. 
5. Death. 6. Destruction ; ruin. 

Dl§-goLV'A-BLE a. Capable of being 
dissolved. 

DIs_-§olve', v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] [Lat. 
dissolvere, from dis and solvere, to 



loose, free.] 1. To separate into 
component parts. 2. To disconnect. 
3. To melt ; to liquefy. 4. To destroy 
the power of. 6. To cause to disap- 
pear. 6. To annul ; to rescind. — 
v. i. 1. To waste or fade away. 2". 
To be melted. 

Dlg-§OLV'ENT, a. Having power t» 
dissolve. — n. That which has tho 
power of dissolving ; a solvent. 

Dlg-goLV'ER, n. One who dissolves. 

DIs'so-nan^e, n. 1. A minglingof 
discordant sounds ; discord. 2. Dis- 
agreement ; inconsistency. 

DIs'SO-NANT, a. [Lat. dissonare, dis- 
sonans, to be discordant, from dis 
and sonarr, to sound.] 1. Discord- 
ant; unharmonious. 2. Incongru- 
ous. _ 

Dis-suADE't-swadOjf.^. [-ED; -ing ] 
[Lat. dissuadere, fr. dis and suadere, 
to persuade.] To advise or exhort 
against. 

Dis-suad'er, n. One who dissuades. 

Dls-SUA'§ION (-swa'zhun), n. 1. Act 
of dissuading. 2. A dissuasive. 

Dis-suA'sivE (-swa'siv), a. Tending 
to dissuade. — n. An argument to 
deter one from a measure. 

Dis'syl-lab'ic, a. Consisting of two 
syllables only. 

DlS-SYL'LA-BLE,orDlS'SYL-LA-BLE, 
ti. [Gr. fiio-o-vAAa/Sos, fr. <5is, twice, 
and <rv\\afir), syllable.] A word con- 
sisting of two syllables only. 

Dis'taff (149), n. [A.- 
S. distsef.] Staff for 
holding the material 
from which the thread 
is drawn in spinning. 

Dis-tain', v. t. [-ed; 
-ing.] To stain. 

DIs'tance, n. 1. Space 
between two objects. 2. ' 
Remoteness of place ; Distaff, 
a remote place. 3. In- 
terval of time. 4. Reserve ; ceremo- 
niousness. — v.t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To place at a distance. 2. To leave 
behind, as in a race. 

Dis'TANT, a. [Lat. distare, distans, to 
stand apart.] 1. Standing apart ; 
separate. 2. Far feparated : remote. 
3. Reserved in manners : cold. 

Dis'tant-ly, adv. At a distance ; re- 
motely ; with reserve. 

Dis-taste', n. 1. Dislike of food or 
drink. 2. Alienation of affection. 

Syn. — Disrelish; disinclination; dis- 
like; disgust. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To dislike 
the taste of; to disrelish. 

Dis-taste'ful, a. 1. Unpleasant to 
the taste. 2. Displeasing to the feel- 
ings, [pleasing manner. 

Dis-TASTE'FUL-LY, adv. In a dis- 

Dis-TEM'PER, it. 1. A morbid state 
of the animal system ; — often re- 
stricted to the diseases of brutes. 2. 
Ill humor, or bad temper. 3. A 
preparation of opaque colors. — v. t. 
f-ED; -ING.] J. To derange the 
functions of. 2. To disturb ; to ruffle. 

Dis-TEM'PER-A-TURE (53), n . 1. Con- 
fusion ; disorder. 2. Violent dis- 




A, E, I, 6, fj,?,;ong-;X,£,l,6 l u > Y, short; care, fXr, ask, all, what; ere, veil, TERM/, PIQUE, fIrm; son, 



DISTEND 



127 



DIVAN 



turbance. 3. Slight illness. 4. Men- 
tal uneasiness. 

DlS-TEND', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 

dislendere, from dis and tendere, to 

stretch.] 1. To lengthen out. 2. 

To stretch or spread in all directions. 

Syx. — To dilate ; expand ; enlarge. 

Dis-ten'si-ble, a. Capable of being 
distended. 

Dis-ten'tion, n. 1. Distending. 2. 
Space occupied by the thing distend- 
ed. 

Bis'Tl^H (-tik), n. [Gr. Surrixos, 5 '0" 
tix w i with two rows, of two verses.] 
A couple of verses making complete 
sense. 

DTs'TieH-ous, a. Having two rows. 

Dis-tIll', ) v. ?'. [-ed,-ing ; or -led, 

Dis-TIL', J -LING, 137.] [Lat. destil- 
lare, fr. de and stdlare. to drop.] 1. 
To fall in drops. 2. To flow gently. 

— v. t. 1. To let fall in drops. 2. 
To obtain by distillation J to rec- 
tify. 

D'fs'TIL-LA'TlON, n. 1. Act of fall- 
ing in drops. 2. Operation of ex- 
tracting spirit from a substance ; rec- 
tification. 

Dis-till'er, n. One who distills. 

Dis-till'er-y, 7i. Building and 
works where distilling is carried on. 
| Dis-TIN€T', a. [Lat. distinguere, dis- 
' tinctus, to distinguish.] 1. Distin- 
guished. 2. Spotted ; variegated. 3. 
Not united by growth or otherwise. 
4. Different ; individual. 

Syx. — Separate ; clear ; plain ; obvi- 
ous. 

Dis-TlNe'TION, a. 1. Marking off by 
visible signs. 2. Discrimination. 3. 
distinguishing quality. 4. Regard 
to distinguishing circumstances. 5. 
Conspicuous station. 

Dis-tin€T"ive, a. Marking or ex- 
pressing distinction. 

Dis-tixct'ive-ly, adv. With dis- 
tinction ; plainly. 

Dis-tixct'ly, adv. With distinct- 
ness ; clearly . [of being distinct. 

Dis-TixeT'XESS, n. Quality or state 

Dis-tin'guish (-ting'gwish), v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. distinguere, fr. 
dis and sting uere, to quench.] 1. To 
note as different. 2. To recognize by 
characteristic qualities. 3. To make 
to differ. 4. To make eminent. 

Syx.— To mark; discriminate; dis- 
cern; perceive; signalize. 

— v. i. To make distinctions ; to 
exercise discrimination. 

Dis-tin'guish-a-ble, a. Capable of 
being distinguished. 

Distinguished (-ting/gwisht), p. 
a. Having distinction ; noted. 

Syx. — Eminent; conspicuous ; cele- 
brated: illustrious. — A man i3 eminent 
when he stands high as compared with 
others around him ; conspicuous when 
he is so elevated as to be generally seen 
and observed ; distinguished when he 
has something which makes him stand 
apart from others in the public view; 
celebrated when he is widely spoken of 
with honor and respect; illustrious when 
a splendor is thrown around him which 
confers the highest dignity. 

DlS-TORT', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
distorquere, distortum, from dis and 



torquere, to twist.] To twist out of 



Syx. — To twist; wrest; deform ; per- 
vert; bend. 
Dis-tor'tion, n. A twisting out of 
shape; visible deformity. 

DlS-TRA€T', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
distrahere, distractum, from dis and 
trahere, to draw.] 1. To perplex ; to 
confuse. 2. To agitate by conflict- 
ing passions. 3. To craze. 

Dis-tra€'TION, n. 1. Confusion of 
attention. 2. Confusion of affairs. 
3. Perturbation of mind. 4. A state 
of disordered reason. 

Syx. — Perplexity ; disorder; dissen- 
sion; derangement; madness. 

Dis-tra€T'ive , a. Causing perplex- 
ity ; distracting. 

Dis-train', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
distringere, to draw asunder, hinder, 
molest.] To seize for debt, without 
legal process. 

Dis-train'or, n. One who distrains. 

Dis-traught' (-trawf), a. Distracted. 

DlS-TRESS', 7i. [Lat. distringere, dis- 
tricts. See Distrain.] 1. Ex- 
treme pain of body or mind. 2. 
That which occasions suffering. 3. 
State of danger or necessity. 4. Act 
of distraining, or thing taken by dis- 
training. 

Syx. — Suffering : pain ; agony ; mis- 
ery; calamity; misfortune. See Affllc- 
tiox. 

—v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To cause 
pain or anguish to. 

Dls-TREss'FUL, a. Inflicting, indi- 
cating, or proceeding from, distress. 

Dis-trIb'u-ta-ble, a. Capable of 
being distributed. 

DlS-TRlB'UTE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. distribuere, -butum, fr. dis and 
tribuere, to assign.] 1. To divide 
among several. 2. To administer. 
3. To separate, as into classes, or- 
ders, &c. [utes. 

Dls-TRi'B'u-TER, 71. One who distrib- 

D'iVtri-bu'tion, n. Act of distrib- 
uting. 

Syx.— Apportionment; allotment; dis- 
pensation ; classification. 

Dis-TRIB'u-TivE, a. 1. Tending to 
distribute ; dealing to each his prop- 
er share. 2. Expressing separation 
or divison. [tribution ; singly. 

Dis-TRIB'U-TlvE-LY, adv. By dis- 

Dis'TRl€T, n. [L. Lat. districtus, dis- 
trict, from Lat. distringere, to draw 
asunder.] 1. A defined portion of a 
state or city for legislative or elective 
purposes. 2. Any portion of terri- 
tory. 

Syx. — Division ; quarter ; province ; 
region. 

— v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To divide into 
districts. 

Dis-trust', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] Not 
to confide in ; to mistrust. — n. 1. 
Doubt of reality or sincerity. 2. 
Suspicion of evil designs. 

Dis-TRUST'FUL, a. 1. Apt to dis- 
trust ; suspicious. 2. Diffident ; mod- 
est. 

Dis-tOrb', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Lat. 
disturbare, from dis and turba, disor- 
der, crowd.] 1. To throw into con- 



fusion. 2. To interfere with. 3, To 

agitate the mind of. 

Syx.— To disorder; disquiet; agitate; 

trouble ; ruffle; stir; move. 
Dis-tOrb'ance,?i. 1. Derangement 

of the regular course of thiugs. 2. 

Confusion of the mind. 3. Public 

commotion. [or disquiets. 

DIS-tOrb'er, n. One who disturbs 
Dis-UN'ION, n. 1. Termination of 

union. 2. A breach of concord and 

its effect. [disunion. 

Dis-un'iox-IST, n. An advocate of 

DlS'U-NlTE', V. t. [-EDJ-ING.] 1. 

To destroy the union of. 2. To 
break the concord of. — v. i. To 
part; to become separate. 

Dis-u'ni-ty, ». State of separation. 

Dis-u'gAGE, 7i. Neglect of use, exer- 
cise, or practice. 

Dis-USE', 7i. 1. Cessation of use. 2. 
Cessation of custom ; desuetude. 

DlS-US_E', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
cease to use or practice, [disesteem. 

Dis-VAL'UE, v. t. To undervalue; to 

Ditch, n. [A.-S. die. See Dike and 
DIG.] A trench in the earth. — v. I. 
[-ED; -ING.] To dig a ditch or 
ditches in ; to trench. 

Ditch'er, 7i. One who digs ditches. 

Di'the-ism, n. [Gr. Si's, twice, and 
theism.] Doctrine of the existence 
of two gods, one good and one evil. 

DlTH'Y-RAMB, 1 n. [Gr. Si0vpa/u- 

Dith'y-ram'BTJS, J /3os, a kind of 
lyric poetry in honor of Bacchus.] 
An ancient Greek hymn in honor of 
Bacchus. 

DfTH^Y-RAM'BK;, a. Wild ; impetu- 
ous and boisterous, like a dithyramb. 
— n. 1. A dithyramb. 2. A wild, 
enthusiastic poem. 

Di'tone, 7i. [Gr. SiVovos, of two 
tones.] An interval comprehending 
two whole tones. 

Dit'ta-ny, 7i. [From Mt. Dicti, in 
Crete.] A kind of aromatic peren- 
nial plant. 

DrT'TO, n. [It. detto, fr. Lat. dictum, 
said.] That which has been said; 
the aforesaid thing. — adv. As be- 
fore ; in the same manner. 

Dit'ty, 7i. [A.-S. diht, said, dictated, 
Lat. dictum, something said.] A lit- 
tle poem to be sung. 

Di'u-re'sis, n. [Gr. Si, for Sia, 
through, and ovpov, urine.] Excre- 
_tion of urine. 

DPU-ret'ig, a. Exciting the discharge 
of urine. — n . A medicine with diu- 
_retic properties. 

Dl-UR'NAL, a. [Lat. diurnalis, from 
dies, day.] 1. Relating to the day- 
time. 2. Daily ; recurring every day. 
_3. Constituting a day. 

Di-Or'nal-ly, adv. Daily ; everyday. 

DPu-TUR'NAL, a. [Lat. diuturnuz, 
fr. rf/«,along time.] Of long con- 
tinuance ; lasting. 

DI-van', n. [Per. diu-an.] 1. A book-, 
a collection of poems. 2. A council 
of state ; the royal court ; the court 
of justice ; office for customs. 3. An 
audience chamber or saloon for com- 
pany. 4. A kind of cushioned seat- 



or,do,wolf, too, took j URN, rue, pull ; E, I, o, silent ; (?,G,soft; €,G,!iard; as,; exist; k^ng; this. 



DIVARICATE 



128 



DOCUMENT 



DI-VAR'I-€ATE, V. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. divaricare, ~catum, fr, di, for 
dis, and caricare, to straddle.] To 
part into two branches ; to fork. — i>. 
t. To divide into two branches. 

Di-var'i-€ATE (45), a. Widely di- 
vergent. 

Di-var'i-ca'tion, n. 1. A parting ; 
a forking. 2. A wide divergence. 

DiVE, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [A.-S. dy~ 
fan. Cf. Dip.] 1. To plunge into 
water head first. 2. To plunge into 
any business or condition. 3. To 
sink ; to penetrate. 

J)IV'ER, n. One who dives. 

D!-v£rge' (14), v. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. dis and vergere, to bend, in- 
cline.] 1. To deviate gradually from 
a given course. 2. To vary from a 
type, a normal state, or the truth. 

Dl-vER'GENCE, I n. A receding from 

Di-vEr'gen-^y, j each other in ra- 
diating lines. 

DI-VER'gent, a. Deviating gradual- 
ly from a given point or direction. 

Dl'VERS. (dl'vcrz), a. [Lat. diversus, 
turned in different directions, differ- 
ent, p. p. of divertere.] Several ; sun- 
dry- 

Di'verse, a. [See Divers.] Differ- 
ent in kind ; unlike ; dissimilar. — 
adv. In different directions. 

Di'verse-ey, adv. 1. Differently; 
variously. 2. In different directions. 

Di-vEr'si-fi-GA'tion, n. Act of di- 
versifying. 

Dt-VER'SI-FORM, a. [Lat. diversus, 
different, and forma, form.] Of va- 
ried forms. 

Di-v£r'si-fy, v. t. [-ed ; -ing, 142.] 
[Lat. diversus, different, and facere, 
to make.] To make diverse or vari- 
ous in form or qualities. 

DI-v£r'sion (14), n. 1. A turning 
aside. 2. That which diverts. 3. A 
drawing of the attention and force of 
an enemy from the point where the 
principal attack is to be made. 

Syn. — Amusement; pastime; recrea- 
tion. 

Di'-VER'si-TY, n. 1. A state of differ- 
ence ; unlikeness. 2. Variety. 

Di-v£rt', v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. di- 
vertere, fr. dis and vertere, to turn.] 

1. To turn off from any course, direc- 
tion, or intended application. 2. To 
turn from business or study. 

Syn. — To please; gratify; amuse; en- 
tertain. 

M-vert'er, n. One who, or that 
which, diverts. 

D I v e R T I n E M E N T ( de'ver'teV- 
mong'), n. [Fr.] A short enter- 
tainment between the acts of longer 
pieces. 

DI-VERT'ive , a. Tending to divert. 

DI-VEST', v. t. [-ed; -iinG.] [See 
Devest.] 1. To strip, as of clothes. 

2. To deprive. [vesting. 
Dt-VEST'i-TfjRE (53), n. Act of di- 
Dl-VIDE', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 

dividere, from dis and root vid, to 
part.] 1. To sever into parts. 2. To 
cause to be separate. 3. To appor- 
tion. 4. To separate into two parts, 



for ascertaining opinions for and 
against a measure. 

Syn. — To sever; sunder; distribute ; 
share; allot. 

D'iv'l-DEND, n. 1. Share of the inter- 
est or profit of stock which belongs 
to each proprietor. 2. A number to 
be divided. 

Di-VID'ER, n. One who, or that which, 
divides; esp., pl.,aa instrument for 
dividing lines, describing circles, &c. 

DiVl-NA'TiON, n. Act of divining ; 
augury. 

Di-vIne', a. [Lat. divinus, fr. divus, 
belonging to a deity.] Belonging to, 
or proceeding from, God. 

Syn.— Supernatural ; godlike; heav- 
enly ; holy j sacred. 
— n. 1. A priest ; a clergyman. 2. 
A man skilled in divinity. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] To foresee or fore- 
know. 

Syn. — To foretell ; predict ; presage. 
— v. ?*. To conjecture. 

Di-vine'ly, adv. In a divine manner ; 
by divine agency. 

Di-vin'er, n. One who divines. 

DiVlNG-BELL, n. A hollow vessel in 
which one may descend into deep 
water. 

Di'-v'iN'I-TY, n. 1. State of being di- 
vine. 2. The Deity ; God. 3. A false 
god. 4. A celestial being. 5. Sci- 
ence of divine things ; theology . 

Di-vis/l-Bil/I-TY, n. Quality of being 
divisible. [vided. 

DT-vi'5'I-BLE , a. Capable of being di- 

Dl-Vis/ION (-vizh'un), n. 1. Act of 
dividing. 2. That which divides. 3. 
Portion separated by dividing. 4. Dif- 
ference in opinion or feeling. 5. Sec- 
tion of an army or fleet, complete in 
itself. 

Syn. — Compartment ; section ; sepa- 
ration; variance; discord. 

D'l'-Vfs'ION-AL, a. 1. Expressing or 
making division. 2. Belonging to a 
division. [cord. 

Di-VI'SIVE, a. Creating division or dis- 

Dl'-vi'gOR, n. Number by which the 
dividend is divided. 

Dl-VORCE', n. [Lat. divortium, fr. di- 
vortere, divertere, to separate.] 1. A 
legal dissolution of the marriage con- 
tract. 2. Separation of things closely 
united, — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To 
separate by divorce. 2. To disunite. 

Di-vor^e'a-BLE, a. Capable of being 
divorced. 

Di-vor'CER, n. One who produces 
divorce. [vorce. 

DT-VOR'CIVE, a. Having power to di- 

Di-vuXGE',i>.r. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
divulgate, from dis and vulgare, to 
make public] To reveal ; to disclose. 

DI-VUi/GER, n. One who divulges. 

Di-VUL/SION, n. [Lat. diindsio, from 
divellere.] A rending asunder. 

Dl-VUL'siVE,a. Tending to pull asun- 
der or rend. 

DIZ'.EN (dTz'n or di'zn), v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To dress gaudily ; to over- 
dress. 

DIz'zi-ness, n. Giddiness ; vertigo. 

DiZ'ZY, a. [-ER ; -EST, 142.] A.-S. 
dysig, gedysig, foolish, insipid.] 1. 



Giddy ; hence, confused. 2. Causing 

giddiness. 3. Heedless. 
Do, n. A syllable attached to the first 

tone of the major diatonic scale for 

solmization. 
Do (dob), v. t. or auxiliary. [imp. 

DID; p. p. DONE.] [A.-S. don, 

Goth, taugau.] 1. To perform; to 

execute. 2. To produce ; to effect. 

3. To finish ; to accomplish. 4. To 
cook completely. 5. To translate. — 
v. i. 1. To act or behave. 2. To 
fare. 3. To answer an end. 

Do at, v. i. See DOTE. 
Doc'l-BiL'l-TY, I n. Quality of being 
D6<,'i-ble-ness, j docible; teach- 
ableness; docility. 
Doc'I-BLE, a. [Lat. docibilis, from 
docere, to teach.] Easily taught; 
teachable; docile. 
Do^'ILE, a. [Lat. docilis, fr. docere, 
to teach.] Teachable ; ready to learn ; 
tractable. [ness to learn. 

D0-9I1/I-TY, n. Teachableness ; readi- 
D6c'I-MA-CY, n. [Gr. SoKi^aaia, ex- 
amination.] Art of appljing tests to 
ascertain the nature, quality, &c, 
of objects. [ments. 

Doc^-MAS'TIC, a. Proving by experi- 
DOCK, n. [A.-S. docce.] 1. A plant 
having a long root. 2. [Icel. dockr.} 
Stump of a tail, or part left after cut- 
ting. 3. [Lat. doga, sort of ves- 
sel, Gr. Soxo, receptacle.] An artifi- 
cial inclosure for the reception of 
vessels. 4. Space between two piers 
for ships. 5. Place where a criminal 
stands in court. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
1. To cut off; to curtail. 2. To de- 
duct from. 3. To destroy or defeat. 

4. To place in a dock. [a dock. 
Dock/age, n. Charge for the use of 
Dock/ET, n. [From dock, to cut off 

a part.] 1. A summary. 2. A label 
tied to goods. 3. A list of causes iu 
court ready for hearing or trial. 4. 
Any list of business matters to be 
acted on. — v t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
enter in a docket ; to mark the con- 
tents of on the back. 

Dock'-yard, n. A yard near a har- 
bor, for naval stores and timber. 

DOCTOR, n. [Lat. , fr. docere, to teach.] 
1. A learned man. 2. One who has 
received the highest degree in a fac- 
ulty; especially, a physician .> — v.t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To attend or treat as 
a physician. 

DO€'TOR-AL, a. Relating to the de- 
gree or practice of a doctor. [tor. 

Do€'TOR-ATE (45), n. Degreeof adoc- 

Do€'TOR-ESS, in. A female doctor; 

Doc'tress, j a woman who is a 
physician. 

Doc'tor-shYp, n. Degree of a doctor. 

Do€'TRI-NAL, a. Pertaining to doc- 
trine. 

Doc'TRlNE, n. [Lat. doctrina, fr. doc- 
tor-] Instruction; body of princi- 
ples, in any branch of knowledge ; 
tenet. 

Syn.— Precept. — A doctrine is some- 
thing to be believed ; a precept, some- 
thing to be obeyed 

D6CU-MENT, n. [Lat. documentum, 



A, E, I, 0,U, Y,long; A,E,I, 6,t), ¥, short; CARE, FXr, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM J S6N # 



DOCUMENTAL 



129 



DOMINO 



fr. doeere, to teach.] An original or 
official paper, relied on as the proof 
or support of any thing else. — v. t. 
To furnish with documents. 

Doe'u-MENT'AL, I a. Pertaining to 

Doe'u-MENT'A-RY, J documents, or 
written evidence ; consisting in doc- 
uments. 

DSd'der, a. A parasitical vine, which, 
decaying at the root, is nourished by 
the plant that supports it. 

Do-DE€'A-GON, n. [Gr. Scifiexa, twelve, 
and y<avia, angle.] A polygon hav- 
ing twelve equal sides, and twelve 
equal angles. 

Do-DEC'a-he'dral, a. Pertaining 
to a dodecahedron. 

DO-DEC'A-HE'DRON, n. [Gr. S^ 
SuSeKa, twelve, and efipa, \f ^ 
seat, base.] A solid having i~q 
twelve equal faces. 4^ 

Dodge, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] Dodeca . 
Prob. a modif. of dog, v. t.] hedrons. 

1. To start suddenly aside. 

2. To play tricks. — v. t. To escape 
by starting aside. — n. Act of skill- 
fully evading; hence, a dexterous 
_trick. 

Do'do, n. ; pi. DO'DOEg. An extinct 
bird of large size, once inhabiting the 
Island of Mauritius. [fallow-deer. 

D5e, n. [A.-S. da.] Female of the 

Doe 'skin, n. A compact, twilled 
woolen cloth. 

Do'ER (dob'er), n. One who does ; an 
actor ; an agent. 

Doff, v. t. [-ed , -ing.] [From do 
and off.] 1. To put off, as dress. 2. 
To rid one's self of. 

Dog, n. [Icel. doggr.] 1. A well- 
known quadruped. 2. A mean, 
worthless fehow. 3. An andiron. 4. 
(Meek.) (a.) A grappling-iron, (b.) 
An iron with fangs for securing a log. 
(c.) A kind of catch or clutch. — v.t. 
[-GED; -GING, 136.] To follow in- 
sidiously or indefatigably ; to hunt. 

Dog'-€art, n. A one-horse vehicle 
for sportsmen. [or offal. 

Dog'-cheap, a. Cheap as dog's meat 

D6g'-day, n. One of the days when 
the Dog-star rises and sets with the 
sun, beginning the latter part of Ju- 
ly, and ending the beginning of Sep- 
tember. 

Doge,». [It., fr. Lat. dux, a leader.] 
Chief magistrate in the republics of 
Venice ana Genoa. 

Dog'-EARED, a. Having the corners 
of the leaves turned down by careless 
usage. [lily obstinate. 

Dog'ged (60). a. [From dog.] Sur- 

Dog'ged-ly, adv. In a dogged man- 
ner; sullenly. [roseness. 

D5g'ged-ness, n. Sullenness ; mo- 

D6g'ger-el, a. [Cf. Dog-Latin.] 
Low in style, and irregular in meas- 
ure._ — n. Mean, irregular verse. 

Dog'gish, a. Like a dog ; churlish. 

Dog'-Lat'in, n. Barbarous Latin. 

Dog'ma, n. ; Eng. pi. dog'mas; Lat. 
pl.DOG'MA-TA. [Lat.,fr. Gr. 5oyi*a, 
fr. SoksIv, to think.] 1. That which is 
held as an opinion. 2. An estab- 
lished tenet. 3. A principle of doc- 



trine asserted without sufficient evi 
dence. 

Syn. —Tenet.— A tenet is an article of 
faith, which is firmly held. Dogma has 
now a somewhat odious sense, from its 
carrying with it the idea of authority or 
undue assumption, as in its derivative 
dogmatism. 

Dog-mat'I€, ) a. 1. Pertaining to 

Dog-mat'I€-al, ) a dogma. 2. Mag- 
isterial. 3. Positive ; authoritative. 

Dog-mat'I€-AL-ly, adv. Arrogantly. 

Dog-mat'ics, n. sing. Doctrinal the- 
ology, [ion. 

DoG'MA-TigM, n. Arrogance in opin- 

Dog'ma-tist, n. A dogmatizer. 

DOG'MA-TIZE, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
assert with bold and undue confi- 
dence, [tizes. 

Dog'ma-tiz / er, n. One who dogma- 

Dog'§'-ear, n. Corner of a leaf, 
turned down like the ear of a dog. 

Dog'-star, n. Sirius, a star of the 
first magnitude. [that of a dog. 

Dog'-trot, n. A gentle trot like 

Do&'-watch, n. (Naut.) One of two 
watches of two hours each, the first 
being from 4 to 6, P. M., the second 
from 6 to 8, P. M. 

D6g'\vo"od, n. A genus of large 
shrubs or small trees. 

Doi'ly (148), n. [Cf. Towel.] A 
small napkin, generally colored. 

DOIT, n. [D. duit, perh. fr. Fr. dViuit, 
of eight, as it is the eighth part of a 
stiver.] 1. A small Dutch coin, 
worth about half a farthing. 2. Any 
trifle. 

DO-LAB'RI-FORM, a. [Lat. dolabra, 
pick-ax, and forma, form.] Having 
the form of an ax or hatchet. 

Do tCJE(dol / cha), ) adv. 

DOLCEMENTE (-men'ta), / [It.] 
(Mus.) Softly ; sweetly. 

Dole, n. [A.-S. dal; dmlan, todivide.] 
1. Act of dealing. 2. That which is 
dealt or distributed. 3. Alms ; char- 
ity. — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To deal 
out in small portions. 

Dole'ful, a. Full of dole or grief. 
Syn.— Piteous; sorrowful; woful; mel- 
ancholy; sad; gloomy. 

Dole'ful-LY, adv. Sadly. [mal. 

Dole'SOME (-sum), a. Doleful ; dis- 

DoLL, n. [A contr. of Dorothy.] A 
puppet or baby for a child. 

DoL'LAR, n. [Abbrev. of Joachims- 
thaler, i. e., a piece of money first 
coined, about 1518, in the valley of 
St. Joachim, in Bohemia.] 1. A sil- 
ver coin of the United States, equal 
to one hundred cents. 2. A coin of 
the same general weight and value, 
ih several other countries. 

Do'LOR, n. [Lat., fr. dolere, to feel 
pain.] Pain; grief; distress. 

D6l/or-if'I€, ) a. Lat. dolor, and 

D6l/OR-1f'I€-AL, ) facere, to make.] 
Causing pain or grief ; dolorous. 

Dol'or-ous, a. 1. Full of grief. 2. 
Occasioning pain or grief. 

Syn. — Doleful; dismal; sorrowful. 

Doi/OR-ous-LY, adv. In a dolorous 
manner. 

Doi/PHIN, ft. [Lat. delphin, Gr. SeA- 
<£cV.] 1. A cetaceous mammal. 2. 



A fish celebrated for its surprising 
changes of color when dying. 

Dolt (20), n. [A.-S. dol, dvol, dval, 
erring, foolish. Cf. Dull.] A heavy, 
stupid fellow. 

DOLTMSH, a. Dull; Etupid. 

Do-MAIN', n. [Lat. dominium, prop- 
erty, ownership, fr. dominus, mas- 
ter, owner.] 1. Territory over which 
dominion is exerted. 2. Landed prop- 
erty ; estate, esp. an estate or patri- 
mony which one has in his own right. 

Dome, n. [Lat. do?nus, a house.] 1. 
A building. 2. A cupola. 3. Any 
similar erection. 

Dome§'day, n. See Doomsday. 

Do-MES'TIC, a. [La*, domesticus, fr. 
domus, house.] 1. Belonging to the 
house or home. 2. Pertaining to a 
nation considered as a family, or 
home. 3. Remaining much at home. 
4. Living in or near human habita- 
tions. 5. Made in one's own house 
or country. — n. A house-servant. 

DO-MES'TI-€ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[L. Lat. domesticare, -catum, from 
domus, house.] 1 To make domestic. 

2. To act as if at one*s own home. 

3. To tame._ [ticating. 
Do-mes'ti-ca'tion, n. Act of domes- 
Do'mes-tic'i-ty, n. State of being 

domestic ; a household act. 

DoM'l-ciLE, n. [Lat. domicilium, fr. 
domus, a house.] Place of permanent 
residence. — v.t. [-ED ; -ing.] To 
establish in a fixed residence ; to dom 
iciliate. 

Dom'i-cil'i-a-ry (or -sIPya-ry), « 
Pertaining to domicile. 

DOM'I-CIL'I-ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To establish in a permanent resi 
dence ; to domicile. [residence 

DoMa-clL'i-A'TiON, n. Permanent 

DOM'I-NANT, a. [See infra.] Ruling ; 
prevailing ; predominant. — n. Fifth 
tone of the scale. 

Dom'I-nate, v. t. [-ED; -ing.] [Lat 
dominari, -natus, fr. dominus, mas • 
ter, lord.] To rule ; to govern. 

Dom'i-na'tion, n . 1. Dominion; 
government. 2. Fourth of the sup • 
posed orders of angelical beings. 

Dom'I-na-tive, a. Ruling; impe- 
rious, [power. 

DoM'l-NA/TOR, n. A ruler or ruling 

DOM'I-NEEE', t'. i [-EL;-ING.] To 
rule with insolence or arbitrary 
sway. 

Do-Mi'N'l-e-AL, a. [From Lat. domi- 
nus, lord.] Indicating the Lord's day, 
or Sunday. 

Dominical letter, one of the first seven 
letters of the alphabet, used in almanacs 
to denote the Sabbath or Lord's day. 

Do-min'i-€AN, n. A monk of an order 
founded by Dominic de Guzman. 

Do-min'ion, n. [See Domain.] 1. 
Supreme authority. 2. Predomin- 
ance. 3. Territory over which au- 
thority is exercised . 4. A governing 
power of high rank. 

Syn. — Sovereignty ; control ; rule ; 
authority; government; region. 

Dom'I-no, n. ; pi. DOMa-NOg, or 
DOM'i-nSes. [It. & Sp., from Lat. 



i 



OR.DOjWOLF, TOO, TO~OK; urn, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; <j,G,soft; €,&,hard; A§ ; EXIST; N as NG ; THIS. 



DON 



130 



DOUGH 



dominus, master.] 1. A kind of 
hood. 2. A long, loose cloak, with 
a hood removable at pleasure, used 
as a disguise. 3. A person wearing 
a domino. 4. pi. A game, or one of 
the pieces with which it is played. 

Don, n. [Sp., from Lat. dominus, 
master.] 1. Sir; Mr.; — a title of 
courtesy in Spain. 2. A grand per- 
sonage. — v.t. [-NED; -NING, 142.] 
[To do on.] To put on. 

DO'NATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
donare, donatum, from donum, gift.] 
To give. [Recent.] 

Do-NA'TION, n. 1. Act of giving. 2. 
That which is given ; a grant. 

Syn.— Gift; present.— Gift is generic; 
a present is a gift intended as a compli- 
ment or expression of kindness; a dona- 
tion is a word of more dignity, denoting 
a gift to some public object, and usually 
large in amount. 

Don'a-tive, n. A gift ; a gratuity. 

Done (57), p. p. from do. 1. Per- 
formed; executed. 2. [Fr. donnc, 
corrupted in law to done, or done, fr. 
donner, to give.] Given out; made 
public ; — used in the clause ex- 
pressing the date of an official pub- 
lic document. [made. 

Do-nee', n. One to whom a gift is 

D6n'jon (dun'jun), n. [See DUN- 
GEON.] A massive tower in ancient 
castles ; — also called the keep. 

Don/key (150), n. 1. An ass, or mule. 
2. A stupid fellow. 

DoN'NA,n. [It., from Lat. domina, 
mistress.] A lady ; madam ; — title 
given a lady in Italy, [gratuitously. 

DoJnor, n. One who gives or bestows 

Doom., v.t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To con- 
demn. 2. To mulct or fine. 3. To 
destine; to fate. — n. [A.-S. dom.] 
Judicialsentence ; penal decree. 

Doom§'day, rc. 1. A day of doom or 
condemnation. 2. Day of the final 
judgment. 

Dooms/day-BOOK, n. A book com- 
piled by order of William the Con- 
queror, containing a survey of all 
the lands in England, their owner- 
ship, &c. 

DOOR, n. [A.-S. duru, dora,Gr.Svpa, 
Skr. dvar, d vara.] 1. An opening in 
the wall of a house for going in and 
out at. 2. Frame by which such an 
opening is closed. 3. Means of access. 

Door'-keep'er, n. One who guards 
a door ; a porter ; a janitor. 

Door'- way , n . The passage of a door. 

D6r'I€, a. 1. Per- 
taining to Doris, 
or the Dorian 
race, in ancient 
Greece. 2. Be- 
longing to an or- 
der of columns, 
between the Tus- 
can and Ionic. 

DoR'I-CigM, n. A 
phrase of the 
Doric dialect. 

DOR'MAN-CY, n. Doric Order. 
State of being dormant. 

DoR'MANT,a. [Fr., p. pr. of dormir, 
to sleep.] Sleeping ; hence, quies- 





■ cent ; not disclosed, asserted, or in- 
sisted on. 

Dor'MER, )n. [Lit., the 

Dor'mer-win'dow, J windowofa 
sleeping apart- 
ment. Lat. dor- 
mire, to sleep.] A 
window placed 
vertically on the 
inclined plane of a 
roof. 

DOR'MI-TlVE, n. Dormer-window. 
, [Lat. dormire, to sleep.] A medicine 
to promote sleep ; an opiate ; a so- 
porific. — a. Causing sleep. 

DOR'MI-TO-RY (50), n. [Lat. dormi- 
torimn, from dormire, to sleep.] A 
room or building used to sjeep in. 

Dor'mouse,™. ,• pi. d6r'mk;e. [Lat. 
dormire, to sleep, and mouse.] A 
small rodent mammal which lives on 
trees like the squirrel. It is usually 
torpid during the winter. 

Dor'SAL, a. [Lat. dorsualis, fr. dor- 
sum, back.] Pertaining to the back. 

DOR-SlF'ER-OUS, ) a. [Lat. dorsum, 

DOR-slp/A-RoDs, J back, and ferre, 
to bear, par ere, to bring forth, bear.] 
Bearing seeds on the back of the leaves. 

Do'ry, n. A canoe or small boat. 

Dose, n. [Gr. Soo-is, a giving, dose, 
fr. SiSovai, to give.] 1. Quantity of 
medicine given at one time. 2. As 
much as one can take. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To form into suitable 
doses. 2. To give potions to con- 
stantly and without need. 

Dos'SIL, n. [L. Lat. ducillus, fr. Lat. 
ducere, to lead, draw.] A portion of 
lint in a cylindrical form. 

Dot, n. 1. [Perh. corrupt, fr. jot, or 
allied to A.-S. dyttan, to close up.] A 
email point or spot. 2. [Fr, fr. Lat. 
dos.] A dowry.— v. t. [-ted; -TING.] 
To mark with dots. 

Do'TAGE, n. [From dote.] 1. Child- 
ishness ; senility. 2. Weak and fool- 
ish affection. 

DO'TAL, a. [Lat. dotalis, fr. dos, do- 
tis, marriage portion.] Pertaining 
to, or constituting, dower, or com- 
prised in it. 

Do'TARD,w. [From dote.] A man 
whose intellect is impaired by age. 

Do-ta'tion, n. [Lat. dotare, to en- 
dow, fr. dos, dotis, dower.] 1. Act of 
endowing a woman. 2. Endowment; 
establishment of funds for support 
of any object. 

DOTE,^.i. [-ED; -ING.] [W.dotio, 
dotiaw.] 1. To have the intellect 
impaired, especially by age. 2. To 
be foolishly fond. 

DOT'ER, n. One who dotes. 

DOT'TARD, n. [For dotard, fr. dote.] 
A decayed tree. 

Dot'TER-EL, I n. [From dote.] A 

DoT'TREL, J wading bird allied 
to the plover. 

DOUB'LE (dtnyi), a. [Lat. duplus, fr. 
duplex, twofold, double.] 1. Two- 
fold; multiplied by two. 2. In pairs ; 
coupled. 3. Vacillating ; deceitful. 
4. Having several rows of petals pro- 
duced by cultivation. — adv. Twice; 



twofold. — v.t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
multiply by two ; to duplicate. 2. 
To fold one part on another part of. 
3. To contain or be worth twice as 
much as. 4. To pass around or by. 
5. ( Mil. ) To unite, as ranks or files, 
so as to form one. — v. i. 1. To in- 
crease to twice as much. 2. To return 
upon one's track, —n. 1. Twice aS 
much. 2. That which is doubled over 
or together ; a fold. 3. A trick ; an 
artifice. 4_. A counterpart. 

DoOb'LE-base, | n. The largest and 

DoOb'le-bass, j lowest-toned in- 
strument in the violin form. 

DoOb'le-deal/er, n. A deceitful, 
trickish person. [plicity. 

Doub'le-deal'ing, n. Artifice ; du- 

DOUB'LE-EN'TRY, n. A mode of 
book-keeping in which two entries 
are made of every transaction. 

DoOb'le-Mind'ed, a. Having dif- 
ferent minds at different times; 
wavering ; unstable. 

DoiJB'LE-NESS, n. State of being 
double or doubled. 

DoOb'le-QUICK, n. Fastest step, in 
marching, next to the run, requiring 
165 steps, each S3 inches in length, 
to be taken in one minute. 

Doub'ler, n. One who, or that 
which, doubles. 

DoOb'let, n. [0. Fr. doublet, dim. 
of double.] 1. Two of the same kind ; 
a pair; a couple. 2. Inner garment 
of a man ; a waistcoat. 

DoOb'lets, n. pi. Two dice, which, 
when thrown, have each the same 
number_of spots on the upper face. 

DoiJB-LOON', n. [Fr. doublon. See 
Double, a.] A Spanish gold coin, 
worth about 16 dollars. 

Doub'ey, adv. In twice the quantity. 

Doubt (dout), v. i. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. dubitare, fr. duo, two.] 1. To 
be in suspense or uncertainty. 2. 
To fear ; to be apprehensive. — v. t. 
1. To question. 2. To fear; to sus- 
pect ; to believe. — n. 1. Uncer- 
tainty of mind. 2. Suspicion ; ap- 
prehension. 3. Difficulty urged for 
solution. 

Syn. — Hesitation. — Doubt belongs to 
the understanding, and hesitation to the 
will. While theie are Ecrious ('(mils in 
the mind, there must be aprinful hesita- 
tion as to the course to be pursued. 

DOUBT'A-BLE (dout'a-bl), a. Capable 
of being doubted. [doubts. 

DOUBT'ER (dout'-), n. One who 

DOUBT'FUL (dout'-), a. 1. Not set- 
tled in opinion. 2. Admitting of 
doubt ; not clear or certain. 3. Of 
uncertain issue. 

DOUBT'FUL-LY (dout'-), adv. In a 
doubtful manner. 

Doubt'ful-ness (dout'-), n. State 
of being doubtful. [tionably. 

Doubt'less (dout/-), adv. Unques- 

Douceur (dcTb'sfir'), n. [Fr., from 
doux, sweet.] A present ; a bribe. 

Douche (doosh), n. [Fr., fr. Lat 
ducere, to conduct (water).] A jet 
or current of water or vapor directed 
on some part of the body. 

Dough (do), n. [A.-S. dah, dag, fr. 



A, E, I, 5, U, Y, long; X, E, 1, 6, V, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VE'L, TERM ; PIQUE, FIRM ; SON, 



DOUGHNUT 



131 



DRAMATIZE 



If- 



Dovetails. 



Ont.h.. daigan, to form, mold.] Flour 
or meal moistened and kneaded, but 
not yet baked. _ 

Dough'nut (do'nut), n. A small, 
roundish cake, fried in lard. 

Dough'ti-ness (dou'tl-nes), n. Val- 
or ; bravery. 

DOU&H'TY (dou'ty), a. [A.-S. dohtig, 
dyhtig, from dugan, to be able or 
strong.] Valiant ; redoubtable. 

Dough'y (do'y), a. Like dough ; soft ; 
yieldiug to pressure. 

Douse, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Cf. Gr. 
Sveiv, fut. Sucrw, to plunge into.] 1. 
To thrust into water ; to dip. 2. To 
strike or lower in haste. 3. [Corrupt. 
fr. (tout (obs.), i. e. do out.] To ex- 
tinguish. 

DOVE, n. [A.-S. duva, dufe, fr. diifan, 
to dive.] A bird of the pigeon fami- 
ly, especially a tame pigeon. 

DoVE'-eoT (duv'kot), n. A small box 
for doves. 

Dove'tail. n. A joint 
made by letting one 
piece, in the form of a 
dove's tail spread, into 
a corresponding cavity 
in another. — - v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To 

unite by a tenon in 
form of a dove's tail spread. 

DOW'A-GER, n. [See DOWER.] 1. A 
widow endowed, or having a jointure. 
2. A title in England of a widow of 
rank, distinguishing her from the 
wife of her husband's heir bearing 
the same name. 

Dovv'DY, a. [Scot, dawdie, slovenly, 
daw. da, sluggard. Cf. DEAD.] 
Awkward; ill-dressed. — n. An awk- 
ward, ill- dressed woman. 

Dow'dy-ish, a. Like a dowdy. 

Dowel, v. t. [-ed, -ing ; or -led, 
-LING, 137.] To fasten together by 
dowels. — n. A pin of wood or metal 
for joining two pieces of wood, &c. 

Dow'ER, n. [Fr. douaire, from Lat. 
dotare, to endow.] 1. Endowment; 
gift. 2. Property with which a mar- 
ried woman or a widow is endowed. 

DOWLAS, n. [Prob. fr. Doullens, in 
France.] A kind of coarse linen cloth. 

Down,?!. [Icel. dim.] 1. Fine, soft, 
hairy outgrowth from the skin of 
animals or plants. 2. [A.-S. dun, fr. 
Ir. dun, hill, fortified hill.] A hillock 
of sand thrown up by the wind near 
the shore. 3. A tract of sandy, level, 
and barren land. [Eng.] 4. pi. A 
road for shipping in the English 
Channel. — prep. [A.-S. dune, from 
dun, mountain, hill.] 1. In a de- 
scending direction along. 2. Toward 
the mouth of a river. — adv. 1. In 
a descending direction. 2. From a 
higher to a lower condition. 3. In a 
low position or condition. — a. 1. 
Downcast ; dejected. 2. Proceeding 
from the chief terminus 

Bown'€AST, a. Cast downward ; di- 
rected to the ground. 

DowN'FALL,ft. 1 A falling down- 
ward. 2. Sudden descent, as from 
rank or position ; destruction ; ruin. 



Down'fallen (-fawln), a. Fallen ; 
ruined. [spirits. 

Down'he art-ed, a. Dejected in 

DOWN'HILL, n. Declivity ; descent ; 
slope. — a. Descending ; sloping. 

DowN'RIGHT (-v\t),adv. 1. Straight 
down ; perpendicularly. 2. In plain 
terms; absolutely. — a. Plain; art- 

" less ; undisguised ; absolute. 

Down'-sit'TING, n. Act of sitting 
down : repose. 

Down'tr6d'D£N, a. Trodden down; 
trampled under foot. 

Down'ward, ) adv. 1. From a 

Down'wards, J higher to a lower 
place or condition. 2. From a re- 
mote time. 

Down'ward, a. Moving or extend- 
ing from a higher to a lower place. 

Down'y, a. 1. Covered with down. 
2. Made of, or resembling, down ; 
hence, soft ; soothing ; quiet. 

Dowry, n. [See Dower.] 1. A gift. 
2. Portion given with a wife ; dower. 

Dox'O-LOG're-AL, a. Pertaining to 
doxology. 

Dox-6l'o-GY, n. [Gr. 6o|oAoyia, fr. 
&6ga, opinion, glory, praise.] A short 
hymn of praise and honor to God. 

Dox'Y, n. [Cf. Ger. dockc, doll, baby.] 
1. A mistress or paramour. 2. A 
_prostitute. 

Doze, v. i. [-ed;-ing.] [A.-S. dwses, 
dws:sig, dysig, dull, stupid, foolish.] 
To slumber ; to sleep lightly. — 1\ t. 
To spend in drowsiness. — n. Alight 
sieep ; a drowse. 

Doz'JEN (duz'n), n. ; pi. DOZ'EN (be- 
fore another noun), or boz'i;:;^. 
[Fr. douzaine, fr. doaze, twelve.] A 
set of twelve. 

Doz'i-ness, n. State of being dozy. 

Coz'Y, o. Drowsy; heavy; sleepy. 

Drab, n. 1. [A.-S. drabbe, dregs, Ices.] 
A strumpet; a prostitute. 2. [Fr. 
drap, cloth.] A dull brownish -yellow 
or gray color. — a. Of a dun color. 

DRAB'BLE, v. t. [-EDJ-ING.] [Cf. 
A.-S. drabbe, dregs.] To draggle; 
to wet and befoul. [DRACHMA. 

Drachm (dram), n. See Dram and 

DRA€H'MA,n. ,■ Eng.pl. DRACHMAS, 
Lat.pl. DRA€H'MjV. [Gr-Spaxw, 
lit. a handful.] 1. A Grecian silver 
coin of various value. 2. A Grecian 
weight of about 2 dwt. 7 gr. Trov. 

DRAFF, n. [A.-S. drof, draffy, dirty.] 
Piefuse ; dregs ; wash for swine. 

Draff'y, a. Dreggy; waste; worth- 
less. 

Draft, n. [Orig. a corrupt spelling of 
draught.] 1. Act of drawing. 2. A 
selection of men from a military 
band, or from the people at large. 3. 
An order directing the payment of 
money. 4. A sketch ; outline. [See 
Draught.] 5. Depth of water ne- 
cessary to float a ship. [See 
Draught.] 6. A current of air. 
[See Draught.] — v. t. [-ed; 
-ING.] 1. To delineate. 2. To com- 
pose and write. 3. To draw from 
any company or collection. 

Drag, v. t. [-ged; -ging, 136.] [A.- 
S. dragan. Cf. DRAW.] 1. To draw 



along by main force ; to pull. 2. 
To break or harrow, as land. 3. To 
draw along, slowly or laboriously. — 
v. i. 1. To be drawn along on the 
ground. 2. To move slowly onward. 
— n. Any thing that is dragged, as a 
net or harrow. 
Drag'sle, f. J. [-ed ; -ing.] [Dim. 
of drag.] To wet and dirty by draw- 
ing on mud, &c. — v.i. To become 
wet or dirty by being drawn on the 
mud or wet grass. 
Drag'-net, n. A fish-net to be drawn 
along the bottom of a river or pond. 
Drag'O-MAN (150), n. [Ar. tardju- 
man, turdjinndn, fr. tardjama. to in- 
terpret.] An interpreter in the East. 
Drag'ON, n. [Gr. <5p<£<«ov, prob. from 
SpaKeiv, to look, from its terrible 
eyes.] 1. A monstrous winged ser- 
pent or lizard. 2. A fierce, violent 
person. 3._A northern constellation. 
Drag'ON-NADE', n. [Fr., fr. dragon, 
dragoon.] A rapid and devastating 
incursion, as of dragoons. 
Drag'on's-blood (-blud), n. A 
resinous substance brought from 
tropical countries. 
DRA-GOON',n. [Lat. draconnrms, 
standard-bearer, bearing a banner on 
which was the figure of a dragon.] 
A soldier taught and armed to serve 
on horseback or on foot. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. To enslave, or per- 
secute, by soldiers. 2. To harass ; 
to force. [ONNADE. 

Drag'oon-ade', n. Same as Drag- 
Drain, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S- 
drch nigean , from drschen , drcn , drop , 
tear.] 1. To empty or exhaust of. 

2. To make graduallv dry or empty. 

3. To filter. — v.i. 1. To flow off 
gradually. 2. To be emptied by 
flowing, —n. 1. Act of draining, or 
of drawing off. 2. A channel ; a 
trench ; a sewer. [drained. 

DRAJN'A-BLE,a. Capable cf being 

Drain'age, ?i. 1. A draining. 2. Sys- 
tem of drains and their operation. 

Drake, n. [L. Ger. drake, 0. II. Ger. 
antrache, fr. anit, duck, A.-S. ened, 
Lat. anas and -rih, ruler, chief.] The 
male of the duck kind. 

DRAM, n. [Contr.from drachma.] 1. 
(Apothecaries' Weight.) A weight of 
the eighth part of an ounce. 2. 
[Avoirdupois Weight.) Sixteenth part 
of an ounce. 3. As much liquor as 
is drank at once. 

Dra'ma, or Dra'bia, n. [Gr. Spa/xa, 
fr. Spav, to act.] 1. A composition, 
designed to be acted on the stage. 2. 
A real series of events invested with 
a dramatic interest. 

Dra-mat'IC, I a. Pertaining or 

Dra-mat'io-al, J appropriate to a 
drama. [tation. 

DRA-MAT'I-e-AL-LY, adv. Byrepresen- 

Dram'a-tis Peh-so'nj£. [Lat.] 
The characters represented in a play. 

Dram'a-tist, «. Author of a dra- 
matic composition. 

Dram'a-tize, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
compose in the form of a drama ; to 
represent in a drama. 



or, do, wolf, too. to~ok ; URN, rue, pull ; E, j, o, silent ; r;.,(i,soft; €, <jr , hard ,- As; EjciST ; n as NG ; THIS. 



DRAPE 



132 



DRIVE 



DRAPE, v. t. [Fr. draper, from drap, 
cloth.] To adorn with drapery. 

Dra'per, n. A dealer in cloths. 

Dra'per-y, n. 1. Cloth, or woolen 
stuffs in general. 2. Garments with 
which any thing is draped ; hangings 
of any kind. 

Dras'TIC, a. [Gr. Spacrrucos, fr. Spdv, 
to act.] Acting with strength or 
violence. 

Draught (draft), n. [A.-S. drOht, fr. 
dragan, to draw.] 1. Act of draw- 
ing. 2. That which is drawn ; as, 
(a.) A potion, (b.) (Mil.) Forces 
drawn ; a detachment, (c.) A sketch, 
outline, or representation. (d.) 
( Com.) An order for the payment of 
money, (e.) A current of air. 3. 
That which draws. 4. Capacity of 
being drawn. 5. (Naut.) Depth a 
ship sinks in water. 6. pi. A game 
played on a checkered board. 

Draughtsman (drafts-'-, 150), n. One 
who draws writings or designs. 

Draw, v. t. [imp. drew ; p. p. 
DRAWN.] [A.-S. dragan. See DRAG.] 

1. To pull along; to haul ; to drag. 

2. To attract ; hence, to entice. 3. 
To bring forth ; to extract ; to force 
out; to derive ; to win ; to gain. 4. 
To remove the contents of. 5. To in- 
hale; to inspire. 6. To lengthen 
out ; to stretch. 7. To produce, as 
a sketch, figure, or picture. 8. To 
form a sketch, figure, or picture of; 
to depict. 9. To wri :e in due form. 
— v. i. 1. To pull. 2. To practice 
the art of delineation ; to sketch. 3. 
To make a written demand for pay- 
ment of money. — n. Part of a bridge 
which is raised up or drawn aside. 

Draicn game, or battle, one in which 
neither party wins. 

Drawback, n. 1. A discouragement 
or hindrance. 2. Money paid back. 

DRAW-BRIDGE, ii. A bridge of which 
a part is made to be raised up, let 
down, or drawn aside. 

Draw-ee', n. One to whpm an order 
or bill of exchange is addressed. 

DRAWER, n. 1. One who, or that 
which, draws. 2. That which is 
drawn; as, (a.) A sliding box in a 
case, (b.) pi. A close under-garment 
for the lower limbs. 

Drawing, n. 1. Act of pulling. 2. 
A representation on a plain surface 
of the appearance of objects. 

Drawing-room (28), n. [Abbrev. 
fr. withdrawing room. ~\ 1. A room 
to which company withdraws from 
the dining-room. 2. Company as- 
sembled in such a room. 

Drawl, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [0. D. 
draelen, to linger.] To titter in a 
slow, lengthened tone. — n. A length- 
ened utterance of the voice. 

DRAY, n. [A.-S. drsege, fr. dragan, to 
draw.] 1. A low cart on wheels 
used for heavy burdens. 2. A drag. 

Dray'man (150), n. A man who at- 
tends a dray. 

Dread, n. 1. Overwhelming appre- 
hension of danger. 2. Reverential 
fear. 3. An object of fear. — a. 1. 



Exciting great fear ; terrible ; fright- 
ful. 2. Venerable in the highest de- 
gree. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To fear 
in a great degree. — v. i. To be in 
great fear. 

Dread'ful, a. 1. Inspiring dread ; 
fearful. 2. Inspiring awe. 

Syn. —Terrible ; shocking.— Terri- 
ble is stronger and more vivid than 
dreadj'ul; shocking strikes with all its 
force on the moral feelings. A dreadful 
accident; a terrible catastrophe; ashock- 
ing exhibition of wickedness. 

Dread'ful-ly, adv. In a dreadful 
manner ; awfully. [dreadful. 

DREAD'FUL-NESS,n. Quality of being 

Dread'naught (-nawt), n. 1. A 
garment of very thick cloth, that 
can defend against storm and cold. 
2. Th« cloth itself. 

Dream, n. [I eel. draumr. Cf. A.-S. 
dream, joy, gladness.] 1. Series of 
thoughts of a person in sleep. 2. An 
idle fancy; a re very. — v.i. [-ED 
or -T ; -ing.] 1. To have images in 
the mind, in sleep. 2. To indulge in 
idle revery ; to imagine. — v.t. To 
imagine in a dream, or in an anal- 
ogous state. 

Dream'er, n. One who dreams. 

Dream'y, a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] Full 
of dreams; visionary. 

Drear, a. [See Dreary.] Dismal ; 
gloomy. [ly. 

Drear'i-ly, adv. Gloomily ; dismal- 

Drear'i-ness, n. Cloomy solitude. 

Drear'y (89), a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] 
[A.-S. drcorig, bloody, sorrowful, fr. 
dreor, blood.] Comfortless ; dismal. 

DREDGE,n. [A.-S. drxge.] Any in- 
strument to gather or take by drag- 
ging. — v.t. [-ED ; -ing.] 1. To 
catch, gather, or deepen with a 
dredge. 2. To sprinkle flour on, as 
on roast meat. 

Dredg'er, ii. 1. One who fishes 
with a dredge. 2. A utensil for 
dredging meat. 3. A dredging-ma- 
chine. 

Dredg'ing-MA-chine', n. An en- 
gine to take up mud from the bottom 
of rivers, docks, &c. 

DREGS, n.pl. [Icel. dregg, Ger. dreclc, 
dirt, mud, trash.] Feculence ; lees ; 
grounds ; pediment ; hence, the vilest 
part of any thing. [or lees. 

DREG'Gl-NESS, n. Fullness of dregs 

DREG'GY, a. Containing dregs or 
lees ; feculent. 

Drench (GG), v. t. T-ed; -ing.] 
[A.-S. drencean, drencan, to give to 
drink, to drench.] 1. To cause to 
drink ; to dose by force ; to purge vi- 
olently. 2. To wet thoroughly ; to 
soak; to saturate. — n. A drink; 
a potion of medicine, especially one 
that causes purging. 

Dress, v. t. [dressed or drest.] 
[Fr. dresser, to make straight, to 
rai=e, prepare.] 1. To make straight; 
hence, to arrange in a straight line ; 
to align. 2. To adjust ; to put in 
good order ; to arrange. — v. i. 1. To 
arrange one's self in due position in 
a line. 2. To put on one's garments. 
— 11. 1. Clothes; garments. 2. A 



lady's gown. 3. Attention to ap. 
par el. 

Dress'er, n. 1. One who dresses. 2. 
A set of shelves for dishes, &c. 

Dressing, n. 1. Dress. 2. Appli- 
cation to a sore. 3. Manure spread 
over land. 4^ ( Cookery.) Stuffing. 

Dress'ing-room, n. An apartment 
for dressing in. 

Dress'Y, a. Showy in dress. 

DRIB'BLE, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [For 
dripple, dim. of drip.] 1. To fall in 
drops. 2. To slaver ; to drivel. 

DRiB'BLE T, I n. [From dribble.] A 

Drib'LET, ) small piece or sum. 

DRIFT, n. [From drive.] 1. That 
which is driven ; as, (a.) A mass of 
matter which has been forced on- 
ward together into its present posi- 
tion, (b.) A drove or flock. 2. Act 
or motion of drifting. 3. Direction 
along which any thing is driven. 4. 
Tendency ; object aimed at or in- 
tended. 5. (Mining.) A passage for 
a road under ground. — v.i. [-ED; 
-ING.] To be driven along by a cur' 
rent of water. — v.t. To drive into 
heaps. [floated by water 

Drift'wo"od, n. Wood drifted or 

Drill, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
thyrlian, fr. thurh, through.] 1. To 
pierce with a drill. 2. To sow, as 
seeds, in rows. 3. To train in the 
military, or any other art. — n. 1. 
A pointed instrument for boring 
holes. 2. A light furrow to put seed 
into. 3. Act of training soldiers ; 
hence, diligent and strict instruction 
and exercise. 

Drill'ING,w. 1. Act of piercing with 
a drill. 2. [L. Lat. trilex, from Lat. 
tres, three, and liciitm,& thread of 
the warp.] A course linen or cottou 
cloth. 

Drill'-plow, ) n. A plow for sowv 

Drill '-plough, J ing grain in drills. 

Drink, v. i. [imp. drank (formerly 

DRUNK); p. p. DRUNK or DRANK ; 
p. pr. & vb. 11. DRINKING.] [A.-S. 
drincan.] 1. To swallow any thing 
liquid. 2. To take spirituous liquors 
to excess. — v.t. 1. To swallow. 2. 
To absorb. 3. To hear or see. — n. 
Liquor of any kind to be swallowed. 

Drink'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
drunk ; fit for drink. 

Drink'er, n. One who drinks, es- 
pecially to excess. 

Drip, v.i. [-ped ; -ping, 136.] [A.-S. 
dripan. Cf. DROP.] To fall in drops. 
— v.t. To let fall in drops. — n. 1. 
A falling in drops ; that which drips. 
2. Edge of a roof. 

DRiP'PING, n. That which falls in 
drops, as fat from meat in roasting. 

Drip'ping-pan, n. A pan for the 
fat from meat in roasting. 

Drip'-stone , n. A tablet over win- 
dows, &c, to throw off rain. 

Drive, v. t. [imp. drove ; p.p. driv- 
en.] [A.-S. drifan.] 1. To push 
forward. 2. To chase : to hunt. _ 3. 
To urge on as the beasts which 
draw a vehicle, or the vehicle itself. 
4. To urge, impel, hurry forward. 



A, E, I, O, V, Y, long; A, E, I, 6, ij, Y, short ; cAre, far, ask, all, what •, eke, vijil, t£rm ; PIQUE, FIRM ; SON, 



DRIVEL 



133 



DRYER 



5. To carry on. — v. i. 1. To rush 
and press -with violence. 2. To be 
forced along. 3. To proceed by urg- 
ing on a vehicle or the animals that 
draw it. 4. To aim or tend to a 
point. — n. 1. An excursion in a 
carriage. 2. A road for driving. 
DRiV'EL., V. i. [-ED, -ING ; or -LED, 
-LING, 137.] [From the root of drip.] 

1. To let spittle now from the mouth 
2- To dote. — n. 1. Slaver; saliva. 2. 
Inarticulate or unmeaning utter- 
ance. 

DR1V.EL-ER ( (drlv'1-er), n. A slab- 

Driv'jEL-LER ) berer ; an idiot; a fool. 

DRIVER, n. 1. One who drives. 2. 
One who drives beasts or a carriage. 
3. (Mack ) That which communi- 
cates motion to something else. 

DRIZ'ZLE, f. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Cf. 
A.-S. dreosan, to fall.] To rain 
gently. — n. Fine rain or mist. 

DRIZ'ZLY, a. Shedding small rain. 

Droll, a. [-ER ; -est.] [Fr. drCle, 
Ger. drollig.] Fitted to provoke 
laughter; queer; amusing; funny. 
Syn. — Laughable; comical. — Laugh- 
able is generic, denoting any thing cal- 
culated to excite laughter; comical dc- 
notes something humorous of the kind 
exhibited in comedies ; droll stands low- 
er on the scale, being derived from the 
French drole, n. buffoon or antic, who 
awakened laughter by queer tricks, &c. 
n. 1. A jester ; buffoon ; antic. 2. 
A_ farce. 

Droll'ER-y, n. Quality of being 
droll ; sportive tricks ; comicality. 

Droll'ioii, a. Somewhat droll. 

Drom'e-da-ry 
(drum'-), n. 
[Lat. dromas 
(sc. camelus), 
from Gr. 6po- 
(jLas, running.] 
A species of 
camel having 
one bunch or Dromedary, 

protuberance on the back. 

Drone, n. [A.-S. dran, drsen.] 1. 
Male of the honey-bee. 2. A lazy, 
idle fellow. 3. A low humming 
sound. — v.i. [-ed ; -ing.] 1. To 
live in idleness. 2. To give a low, 
heavy sound. [bagpipe. 

Drone'-pipe, n. Largest tube of a 

DRON'ISH, a. Likj a drone ; lazy. 

Drool, v. i. [Contr. fr. drivel.] To 
drivel, or drop saliva. 

Droop, v.i. [-ed; -ing.] [Allied 
to drop.] 1. To hang down, as an 
animal, plant, &c, from weakness. 

2. To grow weak or faint. 

Syn. — To bend ; flag ; languish. 
Drop, m. [A.-S. dropa, dry pa. See 
infra.] 1. A globule falling or about 
to fall. 2. That which resembles a 
liquid drop. 3. Whatever is ar- 
ranged to drop, hang, or fall from an 
elevated position. 4. pi. Any medi- 
cine the dose of which is measured 
by drops. 

Drop serene (Med.), em affection of the 
retina, causing blindness. 
— v. t. [-PED; -PING, 136.] 1. 
To pour or let fall in drops. 2. To 
let fall. 3. To dismiss ; to set aside. 




4. To bestow indirectly. 5. To lower, 
as a curtain. — v. i. 1. To distill; 
to fall in drops. 2. To let drops fall. 
3. To descend suddenly. 4. To die 
suddenly. 5. To cease. 6. To come 
unexpectedly. 7. To fall or be de- 
pressed. 

Drop'let, n. A little drop. 

Dr6p'-let ; ter, n. A letter dropped 
into a post-office box, for delivery 
in the same town. 

Drop'-solne, n. A painted curtain 
which drops in front of the stage, 
iu a theater. 

Drop'sig-al, a. Diseased with dropsy. 

DROP'SY, n. [Abbrev. from hydropsy, 
fr. Gr. vSptoxjj, dropsy.] An unnatu- 
ral collection of serous fluid in any 
part of the body. 

Dros'KY, n. [Russ. drozhki, dim. of 
drogi, a kind of carriage.] A pecu- 
liar kind of low four-wheeled car- 
riage, used in Russia and Prussia. 

Dross, n. [A.-S. dros, fr. dreosan, to 
fall.] 1. Scum of metals, thrown off 
in melting. 2. Rust. 3. Waste ; 
refuse. [of being drossy. 

Dross'i-ness, n. Quality or state 

Dross'y, a. Composed of dross ; im- 
pure; worthless. 

Drought (drout), n. [A.-S. drug&dh, 
fr. dryge, Eng. dry.] Dryness of the 
weather; wantofrair. 

Drought'i-ness (drout'-), n. Dry- 
ness of the weather. 

Drought'y (drout/-) a. Wanting 
rain ; dry ; arid . 

Drouth, n. Same as Drought. 

Drove, imp. of drive. — n. [A.-S. 
draf, fr. drifan, Fmg. drive.] 1. A 
collection of cattle, driven or for driv- 
ing. 2. Any crowd. 

Drov'ER, n. One who drives cattle. 

Drown, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
dritnenian, to immerse, drown.] 1. 
To overwhelm in water ; to deluge ; 
2. To sink under water till dead. 3. 
To overpower. — v. i. To be suffo- 
cated in water. 

Drowse,!-, i. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
dreosan, dnrsian, to fall, droop.] 
To slumber ; to dose. — n. Imper- I 
feet sleep ; a doze. [ner. 

DROW'si-LY, adv. In a drowsy man- 

Drow'sj-ness, n. State of being 
drowsy. 

Drow'ry, a. [-er; -est, 142.] 1. 
Inclined to drowse. 2. Disposed to 
sleep. 3. Dull; stupid. 

Drub, v. t. [-bed; -bing, 136.] [Icel. 
drabba, to beat.] To beat witk a 
stick. 

Syn.— To thrash; cudgel; beat; pum- 
mel; thump. 
— n. A blow with a cudgel. 

DrOb'ber, n. One who drubs. 

Drudge, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Prob. 
a dialectic form of drag.] To work 
hard. — n. One who drudges. 

Drudg'er, n. One who drudges ; a 
drudge . [hard labor. 

Drudg'er-y, n. Act of drudging; 

DRUG, n. [Fr. drogue, fr. A.-S. dryge, 
drige, Eng. dry, orig. dry substance.] 
1. Any substance used in the compo- 



sition of medicine, in dyeing, or in 
chemical operations. 2. Any com- 
modity not salable. — v. i. [-ged ; 
-GING, 136.] To prescribe or admin- 
ister drugs. — v.t. 1. To affect with 
drugs. 2. To tincture with some- 
thing offensive or injurious. 3. To 
dose to excess. 

DRUG'GET, n. [Fr. droguet, dim. of 
drogue, drug, trash.] A coarse, wool- 
en cloth, generally used over carpets. 

DRUG'GIST, n. A dealer in drugs. 

DRU'ID, n. [W. derwydd, fr. dar, pi. 
derw, oak, and gicydd, knowledge.] 
A priest or minister of religion. 

Dru'id-ess, n. A female druid. 

DRU-'j'd'ig, I a. Pertaining to 

Dru-idMg-al, J Druids, or their re- 
ligion, [the druids. 

Dru'id-ism, n. System of religion of 

DRUM, «. [Icel. trumba, trumpet; 0. 
Sax. drom, noise.] 1. An instru- 
ment of music. 2. Any thing resem- 
bling a drum in form. — v. i. [-MED ; 
-MING.] 1. To play a tune on a 
drum. 2. To beat with the fingers. 
3. To throb. 4. To go about to 
gather recruits, &c. — v. t. To exe- 
cute on a drum, as a tune ; with out, 
to expel with beat of drum. 

Drum'-ma/jor, n. Chief drummer 
of a regiment. 

DRUM'MER, n. One who beats a drum. 

Druji'mond-light (-lit), n. [From 
Capt. Drummond.] An intense light, 
produced by turning two streams of 
ignited gas, one oxygen and the 
other hydrogen, upon a ball of lime. 

Drum'stick, n. 1. A stick with 
which a drum is beaten. 2. Any 
thing resembling a drumstick. 

Drunk, a. Overcome by drinking; 
intoxicated ; inebriated. 

DrtJnk'ard, n. One who habitually 
drinks to excess ; a sot ; a toper. 

Drunk/en (drunk/n), a. 1. Intoxi- 
cated; inebriated. 2. Pertaining to 
intoxication. 

Drunk'jen-ness (109), n. 1. State of 
being drunken ; intoxication ; ine- 
briety. 2. Disorder of the faculties, 
resembling intoxication by liquors. 

Syn.— Intoxication; inebriation; ine- 
briety. — Drunkenness refers more to the 
habit of excessive drinking; intoxication 
and inebriation to specific acts. The 
first two words are extensively used in a 
figurative sense. 

Drupe, n. [Lat. drupa, an over-ripe 
olive, Gr. Spvmra, fr. SpvTrenjs, rip- 
ened on the tree.] A pulpy pericarp 
or fruit, containing a nut or stone 
wjth a kernel. 

Dry, a. [-er; -est, 142.] [A.-S. 
dryg, dryge.] 1. Free from moisture 
of any kind ; arid ; thirsty. 2. L'n- 
embellished ; plain. 3. Shrewd; 
sharp; sarcastic. 

Dry goods, cl ths, laces, ribbons, &C, 
in distinction from groceries. 
— v.t. [-ed ; -ING, 142.] To free 
from moisture of any kind. — v. i. 
To grow dry ; to lose moisture. 

Dry'ad, n. [Gr. Spvds, fr. 6pvs, oak, 
tree.] A nymph of the woods. 

Dry'er, n. One who dries. 



or, do, wqlf, too, took; urn, rue, pull ; E, I, o, silent ; 9, G, soft; €, G, hard; as ; exist ; N as ng • this. 



DRYING 



134 



DUODENUM 



Dry'ing, a. Having the quality of 
rapidly becoming dry. 

Dry'ly. ac/u. In a dry manner. 

Dry'ness, n. State of being dry. 

Dry'-nursf , n. A nurse who attends 
and feeds a child by hand. 

Dry'-rot, ii. A rapid decay of tim- 
ber, by which it is converted into a 
dry powder. 

DRY'-SALT'ER, n. 1. A dealer in 
salted or dry meats, pickles, &c. 2. 
A dealer in drugs, dye-stuffs, and 
chemicals. 

DO'AD, n. [Gr. 6W, fr. 8vo, two.] 
Union of two ; duality. 

DO'AL, a. [Lat. dualis, fr. duo, two.] 
Expressing, or consisting of, two. 

Du'AL-I§M, n. Any thing divided into 
two ; a twofold division. 

Dfl'AL-iST're, a. Consisting of two. 

Du-aL'I-TY, n. 1. Division; separa- 
tion. 2. State of being two. 

Dub, v. t. [-bed; -bing.] [A.-S. 
dubban, to strike.] 1. To strike with 
a sword and make a knight. 2. To 
entitle. 

Du'BI-ous,a. [Lat. dubius,fv.dubare, 
to doubt.] 1. Doubtful in opinion. 
2. Occasioning doubt. 3. Of uncer- 
tain issue. 

Syx. — Doubting ; unsettled; doubt- 
ful; ambiguous; equivocal; uncertain. 

Du'BI-OUS-LY, adv. Doubtfully ; un- 
certainly, [certainty. 

Du'bi-ou's-ness, n. Doubtfulness ; ua- 

Du'CAL (30), a. [Lat. ducalis, from 
dux, leader. ] Pertaining to a duke. 

Due'AT, »!. [L Lat. ducatus, fr. dux, 
leader.] A coin of several countries 
in Europe, struck in the dominions 
of a duke 

Bue'A-TOON', n. A silver coin of 
several countries of Europe. 

D&CH'ESS, n. 1. Consort or widow of 
a duke. 2. Female sovereign of a 
duchy. 

D u c H' Y , n . Territory of a duke. 

Duck, n 1. [Ger. tuck, cloth.] A 
coarse cloth for small sails, sacking 
of beds, &c. 2. [From the verb to 
duck.} A well-known water-fowl. 3. 
An inclination of the head. 4. A 
pet ; a darling. — v. t. [-ED ; -inc.] 
[0. II. Ger. tuhhan, to stoop, dive.] 

1. To plunge and withdraw ; to im- 
merse. 2. To bow, stoop, or nod. — 
V. i. 1. To plunge the head in water. 

2. To drop the head cr person sud- 
denly, [cringing person. 

Duck'er, n. 1. One who ducks. 2. A 

©uck'ing-stool, n. A stool in 
which common scolds were formerly 
tied, and plunged into water. 

Duck'ling, n. A young duck. 

Duct, n. [Lat. ductus, a conduit.] 
Any tube or canal for conveying a 
fluid. 

DUCTILE, a. [Lat. ductilis, fr. ducere, 
to lead.] 1. Easily led or drawn out ; 
flexible ; pliable. 2. Capable of be- 
ing drawn out or extended. 

Duc'tIle-ness, ) n. Quality of being 

Duc-Ti'L'l-TY, \ ductile; flexibili- 
ty ; pliableness. 

Dud'Geon (dUd-jun), n. i. [Cf. Ger. 



degen, sword.] A small dagger or 
its hilt. 2. [W. dy gen, anger, grudge.] 
Anger; resentment; ill-will. 

Dud§, n. pi. Old clothes. 

DUE, a. [Fr. dil, p. p. of devoir, to 
owe, Lat. debere.] 1. Owed; proper 
to be paid or done to another. 2. 
Required by the circumstances ; be- 
coming ; fit. 3. Appointed ; exact. 

4. Liable to come at any moment. 5. 
Owing; occasioned. — adv. Direct- 
ly ; exactly. — n. 1. That which is 
owed; a fee; an emolument. 2. Just 
title or claim. 

Du'el, n. [Lat. duellum, orig., aeon- 
test between two.] A fight between 
two persons to decide some private 
difference. — v. i. To fight a duel. — 
v. t. To attack cr fight tingly. 

Du'EL-IsT, I n. One who fights in 

Du'EL-LIST, j single combat. 

Du-En'na, n. [Sp. duenna, duena, 
from Lat. d omina. See Don.] An 
old woman kept to guard a j ounger 
one; a governess. 

DU-Gt', n. [From Lat. duo, two.] A 
composition for two performers. 

Dug, n. [Dan. daggc, to suckle (a 
child.)] A tent, cr nipple, especially 
of a cow or other beast. — v., imp. & 
p. p. of Dig. 

Duke (30), n. [Lat. dux, ducis, lead- 
er, commander, fr. ducere, to lead.] 
1. One of the highest order of nobil- 
ity next below the Prince of Wales. 
[Eng.] 2. A sovereign prince, in 
some European countries. 

Duke'dom, n. 1. Possessions of a 
duke. 2. Title of a duke 

DUL'CET, a. [0. Fr dulcet, dim. of 
dols, now doux, Lat. dulcis, sweet:] 
1. Sweet to the taste cr the ear. 2. 
Pleasing to any of the senses or to 
the mind. [ening 

Dul'ci-fi-ca'tion, n. Act of swect- 

Dul\i-fy, v. t. [-ed; -ing, 142.] 
[Lat. dulcis, sweet, and facere, to 
make.] To make sweet ; to sweeten. 

DUL'CI-MER, n. [Lat. didcis, sweet, 
and' Gr. /xe'Aos, melody.] A stringed 
instrument, played on with little 
sticks. 

Dull, a. [-er; -est.] [A.-S. dol, 
dvel, dval, erring, foolish.] 1. Slow 
of understanding. 2. Slow in action, 
mo! ion, perception, sensibility, &c. 
3. Elunt. 4. Not bright or clear. 

5. Furnishing little delight or vari- 
ety. 

Syn.— Stupid; doltish; obtuse. 

— v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To make dull. 

— -v, i. To become dull. [dolt. 

Dull'ard, n. A stupid person; a 
Dull'ness, ) n. State of being dull ; 
DDl'NESs, J stupidity. 

Du'LY, adv. In a fitting manner. 
DUMB(dum), a. [A.-S] 1. Destitute 

of the power of speech 

ing to speak ; silent. 
DUMB'-BELLg (dum'-), 

n. Weights for swing- 
ing in the hands. 
Dumb'ly (d8m'ly),arfv. 

In silence ; mutely. 
Dumb'ness (dQm'nes), 




Dumb-bells. 



n. Quality or state of being dumb \ 
muteness 

Dumb'-show (dum'sho), n. Gesturo 
without words ; pantomime. 

Dumb'-wait'ER (dtim-), n. A mov- 
able frame by which dishes, &c.,are 
passed from one story to another. 

Dum'found, \ v. t. To strike 

Dum'found-er, J dumb ; to con- 
fuse. [Colloq] 

Duiu'MY, n. 1. One who is dumb. 2. 
a dumb-waiter. 3. A figure on which 
clothing is exhibited. 4. A locomo- 
tive with condensing engines, and, 
hence, without the noise of escaping 
steam. 

Dump, n. [Cf. Damp.] Sadness; mel- 
ancholy ; despondency ; — usually in 
the pi. — v. t. To unload from a 
cart by tilting it up. 

DuMP'ISH, a. Dull; stupid; moping. 

Dump'isii-ly, adv. In a dumpish 
manner. [dumpish. 

Dijmp'ish-ness, n. State of being 

Dump'ling, ii. [Cf. Eng. dumpy; 
also D. dompelcn, to dip.] A kind of 
pudding or mass of paste, in cookery. 

Dump'y, a. [Cf. Icel. demp, a stout 
servant-maid.] Short and thick. 

DON, a. [A.-S. dunn.] 1. Of a dark 
color; swarthy. 2. Gloomy; ob- 
scure. — v. t. 1. To cure, as cod- 
fish, so as to give them a dun color. 
2. [-NED ;-NlNG.j [A.-S. dynian.] To 
beset for payment. — n. 1 One wh© 
duns. 2. Urgent demand of pa j ment. 

Dunce, n. [Orig. a nicknane from 
Duns Scotus, called the subtle doctor, 
who died in 1308.) A person cf weak 
intellect; a dullard; a dolt. 

Dun'der-hEad, I ii. [Prov. Eng. 

DiJN'DER-PATE, ) d under, sen e as 
thunder, used to increase the bad 
sense of a word.] A dunce. 

Dun'-fisii, ii. Cod-fish prepared so 
as to give it a dun or brown color. 

Dung, n. [A.-S.] Excrement of an 
animal. — v. i. To void excrement. 

Dun'geon (-jun), n. 1. Donjon. 2. 
A dark, subterranean prison. 

Dung'iiill, ii. 1. A heap of dung. 
2. Any mean situation or condition. 

DlJNG'Y, a. Full of dung: filthy. 

Dun'nage, n. [Cf. dun, mound, and 
dune.] (Naut.) (a.) Loofe materials 
laid on the bottom of a ship to raise 
heavy goods above the bottom to 
prevent injury by water. 

Du'o, n. [Lat., two.] (Mus.) A duet. 

Du'O-DEC'I-MAL, a. [Lat. duodecim, 
twelve. ] Proceeding in computation 
by twelves. 

Du'O-DEC'l-MALg, n. pi. A kind of 
multiplication in which the denomi- 
nations proceed by twelves. 

Du'O-DEC'l-MO, a. [latin duodecimo, 
fr. duodecim, twelve.] Formed of 
sheets folded so as to make twelve 
leaves, — n.; pi. du'o-eec'i-m6§. 
1. A book in which a sheet is folded 
into 12 leaves. 2. Size of a book thus 
composed ; — usually indicated 12mo 
or 12°. 

Dv'0-DE f NUM,n. [From Lat. duo^ 
deni, twelve each ; because its length 



A, £, I, 5, U, Y, long; A, E, I, 6, U, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK; ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, T£RM; PIQUE, FIRM ; SON, 



DUPE 



135 



EAGER 



is about 12 fingers 1 breadth.] First 
of the small intestines. 

Dupe, n. [Prov. Fr. dupe, duppe, 
hoopoe, a foolish bird, easily caught.] 
One who is duped; a gull. — v. t. 
[-ED : -ixg.] To deceive ; to trick. 

Du'ple (du'pl), a. [Lat. duplus.] 
Double. 

jjO'PLI-eATE, a. [Lat. duplicare, -ca- 
tus, to double.] Double ; two-fold. — 
n. That which exactly resembles or 
is of the same kind as something else. 

Du'PLl-CATE,f. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 

double :_ to make a copy of. 

Du'pli-CA'tion, n. Act of duplicat- 
ing, [of a membrane. 

Du'pli-ca-ture (53), 11. A fold, as 

DU-PLIC'I-TY, n. [Lat. duplicitas,fr. 
duplex, double.] Doubleness of 
heart, speech, or dealing. 

Syx.— Double-dealing; deceit; guile. 

DO'RA-Bli/I-TY, n. State or quality 
of being durable. 

Du'RA-BLE (89), a. [Lat. durabilis, 

fr. durare, to last.] Able to endure 

or continue in a particular condition. 

Syx. — Lasting; permanent; stable. 

Du'ra-ble-ness, n. Durability. 

Du'RA-BLY, adu. In a durable man- 
ner. 

D u'RA-MA' TER, n. [Lat., lit. , hard 
mother; — called mater, because it 
was thought to give rise to every 
membrane.] Outer membrane of the 
brain. 

DUR'ANCE, n. [Lat. durare, durans, 
to endure.] 1. Continuance ; dura- 
tion. 2. Imprisonment. 

Du-ra'tion, 11. 1. Durability. 2. 
Continuance in time. 

Du'ress, or Du-ress', n. [Lat. du- 
ritia, durities, fr. durus, hard.] Hard- 
ship ; constraint ; imprisonment. 

Dur'ixg. [Originally the p. pr. of dure 
{obs.), to last, now used as a prep.] 
In the time of ; as long as the action 
or existence of. 

Durst, imp. of Dare. 

D&SK, a. [Cf. A.-S. thystre, theostre, 
tarnish.] Tending to darkness ; dark- 
ish. — n. 1. Imperfect obscurity; 
twilight. 2. A color partially black. 

Dusk/i-ly, adv. In a dusky manner ; 
darkly : dinilv. 

Dusk'i-ness, n. State of being dusky. 

Dusk'ISH, a. Moderately dusky. 

Dusk'y, a. 1. Partially dark or ob- 
scure. 2. Tending to blackness. 3. 
Gloomy ; melancholy. 

Dust,ti. [A.-S.] 1. Very fine, dry par- 



ticles of earth, or other matter. 2. 
The grave. 3. A low condition. — 
v.t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To free from 
dust. 2. To sprinkle with dust. 

DOst'er, n. 1. One who dusts; a 
utensil for dusting. 2. A light over- 
garment, to protect the clothing 
from dust. 

DDst'I-ness, n. State of being dusty. 
! DUST'-MAN (150), 7i. One whose em- 
j ployment is to carry away dirt and 
1 filth. 

Dust'y, a. [-ER; -est, 142.] 1. Cov- 
ered with dust. 2. Like dust. 

DUTCH, a. [N. D. duitsch, German, 
orig. popular, national.] Pertaining 
to Holland, its inhabitants, or then- 
language. 

Du'TE-ous, a. Performing what duty, 
law, justice, or propriety requires. 

Du'ti-a-ble, a. Subject to the pay- 
ment of a duty. 

Du'ti-ful, a. 1. Performing duties 
required. 2. Controlled by a sense 
of duty. 

Syx. — Duteous ; obedient ; reverent; 
submissive; respectful. 

Du'ti-ful-LY, adv. In a dutiful 
I manner. [dutiful. 

I Du'ti-ful-ness, n. State of being 

Du'TY, n. 1. That which is due from 
; one person to another. 2. Service 
rendered ; — said esp. of military ser- 
vice. 3. Respect ; reverence ; regard. 
4. Tax ; toll ; impost, or customs. 

D r- UM' VIR, ii. ; pi. D V- UM' VI-RI. 
[Lat., fr. duo, two, and vir, man.] 
One of two Roman magistrates 
united in the same public functions. 

Du-Om'vi-rate (45). ii. Union of two 
men in the same office. 

DWARF, 71. [A.-S. dveorg, Icel. dvergr.] 
An animal or plant much below the 
ordinary size of the species. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To hinder from grow- 



ing to the natural size ; to stunt. 

Dwarf'ish, a. Like a dwarf; very 
small. [stature. 

Dwarf'ish-xess, ii. Smallness of 

Dwell, v. i. [imp.k, v-v- dwelled, 
usually dwelt.] [Icel. dvelia, to 
linger, delay.] To abide as a perma- 
nent resident, or to inhabit for a time. 
Stx. - To reside ; sojourn ; continue ; 
stay: rest; remain. 

Dwlll'er, n- An inhabitant : a res- 
ident, [domicile. 

Dwell'ing, 71. Habitation: abode; 

Dwell'ing-house, 7i. A house in- 
tended for residence. 



DwIn'dle, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [0. 
Eng. dwme, A.-S. dvinan, to pine, 
vanish.] To diminish ; to waste 
away. — v. t. To make Ipss. 

Dye, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. dea- 
gan, deagifin, fr. dtdg, color.] To 
stain ; to give a new and permanent 
color to. [dye cloth, &c. 

Dy'er, 71. One whose occupation is to 

DY'ING, a. 1. Destined to death; mor- 
tal. 2. Supporting a dying person. 
3. Pertaining to death. 

Dyke, 7i. See Dike. 

Dy-nam'e-TER, a. [Gr. ovVafus, pow- 
er, and fxeTpov, measure.] An instru- 
ment to determine the magnifying 
power of telescopes. 

Dy-xam'IC, I a. [Gr. Swo/jliko?, 

Dy-nam'ic-al, j fr. Swafu'?, power.] 
Pertaining to dynamics. 

Dy-> t aM/I€S, n. sing. 1. Science of 
moving forces. 2. The moving moral 
forces, or the laws which relate to 
them. 3. Department of musical 
science relating to the force of mu- 
sical sounds. 

Dyn'aoiom'e-ter, 11. An instru- 
ment for measuring force, especially 
that of animals or machines. 

Dy-nast'ic, a. Relating to a dynasty 
or line of kings. 

DY'NAS-TY, ii. [Gr. SvvaareCa, fr. Sv- 
vcurreveii/, to hold power.] A race of 
kings, of the same line or family. 

D\"S'€RA-SY, n. [Gr. Svo-Kpao-ia, from 
inseparable pref. Sva-. ill, and »cpacrts, 
mixture.] An inhabit or state of 
the constitution. 

Dys'en-ter'ic. ) a. Pertaining 

Dys'en-ter'ic-al, j to, or afflicted 
with, dysentery. 

DVS'EN-TER'Y. 11. [Gr. SvcrevrepCa, fr. 
Sva-, ill, and evrepa, intestines.] In- 
flammation of the rectum or colon, 
with frequent discharges of mucus 
and blood. 

DYS-PEP'SI-A, \ 71. [Gr. Svo-Trei/u'a, fr. 

DYS-PEP'SY, j Sva--, ill, and s-eV- 
retv. to digest.] Chronic difficulty 
of digestion. 

Dys-pep'tic, ) a. Afflicted with, 

Dys-PEP'TI€-AL, j or pertaining to, 
dyspepsia. [with dyspepsia. 

Dys-p£p'TIC, n. A person" afflicted 

Dl'SP-NCE'A (-ne'a). n. [Gr. ouoTrvoia, 
fr. Svcr-, ill, and irvo-q, -rrvoir), breath- 
ing.] A difficulty of breathing. 

Dys'U-RY, ti. [Gr. SvaovpCa, fr. Sua--, 
ill, and ovpov, urine.] Difficulty in 
discharging the urine. 



E. 



E(e). The second vowel and the 
fifth letter of the alphabet. See 
_ Prin. of Pron. §§ 10-14, 46, and 47. 
EACH, a. [A.-S. ale, elc, equiv. to 
a-Uc, fr. a. aa. ever, and tic] Denot- 
ing every one of the two or more in- 



dividuals composing a whole, consid- ; 
ered separately from the rest. 
Ea'ger, a. [Lat. acer, sharp.] Ex- 
cited by desire in the pursuit of any 
object. 

Syx. — Earnest. — Eager marks an ex- 



cited state of desire or passion ; earnest 
denotes a permanent state of moral sen- 
timent or feeling. A child is eager for a 
plaything; a hungry man is eager for 
food; a covetous man is eager for gain. 
A preacher is earnest in his appeals to 
the conscience; an agent is earnest in 
his solicitations. 



OR, do, wolf, TOO, TOOK; urn, RUE, PULL ; E,l, o, silent ; c, G, soft; €,(i,hard; AS. ; exist; \ as KG ; -mis. 




EAGERLY 

EA'GER-LY, adv. With great ardor 

_ of desire ; earnestly. 

Ea'ger-ness, n. Quality or state of 

_ being eager. 

Ea'gle (3/gl), n. 
[Lat. acjuila.) 1. 
A rapacious bird 
of the falcon 
family. 2. A 
geld coin of the Eagle. 

C United States, worth ten dollars. 

Ea'gle-ey.ed, a. Sharp-sighted, as 
an eagle. [eagle. 

Ea'glet, n. A young, or diminutive, 

Ear, n. [A.-S.eare, Lat. auris.] 1. 
Organ or sense of hearing. 2. At- 
tention ; heed. 3. Any thing re- 
sembling an ear in shape or position. 
4. Spikes of grain. — v.i. To form 
ears, as corn. 

Earl (14), n. [A.-S. tori, man, noble.] 
A nobleman of England ranking be- 

_ low a marquis. 

EAR'LAP, n. The tip of the ear. 

Earl'dom, n. Jurisdiction or dignity 

_ of an earl. 

Ear'less, a. Without ears ; deaf. 

Earl'-mar/shal, n. An officer of 
state in England who orders all great 
ceremonials, and is the head of the 

_ herald's office. [ear. 

Ear'lock, n. A curl of hair near the 

Ear'LY (14), a. [A.-S. arlice, from ar, 
before.] In advance of the usual or 
appointed time. — adv. Soon ; in 

_ good season. 

Ear'-mark, n. 1. A mark on the ear. 
2. Any distinguishing mark. 

£arn,i\J. [-ED ; -ING.] [A.-S. earni- 
an.] 1. To merit by labor. 2. To 
acquire by labor or service. 

£AR'NEST,n. [A.-S. eornost.] 1. Ar- 
dent in the pursuit of an object. 2. 
Intent ; fixed. 

Syn. —Eager ; -warm ; zealous ; ani- 
mated; fervent. See Eager. 
— n. 1. Seriousness; reality. 2. A 
pledge or token of what is to come. 

Syn.— Pledge.— An earnest, like first- 
fruits, gives assurance that more is com- 
ing of the same kind ; a pledge, iike 
money deposited, affords security and 
ground of reliance. Washington gave 
earnest of his talent as a commander by 
savinghis troops after Braddock's de- 
feat; his fortitude and that of his soldiers 
during the winter at Valley Forge were 
^.pledge of their ultimate triumph. 

£ar'nest-ly, adv. In an earnest 
manner. [earnest ; zeal. 

Ear'nest-ness, n. State of being 

Earn'ing, n. That which is earned ; 

_ wages ; stipend. 

Ear'-rTng, n. An ornament sus- 
pended from the ear. 

Earth (14), n. [A.-S. eordhe, earth, 
eard, region, country.] 1. The globe ; 
world. 2. The dry land. 3. Soil of 
all kinds ; ground. 4. A region ; a 
country. 5. A tasteless and inodor- 
ous, earthy-looking, metallic oxide. — 
v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To hide, or cause to 
hide, in the earth. — v.i To burrow. 

Earth' board, n. Board of a plow, 
that turns over the earth. 

Earth'en (erth'n), a. Made of earth 
or baked clay. 



136 

Earth'i-ness, n. Quality of being 
earthy. 

Earth'li-ness, n. 1. Quality of be- 
ing earthly ; grossness. 2. Worldli- 
ness. 

Earth'ling, n. An inhabitant of 
the earth ; a mortal. 

Earth'ly, a. 1. Pertaining to earth ; 
not spiritual. 2. Of all things on 
earth ; possible. 

Earth'-NUT, ii. 1. Root of a certain 
umbelliferous plant. 2. Seed-vessel 
and seed of a leguminous plant. 

Earthquake , n. A shaking of the 
earth, due to subterranean causes. 

Earth'-WORK (Crth'wQrk), n. 1. 
Removal of large masses of earth, in 
the construction of public works. 2. 
A fortification made by throwing up 
embankments of earth. 

£ARTH'-WORM(-w0rm),n. The com- 
mon worm found in the soil. 

EARTH'Y, a. 1. Consisting of, or re- 

_ lating to, earth. 2. Gross ; unrefined. 

Ear'-WAX, n. A viscous substance, 

_ secreted by the glands of the ear. 

Ear'wig, n. [A.-S. rar-wigga, from 
ear, car, and ivirga, beetle.] An in- 
sect which has been erroneously sup- 
posed to creep into the human brain 
through the ear. 

Ease, n. [Fr. aise, A.-S. eadh. ready, 
easy.] Freedom from pain, disturb- 
ance, trouble, toil, constraint, stiff- 
ness, &c. 

Syn. — Rest; repose; tranquillity; fa- 
cility; readiness. 

— v.t. [-ed; -ING.] 1. To free 
from any thing that pains, disquiets, 

_ or oppresses. 2. To shift a little. 

EA'SEL, ii. [Ger. esel, ass, 
donkey.] A wooden 
frame on which pictures 
are placed while being 
painted. 

Ease'ment, n. That 
which gives ease ; con- 

_ venience. 

Ea'skly, adv. With ease ; 
readily : gently. 

Eas/i-ness, 1 
tress ; ease, 
with ease. 

EAST,rc. [A.-S.] 1. Point in the heav- 
ens where thfi sun is seen to rise at 
the equinox. 2. Southern parts of 
Asia, which lie east of southern Eu- 
rope. — a. Toward the rising sun. 

East'ER, _ ) n. [A.-S. Eastre, a 

East'er-day, j goddess of light or 
spring, in honor of whom a festival 
was celebrated in April.] A festival 
commemorating Christ's resurrection. 

East'er-ly, a. 1. Coming from the 
eastward. 2. Situated or directed 
toward the east. 

East'ern, a. 1. Situated in the east; 
oriental. 2. Going toward the east. 

East'ward, adv. Toward the east. 

EA'§Y,a. [-er ; -est, 142.] 1. Free 
from pain, care, disgust, or con- 
straint. 2. Affording rest. 3. Not 
difficult. 4. Furnishing comfort. 5. 
Not making resistance. 6. Not 
straitened as to money matters. 




Easel. 



1. Freedom from dis- 
2. Act of moving as if 



ECHELON 

Syn. — Quiet; tranquil; secure; calm. 

Eat, v. t. [imp. eat, or ATE ; p.p. 
EAT, or EATEN.] [A.-S. etan.] 1. 
To swallow as food. 2. To rust ; to 
waste or wear away. 

Syn. — To consume; devour; corrode. 
— v. i. 1. To take food. 2. To taste 
or relish. 

Eat'a-ble, a. Fit to be eaten; edi- 
ble. — n. Any thing to be eaten. 

Eat'er, n. One who eats. 

Eaves, v. pi. [A.-S. efese.] Lower 
• edges of the roof of a building. 

Eaves/drop, v. i. To watch for op- 
portunities of hearing the private 
conversation of others. [drops. 

Eaves/drop-per, n. One who eaves- 

Ebb, n. [A.-S. ebba, ebbc] 1. Return 
of tide- water toward the- sea. 2. De- 
cline; decay. — v.i. [-ed ; -ING.] 

1. To flow back. 2. To decline ; to 
w decay j decrease. 

EBB'-TIDE , ii. Beflux of tide-water. 

Eb'on, a. Consisting of, or like, ebony. 

EB'ON-IZE, ?J. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 

^ make black like ebony. 

EB'O-NY, n. [Gr. ej3ei/os, e/3eV7), from 
Heb. 6bcn, cben, stone.] A hard, 
heavy wood, of a black color. 

E-BRl'E-TY, ii. [Lat. ebrietas, fr. ebri- 
its, intoxicated.] Drunkenness. 

E'bri-os'i-ty,?!. Partial intoxication. 

E-BUL'LIENCE (-biil'yens), \n. A 

E-bui/lien-vy (-biil'yen-sy), j boil- 
ing over. 

E-BUL'LIENT (e-buPyent), a. [Lat. 
ebullire, ebullirns, to boil up,fr. bulla, 

M bubble.] Boiling over, as a liquor. 

EB'ul-lI'tion (-tt'sfc/un), w. 1. Op- 
eration of boiling. 2. Effervescence. 
3. Exhilaration. 

E-BUR'NE-AN, a. [Lat. eburneus, from 
ebur, ivory.] Made of ivory. 

E€-CEN'TRI€, ) a. [Gr. e/ocei/Tpos, 

Ec-^en'tric-al, ) from €K,outof, 
and Kevrpov, center.] 1. Deviating 
from the center. 2. Pertaining to 
eccentricity or to an eccentric. 3. 
Not having the same center. 4. De- 
viating from the usual course. 

E€-CEN'TRI€, it. 1. A wheel or disk, 
having its axis of revolution out of 
its center of figure, for obtaining al- 
ternate motion. 2. An odd person. 

Ee-CEN'TRie-AL-EY, adv. In an eo- 

^ centric manner. 

ECCEN-trIo'i-ty, ii. 1. State of be- 
ing eccentric ; oddity, whimsicalness. 

2. Deviation from the center. 
E€-eLE/gl-AS'Tic, 1 a. [Gr. e*- 
EC-CLE'SJ-AS'TIC-AL, ) K\t]<ria, the 

church.] Pertaining to the church. 

Ec-CLE'gl-As'Tie, n. A clergyman; 
a priest. 

Ec-CLE'si-As'Tre-AE-LY, adv. In an 
ecclesiastical manner. 

Ec-CLE/gi-AS'Tl-riPM, n. Strong at- 
tachment to ecclesiastical observ- 
ances, [ing to eeclesiology. 

E€-€L,e / R_i-o-:l5g'I€-a:l, a. Pelong- 

EOGLE'SI-OL'O-GY, V. [Gr. ckkAtj- 
iria, church, and Aoyo?, discourse.] 
Science of church building and deco- 
ration. 

EcH'E-LONfesVe-lon), r\. [Fr.,from 



A, E, I, 6,U, Y,long; X, E,I,6, U, Y, short; CARE, FAB, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM ; PIQUE, FIRM ; s6N, 



ECHINATE 

ichelle, ladder, scale.] Position of a 
military body with one division more 
advanced than another. 

Egh'I-NATE, ) a. [Lat. echinatus, fr. 

ficH'l NA'TED, j echinus.] Prickly, 
like a hedge-hog. 

Egh'1-nite, n. A fossil echinus. 

E-€Hl'NUS,n.; pi. E-€Hi'Ni. [Lat., 
fr. Gr. exiVo?.] 1. A hedgehog. 2. A 
sea-hedgehog. 3. A form of molding. 

Egh'o (ek'o), n. ;pl. egiPoes. [Lat., 
from Gr. i9xw.] A sound reflected or 
reverberated to the ear. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To reverberate or send 
back. 2. To repeat with assent. — 
v. i. To be echoed ; to cause an echo. 

E-GLAIR'cissE-MENT (or e-klur'siz- 
m5ng'), n. [Fr.] The clearing up 
of any thing not easily understood. 

ECLA r(e-kla / ), n. [Fr., fr. eclater, to 
burst, explode, shine brilliantly.] 1. 
Brilliancy of success or effort. 2. Ap- 
plause. 

E€-L,E€'TIG, a. [Gr. eKkeKTLKos, from 
cKAe-yeip, to pick out.] Selecting; 
choosing at will. — re. One who fol- 
lows an eclectic method in science, 
religion, &c. 

E€-LE€'Tl-9'l§M, n. An eclectic sys- 
tem, as of philosophy. 

E-ei/ipsE', h. [Gr. JfaJfo jSM, 

l/cAeii/us, prop, a WBMijL__J\Lp 
forsaking. fall- ^^ 
ing.] 1. An in- <s% 
terception or ob- ^ v ^- 
scuration of the Eclipses. S, sun; E, 
light of the sun earth ' M » moon - 
or moon, by the intervention of some 
other body. 2. Temporary obscura- 
tion. — v.t. [-ed; -ING.] 1. To 
darken or hide ; — said of a heavenly 
body. 2. To throw into the shade. 

E-€LiiP'TIG, n. The apparent path of 
the sun, or the real path of the 
earth. — a. [Gr. e/cAetTm-Ko?, belong- 
ing to an eclipse.] 1. Pertaining to, 
or described by, the ecliptic. 2. Per- 
taining to an eclipse. 

EVlOGUE (els/log), re. [Gr. e<\oy^, 
a picking out, collection, especially 
of passages in authors.] A pastoral 
poem ; a bucolic ; an idyl. 

E'GO-NOM'IG, I a. 1. Domestic. 2. 

fVGO-NOM/IG-AL, j Saving of waste 
and unnecessary expense. 3. Man- 

_ aged with frugality. [omy. 

E'€0-n6m'I€-al-ly, adv. With econ- 

E'€0-n6m'I€S, n. sing. 1. Science of 
domestic and internal management. 
2. Political economy. 

E-€on'o-mist, re. 1. One who econo- 
mizes. 2. One who is conversant 
with political economy. 

E-€5n'o-mize, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
expend with frugality. — v. i. To 
make a prudent use of money. 

E-€ON'o-]VlY, n. [Gr. oiKovoixia, from 
oikos, house, and vojaos, law, rule.] 

1. Management of domestic affairs. 

2. Internal, pecuniary management 
of any undertaking, corporation, &c. 

3. System of rules and regulations. 

4. Thrifty and frugal housekeeping. 
Syn.— Frugality: parsimony.— Econ- 
omy avoids all waste and extravagance, 



137 

and applies money to the best advantage; 
frugality cuts off all indulgences, and 
proceeds on a system of rigid and habit- 
ual saving ; parsimony is frugality car- 
ried to an extreme, involving meanness 
of spirit and a sordid mode of living. 
Economy is a virtue, and parsimony a 
vice. Frugality may lean to the one or 
the other according to the motives from 
which it springs. 

Ec'STA-SY.re [Gr. e/co-rao-is, from 
e^ioTavai, to put out of place.] 1. 
A state in which the mind is carried 
away beyond the reach of ordinary 
impressions. 2. Excessive joy ; rap- 
ture ; transport. 3. Insanity. 

Eg-stXt'ig, ) a. 1. Rendering one 

Eg-stat'ic-al, ) beside one's self. 
2. Rapturous. 

Ee'U-MEN'IC, 1 a. [Gr. oIkov^vl- 

Jc'U-MEN'K-AL, ) kos, from oikov- 
pevr) (sc. yrj), the inhabited world.] 
General ; universal. 

E-DA'cious, a. [Lat. edaz, fr. edere, 
to eat.] Greedy ; voracious. 

E-DAC'I-TY,«. Greediness; voracity. 

ED' DA, n. [Icel., lit. great-grand- 
mother (i.e., of Scandinavian poetry).] 
One of two mythological books of the 
old Scandinavian tribes of German 

v origin. 

Ed'dy, n. [A.-S. ed, backward, and ea, 
running water.] 1. A backward cur- 
rent. 2. A whirlpool. — v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING, 142.] To move as an eddy. 

E-DEM'A-TOUS, I a. [Gr. oiSripa. a 

E-DEM'A-TOSE, j swelling.] Per- 
taining to, or affected with, a serous 
humor. 

E'D.EN, n. [Ileb. Men, delight.] The 
garden where Adam and Eve first 
dwelt. 

E-DEN'TATE, ) a. [Lat. edentare, 

E-DEN'TA-TED, j edentatus, to ren- 
der toothless.] Destitute of teeth. 

EDGE(ej),n. [A.-S. ecg.} 1. Thin 
cutting side of an instrument ; hence, 
that which cuts as an edge does. 2. 
Any sharp terminating border. 3. 
Acrimony ; severity. 4. Early part ; 
beginning. 

Syx. — Rim ; verge ; skirt ; margin ; 
brink; keenness. 

— v.t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To furnish 
with an edge ; to sharpen. 2. To 
urge or egg on. 3. To move by lit- 
tle and little. — v. i. To move side- 

^ ways and gradually. 

Edge'-bone (20), n. A bone of the 
rump, which, in dressed beef, pre- 

w sents itself edgewise to view. 

EDGE'-TOOL, n. An instrument hav- 
ing a sharp edge. 

£dge'WI£E, adv. In the direction 

w of the edge. [edge or border. 

EdG'ing, n. That which forms an 

£D'I-ELE,a. [From Lat. edere, to 
eat.] Fit to be eaten ; eatable. 

E'DICT, n. [Lat. edictvm, fr. edicere, 
to declare, proclaim.] A special proc- 
lamation of command or prohibi- 
tion. 

Syx.— Regulation; decree; ordinance; 
manifesto. 

Ed'I-Fi-GA'TION, n. Act of edifying; 
a building up, especially in a relig- 
ious sense. 



EFFACE 

Ed'I-fIce, n. [Lat. sedijicium. from 
sedijicare, to build.] A large build- 
ing ; a structure ; a fabric. 

ED'I-FPER, u. One who edifies. 

Ed'i-fy, v. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] [Lat 
sedificare, from sedes, a building, and 
facere, to make.] To instruct and im 
prove, especially in moral and relig- 
ious knowledge. 

E'dIle, n. [Lat. xdilis, from sedes,a 
building.] A Roman magistrate, who 
had the care of buildings, highways, 
public places, &c. 

E'DiLE-SHiP, n. The office of edile. 

Ed'IT, r. *. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. edere, 
editum, to give out, publish.] To 
prepare for publication. 

E-d'Ption (-disb/un), n. 1. Publica- 
tion of any literary work. 2. Whole 

w number of copies published at once. 

ED'IT-OR, n. One who prepares, su- 
perintends, and corrects a book or 
newspaper, &c, for publication. 

Ed'IT-O'ri-AL (89), a. Pertaining to 
an editor. — n. An article by the 
editor of a newspaper. 

ElVlT-o'Ri-AL-LY, adv. In the man- 
ner or character of an editor. 

£d'it-or-si:iip, n. Business or office 
of an editor. 

E.D'U-€ATE, t. (. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
educare, educatitm, from educere, to 
lead forth, bring up.] To bring up ; 
to cultivate and discipline the vari- 
ous powers of the mind. 

SY2*. — To instruct ; teach ; inform ; 
breed ;_train. 

Ed'u-ga'tion, n. Act or process of 
educating ; tuition ; nurture. 

Syx. — Instruction ; teaching ; breed- 
ing. — Education includes the whole 
course of training, moral, intellectual, 
and physical. Instruction and teaching 
apply to the communication of knowl- 
edge, the hitter term being the more fa- 
miliar of the two. Breeding relates to 
the manners and outward couduct. 

ED'U-GA'TION-AL^fl. Pertaining to 

v education. [motes education. 

Eiyu-GA'TlON-lST,7i. One who pro- 

Ed'u-ca'TOR, n. One who educates. 

E-DUCE', v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat- 
educere, from e, out, and duc.ere, to 
lead.] To draw forth, as if from con- 
cealment. 

Syx.- To elicit: extract. 

E-dCg'tion, ii. Act of drawing out. 

E-DtjL'GO-RATE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. e, out, and dulcorare, -ratum, 
to sweeten.] 1. To render sweet ; to 
sweeten. 2. (Clicm.) To purify. 

E-DiJL'€0-RA'TiON,n. Act of edul- 
corating. 

Eel,jz. [A.-S. al.] A species of soft- 
finned, snake-like fishes. 

Eei/pot, n. A kind of basket used 
for catching eels. 

E'EN. A contraction for Even. 

E'ER (ar). A contraction for Ever. 

EF'FA-BLE, a. [Lat. effabilis, from 
effari, to utter.] Capable of being 
uttered or explained. 

EF-FACE', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Fr. 
effacer, prop, 'to destroy the face or 
form, fr. Fr. face, face, form.] 1. To 
erase or scratch out ; to rub off. 2. 
To remove from the mind. 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK j fjRN, RgE, pyLL ; E , j, 0l silerxt ; C,G,.«o/f; C,ujiard; Ag; exist; n as NG ; THIS. 



EFFACEMENT 



138 



EJECT 



Stn.— To expunge; erase; obliterate; 
cancel; destroy. 

Ef-f AC e 'me n t , n . Act of effacing. 

Ef-FECT', n. [Lat. effectus, from effi- 
cere, to produce.] 1. That which is 
produced by an agent or cause. 2. 
Impression produced. 3. Efficiency. 
4. General intent. 5. pi. Goods ; 
movables ; personal estate. 

Syn. — Consequence; result. 
— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat efficere, 
iffectum, from ear, out, and facere, to 
make.] 1. To produce, as a cause, 
or agent. 2. To bring to pass. 

Ef-fect'i-ble, a. Capable of being 
effected. [tion. 

EF-FE€'TION, n. Creation or produc- 

Ef-fect'i ve , a. Suited or tending 
to produce effects. 

Syx. — Efficient ; efficacious ; effectu- 
al ; operative ; forcible. 

Ef-FECT'ive-LY, adv. With effect. 

Ef-fect'ive-ness, n. Quality of be- 
ing effective. [maker. 

Ef-feot'or, n. One who effects ; a 

Ef-fect'u-al, a. Producing, or hav- 
ing power to produce, an intended 
effect ; adequate. 

Ef-fect'u-al-ly, adv. With effect. 

EF-FE€T'U-ATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To bring to pass. 

Ef-fem'i-na-cy, n. Unmanly deli- 
cacy ; womanly weakness. 

Ef-FEM'I-NATE (45), a. [Lat. effem- 
inare, -natus, to make womanish. ]- 
Soft or delicate to an unmanly degree. 

EF-FEM'I-NATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To make womanish. 

Ef-fem'i-nate-ly, adv. Weakly ; 
softly ; delicately. [softness. 

Ef-fem'f-nate-ness, n. Unmanly 

EF-FEJV'Df,n. [Turk.] Master; sir; 

w — title of a Turkish state official. 

Ef'fer-vesce' (-ves<), v. i. [-ed; 
-ING.] [Lat. effervescere, fr. ex, out 
of, and. ferccscerc, to begin boiling.] 
To bubble and hiss. 

Ef'fer-ves'cence, ( n. A kind of 

Ef'fer-ves'cen-cy, ) natural eb- 
ullition. 

Ef'fer-ves'cent, a. Gently boiling 
or bubbling by disengagement of gas. 

£f/fer-ves'ci-ble, a. Capable of 
producing effervescence. 

EF-FETE', a. [Lat. effaztus, from ex, 
out, and foetus, pregnant, produc- 
tive.] Worn out ; barren. 

eVfi-ga'cious, a. [Lat. efficax, fr. 
efficere, to produce.] Producing the 
effect intended ; effectual ; powerful. 

Ef'fi-ca'cious-ly, adv. Effectually. 

Ef'fi-ca'cioijs-ness, ) n. Power to 

EF'FI-€A-CY, J produce ef- 

fects ; production of the effect in- 
tended. 

Syn. — Virtue; force; energy. 

Ef-fi'cience (-fish'enss), In. 1. 

Ef-fi'cien-cy (-fish/en-), J Quali- 
ty of being efficient. 2. Power of 
producing the effect intended. 

Ef-fT'cient (ef-fish'ent),- a. [See 
Effect, v. t.] Causing effects.— 
n. Agent or cause which produces. 

EF-F'PciENT-LY, adv. With effect. 

Ef'FI-gy, n. [Lat. effigies, fr. effln- 
gere, to form, fashion.] Image; a 



likeness in sculpture, painting, bass- 

^ relief, or drawing. 

Ef'flo-resce' (-res'), v.i. [-ed; 
-ING.] [Lat. efflorescere, from ex, 
out, and ftore seer e, to begin to blos- 
som.] 1. To change to a whitish, 
mealy powder. 2. To become cov- 

w ered with a whitish crust. 

eVflo-res'cence, 1 n. 1. Time of 

Ef'flo-res'^en-cy, J flowering. 
2. Eruption, as in rash, &c. 3. 
Formation of the whitish loose pow- 
der on the surface of efflorescing - 
bodies. 4. Powder or crust itself 
thus formed. 

Ef'flo-res'cent, a. 1. Liable to 
effloresce. 2. Covered with an efflo- 
rescence. 

Ef'feu-ence, n. 1. A flowing out. 
2. That which issues. 

Ef'FLU-ENT, a. [Lat. effluere, efflu- 
ens, to flow out.] Flowing out. 

Ef-flu'vi-um, n. ; pi. ef-flu'vi-a. 
[Lat., fr. effluere, to flow out.] Nbx- 
iour, exhalation. 

EF'FLUX, n. [Lat. effluere, effluxum..] 
Emanation ; effluence. 

Ef-FLUX'ION, n. Effusion ; effluvi- 
um ; emanation. 

EF'FORT (ef'furt), n. [Lat. forth, 
strong.] Exertion of strength, wheth- 
er physical or mental. 
Syx. — See Ekdeavok. 

Ef-front'er-y, n. [Lat. effrons, 
shameless.] Excessive assurance ; 
sauciuess. 

Ef-ful'gence, 11. Extreme brillian- 
cy : great luster. 

EF-FUL'GENT,a. [Lat. effulgere, ef- 
fulgent, to flash forth.] Diffusing a 
flood of light ; shining; bright. 

Ef-fu§e', v.t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
effundere, effusum.] To pour out, as 
a fluid ; to spill. 

Ef-fu'£ION, ii. 1. Act of pouring 
out 2. That which is poured out. 

Ef-FU'sive a. Pouring forth largely. 

EFT, n. [A.-S. efete.] The common 
smooth newt. 

Egg, n. [A.-S. ag.] A spheroidal 
body containing the germ of a bird 
or other animal. — v. i. [-ed ; -ING.] 
[See Edge.] To urge on; to insti- 

w gate. 

Egg-nog', n. A drink of eggs beaten 

"' up with sugar, milk, and wine. 

Eg'EAN-TINE (-tin or -tin), n. [Fr. 
eglantine, fr. 0. Fr. aiglent, brier, fr. 
aiguille, needle.] A species of rose ; 
the sweet-brier. 

E'GO-ISM, n. [Lat. ego, I.] 1. Sub- 
jective idealism. 2. Excessive love 

_ of self; egotism. 

E'GO-'iST, n. A believer in subject- 
ive idealism ; one given to egotism. 

E'GO-TISM, n. Practice of too often 
using the word /,• hence, self-praise. 

Syx. — Self-conceit ; vanity. — Self- 
conceit is an overweening opinion of 
one's self; egotism is the expression of 
self-conceit in words or actions ; vanity 
is inflation of mind arising from the 
idea of being thought highly of hy oth- 
ers. A man may be vain or self-conceit- 
ed, and yet have sense enough to avoid 
egotism. 



showing, ego- 




E'go-tIst, n. One who repeats the 

word /very frequently. 
E'go-tist'ic, ( a. Addicted to, or 
E'GO-TIST'IC-AL, 

tism. 

Syx.— Conceited; vain; self-important. 
E-GRE'GIOUs,a. [Lat. egrcgius, lit., 
chosen from the herd, i. e., distin- 
guished.] Distinguished from com- 
mon men or actions ; — generally in 
a bad sense. 

Syn. — Extraordinary ; remarkable j 
monstrous; precious. 

E-GRE'GlOfis-LY, adv. Greatly ; re- 

__ markably. 

E'GRESS, n. [Lat. egressus, fr. egredi, 

to go or come out.] Act of leaving 

or power to leave. 
E-gres'sion (-gresh'un^, n. Act of 

going out ; egress. 
E'GRET, n. [See AlGRET.] 1. The 

lesser white heron. 2. Feathery or 

hairy crown of seeds. [n.onds, &c. 
E-GRETTE', n. A tuft of feathers, dia. 
E-GYP'TIAN, a. Pertaining to Egypt. 

— n. 1. A native of Egypt. 2. A 

gypsy. 

Eh (a), interj. An expression of inqui. 

_ry or slight surprise. 
Ei'der (I'der), In. A 
Ei'der-duck, ( spe-, 

cies of sea-duck, 

which produces an ! 

uncommonly fine 

down. _. : 

El'DER-DOWN, n. Eider-duck. 

Down of the eider-duck. 
EIGHT (at), a. [A.-S. eahta, ahta.] 

Twice four in number. — n. Sum 

of four and four. 
Eight'een (at'een), a. Twice nint-. 

— n. Sum of ten and eight. 
Eight'eenth (at'eenth), a. Next in 

order after the seventeenth. — n. 1. 
One of eighteen equal parts. 2. 
Eighth after the tenth. 

Eighth (Stth), a. Next in order after 
the seventh. — n. One of eight equal 
parts. [eighth place. 

ElGHTH'LY (atth^ly), adv. In the 

Eight'i-eth (at'i-eth), a. Next in 
order after the seventy-ninth. — n. 
One of eighty equal parts. 

EIGHT'Y (at'y), a. Eight times ten. 
— 11. Sum of eight times ten. 

Ei'ther (;yther or T'trier ; but analo- 
gy, as well as the best and most gen- 
eral usage, is decidedly in favor of 
e'tker), a. or pi on. [A.-S. agdher, fr. 
a, t,v, ever, and hvadher, whether.] 
1. Cue or the other. 2. Each of 
two. -conj. Used as correlative to 
or. 

E-JA€'U-LATE, V. t. T-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. ejacidari, -latvm, fr. e, out, and 
jaculari, to throw the javelin.] To 
throw out, as an exclamation. 

E-JAC'u-la'tion, n. Uttering of a 
short, sudden exclamation or prayer, 
or the exclamation or prayer uttered. 

E-Jac'u-la-to-ry (50), a. 1. Cast- 
ing ovc. 2. Suddenly darted out. 

E-JECT', y. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
ejicere, ejectufn. fr. e, out, and jacere, 
to throw.] 1. To throw out. 2. To 



A, E, I, o,u,Y 



long; A, E, I, 6, iS, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT J ERE, VEIL, TERM J PIQUE, FIRM ; SON, 



EJECTION 



139 



ELEMENT 



drive away. 3. To dispossess of own- 
ership or occupancy. 

E-JE€'tio.\. n. 1. Act of ejecting ; ex- 
pulsion. 2. State of being ejected. 

E-Ject'me.vt, n. 1. Expulsion ; 
ejection. 2. A species of mixed ac- 
tion, for the recovery of possession 
of real property. 

E-JE€T'OR, n. One who ejects. 

Eke, v. t. [-ED ; -INS.] [A.-S. eacan, 
Gr. avgeiv] 1. To increase ; to ex- 
tend. 2. To add or supply ; to pro- 
long. — ade. [From the preceding.] 
In addition ; also ; likewise. 

E-LAB'O-RATE, V. t. [-ED : -ING.] 
[Lat. elaborare, -ratum, fr. e out, and 
laborare, to labor.] To produce or 
perfect with labor. 

E-l.ab'o-rate (45), a. Wrought with 
labor ; highly finished. [labor. 

E-LAB'O-RATE-LY, adv. With great 

E-LAB'O-RA'TION, n. 1. Act of pro- 
ducing with labor ; state of being so 
produced. 2. Natural process of 
formationor assimilation. [rates. 

E-lab'o-ra'tor, n. One who elabo- 

E-la'ine, n. [Gr. eAdiVos, of the olive.] 
Liquid principle of oils and fats. 

E-LAPSE', v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
elabi, elapsus, fr. e, out, and labi, to 
slide.] To glide by ; to pass away 
silently, as time. 

E-LAS'TI€. a. [From Gr. kkavveiv, to 
drive.] Springing back ; recovering 
its former figure. — n. A garter. 

E'las-ti'c'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of be- 
ing elastic ; springiness. 2. Power 
of recovery from depression or over- 
work. 

E-late', a. 1. Lifted up ; raised ; 
elevated. 2. Flushed with confi- 
dence. — v.t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
ejferre, elatuin, to carry out, to 
raise.] To exalt the spirit of; to 
flush with success. [of mind. 

E-la'jtion, n. Inflation or elevation 

El'boav, n. [A.-S. elboga, elnboga, 
from eln, an ell, orig. fore-arm, and 
boga, bow.] 1. Joint connecting the 
arm and fore-arm. 2. Any bend or 
angle, especially if obtuse. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ISO.] To push with the el- 
bow. — v. i. To jat into an angle ; 
to project. [arms for the elbows. 

Ei/BOW-criATR, n. A chair with 

El'bow-rooiu, n. Room to move 
the elbows ; room for motion or ac- 
tion. 

Eld, n. [A.-S.] 1. Old age. 2. Old 
people. 3. Old times. 

Elb'er, a. [A.-S. ildra, com par. of aid, 
eald, old.] Older : more advanced ia 
age ; senior. — n. 1. Oae who is older ; 
a senior. 2. An ancestor. 3. A per- 
son occupying any office appropriate 
to such as have the experience and 
dignity which age confers. 4. [A.-S. 
ellarn.] A genus of plants having 
w white flowers and dark-red berries. 

Eld'er-LY, a. Somewhat old. 

Eld'er-ship, n. 1. Seniority. 2. 
v Office of an elder. 
Eld'est, a. Oldest. w 
El Do-ra'do, or El Do-ra'do. 
[Sp.] A fabulous region in South 



America, immensely rich in gold, 
gems, &c. ; hence, any country 
abounding in gold, or other precious 

M products of_ nature. 

El'E-CAM-PANE', n. [Lat. inula, liel- 
enium, and L. Lat. campana, a bell.] 

1. A plant whose root has a pungent 
taste. 2. A sweet-meat from the root. 

E-LE€T', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
eligere, dectufn, fr. e, out, and legere, 
to choose.] 1. To pick out. 2. To 
select for an office by vote. 

Syx. — To choose ; prefer; select. See 
Choose. 

— a. 1. Chosen ; selected. 2. Set 
apart to eternal life. 3. Chosen, but 
not invested with office. — n. 1. 
One chosen or set apart. 2. pi. Those 
who are chosen for salvation. 

E-LE€'TION, n. [Lat. electio, fr. eli- 
gere, to choose.] 1. Act of choosing, 
esp. of choosing a person to fill an 
office or employment. 2. Power of 
choosing; free "will. 3. Discrimi- 
nating choice. 4. Predetermination 
of individuals as objects of salvation. 
5. Those who are elected. 

E-LEG'TION-EER', V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To use arts for securing the election 
of a candidate. 

E-LE€T'1VE, a. 1. Making selection. 

2. Pertaining to, or consisting in, 
choice. 3. Dependent on choice. 

Elective affinity (Chem.), a tendency 
to unite with certain tilings rather than 
with others. 

E-le€T'iye-ly, adv. By choice or 
preference. 

E-le€T'or, n. One who elects, or 
has the right of choice or vote. 

E-legt'or-al, a. Pertaining to, or 
consisting of, electors. 

E-LE€T'OR-ATE(45), ii. 1. Dignity of 
an elector. 2. Territory of an elector. 

E-LE€T'RESS, ii. Wife or widow of 
an elector in the German empire. 

E-LE€'TRI€, I a. 1. Pertaining 

E-LE€'TRl€-AL, ) to, or containing, 
electricity. 2. Capable of occasion- 
ing electrical phenomena. 

E'leo-tri'cian (-trish'an), n. One 
versed in electricity. 

E'LEC-TRIC'I-TY, n. [Lat. electntm, 
Gr. TjAeK-rpov, amber ; — so named 
as being produced by the friction of 
amber.] 1. A subtle agent, evolved 
in any disturbance of molecular 
equilibrium, and exhibiting itself in 
a variety of ways. 2. Science which 
unfolds the phenomena and laws of 
the electric Jiuid. 

E-leg'tri-fPa-ble, a. Capable of 
receiving electricity. 

E-LE€'TRI-FY, v. t. [-ED ; -ING, 
142.] [Lat. electntm and facere, to 
make.] 1. To charge with electrici- 
ty. 2. To give an electric shock to. 

3. To excite suddenly : to surprise. 
E-LEO'TRIZE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 

electrify. 
E-LE^TRO-CHE^I'IS-TRY, n. That 

science which treats cf the agency 

of electricity in effecting chemical 

changes. 
E-LEC'TRO-MAG'NET, 11. A mass 

of soft iron, rendered temporarily 



magnetic by being placed within a 
coil of wire through which a current 
of electricity is passing. 

E-LE€ / tro-MAG-. , yET'I€, a. Desig- 
nating what pertains to magnetism, 
as connected with electricity, or af- 
fected by it. 

E-LEe'TRO-.MAG'NET-tsM, n. Sci- 
ence which treats of the development 
of magnetism by means of voltaic 
electricity, and of the currents 
evolved. 

E'les-tr5m'e-ter, n. [Gr. tjack- 
rpov, amber (for electricity), and 
juerpov, measure.] An instrument 
for measuring the quantity or inten- 
sity of electricity. 

E-LE€'TRO-S€OPE, 11. [Gr. rjAe/crpoi/, 
amber (for electricity), and o-kottos, 
spying.] An instrument to detect 
changes in the electric state of bodies. 

E-LE€'TRO-TYPE, ll. [Gr. T/AeKTpov, 
amber (for electricity), and twVos, 
an impression.] A stereotype taken 
by electric deposition, or the process 
by which this is effected. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] To take copies of by 
electric deposition. 

E-leg'tro-tvp'ER, it. One who 
makes electrotypes. 

E-LE€T'U-A-RY, 11. [Gr e/cAeiKTOV, e/c- 
Aeiyfxa, a medicine that, melts in the 
mouth.] A medicine comoosed of 
powders, made up into a confection. 

EL'EE-MOS'Y-NA-RYjrt. [Gr. eAe^p-O- 
<ruvy\, pity, mercy, alms.] 1. Relating 
to charity. 2. Given in charity of 
alms. 3. Supported by charity. — ■ 
n. One who subsists on charity. 

£l'e-gance, In. 1. Eeauty result- 

EL'E-GAN-CY, ) ing from the com- 
plete absence of that which deforms 
or impresses unpleasantly. 2. That 
which is elegant. 

S vx. — Grace. — Elegance implies some- 
thing which is produced by training and 
art, as, elegance of manners, composition, 
handwriting, &c; elegant furniture, an 
elegant house, an elegant mansion, &c. 
Grace is a lower order of beauty. It 
maybe a natural gift: the mnnnerof a 
peasant-girl may be graceful, but would 
be hardly called elegant. Grace is op- 
posed to awkwardness. 

EL'E-GANT, a. [Lat. elegans. fr. eli- 
gere, to select.] 1. Pleasing by grace 
and beauty. 2. Exercising a nice 
choice. 

Syx. — Beautiful ; polished ; refined. 

EL'E-GANT-LY, adv. In an elegant 
manner. w 

E-le'gi-a€, or El'e-GI'ag (117), a. 
1. Belonging to elegy, or written in 
elegiacs. 2. Used in elegies. — n. 

^ Elegiac verse. [egy ; elegiac. 

El'e-GT'ag-al, a. Pertaining to el- 

El'e-gIST, ii. A writer of elegies. 

EL'E-GY r , 71. [Gr. eKeyia, fr. eAey">s, 
a lament, fr. e e Aeyetr, to cry woe 1 , 
woe I] A mournful or plaintive poem ; 
a funereal song. 

El/E-MENT, n. 1. [Lat. elementum 7 
One of the simplest parts or princi- 
ples of which any thing consists. 2. 
One of the essential ingredients. 3. 
pi. Fundamental principles of any 
system in philosophy, science, or ait ; 



OR, do, wolf, TOO, TOOK; Crn, RUE, PULL ; E, I, o, silent ; v,(i,sqft; €,u t hard; Aji ; exist; ncwNG; this 



-JBB 



ELEMENTAL 

Tudiments. 4. That which ancient 
philosophy supposed to be simple 
and undecomposable ; as, air, earth, 
water, and fire ; hence, the state nat- 
ural to any thing, or suited for its 

w existence. [ments. 

El'e-ment'al, a. Pertaining to ele- 

El'e-ment'a-ky (44), a. 1. Having 
only one principle or constituent 
part. 2. Pertaining to, or treating 
of, elements. 

Syx.— Simple; uncompounded; rudi- 
mentary ; primary. 

El'e-phant, n. [Gr. 
e\e<f)a<;.] A quadru- 
ped characterized by 
a proboscis, and two 
large ivory tusks. It 
is the largest quad- 
ruped now existing. 

El'E - PHAN- TI'A - Elephant. 
sis, n. [From its likeness to the 
el'p.'ianfs hide.] A disease of the 
skin, attended with destruction or 
deformity of the part affected. 

EL/E-PHAN'TINE, a. Pertaining to, 
or resembling, the elephant; huge. 

EL'EU-s'fN'I-AN, a. Pertaining to se- 
cret rites in honor of Ceres, cele- 
brated at Eleusis, in Greece. 

El'e-vate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
elevare, -vatum, fr. e, out, and levare, 
to lift up.] 1. To lift to a higher 
place. 2. To raise to a higher station, 
intellectually, socially, or morally. 

3. To make louder, as the voice. 
Syx. — To exalt ; erect ; elate ; cheer ; 

flush; excite; animate. 
El'e-VA'TION, n. 1. Act of raising. 
2. Condition of being raised ; exalta- 
tion. 3. An elevated place or station. 

4. Drawing of the front view of a ma- 
■ chine, building, or other object. 
El'e-va'tor, n. One who, or that 

.which, elevates; especially, a me- 
chanical contrivance for lifting grain, 
&c, to an upper floor. 

E-LEV'EN (e-ley'h), a. [A.-S. endleof, 
fr. Goth, ains, ain, one, and lif, ten.] 
Ten and one added. — n . Sum of ten 
and one. 

E-LEV.ENTH, a. Next in order after 
the tenth. — n. One of eleven equal 

' parts of a thing. 

ELF, n. ; pi. Elves. [A -S. elf, off, 
elf en.] A diminutive and mischiev- 
ous spirit, supposed to inhabit wild 
and desert places. — v. t. To entan- 
gle intricately. 

Elf'-lock, n. Hair twisted into 
knots, as if the work of fairies. 

ELF'IN, a. Relating or pertaining to 
elves. — n. A little elf or urchin. 

Elf'ish, a. Elf-like; mischievous, as 
though caused by elves. 

E-lic'it, v. t. "[-ED; -ing.] [Lat. 
elicere, elicitum, fr. e, out, and lacere, 
to entice.] To draw out ; to bring to 
light. 

E-LIDE', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
elidere, fr. e, out, and lied ere, to strike 
with force against.] To cut off or 
suppress, as a syllable. 

El'I-gi-bIl'i-ty, n. 1. Capability of 
being elected. 2. Fitness to be chosen. 



140 

El'i-gi-Ble, a. 1. Legally qualified. 
2. Worthy to be chosen ; desirable. 

El'i-gi-ble-ness, n. Suitableness; 

w desirableness. [ner. 

El'i-gi-bly, adv. In an eligible man- 

E-LIM'I-NATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. eliminate, -nation, fr. e, out, 
and limen, threshold.] 1. To cause 
to disappear from an equation. 2. 
To set aside as unimportant in a pro- 
cess of inductive inquiry. 

E-lim'I-nA'tion, n. 1. Act of ex- 
pelling. 2. The causing a quantity 
to disappear from an equation. 

E-Lls'ION (-lizh'un), n. [See ELIDE.] 
The cutting off of a vowel at the end 
of a word standing before another 
vowel in the following line. 

Elite (aVleef), n. [Fr. See ELECT.] 
A choice or select body. 

E-LIX'IR, n. [Ar. el-iksir, the philos- 
opher's stone, the life-prolonging 
tincture of gold.] 1. A compound 
tincture 2. (Alchemy.) A liquor for 
transmuting metals into gold. 3. 
Quintessence. 4. Any thing which 
invigorates. 

E-LIZ'A-BETH-AN, a. Pertaining to 
Queen Elizabeth or her times, or to 
a style of architecture then preva- 
lent. 

Elk, n. [A.-S. 
elch.] A quad- 
ruped of the 
stag kind. 

Ell, n. [A.-S. 

eln, Lat. ulna.]_ 
A cloth - meas- 
ure, of different 
lengths in dif- 
ferent countries 
The English ell is 45 inches. 

EL-LIPSE', n. [See infra'.] An oval or 
oblong figure, bounded 
by a regular curve. 

El-lip'sis, n. ,• pi. EL- 
LlP'SEg. [Gr. e'AAei- 
i^ris, a defect, fr. eAAei'- Ellipse. 
vslv, to fall short.] Omission ; a fig- 
ure of syntax, by which one or more 
words are omitted. 

El-l'jp'SOID, n. [Gr. eAAeu/u?, and 
eI<5o?, form.] A solid, all plane sec- 
tions of which are ellipses or circles. 

El-lTp'tic, ) a. 1. Pertaining to, 

EL-l'IP'TIC- al , ) or having the form 
of, an ellipse. 2. Defective. 

El-lI'p'tic-AL-ly, adv. 1. Accord- 
ing to the form of an ellipse. 2. 

w "With a part omitted. 

El/LIP- tio'i-ty, n. Deviation from 

^ the form of a circle or sphere. 

Elm, n. [A.-S.] A tree 
of several species, 
much used as a 
shade tree. 

El'o-cu'tion, n. 
[Lat. elocutio, from 
eloqui, to speak out, 
declare.] Mode of 
utterance or delive- 
ry, accompanied 

w with gesture. 

El'o-cu'tion-a-ry, 
to elocution. 




Elk. 




ELYSIUM 

El'o-cu'tion-ist, n. One who is 
versed in elocution ; a teacher of el- 
ocution. 

Eloge (aVlozh'), n. [Fr., fr. Lat. 
elogium, a short saying.] A funeral 
oration. 

E-LON'GATE,a. Drawn out at length. 

E-lon'gate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [L. 
Lat. elongate., -gatum, from Lat. lon~ 
gus, long.] To lengthen ; to extend. 

E-LON-gA'tion, n. 1. A lengthening 
out ; protraction ; extension. 2. That 
which lengthens out. 3. Departure; 
intervening space. 

E-lope', v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
hledpan, to run, jump, leap.] To run 
away ; — said especially of a woman 
who runs away with a lover. 

E-lope'ment, n. Private or unli- 

w censed departure. 

El'o-quence, n. 1. Expression of 
strong emotion so as to excite like 
emotions in others. 2. That which 

w is eloquently uttered or written. 

El'O-QUENT, a. [Lat. eloqui, elo- 
quens, to speak out, to declaim.] 
Expressing, or adapted to express, 

^ strong emotions with eloquence. 

El'O-QUENT-LY, adv. In an eloquent 
manner. 

Else, a. & pron. [A.-S. elles, same as 
eljes, otherwise.] Other; one or 
something beside. — adv. & conj. 
1. Beside. 2. Otherwise ; if the facts 

w were different. 

ELSE'WHERE, adv. 1. In any other 
place. 2. In other places indefi- 
nitely. 

E-LU'CI-DATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[L. Lat. elucidate, -datum , from luci- 
dus, light, clear.] To make clear ; to 
explain ; to illustrate. 

E-lu'ci-da'tion, n. 1. Act of elu- 
cidating. 2. That which elucidates ; 
explanation ; illustration. 

E LU'ci-da/tive, a. Making clear. 

E-lu'^i-da'tor, n. One who eluci- 
dates. 

E-lube', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
eludere, fr. e, out, and ludrre, to 
play.] 1. To avoid by artifice or 
dexterity. 2. To remain unex- 
plained or undiscovered by. 

Svx.— To evade; avoid ; escape; shun ; 
flee; mock. 

E-LUD'I-BLE, a. Capable of being 
eluded. [or deception. 

E-lu'f ION, n. An escape by artifice 

E-LU'siVE, a. Tending to elude. 

E-lu'so-ri-ness, «. State of being 
elusory. 

E-LU'so-RY, a. Tending to elude. 
Syn.— Evasive; fraudulent; fallacious 
deceitful. 

E-LU'TRI-ATE, V. t. [-ED: -ING.{ 
[Lat. elutriate, -atum.] To purify by 
washing. 

Elve,jk The same as Elf. 

Elv'ISH, a. Pertaining to elves. 

E-LYS'I-AN v 4izh'i-an), a. Pertaining 
to Elysium, or the abode of the 
blessed after death. 

E-ZY$'l-i r M (-lizh / T-), n. ,• Eng. pi. 
E-LVS'i-tfMS (-llzh'T-); Lat. pi. 
E-LYS'I-A (-lTzh'i-). [Lat. Elysium, 



h £, I, o, v,Y,long; A,E } L, 6, u, y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VE.IL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM 



ELYTRON 



14l 



EMBRYO 



Gr. 'HAvViov.] {Myth ) A dwelling 
place of happy souls after death ; 
hence, any delightful place. 

£l'y-tron, I n. ; pi. el'y-Tra, [Or. 

£l'Y-TrOm, J Hkvrpov, fr. eAiieiv, to 
roll round.] One of tiie wing-sheaths 
in the tribe of beetles. 

Em, n. Space formerly occupied by 
the letter m — then a square type, — 
used as a unit by 'which to measure 
the amount of any printed matter. 

E-MA'CI-ATE (-ma'shl-, 95), v. i. 
[-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. emaciare,-atum, 
fr. e, out, and macies, leanness.] To 
lose flesh gradually. [ed. 

E-MA'CI-ATE (-ma'shi-), a. Emaciat- 

E-ma'ci-a'tion (-shi-^shun), n. Con- 
dition of becoming lean. 

£m'a-NANT, a. [See infra.] Ema- 

w nating ; passing forth into an act. 

EM'A-NATE, v. 7. [-ed ; -ING.] [Lat. 
emanare, -atitm, fr. e, out, and ma- 
nure, to flow.] 1. To issue forth from 
a source. 2. To take origin. 

Em'A-nA'TION, n. 1. Act of flowing 
forth. 2. That which issues or flows 
forth ; effluvium. 

E-man'ci-pate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. emancipare, -patum, fr. e, out, 
and mancipare, to transfer ownership 
in.] To set free ; to liberate. 

E-MAN'CI-PATE, a. Set at liberty. 

E-MAN'CI-PA'TION, n. A setting free 
from slavery or subjection. 

Syx. — Deliverance ; liberation ; re- 
lease; freedom. 

E-man'CI-pa'TOR, n. One who eman- 
cipates. 

E-MAS'€U-LATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. emasculare, -latum, fr. e, out, 
and masculus, male.] 1. To castrate; 
to geld. 2. To render effeminate. 

E-MAS'eu-LATE (45). a. Deprived of 
virility ; castrated. 

E-mas'€U-la'tion, n. Act of emas- 
culating ; castration. 

EM-BALM' (-b'im'), V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Fr. embaumer, fr. baurne, balm.] 
To preserve from decay by means of 
balm or other aromatics. [embalms. 

EM-BALM'er (-bamM, n. One who 

EM-BANK', v. i. [-ed; -ing.] To in- 
close with a bank ; to bank up. 

Em-bank'ment, n. 1. Act of em- 
banking. 2. A bank raised for any 
purpose. 

EM-BAR'GO, n, [Sp., fr. barra, bar.] 
A prohibition by public authority, 
and for a limited time, of departure 
from a port ; hence, any restraint. 

— v. t. [-ed; -ING.] To hinder from 
sailing out of port, by some law or 
edict, for a limited time. 

Em-bark', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
put or cause to go on board a vessel. 

— v. i. 1. To go on board of a ship, 
boat, or vessel. 2. To engage in any 
business. 

£m'bar-ka'tion, n. 1. Act of em- 
barking. 2. That which is embarked. 

Em-bXr'rass, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Fr. 
embarrasser, fr. L. Lat. barra, a, bar.] 
1. To hinder through perplexity; 
to confound. 2. To incumber with 
debt. 



Svy. — To perplex; puzzle. — We are 
puzzled when our faculties are confused 
by something we do not understand. 
We are perplexed when our feelings as 
well as judgment, are so affected that we 
know not how to decide or act. We are 
embarrassed when there is some bar 
or hindrance upon us which impedes 
our powers of thought, speech, or mo- 
tion. A school-boy is puzzled by a diffi- 
cult sum; a reason er ii perplexed by the 
subtleties of his opponent ; a youth is 
sometimes so embarrassed before stran- 
gers as to lose his presence of mind. 

Em-bar'rass-ment, n. State ofper- 
plexity, entanglement, or confusion. 

Em-bas'sa-dor, I n. [Fr. embassa- 

Am-Bas'SA-DOR, j deur, ambassa- 
deur, Goth, andbalits, servant, mes- 
senger.] A minister of the highest 
rank sent by one government to an- 
other, as the personal representative 

j of the appointing power. 

Eji'bas-sv, n. 1. Public function of 
an embassador. 2. Person or per- 
sons sent as embassadors. 3. Dwell- 
ing or office of an embassador. 

EM-BAT'TLE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To arrange in order of battle. 2. To 
prepare for battle. 

Em-eAy', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] To in- 
close in a bay or inlet. 

Em-bEd', v. t. [-ded; -ding, 133.] 
To lay as in a bed. 

EM-BEL'Llsn,r. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Fr. 
embellir, fr. em, for en, and bel, beau- 
tiful.] To make beautiful or elegant 
by ornaments. 
Syx.— See Adorn. 

Em-bel'lish-ment, n. 1. Act of 
embellishing. 2. That which adds 

w beauty or elegance ; ornament. 

EM'BEK, n. [A.-S. dmyrie, hot ashes.] 
A lighted coal, smoldering amid ash- 
es ; — chiefly in the pi. ; cinders. 

Em-bez'zle, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Norm. Fr. embeasVer, to filch.] To 
appropriate fraudulently to one's 
own use. 

Em-B£Z'zle-MENT, n. Fraudulent 
appropriation to one's own use of 
what is intrusted to one's care. 

EM-bez'zler, n. One who embezzles. 

EM-BIT_'TER, V. t. See 1MBITTER. 

Em-blaze', v. t. 1. To adorn with 
glittering embellishments. 2. To 
emblazon. 

EM-BLA'ZON (-bla'zn), v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To decorate. 2. To adorn 
with figures of heraldry. 

EM-BLA'ZON-ER, n. One who em- 
blazons. 

EM-BLA'ZON-RY, n. Heraldic or or- 
namental decoration. 

Em'BLEM, n. [Gr. efxjSA^/xa, inlaid 
work.] An object or picture sym- 
bolizing and suggesting some other 
object, quality, or the like. 

Syx.— Figure; type; sign; symbol. 

EM'BLEM-AT're, I a. Pertaining 

Em'blem-At'IC-al, j to, or com- 

w prising, an emblem. 

EM'BLEM-AT'ie-AL-LY, adv. By way 
or means of emblems. 

Em-blem'a-TIst, n. A writer or in- 
ventor of emblems. 

Em-blem'a-tize, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To represent, as by an emblem. 



EM-BoD'I-ment, n. 1. Act of em- 
bodying. 2. That which is embodied. 

Em-bod'y, v. t. [-ED; -ING, 142.] 
1. To form into a body ; to invest 
with matter. 2. To collect into a 
whole ; to incorporate. 

EM-BOGUE', v. i. [Fr. s'emboucher, 
It. imboccare, of a river, to empty, 
fr- Lat. bucca, cheek, cavity.] To 
discharge, as a river, its water, into 
thesea or into another river. 

Em-BOLD'SN (-bokPn), v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To give boldness to ; to en- 
courage. 

Embonpoint (ong'bong/pwong'), 
n. [Fr.,from en bon point, in good 
condition.] Plumpness of person ; 
fleshiness. [border. 

EM-BOR'DER, v. t. To adorn with a 

E31-BOSS', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To 
cover with bosses ; to ornament in re- 
lief. 2. To fashion raised work on. 

Em-boss'ment, n. Raised work. 

Embouchure (ong/bob'shur'), n. 
[Fr. SeeEMBOGUE.] A mouth, as 
of a river, cannon, &c. 

EM-BOW'EL, V. t. [-ED, -ING ; or 

-led, -ling, 137.] 1. Toeviscerate; 
hence, to embalm. 2. To bury ; to 
secrete. 

EM-BOW'ER, v. i. To lodge or rest in 
a bower. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
cover with a bower. 

Em-brace', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Fr. 
embrasser, fr. em, for en, and bras, 
arm.] 1. To clasp in the arms. 2. 
To cherish with affection. 3. Tof-ur- 
round or inclose. 4. To include. 5- 
To seize eagerly ; to welcome. — n. 
Close encircling with the arms ; 
ciasp; hug. [arms; embrace. 

EM-BRACE'MENT, n. A clasp in the 

Em-bra^er, n. One who embraces. 

EM-BRA'^ER-Y,n. Attempt to cor- 
rupt a jury, or court, &c. 

Em-bra'sure (-bra/zhyjr), n. [Fr. 
fr. embraser, to 
widen an open- 
ing.] An open- 
ing in a wall or 
parapet through ( 
which cannon 
are discharged. £ e, Embrasures in 

EM'BRO-€ATE,t\ a parapet. A A, 
t. [-ED; -ING.] Merlons. 
[From Gr. k^poxn, equiv. to ejSpey- 
/u.a, lotion.] To moisten and rub, as 
a diseased part, with a liquid. 

EM'bro-ca'tion, n. A moistening 
and rubbing a diseased part with 
some lotion ; or the lotion itself. 

EM-BROID'ER, V.t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
cover with ornamental needle-work. 

Em-broid'er-er, n. One who em- 
broiders, [work. 

Em-broid'er-y , n. Variegated needle- 

Em-BROIL', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Seo 
Broil.] To throw into perplexity, 
contention, or trouble. 

Syx.— To perplex; entangle; distract} 
disturb. 

EM-BROIL'MENT.n. A state of con- 
tention, perplexity, or confusion. 

£m'BRY-0, n. [Gr. e/x/3pvoi>, i. e., to 
evrbs fipvov, from e/a, for ev, in, and 



bra'zhur), n. [Fr., 

m 



OR, do, WOLF, TOO, took; urn, RUE, pull ; je, I, o, silent ; C,G, so/i,' €,G,hard; A£j EX.IST; n as NG ; THIS- 



EMBRYOLOGY 



142 



EMPYREAN 



|3pueiv, to be full of.] First rudiments 

^ of an organized being or thing. 

Em'bry-ol'o-gy, «. [Gr. €fx./3puoj/,an 
embryo, and Aoyo?, discourse.] Doc- 
trine of the development of the em- 
bryo and fetus of animals. 

E-mend',j\ t. See Amend. 

Em'en-da'TION, n. 1. A correction. 

2. Alteration of a text so as to give a 
, ; better reading. 
i^M'EN-DA'TOR, n. One who amends 

by removing faults. [emendation. 
E-MENB'A-TO-RY, a. Pertaining to 
KM'ER-ALD, n. [From Gr. 07u.apa.ySos, 
fjidpaySoi , Skr. marakata.] 1. A pre- 
cious stone of a rich green color. 2. 
A kind of type. [£ng.] 
This line is printed in Emerald type. 
E-m£rge' (14), v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[Lat. emergere, fr. e, out, and mer- 
gere, to dip.] To rise out of, or as 
out of, a fluid. 
E-mer'gen^e, In. 1. Sudden up- 
E-m£r'gen-cy, ) risal or appear- 
ance. 2. An unforeseen occurrence. 

3. Pressing necessity. 
E-m£r'gent, a. 1. Rising out of a 

fluid ; issuing. 2. Suddenly appear- 
ing ; urgent. 

E-MER'I-TUS, n. ; pi. E-MER'I-TI. 
[Lat., one who has served his time.] 
One honorably discharged from pub- 
lic service. — a. Honorably discharged 

v from the performance of public duty. 

Em'e-RODS, ) n. pi. [Corrupted from 

EM'e-roidr, J hemorrhoids.] Hem- 
orrhoids; piles. 

E-mEr'sion, n. [Prom Lat. emergere. 
See Emerge.] Act of rising- out of 

^ any enveloping substance. 

Em'ER-Y, n. [Gr. c>up<.s, crp.T;pis.] 
Corundum intimately blended with 
oxide of iron, used for grinding and 
polishing metals, &c. 

E-MET'I-e, a. [Gr. ejueTt/cds, fr. e/u.eu', 
to vomit.] Inducing to vomit. — n. 
A medicine which causes vomiting. 

Ejte UTE (a'muf), n. [Fr. , fr. Lat. 
emovere, to stir up.] A seditious 
commotion ; a riot. 

Em'1-GA'TION, n. [Lat. emicatio, fr. 
emicare, to spring forth.] A flying 
off in small particles, as heated iron ; 
scintillation. 

E-Mle'TION, n. [Lat. e,out, and min- 
gere, mictum, to make water.] 1. 
Discharge of urine. 2. Urine. 

Em'i-grant, a. Removing from one 

country to another. — n. One who 

t quits one country to settle in another. 

^M'l-GRATE, v.i. [-ED] -ING.] [Lat. 
emigrare, -gratum.] To leave one 
country or state to reside in another. 

£M'I-GRA'TION,n. 1. Change of resi- 
dence from one country or state to 

^ another. 2. A body of emigrants. 

Em'I-nence, In. 1. A height; ele- 

El»l'I-NEN-_CY, ( vation. 2. High 
rank ; distinction. S. A title of a 
cardinal. 

£m'I-NENT, a. [Lat. eminere, emi~ 
nens, to stand out, be prominent.] 1. 
High; lofty. 2. Exalted in rank. 
Syn. — Distinguished ; conspicuous ; 



prominent ; famous ! celebrated. See 

Distinguished. 
Em'i-nent-ly, adv. In an eminent 
_ or high degree? 

E'mir, ) n. [Ar. emir, amir, a com- 
E'MEER, j mander.] Arabian prince 

and military commander; also, an 

honorary title given in Turkey to the 
w descendants of Mohammed. 
Em'is-sa-ry, n. [Lat. emissarius, fr. 

emittere, to send out.] A 6ecret 

agent ; a spy. 
E-mi's'sion (-mish'un), n. 1. Act of 

sending out ; issue. 2. That which 

is sent or put out at one time ; issue. 
E-MiT',<y.£. [-TED ; -TING, 133.] LLat. 

emittere, out.] 1. To send forth ; to 

cause to issue. 2. To print and send 

into circulation, as notes. 
Em'met, n. An ant or pismire. 

EM'MOL-LES'CENCE, 11. [Lat. C,OUt, 
and mollescere , to become soft.] First 
or lowest degree of fusibility. 

E-MOL'LI-ATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. emollire, to soften.] To soften. 

E-MOL'LIENT (-moPyent), a. Soften- 
ing ; making supple. — n. An ex- 
ternal application to allay irritation, 

w and alleviate soreness. [softening. 

Em'ol-lPtion (-lish'un), n. Act of 

E-MOL'U-MENT,«. [Lat. emolwnen- 
tum,\\t. a working out.] 1. Profit 
from office or employment. 2. Gain 
in general . 

E-MO'TION, n. [From Lat. emovere, 
to move, excite.] A state of excited 
feeling of any kind. 

Syn. — Feeling; agitation. — Feelingly 
the weaker term, and may be of the body 
or the mind ; emotion is of the mind 
alone, being the excited action of some 
inward susceptibility or feeling, as an 
emotion of pity, terror, &c. Agitation 
may be bodily or mental, and usually 
arises in the latter case from a vehement 
struggle between contending desires or 
emotions. 

E-mo'tion-al, 1 a. Pertaining to 

E-MO'TIVE, ) emotion, or the 
capacity for emotion. 

EM-PALE', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Fr. 
empaler, fr. em, for en, in, and pal, 
Lat. palus, a stake.] 1. To inclose ; 
to shut in. 2. To put to death by 
fixing on a stake. 

Em-PALE'ment, n. 1. A fencing with 
stakes. 2. A putting to death by 
thrusting a stake into the body. 

Em-pXn'el, n. A panel. 

Em-per'il (137), v. t. To put in peril. 

Em'per-or, n. [Lat. imperator, from 
imperare, to command.] The sover- 
eign of an empire. 

Em'PHA-SIS, n. ; pi. EM'PHA-SEg. 
[Gr. ep.<£a<ns, significance, force of 
expression, fr. lfi.§aLveiv ,to indicate.] 
Stress of utterance, given to the 
words or parts of a discourse, intend- 
ed to be impressed specially on an 
audiencej 

Em'pha-size, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
utter or pronounce with a particular 
stress of voice ; to make emphatic. 

Em-phXt'I€, ) a. Uttered with, or 

Em-phat'IC-AL, ) requiring, em- 
phasis. 

Syn. — Forcible; impressive; striking. 



]Em-PHXt'I€-al-LY, adv. Withers 
phasis ; forcibly. [tumor. 

Em'phy-s&ma, n. [Gis] A puffy 

EM'PIRE,n. [Lat. imperium.] 1. Su- 
preme power in governing. 2. Do- 
minion of an emperor, or, rarely, of 
a king. 3. Predominant influence. 

SVN.—Sway; dominion ; sovereignty; 
rule. 

Em-pir'k? or Em'pir-k; (123), n. L 
One who relies on experiment an<i 
observation. 2. A quack doctor ; « 
charlatan. 

EM-P1R'I€, )a. [Gr. e/wn-ttp»c6s,ex- 

EM-PIR'IC-AL, J perienced.] 1. Per- 
taining to, or founded upon, experi- 
ment or experience. 2. Depending 
on experience or observation alone. 

EM-PlR'l€-AL-LY, adv. By experi- 
ment or experience ; without science. 

Em-pir'1-cis.M, n. 1. Method or prac- 
tice of an empiric. 2. Charlatanry ; 
quackery. 

Em-plXs'TI-G, a. [Gr. ep.7rAa<rTi/cds, fr. 
tfi.nka.o-0-eiv, to plaster up.] Glutin- 
ous ; adhesive. 

EM-PLOY', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Lat. 
implicare, to infold, engage.] 1. To 
use. 2. To use as an instrument or 
means, or as materials. 3. To use 
as an agent or servant. — n. Em- 
ployment. [Poet.] 

Employe (Cm'ploy-a' or ftng'plwo- 
ya'), n. [Fr.] One who is employed. 

C@~ The English form of this word, 
viz., employee, though perfectly con- 
formable to analogy, and therefore per- 
fectly legitimate, is not sanctioned by 
the usage of good writers. 

EM-PLOY'ER, n. One who employs. 

Em-ploy'ment, n. 1. Act of employ- 
ing, or state of being employed. 2. 
That which engages or occupies. 

Em-po'ri-um, n. ; Lat. pi. em-po'- 
Rl-A, Eng.pl. EM-PO/Ri-UMg. [Lat.; 
Gr. ifi.Tr6pt.ov, from e fj.no pos , traveler, 
trader.] A commercial city or town ; 
a mart. 

EM-POW'ER, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 

w give power or authority to. 

EM'PRESS, n. 1. Consort of an em- 
peror. 2. A woman who governs an 
empire. 

Em-prise', n. [0. Fr.] An enterprise. 

Emp'ti-ness (84), n. 1. State of be- 
ing empty ; vacuum ; exhaustion ; 
destitution. 2. Unsatisfactoriness. 
3. Want of knowledge or sense. 

EMP'TY, a. [-er ; -EST, 142.] [A.-S. 
emtig, a'mtig, fr. emta, amta, quiet, 
rest.] 1. Containing nothing ; void. 
2. Destitute of effect, sincerity, or 
sense. 3. Unsatisfactory. 4. Desti- 
tute of reality ; unsubstantial. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To exhaust ; to deprive 
of the contents. — v. i. 1. To pour 
or flow out. 2. To become empty. 

Emp'ty-ing, n. 1. Act of making 
empty. 2. pi. Lees of beer, cider, 
&c. ; yeast. [pie color. 

Em-pCr'ple, v. t. To tinge of a pur- 

EM-pyr'e-al, a. [See EMPYREAN, 

w n.] Formed of pure fire or light. 

Em'py-re'an (124), a. Empyreal. — 
n. [L. Lat. empyrseum, fr. Gr. efXTrv- 
pos, in fire.] The highest heaven, 



A,E, i, b,ij,Y,lovig;-X,&,Z, 5, fl, 5, «Aor«; cAre, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, t£rmj pique, fIrm; s6n, 



EMPYKEUMATIC 



143 



ENDEAR 



where the pure element of fire was 
supposed by tne ancients to subsist. 

Em'py-REU-mXt'IC, ) a. Pertain- 

EMyPY-REU-MAT'l€-AL, J ing to the 
taste or smell of burnt animal or 
vegetable substances. 

Em'u-late.ij. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
semulari, -latum, from xmulus, emu- 
lous.] To strive to equal or excel ; 
to vie with ; to rival. 

JEm'u-LA'TION, n. 1. Act of attempt- 
ing to equal or excel. 2. Conten- 
tion ; contest. 

Syn.— Competition; rivalry.— Compe- 
tition is the struggle of two or more per- 
sons for the same object. Emulation is 
on ardent desire for superiority, arising 
from competition, but not implying, of 
necessity, any improper feeling. Rivalry 
is a personal contest, and almost ot'course 
gives rise to envy, resentment, or detrac- 
tion. 

Em/U-la'TOR,/!. A rival ; a compet- 
itor. 

E-Mi)L'GENT,a. [Lat. emulgere,emul- 
gens, fr. e, out, and mulgere, to milk.] 
Milking or draining. 

Em'U-lous, a. 1. Desirous to equal 

w or excel. 2. Engaged in competition. 

EM'U-LOtJS-LY, adv. With desire to 
equal or excel. 

E-mOl'sion, n. [From Lat. emulgere, 
emulsum.] A soft, liquid remedy, 
resembling milk. 

E-mOl'sIve, a. 1. Softening; milk- 
like. 2. Yielding oil by expression. 

E-mDnc'TO-RY, n. [Lat. emunctorium, 
from emungere, to blow the nose, to 
cleanse.] Any organ of the body car- 
rying off excrementitioua matter. 

En-a'ble, v. t. [-ED; -ING.]_ [0. & 
Norm. Fr. enhabler, from en, in, and 
liable, Erjg. able.] To give strength 
or ability to. 

En-Xct', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To 
decree ; to make into a law. 2. To 
perform. 3. To act the part of. 

EN-A€T'MENT,n. 1. The passing of a 
bill into a law. 2. A decree ; a law. 
3. The acting a part or character. 

EN-A€T'OR, n. One who passes a law. 

E-NAL'LAGE, n. [Gr. evaAAa-yij, an 
exchange.] Substitution of one gen- 
der, number, case, person, tense, 
mode, or voice, of the same word, for 
another. 

En-Xm'el, n. [Prefix en and obs. 
amel.] 1. A substance resembling 
glass, but more fusible and nearly 
opaque. 2. That which is enameled. 
— v. t. [-ED, -ING ; or -LED, -LING, 
137] 1. To cover with, or paint in, 
enamel. 2. To form a glossy surface 
upon. 

En-Xm'el-ar, 1 a. Like enamel ; 

En-am'el-lar, ] glossy. 

En-Xm'or, v. t [-ED ; -ing.] [0. Fr. 
enamovrer, from en, in, and amour, 
love.] To inflame with love. 

En-€AGe', v. t. To confine in a cage. 

En-cXmp', v. i. [-ed; -ing.] To form 
and occupy a camp. — v. t. To form 
into a camp. 

En-€Xmp'ment, n. 1. Act of pitch- 
ing tents or forming a camp. 2. A 
camp 



EN-€AUS'Ti€,or. [Lat. encausticus, Gr. 
<y/cav(TTtK6?,fr.€-y«atetv, to burn in.] 
Pertaining to the art of burning in 
colors. — n. Method of painting in 
heated or burnt wax, or in any way 
where heat is used to fix the colors. 

Enceinte (ong'sanf), n. [Fr., fr. 
enceindre, to surround.] (Fort.) The 

w main inclosure. — a. Pregnant. 

EN'CE-PHXl'IC, a. [Gr. lynl^aKov, 
the brain.] Belonging to the head 
or brain. 

EN-CHAIN', V. t. [-ED ; -ING ] 1. To 
fasten with a chain. 2. To hold fast. 

En-CHAIN'MENT, n. Act of enchain- 
ing. 

EN-CHANT', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
incantare, to chant a magic formula 
over or against one.] 1. To charm 
by sorcery. 2. To delight in a high 
degree. 

Syn. — To captivate ; fascinate ; rav- 
ish; enrapture. 

En-chant'er, n. One who enchants ; 
a sorcerer or magician. 

EN-chant'ment, n. 1. Use of magic 
arts, spells, or charms. 2. That 
which enchants. 

En-chant'ress, n. A woman who 
enchants ; a sorceress. 

En-chase', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Fr. 
encha.ss.er, fr. ckasse, frame.] 1. To 
encircle ; to inclose. 2. To adorn 
with embossed or engraved work. 

EN-€HO'RI-AL, ) a. [Gr. eyxwpios, do- 

En-cho'RI€, j mestic, native.] Na- 
tive ; popular ; common ; — said esp. 
of the written characters employed 
by the common people of Egypt, in 
distinction from the hieroglyphics. 

En-cTr'cle,'1\ t. [-ED ; -ing.] 1. To 
form a circle about; hence, to em- 
brace. 2. To go or come round. 

Syn. — To encompass ; inclose ; sur- 
round; environ. 

EN-€LtT'IC, )a. [Gr. eyKAiTi/cds, 

EN-€L1T'I€-AL, J inclined, inclining.] 
Subjoined ; — said of a word so closely 
united to the preceding word as to 
seem to be a part of it, and to lose 
its own independent accents. — n. A 
word joined to another so closely as 
to lose its proper accent. 

EN-CLOgE', v. t. See INCLOSE. 

EN-CO'Ml-AsT,n. [Gr. e-y/cw^uao-Tijs, 
fr. evKto/Aid^eiv, to praise.] One ad- 
dicted to praise ; a eulogist. 

En-co'mi-XsT'ic, I a. Bestowing 

En-co'mi-Xst'ic-Xl, J praise; eu- 
logistic ; laudatory. 

En-€O'MI-0m, n. ; Eng. pi. EN-co'MI- 
UM§, Lat. pi. EN-CO'MI-A. [Gr. 
eyKu)ixiov, (sc. /ce'Aos, song), chanted 
in a Bacchic festival.] Formal praise; 
high commendation. 

Syn. — Eulogy ; panegyric. See Eu- 
logy. 

EN-c6m'PASS, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
describe a circle about. 

Syn. —To encircle; inclose; surround; 
environ. 

EN-€OM'PASS-MENT, n. A surround- 
ing or encircling. 

En-core' (ong-kor'), adv. [Fr., from 
Lat. in hanc horam, till this hour.] 
Once more ; again ; — a call for a 



repetition. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
call for a repetition of. 
EN-€OUNT'ER, n. [0. Fr. enrontre, fr. 
Lat. in and contra, against.] 1. A 
meeting face to face. 2. A meeting, 
with hostile purpose. 

SYN. — Contest; fight; skirmish. 

— v.t. [-ED; -ING.] To meet face 
to face ; to meet with hostile intent. 
— v. i. To meet together, especially 
as enemies. 

EN-€ODR'AGE,tJ. t. [-ed:-ing.] [Fr. 
encourager, from prefix en and cour- 
age.] To give courage to. 

Syn. — To embolden ; animate; incite; 
cheer; stimulate. 

EN-€O0r'AGE-MENT, n. 1. Act of 
giving courage ; incentive. 2. That 
which serves to support or promote. 

En-€O0r'A-GING, a. Furnishing 
ground to hope for success ; favoring. 

En-€oOr'A-ging-LY, adv. In a man- 
ner to give courage or hope of success. 

En-croach', v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [0. 
Fr. encroer, L. Lat. incrocare, to hang 
by a hook.] To enter gradually into 
the rights and possessions of another. 
Syn. — Intrude; trench; infringe; in- 
vade; trespass. 

EN-CROACH'ER, n. One who en- 
croaches. 

EN-€ROACH'MENT, n. 1. Act of en- 
croaching. 2. That which is taken 
by encroaching. 

En-cDm'Ber, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Fr. 
encombrer, fr. Lat. cumulus, heap.] 

1. To impede the motion or action 
of. 2. To load with mortgages, or 
other legal claims. 

Syn. — To load ; clog ; oppress ; em- 
barrass. 
En-cOm'BRANCE, n. 1. That which 
impedes action ; clog ; impediment. 

2. That which encumbers an estate, 
as a debt ; a lien. 

EN CYC'LIC-AL, a. [Gr. eyttvicXios, fr. 

ev] in, and kvk\o<;, circle.] Sent to 

many persons or places ; circular. 

EN-CY'CLO-PE'DI-A, I n. [Gr. eyicvK- 

EN-^Y/CLO-PjE'DI-A, ) Ao7rai8eia, for 

eyKv/cAios naideia, instruction in a 

circle.] A work in which the various 

branches of science or art are treated 

of, usually in alphabetical order. 

En-^Y'clo-pe'di-an, a. Embracing 

the whole circle of learning. 
En-cy'clo-pEd'ic, 1 a. Pertain- 
En-cy'clo-ped'ic-al, J ing to an 
encyclopedia ; universal in knowl- 
edge, [an encyclopedia. 
En-cy'CLO-Pe'dist, n. Compiler of 
En-CYST'ed, a. Inclosed in a cyst. 
£nd, n. [A.-S. cndc.] 1. Extreme or 
last portion. 2. Conclusion ; result. 

3. Destruction or that which causes 
destruction or death. 4. Object 
aimed at. 5. That which is left. — 
v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To bring to an 
end. 2. To destroy ; to put to death. 

Syn. — To finish; conclude; close; 
terminate. 

— v. i. To come to the ultimate 
point ; to cease. [put to hazard. 

EN-DAN'GER, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
EN- DEAR', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
make dear, or more dear. 



camp. Once more ; again ; — a call for a make dear, or more dear. 

6r, do, WOLF, TOO. TOOK; urn, rue, pull •, e, I, o, silent ; c, G, soft; €,&,hard; A§', E}UST; tfOSNG; THIS. 



ENDEARMENT 



144 



ENGROSSMENT 



EN-Dear'ment, n. 1. Act of endear- 
ing. 2. That which endears. 

En-deav'or, n. [Fr. en devoir, in 
duty.] An attempt or trial. 

Syn. ~ Effort; exertion; struggle.— 
Endeavor is the widest term. An effort 
is a vigorous endeavor or taxing of our 
powers; an exertion is a peculiarly earn- 
est and prolonged effort ; a struggle is 
a violent and exhausting effort of the 
body. — "Ordinary endeavors will not 
now avail; every possible effort must be 
made; we must strain all our exertions,, 
and struggle to the utmost." 

— v. i. [-ED; -ING.] To exert 
strength of body or mind for the ac- 
complishment of an object. 

Syn. — To attempt; try; strive; strug- 
gle; essay; aim. 

— v. t. To attempt to gain. 
En-DE'MI-AL, } a. [Gr. eVSnfAos, ev- 
EN-DEM'IC, [ 6ry/u.tos, fr. ev, in, 
En-DEM'IC-AL,) and6rjjuos,thepeo- 
^ pie.] Peculiar to a people or nation 
End'ING, n. 1. Termination ; result ; 

conclusion. 2. Terminating sylla- 
ble or letter. 

End'less, a. Having no end. 

Syn. — Eternal; everlasting; intermi- 
nable; infinite; incessant ; perpetual. 

End'less-LY, adv. Without end. 

End'less-ness, n. State of being 
endless. 

En'do-gen, n. A 
plant which in- 
creases in size by 
internal growth 
and elongation at 
the summit, and 
has no distinction 
of pith, wood, and 
bark, as the palm, cornstalk, &c. 

EN-DOG'E-NOUS,a. [Gr. ei/Soyei^s, fr. 
evdov, within, and yevea-Oac, to be 
produced.] Increasing by internal 
growth and elongation at the sum- 
mit^ 

En-dorse', v. t. [More correctly in- 
dorse.] To write on the back of. 

En-dorse'ment, n. Act of indors- 
ing. See Indorsement. 

En-dors'er, n. Anindorser. 

En-doW, i'. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Norm. 
Fr. endouer, from Lat. dotare, to en- 
dow.] 1. To make pecuniary provis- 
ion for; esp. to furnish with dower. 
2. To enrich ; to indue. 

En-do W'ment, n. 1. Act of settling 
a fund or permanent provision for 
the support of any one. 2. Proper- 
ty, fund, or revenue permanently 
appropriated. 3. Talents; natural 
capacity . 

En-due', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. in- 
'iuere.] 1. To invest; to clothe. 2. 
To endow. [endured. 

En-dur'a-ble, a. Capable of being 

En-dur'ance , n. 1. A state of dura- 
tion ; continuance. 2. Act of bear- 
ing pain or distress without being 
overcome. 

Syn.— Sufferance; patience; fortitude. 

En-dure', v. t. 1. To remain firm 
under ; to sustain. 2. To bear with 
patience. — v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] [Lat. 
in and durare, to harden, to persist.] 
1. To continue in the same state ; to 




Endogen. 



abide ; to last. 2. To remain firm 

w under_ trial or suffering. 

END'wigE, adv. 1. On the end. 2. 
With the end forward. 

En'e-my, n. [Lat. inimicus, from in, 
negative, and amicus, friend.] One 
actuated by unfriendly feelings. 

The enemy, (a.) The evil one ; the 
devil, (b.) {Mil.) The opposing force. 

Syn. — Adversary; opponent ; antag- 
onist; foe. 

EN'ER-geT'K:, \ a. 1. Exerting 

EN'er-get'kj-al, J force ; active. 
2. Exhibiting energy. 

Syn. — Forcible ; powerful ; potent ; 

w vigorous; effective. 

EN'er-get'ic-al-ly, adv. In an 
energetic manner. 

En'ER-GiZE, v. i. [-ED;-ING.] To 
act with force or vigor. — v. t. To 
, give strength or force to. 

EN'ER-GY, n. [Gr. evepyeia, fr. iv, in, 
and epyov, work.] 1. Inherent pow- 
er. 2. Power efficiently exerted. 3. 
Strength of expression. 

Syn.— Force; vigor; strength; spirit; 
efficiency; resolution. 

E-N£R'VATE, V. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. enervate, -vatum, fr. enervis, 
nerveless.] To deprive of nerve, 
strength, or courage. 

Syn. — To weaken ; enfeeble; un- 
nerve: debilitate. 

EN'ER-VA'TION, n. 1. Act of weak- 
ening. 2. State of being weakened. 

EN-FEE'BLE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
render feeble. 

Syn. — To weaken ; debilitate ; ener- 
vate. 

En-fee'ble-ment, n. Enervation. 

En-feoff' (-ief), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[See Feoff.] To give a feud to ; to 
invest with a fee. 

En-feoff'MENT (-iePment),?i. Act 
of giving, or deed which gives, the 

w fee-simple of an estate. 

EN'FI-LADE', n. [Fr., fr. enfiler, to 
thread, to rake with shot.] (Mil.) 
A line or straight passage.— v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] To rake with shot 
through the whole length of, as a 
line of troops. 

En-fold', v. t. See Infold. 

EN-FORCE', V. t. [-ED; ING.] 1. To 
force ; to compel. 2. To make or 
gain by force. 3. To give force to ; 
to strengthen. 4. To give effect to. 

En-force'ment, n. 1. Act of en- 
forcing ; compulsion. 2. A putting 
in execution. 3. That which en- 
forces. 

En-for'cer, n. One who enforces. 

En-frXn'chi§e (-fran'chiz), v. t. 
[-ED ; -ing.] 1. To set free. 2. To 
make free of a city, corporation, or 
state ; to naturalize. 

En-fran'chise-ment (-frSn'chiz-), 
n. _Act of enfranchisement. 

EN-GAGE', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Fr. 
engager, from en und gage, pledge, 
pawn.] 1. To put under pledge ; to 
bind. 2. To win and attach. 3. To 
enter into contest with ; to encoun- 
ter. — v. i. 1. To become bound. 2. 
To take a part ; to enlist. 3. To en- 
ter into conflict. 

En-gaG£D',/>. a. 1. Pledged ; prom- 



ised ; especially, promised in mar- 
riage ; affianced ; betrothed. 2. Great- 
ly interested. 

EN-GAGE'MENT, n. 1. An engaging 
or being engaged. 2. That which is 
engaged. 3. That which engages ; ob- 
ligation ; engrossing occupation. 4. 
A general action or battle. 

EN-GEN'DER, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Fr. 
engendrer, Lat. ingenerare, fr. in and 
generate, to beget.] 1. To procreate. 

2. To produce ; to sow the seeds of. 
Syn.— To breed; generate; beget; oc- 
casion; cause. 

— v. i. To be caused. 
EN'gIne (en'jin), n. [Lat. ingenium , 
natural capacity, invention.] 1. A 
machine in which two or more me- 
chanical powers are combined. 2. 
An instrument to wound and kill. 

3. Any thing used to effect a pur- 
w pose ; means. 

En'gi-neer'j n. 1. A person skilled 
in the principles and practice of en- 
gineering. 2. One who manages an 
engine. — v. 1. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 
perform the work of an engineer. 2. 

w To carry through a measure. 

eVgi-neer'ing, n. Science and art 
of utilizing the forces and materials 
of nature. 

En'gIne-ry (en'jin-ry), n. 1. Act of 
managing engines, or artillery. 2- 
Engines in general. 

En-gIrd', v. t. [imp. & p.p. EN- 

w GIRDED, or ENGIRT.] To encircle. 

En'GLISH (Tng'glish,) a. [From the 
Angles, a tribe of Germans who set- 
tled in Britain.] Belonging to Eng- 
land, or to its inhabitants, or to their 
language. — n. 1. People of Eng- 
land. 2. Language of the English, 
and of their descendants in other 
countries. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
translate into English. 

En-gorge', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Fr. 
engorger,fr. gorge, throat.] To swal- 
low with greediness. — v.i. To feed 
with eagerness or voracity. 

En-graft', v. t. Same as Ingraft. 

En-grail', v. t. [-ed; -ing] ,[Fr. 
engriler, fr. grele, hail.] To varie- 
gate, spot, or indent, as with hail. 

En-grain', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
dye in grain, or in the raw material. 

EN-GRASP', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
hold fast ; to gripe. 

EN-GRAVE',t\*. [imp. ENGRAVED; 
p. p. ENGRAVED or ENGRAVEN.] 

1. To carve letters or devices upon. 

2. To form by means of incisions 
on wood, metal, &c. 3. To impress 
deeply ; to infix. 

En-grav'er, n. One who engraves. 

En-GRAV'ing, n. 1. Act or art of the 
engraver. 2. An engraved plate. 3. 
Impression from an engraved plate. 

EN-GROSS', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 
copy in a large, fair hand. 2. To 
occupy wholly. 3. To take or as- 
sume in undue quantity. 

Syn. — To absorb; engulf; forestall; 
monopolize. 

En-gross'er, n. One who engrosses. 

En-gross'ment, n. 1. Act of en- 



1,2,1, O, U, Y,long; A 3 S,I 3 6, U", Y, short ; CARE .FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VE.IL, TERM j PIQUE, FIRM; SON, 



ENGULF 



145 



ENTHRALL 



grossing. 2. That which has been 
engrossed. [up as in a gulf. 

En-gulf',^, t. To absorb or swallow 

EN-HANCE',t\ t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Norm. 
Fr. enaauncer, enhancer. J To raise to 
a higher point; to advance; to in- 
crease. 

En-hAnce'ment, n. Augmentation ; 
aggravation. 

JS-NIG'MA, n. [Gr. aipiyjxa, fr. aivLo-- 
o-eaQai, to speak darkly.] 1. A puz- 
zle ; a riddle. 2. A statement, the hid- 
den meaning of which is to be discov- 
ered ; an action which cannot be sat- 
isfactorily explained. 

E'NiG-MAT're, ) a. Relating to, or 

E'nig-mat'io-al, J containing, an 
enigma ; obscure. 

E'nig-mat'io-al-ly, adv. In an 
obscure manner. 

E-NiG'MA-TiST, n. One who makes or 
talks in enigmas. 

E-NIG'MA-TIZE, V.i. [-ED; -ING.] 
To deal in riddles. 

En-join', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Fr. 
enjoindre, fr. Lat. injungere, to join 
into, to charge.] 1. To put an injunc- 
tion on ; t» order. 2. To prohibit or 
restrain by a judicial order. 

En-joy', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 1. To 
feel or perceive with pleasure. 2. To 
have and use with satisfaction. 

En-joy'a-rle, a. Capable of being 
enjoyed. 

En-joy'ment, n. 1. Condition of 
enjoying ; pleasure. 2. Cause of joy. 

En-kIn'dle, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To set on fire ; to kindle. 2. To 
excite ; to rouse. 

En-large', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 1. 
To make larger. 2. To increase the 
capacity of. — v. i. 1. To grow large 
or larger. 2. To expatiate. 

En-large'ment, n. 1. An increase 
in size or bulk. 2. Expansion, as of 
the mental powers. 3. Release from 
confinement, distress, &c. 4. Dif- 
fusiveness. 

En-l1ght'£N (-lnVn), v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.J 1. To supply with light ; to 
illuminate. 2. To inform ; to in- 
struct. 

EN-LlGHT'EN-ERHit'n-) n. Onewho, 
or that which, enlightens. 

En-lIght'.en-ment {-Ut'n-,)n. Act 
of enlightening, or state of being en- 
lightened. 

En-list', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To en- 
roll ; to register. 2. To engage in pub- 
lic service. 3. To unite firmly to a 
cause. — v. i. 1. To engage in public 
service by enrolling one's name. 2. 
To enter heartily into a cause. 

En-list'ment, n. 1. Act of enlist- 
ing, or state of being enlisted. 2. 
writing by which a soldier is bound. 

EN-Llv'£N (-llv'n), V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To give life to ; to animate. 

En-liv'bn-er, n. One who enlivens. 

£n'MI-ty. n. 1. Quality of being an 
enemy. 2. A state of opposition. 

Syn.— Rancor; hostility; hatred; an- 
imosity; ill-will. 

En-no'ble, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
make noble ; to dignify. 



En-no'BLE-MENT, n. 1. Act of en- 
nobling. 2. That which ennobles. 

Ennui (ong'nwe'), n. [Fr., fr. Lat. in 
odio, in hatred.] A feeling of weari- 
ness and disgust ; lassitude. 

E-nor'mi-ty, n. That which is enor- 
mous ; atrocious crime ; an atrocity. 

E-NOR'MOUS, a. [Lat. enormis, out 
of rule.] 1. Deviating from the usu- 
al rule or measure. 2. Great beyond 
the common measure. 3. Exceed- 
ingly wicked ; atrocious. 

Syn. — Immense ; excessive. — We 
speak of a tiling as enormous when it 
overpasses its ordinary law of existence, 
and becomes — so to speak — abnormal in 
its magnitude, degree, &c; as, a man of 
enormous strength, a deed of enormous 
wickedness. Immense and excessive are 
figurative terms used to intensify, and 
are somewhat indefinite in their degree 
of strength. 

E-NOR'MOtis-LY, adv. Beyond meas- 
ure ; excessively, [enormous. 

E-n6r'mous-ness, n. State of being 

E-NOUGH' (e-nuf ) a. [A.-S. genOh, 
gendg, from geneah, it is sufficient.] 
Adequate; sufficient. — adv. 1. Suf- 
ficiently. 2. Fully; quite. 3. In a 
tolerable degree. — n. A sufficiency. 

En-quire', v. i. & t. See Inquire. 

En-rage', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To fill 
with rage ; to provoke to frenzy. 

En-rank', v. t. To place in ranks or 
in order. 

En-rapt'ure (53), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
To transport with pleasure. 

En-rav'Ish, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] To 
enchant. [enravishecl. 

En-rav'ISH-MENT, n. State of being 

En-rIch', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 1. To 
make rich ; to adorn. 2. To fertil- 
ize. 3. To store with knowledge. 

En-rich'ment, n. Act of making 
rich, or that which enriches. 

En-robe', v. t. To invest with a robe. 

En-roll', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 1. To 
write in a roll or register ; hence, to 
record ; also, reflexively, to enlist. 2. 
To envelop. • 

En-roll'ment, I n. 1. Act of en- 

EN-ROL'MENT, ) rolling. 2. That in 
which any thing is enrolled. 

En-ro"ot', v. t. To fix by the root ; to 
implant deep. 

En-sXm'PLE, n. An exam pb. [Ob.s.] 

En-san'guine (-sang'gwin),?. t. To 
stain with blood. 

EN-SCONCE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
cover or shelter, as with a sconce ; to 
protect. 

En-seal', v. t. To impress with a seal. 

EN- SEAM', v. t. To inclose by a seam ; 
hence, to include. 

Ensemble (ong'som'bl), n. [Fr., 
fr. Lat. insimul, at the same time.] 
The whole ; all parts taken together. 

EN-SHRINE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 

^ inclose in a shrine ; hence, to cherish. 

EN'si-form, a. [Lat. ensis, sword, 
and/onrca, form.] Having the shape 

w of a sword. 

EN'SIGN (en'sln), n. [Fr. enseigne, 
from Lat. insignia, pi. of insigne, 
badge, flag.] 1. Banner which dis- 
tinguishes a company of soldiers, or 



a vessel ; a badge. 2. An officer, 
who formerly carried the ensign or 

w flag. 

EN'si~gn-CY Wen'sln), n. Rank or 

En'sign-ship ) office of an ensign. 

En-slave', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
reduce to slavery or bondage. 

En-slave'ment, n. Slavery ; bond- 
age ;_servitude. 

En-slav'er, n. One who enslaves. 

En-snare', v. t. See Insnare. 

En-sphere', v. t. To place in, or 
form into, a sphere. 

En-stamp', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
impress as with a stamp. 

En-sue', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Norm. 
Fr. ensuer, from Lat. inserjui, to fol- 
low.] To follow; to pursue. — v. i. 
To come after ; to succeed. 

En-sure' (-shur'), v. t. See Insure. 

En-tab'la-ture (53). n. [0. Fr., fr. 
Lat. in and tabula, board, table-] 
That part of an order which is over 
the columns, including the archi- 
trave, frieze, and cornice. 

En-tail', n. [Fr. entaille, fr. entail- 
ler, to cut away.] 1. An estate lim- 
ited to a particular heir or heirs. 2. 
Rule by which the descent is fixed. 
— v.t. [-ed; -ing.] To bottle in- 
alienably on a person or thin?, or 
on a person and his descendants. 

En-tail'ment,». 1. Act of entail- 
ing. 2. Condition of being entailed. 

EN-TAN'GLE, V.t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To twist or interweave so as not to bo 
easily separated. 2. To perplex ; to 
embarrass ; to puzzle. 

En-tan'gle-ment (-tang'gl-), n. In- 
tricacy ; perplexity. 

En'ter, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Fr. en- 
trer, Lat. intrare, fr. intro, inward.] 

1. To come or go into. 2. To unite 
in; to join. 3. To engage in. 4. To 
attain; to begin. 5. To insert. 6. 
To inscribe ; to record. — v. i. 1. To 
go or come in ; also, to begin. 2. To 
get within ; to form or constitute a 

w part. 3. To penetrate deeply. 

EN'TER-PRlgE, n. [Fr. entreprise, fr. 
entreprendre , to undertake.] 1. That 
which is undertaken ; an adventure. 

2. Willingness to engage in labor re- 
^ quiring boldness, &c. 
En'ter-pris/ing, a. Bold or for- 
w ward to undertake. 
EN'TER-TAIN', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 

[Fr. enlretenir, from entre, between, 
and tenir, to hold.] 1. To maintain ; 
to support. 2. To show hospitality 
to. 3. To divert. 4. To receive and 
take into consideration. 5. To har- 
bor : to cherish. 
Syn. — See Amuse. 

En'ter-tain'er, n. One who enter- 
tains, [tertainment. 

En'ter-tain'ing, a. Affording en- 
Syn. — Pleasing; amusing: diverting. 

En'ter-tain'ment, n. 1. Act of 
entertaining. 2. That which enter- 
tains, or with which one is enter- 
tained ; especially a repast ; a feast. 
Syn. — Amusement ; diversion ; rec- 
reation; pastime; banquet. 

En-thrall', v. t. See Inthrall. 



OR, DO, wpLF, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL ; E,I, o, silent ; c, G, -so/*/ €,&,hard; AS; EXIST; JjajNG; THIS. 
10 



ENTHRONE 



146 



EPICENE 



EN-THRONE', V. t. [ED; -ING.] 1. 
To place on a throne ; to invest with 
sovereign authority. 2. To induct 
or install, as a bishop. 

En-throne'MENT, n. Act of en- 
throning. 

EN-THU'S_I-AgM, n. [Gr. Zv6ov<ria<r- 
juos, fr. iv6ov<Tid£eiv , to be inspired 
by the god.] An ardent zeal, in re- 
spect to some object or pursuit. 

Syn. — Fanaticism. — Enthusiasm, was 
formerly used for heat of imagination, 
especially in religion ; but this sense is 
mow more commonly confined to fanati- 
cism, which denotes wild and extrava- 
gant notions on this subject, often lead- 
ing to the most dangerous delusions. 
Fanaticism is also sometimes extended 
to other subjects besides religion. 

EN-THU'gl-AST, n. One who is moved 
by enthusiasm. 

Bn-thu'si-astTg, ) a. Filled with 

En-thu'21-ast'ig-al, ) enthusi- 

asm ; zealous in the pursuit of an 
object. [enthusiasm. 

EN-THU/gl-XsT'I€-AL-LY, adv. With 

EN'THY-MEME, n. [Gr. ef0v|u.7?ju.a, fr. 
ev6vix.ei<x0ai, to keep in mind, to con- 
sider.] An argument of only two 
propositions, an antecedent and a 
consequent deduced from it. 

En-tice', v. t. [-ED -ING.] [0. Fr. 
enticer, enticher, fr. pref. en, and 0. 
H. Ger. stechan, stechOn, to prick, 
goad.] To draw on by exciting hope 
or desire ; especially, in a bad sense, 
to lead astray ; to tempt. 
Syn. — See Allure. 

En-TI^e'ment, n. 1. Act or prac- 
tice of enticing. 2. That which in- 
cites to evil. 

En-ti'cer, n. One who entices. 

En-tire', a. [Lat. integer.] 1. Com- 
plete ; full and perfect. 2. Not par- 
ticipated with others. 3. Compris- 
ing all requisites in itself. 4. With- 
out mixture or alloy. 

En-tire'ly, adv. Wholly; fully. 

En-tire'ness, n. Completeness ; full- 
ness ; totality. or whole. 

EN-TIRE 't y , n. State of being entire 

EN-TI'TLE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [L. 
Lat. intitulare, from in, in, and titu- 
lus, title.] 1. To give a title to ; to 
call. 2. To give a claim to ; to fur- 
nish grounds for seeking. 

Syn. — To name; designate; denomi- 
nate ; style; characterize. 

EN'TI-TY, n. [L. Lat. entitas, fr. ens, 
thing.] A real being, whether in 
thought or fact ; essence ; existence. 

En-tomb' (en-toonV), v. t. [-ed; 
-ING.] To lay in a tomb ; to bury. 

En'to-mo-l6g'I€'al, a. Pertaining 
to the science of entomology 

En'to-mol'o-gist, n. One versed in 
entomology. 

En/to-mol'o-GY, n. [Gr. evTOfiov, 
insect, and Ao'yos, discourse.] That 
part of zoology which treats of in- 
sects. 

En'TRAILR, n.pl. [Fr. entrailles,as 
if fr. a Lat. word, intralia, fr. intra, 
within.] 1. The bowels. 2. Inter- 

w nal parts, as of the earth. 

EN'TRANCE, n. 1. Act of entering ; 
hence, act of taking possession. 2. 



Door or passage. 3. Act of beginning ; 
commencement ; initiation. 

EN-TRAN^E',!'.*. [-ED;-ING.] 1. To 

put into a trance. 2. To enrapture. 

En-trap', v. t. [-ped;-ping, 136.] 
To catch as in a trap. 

En-treat', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 1. To 
treat ; to use or manage. 2. To ask 
earnestly ; to supplicate. 

Syn.— To beseech; beg; solicit ; crave. 

En-TREAT'Y, n. Act of entreating. 

ENTRKE (ong'tra'), n. [Fr., fr. en- 
trer, to enter.] 1. Permission or right 
to enter. 2. A course of dishes. 

Entrepot (ong'tr-po'), n. [Fr., fr. 
Lat. interposition, fr. interponere, to 
interpose.] 1. A warehouse for the 

w deposit of goods. 2. A free port. 

En'try, n. 1. Act of entering; en- 
trance ; ingress. 2. Act of record- 
ing. 3 A passage ; a vestibule. 4. 
Any account entered on record. 

En-twine', v. t. [-ed, -ing.] To 
twine. [twist around. 

En-twist^ v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 

E-NU'€LE-ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. enucleare, -atum, fr. e, out, and 
nucleus, kernel.] To bring out, as a 
kernel from its enveloping husks ; to 
clear; to explain. [ating. 

E-NU'€L,E-A'TION, n. Act of enuele- 

E-NU'MER-ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. enumerare, -atum, from e , out, 
and numerare, to count.] To count ; 
to reckon ; to compute ; hence, to 
recount. 

E-NtJOlER-A'TION, n. 1. Act of enu- 
merating. 2. A detailed account. 3. 
A recapitulation in the peroration 
of_the heads of an argument. 

E-NU'MER a-tive, n. Reckoning up 
one by one. 

E-NUN'CI-ATE (-nun'shi-), v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] [Lat. emmciare, -atum, from 
e, out, and nuncius, messenger.] 1. 
To announce; to proclaim. 2. To 
utter ; to pronounce. 

E-nun'ci-a'tion (-nun'shi-), n. 1. 
Act oT enunciating. 2. Mode of ut- 
terance or pronunciation. 3. An- 
nouncement; declaration. 

E-nCn'ci-a-tive (-shl-a-), a Per- 
taining to enunciation. 

E-nun'ci-a-to-RY (-shi-a-), a. Per- 
taining to enunciation or utterance. 

En-vel'op, v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] [Fr. 
envelopper. See DEVELOP.] 1. To 
surround as a covering. 2. To wrap 

^up. 

En'vel-5pe, ) n. A wrapper, espe- 

En-VEL'op, ) daily of a letter. 

IKF* This word, in the orthography en- 
velope, often has a semi-French pronun- 
ciation, ong/ve-lop', or ong've-lop/. 

EN-VEL'OP-MENT,n. 1. Act of en- 
veloping. 2. That which envelops. 

EN-VEN'OM, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To taint with venom ; to poison. 2. 

w To taint with bitterness. 

EN'VI-A-BLE, a. Fitted to excite envy. 

EN'vi-ER, n. One who envies. 

EN'VI-OUS, a. Feeling or exhibiting 
envy. [manner. 

fiN'vi-ous-LY, adv. In an envious 

En-vi'ron (89), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 



[Fr. environner, fr. environ, about, 
fr. viron, circle, circuit.] 1. To sur- 
round ; to encompass. 2. To in- 
volve ; to envelop. 

En-vi'ron-ment, n. 1. ActofenvK 
roning. 2. That which environs. 

EN-VI'RONg, or EN'VI-RON§, n. pL 
Places which surround another place, 

v or lie near it. 

EN'VOY, n. [Fr. envoye, fr. envoyer, 
to send.] A person deputed to nego- 
tiate a treaty, or transact other busi- 

w ness with a foreign government. 

EN'VY, V. t. [-ED; -ING, 142.] 1. 
To regard with discontent and malev- 
olent longing. 2. To desire strongly ; 
to covet. — v. i. To be filled with 
envious feelings. — n. [Lat. invidia, 
fr. invidere, to look askance at, or 
with enmity.] 1. Pain, or discon- 
tent excited by another's superiority 
or success. 2. Object of envious no- 
tice or feeling. 

E'O-CENE, a. [Gr. 17WS, dawn, and 
Kcuvoy, new.] Pertaining to the ear- 
liest part of the tertiary period. 

E-O'LI-AN, ) a. 1. Pertaining to iEolia 

E-6l'I€, J or 2Eolis,h% Asia Minor. 

2. Pertaining to iEolus, the god of 

_the winds, and hence to the vind. 

E'ON,v. See Moti. 

E'PAtT, n. [Gr. €7ra/cTos, brought on 
or in, added.] Excess of the solar 

w 3 ear or month beyond the lunar. 

EP'ARCII, n. [Gr. eirapxo?, fr. eirC, 
and apxy, supreme power.] Gov- 

w ernor cr prefect of a province. 

Ep'arch-y, n. A province under an 
eparch. 

E-PAULE'MENT,«. [Fr.fr. cpaider, to 
protect by the shoulder of a bastion, 
fr. cpaule, shoulder.] ( Fort.) A side- 
work, made of earth heaped up. 

EP'AU-LET'', ) n. [Fr. epaulette, 

Ep'au-lette', J fr. epaule, shoul- 
der.] A badge worn on the shoulder 
by military and naval officers. 

E-PEN'THE-srs, n.; pi. E-PEN'- 
THE-SE^. [Gr., fr. t-7revTi0eVcu, to 
insert.] Insertion of a letter or syl- 
lable in the middle of a word. 

JEpergne (n-parnO, n. [Fr., econ- 
omy.] An ornamental stand for a 
large dish_. 

EP-EX'E-GE'SIS, n. [Gr. eire^yelo-eai, 
to explain in detail.] Exegesis ; in- 
terpretation. 

E-PHEM'E-RA, n. [Gr. e$r?>epo?, 
daily, lasting but a day.] A fly that 
lives one day only ; any insect that 
is very short-lived. 

E-PHEM'E-RAL, a. 1. Beginning and 
ending in a day. 2. Existing for a 
short time only. 

E-PHEM'E-RIS, n. ;pl. EPH'E-MER'- 
I-DES. [Gr. e^Tj/aepts, fr. e<^^/aepos.] 
1. A journal. 2. An astronomical 

w almanac. 

EPH'OD, n. [Heb. cphod, fr. aphad, to 
put on.] A girdle worn by Jewish 
priests. 

EP'I€, a. [Gr. eViKos, fr. cttos, word, 
tale.] Containing heroic narration. 

w — n. An epic or heroic poem. 

EP'I-<JENE, a. or n. [Gr. enUoivos, 



a, e, 1, 0, v, Y, long; £,£,£, °»ti,¥, short; cAre, far, ask; all, what; ere, veil, t£rm;pique, fIrm; s6n, 




EPICURE 

fr. errC, and koii/6s, common.] Com- 
mon to both sexes ; — applied to such 
nouns as have but one form of gen- 
der for both sexes. 

£p'l-€URE, n. A follower of Epicurus, 
a Greek philosopher ; one addicted to 
sensual enjoyments. 

Syn. — Voluptuary; sensualist. 

EP'I-OU'RE-AN, Or Ep'I-eU-RE'AN, 
(124), a. 1. Pertaining to Epicurus, 
or his philosophy. 2. Given to lux- 
ury : luxurious. — n. 1. A follower 
of Epicurus. 2. One given to the 
luxuries of the table. 

Ep'i-gu're-an-ism, n. Attachment 
to the doctrines of Epicurus. 

EP'l-eu-RiSM, n. 1. The doctrines, 
or a doctrine of Epicurus. 2. Sensu- 
al enjoyments ; voluptuousness. 

EP'I-CY'GLE, n. [Gr. e7rucv/<Aos , from 
eiri and kvkAos, circle.] (Ptolemaic 

■ Astron.) A circle, whose center 
moves round in the circumference of 

M a greater circle. 

EP'I-CY'€LOID, n. 
[Gr. €TriKVK\og, 
and elSoj, form. 
See supra.] A 
curve generated 
by a point in the 
circumference of 
a movable circle, 
which rolls on the 
circumference of 
a fixed circle, as Epicycloid, 
by the point a or a, in the circle A 
or A' z 

£Vi-cy-£:loid'al, a. Relating to the 

w epicycloid, or having its properties. 

EP'I-DEM'l-e, | a. [Gr. e-i^o?, 

Ep'i-dem'ic-al, | among the peo- 
ple.] 1. Affecting a whole people or 
community. 2. Generally prevailing. 
— n. A disease which affects num- 
bers of persons at the same time. 

&P'I-DER f MIS, n. [Gr. eTTiSepp-ts, 
fr. ewe and 6Ypp.a, skin.] 1. Outer 
layer of the skin of animals. 2. Ex- 
ternal layer of the bark of a plant. 

Ep'I-dote, n. A hard vitreous min- 
eral of a greenish or grayish color. 

EP'I-GAS'TRI€, a. [Gr. eTriyao-rpios.] 
Pertaining to the upper and anterior 
part of the abdomen. 

EP'I-GLOT'TIS, n. [Gr. eTriyAcoTTt'?.] 
A leaf-shaped cartilage, whose use is 
to prevent food or drink from enter- 
ing the larynx while eating. 

EP'1-GRAM, n. [Gr. knCypa{x.p.a, from 
ewiypa^eiv, to write upon.] A short 

w pointed poem. 

EP'I-GRAM-MAT'I€, ) a. 1. Writ- 

Ep'l-GRAM-MAT'ie-AL, ) ing epi- 
grams. 2. Belonging to epigrams ; 
like an epigram ; concise ; pointed. 

EP'I-GRAM-MAT'ie-AL-LY, adv. In 

j an epigrammatic style. 

EP'i-gram'ma-tist, n. One who 
composes epigrams. 

EP'I-GRAM'MA-TIZE, V. t. [-ED ; 
-ing.] To express by epigrams. 

EP'I-GRAPH, n. [Gr. eTriypac^, from 
im.ypd(j>eLv , to write upon ] 1. An 
inscription on a building denoting 
its use. 2. A motto. 



147 

Ep'I-LEP'sY, n. [Gr. e7TtAip//i'a, from 
€7riAaju./3aveii', to attack.] A disease 
of the brain attended by paroxysms 

w and loss of consciousness. 

EP'I-lep'tic, a. Pertaining to, or 
affected with, epilepsy. [epilogue. 

gp'I-LO-Gls'Tic, a. Pertaining to 

EP'I-LOGUE (-log), n. [Gr. e-rtAoyos, 
conclusion.] A short address to the 
spectators recited after the conclu- 
sion of a play. 

E-Pi'Pll'A-NY, n. [Gr. iiri<f>uvta (sc. 
tepa), eTTKJxxveia, appearauce.] A 
church festival on the 6th day of 
January, in commemoration of the 
appearance of our Savior to the wise 
men who came to adore him. 

E-PIS'GO-PA-CY, n. [Lat. -cpiscopatus, 
fr. episcopus, bishop. See Bishop.] 
Government of the church by bish- 
ops, priests, and deacons. 

E-PIS'€0-PAL, a. 1. Governed by 
bishops. _2. Belonging to bishops. 

E-Pis'CO-PA'LI-AN, a. Pertaining to 
episcopacy. — n. One who adheres to 
the episcopal form of church govern- 
ment ; a churchman. [pacy. 

E-PiS'co-PA'Li-AN-'igM, n. Episco- 

E-pis'go-pal-ly, adv. In an episco- 
pal manner. 

E-P'i's'€OPATE (44), n. 1. A bishop- 

w ric. _2. Collective body of bishops. 

EP'I-SODE, n. [Gr. e-eco-oSos, fr. enC 
and etcroSos, a coming in.] An inci- 
dental narrative, naturally arising 

M from the main subject. 

Ep'1-sod'I€, ) a. Pertaining to, 

EP'l-soD'ie-AL, j or contained in. 
an episode. 

E-Pls'TLE (-pis'l), n. [Gr. cTrio-roA^', 
fr. eTTio-TeWeiv , to send to.] A writ- 
ing sent to a person ; a letter. 

E-Pis'TO-LA-RY, a. 1. Pertaining to 

w epistles. 2. Contained i:r letters. 

EP'I-TAPH, n. [Gr. lnn6.<$>iov , fr. e-i, 
and Ta(£os, tomb.] An inscription 

u ona fuDeral monument. 

EP'i-taph'i-c, a. Pertaining to an 
epitaph, or to epitaphs. 

£p>i-tiia-la'mi-um, n . [Lat. ; Gr. 
e7ri0a.Aap.iov (sc. /ue'Aos), fr. e— i and 
<9dAa/u.os, bride-chamber, bridal bed.] 

w A nuptial song. 

EP'I-THET, n. [Gr. e-COerov, fr. iirC- 
0eros, added.] An adjective express- 
ing some quality, attribute, or rela- 
tion, specially appropriate to a per- 
son or thing. 

Syx. — Title; appellation.— The name 
epithet was formerly extended to nouns 
which give a title or describe character 
(as liar, &c.,) but is now confined wholly 
to adjectives. Some rhetorical writers 
restrict it still further, considering the 
term epithet as belonging only to a lim- 
ited class of adjectives, viz., those which 
add nothing to the sense of their noun, 
but simply hold forth some quality nec- 
essarily implied therein, as the bright 
sun, the lofty heavens, &c. But this re- 
striction is not sanctioned by Johnson, 
and it certainly does not prevail in gen- 
eral literature. 

Ep'i-thet'I€, a. Pertaining to, or 
abounding in, epithets. 

E-PIT'O-ME (147), n. [Gr. emroixiq, 
fr. eTTiTep-veiv, to cut on the surface.] 
A brief summary. 



EQUIDISTANT 

Stw. — Abridgment •, compendium ; 
compend ; abstract. 

E-pit'o-mYst, n. One who makes an 
epitome. 

E-PIT'O-MIZE, v. t. [-EDJ-ING.] To 
abridge, as a writing or discourse 

EP'OCH, n. [Gr. €TTOxv-. a check, pause,, 
stop, in the reckoning of time.] A 
fixed point of time, from which suo- 
ceeding years are numbered. 

EP'ODE, n. [Gr. e7r<oSos, fr. enuSos, 
sung or said after.] The third or last 
part of an ancient ode. 

EP'O-PEE', n. [Gr. innroua, fr. e7ro?, 
song, and noieLv, to make.] An epic 
poem or its action or fable. 

E/QUA-BlL/I-TY, n. Evenness or uni- 

__ formity. 

E'QUA-BLE, a. [Lat. sequabilis, from 
square, to make level or equal.] 1. 
Continuing the same at different 
times. 2. Uniform in action or in^ 
tensity. [ner. 

E'QUA-BLY, adv. In an equable man- 

E'QUAL, a. [Lat. sequalis, fr. aequus, 
even, equal.] 1. Having the same 
magnitude, dimensions, value, &c. 
2. Having competent power, or 
means ; fit. 3. Not variable ; equa- 
ble. 4. Characterized by fairness. 
— n. One not inferior or superior 
to another. — v. t. [ED, -ING; or 
-led, -ling, 137] 1. To be or be- 
come equal to. 2. To recompense 



I 



fully. 3. To make equal or equal 
to ; hence, to compare as equals. 

E-QUAL'I-TY, n. Condition of being 
equal. [ing. 

EVQUAL-I-ZA'TION, n. Act of equaliz- 

E'QUAL-IZE, V. t. [-ED;-ING.] 1. 
To make equal. 2. To pronounce 

_ equal. [ner or degree. 

E'QUAL-LY, adv. In an equal man- 

E'qua-nIm'i-ty, n. [Lat. sequanimi- 
tas, from sequus, equal, and animus, 
mind.] Evenness of mind ; compos- 
ure^ 

E-QUA'TION, n. 1. An expression of 
the condition of equality between two 
algebraic quantities or sets of quanti- 
ties. 2. Difference between the true 
and the mean place or other element 
of a celestial body. 

E-QUA'TOR, n. [From Lat. xquare. 
See supra.] 1. A great circle on the 
earth's surface, everywhere equally 
distant from the two poles. 2. A 
great circle of the celestial sphere, 
coincident with the plane of the 
earth's equator. 

E'QUA-TO'RI-AL, a. Pertaining to the 
equator. — n. An astronomical in- 
strument. 

E-QUER'RY, ) n. [Fr. ccurie, stable.^ 

EQ'UE-RY, j 1. A large stable for 
horses. 2. An officer of princes, 
charged with the care of their horses. 

E-QUES'TRI-AN, a. [Lat. equestris, fr. 
eques, horseman.] 1. Pertaining to 
horses or horsemanship. 2. Biding 
on horseback. — n. A horseman. 

E-QUES'TRI-AN-ISM, n. Horseman- 
ship, [angles. 

FVQUI-AN'GU-LAR, a. Having equal 

E'QUI-DIS'TANT, a. [Lat. sequidis- 



OR, do, wolf, too, X00&; Orn, rue, PULL; E,i, 0,silent; q,G,soft; €,5, hard; A§; EXIST; NasNG; this- 



EQUILATERAL 



148 



ERST 



) 



tans, fr. tequus, equal, and distant, 

_ distant.] Being at an equal distance. 

E'QUI-LAT'ER-AL, a. [Lat. xquilate- 
ralis ; seguus, equal, and latus, side. J 

_ Having all the sides equal. 

E'QUI-Ll'BRATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. wquilibrare, -bratum, fr. xquus, 
equal, and librare, to weigh, poise.] 
To balance equally ; to keep in equi- 
poise, [balance even ; equipoise. 

E/QUI-Ll-BRA'TION, n. A keeping the 

E'qui-lib'ri-ty, n. Equilibrium. 

jyQUI-LiB'Rl-UM, n. 1. Equality of 
weight or force. 2. A just poise or 
balance in respect to an object. 3. 
Equal balancing of the mi ud between 
motives or reasons. 

E-QUI'NAL, ) a. [Lat. equinas, from 

E'QUlNE, j equus, horse.] Per- 

_ taining to, or resembling, a horse. 

E'QUI-Noe'TIAL, a. 1. Pertaining to 
the equinoxes, or to the regions or 
climate of the equinoctial line or 
equator. 2. Pertaining to the time 
when the sun enters the equinoctial 

_ points. — n. The celestial equator. 

E'QUI-Nox, n. [Lat. xquinoctium, fr. 
asquus, equal, and nox, night.] The 
precise time when the sun passes the 
equinoctial. 

E-QuiP',r. t- [-ped; -ping, 136.] [Fr. 
equiper, to supply, 0. Fr. esquiper, 
fr. esqulf, boat.] 1. To supply with 
whatever is necessary ; — said of 
ships or of troops. 2. To dress up ; 

w to array. 

Eq'UI-PAGE, n. 1. Furniture ; equip- 
ment. 2. Ornamental furniture ; 
accouterments. 3. Attendance ; ret- 
inue. 

E-QUlP'ivxENT, n. 1. Act of equipping. 
2. Any thing used in equipping ; fur- 

_ niture ; equipage. 

E'qui-poise, n. [Lat. vequus, equal, 
and Eng. poise.] Equality of weight 
or force ; equilibrium ; hence, equal- 

_ity. 

E/QUI-pol'lence, \n. Equality of 

E/QUI-POL'LEN-CY, ) power or force. 

E'QUI-POL'LENT, a. [Lat. xquipol- 
lens, from sequus, equal, and. pollens, 
strong, powerful.] Having equal 

__ force ; equivalent. 

E'QUI-pon'der-ance, n. Equality of 

_ weight ; equipoise. [same weight. 

E/QUI-pon'der-ant, a. Having the 

E'QUI-PON'DER-ATE, V. i. [Lat. 
xqaus, equal, and ponderare, to 
weigh.] To be equal in weight. 

Eq'ui-ta-ble (ek'wi-), a. [See Equi- 
ty.] 1. Possessing equity ; giving, 
or disposed to give, each his due. 2. 
Pertaining to the tribunal or the 
rule of equity. 

Syn. —Just ; fair ; right ; impartial ; 

■ ^ upright. 

£q'ui-ta-BLY, adv. In an equitable 

w manner. 

EQ'UI-TY (ek'wi-ty), n. [Lat. xqwtas, 
fr. xquus, even, equal.] 1. The giv- 
ing, or desiring to give, to each man 
his due. 2. An equitable claim. 3. 
A system of jurisprudence, the object 
yl which is to supply the deficiencies 
of the courts of law. 



Syn. — Impartiality ; rectitude ; fair- 
ness; honesty; uprightness. 

E-quiv'a-lenoe, In. 1. Condition 

E-QUIV'A-LEN-OY, j of being equiv- 
alent. 2. Equal power or force. 

E-QUIV'A-lent, a. [Lat. &quivalere, 
-valens, to have equal power.] 1. 
Equal in value, worth, power, im- 
port, &c. 2. (Geom.) Equal in di- 
mensions, but not superposable. — 
n. 1. That which is equal in value, 
weight, dignity, or force. 2. Atomic 
weight of a substance. 

E-QUIV'O-CAL, a. [Lat. xquivoevs, 
from xquus, equal, and vox, word.] 
Having different significations equal- 
ly appropriate ; uncertain. 

Syn. — Ambiguous. — An expression 
is ambiguous when different parts of it 
can be so construed as to bring out a di- 
versity of meanings. An expression is 
equivocal when, taken as a whole, it ex- 
presses a given thought with perfect 
clearness nnd propriety, and also another 
thought with equal propriety and clear- 
ness. The former is a mere blunder of 
language ; the latter is usually intend- 
ed to deceive, though it may occur at 
times from mere inadvertence. 

E-QUlVO-GATE, V. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
To use words of equivocal significa- 
tion with a view to mislead. 

Syn.— To prevaricate; evade; shuffle. 

E-QUIV'O-cA'TION, n. Ambiguity of 
speech. [ocates. 

E-QUiVO-CA'TOR, n. One who equiv- 

EQ'UI-VOQUE, ) n. 1 An ambiguous 

EQ'UI-VOKE, J term. 2. Equivo- 
cation. 

E'RA (89, 147), n. [Late Lat. sera.] 
1. A fixed point of time, from which 
a series of years is reckoned. 2 A 
succession of years comprehended be- 
tween two fixed points. 

E-RA'DI-ATE, V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] Lat. 
e, out, and radius, ray, beam.] To 
shoot forth, as rays of light. 

E-ra'di-a'tion, n. Emission of light 
or splendor. 

E-RAD'I-GATE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
eradicare, -ealum, from e, out, and 
radix, root.] 1. To extirpate ; to root 
out. 2. ^o destroy thoroughly. 

E-rad'i-ca'tion, n. Act of rooting 
out; extirpation. 

E-rad'i-€A-tive, a. Tending or serv- 
ing to eradicate. [erased. 

E-ras'a-ble, a. Capable of being 

E-RASE', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
eradere, erasum, fr. e, out, and ra- 
dere, to scrape.] 1. To rub or scrape 
out ; to efface. 2. To obliterate, as 
ideas. 

E-RASE'MENT, n. Obliteration ; de- 
struction, [erases. 

E-ras'er, n. One who, or that which, 

E-ras/ure (-rn/zhur), n. Act of eras- 
ing ; obliteration. 

Ere (ir), adv. [A.-S. zr, Goth, air.] 
Before; sooner than. — prep. Before 
in respect to time. 

E-RECT", a. [See infra.] 1. Upright, 
or in a perpendicular posture. 2. 
Raised ; uplifted.— v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. erigere, erectum. fr. e, out, and 
regere, to lead straight.] 1. To set 
upright ; to raise. 2. To raise, as a 




building. 3. To give loftiness or high 
tone to. 4. To cheer. 5. To set up 
as an assertion or consequence. 6. 
To establish anew. [erected. 

E-REC'T'lLE , a. Capable of being 

E-RECTION, n. 1. Act cf erecting. 
2. Any thing erected ; any building. 

E-RE€T'LY, adv. In an erect posture. 

Ere-long' (21), adv. Soon; before 

« long. _ [ re t. 

ER'E-MlTE, n. A hermit; an ancho- 

Br'go, adv. [Lat.] Therefore; con- 
sequently. 

Er'got (14), n. [Fr. ergot, argot.] 1. 
A parasitic fungus, found in rye. 2- 
A protuberance below the pastern- 
joint of a horse's leg. 

£r'mine,«. [The 
Arm enian rat, be- 
cause these ani- 
mals are found in 
Armenia.] 1. An' 
animal allied to 
the weasel. 2. Fur 
of the ermine, Ermine a), 
which in winter is white. 3. Dignity 
ofjudges and magistrates. 

E-RODE', v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
erodere, from e , out, and rodere, to 
gnaw.] To eat into ; to corrode. 

E-RO'siON, n. Act of eating away ; 
corrosion ; canker. 

E-ROT'I€, ) a. [Gr. epam/eds, fr. 

E-rot'ic-al, j epos, love.] Pertain- 
ing to love ; amatory. [TOLOGY. 

£r'PE-tol'o-gy, n. See Herpe- 

Err, v. i. [erred ; erring (Be- 
ring).] [Lat. errare.] 1. To wander 
from the right way. 2. To mistake 

w in judgment. 3. To fail morally. 

ER'RAND, n. [A.-S. a?rende,zerend, fr- 
ar, messenger.] A message ; a com- 

w mission. 

ER'RANT, a. [Lat. errare, errans. See 
Err.] 1. Deviating; wandering; 
roving ; rambling. 2. Wild ; extrav- 
agant; notorious. 

ER-RAT're, )a. [Lat. erratievs, fr. 

ER-RAT'IC-AE, ) errare. to wander.] 

1. Roving about ; eccentric. 2. Mov- 
ing ; not fixed. 

ER-KAT'l€-ALLY,aA\ Without rule, 
order, or established method. 

ER-RA'TVM, n.; pi. ER-RA'TA. 
[Lat.,fr. errare, to wander.] An error 
or mistake in writing or printing. 

ER-RO'NE-otJS, a. [Lat. errone.us, fr. 
errare, to err.] 1. Deviating from 
a right course or right way. 2. Lia- 
ble to mislead. 

Syn.— Irregular; false; mistaken. 

Er-RO'ne-ous-ly, adv. By mistake. 

Er-ro'ne-oGs-ness, n. State of be- 
ing erroneous. 

Er'ROR, n. [Lat.] 1. A wandering 
from the right course or standard. 

2. Want of truth ; inaccuracy. 3. 
Violation of law or duty. 

Syn. — Blunder; mistake; fault. 

Erse, n. [A modif. of Irish.] Lan- 
guage of the descendants of the Gael 
or Celts in the Highlands of Scot- 
land. — a. Pertaining to the ancient 
inhabitants of Scotland. 

Erst, adv. [A.-S. serest, superb of 



I, £, I, 6,u, Y,Zon£7&,£ 3 2,6,u,Y,s/ior*,- cAre, par, ask, all, what; ere, veil, j *W) pique, fIrm; s6n, 



ERUBESCENCE 



149 



ESTEEM 



*r. See Ere.] 1. First; at first. 
2. Once ; formerly ; long ago. 

Er'u-bes'cence 1(52), n. Act of 

£R'y-B£s'CEN-CY j becoming red; 
a blushing. 

Er'u-BES'CENT, a. [Lat. erubescere, 
erubescens, to grow red.] Red, or 
reddish; blushing. 

E-RC/€T',_ I v. t. [Lat. eructare, 

E-RU€'TATE, j -tatum, from e, out, 
and ructare, to belch.] To eject, as 
wind, from the stomach ; to belch. 

£r'U€-ta'tion, ». 1. Act of belch- 
ing wind from the stomach. 2. A 

w violent bursting forth. 

£r'U-DITE, a. [Lat. erudire, -ditus, to 
polish, instruct.] Characterized by 
extensive knowledge ; learned. 

ER/y-Di'Tlox (-aish'un), n. State of 
being erudite or learned. 

E-RU'GI-NOUS, a. [Lat. seruginosus, 
fr." serugo, rust.] Partaking of cop- 
per or of its rust. 

E-Rl/P'TION, n. [Lat. eruptio, from 
erumpere, to break forth.] 1. Act of 
bursting forth. 2. That which bursts 
forth in a sudden manner. 3. The 
breaking out of a cutaneous disease. 
4. The disease itself. 

E-rOp'tive, a. 1. Breaking or burst- 
ing forth. 2. Attended with erup- 
tion, or producing it. 

Er'Y-SIP'E-LAS, n. [Gr. epvo-iVeAas, 
fr. epvOos, red, and 7re'AAa. skin.] A 
febrile disease with a diffused inflam- 
mation of the skin. 

JP.R'y-si-pel'a-tous, ) a. Resem- 

jj.R'Y-SIP'E-LOiJS, S bling erysip- 

w elas, or partaking of its nature. 

pS'CA-LADE', n. [Fr., from Lat. scala, 
ladder.] An attack by troops on a 
fortified place, in which ladders are 
used. 

fls-CAL'OP (es-skoPup), n. [D. schulp, 
shell.] 1. A bivalve shell, with the 
face usually marked with ribs. 2. 
A regular, curving indenture in the 

. margin of any thing. 

;P.s'€a-pade', n. [Fr. See Escape.] 

1. Fling, or backward kick, of a 
horse. 2. An unconscious impro- 
priety of speech or behavior. 

#S-€APE', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Sp. 
escapar, 0. Fr. eschapper, escamper, 
prob. fr. 0. EL Ger. champf, combat, 
fight, hence, orig., to escape from 
battle.] To flee from and avoid ; to 
shun. — v. i. 1. To hasten away. 

2. To be passed without harm. — 
n. Act of fleeing from danger, of 
evading harm, or of avoiding rotice. 

Es-€APE'MENT, n. Con- 
trivance in a time-piece 
which connects the 
wheel - work with the 
pendulum or the bal- 
ance ; — so called be- 
cause it allows a tooth 
to escape from a pallet at 
each vibration. 

Es-€ARP', n. [Fr escarpe, 
fr. escarper, to cut steep, 
Ger. scarp, sharp, acute, 
thing high and precipitous, as the 
side of the ditch next the parapet. 




Es-€arp'ment, n. A steep descent or 

^ declivity. 

ESCH / A-L,OT'(esh / a-lot'), n. [Fr.es- 
c'alotle, eschalotte, Lat. cepa Ascalo- 
nia, it having been orig. brought fr. 

w Ascalon.] A species of small onion. 

Es'CHAR (es'kav), n. [Gr. ecrxapa.] 

u A dry crust or scab. 

eVcha-rot'ic, a. Producing a scar ; 
caustic. 

ES-CHEAT', n. [0. Fr. eschet, a thing 
fallen to, fr. escheoir, to fall to, to 
fall to the lot of.] 1. The reverting 
of lands to the lord of the fee, in 
consequence of the extinction of the 
blood of the tenant. 2. ( U. S.) The 
falling or reverting of real property 
to the state. — v. i. [-ed; -ing.] 
To revert, return, or become forfeit- 
ed, to the lord, the crown, or the 
state. 

Es-cheat'a-ble, a. Liable to es- 
cheat. 

Es-cheW, v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [From 

0. H. Ger. shiukan. to shun, avoid.] 
To flee from ; to shun. 

Es'CORT, n. [It. scorta, fr. scorgere, 
to perceive, lead, fr. Lat. ex and cor- 
rigere, to correct.] 1. A guard; 
persons giving attendance to afford 
safety, or as a mark of respect. 2. 
Protection on a journey or excursion. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To accom- 
pany as safeguard. 

Es'cri-toire' (-twoi-/), n. [0. Fr., 
from Lat. scriptorius, belonging to 
writing.] A writing-desk. 

EVcU-LA'PI-AN, a. Pertaining to Es- 
culapius. the god of the healing art ; 
hence, medical; curative. 

£s'€U-LENT, a. [Lat. esculentus, fr. 
escare, to eat.] Fit to be eaten ; eat- 
able; edible. — n. Any thing that 
is eatable. 

Es-CUTCH'EON (-kach'un), n. [0. 
Fr. escusson, from Lat. scutum, 
shield.] The shield or ground on 
which a coat of arms is represented. 

E-SOPH'A-GUS, n. [Gr. oicroc/>ayos, fr. 
otcrto, fut. of (^epetv, to carry, and 
<j>ayelv,to eat.] The gullet. [Written 

w also asophagus.} 

ES'O-TER're, a. [Gr. eaxorepiKo?, fr. 
eowepos, inner.] Designed for the 
specially initiated alone ; — said of 
the instructions of philosophers ; 

— opposed to exoteric. 
Es-PAL'IER (-piiPyer), n. [Fr., fr. 0. 

Fr. espahle, N. Fr. cpaule, shoulder.] 

1. A row of trees trained up to a lat- 
tice. 2. A lattice-work to train fruit- 
trees on. 

Es-PE'CIAL (-pesh'al), a. [0. Fr. es- 
pecial, from Lat. species, a particular 
sort.] Distinguished among others 
of the same kind. 

Stk. — Peculiar ; special ; particular; 
principal; chief. 

Es-PE'cial-LY (-pesh'al-), adv. In an 
especial manner. 

Es-pi'al, n. Act of espying. 

£s'PI-ON-AGE' (gs'pe-on-aj' or es'pe- 
on-'izh / ), n. [Fr. espionage, fr. espi- 
onner, to spy.] Practice or employ- 
ment of spies. 



Es'PLA-NADE', it. [Fr., fr. Lat. expla- 
nare, to flatten or spread out.] 1. 
( Fort. ) The sloping of the parapet of 
the covered way toward the country. 
2. A grass plat. 

Es-POUg'AL, n. 1. Act of espousing; 
especially, in the pi., betrothal or 
marriage ceremony. 2. Adoption. 

ES-POUSE', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [0. 
Fr. espouser, fr. Lat. sponsare, to be- 
troth.] 1. To betroth; to affiance; 
to unite by a promise of marriage or 
by a marriage ceremony. 2. To take 
as a spouse : to wed. 3. To take up 
the cause of; to adopt. 

Es-pous'er, n. One who espouses. 

Es-PY', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [0. Fr. es- 
pier. See SPi'.] 1. To catch sight 
of. 2. To examine and keep watch 
upon. — v. i. To look narrowly. 

Es-QUIRE', n. [0. Fr. escuyer. esquier, 
fr. escu, now ecu, shield.] A shield- 
bearer or attendant on a knight ; in 
modern times, a title of dignity next 
in degree below a knight, given by 
courtesy to any gentleman. — v. t. 
[■ED ; -ING.] To wait on ; to attend. 

ES-SAY', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 
try ; to attempt. 2. To make an ex- 
periment or trial of. — n. [Fr. essai, 
from Lat. exagium, weight, balance.] 

1. A trial , attempt ; endeavor. 2. A 
composition shorter and less method- 
ical than a formal treatise. 3. Ex- 
periment. 

£s'SAY-i'sT, orEs-SAY'lST, u. A writer 

M of essays. 

Es'SENCE, n. [Lat. essentia, fr. esse, 
to be.] 1. Formative nature of a 
complex notion. 2. Constituent qual- 
ities of a thing. 3. Solution in spirits 
of wine of a volatile or essential oil. 
4. Perfume ; odor. 

Es-SEN'TIAL, a. 1. Really existing. 

2. Important in the highest degree. 

3. Highly rectified : pure. 4. Neces- 
sary ; indispensable. — n. First or 
constituent principle. 

Es-sen'tial-ly, adv. In an essential 
manner or degree. 

ES-TAB'LISH, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [0- 
Fr. establir, fr. Lat. stabilis, firm, 
stable.] 1. To make stable or firm. 
2. To enact or decree ; to ordain. 3. 
To found ; to institute. 

Es-TAB'lish-ment, n. 1. Settle- 
ment ; confirmation. 2. State of 
being established. 3. That which is 
established, as a permanent civil, 
military, or commercial force or or- 
ganization. 

Es'TA-FET', )h. [Fr. estafette, fr. 

ES'TA-FETTE',] 0. II. Ger. staph, 
footstep, footprint.] One of a series 
of couriers in relay. 

Es-tate', n. [0. Fr. estat, from 
Lat. status, fr. stare, to stand.] L 
Fixed condition ; rank ; state ; posi- 
tion. 2. Property, esp. property in 
land. 3. One of the classes of men 
which are considered as constituting 
the state. 

Es-teem', v. t. [-ed : -ing.] [Lat. 
a'stimare, fr. xs, brass, copper, mon- 
ey.] 1. To set a value on. 2. To re- 



6r, do, wolf, too, TOOK; Orn, rue, pull ; E, I, o, silent; c, G, soft; €, g, hard; A£J EXIST ; N as ng; this. 



ESTHETICS 



150 



EUROPEAN 



gard with respect or affection. — n. 
High value or estimation. 

Syn.— To estimate: appreciate.— We 
esteem a man for his moral qualities ; we 
estimate a person or thing according to 
our views of their real value. The for- 
mer implies respect and attachment; the 
latter is a mere exercise of judgment or 
computation. — See Appreciate. 

Es-THET'l€S, n. sing. Science of the 
beautiful, or of the theory of taste. 

' x See Esthetics. 

i.s'Tl-MA-BLE, a. 1. Capable of being 

w estimated. 2. Worthy of esteem. 

Es'TI-MATE,ft t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
sestimare, -matum.] To judge and 
form an opinion of the value of, with- 

w outactually measuring or weighing. 

Es'TI-MATE (45), n. An approximate 

^judgment as to amount, cost, &c. 

Es'TI-MA'TION, n. An opinion of the 
worth, extent, or quantity of any 
thing. _ 

Es'ti-ma'tor, n. One who estimates. 

Es'Tl-VAL, a. [Lat. aestivalis, fr. ses- 
tets, summer.] Pertaining to, or con- 
tinuing through, the summer. 

Es-top', v. t. [-peb; -ping, 138.] 
[0. Fr. estoper, estoppare, to hinder, 
fr. Lat. stupa, stitppa, tow, oakum.] 
To bar ; to stop the progress of. 

Es-TOP'PEL, n. A conclusive admis- 
sion, which cannot be denied or con- 
troverted. 

Es-TO'VERfi, n. pi. [0. Fr. estover, es- 
tovojr, necessary, need.] (Law.) Ne- 
cessaries or supplies. 

ES-TRANGE', V. t. [ -ED ; -ING.] [See 
Strange.] 1. To keep at a dis- 
tance. 2. To divert from its original 
use or possessor. 3. To alienate the 
affections of. 

Es-trange'ment, n. Act of es- 
tranging ; alienation ; removal. 

Es-TRAY', n. Any animal found wan- 
dering from its owner. 

Est'u-a-ry (64), n. [Lat. sestuarium, 
fr. iestuare, to boil up.] A narrow 
passage, as the mouth of a river, 
where the tide meets the current. 

ETAGERE (eVa-zhar'), n. [Fr.,from 
etage, a shelf, story, floor.] A piece 
of furniture having a number of 

w shelves, one above another. 

ETCH, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [N. H. 
Ger. dtzen, atzen, to feed, corrode, 
etch.] To produce, as designs, on 
metal or glass, by means of lines eat- 
en in by strong acid. 

£tch'ing,72. 1. Act of one who etch- 
es. 2. Impression from an etched 
plate. 

E-t£r'NAL, a. [Lat. Ktentalis, from 
seternus.] 1. Without beginning or 
end of existence. 2. Without end; 
everlasting ; endless. 3. Perpetual ; 
ceaseless. 4. Existing at all times 
without change ; immutable. — n. 
The Deity ; God. [ning or end. 

E-t£r'nal-ly, adv. Without begin- 

E-t£r'ni-ty, a. 1. Condition of be- 
ing eternal. 2. Condition which 
begins at death. 

E-ter'nTze, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] To 
make eternal ; to immortalize. 

E-TE'glAN, a. [Gr. er»jo-<.os, pi. e-r?)- 



atai (sc. avefioi), winds, from enj<ri- 
os, annual.] Blowing at stated times 
of the year ; periodical. 

E'THER, n. [Gr. aiOrjp, fr. alGeiv, to 
kindle.] 1. A subtle fluid supposed 
to pervade all space. 2. A very light, 
volatile, and inflammable fluid. 

E-the'RE-al (89, 124), a. 1. Per- 
taining to the ether; celestial. 2. 
Consisting of ether ; exceedingly 
light or airy._ 3. Relating to ether. 

E-THE'RE-AL-IZE, v. t. 1. To con- 
vert into, or saturate with, ether. 2. 
To render ethereal. 

E'THER-IZE, V. t. [-ED;-ING.] 1. 
To convert into ether. 2. To put 

w under the influence of ether. 

Eth'IC, ) a. [Gr. ^fli/cos.fr. t;0os, 

£th'IC-AL, J custom, moral nature.] 

w Relating to manners or morals. 

ETH'i€-AL-LY, adv. According to 

w ethics. [duty ; rules of duty. 

ETH'ICS, n. sing. Science of human 

Eth'NIC, ) a. [Gr. eflriKos, from 

ETH'Nie-AL, ) e'0i/os, nation.] 1. Be- 
longing to races; based on distinc- 
tions of race. 2. Heathen; pagan. 

Eth-nog'ra-pher, n. One who cul- 

w tivates ethnography. 

Eth'no-grapii'ic, ) a. Pertain- 

Eth'NO-Graph'IC-AL, ] ing to eth- 
nography. 

Eth-nog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. eOvos, na- 
tion, and ypa^eiv, to write.] A de- 
scription of the different races of 
men, with their different character- 

w istics, habits, &c. 

ETH'NO-LOG'IC, ) a. Pertaining 

Eth'no-LOG'ic-AL, J to ethnology. 

Eth-noe'o-GIST, n. One versed in 
ethnology. 

Eth-nol'o-gy, n. [Gr. e^^os, nation, 
and Aoyos, discourse.] Science which 
treats of the division of man into 

w races, their origin, relations, &c. 

ETH'O-LOG'IC, )a. Pertaining to 

Eth'o-log'ic-al, } ethics. 

E-thol'o-gy, n. [Gr. ^0o?, e0os, cus- 
tom, manners, morality, and A6yo<r, 
discourse.] Science of ethics. 

E'TI-0-LATE,r. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Fr. 
etioler, orig. to become slender, prob. 
fr. Ger. stirl, stalk.] To be whitened 
by excluding the light of the sun, as 
plants.— v. t. To blanch. 

E'ti-o-la'tion, n. Operation of 
blanching so as to render plants 
white, crisp, and tender. 

Et'i-quette' (et'i-kef), n. [Fr., 
prop, a label, ticket.] Observance of 
the proprieties of rank and occasion. 

ETUI(*'tv?e'), n. [Fr., fr. 0. II. Ger. 
stfocha, a short and narrow muff.] A 

^ ladies' reticule or work-box. 

Et'y-mo-log'ic-al, a. Pertaining 

w to etymology. 

ET'Y-MO-LOG'IC-AL-LY, adv. Ac- 
w cording to etymology, [etymology. 

Et'y-mol'o-gist, n. One versed in 

Et'y-Mol'o-gize, v. ?. To search 
w into the origin of words. 

ET'Y-MOL'O-GY, n. [Gr. eruf£o\oyta, 
from ervixov and Aoyo?, discourse.] 
1. That part of philology which ex- 
plains the origin of words. 2. That 



part of grammar which relates to the 
changes in the forms of words in 

w a language. 

Et'y-mon, n. ; Eng. pi. ET'Y-MONg ; 
Gr.pl. ET'Y-MA. [Gr. eVv/xov, true 
literal sense of a word, from erv/mos, 
true, real.] A primitive word ; root. 

EiJ'CHA-RhST, n. [Gr. evxapiaria, 
thanksgiving, fr. ex>, well, and \apts, 
favor, thanks.] The Lord's supper^, 
_the communion. 

Ei/'CHA-rIst'ic, ) a. Pertaining 

Eu'cha-rist'IC-al, J to the Lord's 
supper. 

Eu'chre (yu'ker),n. A game at cards. 

Etr'Dl-OM'E-TER, n. [Gr. evSia, fair, 
clear weather, and fierpov, measure.] 
An instrument for ascertaining the 
purity of the air. 

Eu'lo-gist, n. One who eulogizes. 

Eu'lo-gist'ic, a. Commendatory; 
laudatory. 

Etf-LO'Gl-tJM, n. [Gr. et-Aoyia, eulo- 
gy.] A formal eulogy. [praise. 

Eu'lo-gize, v. t. [-ED; -ing.] To 

Eu'LO-GY, n. [Gr. evAoyia, fr. evAo- 
yos, well speaking.] A commenda- 
tory speech or writing. 

Syn. — Encomium; panegyric — The 
word encommm is used as to both per- 
sona and things, and denotes warm 
praise; eulogium and eulogy apply only 
to persons, and arc more prolonged and 
studied ; a panegyric was originally a 
set speech in a full assembly of the peo- 
ple, and hence denotes a more formal 
eulogy, couched in terms of warm and 
continuous praise. 

EU'NUCH (yp/nuk), n. [Gr. ewovxos, 
prop, guarding the ccuch, fr. evvt\, 
couch, bed, and exeiv, to keep.] A 
castrated man, often employed as a 
chamberlain. 

Eu-pep'sy, n. [Gr. ev, well, and 
7re'i//i9, digestion.] Good digestion. 

EO-PEP'Tre, a. Having good diges- 
tion. 

EU'PHE-M^RM, n. [Gr. ev</>Y)/uucrju.os, 
fr. eS, welt, and <£t?ju.i, to speak.] A 
delicate word used for one that is 
harsh or indelicate. 

Eu'PHE-Mis'Tre, | a. Pertaining 

EU'PHE-MIS'TIC-AL, J to, or con- 
taining, euphemism. 

Eu-PHON're, ) a. Pertaining to, 

Eu-PHON'ie-AL, f or exhibiting, eu- 
phony ; euphonious. 

Eu-Piio'M-ous, a. Agreeable in 
sound ; euphonic. 

EO'PHO-NIgM, n. An agreeable com- 
bination of sounds ; euphony. 

Eu'PHO-NY, n. [Gr. exKpuovta, fr. efi, 
well, and </»«i/?}, sound.] An agreea< 
ble sound or enunciation of sounds. 

EU'PHU-ISM, n. [Gr. ev<j)vrj<;, well- 
grown, graceful.] Affectation of ex- 
cessive elegance of language. 

Eu'phu-ist, n. One who affects ex- 
cessive refinement of language. 

EfJ/PHU-lST'IC, a. Belonging to the 
euphuists, or to euphuism. 

Eu-ROCLY-DON, n. [Gr. evpo/cAu&ov, 
fr. exipos, the south-east wind, and 
kAuSoiv, wave.] A tempestuous east- 
erly wind in the Mediterranean ; a 
levanter. [Europe. 

Eu'RO-pe'an (124^. a. Pertaining to 



A, £, i, o,v,y, long; a,e,I, 6, 0, y, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, fIrm; s6n, 



EUTERPEAN 



151 



EXACERBATE 



Eu-TfiR'PE-AN, a. Relating to the 
muse Euterpe ; hence, pertaining to 
music. 

Eu'THA-NA'SJI-A, ) re. [Gr. ev6o.va.o-La, 

Eu-than'a-sy, J fr. ev , well, and 
06.va.Tos, death.] An easy death. 

E-va€'u-ant, a. Purgative ; cathar- 
tic. — re. A cathartic medicine. 

E-VA-G'U-ATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. evacuar^ , -atum, fr. e,out, and 
vacuus, empty.] 1. To make empty. 
2. To remove ; to eject. 3. To with- 
draw from, or desert. 4. To make 
Toid ; to nullify. 

E-vAe/U-A'TION, re. 1. Act of evacu- 
ating. 2. That which is evacuated ; 
esp. a discharge by stool. [ates. 

E-VA€'U-A'TOR, re. One who evacu- 

E-VADE', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
evadere, fr. e, out, from, and vac/ere, 
to go.] To get away from by arti- 
fice ; to elude; to escape. 

Ev'A-GA'TION, re. [Lat. evngatio, fr. 
evagari, to wander forth.] Act of 
wandering. [away. 

Ev'A-nes'cexce, re. A vanishing 

EV'A-NES'CENT, a. [Lat. evanescere, 
evanescens, fr. e out, and vauescere, 
to vanish.] 1. Vanishing; fleeting. 
2. Imperceptible. 

E-VAN'GEL, re. [Lat. evangelium, Gr. 
evayyiKiov. glad tidings, the gospel.] 

_ Good news ; the gospel. 

E/VAN-gel'I€, la. 1. Contained 

E'VAN-GEL'ie-AL, J in, or relating 
to, the Gospels. 2. Belonging to, or 
consonant with, the gospel. 3. Tech- 
nically applied to a party in the 
English and other churches. 

lyvAN-GEL'ie-AL-LY, adv. In an 
evangelical manner. [the gospel. 

E-VAN'GEL-ISM, re. Promulgation of 

E-VAN'GEL-IST, n. 1. One of the 
writers of the gospel history. 2. A 
preacher authorized to preach, but 
not having charge of a particular 
church, and not allowed to adminis- 
ter the eucharist. 

E-VAN'GEL-IZE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To preach the gospel to ; to convert 
to a belief of the gospel. 

E-van'ish, v. ?'. To vanish. 

E-vap'o-ra-ble, a. Capable of being 
evaporated. 

E-VAP'O-RATE, V. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. evaporare, -alum, from e, out, 
and vaporare, to emit vapor.] 1. To 
pass off in vapor 2. To be dissipated. 
— v. t. To dissipate in vapor or fumes. 

E-VAP'O-RA'TION, re. Act of turning 
into, or passing off in, vapor. 

E-vap'o-ra/tive, a. Pertaining to, 
or_ producing, evaporation. 

33-va's;ion, re. Act of evading, par- 
ticularly an accusation, interroga 
tion, &c. 

Syx.— Shift ; subterfuge ; prevarica- 
tion ; equivocation. 

!E-va'sIve, a. Tending to evade, or 
marked by evasion. 

E-VA'sivE-LY, adc. By evasion. 

EVE, [ re. [A.-S. efen, 

E'VEN (e'vn, 58), j a fen, allied to 
even, level.] 1. Latter part of the 
day ; evening. 2. Evening preceding 



some particular day, also, the period 
just preceding some important event. 

E-VE€'TiON, re. [Lat. evectio, from 
evehere, to carry out.] 1. An in- 
equality of the moon's motion in its 
orbit. 2. Libration of the moon. 

E'VEN (S'vn), a. [A.-S. even, efen, 
Goth, ibns.] 1. Level, smooth, or 
equal in surface ; not rough. 2. 
Equable ; not easily ruffled. 3. Par- 
allel ; on a level. 4. Equally bal- 
anced ; fair ; equitable. 5. Capable 
of division by 2 ; — said of numbers. 

— v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To make 
even or level ; to level. 2. To bal- 
ance accounts. — adv. 1. In an 
equal manner; exactly. 2. At the 
very time. 3. So much as. 4. As 

_ was not to be expected, [impartial. 
E'VEX-HAND'ED (G'vn), a. Fair or 
E'v£N-ing (G'vn-ing), re. [See Even.] 

1. Close of the day, and beginning 
of night. 2. Latter portion, as of 
life. [roughness. 

E'VJSN-LY (5'vn-lv), adv. Without 
E'ven-ness (S'vn-, 109), re. State 

of being even, level, or undisturbed. 
E-VENT', re. [Lat. eventus, fr. evenire, 

fr. e, out, and venire, to come.] 1. 

That which falls out ; any incident. 

2. Consequence of any thing. 

Syx. — Occurrence; adventure; issue; 
result ; termination ; conclusion ; end. 

E-VENT'FUL, a. Full of, or distin- 
guished for, events. 

E-VENT'U-AL, a. 1. Happening as a 
consequence or result. 2. Final ; 
ultimate. 

E-VENT'U-AL'I-TY, re. Disposition to 
take cognizance of events. 

E-VENT'U-AL-LY, adv. Finally. 

E-VENT'U-ATE, V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To 

issue: to terminate. [RareinEng.] 

EV'ER,'arfi'. [A.-S. afire, dfer, fr. av, 
age, eternity.] 1. At any time. 2. 
At all times ; always. 3. "Without 

w cessation or interruption. 

EVER- GLADE, n. A tract of land 
covered with water and interspersed 

w with patches of high grass. 

Ev'er-green, a. Green throughout 
the year. — re. A plant that retains 

w its verdure through all the seasons. 

EVER-LAST'ING, a. 1. Lasting or 
enduring forever ; immortal. 2. Con- 
tinuing indefinitely. 

Syx. — Eternal. — Eternal denotes that 
which has neither beginning nor end ; 
everlasting is sometimes used in our ver- 
sion of the Scriptures, in the sense of 
eternal, but in modern usage each word 
has its distinctive meaning, and these 
ought not to be confounded. 

— n. 1. Eternity. 2. A plant whose 
w flowers keep their color when dry. 
Ev'ER-LAST'ING-LY, adv. Eternal- 
w ly ; perpetually : continually. 
EV'ER-YiORE', adv. I. Always ; eter- 
nally. 2. For an indefinite future 
period. 

E-VERT' (14), v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
evertere, from e, out, and vertere, to 
turn.] 1. To overturn. 2. To turn 
inside out. 

Ev'ER-Y r , a. [0. Eng. everyche, eve- 
rich, A.-S. a/re ale, i. e., ever each.] 



The separate individuals which con- 
stitute a whole, regarded one by on*. 

Ev'er-y-where, adv. In every 
place ; in all places. 

E-vl€T', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
evincere, evictum, from e, out, and 
vincere, to conquer.] To dispossess 
by a judicial process. 

E-vIe'TiON, re. Act of dispossessing 
by judicial process. 

Ev'I-DENC'E, re. 1. That whichmakes 
evident ; conclusive testimony. 2. A 
witness. 3. Means of proof. — v. t. 
[-ED;-IKG.] To render evident ; to 

w prove ; to evince. 

Ev'l-DENT,a. [Lat. evidens, from e, 
out, and videns, seeing.] Clear to 

M the vision or to the understanding. 

Ev'i-den'tial, a. Relating to, or 

w furnishing, evidence. 

Ev'i-dent-ly. adv. In an evident 

_ manner ; clearly. 

E'VZL (S'vl),a. [A.-S. efel,yfel.J 1. 
Having bad natural qualities. 2. 
Having bad moral qualities. 3. Pro- 
ducing or threatening sorrow, inju- 
ry, or calamity. — re. 1. That which 
causes suffering of any kind. 2. Mor- 
al badness. 3. A malady or disease. 
— adv. In an evil manner ; ill. 

E-VINCE', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
evincere, from e, out, and vincere, to 
vanquish.] To prove beyond any 
reasonable doubt. [proved. 

E-VIN'CI-BLE, a. Capable of being 

E-ViN'ciVEj, a. Tending to prove. 

E-VIS'CER-ATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. eviscerare, -atum, from e, out, 
and viscera, bowels.] To take out 
the entrails of; to disembowel. 

E-vis'CER-A'TION, re. Act of evis- 
cerating. 

Ev'I-TA-BEE, n. [Lat. evitabilis, from 
evitare, to shun.] Capable of being 
shunned; avoidable. 

E-voke', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
evocare, from e, out, and vocare, to 
call.] To call out ; to summon forth. 

Ev'o-LU'TION, re. [Lat. evoluere, evo- 
hitus, to unroll.] 1. Act of unrolling 
or unfolding ; hence development. 
2. A series of things unrolled. 3. 
Formation of an involute by un- 
winding a thread from another 
curve. 4. Extraction of mathemat- 
ical roots. 5. A regular movement 
of a body of troops, or of a vessel or 
fleet. [to evolution: 

Ev'o-LU'TION-A-RY, a. Pertaining 

E-VOLVE,', v. t. [-ed:-ing.] [See 
Evoeute.] 1. To unfold or unroll ; 
to develop. 2. To throw out; to 
emit. — r. i. To become developed. 

E-vul'sion, re. [Lat. evnlsio, from 
evellere, to pluck out.] Act of pluck- 
ing out. 

Ewe (yu), re. [A.-S. eowu, Skr. avis; 
Lat. ovis, Gr. oi's.] A female sheep. 

EWER (yijr), re. [0. Fr. eviere, from 
Lat. aqua, water.] A pitcher with a 
wide spout. 

Ex-AC'ER-BATE, or EX'A-CER'BATE 
(117), v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat, ex- 
acerbare, -batum, from ex, out, and 
acerbare, to make harsh or bitter.] 



£>R, DO,\VQLF, too, TO~OE.-, fJRN, RUE , pull ; E, I, o, silent ; q,G,soft; €,d,hard; A§; EXIST; nosng; THIS. 



EXACERBATION 



152 



EXCISION 



To render more violent or bitter; to 
irritate ; toexasperate. 
Ex-ac'er-ba'tion (egz-), n. 1. A 
rendering more violent or bitter. 2. 
A periodical increase of violence in a 



) 



Ex-A€T' (egz-akt'), a. [Lat exigere, 
exactus, to drive out, demand, meas- 
ure.] 1. Precisely agreeing with a 
standard, a fact, or the truth. 2. 
Accurate ; methodical ; punctual. 3. 
Marked by habitual or constant 
nicety or care. 4. Proceeding from, 
or characterized by, exactness. 

Sri.'. — Correct ; precise ; nice ; care- 
ful. See Accurate. 
— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To demand 
or require authoritatively ; to extort. 

Ex-A€T'ER, n. One who exacts. 

Ex-ac'tion, n. 1. Authoritative" de- 
mand ; hence, extortion. 2. That 
which is exacted. 

Ex-A€T'i-tude, ii. Exactness. 

Ex-ACT'LY (110), adv. In an exact 
manner ; accurately. [exact. 

Ex-act'ness, n. Condition of being 

Ex-a€T'or, «. One who exacts; 
hence, an extortioner. 

Ex-ag'ger-ate (egz-aj'er-at), v. t. 
t-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. exaggerurc , -r%- 
tum, from ex and aggerare, to heap 
up.] 1. To amplify ; to represent as 
greater than truth or justice will 
warrant. 2. (Paint.) To heighten in 
coloring or design. 

Ex-ag'ger-a'tion, n. 1. Represen- 
tation beyond the truth ; hyperbole. 
2. (Paint.) A representation of things 
beyond natural life. 

EX-ALT' (egz-awlf), v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. exaUare, from ex and altare, to 
make high.] 1. To elevate; to lift 
up. 2. To elevate in rank, dignity, 
power, &c. 3. To extol: to glorify. 

^4. To elate. 

Ex/AL-TA'TION, n. Act of exalting ; 
state of being exalted ; elevation. 

Ex-AM/I-NA'TION, n. 1. An examin- 
ing ; careful search or inquiry. 2. 
A process for testing qualification. 

Srx. — Search; inquiry; investiga- 
tion; research; scrutiny; inquisition. 

Ex-AM'iNE (egz-am'in), v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] [Lat. examinare,fv.examen, 
means of examining, examination.] 
1. To try and assay by the appropri- 
ate methods or tests. 2. To inquire 
into and determine. 3. To try, as 
an offender ; to test the attainments 
of, as a scholar ; to question ; to 
prove by a moral standard. 

Ex-am'i-ner, n. One who examines. 

Ex-AM'PLE, n. [Lat. exemplum, orig., 
what is taken out of a larger quanti- 
ty, as a sample.] 1. A portion taken 
to show the character of the whole ; 
a sample. 2. A pattern or copy. 3. 
Something serving for illustration of 
a rule or precept. 

Srx. — Instance. —Any thing brought 
forward as an example must represent a 
class of objects; an instance may be a 
single and solitary case. A man's life 
may present many examples of virtue, 
with only one instance of departure from 
rectitude. 

Ex-Xn'I-MATE, a. [Lat. exanimare, 



exanimatum, to deprive of life or 
spirit.] 1. Destitute of life ; inani- 

^mate. 2. Spiritless. 

EX'AN-THE'MA, n. ; pi. EX' AN- 
THEM' A-TA. [Lat. ; Gr. k^a.vO-np.a, 
fr. e$av6elv, to burst forth as flowers ] 
An efflorescence or redness of the 
skin ; an eruption. 

Ex-as'per-ate (egz-), v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] [Lat. exasperare,-ratum,Zr. 
ex and asperare, to make rough.] 1. 
To irritate in a high degree. 2. To 
aggravate ; to imbitter. 

Sra". — To provoke; inflame; enrage. 

Ex-AS/PER-A'Tl'ON, n. Act of exas- 

w perating ; irritation ; provocation. 

Ex'CAN-DES'CENCE, n. A white or 

w glowing heat. 

Ex'CAN-DES'CENT, a. [Lat. excan- 
descere, excandescens, to kindle, 

w glow.] White or glowing with heat. 

EX'€A-VATE,t'J. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
exca.vare, -vatum, fr. fx,out, and ca- 
vare, to make hollow.] 1. lo hollow 

w . out. 2. To form by hollowing. 

Ex^A-VA'TlON, 11. 1. Act of exca- 
vating. 2. A cavity formed by remov- 

o ing the interior. 3. A tunnel. 

Ex'CA-VA'TOR, 3t. One who, or that 
which, excavates. 

Ex-ceed', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
excedere, from ex, out, and cedere, to 
go, to pass.] 1. To pass or go be- 
yond. 2. To surpass ; to excel. — 
v. i. 1. To go too far. 2. To be more 
or larger. [degree. 

Ex-ceeVing, adv. In a very great 

Ex-ceed'ing-ly, adv. Very much. 

EX-CEL', V. t. [-LED ; -LING, 13G.] 
[Lat. excellere, from ex, out, and root 
cell, akin to Gr. /ce'AAeiv, to impel.] 
To exceed ; to surpass, esp. in good 
qualities. — v. i. To have good quali- 

__ ties in an unusual degree. 

Ex'cel-LENCE, n. 1. State of being 
excellent ; eminence. 2. An excel- 
lent quality. 3. A title of honor. 

w Svx.— Superiority; perfection; worth. 

Ex'OEL-LEN-CY, n. 1. Valuable qual- 
ity; excellence. 2. A title of honor. 

Ex'C EL-LENT, a. Excelling others 
in virtue, worth, dignity, attain- 
ments, &c. 

SYN. — Worthy; choice; prime; valu- 
able; select; exquisite; transcendent. 

£x'CEL-LENT-LY, adv. Exceeding- 
ly : transcendently. 

Ex-cept', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Lat. 
excipere, exceplum, fr. ex, out, and 
capcre, to take.] To leave out of; to 
exclude. — v.i. To take exception 
to ; to object. — prep., but orig. and 
prop, a verb in the imperative mode. 

- With exclusion of ; leaving out ; 
excepting. 

Syx. — But. — Both except and but are 
used in excluding, but with this differ- 
ence, that except does it more pointedly. 
"I have finished all the letters except 
ope," is more marked than " I have fin- 
ished all the letters bvt one:" The same 
remarks apply to excepting, and with the 
exception of. 
— conj. Unless ; if not. 

Ex-cept'ing, prep., but prop, a par- 
ticiple. Excluding; except. 

Ex-cep'tion, n. 1. Act of excepting ; 



exclusion. 2. That which is ex- 
cepted ; something not included. 3. 
An objection : dissent. 

Ex-CEP'TION-A-BLE, a. Liable to ex- 
ception ; objectionable. [ception. 

EX-CEP'TION-AL, a. Forming an ex- 

Ex-^EPT'IVE, o. 1. Including an ex- 
ception. 2. Being an exception ; ex- 
ceptional. 

Ex-oept'or, n. One who takes er.- 
ceptions. 

Ex-^£rpt', n. [From Lat. excerpert, 
excerptuin, to extract, select.] An 
extract ; a passage selected. 

Ex-cess', n. [Lat. excessus, from ex- 
cedere. See Exceed.] 1. State of 
going beyond limits ; superfluity. 2. 
Intemperance ; dissipation. 3. That 
which exceeds what is usual or prop- 
er. 4. Amount by which one thing 
exceeds another ; remainder. 

Ex-cess'ive, a. 1. Exhibiting ex- 
cess. 2. Transgressing the laws of 
morality, prudence, or propriety, &c. 
Syh.— Extreme; vehement. — Anger 
or any- other feeling may be extreme or 
vehement without being of necessity 
wrong; the occasion may justify it; but 
to be excessire7>/ angry,*or excessive in 
any thing, involves a want of self-com- 
mand which is blameworthy. See 
Enormous. 

Ex-CESS'ive-ly, adv. In an extreme 
degree. 

Ex-change',' v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [0. 
Fr. exchanger. See CHANGE.] 1. 
To give or take in return for some- 
thing ; to barter. 2. To part with 
for a substitute. 

Srx. — To change ; commute ; inter- 
change; bargain; swap: traffic. 
— ii. 1. A giving or taking one thing 
in return for another ; a giving and 
receiving reciprocally. 2. The thing 
given or received in return for some- 
thing. 3. (Com.) Process of settling 
accounts or debts between parties at 
a distance from each other, by ex- 
changing orders or drafts, called bills 
of exchange. 

' C8F~ The term bill of exchange is often 
abbreviated into exchange; as, to buy 
exchange ; to sell exchange. 
4. Place where business men meet to 
transact business, at certain hours. 

Ex-change'a-bil'i-ty, ii. Quality 
or state of being exchangeable. 

Ex-CHANGE'A-BLE,«. Capable of 
being, or fit to be, exchanged. 

Ex-chan'ger, ii. One who ex- 
changes. 

Ex-CHEQ'UER (-chek'er), n. [Sco 
Checker and Chess.] 1. One of 
the superior courts of law. [Evg.] 
2. The treasury ; hence, pecuniary 
possessions in general. 

Ex-cigE', n.y [Lat. excisvm, cut off, 
from excidere, to cut off.] An inland 

' duty of the nature of a direct tax on 
the consumer ; also levied on certain 
licenses. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] Tola/ 
or impose an excise upon. 

Ex-ci£E'MAN (150). n. An officer 
charged with collecting the excise. 

Ex-Cls'lON (ek-sizh'un), v. 1. Act oi 
cutting off; extirpation ; destruction. 
2. Excommunication. 



&,£,!, 5, fi,v 



,long; X,E,1, 6, tr, y,s/io»-*.- care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, t£rm; pique, firm; s6n. 



EXCITABILITY 



153 



EXEQUATUR 



Ex-CIT'A-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of be- 
ing readily excited, [excited. 

Ex-CIT'a-ble, a. Capable of being 

Ex'Cl-TA'TlON, n. Act of exciting; 
also, the excitement produced. 

Ex-CITE', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 
call to activity in any way. 2. To 
increase the vital activity. 

Syn. — To incite. — When we excite 
we rouse into action feelings which were 
less stiong: when we incite we urge for- 
ward to acts correspondent to the feel- 
ings awakened. Demosthenes excited 
the passions of the Athenians against 
Philip, and thus incited the whole nation 
to unite in the war against him. 

Ex-cIte'ment, n. 1. Act of excit- 
ing L 2. That which excites. 

Ex-CIT'ER, n. One who excites. 

Ex-oIt'ing, p. a. Rousing into action. 

Ex-glaim', v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
exclamare,-fv. ex, out, and clamare, 
to cry out.] To cry out from earnest- 
ness or passion ; to vociferate. 

Ex-€LAIM'er, n. One who exclaims. 

Ex'gla-ma'tion^i. 1. Act of ex- 
claiming. 2. An uttered expression 
of surprise, joy, and the like 3. An 
interjection. 4. A sign by which 
emphatical utterance or outcry is 
marked: thus [!] 

Ex-clam/ a-to-ry (50), a. Contain- 
ing, orexpressiug, exclamation. 

EX-€LUDE' (30), V. t. [-ED J -ING.] 
[Lat. excludere, fr ex, out. and clau- 
tlere, to shut.] 1. To thrust out or 
eject. 2. To hinder from entrance 
or admission. 

Ex-€LU'slON, n. Act of excluding. 

Ex-€LU'glON-TsT, n. One who would 
exclude another from some privilege. 

Ex-eLU'sIVE, a. 1. Having the power 
of excluding. 2. Not taking into the 
account. — n. One of a coterie who 
exclude others. 

Ex-GLU'SIVE-LY. adv. In a manner 
to exclude. [ing exclusive. 

Ex-gcu'sive-ness, 11. Quality of be- 

EX-€OG'I-TATE, V. t. [-EB ; -ING.] 
[Lat. excogitare, -tatum, fr. ex, out, 
and cogitare, to think.] To produce 
as the result of thinking.' 

Ex-GOG'1-ta'TION, n. Act of devising 
in the thoughts ; contrivance. 

EX'eO.lI-ilO'NI-CATE, V. t. [-ED; 

-ING.] [Lat. excommunicare, -catum, 
to put out of the community.] 1. To 
expel from the communion of the 
' church. 2. To denounce excom- 
munication against. 

fix'GOM-MU'NI-GA'TION, n. Act of 
excommunicating. 

EX-GO'RI-ATE (89), V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. excoriare, -atum, fr. ex, out of, 
from, and corium, skin, hide.] To 
wear off the skin of; to abrade ; to 
galL_ [ing. 

Ex-GO'RI-A'TION, 11. Act of excoriat-' 

Ex-gor'ti-ga'tion, 11. [Lat. ex, out 
of, from, and cortex, bark.] Act of 
stripping off bark. 

£x'€RE-MENT, n. [Lat. excrementum, 
from excernere, excretion, to sift out, 
discharge.] 1. An outgrowth, as the 
hair and nails. 2. Matter ejected; 
dung. 



EX'GRE-MENT'AL, a. Pertaining to, 

w or of the nature of, excrement. 

Ex'gre-men-ti'tioDs (-tish'us), a. 
Pertaining to excrement. 

Ex-gres'cence, n. Any thing grow- 
ing out unnaturally from any thing 
else. 

Ex-GRES'CENT, a. [Lat. excrescere, ex- 
'crescens, to grow out.] Growing out 
in a preternatural or morbid manner. 

Ex-grete', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
discharge from the body as useless ; 
to eject. 

Ex-GRE'TION, n. 1. Act of throwing 
off effete matter from the system. 2. 

w That which is excreted. 

Ex'GRE-tive, a. Having the power 
of excreting. 

£x'€RE-to-ry (50), a. Having the 
quality of throwing off excrementi- 
tious matter. — n. A vessel that 
serves to receive and excrete matter. 

Ex-GRU'CI-ATE (-shT-a.t),r. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.'] [Lat. excruciare, -atum, from 
ex, out of, from, and cruciare, to 
crucify, torment.] To torture ; to 
torment. 

Ex-GRy/cl-A'TION (-kru'shi-), n. In- 
fliction of extreme pain ; torture. 

Ex-gul'pa-ble, a. Capable of being 
exculpated. 

EX-GUL'PATE (117), V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 

[Lat. ex, out of, from, and culpare, 

culpatum, to blame.] To clear from 

the charge or imputation of guilt. 

Syx.— To exonerate; absolve; excuse. 

Ex'gul-pa'tion, n. Act of exculpat- 
ing ; exoneration. [taining excuse. 

Ex-€UL'PA-TO-RY,a. Excusing ; con- 

Ex-GUR'SION, n. [Lat. excursio, from 
excurrere, to ruu out.] 1. A setting 
out from some point ; an expedition. 

2. A trip for pleasure or health. 3. 
Digression. 

Syx. — Journey ; tour; ramble; jaunt. 

Ex-GUR'SIVE, a. Wandering; ram- 
bling. 

Ex-€UR'SVS, n. [Lat. See supra.] A 
dissertation appended to a work, and 
containing a more full exposition of 
some important topic. 

Ex-gOs'a-BLE, a. Capable or worthy 
of being excused ; pardonable. 

Ex-gus'a-bly, adv. In an excusable 
manner : purdonably. 

Ex-GUS'A-TO-RY, a. Making, or con- 
taining, excuse : apologetical. 

Ex-eusE', v.t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
excusare, from ex, out of, from, and 
causa, cause.] 1. To exculpate ; to 
absolve. 2. To pardon, as a fault. 

3. To overlook. 4. To free from an 
obligation. 5. To ask pardon for. 

Ex-cuse' (-kus', 91), n. 1. A plea of- 
fered in extenuation of a fault or ir- 
regular deportment. 2. That which 
-extenuates a fault. 

Syn. — Apology. — An excuse refers to 
what— is wrong; an apology, to what is 
unbecoming or indecorous. A pupil 
offers an excuse for absence, and an 
apology for rudeness to his instructor. 
When an excuse has been accepted, an 
apology may still, in some cases, be ne- 

' cessary or appropriate. 

Ex'E-GRA-BLE, a. Deserving to be 



execrated: very hateful; detestable; 
abominable. 
Ex'e-gra-bly, adv. Detestably. 

EX'E-€RATE,f.(. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
execrari, -cratum, fr. ex, outof, from, 
and sacer, holy.] To imprecate evil 

w upon ; hence, to abhor ; to curse. 

Ex'e-gra'tion, 11. Act of cursing ; O 
curse pronounced. 

Ex'E-€UTE,r. t. [-ED; -ING.] [LaS. 
exsequi, exsecutus, to pursue, fr. c:c f 
out, and sequi, to follow.] 1. Ta 
carry into complete effect. 2. To 
perform what is required to givo 
validity to. 3. To give effect to. 4. 
To put to death. 5. To perform, as 
a piece of music. 

Syx. —To accomplish; effect; fulfill} 
achieve-; consummate; finish. 

Ex'E-eu'TER, 11. One who carries 

w into effect. 

Ex'e-gu'tion, ri. 1. Act of vxsno'\- 
ing ; performance ; hence, legal ac- 
complishment. 2. A putting to death 
as a legal penalty. 3. Act or mode 

w of performing. 4. Effect. 

Ex / e-€U'tion-er, 11. One who car- 
ries into effect a judgment of death. 

Ex-EG'U-TlVE, a. Designed for exe- 
cution, or carrying into effect ; per- 
taining to the execution of the laws. 
— 11. The officer who superintends 
the execution of the laws. 

Ex-eg'u-tor, n. The person ap- 
pointed by a _ testator to execute his 
will after his decease. [executor. 

Ex-eg'u-TOr-ship, 11. Office of an 

Ex-eg'u-to-ry (50), a. 1. Perform- 
ing official duties : executive. 2. 
Designed to be executed in future. 

Ex-eg'u-tress, ) 11. A female execu- 

Ex-EG'tj-trix, j tor. 

Ex'E-GE'SIS, 11. [Gr. ejijyqcris.] Ex- 
position ; explanation ; interpreta- 

w tion of the Holy Scriptures. 

Ex'E-GET'IC-AL, a. Pertaining to 
exegesis ; explanatory. 

Ex-EM'PLAR (egz-em'plar), n. [Lat. 
See Example.] A model, original, 

w or pattern, to be copied or imitated. 

Ex'em-PLA-ri-LY, adv. By way of 

v example. 

Ex'EM-PLA-RY, a. [Lat. exemplaris, 
from exemplar.] Acting as an exem- 
plar ; serving us a pattern. 

EX-EM'PLI-FI-GA'TION. 11. 1. Act of 

exemplifying. 2. That which exem- 
plifies, [plifies. 

Ex-EM'PLI-FI'ER, 11. One who exem- 

EX-EM'PLI-FY,1\ I. [-ED; -ING, 142.1 
[Lat. exemption , example, and face re, 
to make.] 1. To show by example. 
2. To make an attested copy of. 3. 
To prove or show by an attested 
copv. 

Ex-EMPT' (84), v. t. [-ei> ; -ING.f 
[Lat. eximere, exemption , to remove. % 
.To take out or from : to release. — a. 
Taken out or removed ; released. — ■ 
n. One freed from duty ; one not 
subject. 

Ex-EMP'TION (84), n. Act of exempt- 
ing ; state of being exempt ; immu- 
nitv ; privilege. 

Ex'E-QUA'TUR, n. [Lat., let him 



or, do, wolf, too, TO~os ? * u"RN, rue, pyLL ; E, I, o, silent ; 9, G, soft; €, G, hard; Ag 5 Exjst ; jfosNG; this- 



EXEQUY 



154 



EXPATIATE 



perform.] A written official recog- 
nition of a commercial agent. 

EX'E-QUY (148), n. [Lat. exequisR, ex- 
sequise, a funeral procession.] A fu- 

y neral rite. 

Ex'er-cise, n. [Lat. exercitium, fr. 
exercere? exercitum, to drive on, keep 
buay.] 1. Act of exercising ; exer- 
tion ; application. 2. Performance ; 
practice. 3. Performance of a pub- 
lic office, esp. of religious worship. 
4. Exertion for the sake of training 
or health. 5. A disquisition ; a les- 
son; a task. — v. t. [-ED; -ing.] 
1. To set in action ; to train ; to 
busy. 2. To exert for the sake of 
training or improvement ; hence, 
to discipline 3. To task ; to tax ; to 
afflict. 4. To put in practice ; to 
use. — v. i. To use action or exer- 
tion. 

Ex'er-cis'er, n. One who exercises. 

EX'ER-^'ls'I-BLE, a. Capable of being 
exercised. 

Ex-£RGUE' (egz-erg^.n. [Fr., fr. Gr. 
ef , out, and epxov, work.] The place 
on a coin or medal, in which the date 
and engraver's name is placed. 

Ex-£rt', f. f. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. ex- 
erere, (or exserere), exer turn, from ex 
and serere, to join or bind together.] 
1. To put forth, as strength or abil- 
ity. 2. To do or perform. 

Ex-ER'TION, n. Effort; struggle. 

EX-FO'LI-ATE, V. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. exfoliate, -atum, to strip of 
leaves.] To come off in scales, as 
pieces of carious bone. 

Ex-fo'li-a'tion, n. Scaling off of a 
bone, or a rock. [exhaled. 

Ex-HAL'A-BLE, a. Capable of being 

Ex/iia-la'tion, n. 1. Act of exhal- 
ing ; evaporation. 2. That which is 
exhaled. 

Ex-HALE' (egz-huP), v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. exhalare, fr. ex, out of, from, 
and halare, to breathe.] 1. To emit, 
as vapor, or an odor. 2. To cause 
to be emitted ; to evaporate. — v. i. 
To be given off, as vapor. 

Ex-HAUST'(egz-hawst'), v. t. [-ED ; 
ING*.] [Lat. exhaur ire, -haustum, fr. 
ex, out of, from, and haurire, to 
draw.] 1. To draw out or drain off 
completely. 2. To empty. 3. To 
wear out ; to weary. 

Ex-haust'er, n. One who, or that 
which, exhausts. [exhausted. 

Ex-HAUST'l-BLE, a. Capable of being 

Ex-HAUST'ION, n. 1. Act of exhaust- 
ing. 2. The state of being exhausted. 

Ex-HAUST'LESS, a. Not to be ex- 
hausted ; inexhaustible. 

JSx-HER'E-DA'TION, ii. [Lat. exhere- 
datio, from exheres, disinherited.] 
A disinheriting. 

Ex-hi'b'it (egz-hTb'it), v. t. [-ed; 
-ING.] [Lat. exhibere, exhibitum , f r '. 
ex, out of, from, and habere, to have 
or hold.] 1. To hold forth to view ; 
to show : to display. 2. To present 
in a public or official manner. — n. 
Any paper serving as a voucher. 

Ex'HI-Bl'TlON (-bish'un), n. 1. Act 
of exhibiting ; manifestation. 2. 



That which is exhibited ; any pub- 

^ lie show. 

EX'hi-bi'tion-er (-bTsb/un-), n. 
(Eng. Universities.) One who has 
a pension granted for support. 

EX-HIL/A-RATE (egz-hiP-), V. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] [Lat. exhilarate, -ratum, fr. 
ex, out of, from, and Inlarare, to make 
merry.] To make cheerful or merry ; 
to enliven ;_ to cheer. 

Ex-HiiVA-RA'TlON, n. 1. Act of ex- 
hilarating. 2. State of being exhil- 
arated. 

Syx.— Animation; joyousness ; glad- 
ness; cheerfulness. 

Ex-hort' (egz-horf), v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] [Lat. exiwrtari, fr. ex, out of, 
from, and hortari, to encourage.] To 
incite ; to advise, warn, or caution. — 

w v. i. To deliver exhortation. 

Ex'HOR-TA/TION (-eks-), n. 1. Act 
of exhorting. 2. Language intended 
to incite and encourage ; advice. 

Ex-hor'ta-t'ive I (egz-), a. Con- 

Ex-hor'ta-to-RY ) taining, or 
serving for, exhortation ; hortatory. 

Ex-hortVer, n. One who exhorts. 

Ex'hu-ma'tion,^. Act of exhuming. 

EX-HUME', t. «. ["ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
ex, out, and humus, ground.] To 

w dig up , as from a grave ; to disinter. 

Ex'i-gence, In. Urgent or exacting 

EX'I-GEN-^Y, ) want. 

Syn. — Demand; urgency; emergen- 
cy; necessity. 

EX'I-GENT, a. [Lat. e.xigens, -gentis, 
driving forth, exacting.] Requiring 
immediate aid or action ; pressing. 

Ex'i-gu'I-ty, n. State of being 
small ; slenderness. 

Ex-iG'u-oiJS, a. [Lat. exiguus.] Small ; 

w slender ; minute. 

EX'lLE (eks'Il), n. [Lat. exilium, ex- 
silium, banishment.] 1. Forced sep- 
aration from one's native country. 
2. One expelled from his country. — 

Syx. — Banishment ; expulsion. 
— v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To banish or 
expel from one's own country. 

Ex-ILE' (egz-IP), a. [Lat. exilis.] 
Ismail ; thin ; fine. 

Ex-'iST' (egz-jsf), v. i. [-EB ; -ING.] 
[Lat. exislere, exsistere, from ex, out 
of, from, and sistere, to set, place.] 
1. To be ; to have an actual or real 
being. 2. To live ; to have life. 

Ex-ist'ence, ) n. 1. State of exist- 

Ex-Ist'en-^y, ) ing. 2. That which 
exists ; a being ; a creature, [isting. 

Ex-isT'ENT, a. Having being ; ex- 

Ex'IT, n. [Lat., 3d pers. pres. of ex- 
ire, to go out.] 1. Departure of a 
player from the stage. 2. Any de- 
parture ; death ; decease. 3. Way 

w of departure. 

EX'O-DUS, n. [Gr. ef oSo ?> fr. e£, out, 
and 636s, way.] 1. Departure from 
a place ; esp. the 
departure of the Is- 
raelites from Egypt 
under Moses. 2. 
Second book of the 

v Old Testament. 

Ex'o-gen, n. [Gr. 
etjta, outside, and 




Exogen. 



yeVeii', yevecrOai, to bring forth-] A 
plant characterized by having dis- 
tinct bark, wood, and pith, and 
increasing by the annual addition of 
anew la,>er to the outside next to 
the bark. 

Ex-og'e-nous, a. Growing by suc- 
cessive additions to the outside or 
the wood. 

Ex-6n'er-ate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. exonerate, -atum, fr. ex, out 
of, from, and onerare, to load.] To 
relieve of, as a charge, obligation, 
or load of blame. 

Syn.— To acquit; exculpate; clear; 
justify. See Absolve. 

Ex-on'er-a'tion, n. Act of exoner- 

w ating ; a disburdening. 

EX'O-RA-BLE a. [Lat. exorabilis, fr. 
exorare, to obtain by request.] Ca- 
pable of being moved by entreaty. 

Ex-or'bi-tance, ) n. Enormity; 

Ex-or'bi-tan-cy, j extravagance. 

Ex-6r'BI-TANT, a. Lat. exorbitare 
~exorbitans, fr. ex, out of, from, andl 
orbita, track or rut.] Departing from 
the usual track; hence, excessive; 

w extravagant ; enormous. 

Ex'or-^ise, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Gr 
e£op/a£ei.v, fr. e£, out, and bpntgew, 
to bind by an oath.] To drive away, 

w as an evil spirit, by adjuration. 

Ex'OR-^Is/ER, n. One who exorcises 

EX'OR-CISM, n. Act of exorcising; 
also, a prayer or incantation for this 

w end. ^ [expel evil spirits 

EX'OR-9IST, n. One who pretends to 

Ex-6r'di-al (egz-), a. Introductory. 

Ex-OR'DI-UM, ii. [Lat., fr. exordiri, 
to begin a web, to begin.] Begin- 
ning ; especially , the beginning of £. 

^ discourse. 

EX'0-TER'I€, ) a. [Gr. e^wrept/cos, 

EX'O-TER're-AL, ) fr. e^(o, outside.] 
Public ; not secret ; hence, capable 
of being readily comprehended ; — 
opposed to esoteric. 

Ex-oT'I€, a. [Gr. e^wtikos, fr. e£a>, 
outside.] Not native ; foreign. — n. 
Any thing of foreign origin, as a 
plant. 

Ex-6t'i-cIsm, n. 1. State of being 
exotic. 2t Any thing foreign. 

Ex-pand', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
expandere, fr ex, out of, from, and 
pandere, to spread out, to open.] 1. 
To lay open. 2. To make larger ; to 
dilate ; hence, to enlarge ; to extend. 
— v. i. To become opened, dilated, 
or enlarged. [or body. 

Ex-pan.se', n. A wide extent of 6pace 

Ex-pan'si-BIE'i-ty, n. Capacity of 
being expanded. [expanded. 

Ex-pan'si-ble, a. Capable of being 

Ex-pan'sion, ii. 1. Act of expand- 
ing ; enlargement. 2. That which ia 
expanded ; expanse. 3. Extension 
of space ; room. 4. Increase of the 
circulation of bank-notes. 

Ex-PAN's'iVE, a. Serving or tending 
to expand. [one side only. 

Ex-PAR f TE, a. [Lat.] Upon or from 

Ex-PA'TI-ATE (-pa'shi-), v. i. [-ed; 
-ING.] [Lat. expatiari, exspatiari, 
-atum, fr. ex, out, and spatiari, to 



A, £, I, o, fj, Y,long; A, E, 1, 6, u, y, short; cAre, far, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; E RE, VEIL, llKJl ; PIQUE, firm ; s6n, 



EXPATRIATION 



155 



EXPONENT 



walk about.] 1. To wander without 

restraint. 2. To enlarge iu discourse 

or writing. [of expatiating. 

Ex-pa'ti-a'tion (-shi-a 7 -), n. Act 

EX-PA'TRI-ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. ex, out, and patria, (sc. terra,) 
one's fatherland.] To banish ; re- 
flexively, to remove from one's na- 
tive_ country. 

Ex-pa'TRI-a'tion, n. A banishing ; 
state of banishment ; exile. 

Ex-PE€T', v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
expectare, exspeetare , to look out for, 
to expect.] 1. To wait for ; to await. 
2. To look forward to; to anticipate. 
Stn. — To think ; believe. — Expect 
always relates to the future. To use it 
for think or believe, with reference to the 
p-it and present, as, " I expect the mail 
Bas arrived," " I expect he is at home," is 
u blunder (very common in this coun- 
try) which should be studiously avoided. 

~"3x-PEeT'ANCE, in. 1. Act or state 

Ex-PE€T'an-c y, ) of expecting ; ex- 
pectation. 2. That which is expected. 

Ex-PE€T'ANT, a. Waiting ; looking 
for ; in medicine, waiting for the ef- 
forts of nature. — n. One who waits 
in expectation. 

Ex'peg-ta'tion, n. 1. Act or state 
of expectiug. 2. State of being ex- 
pected. 3. That which is expected. 
4. Ground of expecting. 

Sy>'.— Anticipation; confidence; trust. 

Ex-P£€T'ER, ji, One who expects. 

Ex-PE€'to-rant, a. Tending to pro- 
mote discharges from the lungs or 
throat. — n. A medicine which pro- 
motes expectoration. 

EX-PE€'TO-RATE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. expectorare, -ratum. fr. ex, out, 
and pectus, breast.] To discharge, as 
phlegm, by coughing and spitting. 

EX-PEC'TO-RA'TION, 11. 1. Act of 
expectorating. 2. That which is ex- 
pectorated. _ [expectoration. 

Ex-pEc'to-ra'tive, n. Promoting 

Ex-pe'di-ence, { n. 1. State or 

Ex-PE'DI-EN-CY, ) quality of being 
expedient: desirableness. 2. Self- 
interest ; self-seeking. 

EX-PE'DI-ENT, a. [Lat. expedire, ex- 
petHens. See Expedite.] 1. Hast- 
ening forward; hence, proper under 
the circumstances ; advisable. 2. 
Tending to self-interest, or selfish 
ends. — n. 1. Suitable means to ac- 
complish an end. 2. Means employed 
in an exigency. 

Stn. — Shift; contrivance; resort; re- 
source. 

Ex-PE'DI-ENT-LY, adv. Suitably. 

fix'PE-DlTE,v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
expedire, -ditum, to free one caught 
in a snare by the feet] 1. To relieve 
of impediments : to quicken. 2. To 
dispatch ; to issue officially. — a. 
Free of impediment ; expeditious. 

Ex'pe-dite-ly, adv. With expedi- 
tion ; readily ; speedily. 

£x'pe-di'tion (-dlsh'un), n. 1. Effi- 
cient promptness ; haste ; speed. 2. 
An important enterprise or attempt 
at some distance ; also, the persons 
engaged in it. 



Ex'PE-Di'TIOUS (-dish'us), a. Char- 
acterized by expedition. 

Syn.— Prompt; ready; speedy; quick. 

Ex/pE-Di'Tiotis-LY (-dlsh'us-), adv. 
With dispatch. 

Ex-pel', r. t. [-led ; -ling, 136.] 
[Lat. expellere, fr. ex, out of, from, 
and pellere, to drive.] 1. To drive out ; 
to eject. 2. To banish. 

Ex-pend', v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
expendtre, to weigh out, pay out.] 
To employ in any way ; to consume 
by use ; to waste. 

Ex-pen d'i-ture (53), n. 1. Act of 
expending ; disbursement. 2. That 
which is expended. 

Ex pense'(155),»?. 1. Actof expend- 
ing: disbursement; outlay. 2. That 
which is expended. 

Ex-pen'sive, a. 1. Occasioning ex- 
pense ; costly. 2. Very liberal ; lav- 
ish, [expense. 

Ex-PEN'SIVE-LY, adv. With great 

Ex-PE'RI-ENCE (89), n. [Lat. expe- 
rientia, fr. experiri, to try.] 1. Prac- 
tical personal acquaintance with any 
matter. 2. Instruction and enlight- 
enment gained by repeated trials. — 
— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To make prac- 
tical acquaintance with. 

Ex-PE'Rl-ENC£D(-enst),p.a. Taught 
by experience. 

Ex-PER'I-MENT, n. A trial deliber- 
ately instituted ; practical test. — v. 
i [-ED; -ING.] To test by trial. 

Ex-PER'I-MENT'AL, a. 1. Pertaining 
to experiment. 2. Taught by, or de- 
rived from, experience. 

Ex-PER'I-MENT'AL-iST, n. One who 
experiments. [periment. 

EX-PER'I-MENT'AL-LY, adv. By ex- 

Ex-per'I-mentVer, ii. One who 
makes experiments. 

Ex-p£rt' (14), a. [Lat. experiri, ex- 
pertus. See Experience.] Taught 
by use or experience ; having a facil- 
ity from practice. 
Syk. — Adroit ; dexterous ; Bkillful. 

Ex'pert, or Ex-pert', n. A skillful 
or practiced person. [ner. 

Ex-p£rt'LY, adv. In a skillful man- 

Ex'pErt'ness, n. Skill derived from 

m practice. [piated. 

Ex'Pl-A-BLE, a. Capable of being ex- 

Ex'Pl-ATE, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
expiare, -atuin, fr. ex, out of, from, 
and piare, to seek to appease.] To 

v make reparation for ; to atone for. 

Ex'PI-A'TION,??. 1. Actof expiating; 
atonement. 2. Means by which 
atonement is made. 

Ex'pi-A-to-ry (50), a. Having power 
to make expiation. 

Ex'pi-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of breathing 
out air. 2. Last emission of breath ; 
death. 3. Cessation : termination. 4. 
Matter breathed forth : exhalation. 

Ex-PI'RA-TO-RY (89), a. Pertaining 
to, or employed in, the expiration cf 
breath. 

Ex-pire', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
expirare, exspirare ; ex, out of, from, 
and spirare, to breathe.] 1. To 
breathe out. 2. To emit in minute 



particles; to exhale. — v. i. 1. To 
emit the last breath ; to die. 2. To 
come to an end ; to perish. 

Ex-plain', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
explanart ; ex, out of, from, and pla- 
nar e, to make level or plain.] To make 
plain, manifest, or intelligible. 

Syn. — To expound; interpret; eluci- 
date. 

EX'PLA-NA'TION, n. 1. Act of ex- 
plaining. 2. That which explains. 

3. Meaning attributed to any thing. 

4. A mutual exposition of meaning or 
motives. 

Syn. — Explication; exposition; inter- 
pretation; illustration; recital. See Def- 
inition. 

Ex-plan'A-to-ry (50), a. Serving to 

^explain; containing explanation. 

Ex'PLE-TlVE, a. [Lat. expletivus.] 
Filling up ; hence, superfluous. — n. 
A word or syllable not necessary to 

w the sense. [fluous. 

Ex'PLE-TO-RY, a. Expletive; super- 

EX'PLI-€A-BLE, a. Capable of being 

M explicated. 

£x'PLI-€ATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. explicare, -catum, from ex, out 
of, from, and plicare, to fold.] Tf 

w unfold the meaniug of ; to explain. 

Ex'pli-CA'tion, n. 1. Act of ex- 
plaining; explanation. 2. Sens*" 

w given by an expositor. 

Ex'pli-ca'tive, ) a. Serving to un 

Ex'PLI-CA'to-ry, ) fold or explain 

Ex-PLIC'IT, a. [Lat. explicitum, p. p. 
of explicate, to unfold.] 1. Distinctly 
stated; clear. 2. Having no disguised 
meaning or reservation. 

Syn. — Express. — Express is stronger 
than explicit; it adds force to clearness. 
An express promise or engagement is not 
only unambiguous, but stands out (ex- 
pressed) in bold relief, with the most 
binding hold on the conscience. 

Ex-plIc'it-ly, adv. Plainly ; ex- 
pressly, [explicit. 

Ex-PLI^'IT-NESS, n. Quality of being 

Ex-plode', v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
explodere, fr. ex, out of, from, and 
plaudere, plodere, to clap, to burst 
with noise.] To burst with a loud 
report; to detonate. — v. t. 1. To 
cause to explode. 2. To bring into 
disrepute. 

Ex-PLOIT', n. [Fr., fr. Lat. explici- 
tuin, fr. explicare, to unfold, display.] 

w An heroic act : a feat. 

Ex'PLC-RA'TlON,?i. Actof exploring. 

Ex'PLO-RA'TOR.n. One who explores. 

Ex-plor'a-to-ry, a. Serving to ex- 
plore. 

Ex-plore', v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] [Lat. 
exjdorare, from ex and plorare , to cry 
out.] To search through ; to ex- 
amine thoroughly. 

Ex-Pl6r'er, n. One who explores. 

Ex-pl5's_ton, n. 1. Act of exploding. 
2. Detonating, or suddenly shatter- 
ing. 3. Violent manifestation of pas- 
sionate feeling. 

EX-PLO'SIVE, a. Causing explosic n, 

Ex-PO'NENT, n. [Lat. exponer ,, ex- 
ponent, to put out, to set forth, to 
expose.] 1. 'A>g.) A number, or let- 
ter, on the right hand of and above 



DR,do,wolf too, took; urn, rue, PULL; E, I, o, silent ; 9. G, soft; -e,5, hard; AS; EXIST; N as NG ; THIS 



EXPONENTIAL 



156 



EXTINCTION 



a quantity, and denoting how many 
times the latter is repeated as a fac- 
tor. 2. An index or representative. 

Ex'PO-nen'tial, a. Pertaining to 
exponents. 

Ex-port', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
exportare, from ex, out of, from, and 
portare, to carry.] To carry from a 
state or country to other nations. 

Ex'port, n. 1. Act of exporting ; 
exportation. 2. That which is ex- 
ported. 

Ex-PORT'A-BLE , a. Capable of being 

w exported L ling. 

Ex'por-ta'tion, n. Act of export- 

Ex-PORT'ER, n. One who exports. 

Ex-pdsE', v. t. [-ed; -ING. | [Lat. 
exponere, -position ; ex, out of, from, 
and ponere, to place.] 1. To place 
so as to be seen. 2. To explain. 3. 
To deprive of cover or protection. 4. 
To deprive of concealment. 

Expose (eks/po'za'), n. [Fr.] A 
formal statement, recital, or exposi- 
tion. 

Ex'po-si'tion (-zish'un), n. 1. Act 
of exposing ; hence, a public exhibi- 
tion. 2. Act of expounding; ex- 
planation ; interpretation ; hence, a 
work containing explanations. 

Ex-pos'i-tive , a. Serving to expose 
or explain ; explanatory. 

Ex-pos/i-tor, n. One who, or that 
which, expounds ; an interpreter. 

Ex-pos/i-to-ry (50), a. Belonging 
to an expositor, or to exposition ; ex- 
planatory ; illustrative. 

Ex post fav'to. [Lat.] (Law.) 
Done after another thing. 

Ex jjost facto law, a law which ope- 
rates retrospectively. 

EX-POST'U-LATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING. J 
[Lat. expostulate, -latum, fr. ex, out 
of, from, and postulate, to ask, re- 
quire.] To reason earnestly with on 
some impropriety of conduct. 

Ex-post'u-la'tion, n. Act of ex- 
postulating ; remonstrance. 

Ex-post'u-la-to-ry (50), a. Con- 
taining expostulation . 

£x-pos'ure, n. 1. Act of exposing. 
2. State of being exposed. 3. Posi- 
tion as to points of compass, or in- 
fluences of climate, &c. 

Ex-pound', r. t. [-ed; -ing.] [0. Fr. 
expondre. See EXPOSE.] To explain; 
to interpret. 

Ex-pound'er, n. One who expounds. 

Ex-press', v. t. [-ed ; -me.] [Lat. 
exprimere, expression , fr. ex, out of, 
from, and premere, to press.] 1. To 
press or squeeze out. 2. To represent 
and exhibit by a look or gesture, or 
by language. 3. To make known 
one's opinions or feelings. 4. To de- 
note ; to designate. 5. To send by 
express messenger. 

Syn.— To declare; utter; signify ; in- 
timate. 

— a. 1. Closely resembling. 2. Clear ; 
plain. 3. Dispatched with special 
Bpeed. 

Stn. — Explicit; open: unambiguous. 
See Explicit. 

— n. A special messenger ; hence, a 



regular and quick conveyance for 
packages, &c. 

Ex-PRESS'AGE (45), n. Charge for car- 
ry ing a parcel by express. 

Ex-PRESS'I-BLE, a. Capable of being 
expressed. 

Ex-pres'sion (-presh'un), n. 1. Act 
of expressing. 2. Utterance. 3. 
Lively or vivid representation of 
meaning, feeling, &c. 4. Look or 
appearance, as indicative of thought 
or feeling. 5. A mode of speech. 

Ex-press'Yve, a. 1. Serving to ex- 
. press ; indicative. 2. Full of expres- 
sion ; significant, [pressive manner. 

Ex-press'ive-ly, adv. In an ex- 

Ex-press'ly, adv. In an express 
manner; indirect terms; plainly. 

Ex-pugn' (-pun 7 ), v. t. [Lat. expug- 
nare_.\ To take by assault, [pugns. 

Ex-PUGN'ERf-pQu'-), n. One who ex- 

Ex-pDl'sion, n. [Lat. expulsio, from 
expellere.] 1. Act of expelling. 2. 
State of being expelled. 

Ex-pul'sive, a. Serving to expel. 

Ex-punge', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
expungere, from ex, out of, from, and 
pungere, to puncture.] 1. To blot 
out, as with a pen. 2. To wipe out 
or destroy. 
Syn. — To efface ; erase ; obliterate ; 

w cancel. 

EX'PUR-GATE, or EX-PUR'GATE 
(117), v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. ex- 
purgate, -gatum, fr. ex, out of, from, 
and purgare, to cleanse.] To purify 
from any thing noxious, offensive, or 

w erroneous ; to cleanse. [ing. 

Ex'PUR-GA'TlON,rc. Act of expurgat- 

Ex'PUR-GA'TOR, or EX-PUR'GA-TOR, 
11. One who expurgates. 

EX-PUR'GA-TO-RY. a. Serving to pu- 
rify from any thing noxious or er- 
roneous. 

Ex'qui-pite (eks'kwT-zit), a. [Lat. 
exquirere, exquisitum, fr. ex, out of, 
from, and quscrere, to seek.] 1. Care- 
fully selected ; hence, of surpassing 
excellence. 2. Exceeding ; extreme. 
3. Not easy to satisfy. 

Syx. — Nice; delicate; exact: ac- 
curate; renned: consummate; perfect. 
— n. One over-nice in dress ; a fop ; 

w a dandy. [manner. 

Ex'QUI-sIte-LY, adv. In an exquisite 

Ex-sig'cant (117), a. Having the 
quality of drying up. — n. A drying 
medicine. 

£x'sig-€Ate, or Ex-sXe'€ATE (117), 
v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. exsiccare. 
-catuin, fr. ex, out of, from, and sic- 
care, to make dry.] To dry. 

£x'SI€-ca'tion, n. Act or operation 
of drying. [dry. 

Ex-sTg'ca-t'ive, a. Tending to make 

Ex-SU€'TlON, ii. [Lat. exsugere, ex- 
suctum, to suck out.] Act of suck- 
ing out. 

Ex'TANT, a. [Lat. extans, extantis, 
p. pr. of extare , or exstare, to stand 
forth.] Continuing to exist ; in being. 

Ex-TEM'po-ra'ne-oDs, a. [Lat. ex 
tempore.] Proceeding from the im- 
pulse of the moment ; unpremedi- 
tated ; off-hand. 



Ex-tem'po-ra-ry (44), a. 
poraneous. 

Ex-tbm'po-re, adv. [Lat., fr. ex, 
out of, from, and tempus, time.] 
Without preparation ; suddenly. 

Ex-tem'po-re, a. Without previous 
study ; extemporaneous. 

EX-TEM'PO-RiZE, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To speak extempore, or without prep- 
aration, [temporizes. 

Ex-TBM'PO-RIZ'ER, n. One who ex- 

EX-TEND', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
extendere, from ex, out of, from, and 
tender e, to stretch.] 1. To prolong, 
as a line ; to protract. 2. To enlarge, 
as a surface or volume ; to expand. 
3. To continue, as time. 4. To hold 
out or reach forth. 5. To bestow 
on ; to offer. — v. i. To stretch ; to 
reach. [extended. 

Ex-tend'i-ble, a. Capable of being 

Ex-TEN'sl-BiL'I-TY, n. Capacity of 
being extended. [extended. 

Ex-ten'si-ble, a. Capable of being 

Ex-ten'sion, n. 1. Act of extend- 
ing; a stretching. 2. State of being 
extended. 3. That property of a 
body by which it occupies a portion 
of space. 4. A written grant to a 
debtor of further time to pay a debt. 

Ex-ten'sIve, a. Having wide extent ; 
expanded ; broad ; wide. 

Ex-TEN'sivE-LY, adv. To a great 
extent ; widely. 

Ex-tent", n. 1. Superficies ; bulk; 
size ; length. 2. A levy of an execu- 
tion uponreal estate. [Amer.] 

EX-TEN'U-ATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. extenuate, -atum, fr. ex, out of, 
from, and tenuare, to make thin.] 1. 
To make thin, lean, or slender. 2. 
To lessen £ to palliate as a crime. 

Ex-TEN'U-A'TION, n. Act of extenu- 
ating; palliation. [tenuates. 

Ex-ten'u-a'tor, 11. One who ex- 

Ex-TE'RI-OR (89), a. [Lat., com par. of 
extents, on the outside, outward.] 1. 
External. 2. Extrinsic. 3. Relating 
to foreign nations; foreign. — n. 1. 
Outward surface or part of a thing. 
2. External deportment, form, or 
ceremony. 

Ex-t£r'mi-nate, v. t . [-ed;-ing.] 
[Lat. exterminare, -nalitm, from ex, 
out of, from, and terminus, bound- 
ary.] 1. To drive from within the 
limits of. 2. To put an end to the 
power of; to eradicate. 

Ex-tEr'mi-na tion, n. 1. Act of ex- 
terminating ; eradication ; extirpa- 
tion. 2. Elimination, [terminates. 

Ex-tEr'mi-na'tor, n. One who ex- 

Ex-TER'NAL, a. [Lat. externus, from 
extet, extern.", on the outside.] 1. 
Outward : exterior. 2. Foreign ; re- 
lating to foreign nations. 

Ex'ter-nXl'i-ty, n. Existence in 
space : exteriority. 

Ex-ter'nal-ly, adv. Outwardly. 

Ex-TER'nals, tt.pl. Whatever things 
are externa f : outward parts. 

Ex-TINCT', a. [See EXTINGUISH.] 1. 
Extinguished ; quenched ?. Ended ; 
terminated. 

Ex-tiN€'tion, n. 1. Act of extin- 



A, E, I, o,v,Y, long; 



,1,6, u, y, short; care, far, Ask, all, what; ere, veil, tSrm:; pique, fIrm; son, 



EXTINGUISH 



157 



EYRIE 



guishing. 2. State of being extin- 
guished. 

Ex-ti.v'guish, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. extinguere, exstinguere, from 
ex, out of, from, and stinguere, to 
quench.] 1. To smother; to quench. 
2. To put an end to ; to destroy. 3. 
To obscure by superior splendor. 

Ex-tIn'guish-a-ble, a. Capable of 
being extinguished. 

Ex-tIn'GUISH-er, n. 1. One who ex- 
tinguishes. 2. A utensil to put out a 
light. 

Ex-TiN'GUISH-MENT, n. Actof extin- 
guishing ; extinction; destruction. 

EX'TIR-PATE, or EX-TlR'PATE (117), 
V. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. extirpare, 
-patum, from ex, out of, from, and 
stirps, stock, stem.] To pull up by 
the roots ; to destroy totally. 

Ex'tir-pa'TION, n. Act of extirpat- 
:ng ; total destruction. 

EX'TIR-PA'TOR, or EX-TIR'PA-TOR, 
n. One who extirpates. 

Ex-TOL', v. t. [-led; -LING, 133.] 
[Lat. extollere, from ex, out of, from, 
and tollere, to lift, raise.] To elevate 
by praise ; to eulogize ; to magnify. 

Syn. — To praise ; applaud ; com- 
mend ; celebrate ; laud ; glorify. See 
Celebrate. 

Ex-tort', v. /. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
extorquere, -tortum, from ex, out of, 
from, and torquere, to turn about.] 
To wrest from by physical or other 
means ; to exact. — v. i. To practice 
extortion. 

Ex-TOR'TION, n. Illegal exaction ; 
oppression ; rapacity. 

Ex-t6r'tion-a-RY I a. Pertaining 

Ex-t6r'tion-ate, ) to, or charac- 
terized by, extortion. 

Ex-tor'tion-er, n. One who practi- 

' ' ces extortion. 

Ex'TRA, n. Something in addition ; — 
commonly in the pi. — a. [Lat. 
extra, beyond or outside of.] Over 
and above ; uncommon. 

EX-TRA€T', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
extrahere, extraction, from ez,out of, 
from, and trahere, to draw.] 1. To 
draw out. 2. To remove forcibly. 3. 
To withdraw by distillation, &c. 4. 
To take by selection. 

EX'TRACT, n. 1. That which is ex- 
tracted, as a passage from a book. 2. 
Any thing drawn from a substance 
by distillation, or other process. 

Ex-tr\€'TION, n. 1. A drawing out. 
2. Lineage ; birth ; descent. 

Ex-trX€T'1ve, a. 1. Capable of be- 
ing extracted. 2. Tending to ex- 
tract. 

Ex'TRA-dI'tion (-dlsh/un), n. [Lat. 
ex, out of, from, and traditio, a de- 
livering up.] Delivery, by one govern- 
ment to another, of fugitives from 
justice. 

Ex'tra-ju-dT'cial (-dish'al), a. Out 
of the ordinary course of legal pro- 
cedure, [yond the walls. 

Ex'tva-mu'ral, a. Without or be- 

Ex-TRA'NE-oCs, a. [Lat. extraneus, 
ft. Lat. extra, on the outside.] Not 
dependent ; not essential ; foreign. 



Ex-TRAOR'iy-NA-Ri-LY (-tror'- or 
-tra-dr'-), adv. In a manner out of 
the ordinary method. 

Ex-traor'DI-NA-RY (eks-tror'- or 
eks'tra-or'-), a. [Lat. extraordinari- 
US, from Lat. extra, and ordinarius.] 

1. Out of the common order or 
method. 2. Remarkable ; uncom- 
mon ; rare. 3. Sent for an unusual 
or special object. 

Ex-traV'a-gance, \n. 1, .A wan- 

Ex-TRAV'A-GAN-CY, ) dering beyond 
proper limits. 2. State of being ex- 
travagant, or prodigal beyond 
bounds. 

Syx. — Wildncss ; irregularity; ex- 
cess; prodigality; profusion; waste. 

Ex-TR.Xv'A-GANT,a. [Lat. extra and 
vagans, wandering.] 1. Wandering 
beyond bounds. 2. Wild ; excessive ; 
unrestrained. 3. Profuse in ex- 
penses ; prodigal. 

Ex-TRAV/A-GAN'ZA, n. A musical 
composition, characterized by its 
wild irregularity. 

EX-TRAV'A-SATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. extra and vas, vessel.] To let 
out of the proper vessels, as blood. 

Ex-trav'a-sa'TION, n. The act of 
forcing or letting out of its proper 
vessels, as blood. 

Ex-treme', a. [Lat. extremus, superl. 
of exter, exterus, on the outside.] 1. 
Utmost ; furthest. 2. Last ; final ; 
conclusive. 3. Worst or best ; great- 
est ; highest. — n. 1. Utmost point 
of a thing ; extremity. 2. Utmost 
limit or degree ; hence, great neces- 
sity ; — often in the plural. 

Ex-Treme'ly, adv. In the utmost 
degree ; to the utmost point. 

Ex-treM'ist, 7i. One who holds ex- 
treme opinions. 

Ex-TREM'I-TY, 7i. 1. Utmost limit. 

2. Highest degree. 3. Greatest need 
or peril. 

Syn. — Verge; border; extreme; end; 
termination. 

Ex'tri-ca-ble, a. Capable of being 

w extricated. 

EX'TRI-CATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. extricare, -catum, fr. ex, out of, 
from, and triae, hindrances, vexa- 
tions.] 1. To free from difficulties or 
perplexities. 2. To cause to be 
emitted. [ing. 

Ex'TRI-CA'TION, 7t. Act of extricat- 

Ex-TRlN'SI-e, I a. [Lat. extrinse- 

Ex-TRlN'si€-AL, J cus.] External; 
outward; unessential. 

Ex-TRIN'SI€-AL-LY, adv. In an ex- 
trinsic manner; externally. 

EX-TRUDE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
extru'dere, from ex, out of, from, and 
trudere, to thrust.] 1. To thrust 
out ; to expel. 2. To drive away. 

Ex-tru'sion, n. Act of thrusting 
out ; "expulsion. 

Ex-tu'ber-ance, ) n. A swelling ; a 

Ex-tu'ber-an-cy, j protuberance. 

E^-U'BER-ANCE (egz-yu/), ) n. State 

Ex-U'ber-an-cy (egz-yu/), ) of being 

exuberant ; superfluous abundance. 

Syn. — Plenty ; abundance. — Plenty 

is a plenum or fullness of all that could 



be desired ; abundance is overflowing 
plenty ; exuberance is abundance car- 
ried to excess. 

Ex-f?'BER-ANT (egz-yu'ber-ant), o. 
|Lat. exuberans, p. pr. of exuberare.] 
Over-abundant; superfluous. 

Ex-U'BER-ANT-LY, adv. Abundantly. 

Ex'U-dA'TION, n. 1. Act of exuding 
2. Substance exuded. 

EX-tJDE', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. ex- 
udare, exsudare, to come out or dis- 
charge by sweating.] To discharge 
through pores, as moisture, &c. 

Ex-Ol'cer-a'tion, 7t. [Lat. exulce- 
ratio, from exulcerare, to make sore.] 
1. Act of causing ulcers ; process of 
becoming ulcerous. 2. Exacerba- 
tion ; corrosion. 

Ex-Dlt' (egz-ulf), v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. exultare, exsultare, in tens, form 
of exsilire, to spring out or up.] To 
leap for joy ; to rejoice in triumph. 

Ex-ULT'ANT, a. Inclined to exult; 
triumphant. 

EX'UL-TA'TION, 71. Act of exulting ; 
rapturous delight. [manner 

Ex-Olt'ing-ly, adv. In an exulting 

EX-V'VI-je, n. pi. [Lat., from exi/ere, 
to draw out or off.] 1. Cast skins, 
shells, or coverings of animals. 2 
( Geol.) Organic remains. 

Ey'as (I'as), n. [Fr. niais, fresh from 
the nest.] A young hawk. 

Eye (I), n. [A.-S. eage, allied to Skr. 
akshi, Gr. okos, okkos, Lat. oculus.} 
1. Organ of sight. 2. Power of see 
ing; range or delicacy of vision. 3 
Sight ; view ; opinion ; estimate. 4 
Observation ; watch ; inspection. 5. 
That which resembles the organ of 
sight, in form, position, or appear- 
ance. — v.i. [-ED; -ING.] To fix 
the eye on ; to observe. [eye. 

E?e'ball, n. Ball or globe of the 

Eye 'BROW, n. Hairy arch above the 
eye. [sight. 

Eye'GLASS, n. A glass to assist the 

Eye'lash, n. Hair on the edge of the 
eyelid. 

Eye'LET, n. [Fr. aillet, dim. of ceil, 
eye.] A small hole for a lace or cord, 
as in garments, &c. 

Eye'lid, 7i. Cover of the eye. 

Eye'-sErv'ant, n. A servant who 
attends to his duty only when 
watched. 

Eye 'sight (I'slt), n. 1. Sight of the 
eye ; view ; observation. 2. Power 
of seeing. [to the sight. 

Eye'-sORE, n. Something offensive 

EYE'-STONE, n. A small, calcareous 
stone used for taking substances from 
between the lid and ball of the eye. 

EYE'-TOOTH, n. A pointed tooth in 
the upper jaw next to the grinders. 

Eye'-wa/ter, n. A lotion for the 
eyes. tubing done. 

Eye'-wYt'NESS, 7i. One who sees a 

EYRE (&r), n. [0. Fr. erre, journey, 
errer, to travel, march.] 1. A jour- 
ney or circuit. 2. A court of itiner- 
ant justices. 

Ey'rie \ (a'ry), n. [See Aerie.] The 

Ey'RY ) place where birds of prey 
construct their nests. 



6r, do, WQLF,Td"o,TOOK; Crn,rtje,pvll; s,i, o, silent; $,&,soft; €,&,hard; As; Ejist; n as ng ; this. 



F 



158 



FAINT 



F. 



F(ef), the sixth letter of the English 
alphabet. See Prin. ofPron. §71. 

V'A. A syllable applied to the fourth 
tone of the gamut. 

Fa'BLE, n. [Lat. fabula, f v. fari, to 
speak.] 1. A fictitious tale intended 
to enforce some useful truth ; an 
apologue. 2. Plot of an epic or dra- 
matic poem. 3. Fiction ; falsehood. 
— v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To feign; to 
write or speak fiction. — v. t. To 
feign ; to invent. [fabulist. 

Fa/bler, n. A writer of fables ; a 

Fab'RIC, n. [Lat. fabrica, fr.faber, a 
worker in hard materials.] 1. Struct- 
ure of any thing ; workmanship ; 
texture. 2. That which is fabricat- 
ed. 8. Act or purpose of building. 

FXb'ri-cate, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lint, fabricare, -catus.] 1. To frame ; 
to construct ; to build. 2. Tomanu- 
acture. 3. To forge ; to devise falsely. 

FXb'ri-ca'tion, n. 1. Act of fabri- 
cating ; construction ; manufacture. 
2. That which is fabricated 



Syn. 



See Fiction. 



FXb'RI-ca'tor, n. One who con- 
structs or makes. [writes fables. 

Fab'u-list, n. One who invents or 

FXb'U-LOUS, a. Feigned, as a story or 
fable; fictitious. 

Fapade (fa-sad' or fa-sad'), n. [Fr., 
ft. face, face.] Front view or eleva- 
tion of an edifice. 

FACE, n. [Lat. fades, make, shape, 
face, fr. facere, to make] 1. Exterior 
form of any thing; esp., the front 
part or surface. 2. Bounding plane 
of a solid. 3. (Mack.) Principal flat 
surface of a part. 4. Outside ap- 
pearance ; look. 5. Visage ; counte- 
nance. 6. Cast of features ; look ; 
air. 7. Boldness ; effrontery. 8. 
Presence ; sight ; front. — v. I. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To meet in front; to op- 
pose with firmness. 2. To stand op- 
posite to. 3. To confront. 4. [Mach.) 
To make flat or smooth the surface 
of. — v. i. To turn the face. 

Fac'et, n. [Fr. facette, dim. of face.] 
A little face ; a small surface. 

FA-pE'T'i-JE (fa-se'stri-e), n. pi. [Lat., 
from facetus, witty.] Witty writings 
or sayings ; witticisms. 

Fa-ce'tious, a. 1. Given to wit and 
good humor ; merry ; sportive. 2. 
Characterized by pleasantrv. 

Fa-ce'tioDs-ly, adv. In a facetious 
manner. 

Fa'cial, a. [L. Lat. facialis, from 
facie*, face.] Pertaining to the face. 

FXc'lLE, a. [Lat. facilis, fr. facere, 
to make, do.] 1. Easy to be done. 
2. Easy to be surmounted or re- 
moved. 3. Easy of access ; affable. 
4. Easily persuaded ; pliant ; flexible. 



Fa-cTi/i-tate, v. I. [-ED; -ING.] 
To make easy. [tating. 

Fa-cil'i-ta'tion, n. Act of facili- 

Fa-^il/i-ty, n. 1. Ease of performance. 
2. Readiness proceeding from skill or 
use; dexterity. 3. Easiness to be 
persuaded. 4. Easiness of access ; 
affability. 5. Advantage ; assistance. 
Syn. — Expertness ; readiness. — Fa- 
cility supposes a natural or acquired 
power of dispatching a task with light- 
ness and dexterity. Expertness is facili- 
ty acquired by long-continued practice. 
Readiness marks the promptitude with 
which any thing is done. A merchant 
needs great facility in dispatching busi- 
ness; a banker, great expertness in cast- 
ing accounts; both need great readiness 
in passing from one employment to an- 
other. 

Fa'CING, n. A covering in front for 
ornament or other purposes. 

FXc-siM'l-LE (147), n. [An abbrev. 
of Lat. factum sw?(7e, made like.] An 
exact copy or likeness, as of hand- 
writing. 

FACT, n. [Lat. factum, fr. facere, to 
do.] 1. A thing done; an act ; an 
event. 2. Reality; truth. 

Syn. — Deed; performance: occurrence; 
circumstance See Circumstance. 

FXc'TION, n. [Lat. f actio, ft. facere, 
to make or do.] A party acting from 
selfish motives ; a clique. 

Syn. — Cabal ; junto. See Cabal. 

FXc'tion-Ist, n. One who promotes 
faction. 

Factions, a. 1. Given to fiction. 
2. Pertaining to, or proceeding from, 
faction. 

Fac'tious-ly, adv. In a factious 
manner. [factious. 

FXc'Tlous-NESS, n. State of being 

Fac-tI'tious (fak-tish/us), a. [Lat. 
factitius, fr. facere, to make.] Made 
by art ; artificial. 

Syn. — Unnatural. —A thing is unnat- 
ural when it departs in any way from 
its simple or normal state; it is factitious 
when it is wrought out or wrought up 
by labor and effort, as, a factitious ex- 
citement. There is much that is unnat- 
ural in Europe, but far more that is fac- 
titious in America. 

FXc'tor, n. 1. A mercantile agent, 
who transacts business for others on 
commission. 2. One of the quanti- 
ties which, when multiplied togeth- 
er, form a product. 

FXc'tor-age, n. Allowance given 
to a factor as a compensation. 

FXc'TO-RY, n. 1. House where fac- 
tors reside. 2. Body of factors. 3. 
Building for the manufacture of 
goods ; manufactory. 

FA€-t5'TUM (147), n. [Lat., do every 
thing.] A person employed to do all 
kinds of work. 

FXc'UL-TY, n. [Lat. facidtas, from 
facere, to make.] 1. Ability to act 
or perform ; intellectual endowment 



or gift. 2. Privilege or license. 3L 

Members of a profession or calling. 

4. Professors and tutors in a college. 

Syn. — Talent; dexterity; adroitness. 

FXd'dle, v. i. [Cf. Fiddle.] T« 
_trifle; to toy. 

Fade, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Prov. D. 
vadden.] 1. To wither, as a plant. 
2. To lose freshness or color. 3. To 
^ink away ; to grow dim. 

Fade-less, a. Not liable to fade; 
unfading. 

Fadge (lag), v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] [A.- 
S.fegan, gefegan, tc join, fit togeth- 
er.] To come close, as parts of things 
united. 

FJE'pEg, n. pi. [Lat. pi. off sex.] Ex- 
crement ; also, settlings ; sediment. 

Fag, n. A school-boy who is obliged 
to do menial rervices for another boy 
of a higher form or class in English 
schools. — v.i. [Cf. A.-S.f&ge, dy- 
ing, weak, timid.] 1. To act as a 
fag ; to drudge. 2. To become weary. 

V:t." [-6EDJ -GING,136.] 1. To 

compel to drudge. 2. To tire by labor. 

Fag'-end, n. 1. An end of poorer 
quality, or in a spoiled condition. 2. 
Meaner part of any thing. 

Fag'ot, n. [Fr. , augm. of Lat. fax, 
facis, torch, orig., a bundle of sticks.] 
1. A bundle of sticks for fuel, &c. 2. 
A bundle of pieces of iron or of steel 
in bars. — v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] To 
make a fagot of ; to bundle together. 

Fail, v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] [From Lat. 
fallere, to deceive.] 1. To be want- 
ing ; to fall short. 2. To be affected 
with want. 3. To decline ; to decay. 
4. To fall off in respect to vigor, re- 
sources, &c. 5. To become extinct ; 
to perish ; to die. 6. To miss. 7. 
To be baffled or frustrated. 8. To 
become bankrupt or insolvent. — v. 
t. To be wanting to ; to disappoint. 
— n. Failure; deficiency; want. 

Fail'ing, n Act of one who fails ; 
imperfection. 

Syn.— Fault; foible. — A fault is pos- 
itive, something definite and marked, 
which impairs excellence ; a, failing is 
negative, some weakness in aman'schar-. 
acter, disposition, or habit ; a foible is a 
less important weakness, which we over- 
look or smile at. A man may have many 

, failings, and yet commit but few faults; 
or his faults and failings may be few, 
while \ii$ foibles are obvious to all. 

Fail'URE (53), n. 1. Cessation of 
supply ; deficiency. 2. Omission; 
non-performance. 3. Decay, or de- 
fect from decay. 4. Bankruptcy. 

FAIN, a. [A -S.fagen,fagen, glad.] 
Disposed ; inclined ; especially, con- 
tent to accept. — adv. Gladly. 

FAINT, a. [0. Fr. faint, negligent, 
sluggish, lazy, from Lat. Jingere, to 
contrive, devise, feign.] 1. Lack- 



A ; E, I, 6, (J, ?, long; X,E,I,6,tj, ¥, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM ; PIQUE, F*RM; S6N, 



FAINT-HEARTED 



159 



FAMISR 



ing strength ; weak : languid. 2. 
Wanting in courage, spirit or energy ; 
timorous; cowardly. 3. Lacking 
distinctness. 4. Done in a feeble 
manner. — r. r. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 
become weak ; to swoon. 2. To lose 
courage or spirit. 3. To decay ; to 
disappear. 

Faint'-he ART/ED, a. Cowardly ; 
timorous. [manner. 

Faint'ly, adv. In a faint or feeble 

Faint'ness, n. State of being faint ; 
feebleness ; dejection. 

Faints, n.pl. Impure spirit which 
comes over fir-t and last in the dis- 
tillation of whiskey. 

FAIR, a. [-ER; -EST.] [A.-S. fdger.] 
1. Free from spots, dirt, or imperfec- 
tionj spotless ; pure. 2. Handsome ; 
beautiful. 3. Of a light shade. 4. 
Cloudless ; propitious ; favorable. 5. 
Unincumbered; open. 6. Charac- 
terized by frankness, honesty, or im- 
partiality. 7. Inspiring confidence. 
8. Distinct ; legible. 9. Moderate ; 
middling. — adv. Clearly ; openly ; 
frankly ; honestly ; favorably. — n. 
1. A handsome woman. 2. [Lat. 
ferias, holidays, festivals, because 
fairs were generally held in holidays 
and feasts.] A gathering of buyers 
and sellers, with their merchandise 
at a stated, regular, or appointed time. 

Fair'LY, adv. In a fair manner ; 
clearly ; distinctly ; frankly ; honest- 
ly; favorably. 

Fair'ness, n. State of being fair or 
free from spots ; agreeableness ; clear- 
ness ; honesty ; candor ; distinctness. 

FAlR'Y, n. [ir.fcerie, enchantment. 
Late Lat. Fata, for Parca, one of the 
goddesses of fate.] An imaginary 
supernatural being, supposed to as- 
sume a human form. 

Faith, n. [Lat. fides, from jid ere, to 
trust.] 1. Belief; reliance on testi- 
mony. 2. Firm belief, on probable 
evidence of any kind, especially in 
regard to important moral truth. 3. 
That which is believed on any sub- 
ject ; especially, a system of religious 
belief. 4. Adherence to duty and ful- 
fillment of promises. 5. Promise 
given. 

Faith'ful, a. 1. Full of faith ; dis- 
posed to believe. 2. Firm in adher- 
ence to promises or other engage- 
ments. 3. Loyal ; of true fidelity. 
4. Conformable to truth. 5. Worthy 
of belief. [manner. 

Faith'ful-ly, adv. In a faithful 

Faith'ful -NESS, n. Fidelity ; truth ; 
Royalty ; constancy. 

Faith'eess, a. 1. Not believing ; esp. 
not believing in God of religion. 2. 
Not true to allegiance, duty, or vows. 
3. Serving to disappoint or deceive. 

Fake, n. [A.-S. faee , space, interval.] 
A single turn or coil of a cable. 

Fa'kir (fa'ker), I n. An Oriental 

Fa-quir' (fa/keer'), J religious as- 
cetic. _ 

FXi/€A.TE, ) a. [Lat. falcatus, fr. 

Fal/€A-ted, J falx, /aids, sickle, 
scythe.] Bent like a sickle or scythe. 



Fal'CHION (fawl'chun), n. [L. Lat. 
falcio, from Lat. falx, a sickle.] A 
short, broad sword, with a slightly 
curved point. 

Fal'€ON (faw'kn), n. [Late Lat. fal- 
co, from falx, sickle or scythe, — 
from its curving talons.] One of a 
family of raptorial birds ; especially , 
one trained to the pursuit of game ; 
a hawk. 

Fai/€ON-er (faw'kn-er), n. One who 
trains hawks for taking game. 

Fal'€ON-ry (faw'kn-ry), n. 1. Art of 
training hawks. 2. Practice of tak- 
ing game by means of hawks. 

FALL, V. i. [imp. FELL ;p. p. FALL- 
EN.] [A.-S. fllan.] 1. To descend 
from a higher, position to a lower : to 
drop down. 2 To become prostrate. 
3. To empty. 4. To perish ; to van- 
ish. 5. To lose strength. 6. To be 
brought forth. 7. To decline in 
power, glory, value, or the like. 8. 
To sink into vice, error, or sin. 9. 
To become insnared. 10. To pass 
into a new state ; to become. 11. To 
happen. 12. To pass or be trans- 
ferred by chance, lot, or otherwise. 
— n. 1. Descent. 2. Act of drop- 
ping from an erect posture. 3. 
Death ; destruction. 4. Degradat'on. 
5. Depreciation. 6. A sinking of 
tone. 7. A slope. 8. A cascade ; a cat- 
aract. 9. Extent of descent. 10. Au- 
tumn. 11. Lapse from innocence ; 
apostasy. 12. Part of a tackle to 
which the power is applied in hoist- 
ing. 

Fal-la'cious, a. Pertaining to a 
fallacy ; fitted to deceive. 

Fal'la-€Y, n. [Lat. fallacia, from 
fallere, to deceive.] 1. Deceptive or 
false appearance ; deceitfulness. 2. 
A deceptive argument. 

Syx. — Sophistry. — A fallacy is an ar- 
gument which professes to be decisive, 
but in reality is not; sophistry is also false 
reasoning, but of so specious and sub- 
tle a kind as to render it difficult to ex- 
pose its, fallacy. Many fallacies are ob- 
vious, but the evil of sophistry lies in its 
consummate art. 

Fallen (fawln, 58), p. a. Dropped ; 
descended ; degraded ; ruined. 

Fal'li-bIl'I-ty, n. Liablenessto de- 
ceive or to be deceived. 

Fal'li-ble, a. [From Lat. fallere, 
to deceive.] Liable to deceive or be 
deceived. 

Fall'ING-sIck/NESS, n. Epilepsy ; a 
disease in which the patient sudden- 
ly loses his senses and falls down. 

FXL'LOW, a. [A.-S. fealu,fealo, al- 
lied to Lat. pallid us, fulvus, and fia- 
vus.] 1. Left untilled or unsowed 
after having been plowed. 2 Pale 
red or pale yellow. — n. Land that 
has lain a year or more plowed with- 
out being sowed. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To plow and harrow, as land", 
without seeding. 

Fal'LOW-Deer, n. [From its fallow 
or pale-yellow color.] A species of 
deer, smaller than the stag. 

False, a. [-er; -est.] [Lat. falsus, 
"p. p. of fallere, to deceive.] 1. Utter- 



ing falsehood ; dishonest treacher 
ous ; perfidious. 2. Fitted or likely 
to deceive or disappoint. 3 Not 
genuine or real; coun:erfeit ; hypo- 
critical. 4. Not well founded ; erro- 
neous. 

False'HOOD, n. 1. Want of truth or 
veracity ; an untrue assertion. 2. 
Want of honesty or integrity ; per- 
fidy. 3. Counterfeit; imposture. 

False'ly, adv. In a false manned 

FALSE'NESS, n. Want of integrity. 

FALS-ETTE', I n. [See FALSE.] That 

FALS-ET'TO, ) peculiar species of 
voice in a man, the compass of which 
lies above his natural voice. 

Fal'si-fi-ca'tion, n. 1. Act of 
making false ; a counterfeiting. 2. 
Confutation. 

Fals'i-FI'er, n. One who falsifies. 

Fals'i-fy, v. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. fa Is ificare, fr. L-dt. falsus , false, 
andfacere, to make.] 1. To counter- 
feit ; to forge. 2. To prove to be false. 
3. To violate ; to break by falsehood. 
— v.i. To tell lies. 

FALS'l-TY, n. 1. Quality of being 
false ; contrariety to truth. 2. A 
false assertion. 

Syn.— Falsehood; lie; deceit. — Falsi- 
ty denotes the state or quality of being 
false. A. falsehood is a false declaration 
designedly made. A lie is a gross, un- 
blushing falsehood. It is a vulgar error 
to speak of " telling a falsity." It is an 
equal error to say, " I perceive the false- 
hood of your declaration or statement." 

Fal'ter, v. i. [-ed;-ing.] [O.Eng. 
"faulter, from fault.] 1. To fail ; to 
hesitate, to stammer. 2. To trem- 
ble ; to totter. 3. To fail in distinct- 
ness or regularity of exercise. 

FAME, n. [Lat. fama, fr. Gr. ^rjjiii, I 
say, tell.] 1. Public report or ru- 
mor. 2. Renown ; celebrity. 
Syx. — Reputation; credit; honor. 

FA-MlL'lAR(-yar), a. [L&t.familiaris, 
from Lat. familia, family.] 1. Per- 
taining to a family ; domestic. 2. 
Closely acquainted or intimate. 3. 
Unceremonious ; free. 4. Well known ; 
well understood. — n. 1. An inti- 
mate ; a close companion. 2. A # de- 
mon supposed to attend at a call. 3. 
One employed in the service of the 
inquisition. 

Fa-MIL-Iar'I-ty (-yai i-ty), n. State 
of being familiar ; frcsdorn from cer- 
emony and constraint. 

Sy.v. — Acquaintance; fellowship; in- 
timacy. See Acquaintance. 

FA-MIL'IAR-TZE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
1. To make familiar ; to habituate; 
to accustom. 2. To make easy by 
practice. [manner. 

Fa-mil'iar-ly. adv. In a familiar 

Fam'I-ly, h. [JjRt. familia. fr. famu- 
lus, servant.] 1. Those living together 
in the same house ; a household. 2. 
A tribe or race ; kindred. 3. Genealo- 
gy ; lineage. 4. Honorable descent. 
5. A group of kindred individuals, 
more comprehensive than a genus. 

FAM'L\E,n. [Lat. fames.] Scarcity 
of food; dearth; destitution. 

FAm'ISH, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOCa-, fjRN,RrjE, PULL ; r, /, 0,silent; 



,soft; c, G,hard; AS J EJIST ; N, as NG ; THIS. 



FAMISHMENT 



160 



FASCICLE 



^ 



destroy with hunger. 2. To exhaust 
the strength of by hunger. 3. To 
kill by deprivation of any thing ne- 
cessary. — v. i. 1. To die of hunger ; 
to starve. 2. To be distressed with 
want. [hunger. 

FXm'ish-ment, a. Pain of extreme 
I'A'MOils, n. Celebrated in fame or 
public report. 

Syn. — Renowned ; illustrious. — Fa- 
mous is applied to a person or thing 
widely spoken of as extraordinary ; re- 
nowned is applied to those who are 
named again and again with honor \ il- 
lustrious to those who have dazzled the 
world by the splendor of their deeds or 
their virtues. Napoleon was famous; 
Alexander was renowned ; Washington 
was illustrious. 

FX'MOUS-LY,a</t>. With great fame. 

Fan, n. [A.-S. fann, allied to Lat. 
vannus, fan.] An instrument for pro- 
ducing artificial currents of air, by 
the wafting or revolving motion of a 
broad surface. — v. t. [-NED ; -NING, 
136.] 1. To move as with a fan. 2. 
To cool by moving the air with a 
fan. 3. To ventilate. 4. To winnow. 

Fa-nat'I€, ) a. [See Fane.] Per- 

Fa-Nat'I€-al, J taining to, or indi- 
cating, fanaticism. — n. A person af- 
fected by excessive enthusiasm . 

Fa-nXt'I€-al-ly, adv. In a fanati- 
cal manner. 

Fa-nXt'i-cIsM, n. Wild and extrava- 
gant enthusiasm, especially in re- 
gard to religion. 
Syn.— See Enthusiasm. 

FXn'CI-ER, n. 1. One governed by 
fancy. 2. One who has a special 
liking for or interest in ; hence, one 
who keeps for sale. 

FXn'ci-FUL, a. 1. Full of fancy; 
whimsical. 2. Dictated by fancy ; 
abounding in wild images. 

Syn. —Fantastical; visionary. — Fan- 
ciful notions are the product of a heated 
fancy, without any support in reason or 
truth ; fantastical schemes or systems 
are made up of oddly-assorted fancies, 



often of the most whimsical kind ; vis- 
ionary expectations are those which can 
never be realized in fact. 

FXn'CI-FUL-LY, adv. In a fanciful 
manner. [being fanciful. 

FXn'ci-FVL-NESS, n. Quality of 
FXn'^Y, n. [Gr. j>avTao~ia, fr. <$>avT<x- 
£eiv, to make visible.] 1. Faculty by 
which the mind forms an image or a 
representation of any thing perceived 
before ; power of readily and happily 
creating and recalling such objects 
for the purpose of amusement or em- 
bellishment. 2. A representation of 
any thing formed in the mind ; con- 
ception. 3. Caprice; whim; impres- 
sion. 4. Liking; hence, the object 
of liking. 

The fancy, those who exhibit some 
special or peculiar taste or fancy, as for 
sporting, boxing, and the like ; — used 
Collectively. 

— v.i. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] To fig- 
ure to one's self; to imagine. — v. t. 
1. To form a conception of; to im- 
agine. 2. To have a liking for. — a. 
Adapted to please the fancy or taste. 




Fan-dXn'go, n. [Sp.] A lively Span- 
ish dance. 

FANE, n. [Lat. fanum, fr. fari, to 
speak.] A temple; a church. 

Fan-fAr'ON-a.ue', n. [Yv. faiifaron- 
nade, from fanfaron, a bully.] Vain 
boasting ; ostentation ; bluster. 

FXng, n. [A.-S. Jang, a taking, seiz- 
ing, grasp.] 1. Tusk of a boar or 
other animal ; a long pointed tooth. 
2. A claw or talon. 8. Any shoot or 
other thing by which hold is taken. 

FXn'-light (-lit), n. A window re- 
resembling in form an open fan. 

Fan'-palm (i'Sn'pam), 
n. The talipot-tree, a 
native of the East In- 
dies. It attains to the 
height of 60 or 70 feet, 
with a straight trunk 
crowned by a tuft of 
enormous leaves. The 
leaves, when they first 
appear, are folded to- 
gether like a fan, and 
afterward spread open. 

Fan-TA'£I-a (-ta'ze-a), 
Fancy.] (Mus.) A continuous com- 
position, not governed by the ordi- 
nary rules of musical design. 

FAN'TASM, n. Something not real. 
See Phantasm. 

Fan-Tas'tic, la. 1. Existing only 

Fan-tXs'TI€-AL, ) in imagination. 

2. Having the nature of a phantom. 

3. Indulging the vagaries of imagi- 
nation. 4. Irregular; wild; capri 
cious. 

Syn. — See Fanciful. 
— n. A person given to fantastic 
dress, manners, &c. ; hence, a dandy. 

Fan-tXs'TI€-AL-ly, adv. In a fan- 
tastic manner. 

FXn'ta-sy, n. Same as Fancy. [ Obs.] 

Fa qu'ir' (ia-keer'), n. See FAKIR. 

Far, a. [-ther; -thest.] A.-S. 
feorr,feor, allied to Lat. porro.] 1. 
Distant ; remote. 2. Contrary to 
design or wishes. 3. Alienated. 4. 
More or most distant of the two. — 
adv. 1. To a great distance or time. 
2. In great part or proportion. 3. 
To a certain point, degree, or dis- 
tance. 

FARCE, n. [Lat. farms, p. p. of far- 
cire, to stuff.] 1. Stuffing, like that 
used in dressing a fowl. 2. A low 
style of comedy. 3. Ridiculous or 
empty show. 

Far'CI-CAL, a. Belonging or appro- 
priated to farce ; ludicrous ; decep- 
tive. 

FARE, v. i. [-ED; -ing.] [A.-S. fa- 
ran.) 1. To go ; to pass ; to travel. 2. 
To be in any state. 3. To be treated 
or entertained. 4. To happen well 
or ill. — n. 1. Price of passage by 
land or water. 2. Experience. 3. 
Food ; provisions for the table. 

FARE-WELL', interj. [Of fare, in the 
imper. and well.} Go well ; good-by ; 
adieu. 

FAre'well, or Fare-well', n. 1 . 
A wish of happiness at parting ; 
adieu. 2. Departuie. 



FXRE'WELL, a. Parting ; valedictory 

Far'-fetch.Ed (iar'ietcht), .a. 1 
Brought, from far. 2. Forced; 
strained. 

Fa-ri'nA, or Fa-RI'NA, n. [Lat., 
meal, Hour.] Flour of any species 
of corn or starchy root. 

Far'i-na'ceoOs, a. 1. Consisting of, 
or yielding, meal or flour. 2. Like 
meal ; mealy. 

Farm, n. [From Lat. frmvs, firm, 
fast, either because farms were at 

. first inclosed with walls, or because 
the leases were confirmed by signa- 
ture.] 1. A tract of land cultivated 
by a tenant. 2. A lauded estate. 3. 
A lease. — v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] 1. To 
lease or let for an equivalent. 2. To 
give up to another, as a business, 
&c, for a percentage of what it 
yields. 3. To cultivate, as a farm. 

Farm'er, n. One who farms; esp., 
an agriculturalist ; a husbandman. 

FXRM'lNG, n. Business of cultivating 
land. 

FAR'O (89), n. [From an Egyptian 
king-or Pharoah formerly on one of 
the cards.] A game at cards, in which 
a person plays against the bank, kept 
by the proprietor of the table. 

Far-raG'i-nous, a. [From farrago.] 
Formed of various materials ; mixed. 

Far-Ra'go (118), n. [Lat., mixed 
fodder, medley.] Amass composed 
of various materials confusedly 
mixed ; a medley. 

Far'ri-er, n. [From Lat. ferrum, 
iron ; L. Lat. ftrrarivs equorvm, one 
who shoes horses.] 1. A smith who 
shoes horses. 2. A veterinary sur- 
geon. 

FXr'ri-ER-Y, n. 1. Art of shoeing 
horses. 2. Art of curing diseases of 
horses and cattle. 

FXr'row, n. [A.-S. fearh, pig.] A 
litter of pigs. — v. t. & i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To bring forth, as pigs. — 
a. [Allied to 0. H. Ger. far, Jarro, 
A.-S. fearr, bull, steer.] Not pro- 
ducing young in a given season or 
year ; — said only of cows. 

Far'-sight'ed (-sit/-), a. 1. Seeing 
to a great distance. 2. Incapable of 
seeing near objects distinctly. 

FAR'THER, a., compar. of far. 1. 
More remote ; additional. 2. Tend- 
ing to a greater distance ; longer. — 
adv 1. At or to a greater dis- 
tance ; more remotely ; beyond. 2. 
Moreover. 

Far'THEST, a. [superl. of far.] .Most 
distant or remote ; furthest. — adv. 
At or to the greatest distance. See 
Furthest. 

FAR'THING, n. [A.-S. feordhung, fr. 
feordha, fourth.] The fourth of r, 
penny. 

FAR'THIN-GALE, n. [0. Eng. vardin- 
gale, fr. 0. Fr. vertvgade, prob. cor- 
rupt, from vtrtu-garde, i. e., virtue- 
guard.] A hoop petticoat. 

FXs'CI-CLE, n. [Lat. fasciculus, dim. 
of fastis, bundle.] A close cluster 
with the flowers much crowded to- 
gether. 



A,E, 1,6, u, Y,long £,£,?, 6, u, ¥, short; cAre, far. Ask, all, what ; ere, veil, T£E4f ; pique, firm; s6n, 



FASCINATE 



161 



FEARFUL 



FXs'CI-NATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
fascinare.] 1. To bewitch ; to en- 
chant. 2. To excite and allure irre- 
sistibly - ± to charm ; to enrapture. 

FXs'ci-na'tion, n. 1. Act of fasci- 
nating ; enchantment ; witchcraft. 2. 
That which fascinates ; a charm ; a 
spell. 

Fas-cine' (-seen'), n. [Lat. fascina, 
fr. fascis, bundle.] A bundle of 
rods or of small sticks, used in raising 
batteries, &c. 

PXsh'ion (1'Ssh'un), n. [Lat. /actio, 
a making.] 1. Make or form of any 
thing ; pattern ; model. 2. Prevail- 
ing mode or style, esp. of dress. 3. 
Mode of action ; manner ; way. — v. 
t. [-ED ; -ing.] 1. To form. 2. To 
fit; to adapt ; to accommodate. 

FXsh'ion-A-ble, a. 1. Conforming 
to the fashion. 2. Established by 
custom or use ; current. 3. Observ- 
ant of the fashion or customary 
mode. 4. Genteel; well bred. — n. 
A person of fashion. 

FXsh'ion-a-bly, adv. In a manner 
according to fashion. 

Fast, a. [-er ; -est.] [A.-S. fast.] 

1. Firmly fixed; closely adhering. 

2. Firm against attack. 3. Firm in 
adherence ; steadfast. 4. Not easily 
disturbed ; deep ; sound. 5. Moving 
rapidly ; rapid. 6. Rash and incon- 
siderate ; extravagant. — adv. 1. In 
a fast or fixed manner. 2. In a rap- 
id manner ; quickly ; swiftly ; rapid- 
ly.— v. i. [-ed;-ING.] [A.-S. fas- 
tan, to keep, to observe, to fast, allied 
to fast, firm.] To abstain from food ; 
to go hungry. — n. 1. Abstinence 
from food. 2. A time of fastiDg. 

FAst'-day, n. A day on which fast- 
ing is observed. 
FAst'en (ias'n), v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 

1. To fix firmly ; to make fast. 2. 
To hold together by any means. 

Syn. — To fix; cement; affix; annex. 

Fast'en-er (fas'n-er), n. One who, 
or that which, makes fast. 

FAst'£N-xng (las'n-ing), n. Any 
thing that binds and makes fast. 

Fas-tid'i-ous, a. [Lat. fastidiosus, 
fr. fast id turn, loathing.] Difficult to 
please ; delicate to a fault. 

Syn. — Squeamish. —Fastidious is ap- 
plied to one whose taste or feelings are 
offended by trifling defects or errors ; 
squeamish (lit., having a stomach which 
is easily turned) to one who is excessive- 
ly nice on minor points, or else over- 
scrupulous. 

FAst'ness, n. 1. State of being fast. 

2. A stronghold ; a fortress or fort. 
ITXt, a. [-ter ; -test, 136.] [A.-S. 

fat.] 1. Abounding with fat ; plump ; 
corpulent ; oily ; greasy. 2. Coarse ; 
gross ; dull. 3. Productive. — n. 1. 
An oily, concrete animal substance. 
2. Best or richest part.— v. t. [-ted; 
-ting, 136.] To make fat; to fet- 
ten. — v. i. To grow fat. —h. [A.-S. 
rat, allied to 0. H. Ger. fazzon, to 
contain.] A large tub ; a vat. 
Fa'tal, a. 1. Proceeding from fate. 
2. Causing death ; deadly ; mortal. 



Fa'TAL-Ysm, n. Doctrine of fate, or 
inevitable necessity. 

FA'TAL-TfST, n. One who maintains 
that all things happen by inevitable 
necessity. 

Fa-tXl'i-ty, n. 1. State of being fa- 
tal; invincible necessity. 2. State 
^)f being productive of death. 

FA'TAL-LY, ado. In a fatal manner. 

Fa'TA Mor-GA'NA. [It., Fairy Mor- 
gana, it being looked upon as her 
work.] A remarkable phenomenon 
jiependingon atmospheric refraction. 

FATE, n. [Lat. fatum, fr. fari, to 
speak.] 1. Inevitable necessity. 2. 
Final lot ; death ; destruction. 3. 
pi. {Myth.) Three goddesses, who 
were supposed to determine the 
course of human life. 

Syn*. — Destiny; lot ; doom ; fortune; 
_chance. 

Fat'ed, a. Decreed by fate ; doomed. 

Fa'ther, n. [A.-S. fader, allied to Gr. 
naTrjp.] 1. Male parent. 2. A male an- 
cestor ; a progenitor. 3. He who is to 
be venerated for age, kindness, wis- 
dom, &c. 4. A producer, author, or 
contriver; the first of a series. — v. 
t. [-ed; -ING.] 1. To beget. 2. To 
adopt ; hence, to acknowledge one's 
self author of. [father ; paternity. 

Fa'ther-hood, n. State of being a 

Fa'ther-in-law, n. Father of one's 
husband or wife. [one's ancestors. 

Fa'ther-lXnd, n. Native land of 

Fa'ther-less, a. Having no father. 

Fa'ther-li-ness, n. Qualities of a 
father * parental care and kindness. 

Fa'ther-ly, a. 1. Like a father; pa- 
ternal. 2. Pertaining to a father. 

Fath'OM, n. [A.-S. fadhem,fddhm, 
embraae.] A measure of length, con- 
taining six feet. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To measure by a sounding line ; to 
get to the bottom of. 

Fath'om-a-ble, a. Capable of being 
fathomed. [fathomed. 

FXTH'OM-LESS,a. Incapable of being 

Fa-tigue' (-teeg'), n. 1. Weariness 
from labor. 2. Cause of weariness ; 
toil. — v. i. [-ed; -ING, 140.] [Lat. 
fatigare.] To weary with any bodily 
or mental exertion ; to jade ; to tire. 

FXt'ling, n.. A young animal fat- 
tened for slaughter. 

FXT'NESS, n. [From/fitf.] 1. Quality 
of being fat ; corpulency. 2. Rich- 
ness ; fertility. 3. That which is fat 
or which makes fat. 

Fat'tbn, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] 1. To 
make fat ; to fat. 2. To make fertile ; 
to enrich. — v. i. To grow fat or 
corpulent. 

Fat'ti-ness, n. State of being fatty ; 
grossness. [its qualities. 

Fat'ty, a. Containing fat, or having 

FA-TU'I-TY, n. Imbecility of mind. 

Fat'u-ous, a. [Lat. fatuus.} 1. Fee- 
ble in mind. 2. Without reality ; 
illusorv. 

Fa ub o ur g (fo'bcTorg), n. [Fr.,for 
faux-bourg, i. e.,a false town.] A 
suburb in French cities. 

Faucet, n. [Lat fauces, throat.] A 
fixture for drawing liquor from a cask. 



FAULT, n. [0. ~Er.faulte,falte, fr. Lat. 
faliere, to deceive.] 1. Want ; absence; 
lack. 2. Any thing that is wanting, 
or that impairs excellence. 3. A 
moral failing. 4. A displacement of 
strata or veins at a fissure, so that 
they are not continuous. 5. (Hunt- 
ing.) A lost scent. 

Syn. — Error; blemish; defect; imper- 
fection ; weakness ; blunder ; failing ; 
vice. 

Fault'i-ly, adv. In a faulty man- 
ner; blamably. [fault}-. 

Fault'i-ness, n. State of being 

Fault'less, a. Without fault ; free 
from blemish. 

Fault'less-ness, n. Freedom from 
faults or defects. 

Fault'y, a. 1. Containing faults or 
defects ; imperfect. 2. Guilty of a 
fault ; blamable. 

Faun, n. [Lat. Faunus, protecting 
deity of agriculture and shepherds.] 
(Rom Myth.) A god of fields and 
shepherds, half goat and half man. 

Fau'nA, n. [See supra.] The animals 
_of any given area or epoch. 

FA'VOR, n. [Lat., fr.favere, to be fa- 
vorable.] 1. Kind regard. 2. Coun- 
tenance ; support. 3. A kind act or 
office. 4. A gift or present ; some- 
thing worn as a token of affection. 
5. A letter. — v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] 1. 
To regard with kindness ; to support ; 
to aid. 2. To facilitate. 

Fa'VOR-A-ble, a. 1. Kind; propi- 
tious; friendly. 2. Advantageous. 

Fa'vor-a-bly, adv. In a favorable 
jnanner ; kindly. 

Fa'vor-ITE, n. A person or thing re- 
garded with peculiar favor. — a. Re- 
garded with particular kindness. 

Fa'vor-it-ism,??. Disposition to pro- 
mote the interest of a favorite; par- 
tiality. 

Fawn, n. [Fr. faon, young of any 
beast, from Lat. foetus, filled with, 
young.] A young fallow deer ; a buck 
or doe of the first year. — v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] [A.-S. fagnian,fahnian, to 
rejoice, flatter. See Fain.] 1. To 
court favor by low cringing, &c, as 
a dog. 2. To court servilely. 

Fawn'er, n. One who fawns ; a syc- 
ophant. 

Fay, n. [See Fairy.] A fairy ; an 
elf. — v. t. [Contr. fr. fadge.] To 
fit; to suit. — v.i. To unite closely ; 
to fit ; to fadge. 

Fe'al-TY, n. [Lat. ftdelitas.] Fidelity 
to a superior power, or to a govern- 
ment. 

Fear, n. [A.-S. far, a coming sud- 
denly upon, deceit, fear.] 1. A pain- 
ful emotion excited by expectation 
of evil ; apprehension ; alarm ; dread. 
2. Respectful or awful reverence. — 
v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 1. To be afraid 
of. 2. To have a reverential awe of. 
— v. i. To be afraid. 

Fear'ful, a. 1. Full of fear; fright- 
ened. 2. Inclined to fear. 3. Indi- 
cating, or caused by, fear. 4. In- 
spiring fear. 

Syn. — Apprehensive; afraid ; timid; 



OR, DO.WQLF, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; 9, G, soft,- €,G,hard; AS; exist; NasNG; THIS- 



FEARFULLY 



162 



FELLOWSHIP 



timorous : horrible ; distressing ; fright- 
ful; dreadful; awful ; terrible. 

Fear'ful-LY, adv. In a fearful man- 
ner, [fearful. 

Fear'ful-ness, n. State of being 

Fear'less, a. Free from fear. 

Syn.— Bold; daring; courageous; in- 
trepid : valiant; brave ; undaunted. 

Fear'less-ly, adv. In a fearless 
manner. 

Fear'less-ness, n. State or qualify 
of being fearless ; courage ; intrepid- 
ity. 

Fear'naught (-nawt), n. A woolen 
cloth of great thickness ; dread- 
nought, [feasible. 

Fea'si-bil'I-TY, n. Quality of being 

FEA'si-BLE, a. [From Lat. facere, to 
make or do.] Capable of being done ; 
practicable. 

FEA'gl-BLE-NESS, n. Feasibility ; 
practicability. 

Feast, n. [Lat. festum, pLfesta.] 1. 
A festival ; a holiday. 2. A rich 
repast ; a banquet. 3. Something 
delicious or highly agreeable ; enter- 
tainment. 

Syn.— Banquet. — A feast sets before 
us viands superior in quantity, variety, 
and abundance; a banquet is a luxurious 
feast ; a. festival is the joyful celebration 
by good cheer of some agreeable event. 
A feast which was designed to be a festi- 
val, may be changed into a banquet. A 
carousal is unrestrained indulgence in 
frolic and drink. 

— v. i. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To eat 
sumptuously. 2. To be highly grat- 
ified. — v. t. 1. To entertain with 
sumptuous provisions. 2. To de- 
Jight. 

FEAT, n. [Lat. factum, fr. facere, to 
make or do.] A deed ; an exploit. 

FEath'er, n. [A.-S.fedher, allied to 
Gr. nrepou , for nerepov.] One of the 
growths which make up the covering 
of a bird; a plume. — v. t. [-ed; 
-ING.] 1. To dress in feathers; to 
furnish with a feather. 2. To adorn. 
^v. i. To become feathered or hori- 
zontal. 

Feat'ure , n. [From Lat. factum, a 
making, formation.] 1. Make or ap- 
pearance of the human face, especial- 
ly of any single part of the face ; a 
lineament. 2. Cast or structure of 
any thing. 

Fe-brif'I€, a. [LaA. febris, fever, and 
facere, to make.] Producing fever. 

FEB'RI-FUGE, n. [Lat. febris, fever, 
&nd.fugare, to put to flight.] A med- 
icine to mitigate or remove fever. — 
a. Having the quality of mitigating 
or subduing fever. 

Fe'brile, or Feb'rile, a. [Lat. 
febris, fever.] Pertaining to, or in- 
dicating, fever. 

Feb'ru-a-ry, n. [Lat, Februarius, 
lit. month of expiation.] Second 
month in the year. 

Fe'€AL, a. [LaX.feex, yl. fasces.] Per- 
taining to, or containing, dregs or 
feces. 

Fe'CES (fe'sez), n. pi. Dregs ; faeces. 

FE€'U-LA, n. [Lat. fascula, dim. of 
fxx, sediment.] Nutritious part of 
wheat ; starch or farina 



FEC'U-LENCE, n. 1. State of being 
feculent. 2. Sediment ; lees ; dregs. 

Fec'u-lent, a. [Lat. fseculentus, fr. 
Ja?x,fascula.] Foul; muddy; thick. 

FEC'UN-DATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. fecundate, -datum.] 1. To 
make fruitful. 2. To impregnate. 

FEe'UN-DA'TlON, n. Act of fecun- 
dating ; impregnation. 

Fe-cun'di-ty, n. 1. Fruitfulness. 

2. Power of germinating, as in seeds. 

3. Richness of invention. 
FED, imp. & p. p. of Feed. 
Fed'er-al, a. [Lat. fadus, league, 

treaty.] 1. Pertaining to a league, 
contract, or treaty. 2. Composed 
of states which retain only a subor- 
dinate and limited sovereignty. 
Fed'er-al, ) n. An advocate 
Fed'er-al-ist, ) of confederation ; 
specif rally, a friend of the Constitu- 
tion of the United States at its forma- 
tion, [eralists. 
Fed'er-al-Ism, n. Principles of Fed- 
Fed'er-ate^S), a. United by com- 
pact, as states; confederate. 
FED'ER-A'TION, ii. 1. Act of uniting 
in a league. 2. A league ; a confed- 
eracy, [in a league. 
FED'ER-A-TIVE, a. Uniting ; joining 
Fee, n. [A. -S. feoh, cattle ; hence, 
value, price, property, wealth.] 1. 
Property ; possession. 2. Reward for 
services; charge. 3. (Eng. Law.) 
An estate of inheritance supposed to 
be held from the sovereign. 4. (Amer. 
Law.) An estate of inheritance be- 
longing to the owner, absolutely and 
simply.— v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] To 
reward for services ; to recompense. 
FEE'BLE, a. [-ER ; -EST.] [From Lat. 
flebilis, lamentable, wretched.] 1. 
Deficient in physical strength. 2. 
Wanting force, vigor, or efficiency. 
3. Indicating feebleness. 

Syn. — Infirm; weak; languid; imbe- 
cile. 
Fee'ble-mind'ed, a. Weak in in- 
tellectual power. 
Fee'ble-ness, n. Weakness of body 
or mind ; infirmity. [strength. 

Fee'bly, adv. Weakly ; without 
Feed, v. t. [imp. & p. p. fed.] [A.-S. 
fedan, Cf. Food.] 1. To give food to. 

2. To satisfy. 3. To graze. 4. To give 
for food. — v. i. To take food; to 
eat. — n. 1. That which is eaten by 
beasts ; provender ; fodder. 2. Parts 
that move work to the cutting-tool, 
or the tool to the work. 

Feed'er, n. 1. One who feeds. 2. 
Any tributary fountain or medium of 
supply. 

Fee'-farm, n. Land held of another 
in fee, in consideration of an annual 
farm or rent. 

Feel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. felt.] 
[A.-S. felan.] 1. To perceive by the 
touch. 2. To touch ; to examine by 
touching. 3. To experience ; to be 
affected by. 4. To have an inward 
persuasion of. — v. i. 1. To have 
perception by the touch. 2. To have 
the sensibilities moved or affected. 

3. To perceive one's self to be. 4. To 



know certainly. 5. To appear to thfe 
touch. — n. Sensation communi- 
cated by touching. 

Feel'er, n. 1. One who feels. 2. 
An organ with which certain ani- 
mals are furnished, for trying objects 
by the touch. 3. A proposal, obser- 
vation, &c, put forth to ascertain 
the views of others. 

Feel'ing, p. a. Possessing, or ex. 
pressive, of great sensibility ; sensi- 
tive. — n. 1. £ense of touch. 2. Con- 
sciousness. 3. Capacity of the soul 
for emotional states. 4. Any mental 
state. 

Syn. — Sensation ; emotion ; passion. 
See Emotion. 

Feel'ing-ly, adv. In a feeling man- 
ner, [ditions or limits. 

Fee'-sim/ple, n. A fee without con- 

FEET, n. ; pi. of Foot. 

Feign (fan), v. t. [-ED; -ing.] [Fr. 
feindre, Lat., fingere.] 1. To imagine; 
to pretend. 2. To make a show of. 

FllNT (tant), n. 1. That which is 
feigned ; a pretense. 2. A seeming 
aim at one part when another is in- 
tended to be struck. 

FELD'SPAR, n. [Ger. feldspath, from 
feld, field, and spal/i, spar.] A crys- 
talline mineral, consisting of silica, 
alumina, and potash. 

FE-LI9'l-TATE,t. t. [-ED; -ING.] [L. 
Lat. felicitate, -latum ; _/p//x, hap- 
py.] 1. To delight. 2. To express 
joy or pleasure to ; to congratulate. 
Syn. — See Congratulate. 

Fe-lic'i-ta'tion, ii. Congratulation. 

Fe-li^'i-tous, a. [From Lat. felix, 
happy.] Happy ; delightful ; appro- 
priate, [tous manner. 

Fe-lic'i-toOs-ly, adv. In a felici- 

Fe-lic'i-ty, n. 1. State of being 
happy. 2. That which promotes hap- 
piness. 
Syn. — Ilappiness; bliss; blessedness. 

FE'LINE, a. [Lat. felinus, from felis, 
cat.] Pertaining to cats. 

FELL, imp. of fall. — a. [From Celtic 
fall, fal,feal, bad, evil.] Cruel ; bar- 
barous ; savage. — n. [A.-S. fell, al- 
lied to Lat. pellis.] Skin or hide of 
a beast, — r. t. [ED ; -ING.] [A.-S. 
fellan, causative form of feallan, to 
fall.] 1. To cause to fall ; to pros' 
trate L 2. To hem, as a seam. 

Fel'loe, n. See Felly. 

Fel'low, n. [A.-S.Jtlaic, from felt- 
gean,fylgan, to follow.] 1. One who 
follows; a companion ; an associate. 
2. A man without gcod breeding or 
worth. 3. An equal in power, rank, 
&c. 4. One of a pair ; a mate. 5. 
A person. 6. One of the associates 
in an English college ; member of a 
literary or scientific society. 7- One 
of the trustees of a college. [Amer.] 

FEL'LOW-CREAT'tJRE, n. Oneofthe 
same race or kind. 

Fel'low-feel'ing, n. Sympathy; 
a like feeling. 

Fel'low-shIp, n. 1. State of being 
a fellow or associate. 2. Familiar 
intercourse ; companionship. 3. A 
state of being together. 4. Partner- 



I, E, I, 5, u, y, long,- A, E, I, 6, u, ¥ } short; cAre, far, Ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, fIrm ; s6N» 



FELLY 



163 



FESTOON 



ship. 5. An association , a company. 
5. [Eng. Univ.) A foundation for the 
maintenance of a resident scholar. 

FEl'LY, n. [A.-S. felg,felge.] Ex- 
terior rim , or a part of the rim , of a 
wheel. 

Fe'lo-DE-se', n. [L. Lat. See in- 
fra.] A self-m urderer ; a suicide. 

FEl'on, n. [L. La.t.felo,fello. See 
Fell., a.] 1. One who has com- 
mitted felony. 2. A person guilty 
or capable of heinous crime. 3. A 
painful inflammation of a finger or 
toe. — a. 1. Malignant. 2. Traitor- 
ous ; disloyal. 

Fe-lo'ni-o&s, a. Malignant; trai- 
torous ; perfidious. [manner. 

FE-LO'Nl-OUS-LY, adv. In a felonious 

F£l'o-ny,h. [See Felon.] A heinous 
crime ; especially one punishable by 
death or imprisonment. 

Yel'spar, n. See Feldspar. 

FELT, imp. & p. p. or a. from Feel. — 
n. [A.-S. felt, allied to Lat. pilus, 
hair.] A stuff of wool, or wool and 
fur, made by rolling and pressure, 
without weaving. — v. I [-ed; 
-ING.] To make into, or cover with, 
felt. 

fE-LU€'€A, n. [It., fr. Ar . feluhah ,ix . 
fulk, a ship.] A boat or vessel, used 
in the Mediterranean. 

Fe'male, n. [Lat. fcmella, dim. of 
femina, woman.] One of the sex 
that bears young. — a. 1. Belonging 
to the sex which bears young. 2. 
Belonging to, or characteristic of, the 
sex ; feminine. 3. Having pistils 
and no stamens. 
Syx.— See Feminine. 
l FEm'i-nine, a. [Lat. femininus, fr. 
' femina, woman.] 1. Pertaining to a 
woman, or to women ; womanly. 2. 
Having the qualities of a female. 3. 
Having a form belonging more es- 
pecially to words which are epithets 
of females. 

Syx. — Female. — Femak. is applied I 
to the sex merely as opposed to niale; 
feminine to the appropriate characteris- 
tics of the sex. A female school should 
teach feminine accomplishments. 

Fem'o-ral, a. [From Lat. femur, 
thigh.] Belonging to the thigh. 

Fen, n. [A.-S. fen, or fenn, marsh, 
mud, dirt.] Boggy land I; moor. 

FENCE, ra. [Abbrev. from defence.] 1. 
A defense. 2. A wall, hedge, or other 
inclosing structure. 3. Fencing. — 
V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To fend off 
danger from ; to protect. 2. To in- 
close with a fence. — v. i. 1. To 
make a fence. 2. To defend one's 
j?elf by use of the sword. 

FE.v'cer, n. One who fences. 

FEn'ci-ble, a. Capable of being de- 
fended. — n. A soldier enlisted for 
the defeuse of the country, and not 
liable to be sent abroad. 

FEn'cing, n. Art or practice of self- 
defense with the sword. 

FEnd, C. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Abbrev. 
fr. defend.] To keep off; to shutout. 
— v. i. To act in opposition ; to resist. 

Fend'er,«. One who, or that which, 



fends or wards off; especially a 
metallic frame placed before a fire. 

Fe-nEs'TRAL, a. [Lat. fenestra, win- 
dow.] Pertaining to windows. 

FEN'NEL, n. [A.-S. fenol, from Lat. 
feniculum, dim. offenum, hay.] An 
aromatic plant. 

FEn'ny, a. Pertaining to a fen; 
swampy; boggy. 

Feod (fud), n. A feud. 

Feoff (ief), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Fr. 
feoffer, fromfef. See FIEF.] To in- 
vest with a fee or feud. — n. A fief. 
See FlEF. [a feoffment is made. 

FEOF-FEE' (fef-feeO, n. One to whom 

Feof'fer ) (feT-), n. One who grants 

FEof'for ) a fee. [a feud or fee. 

Feoff'ment (fef'ment), n. Grant of 

FEr'e-TO-RY, n. [Lat. feretrum, fr. 
ferre, to bear. J The bier or shrine 
for the relics of saints. 

Fe'ri-al, a. [L. La,t. ferialis, fr.feria, 
holiday.] Pertaining to holidays. 

Fe'rine, a. [La.t.ferinus, fr. ferus, 
or /era, a wild animal.] Wild ; un- 
tamed ; savage. 

FEr'ment, n. [Lat. fermentum, contr. 
for fervimentum, fr. fervere, to boil, 
ferment.] 1. That which causes fer- 
mentation. 2. Tumult; agitation. 
3. Fermentation. 

FER-MENT', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
cause fermentation in. — v. i. 1. To 
undergo fermentation ; to work. 2. 
To be active or excited. 

FEr'MEN-ta'TION, n. That change 
of organic substances by which their 
starch, sugar, gluten, &c, are de- 
composed, and their elements re- 
combined in new compounds. 

FERN, n. [A.-S. fearn.] An order of 
cryptogamous plants. 

Fe-RO'cious, a. [L&t.ferox, fierce.] 
Indicating cruelty ; rapacious ; wild. 

Syx. — Fierce : savage ; barbarous. — I 
"When these words are applied to human I 
feelings or conduct,. ferocious describes 
the disposition ; fierce, the haste and 
violenceof an act: barbarous, the coarse- I 
ness and brutality by which it was 
marked; savage, the cruel and unfeel 
ing spirit which it showed. A man i* 
ferocious in his temper, fierce in his 
actions, barbarous in the manner of car- . 
rying out his purposes, savage in the ; 
spirit and feelings expressed in his i 
words or deeds. 

Fe-roc'i-ty, n. Savage wildness or ■ 
fierceness ; cruelty ; barbarity. I 

FEr're-oDs, a. [l&t.ferreus, iv.fer- \ 
rum, iron.] Pertaining to iron ; like 
iron. 

FEr'ret, n. [L. Eat. furetum, fr. fa- 
ro, ferret, fr. Lat. fur, thief.] 1. An 
animal of the Weasel kind. 2. A nar- 
row woolen tape. — v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
To drive out of a lurking-place, as a 
ferret does the conv. [terry. 

Fer'ri-age, n. Fare to be paid at a 

FER'RO-TYPE, n. [From Lat. ferrum, 
iron, and Gr. t n-os, an impression.] 
A photographic, picture taken on an 
iron plate by a collodion process. 

FER-RU'GI-NOUS, a. 1. Partakingof. 
or containing, iron. 2. Resembling 
iron-rust. 

FER'RULE (fer'ril or ieVrul), n. [Lat. 



ferrum, iron.] A ring of metal put 
round a cane, or other thing, to 
strengthen it. 

FER'RY,t\«. [-ED; -ing, 142.] [See 
infra.] To carry over a river, or 
other water, in a boat. — n. [A.-S. 
ferjan, to carry, convey, fr. faran, to 
go.] 1. A vessel for passing over 
narrow waters. 2. A place for pass- 
ing across a river or other water, ir» 
ferry-boats. 3. Right of maintain* 
ing a ferry-boat. 

FEr'RY-BOAT (20). n. A boat for con- 
veying passengers over streams and 
other narrow waters. 

Fer'ry-MAN (150), n. One who keeps 
a ferry. 

FER'TILE , a. [Lat. fertilis, fr. ferre, 
to bear.] Prolific ; productive ; rich. 

Syx. — Fruitful. — Fertile denotes the 
power of producing; fruitful, the act. 
The prairies of the West are fertile by 
nature, and will soon be turned by cul- 
tivation into a fruitful field. 

FER-TlL'l-TY, n. State of being fer- 
tile ; fruitfulness. [dering fertile. 

Fer'TI-li-za'tion, n. Act of ren- 

FLr'ti-lize, t'. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
make fertile, fruitful, or productive. 

Fer'ti-LIZ'ER, n. One who, or that 
which, renders fertile. 

FER'ULE (feVril or feVrnl), n. [T.at. 
ferula.] A flat piece of wood, used 
for punishment. — v. t. [-ED;-ING.] 
To punish with a ferule. 

F£R'YEN-CY, n. State of being fer- 
vent ; ardor; warmth of devotion. 

F£R'VENT,a. [Lat. ferven$, fr. fer- 
vere, to boil, to glow.] 1. Hot ; ar- 
dent ; boiling. 2. Warm in feeling ; 
ardent [manner. 

Fer'vent-ly, adv. In a fervent 

FER'VID, a. [Lat. fervid 'us, from fer- 
vere, to boil, glow.] 1. Very hot; 
boiling. 2. Ardent ; vehement. 

FER'VID-LY, adv. In a fervid manner. 

Fer'vor, n. 1. neat. 2. Intensity 
of feeling ; zeal. 

FEs'cue, n. [0. Eng. festve, fr. Lat. 
festuca, a straw.] A straw, stick, or 
the like, to point out letters to chil- 
dren. 

Fes'TAL, a. [Lat. festum, a feast.] 
Pertaining to a holiday or feast ; 
gay ; mirthful. 

FEs'ter, v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] [Amodif. 
of foster.] 1. To grow virulent ; to 
rankle. 2. To become malignant 
and invincible. — n. A sore which 
discharges corrupt matter; a pus- 
tule. 

FEs'TI-VAL, a. [Lat. frstivvm, fes- 
tive jollity, from festum, feast.] Per- 
taining or appropriate to a feast; 
festive ; festal. — n. A time of feast, 
ing or celebration. 

FEs'TiVE,a. Pertaining to, or be- 
coming, a feast ; festal : joyous. 

Fes-tiv'I-ty, n. 1. Joyfulness; gay- 
ety. _2. A festival. 

Fes-toon', n. [Orig. 
an ornament for a fes- 
tival.] A garland or 
wreath hanging in a 
curve. — v. t. [-ED ; 




Festoon. 



OR. DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK; fjRN, RUE, PI/LL ; e, I, O/silent ; C, G, soft; €,G, hard; AS; EXIST; N as NG; THIS. 



FETAL 



164 



FIGURATIVELY 



-ING.] To form in festoons, or to 
adorn with festoons. 

Fe'tal, a. Pertaining to a fetus. 

Fetch, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
fetian. Cf.fecan, to draw, lead.] 1. 
To go and bring; to get. 2. To 
bring ; to sell for. 8. To make ; to 
do. 4. To reach ; to attain. — n. A 
stratagem ; an artifice. 

&£te {fat), n. [Fr. See FEAST.] A 
festival, holiday, or celebration. — 
v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To honor with a 
festive entertainment. 

Fe'TICH (iS'tish), n. [Pg.feitico, sor- 
cery, charm, fr. Lat. facticius, arti- 
ficial.] A material thing, worshiped 
among certain African tribes. 

Fet'1-chis.m, ) n. The low idolatry of 

FET'l-c'/gM, I Western Africa. 

FET'ID, a. [Lat. fatidus, fr. fatere, 
to have an ill smell.] Having an of- 
fensive smell ; stinking. 

Fet'lock,??. [From feet, or foot, 
and lock.] Part of the leg where the 
tuft of hair grows behind the pastern 
joint in horses. 

Fe'TOR, n. [Lat. factor.] Stench. 

FET'TER, n. [A.-S. fetor.] [Chiefly 
used in the pi.] 1. A chain for the 
feet. 2. Any restraint. — v. i. [-ed; 
-ing.] 1. To put fetters on; to 
shackle. 2. To impose restraints on. 

Fe'tus (147), n. [Lat. fat us, fetus, a 
bringing forth, offspring.] The un- 
born young of animals after it is per- 
fectly formed. 

Feud, n. [A.-S. fdhdh,fr.figan, fan, 
to hate.] 1. An inveterate strife 
between families, clans, or parties in 
a state. 2. [L. I&t. feud om,f rod om. 
See FEE.] A stipendiary estate in 
land, held of a superior, by service ; 
a fief ; a fee. 

Feud'AL, a. 1. Pertaining to feuds, 
fiefs, or fees. 2. Embracing tenures 
by military services. 

FeiJd'AL-Ism, n. Principles and con- 
stitution of feuds. [being feudal. 

Feu-dal'1-TY, n. State or quality of 

Feud'a-TO ry, a. Held from another 
on some conditional tenure. 

FE'VER,rc. [A.-S. fefer, Lat. febris, 
prob. fr. fervere, to be hot, boil.] 1. 
A diseased state of the system, marked 
by increased heat and acceleration 
of the pulse. 2. Strong excitement 
of any kind. 

Fe'VEr-ish, a. Pertaining to, indi- 
cating, or resembling, a fever. 

FE'VER-ISH-NESS, n. State of being 
feverish. 

Few (fa), a. [-er; -est.] [A.-S. 
fed. pi. fiedve.] Not many ; small, 
limited, or confined in number. 

Fewness (fa'nes), n. State of being 
few; paucity. 

Fez,m. A red cap without a brim, 
worn by Turks, &c. [cree. 

FI'AT, n. [Lat., let it be done.] A de- 

FIb, n. [Prob. corrupt, fv. fable.] A 
lie or falsehood.- — v.i. [-bed; 
-BING, 136.] To lie. 

2l'BER, )n- [Lat. fihra.] Any fine, 

ii'BRE, \ slender thread, or thread- 
like substance. 



Fl'BRlL , n . A sm all fiber. 

Fi'BRiNE, n. A peculiar organic com- 
pound found in animals and vegeta- 
bles, [ing of, fibers. 

Fi'brous, a. Containing, or consist- 

FlCK'EE (ftk'l), a. [A.-S.ficol, from 
fican, to touch lightly, to flatter.] 
Liable to change ; of a changeable 
mind : irresolute ; capricious. 

FiCK'LE-NESs,n. State of beingfickle. 

FiC'TlLE, a. [Lat. fictilis, fr. fingere, 
to form.] Molded into form by art. 

FICTION, n. [Lat. firtio, fr. fingere, 
to form, feign.] 1. Act of feigning 
or inventing. 2. That which is 
feigned or invented ; especially, a 
feigned story. 

Syn. — Fabrication; falsehood. — Fic- 
tion is opposed to what is real, it may or 
may not be intended to deceive; afab- 
rication, as here spoken of, is a fiction 
■wrought up for the purpose of deceiving; 
a. falsehood requires less invention, be- 
ing merely a false statement. 

Fic-TI'TIOUS (-tish'us), a. Feigned ; 

imaginary ; counterfeit. 
Flc-Tl'Tlotrs-LY, adv. Counterfeitly. 
Fid, n. 1. A square bar to support 

the top-mast. 2. A pin of hard 

wood, tapering to a point. 
FlD'DLE (fid'dl), n. A violin; a kit. 

— v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To play 
on a fiddle. 2. To trifle. 

FYd'dle-fad/dle, n. A trifle; non- 
sense. [ Colloq. and low.] 

Fid'dler, n. One who plays on a 
fiddle. 

FId'dee-STICK, n. Bow and string 
for playing on a violin. 

Fl-DEL'I-TY, n. [Lat. fidelitas, from 
fides, faith.] Faithfulness ; adher- 
ence to right or truth. 
Syn.— Integrity; faith; loyalty; fealty. 

FlD'GET, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Icel. 
fika, to hasten. Cf. Fickxe.] To 
move uneasily one way and the other. 

— n. Uneasiness; restlessness. 
Fid'get-Y, a. Restless ; uneasy. 
Fl-DU'CIAL, a. [Lat. fiducia, trust, 

confidence.] 1. Having faith or 
trust ; confident. 2. Having the 
nature of a trust. 

FY-DU'CIAL-LY,af/r. With confidence. 

FI'-DU'CI-A-RY (-da'shl-), a. [See su- 
pra.] 1. Confident ; undoubting. 2. 
Holding or held, or founded, in trust. 

— n. A trustee. [like. 
FIE, inter j. Denoting contempt or dis- 
FIEF, n. [rr.fief See FEUD and 

Fee.] An estate held of a superior 
on condition of military service. 

Field, n. [A.-S. field.] 1. Cleared 
land. 2. Plain where a battle is 
fought; also, the battle itself. 3. 
An open space of any kind. 

Field'-book, re. A book used in 
surveying for making entries of 
measurements taken in the field. 

Field'-mar'shal, n. Commander 
of an army in some European coun- 
tries. 

FlfiLD'-oF'FI-CER, n. A military of- 
ficer above the rank of captain, and 
below that of general. 

Field'-piece, ii. A small cannon 
used in the field of battle. 



Field'-sport, n. Diversion in the 
field, as shooting and hunting. 

Fiend, n. [A.-S.fednd, fiend, from 
fian,fieon, to hate.] An implacable 
foe ; the devil. 

FlEND'iSH,a. Likeafiend ; malignant 

Fierce, a. [-er;-est.] [0. Eng. 
fiers,fiers, from Lat. ferus, wild, sav- 
age.] 1. Furious ; violent. 2. Ex 
cessively earnest, eager, or ardent. 
Syn.— See Ferocious. 

FIERCE'LY, adv. In a fierce manner, 
or with a fierce expression. 

FIERCE 'ness, n. State or quality of 
being fierce. 

FI'E-RI- FA' CI- A S (fJ/e-rT-fa'shT-as ), 
n. [Lat., i. e., cause it to be done.] 
A judicial writ that lies for him who 
has recovered in debt or damages. 

FI'er-i-ness, n. Quality of being 
fiery. 

FI'ER-Y, a. 1. Consisting of, heated 
by, or resembling, fire. 2. Vehe- 
ment ; ardent. 3. Passionate ; fierce. 

Fife,m. [Cf. Pipe.] A small pipe 
used as a wind-instrument. — v.i. 
[-ed ; -ING.] To play on a fife. 

Fif'er, n. One who plays on a fife. 

Fif'teen, a. Five and ten. — n. Sum 
of five and ten. 

FIf'teenth, a. 1. Next in order 
after the fourteenth. 2. Being one 
of fifteen equal parts of a thing. — 
n. One of fifteen equal parts of a 
unit or whole. 

Fifth, a. 1. Next after the fourth. 
2. Being one of five equal parts. — ■ 
n. 1. One of five equal parts. 2. In- 
terval between any tone and that rep- 
resented on the fifth degree above it. 

FlFTH'LY, adv. In the fifth place. 

FiF'Tl-ETH, a. 1. Next after the 
forty-ninth. 2. Being one of fifty 
equal parts of a thing. — n. One of 
fifty equal parts of a unit. 

FIf'ty, a. Five times ten. — n. Sum 
of five tens. 

Fig, n. [LsLt.ficus.] 1. A tree and 
its fruit, growing in warm climates. 
2. A small piece of tobacco. [Amer.] 

Fight (fit), v. i. limp. & p. p. 
FOUGHT.] [A.-S. feohtan.] 1. To 
contend in arms. 2. To act in op- 
position. — v. t. 1. To carry on, as a 
conflict. 2. To contend with in bat- 
tle. — n. A battle; a struggle for 
victory. 

Syn.— Combat; engagement; con- 
test; fray; affray; conflict. 

Fight'er (fuVer), n. One who fights. 

Fig'ment, n. [L&t.figTnentum, from 
fingere, to form, invent.] An inven- 
tion ; a fiction. 

FlG'U-RA-BLE, a. [Lat. figurare, to 
form, shape.] Capable of a certain 
fixed form or shape. [nate figure. 

FlG'u-RATE, a. Of a certain determi- 

Fig'u-ra'tion, n. Act of giving fig- 
ure or determinate form . 

F1g'u-RA-tive, a. 1. Representing 
by a figure ; typical ; representative. 
2. Tropical ; metaphorical ; not lit- 
eral. 

FIg'u-ra-tIve-ly, adv. In a figu- 
rative manner. 



A, E, 1, O.U, Y,long{ A,E,t, 6,U, ¥, short; CAB-E, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM ; S6N. 



FIGURE 



165 



FINE 



FTg'ure (53), n. [La.t.figura, ft. fin- 
ger e, to form, shape.] 1. Form of 
any thing ; shape. 2. An image ; a 
drawing. 3. Appearance or impres- 
sion made by the conduct of a per- 
son. 4. A character representing a 
number; a numeral. 5. Value; 
price. 6. A type or representative. 
7. Pictorial language ; a trope. — v. 
t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To make an im- 
age of. 2. To embellish with designs. 
3. To indicate by numerals ; also, to 
calculate. 4. To state or represent 
by a metaphor ; to signify or symbol- 
ize 5. To image in the mind. — 
t\ i. To make a figure ; to be dis- 
tinguished. 

Fl-LA'CEotJs, a. [Lat. filum, thread.] 
Composed of threads. 

Fil'a-ment, re. [Lat. filum, thread.] 
A thread-like object or appendage. 

FlL'A-MENT'OUS, a. Resembling a 
thread : consisting of fine filaments. 

FH/A-TUR.E (53), re. [L. L&t.Jtiatura, 
from filare, to spin.] 1. The reeling 
of silk from cocoons. 2. A reel for 
drawing off silk. 

FIl'BERT, n. [Perhaps from full and 
beard, from its long beards or husks.] 
Nut of the cultivated hazel. 

FIlch, v. t. [-ed ; -INS.] [Cf. A.-S. 
filhan, to stick to, come upon, hide.] 
To steal or cake privily ; to pilfer. 

FlLCH'ER, re. One who filches. 

FILE, ». [Lat. filum, thread.] 1. A 
line ; a row, as of soldiers ranged be- 
hind oue another. 2. An orderly 
collection of papers ; also, the wire, 
or contrivance, by which they are 
kept in order. — v.t. [-ed; -ING.] 

1. To set in order ; to place on file. 

2. To bring before a court or legisla- 
tive body by presenting proper papers 
in a regular war. 3. To put among i 
the records of a court. — v. i. To 
march in a line, as soldiers. — n. 
[A.-S. feol.] A steel instrument for 
abrading other substances. — v. t. 1. 
To rub or smooth with a file, or as 
with a file. 2. To smooth ; to polish, j 

FILE'-lead'er, re. The soldier placed 
in the front of a file. 

Fil'ial (fil'yal), a. [From I,a.t. filim, 
son, filia, daughter.] 1. Pertaining 
to a son or daughter. 2. Bearing 
the relation of a child. 

FH/I-A'TION, re. 1. Relation of a 
child to a father. 2. The fixing of 
a bastard child on some one as its 
father. 

FiL'I-BUS / TER, re. [Sp.filibote or fii- 
bote, a small, fast-sailing vessel, 
named from the river Vly in Hol- 
land.] A lawless military adventur- 
er ; a free-booter ; a pirate. — v. i. 
To act as a filibuster. 

FKl'I-FOR.M, a. [Lat. filum, thread, 
and forma, form.] Having the form 
of a thread. 

FlL'I-GREE, re. [Lat. filum, thread, 
and granum, grain] Ornamental 
work of fine gold or silver wire. 

FILL, v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [A.-S. fyU 
lan, fr. full, full.] 1. To make full. 
2. To supply abundantly. 3. To sat- 



isfy. 4. To occupy ; to hold. 5. To 
supply with an incumbent. — v. i. 1. 
To become full ; to be satiated. 2. 
To give to drink. — re. 1. A full sup- 
ply. 2. Shaft of a carriage. 

Fil'let, re. [Fr. filet, thread, dim. 
of fil, thread, from l&t. filum.] 1. A 
little baud, esp. one to tic about the 
hair. 2. A piece of meat made up 
of muscles. 3. A little square mem- 
ber or ornament; a listel. — v. t. 
[-ed; -ING.] To bind, furnish, or 
adorn with a fillet. 

FlL'LI-BEG, it. [Gael, filleadkbeag, i. 
e., little plaid.] A Highland dress 
reaching nearly to the knees. 

FTl'li-bDs'ter, n. See Filibuster. 

FlLL'lNG, n. That which fills, or with 
which anything is filled. 

FtL'LIP, v. t. [-ED ;, -ING.] [Prob. 
from the sound.] To strike with the 
nail of the finger, first placed against 
the ball of the thumb, and forced 
from that position with a sudden 
spring. — re. A jerk of the finger 
forced suddenly from the thumb. 

Fil'li-peen', re. Same as Philo- 

PENA. 

Fil'ly, re. [W.fiilog. See Foal.] 1. 
A young mare. 2 A lively or wanton 
girl. 

Film, re. [A.-S. film, skin.] 1. A thin 
skin ; a pellicle. 2. A slender thread. 
— 1\ t. To cover with a thin skin. 

FIlm'y, a. Composed of film ; mem- 
branous. 

Fi'lose (125), a. [Lat. filum, thread.] 
Ending in a thread-like process. 

FlL'TER, re. [L. Lat. filtrum ,feltrum , 
properly felt.] A piece of woolen 
cloth, paper, or the like, for strain- 
ing liquors, —v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
purify, as liquor, by passing it 
through a filter. — v. i. To pass 
through a filter ; to percolate. 

Filth, re. [A.-S. fyldh, fr. fid, foul.] 
1. Foul matter ; dirt. 2. Corrup- 
tion ; pollution. 

FlLTH'l-LY, adv. In a filthy manner. 

FIlth'i-ness, n. 1. State of being 
filthy. 2. That which is filthy, or 
makes filthy. 

FlLTH'Y, a. [-ER ; -EST, 142.] De- 
filed with filth ; morally impure. 

Syx. — Nasty ; fold : dirty ; squalid ; 
gross; impure; polluted. 

FlL'TRATE, V.t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
filter. _ 

FIL-TRA'TION, n. Act of filtering. 

FlM'BRl-ATE, a. [Lat. fimbriatus, 
fringed ; fimbria, fringe.] Bordered by 
filiform processes thic-ker than hairs. 

FlM'BRI-ATE, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
hem ; to fringe. 

FIN, m. [A.-S., allied to Lat. pinna, 
fin, penna, win?, feather.] An or- 
gan of a fish, serving to balance and 
propel it in the water. 

FiN'A-BLE,n. Subject to a fine. 

Fl'NAL, a. [Lat. finalis, from finis, 
limit, end.] 1. Pertaining to the 
end ; last. 2. Decisive ; mortal. 3. 
Respecting the purpose or ultimate 
end in view. 

Syx. — Conclusive ; ultimate. — Final 



is now appropriated to that which brings 
with it an end, as a final adjustment, the 
final judgment, &c. Conclusive implies 
the closing of all future discussion, nego- 
tiation, Sec, as a conclusive argument or 
fact, a conclusive arrangement. Ultimate 
has reference to something earlier or pre- 
ceding, as, a temporary reverse may lead 
to an ultimate triumph. The statements 
which a man finally makes may be per- 
fectly conclusive a* to his ultimate inten- 
tions. 

Finale (fe-naVli), re. [It.] Las6 
note, or end, of a piece of music; 
termination. [ment. 

Fl-NAL'I-TY, re. Final state : a settle- 

FT'nal-ly, adv. 1. At the end ; ulti- 
mately : lastly. 2. Completely. 

FI-nance' (fi-nanss', 114), n. [L. Lat. 
financta, payment of money, money, 
fr.finare, to pay a fine.] Income of 
a ruler or of a state ; revenue ; — 
often in the pi., funds. 

FT-nan'cial (fi-nan'shal), a. Per- 
taining to finance. 

Fi-nan'cial-ly, adv. In a financial 
manner. _ 

FIn'an-cier', n. 1. An officer who 
administers the public revenue. 2. 
One skilled in financial operations. — 
v. i. To conduct financial opera- 
tions. 

Finch (66), re. [A.-S. fine, allied to W. 
pine, a finch, smart, gay.] A small 
singing bird. 

Find, v. t. [imp. & p.p. pound.] 
[A.-S. findan.] 1. To meet with ac- 
cidentally ; to fall in with. 2. To 
perceive ; to experience ; to feel. 3. 
To discover by study or experiment. 

4. To provide for ; to supply. 5. To 
arrive at, as a conclusion. — v. i. To 
determine an issue of fact, and to 
declare such a determination to a 
court. [finds. 

Find'er, n. One who, or that which, 
FlND'ING, re. 1. That which is found ; 
discovery ; especially, pi. , that which 
a journeyman provides for himself. 
2. A verdict. 
Fine, a. [-er ; -est.] [Abbrev. fr. 
Lat. finitus, finished.] 1. Finished; 
perfected; hence, excellent ; superi- 
or ; showy. 2. Aiming at show or 
effect ; over-dressed. 3. Nice ; deli- 
cate : exquisite. 4. Sly ; fraudulent. 

5. Not coarse, gross, or heavy. 

Fine arts, those arts which depend 
chiefly on the imagination, as poetry, 
painting, sculpture, engraving, and ar- 
chitecture;— sometimes restricted to the 
first two. 

Syx.— Beautiful. —"When used as a 
word of praise, fine denotes " no ordina- 
ry thing of its kind." It is not as strong 
as beautiful, in reference to the single at- 
tribute implied in the latter: but when 1 
we speak of a. fine woman, we embrace 
more : viz.. all the qualities hecominga 
woman — breeding, sentiment, tact. be. 
The same is true of a. fine garden, land- 
scape, horse, poem, &c. : and the word, 
though applied to a great variety of ob- 
jects, has still a very definite sense, de- 
noting a hi<rh decree of characteristic 
excellence, thoush not the very highest. 
When used in dispraise, it denotes that 
the fineness is carried to an extreme. 
— v.t. 1. [-ed : -ING.] To make 
fine : to refine. 2. To impose a pe- 
cuniary penalty upon. — n. A pay- 



6k, do, wolf, too, took; urn, rue, pull; e, i, o, silent; 9,G, soft; €,a, liard; Ag; exist; n as ng; this. 



FINE-DRAW 



166 



FIT 



ment of money imposed as a punish- 
ment for an offense. 

In fine, in conclusion ; by way of termi- 
nation or summing up, 

FIne'-draw, v. t. [-drawn; 
-DRAWING.] To sew up, as a rent, 
so that the seam is not perceived. 

Fine'-drawn, p. a. Drawn out with 
too mucii subtilty. 

FlNE'LY, adv. In a finished manner. 

FlNE'NESS, n. Quality of being fine. 

FlN'ER, rc. One who fines or purifies. 

FlN'ER-Y, n. 1. Decoration ; especially 
showy or excessive decoration. 2. A 
refinery. 

FX-NEssE^fT-ness/), n. [Fr. Cf. Fine- 
ness.] Artifice: stratagem. — v.i. 
[-ED : -ING.] To use artifice. 

FlN'uER, n. [ A. -S.. finger, fr.fangan, 
to take or seize.] One of the extrem- 
ities of the hand, including or ex- 
cluding the thumb. — v. t. [-ED: 
-ING.] 1. To touch with the fingers ; 
to handle. 2. To touch lightly. 3. 
To_pilfer. 

FlN'(iER-BOARD,7i. Part of a stringed 
instrument on which the fingers are 
pressed to vary the tone. 

FIn'ger-glass, ft. A glass for water 
to wet the fingers at the dinner- 
table . 

Fin'ger-post, n. A post with a fin- 
ger pointing, for directing passengers. 

FlN're-AL, a. [From./?ne.] Affected- 
ly fine ; unduly particular. 

Svn. — Spruce; foppish.— One who is 
sprucp is elaborately nice in dress ; one 
who is finical shows his affectation in 
language and manner as weW as dress ; 
one who is foppish seeks to distinguish 
himself by the cut of his clothes, the 
tawdriness of his ornaments, and the os- 
tentation of his manner. 

Fi'nis, n. [Lat.] An end ; conclusion. 

Fin'ish, v. t. [-ED ;' -ING.] [Lat. 
Jinire, fr. finis, limit, end.] 1. To put 
an end to ; to terminate. 2. To be- 
stow the utmost labor upon. — n. 
That which finishes ; esp., the last, 
hard, smooth coatof plaster on a wall. 

Fin'ish-er, ft. 1. One who finishes. 
2. A machinist. 

Fl'NlTE, a. [l,at. finitus, -p. -p. of fi- 
nire. See FINISH.] Limited in quan- 
tity, degree, or capacity. 

FI'nite-ly, adv. Within limits. 

Fin'ny, a. Furnished with, or per- 
taining to, fins. 

Fin'-tojbd, a. Having toes connect- 
ed bv a membrane, as aquatic fowls. 

FIR (18), ft. [A.-S.furh.] A tree al- 
lied to the pines. 

FIRE, n. [A.-S. fyr, allied to Gr. Trvp.] 
1. Combustion; state of ignition. 2. 
Fuel in a state of combustion ; a con- 
flagration. 3. Ardor of passion. 4. 
Liveliness and warmth of imagina- 
tion.— r.<. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
set on fire : to kindle. 2. To irritate, 
as the passions. 3. To animate. 4. 
To discharge, as a gun. — v. i. 1. To 
take fire : to kindle. 2. To be irri- 
tated or inflamed. 3. To discharge 
_guns._ 

Fire '-arm, n. A weapon acting by 
the force of gunpowder 



FTre'-board, «. A chimney-board, 
to close a fire-place. 

Fire'-brand, «. 1. A piece of wood 
kindled or on fire. 2. An incendiary. 

Fire'-damp, «. The explosive car- 
bureted hydrogen of coal-mines. 

FlRE'-EAT'ER, ft. One who pretends 
to eat fire ; hence, a fighting charac- 
ter. 

FlRE'-EN / GINE(-en / jin), n . An engine 
for throwing water to put out fires. 

FlRE'-FLY, ft. A winged, luminous 
insect ; also, the female glow-worm. 

FIre'lock, ft. A gun-lock or mus- 
ket, discharged by striking fire with 
Hint and steel. 

Fike'man (150), ft. 1. A man whose 
business is to help to extinguish fires 
in towns. 2. A man who tends the 
fires, as of a steam-engine. 

FTre'-new (-nu), a. Fresh from the 
forge ; quite new. 

FlRE'-PLACE, h. Part of a chimney 
appropriated to the fire; a hearth. 

Fire'-proof, a. Proof against fire ; 
incombustible. 

Fire'-siijp, ft . A vessel filled with com- 
bustibles to burn an enemy's ships. 

Fire'side, «. A place near the fire ; 
home ; domestic life. 

Fire'ward'sn, ft. An officer whose 
duty is to direct in the extinguishing 
of fires 

FiRE'-wobD, ft. Wood for fuel. 

FlRE'-WORK (-wfirk), ft. Preparations 
of gunpowder and other inflamma- 
ble materials, for making explosions 
in the air. 

FlR'KlN (IS), ft. [A.-S.feover, four, 
and the dim. term, kin.] 1. A meas- 
ure of capacity , equal to nine ale gal- 
lons. 2. A small cask of indetermi- 
nate size. [Amer.] 

Firm (18), a. [-er; -est.] [Lat. fir- 
tnus.] 1. Fixed; hence, closely com- 
pressed. 2. Not easily excited or dis- 
turbed. 3. Solid. 4. Indicating firm- 
ness. 

Syx.— Compact; dense; hard; steady; 
resolute ; constant. 

— ft. [It. firma, the (con/infting) 
signature.] The name, title, or style, 
under which a company transact 
business ; hence, a partnership. 

FiR'MA-MENT, ft. [Lat. firm am entum, 
fr.firmus, firm.] The sky ; heavens. 

Fir'ma-ment'al, a. Pertaining to 
the firmament. 

Fir'man, or Fir-man' (150), n. [Pers. 
ferman, Skr. pramana, measure, au- 
thority ] A decree of the Turkish or 
other Oriental government. [ily. 

FiRM'LY, adv. Solidly ; closely ; stead- 

FlRM'NESS,ft. State of being firm ; 
fixedness ; stability ; certainty. 

Syn . — Firmness; constancy. — Firm- 
ties" belonjrs to the will, and constancy 
to the affections and principles ; the for- 
mer prevents us from yielding, and the 
latter from fluctuating. Without firm- 
ness a. man has no character; "without 
constancy!." says Addison, "there is 
neither love, friendship, nor virtue in 
the world." 
FIRST (18), a. [A.-S.,superl. of fore, 
before.] 1. Preceding all others. 2. 



Most eminent or exalted ^adv. Be 
fore any thing else in time, space, 
rank, &c. [eldest. 

FlRST'-BORN, a. First brought forth ; 

First'-floor, ft. 1. Floor next 
above the ground-floor. [Eng.] 2. 
The ground-floor. [Amer.] 

FlRST'-FRUlT, h. [Usually in the pi.] 
Fruits earliest gathered ; the earliest 
results or profits of any action or 
position, [mestic animals. 

First'ling, ft. First offspring of do- 

FlRST'LY 1 adv. In the first place. 

FIRST'-RATE, a. Of the highest ex- 
cellence ; pre-eminent. 

Fisc, ft. [Fr., from Lat. fisevs. bas- 
ket, money -basket.] Treasury of a 
priuce or state. 

Fisc'ae, a. Pertaining to the public 
treasury. — n. A treasurer. 

Fish, «. ; pi. fIsh'ep, instead of 
which the sing, is often used collect- 
ively. [A.-S. allied to Lat. piscis.] 
1. An animal that lives in water. 2. 
An oviparous, vertebrate, aquatic an- 
imal, covered with scales, and breath- 
ing by means of gills. 3. Flesh of 
fish. — v. i. [-ED; -ING] 1. To 
attempt to catch fish. 2. To seek to 
obtain by artifice. — v. t. 1. To draw 
out or up. 2. To search as for fish. 

FlSH'ER, ft. One who is employed 
in catching fish. 

Fish'er-man (150), »?. One whose 
occupation is to catch fish. 

Fish'er-y, «. 1. Business of catch- 
ing fish. 2. A place for catching 
fish. [fish. 

Fish'hook, ft. A hook for catching 

FISH'I-NESS, ft. State of being fishy. 

FIsH'M6N / ( J ER(-mticg'i.er),ft. A sell- 
er offish, [viding fish at table. 

FlSH'-SLICE,ft. A broad knife for di- 

FlSH'-WJFE (149), ft. A woman that 
cries fish for sale. [who sells fish. 

Fish'-wom'an (150), ft. A woman 

FISH'Y, a. Consisting of fish; fish- 
like ; filled with fish. 

Fi's'slLE (ffs'sil), a. [Lat. fissilis, fr. 
findere, to split.] Capable of being 
split or cleft. [sile. 

Fis-SIL'I-TY, ft. Quality of being fis- 

FKs'sion (fish'un), ft. A cleaving, 
splitting, or breaking up into parts. 

FIS'SURE (fish'ur), ft. A cleft; a lon- 
gitudinal opening. 

FisT, n. [A.-S. fyst.] The hand with 
the fingers doubled. — v.t. [-ID ; 
-ING.] To strike with the fist. 

Fist'ig, a. Pertaining to boxing ; pu- 
gilistic. 

FisT'l-cuFFS, 77. pi. Elows,ora com- 
bat with the fists. 

Fist'v-la (Tist'yx\-\&,),n.;pl. fYst'- 
U-LjE. [Lat.] 1. A reed: hence, a 
pipe. 2. A deep, narrow abscess. 

FlST'U LAR. a. Hollow li' e a pipe. 

FlST'U LATE, v. i. To bee erne a pipe 
or fistula. — v.t. To make hollow 
like a pipe. 

FtsT'u-LoOs, a. 1 Having the form 
or nature of a fistula. 2. Hollow like 
a pipe. 

Fit, a. f-TER; -test, 136.] [Cf 
feat, neat, well made.] 1. Adapted 



A, E, I, 0,U, \,long; A,E,I, 6, 0, Y, short:. CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FlRM; SON, 



FITCH 



167 



FLAT 



to an end, object, or design. 2. Suit- 
able to a standard of duty, proprie- 
ty, or taste. 

Syx. — Proper ; appropriate ; meet ; 
becoming; apposite; adapted. 

— V. t. [-TED ; -TING.] 1. To 
make fit or suitable ; to qualify. 2. 
To bring into a required form. 3. 
To furnish duly ; to be suitable to. 
— v. i. 1. To be proper or becoming. 

2. To suit. — n. 1. Adjustment; 
adaptedness. [Prob. from the root 
of fight.] 2. A sudden and violent 
attack of a disorder ; hence, in gen- 
eral, an attack of disease. 3. Any 
judden and overpowering attack. 4. 
A passing humor. 5. A sudden emis- 
sion, [the pole-cat. 

FiTCH, n. [Contr. cf fitchet.] Fur of 

Fi'T'FTjL, a. Full of fits ; irregularly 
variable; spasmodic. 

FPX'ly, adv. Suitably ; properly. 

FlT'NESS, n. QuaHty of being fit. 

FlT'TING, n. Any thing used in fit- 
ting up. — p. a. Fit; appropriate. 

Five", n. [A.-S. fit/.] Sum of four 
and one. — a. Four and one added. 

Five'fold, a. & adv. Five times re- 
peated ; quintuple. 

Fives, n. pi. A kind of play with a 
ball ; — so named because three fives 
are counted to the game. 

Fix, n. A position of embarrassment ; 
predicament. [Colloq.] — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] [Fv. fixer, Sp. & Pg. fixnr. 
It. fissare, fr . Lat. figere ,fixum .] 1. 
To make firm, stable, or fast. 2. 
To hold steadily, or without moving. 

3. To adjust ; to set to rights ; to 
put in order. 

Stn.— To prepare ; place ; establish ;' 
settle ; determine ; arrange. — Fix de- 
notes to set firmly, as, to fix the eye on 
some one; his teeth were fixed; and 
hence arises the vulgarism to be in a 
"fix," or a " bad fix." It is a gross error 
to give this word the sense of arrange or 
put in order, as, to fix a clock ; to fix the 
fire; to fix one's hair ; to fix up, &c. — 
This very common Americanism has no 
sanctionin English usage. 

— v.i. 1. To settle or remain perma- 
nently. 2. To become firm or hard. 

Fix' a-ble , a. Capable of being fixed . 

Fix-A'TION, n. 1. Act of fixing. 2. 
State of being fixed ; steadiness ; 
constancy. [lished ; firm. 

FtxJED (fikst), p. a. Settled; estab- 

Flx'ED-LY, adv. In a fixed manner. 

FIx'ED-NESS, a. A state of being fixed ; 
stability ; firmness ; steadfastness. 

FTx'ING, n. A fixture ; — used chiefly 
in the pi. ; arrangements, embellish- 
ments, trimmings, Sec. [ Collar/ . Am.] 

FlX'I-TY, n. Fixedness ; coherence of 
parts. 

JffxT'URE (fikst/yjjr, S3), n. 1. That 
which is attached to something as a 
permanent appendage. 2. Fixedness. 

FIZZ, \v.i. [Icel. fisa, to venti- 

FlZ'ZLE, ( late, Gr. 4>v<ra.] 1. To 
make a hissing sound. 2. To bungle. 

Flz'ZLE, u. A failure or abortive 
effort. [by. 

Flab'BI-NESS, n. State of being flab- 

Flab'by, a. [See Flap.] Wanting 
firmness ; flaccid. 



FLA€'CID, a. [Lat.flaccidus, fr. flac- 
cus, flabby.] Yielding to pressure ; 
soft and weak ; flabby. 

Flac-c'id'i-ty, In. State of being 

Flac'cid-ness, j flaccid; flabbi- 
ness. 

Flag, v. i. [-ged ; -ging, 136.] [Al- 
lied to Lat. fiaccus, flabby, Goth. 
tklapvus, soft, tender.] 1. To be loose 
and yielding. 2. To grow spiritless 
or dejected. — v. t. 1. To let fall into 
feebleness. 2. To lay with flat stones. 
— 11. 1. [Allied to Ger. flack, flat.] 
A flat stone used for paving. 2. 
[From fiag, to hang loose.] An 
aquatic plant with long leaves. 3. 
[See Flag, v. ?'.] An ensign ; a ban- 
ner ; a standard. 

FLAG'EL-LATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[La.t.fi age Hare, -latum, ir.fl age Hum, 
whip, scourge.] To whip, to scourge. 

Flag'el-la'tion, n. A whipping ; 
a flogging. 

Flag'EO-lEt' (fluj'o-), n. [Fr., dim. 
of fiaute, N. Fr. flute.] A small 
wind-instrument, having a mouth- 
piece at one end. 

Flag'gING, n. A pavement or side- 
w-ilk of flag-stones. 

FLAG'GY,a. 1. Weak; flexible. 2. 
Insipid. 3. Abounding with the 
plant called flag. 

Fla-gi'tious (-jTsh'usJja. [Lat. fla- 
gitiosus, fr. flagitium, a disgraceful 
act.] 1. Shamefully criminal. 2. 
Guilty of enormous crimes. 

Syx.— Atrocious ; villainous; profli- 
gate. 

Fla-gi'tious-ness, n. Quality of 
being flagitious ; extreme wickedness. 

Flag'-of'fi-CER, ii. Commander of 
a squadron. 

Flag'on, n. [Fr.flacon, for flascon, 
prob. fr. Lat. vasculum, a small ves- 
sel.] A vessel for holding and con- 
veying liquors. [mity. 

Fla'GRAN-CY, n. Ileinousness ; enor- 

Fla'grant, a. [Lat. flagrans, p. pr. 
of flagrare, to flame; blaze.] 1. 
Flaming ; burning. 2. Itaging. 3. 
Notorious. [manner. 

Fla'grant-ly, adv. In a flagrant 

Flag'-sii'ip, n. The ship which bears 
the commanding officer of a squad- 
ron. 

Flag'-staff (149), ii. A staff on 
which a flag is hung. [pavement. 

Flag'-stone, n. A flat stone for 

FLAIL, n. [From L&t. flagellum, whip, 
scourge.] An instrument for thresh- 
ing grain. 

Flake, n. [A.-S. flace, Lat.floccus.] 
1. A film ; flock ; scale. 2. A plat- 
form of hurdles, for drying codfish, 
&c. 3. A small changing stage or 
scaffold, —v.t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
form into flakes. — v. i. To scale off. 

Flak'y, a. Consisting of flakes. 

Flam'beau (fl-tnVbol, n. ; pi. flaji'- 
BEAUX, or FLAM'beaus (ilam'boz). 
[Fr., from Lat. flammula, a little 
flame.] A flaming torch used in the 
streets at night. 

FLAME, n. [\jat.flamma.] 1. Burn- 
ing gas ; a blaze. 2. Burning zeal 




or passion ; fervency. 3. A sweet- 
heart. [Colloq.] — V. i. [-ED;-ING.] 
1. To burn with a blaze. 2. To break 
out in violence of passion. 

Fla'men, n. [Lat. , so called from the 
filum, or fillet around his head.] 
(Rorn. Antiq.) A priest devoted to 
the service of a particular god. 

Fla-min'go, it. 
[From Lat. flam- 
ma, flame.] A bird 
of a bright red col- 
or, having long legs 
and neck. 

Flam-mif'er-ous, 
a. [Lat. flammi- 
fer, from flamma, 
flame, andferre, to 
bear.] Producing 
flame. 

FLAM'if, a. Flam- Flamingo, 
ing ; blazing ; flame-like. 

Flange, n. [See Flank.] Project- 
ing edge, rib, or rim as of a car-wheel. 

Flank, n. [Prob. from Lat. flaccus, 
flabby.] 1. Fleshy part of the side 
of an animal. 2. (Mil.) (a.) The sido 
of an army or of any division of it. 
(b.) Part of a bastion. 3. Side of. 
any building. — v.t'. [-ed; -ING.) 

1. To stand at the flank or side of, 

2. To command the flank of; to pasi) 
around or turn the flank of. — v. i. 
To border ; to touch. [cloth 

Flan'nel, n. A soft, nappy, woolen 

Flap,«. [Allied to Lat. flaccus, flab- 
by.] 1. Any thing broad and limber 
that hangs loose. 2. Motion of any 
thing broad and loose, or a stroke 
with it. 3. pi. (Far.) A disease in 
the lips of horses. — v. t. [-PEE; 
-PING, 136.] 1. To beat with a flap. 
2. To move, as something broad and 
loose. — v.t. 1. To move as wings. 
2. To fall and hang like a flap. 

Flap'-earjed, a. Having broad, 
loose ears. [cake. 

Flap'Jack, n. A sort of broad pan- 

Flap'PER, ii. One who, or that which, 
flaps. 

Flare, v. i. [-ed: -ing.] [Contr. 
fr. Prov. Eng. flacker, to flutter.] 1. 
To burn or shine out unsteadily. 2. 
To open or spread outward. — n. An 
unsteady, broad, offensive light. 

Flare'-up, n. A sudden passion. 

Flash, n. [i'r.fleche, arrow, fromM. 
H. Ger. vliz, arrow, bow.] 1. A sud- 
den burst of light. 2. A momentary 
brightness. 3. An instant. 4. Slang 
language of thieves, robbers, &c. — 
a. Lowand vulgar ; slang. — v.i. [-ed; 
-ing.] To break forth , as a sudden 
flood of light or flame. — v. t. To 
send out in flashes : to convey by a 
quick and startling motion. 

Flash'y, a. 1. Dazzling for a moment. 
2. Showy; gaudy. 3. Insipid; vapid. 

Flask, n. [A.-S. flasc, flaxa. Sea 
Flagon.] 1. A narrow-necked ves- 
sel for fluids. 2. A powder-horn. 3, 
(Founding.) A box containing the 
sand that forms the mold. 

Flat, a. [-ter; -test, 136.] [TceL 
flatr, 0. H. Ger. flaz.] 1. Level with- 



OR. do, wolf, too, TOOK; urn, rue, PULL; E, I, O, silent ; c, g, soft; €,H,hard; A§; exist; tfasNG; this. 



FLAT-IRON 



168 



FLIPPANCY 



out inclination. 2. Prostrate; fallen ; 
laid low ; ruined. 3. Monotonous. 
4. Depressed ; dull. 5. Clear ; abso- 
lute ; downright. 6. (Mus.) (a.) Be- 
low the true pitch, (b.) Not sharp or 
Bhrill ; not acute. — n. 1. A level sur- 
face. 2. A low, level tract of ground. 
3. Flat part, or side, of any thing. 4. 
A simpleton ; a numskull. 5. (Mus.) 
A character [ t>] before a note, indicat- 
ing a tone a half-step or semitone 
lower. — v.t. [-ted; -ting, 136.] 
To make flat ; to flatten. — v. i. To 
become flat or flattened. 

FlXt'-Pron (-Purn), n. An iron for 
smoothing cloth. 

FlXt'ly, adv. In a flat manner ; 
evenly ; frigidly ; positively ; plainly. 

Flat'ness, n. Quality of being flat. 

TlAt'tex (h3.t>tn),v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 

1. To level ; to make flat. 2. To throw 
down ; hence, to depress ; to deject. 
3. To make iusipid. 4. To lower the 
pitch of. — v. i. To become even, de- 
jected, dull, or depressed below pitch. 

JiLAT'TER,t\ t. [-ED; -ING.] [From 
fiat ; orig., to stroke, ?'. e., to make 
flat, or smooth.] 1. To gratify; to 
coax. 2. To please by artful and in- 
terested commendation. 3. To please 
with false hopes. 

Flat'ter-er, n. One who flatters. 

JTLAT'TER-Y, n. Act of flattering. 
Syn. — Adulation ; obsequiousness. 

Flat'u-lence, ) n. State of being 

*LAT'U-LEN-CY, ) flatulent. 

Flat'U-lent, a. [From Lat. fiatus, 
a blowing.] 1. Windy. 2. Gener- 
ating wind in the stomach. 3. Tur- 
gid with air. 

Flaunt, r. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Cf. Goth. 
fiautan. to boast.] To throw or spread 
out ostentatiously. 

l?£.A'VOR, ii. [0. Eng. flayre, smell, 
odor, fr. Lat. fragrare, to emit fra- 
grance, changed into flagrare.] 1. 
Odor; fragrance. 2. Relish; savor. 
3. That which imparts a peculiar 
odor or taste. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To give flavor to. [taste or smell. 

5FLA/VOR-OUS. a. Pleasant to the 

JfiXAW, n. [Cf. A.-S. flCh, fragment, 
fr. flean, to flay.] 1. A bursting or 
cracking ; a gap or fissure. 2. A sud- 
den gust of short duration. 3. Any 
defect made by violence or occa- 
sioned by neglect. 

Syn. — Blemish ; imperfection. 
— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To break; 
to crack ; to violate. 

FLAW'Y, a. 1. Full of flaws. 2. Sub- 
ject to flaws or sudden gusts. 

FlXx, n. [A.-S. fleax. from 
the same root with Ger. 
'flechten, to braid, plait.] 1. 
A plant, the fiber of the 
bark of which is used for 
making thread and cloth. 

2. Fibrous part of the 
plant, when broken and 
cleaned. 

Flax'jsn (flaks'n), a. 1. 

Made of flax. 2. Rescro- 

bling flax. [flax-plant. 
Flax'seed, n. Seed of the 




Flax. 



FlXx'Y, a. Like flax ; of a light color. 

FLAY.r. t. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. flean.] 
To skin ; to strip off the skin of. 

Flea, ». [A.-S. flea, allied to Lat. pu- 
lex.] An insect remarkable for its 
agility and trouble.-ome bite. 

Flea'-bite, n. 1. The bite of a flea. 
2 1 A trifling wound or pain. 

FLEAM, n. [Gr. tpkefZoTOfjLOV, fr. <j>\e\p, 
<£Ae/36s, vein, and TOfirj, a cutting.] A 
lancet. 

Fleck, n. A spot ; a streak ; a speck- 
le.— v.t. [-ED; -ING.] [Ger.] To 
spot ; to streak or stripe ; to dapple. 

Flection, ii. [See Flexion.] Act 
of bending, or state of being bent. 

Fled, imp. & p.p. of Flee. 

Fledge, v.t. [-ed; -ing.] Tosup- 
ply with feathers. [l >dged. 

FLEDGE'LING, n. A young bird just 

Flee, v. [imp. & p. p. fled.] 
[A.-S. fleokan , fleon .] To run away, 
as from danger or evil. 

Fleece, n. [A.-S. fleos, flys.] 1. 
Coat of wool shorn from a sheep at 
one time. 2. Any soft woolly cover- 
ing. — v. t. [-ed; -ING.] 1. To 
deprive of a fleece. 2. To rob ; to 
steal from. 

Flee'cer, ii. One who fleeces. 

FLEE'CY, a. Covered with, made of, 
or resembling, a fleece. 

Fleer, v.i. [-ed;-ing.] [lce\.flyra, 
to smile ; to laugh often.] To deride; 
to sneer ; to mock. — v.t. To mock : 
to flout at. — n. Derision expressed 
by words or looks. [manner. 

FLEER'ING-LY, adv. In a fleering 

Fleet, n. [A.-S. fiiet,fiota, ship, fr. 
fieotan, to float.] A navy or squad- 
ron of ships. — a. [-ER; -est.] 
[Icel. fiiCtr, quick. See FLIT.] 
Swift in motion; nimble. — v. i. 
[-ed; -ing.] To fly swiftly; to 
hasten. 

Fleet'ing, p. a. Not durable. 

Syn. — Transient; transitory. — Tran- 
sient represents a thing as short at the- 
best; transitory as liable at any moment 
to pass away. Fleeting goes further, and 
represents it as in the act pf taking its 
flight. Life is transient ; its joys are tran- 
sitory; its hours urefleeting. 

Fleet'ly, adv. Swiftly : rapidly. 

Fleet'ness, n. Swiftness; rapidity; 
velocity ; celerity ; speed. 

Flense, v. t. [Cf. Icel. flisia, to flay, 
skin.] To cut up and obtain the 
blubber of; — said of a whale. 

Flesh, n. [A.-S.flasc] 1. The mus- 
cles covering the frame-work of bones 
in animals. 2. Animal food ; meat. 
3. The human race ; mankind. 4. 
Human nature ; tenderness of feel- 
ing; carnality. — 5. Soft, pulpy sub- 
stance of fruit. — v. t. [-ED ; -TNG.] 
1. To train by feeding flesh ; hence, 
to use upon flesh, as a murderous 
weapon. 2. To glut; to satiate; 
hence, to accustom. 

Flesh'i-ness, n. State of being 
fleshy : plumpness ; corpulence. 

Flesh'li-ness, n. Carnal passions 
and appetites. 

FLESH'LY, a. 1. Pertaining to the 
flesh. 2. Animal; not A'ege table. 3. 



Human ; not celestial ; not spirit 
ual. 4. Carnal. 

FLESH'Y, a. [-ER ; -est, 142.] Full 
of flesh ; plump ; corpulent. 

Fleur-de-zis (ihjr'de-15'), n. [Fr., 
flower of the lily.] The royal insig- 
nia of France. 

Flew (flu), imp. of Fly. 

Flex, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [L-dt.fiec 
tere,flexum.] To bend. 

Flex'i-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being 
flexible; pliancy. 

FLEX'I-ELE, a. [Lat. flexibilis, from 
flectere, to bend.] 1. Pliable : 3 ield- 
ing to pressure. 2. Too easy and 
compliant; wavering. 3. Capable 
of being adapted. 

Syn.— Pliant; tractable; manageable. 

Flex'I-BLE-NESS, ii. Quality of be- 
ing iiexible. [bent. 

Flex'ile, a. Pliant; pliable: easily 

Flex'ION, ii. 1. Act of i.exing or 
bending. 2. A part bent ; a fold. 

Feex'u-ous (ilek/sh]]-), a. [Lat.flcx- 
vosus,ir.flexvs, a becdii g.] Having 
turns, windings, or flexures. 

Flex'ure (flek/shjjr). v. 1. A flexing 
or bending. 2. A turn : a bend. 

FLlCK'ER, v. i. [-ED : -ING.] [A.-S. 
flyecerian, fliccerian, fr. flyege, c^e 
to fly.] To flutter; to flap without 
flying ; to waver. 

FLI'ER, n. 1. One who flies or flees ; 
a fugitive. 2. pi. Arms attached to 
the spindle of a spinning-wheel. 3. 
A straight flight of steps. 

Flight (flit), n. [A.-S.fliht,flyl.t, a 
flying, fr.fleogan, to fly.] 1. Act of 
fleeing; hasty departure 2. Act, 
mode, or style of flying. 3. A soar- 
ing ; an extravagant sally. 4. A 
flock of birds flying in company. 5. 
A reach of steps or stairs. 

Flight'i-ness (t'lit'T-), n. State of 
being flighty. 

Syn. — Levity; giddiness ; volatility ; 
lightness; wildncss. 

FlIght'Y (fl.il/y-), a. 1. Fleeting; 
swift. 2. Vola'tilc; giddy. 

Flim'sy, a. [-er; -est, 142.] [See 
LlMSY.] Of loose and unsubstantial 
structure ; without reason or plau- 
sibility. 

Syn. — Weak ; feeble; slight; super- 
ficial; shallow ; vain. 

Flinch, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Cf. 
blench.] T6 shrink; to wince. 

FLIN'DERS, n. pi. [D. flenters, rags, 
broken pieces.] Small pieces ; frag- 
ments. 

Fling, v. t. [imp. & p. p. flung.] 
[Icel. fleygia.] 1. To cast or throw; 
to hurl. 2. To emit. 3. To pros- 
trate; hence, to baffle ; to defeat. — 
v. i. 1. To wince ; to flounce. 2. To 
cast in the teeth. — n. 1. A throw. 
2. A sarcasm. 3. A kind of dance. 

Flint, n. [A.-S., allied to Gr. -nktv- 
0o?, brick.] A hard variety of quartz. 

FLINT'Y, a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] Con- 
sisting of, or resembling, flint. 

FLIP, n. A mixture of beer and spirit 
sweetened and heated by a hot iron. 

Flip'pan-cy, n. State or quality of 
being flippant. 



Aj E, I, 0,U,Y, long; X,E,L 6, U, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TfiRM ; PIQUE, FIRM ; SON, 



FLIPPANT 



1G9 



FLUE 



FlTp'PANT, a. [Prov. Eng. flip, to 
move nimbly.] 1. Voluble; talka- 
tive. 2. Pert ; petulant, [manner. 

FlIp'pant-ly, adv. In a flippant 

Flip'per, n. Paddle of a sea-turtle; 
broad fin of a fish. 

Flirt (18), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Cf. 
blurt, to throw at random.] 1. To 
throw or fling suddenly. 2. To more 
playfully to and fro. — v. i. To play 
the coquette. — n. 1. A sudden jerk. 

2. One who flirts ; a coquette. 
FLIR-TA'TION, n. 1. A quick, spright- 
ly motion. 2. Playing at courtship ; 
coquetry. 

Flit, v./. [-ted; -ting, 136.] [Dan. 
fly tie, to remove. See FLEET.] 1. 
To fly away with a rapid motion. 2. 
To pass rapidly from one place to an- 
other. 

Flitch, n. [A.-S. flicce.] Side of a 
hog salted and cured. 

Float, n. [A.-S. fleot, river.] 1. Any 
thing which floats. 2. A wooden in- 
strument, with which masons smooth 
plastering. — v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [A.- 
S. fleotan, flotian, to float, swim.] 
To rest on the surface of any fluid ; 
to be buoyed up. — v. t. 1. To cause 
to rest or move on the surface of a 
fluid. 2. To flood ; to inundate. 3. 
To smooth with a float. 

FLOAT'AGE (45), n. Any thing that 
floats on_the water. 

Float'-board. n. One of the boards 
on the rim of a steamers paddle 
wheels. 

Float'ER,«. One who floats or swims. 

Float'ing-br'idge, n. A bridge of 
rafts or timber. 

Floc'cil-la'tion, n. [Lat. floccus, 
a lock of wool.] A delirious picking 
of bed-clothes, as if to pick otf locks 
of wool, &c. [flocculent. 

Flo€'€U-lence, n. State of being 

?LO€'€U-LENT, a. [Lat. floccus, a 
lock of wool.] Adhering in flocks or 
flakes. 

Flock, n. [A.-S. flocc, flock, com- 
pany.] 1. A company or collection 
of living creatures, esp. sheep and 
birds. 2. A Christian congregation. 

3. A lock of wool or hair. — v. ?'. 
[-ED; -ING.] To gather in compa- 
nies err crowds. 

Fl5ck'-bed, n. A bed filled with 
locks of wool , or piece? of cloth . 

FLOE, n. [Dan. flag.] An extensive 
surface of ice floating in the ocean. 

FLOG,t\£. [-GED; -GING.] [Cf. Lat. 
flagrum. whip, fligere, to strike.] To 
beat, with a rod or whip ; to whip. 

Flood (Hud), n. [A.-S. flod. See 
FLOAT, v. i.] 1. A body of moving 
water; a deluge; a freshet; an in- 
undation. 2. The flowing in of the 
tide. 3. A great quantity ; abun- 
dauce. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
overflow ; to inundate. 

Flood'-gate, n. A gate to stop or 
to let out water. [tide rises. 

Fl6od'-mark, n. Mark to which the 

FLOOR (Hot), n. [A.-S fl~r,flore.] 1. 
Bottom of a room or building. 2. A 
suite of rooms ; a story. 3. Any plat- 



form. 4. (Legislative Assemblies.) 
(a.) Part of the house assigned to 
members. (b.) The right to speak. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To cover 
with a floor. 2. To lay level with 
the floor ; hence, to put to silence. 

Flop, v. t. [-PED; -ping.] A dif- 
ferent spelling of flap.] 1. To flap. 
1._ To let down the brim of. 

FLO'RA, n. [Lat., iv.flos, flower.] 1. 
The goddess of flowers. 2. Complete 
system of vegetable species native in 
agiven locality, or period. [era. 

FLO'RAL (89), a. Pertaining to flow- 

FLO-RES'CENCE, n. [L&t.florescere, 
flurescens, to begin to blossom.] A 
bursting into flower. 

Flo'ret (89), n. [Dim. of Lat. flos, 
flower.] A little flower ; the separate 
little flower of an aggregate flower. 

Flo'ri-cult'URE (53), n. [hut. flos, 
flower, and cultura, culture.] Culti- 
vation of flowering plants. 

FLOR'ID, a. [L&t.floridus, fromflos, 
flower.] 1. Bright in color ; of a 
lively red. 2. Excessively ornate. 

Flo-RID'i-TY, ) n. FYeshness or 

FLOR'ID-NESS, ) brightness of color. 

FLO-RIF'ER-OUS, % a. [L&t. fl or ifer, fr. 
flos, flower, an&ferre, to bear.] Pro- 
ducing flowers. 

FLOR'IN, n. [Orig. a Florentine com.] 
A coin of gold or silver, of different 
values. 

Flo'rist (89), n. A cultivator of 
flowers. [lous. 

FLOS'€U-LAR,a. Same as FLOSCU- 

Flos'cule, ii. [Lat. flosculus, dim. 
of flos, flower.] A floret of an ag- 
gregate flower. 

Flos'cu-lous, a. Consisting of many 
tubulose, monopetalous florets. 

Floss, n. [Lat. flos, flower.] 1. A 
silken substance in the husks of 
maize, &c. 2. Untwisted filaments 
of silk. 

FLO-TA'TION. n. 1. Act of floating. 

- 2. Science of floating bodies. 

FLO-TIL'LA, ii. [Dim. ofSy.flota, a 
fleet.] A little fleet, or a fleet of small 
vessels. 

Flot'sam, ) n. [Eng. float.] Goods 

Flot'son, J lost by shipwreck, and 
floating on the sea. 

Flounce, v. ?'. [-ed; -ing.] [0. Sw. 
flunsa, to immerge.] To spring or 
twist with sudden effort ; to flounder. 

— v. t. To deck with flounces. — n. 
1. A sudden, jerking motion of the 
body. 2. [Cf. Ger. flaus, flvsch, a 
tuft of wool or hair.] An ornamental 
strip or frill around the skirt of a 
lady's dress. 

FLOUN'DER, n. [Ger. flunder.] A 
flat fish, allied to the halibut. — v. i. 
[-ED ; -ING ] [Allied to flounce.] To 
fling the limbs and body, as in mak- 
ing efforts to move ; to flounce. 

Flour, n. [See Flower.] Finely 
ground meal of wheat, or other 
grain : hence, any fine and soft 
powder. — v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 
grind and bolt. 2. To sprinkle with 
flour. 

Flodr'ish, v. i. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 



florescere, to begin to bloom, fr. flos 
flower.] 1. To grow luxuriantly. 2. 
To be prosperous. 3. To use florid 
language. 4. To make bold sweep- 
ing, fanciful, movements. 5. To ex- 
ecute an irregular or fanciful strain 
of music, —v. l. 1. To embellish. 2. 
To grace with osteutatious eloquence. 
3. To move iu bold or irregular fig- 
ures ; to brandish. — u. 1. Showy 
splendor. 2. Ambitious copiousness, 
or amplification. 3. A fanciful 
stroke, as of the pen. 4. A fantastic 
or decorative musical passage. 5. A 
brandishing. 

Flout, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Cf. Goth. 
flautan, to boast.] To mock ; to 
treat with contempt. — v. i. To sneer. 
— n. A mock : an insult. 

Flow, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S.y?3- 
van, Lat. flu ere.] 1. To move, as a 
liquid. 2. To glide smoothly ; to is- 
sue forth. 3. To abound ; to be co- 
pious. 4. To hang loose and waving. 
5. To rise, as the tide. — v.t. To 
cover with water; to overflow. — n. 
1. A stream ; a current. 2. Any 
gentle, gradual movement. 3. Abun- 
dance. 4. The setting in of the tide. 

Flow'er (flou'er), n. [Lat. flos, flo- 
ris.] 1. Abloom or blossom. 2. Fair 
est and choicest part of any thing. 3. 
A figure of speech. 4. ]/l. Bodies in 
the form of a powder. — v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To blossom ; to bloom. 2. 
To come into the finest co dition. — 
v. t. To embellish with flowers. 

Flower-de-luce, n. [Fr. fleur- 
de-lis, flower of the lily.] A plant of 
several species. 

Flow'er-et, n. A small flower : a 
floret. [flowery. 

Flow'er-I-NESS, n. State of being 

FLOW'ER-Y (Hou'er-5'),«. 1. Full of 
flowers. 2. Highly figurative ; florid. 

Flown, p./;. of Fly. 

Flu'ATE,?;. [From fluor.] A salt 
once supposed to be formed by fluor- 
ic acid combined with a base. 

FLTrCT'U-ATE, V. ?'. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. fluctuare, -atnm, from fl actus, 
wave.] 1. To move as a wave. 2. 
To be irresolute or undetermined. 

Syn. — To waver; vacillate. — Fluctu- 
ate is applied both to things and persons, 
and denotes that they move as they are 
acted upon. The stocks .fluctuate; a 
man fluctuates between conflicting in- 
fluences. Vacillate and waver apply 
only to persons, and represent them as 
acting themselves. A man vacillates 
when he goes backward and forward in 
his opinions and purposes, without any 
fixity of mind or principles. A man 
leavers when he shrinks back or hesi- 
tates at the approach of difficulty or 
danger. 

Fluct'u-a'tion, n. 1. Unsteadi- 
ness ; a sudden rise or fall. 2. Un- 
dulation. 

FLUE, n. [Cf. 0. Tr.flue, a flowing, 
fr.fluer, to flow.] 1. A passage fo» 
carrying away smoke. 2. (Steam 
boilers.) A passage surrounded by 
water, for the gaseous products of 
combustion. 3. [Cf. D.flauw, weak.] 
Soft down, fur or hair. 



OR.DOjWQLFjTOOjiooK; URN,RyE, pull; e, I, o, silent ; q,Q,soft; €,a,hard; as; exist ; nqsng; this. 



FLUENCY 



170 



FOLIO 



FLU'EN-CY, n. Quality of being flu- 
ent ; smoothness; volubility. 

FLU'ENT, a. [Lat. fluere, jluens, to 
flow.] 1. Liquid; gliding; current. 
2. Voluble ; copious ; hence, flow- 
ing ; smooth. 

Flu'GjEL-man (ihVgl-man), n. [Ger. 
flugelmann , fr.flugel, file, and maun, 

! man.] Leader of a file ; a fugleman. 

Slu'ID, a. [Lat.fluidus, fr. fluere, to 
flow.] Capable of flowing. — n. A 
body whose particles move easily 
among themselves. 

Flu-IdI-TY, n. Quality of being fluid. 

<\LUKE,n. [L. Ger. flunk, flunka, 
wing.] 1. Part of an anchor which 
fastens in the ground. 2. One of the 
points of a whale's tail. 

Flume, n. [A.-S. flum, a stream ; 
Lat. f him en , from fluere, to flow.] A 
passage or channel for the water that 
drives a mill-wheel. 

FLUM'MER-Y, n. [W. llymry ,llymru :, 
oatmeal steeped until sour, boiled, 
and eaten with milk ; llymrig, harsh, 
crude.] 1. A light kind of food, for- 
merly made of flour or meal. 2. 
Mere flattery ; nonsense. 

Flung, imp. & p. p. of Fling. 

FLUNK'Y,«. [Prob. fr. flank.] 1. A 
livery servant. 2. One who is obse- 
quious or cringing. 

Flu' OR, n. [Lat..fr. fluere, to flow.] 
A mineral of beautiful colors. 

Flu-6r'I€. a. Pertaining to, or ob- 
tained from, fluor-spar. 

Flu'or-Ine, n. An element related 
to both chlorine and oxygen. 

FLU'OR-SPAR, n. See FLUOR. 

FlDr'ry, n. 1. A sudden gust. 2. 
Violent agitation ; commotion. — v. t. 
[-ed; -ING, 142.] To agitate; to ex- 
cite or alarm. 

Flush, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Cf. 0. II. 
Ger. fliuzan, to flow.] 1. To flow 
and spread suddenly. 2. To turn 
red ; to blush. 3. To shine sudden- 
ly ; to glow. — v.t. 1. To redden 
suddenly. 2. To make red or glow- 
ing. 3. To elate ; to elevate. — n. 1. 
A sudden flowing. 2. A rush of 
blood to the face ; a blush. — a. 1. 
Fresh ; glowing ; bright. 2. Afflu- 
ent ; liberal ; prodigal. 3. Forming 
a continuous surface. 

Flus'ter, v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Cf. 
bluster.] To make hot and rosy, as 
with drinking ; to confuse. — n. 
Heat or glow, as from drinking ; con- 
fusion ; disorder. 

FLUTE, n. [From Lat. flatus, a blow- 
ing.] 1. (Mus.) A wind instrument, 
with holes along its length. 2. A 
channel in a column or pillar. 3. A 
similar channel in wood or other 
work. — i'. t. [-ed; -ing.] To form 
flutes or channels in. 

FLUT'ING, n. A channel or furrow in 
a column or a ruffle. [flute. 

FLUT'IST, »7. A performer on the 

FlDt'ter, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [0. 
Ger. fl 'adder t\.] 1. To move or flap 
the wings rapidly. 2. To move with 
quick vibrations. 3. To move ir- 
regularly. — v. t. 1. To vibrate 



quickly. 2. To agitate ; to disorder. 

— n. 1. Quick and irregular motion. 

2. Tumult ; confusion. 
FLU'VI-AL, {a. [Ldit. fluvialis, and 
FLU'VI-AT'IC, ) fluviaticus, fr. fluvi- 

us, stream.] Belonging to, or living 
in, streams or ponds. 

FLU'VI-A-TILE, a. [Lat. fluviatilis, 
ft.fluoius, river.] Belonging to, ex- 
isting in, or formed by, rivers. 

FLUX, n. [Lat. fluxus, fr. fluere, to 
flow.] 1. Act of flowing ; quick suc- 
cession. 2. The matter which flows. 

3. State of being liquid. 4. A sub- 
stance used to promote the fusion of 
metals. 5. Discbarge of a fluid from 
the bowels or other part. — v. t. 
[-ed ; -ing.] To fuse. 

FLUX'ION (fluk'shun), n. 1. Act of 
flowing. 2. The matter that flows. 
3. pi. (Math.) A method of analysis. 

Flux'ion-al, ) a. Pertaining to 

Flux'ion-a-ry, I fluxions ; variable. 

Fly, v. i. [imp. flew ; p.p. flow- 
ed.] [A.-S. fleogan.] 1. To move 
with wings. 2. To float or move in 
the air, as clouds, &c. 3 To move 
rapidly like a birdf 4. To attempt to 
escape ; to flee. 5. To burst in pieces. 
— v.t. 1. To avoid. 2. To cause to fly. 

— n. 1. A winged insect of various 
species. 2. A kind of light carriage. 
3. Part of a flag from the union to 
the extreme end. 4. A contrivance 
to equalize motion or accumulate 
power in a machine. 

Fly'-blow, n. Egg of a fly. — v. t. 

To deposit an egg in, or upon, as a fly. 
Fly'-CATCPUER, n. 1. One who hunts 

flies. 2. One of several species of 

buds. [flies or flees. 

FLY'ER, n. One who, or that which, 
Fly'ing-ar-til'ler-y, n. Artillery 

trained to very rapid evolutions. 
Fly'ing-bCt/tress, n. A curved 

brace or half arch between a part of 

a building and the opposite face of 

some lower part. 
FLY'iNG-Fisn, n. A fish which can 

sustain itself in the air for a short 

time, by means of its fins. 
Fly'ing-squir'rel (-skwuVril or 

-skwer'ril). n. A squirrel having an 

expansive skin on each side, by which 

it is borne up in leaping. 
Fly'-leaf,m. A blank leaf at the 

beginning or end of a book. 
FLY'- wheel, n. See FLY, n., 4. 
FOAL, n. [A.-S. fola.] A colt or filly. 

— v.i. To bring forth young, as a 
horse. 

FOAM,n. [A.-S. fam.] Bubbles on 
the surface of liquors ; froth ; spume. 

— v. i. [-ED; -ing.] 1. To froth. 2. 
_To become filled with foam. 

FOAM'Y,a. Covered with foam ; frothy. 
Fob, 11. A little pocket for a watch. 

— v.t. [-bed ; -BING, 138.] [Ger. 
foppen, Cf. Fop.] To cheat ; to 

trick. 

Fo'-eAL, a. Belonging to a focus. 

F5'€US. n. ; Eng. pi. f5'€US-es ; Lat. 
pi. FO'pi. [bat., hearth, fire-place.] 
1. A point in which rays of light 
meet. 2. A point on the principal 



axis of a conic section. 3. A central 
point. 

Fod'der, n. [A.-S. fbdher, fodder . 
food.] Food given to cattle, horses, 
and sheep. — v.t. [-ED; -ing.] To 
Jeed, as cattle, with dry food. 

FOE,n. [A.-S. fa, fah, from fedn, to 
bate.] 1. An enemy. 2. A national 
^nemy. 3. An opponent. 

Foe'man (150), n. An enemy in war- 

Fce'tus,ii. Same as Fetus. 

Fog, n. 1. [Icel. fok, flbk.] Watery 
vapor precipitated in the lower part 
of the atmosphere. 2. [W. ffu-g, dry 
grass.] A second growth of grass. 3. 
Long grass that remains in pastures 
till winter. — v. t. [-ged; -ging, 
136.] To envelop, as with fog. 

F6g'gI-LY, adv. ^Vith fog : darkly. 

Fog'gi-NESS, n. State of being foggy. 

F6g'gy,«. [-ER; -EST, 142.] [From 
fog.] 1. Filled with fog ; cloudy ; 
jnisty. 2. Darkened ; dull ; obscure. 

Fo'GY, n. [A dim. of folk. Cl. D. 
volkje.] A person behind the times ; 
a conservative. 

Fo'uY-fsai, n. Principles and con- 
duct of a fogy. 

Foil, interj . An exclamation of con- 
tempt ; poh ; fy. 

Foi'ele,«. [See Feeble.] A fail- 
ing ; a weak point ; a frailty. 

Foil, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Fr. fouler, 
to trample, to oppress, ruin.] To 
frustrate; to defeat; to balk. — n. 

1. Defeat. 2. A blunt sword used in 
fencing. 3. [From Lat. folium, pi. 
folia.] A thin leaf of metal under a 

precious stone to increase its brill- 
iancy ; hence, any thing which serves 
to set off another thing to advantage. 
4. A rounded or leaf-like ornament, 
in windows, niches, &c. 

Foist, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Prob. fr. 
Fr. fausser, to falsify. See FALSE.] 
To insert surreptitiously ; to inter- 
polate. 

Fold, n. [A.-S. feald,fald , from feal- 
dan, to fold up.] 1. A doubling ; a 
fold. 2. Times or repetitions. 3. 
That which is folded together, or 
which infolds. 4. A sheep-pen. — 
v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To lay in 
olaits ; to double. 2. To inclose 
within folds ; to infold. 3. To con- 
jlne in a fold. 

Fold'er, n. One who folds; a flat 
instrument for folding paper. 

Fo'Ll-A'CEofJS, a. [Lat. foliaceus, fr. 
folium, leaf.] 1. Belongirg to leaves. 

2. Consisting of leaves or thin lam- 
inae. 

Fo'LI-AGE,n. [Lat. folium, leaf.] 
Leaves as produced or arranged by 
_nature. 

Fo'li-ate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
spread over with a thin coat of tin 
and quicksilver. [leaves or plates. 

Fo'LI-A'TION, n. Act of forming into 

Fo'Ll-O (or loPyo), n. [Lat. folium, 
leaf.] 1. A sheet of paper onco 
folded. 2. A book made of sheets of 
paper each folded once. 3. A page 
in a book. 4. A certain number of 
words in a writing. — a. Formed of 



A, L, I, 6,v,Y,long; X,E,I, 6, tr, y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; EKE, VEIL, t£km; PIQUE, FIRM: 



FOLK 



171 



FORCIBLY 



sheets folded so as to make two 

Folk (fok), n. ; pi. folks (foks, 20). 
[A.-S.folc] People in general. 

F6l'LI-€LE, n. [Lat. folliculus, a 
small bag, husk, pod.] 1. (a.) A 
simple pod opening down the inner 
suture, (b. ) A vessel distended with 
air. 2. A gland. 

2F6I/LOW, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. 
folgian.] 1. To go or come after. 2. 
To scrive to obtaiu. 3. To accept as 
authority. 4. To copy after. 5. To 
succeed in order of time, rank, or 
office. 6. To result from. 7. To 
watch, as a receding object. 8. To 
attend upon closely. 

Syx. — To pursue. — To follow (v. t.) 
denotes simply to go after; to pursue de- 
notes to follow with earnestness, and 
with a view to attain some definite ob- 
ject; as, a bound pursues the deer. 

— v. i. To go or come after ; — in the 
various senses of the transitive verb. 
Syx. — To succeed. — To follow (v. ?'.) 
means simply to come after; as, a crowd 
followed ; to succeed means to come 
after in some regular series or succession ; 
as, day succeeds to day, and night to 
night 

Fol'LOW-ER, n. 1. One who follows. 
2. The cover of a piston. 3. The 
part of a machine that receives mo- 
tion from another part. [ing. 

FoL'LOW-lNG, a. Succeeding ; ensu- 

Fol'ly, n. [See Fool.] 1. State of 
being a fool ; want of good sense. 2. 
A foolish act. 

FO-MENT', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
fomentare, from /omentum, a warm 
lotion.] 1. To apply warm lotions to. 
2. To encourage ; to abet. 

Fo'men-ta'tion, n. 1. {Med.) (a.) 
Act of fomenting, (b.) Lotion ap- 
plied to a diseased part. 2. Instiga- 
tion ; encouragement. 

Fo-MENT'ER, n. One who foments. 

Fond, a. [-ER; -est.] [For fonned, 
p. p. of 0. Eng.fonne, to be foolish, 
to dote.] 1. Foolishly tender and 
loving ; in a good sense, loving ; ten- 
der. 2. Relishing highly. 

Fond'LE (r'ond'l), v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[See FOND.] To treat with tender- 
ness ; to caress. [fondled. 

Fond'ling, n. A person or thing 

FoND'LY, ado. Foolishly ; tenderly. 

Fond'ness, n. Affection ; kindness. 

FONT,?}. [Lat. fons, fountain.] 1. A 
fountain : a spring. 2. A baptismal 
basin. 3. [From Lat. fundere, to 
cast.] A complete assortment of 
printing type of one size and style. 

FoNT'AL, a. Pertaining to a fount. 

Food, n. [A.-S. foda, from fedan, to 
feed.] 1. Victuals ; provisions. 2. 
Any thing that sustains or nourishes. 
Syx.— Aliment ; sustenance ; nutri- 
ment; fare; meat. 

Fo~OL, n. [Of Celtic origin.] 1. An 
idiot ; a natural. 2. A simpleton ; a 
dunce. 3. A professional jester or 
buffoon. — v. i. [-ED: -TNG.] To 
act like a fool; to trifle. — v. t. 1. 
To make foolish 2. To make a fool 
of; to impose upon. 



Fo~OL'ER-Y, n. Practice or act of folly. 

Fool'-hard'I-NESS, n. Courage 
without sense or judgment. 

Fool'-hard'y, a. Daring without 
judgment. 

Syx. — Rash ; venturesome ; ventur- 
ous; precipitate; headlong; incautious. 

Fo~ol'Ish, a. 1. Void of understand- 
ing ; weak in intellect. 2. Exhibit- 
ing a want of judgment. 3. Ridic- 
ulous ; despicable. [ner. 

Fool'Ish-ly, adv. In a foolish man- 

Fool'ish-ness, n. 1. Quality of be- 
ing foolish. 2. A foolish practice. 

Fools'CAP, n. [From an old water- 
mark of a fooVs cap end -bells.] A 
long folio writing paper. 

Fo~OT, ii. ; pi. feet. [A.-S. fot, pi. 
fct, allied to Gr. ttous, ttoSoz.] 1. Part 
of a leg below the ankle. 2. Any 
thing which resembles an animal's 
foot. 3. Lowest part or foundation. 
4. A measure of twelve inches. 5. 
Foot-soldiers; the infantry. 6. A 
combination of syllables constituting 
an element of a verse. — v. i. ' [-El) ; 
-ING.] 1. To dance. 2. To walk.— 
v. t. 1. To kick. 2. To tread. 3. To 
sum up, as numbers in a column. 

Fo~ot'-ball, n. An inflated ball, 
kicked about in sport. 

Fo~bT'-BOY, 11. An attendant in live- 
ry ; a footman, [for foot passengers. 

Fo"ot'-BR!dge, n. A narrow bridge 

Fo"ot'fall, n. A footstep. 

Foot'-guards (-gardz), n.pl. Guards 
of infantry. 

FobT'-HOLD,n. That on which one 
may tread or rest securely. 

FobT'lNG, n. 1. Firm foundation to 
stand on. 2. Relative condition. 3. 
Sum total. 

FOOT'-LIGHT (-lit), n. One of a row 
of lights at the front of the stage in 
a theater, &c. 

Fo~ot':uan(150), n. A male servant to 
attend the door, carriage, table, &c. 

Fo"OT'-NOTE, n. A note of reference 
at the foot of a page. 

Foot'-pace, ii. A slow pace or step. 

Fo~OT'-PAD, n. A highwayman. 

Fo~OT'-PRiNT, 11. A trace or footstep. 

Fo"ot'-SOL / DIER (-sol'jer), ii. A sol- 
dier who serves on foot. 

Foot'stalk (-stawk), n. Stalk of a 
leaf or of a flower. 

Fo"ot'stEP. n. Mark of the foot ; 
hence, token ; visible sign. 

FoiOT'STOOL, n. A stool for the feet. 

Fop, n. A gay, trifling fellow ; a cox- 
comb : a dandy. 

F6p'per-y. n. 1. Behavior or dress of 
a fop. 2. Folly; impertinence. 

FOP'PISH, a. Tain of dress ; affected 
in manners. [ner. 

Fop'pish-LY. adv. In a foppish man- 

For, prep. [A.-S.] In the place of; 
instead of; because of; with respect 
to ; in the direction of; during, &c. 
— conj. 1. Because. 2. Since. 

For'AGE , n. [L. Lat. foragium, from 

0. H. Ger.fuotar,fotar, Eng. fodder.] 

1. Act of providing food. 2. Food 
of any kind for horses and cattle. — 
v.i. [-ED ; -ING.] To wander or rove 



in search of food. — v. t. To strip of 

provisions for horses. 
For'A-ger, n. One who forages. 
FO-RA'MEN, n.; pi. FO-RAM'I-NA. 

[Lat., fr.furare, to pierce.] A little 

opening; a perforation. 
FOR'Ag-MtJCH', conj. In considera- 
tion^ of ; because that ; — with as. 
Fo-RAY', or FOR'AY, n. A sudden 

incursion in a border war. 
FOR-BADE' (-bad'), imp. of Forbid. 
FOR-BEAR', V. i. [imp. FORBORE ; 

p.p. FORBORNE ] [A.-S.forbcran.] 

1. To delay. 2. To refuse ; to decline. 
— v. t. 1. To avoid; to abstain from. 

2. To indulge ; to bear with. 
For-BEAR'ANCE, ii. 1. Exercise of 

patience. 2. Quality of being for- 
bearing. 
Syx. — Abstinence; lenity; mildness. 

FOR-EiD', V. t. [imp. FORBADE J p.p. 
FORBIDDEN (FORBID, obs).] [A.-S. 
forbeodan.] 1. To command not to 
do ; to prohibit. 2. To oppose ; to 
obstruct. 

For-bid'ding, p. a. Repelling ap- 
proach ; repulsive ; disagreeable. 

FOR-BORNE', p. p. of Forbear. 

FORCE, n. [L. Lat. forcia,fortia, fr. 
Lat. fortis, strong.] 1. Strength or 
energy of body or mind, esp. power 
to persuade, convince, or impose ob- 
ligation. 2. A body of land or naval 
combatants ; hence, a body of nieu 
prepared for action in other ways. 3. 
Violence 4. Validity ; efficacy. 

Syx. — Strength. — Strength looks 
rather to power as an inward capability 
or energy; e. g., the strength of timber, 
bodily strength, mental strength, strength 
of emotion, &c, while force looks more 
to the outward, as the force of moment- 
um, force of circumstances, force of 
habit, &c. We do, indeed, speak of 
strength of will and force of will ; but 
even here the former may lean toward 
the internal tenacity of purpose, and the 
latter toward the outward expression of 
it in action. But, though the two words 
do in a ^yv cases touch thus closely on 
each other, there is, on the whole, a 
marked distinction between our use of 
force and strength. 

— v.t. 1-ed; -ing.] 1. To constrain 
to do, or to forbear. 2. To do vio- 
lence to ; especially, to ravish. 3. To 
capture by assault. 4. To impel, 
drive, extort, &c, by violence. 5. 
To produce by unnatural effort. 

Syx. — To compel; oblige; necessi- 
tate; coerce; drive; press; impel. 

FORCE'-MEAT, n. [For farce-meat, 
fr. Ft. farce, stuffing.] Meat chopped 
fine and highly seasoned. 

For'ceps, 11. [Lat.] A pair of pincera 
or tongs ; especially one for delicato 
operations. 

For'cer, 72. One who forces. 

FOR'CI-BLE, a. 1. Possessing or char- 
acterized by force. 2. Marked by 
excessive force. 3. Using force against 
opposition. 4. Obtained by com- 
pulsion. 

Syx. —Violent: powerful; efficacious; 
strong; potent; co°rent. 

For'ci-bly, adv. In a forcible man- 
ner ; strongly. 



OK, DQ, WOLF, TOO, TOOK ; fjRN, RUE, PULL J £, I, O, silent ; C, (i, soft; -e, G, hard; AS.; EXIST; N as NG ; THIS- 



FORCING-PUMP 



172 



FORGIVENESS 



For'oing-pump, n. A kind of pump 
_used to throw water to a distance. 

Ford, n. [A.-S., allied to faran, Eng. 
fare.] 1. A place where water may 
be passed on foot 2. A stream ; a 
current. — v.t. [-ED;-ING.] To 
_pass through by wading. [forded. 

Ford'a-ble, a. Capable of being 

Fore, a. [A.-S. fore. See For.] Ad- 
vanced in place, time, order, or series ; 
— much used in composition. — adv. 
Jn advance ; at the front. 

FORE'-ARM, l\ J. [-ED; -ING.] To 
arm before the time of need. — n. 
Part between the elbow and wrist. 

Fore-bode', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] 1. 
To foretell ; to prognosticate. 2. To 
have an inward conviction of, as of an 
hnpending calamity. 

Fore-bod'er, n. One who forebodes. 

FORE-€AST', v. t. or /. [imp. & p. p. 
forecast.] 1. To contrive before- 
Jiand ; to scheme. 2. To foresee. 

Fore'cast, n. 1. Previous contriv- 
ance. 2. Foresight. 

Fore'oas-tle (-kas-sl), n. The for- 
ward part of a vessel, under the 
jieck, where the sailors live. 

Fore-cit'ed, a. Cited before or above. 

Fore-close', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
shut upor out ; to preclude ; to bar. 

Fore-glos'ure (-klozh'ur), n. Act 
of foreclosing ; deprivation of the 
jight of redeeming a mortgaged estate. 

Fore'fa-ther, ii. An ancestor. 

Fore-fend', c. f. [-ed;-ing.] 1. To 
fend off; to avert. 2. To defend; 
to guard. 

FoRE'FiN-GER(-fTng-ger), n. Finger 
_next to the thumb. 

Fore'fo~ot (150), n. 1. One of the 
anterior feet of an animal. 2. A 
piece of cimber which terminates the 
keel at the fore-end. [place. 

Fore'front, ii. Foremost part or 

F5re-go', v. t. [imp. FOREWENT ; 
p. p. foregone.] 1. To quit ; to 
relinquish. 2. To give up; to re- 
sign ; to renounce. 3. To precede. 

Fore'ground, n. Part of the field 
of a picture which seems to lie near- 
est the spectator. 

Fore'hand-ed,«. 1. Early; timely; 
seasonable. 2. In easy circumstan- 
ces. [Amer.] 

Fore'head (iur'ed), n. Upper part 
of the face ; the brow. 

FdR'EIGN (tor/in), a. [L. Lat. forane- 
us, fr. Lat. foras, fori*, out of doors.] 
1. Not native ; alien. 2 Remote ; 
not pertinent or appropriate. 3. Ex- 
cluded. 

Syx. — Outlandish; exotic; extrinsic. 

F6r'eign-er (ior'm-).n. One who be- 
longs to a foreign country ; an alien. 

For'eign-ness (for'in-nes, 109), n. 
Remoteness: want of relation. 

i?6RE-KNOW'(-no / ), v. t. [imp. FORE- 
KNEW ; p. p. FOREKNOWN.] To 
Jiave previous knowledge of. 

Fore-knowl'edge (-nol'ej), n. 
Knowledge of a thing before it hap- 
pens; prescience. 

Fore'land, n. A promontory ; a 
head-land. 



FORE'LOCK, n. The lock of hair that 
_grows from the forepart of the head. 

FORE'MAN (150), n. First or chief man, 
as of a jury, or a body of workmen. 

FORE'MAST. n. Forward mast of a 
vessel, _or the one nearest the bow. 

Fore'most, a. First in place or 
jnder. [name. 

FORE'NAME, n. A first or Christian 

Fore'NOON, n. Part of the day from 
morning to noon. 

Fo-REN'SIO, I a. [Lat.fomisis, fr. 

Fo-REN'SI€-AL, ) foru?n\ a public 
place, market-place, court.] Belong- 
ing to courts or to public discussion 
and debate ]_ argumentative. 

FORE'-OR-DAIN', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To ordain beforehand; to predesti- 
nate. 

Fore-or'di-na'tion, ii. Previous 
jippointment ; predestination. 

Fore'part, n. The part most ad- 
janced ; anterior part. 

Fore-run', v. t. [imp. foreran ; p. 
p. forerun.] 1. To run before ; 
_to precede. 2'. To announce. 

Fore-RUN'NER, ii. A messenger sent 
before ; a harbinger ; hence, a prog- 
jiostic 1 

Fore 'sail, n. A sail on a yard which 
js supported by the foremast. 

Fore-see', v. t. [imp. foresaw; p. 
p. foreseen.] To see beforehand ; 
_to foreknow. 

FORE-SEER',_n. One who foresees. 

FORE-SHAD'OW, V. t. [-ED;-1NG.] 
To shadow or typify beforehand. 

FORE-SHORT'£N, v". t. [-ED: -ING.] 
To shorten by representing in an ob- 
Jique position. 

Foresh6rt'£N-ing, 11. Representa- 
tion or appearance of objects, when 
viewed obliquely. 

Fore-show', v. t. [imp. fore- 
showed ; p. p. foreshown.] To 
show or exhibit beforehand. 

Fore'sight (-sit), n. 1. Act or pow- 
er of foreseeing ; prescience ; fore- 
knowledge. 2. Wise forethought. 

Fore'skin, n Skin that covers the 
glans penis. 

FoR'EST, n. [From Lat. fori*, foras, 
out of doors, abroad, because forests 
are out of, or beyond, towns.] An 
extensive wood ; in the United States, 
a wood of native growth. 

Fore-stall', v. t. [-ed: -ing.] 
[A.-S.foresteallan. See STALL.] 1. 
To take beforehand. 2. To exclude ; 
hinder, or prevent, by prior occupa- 
tion. 

Syx.— To anticipate; preoccupy; mo- 
nopolize; engross. 

FoPvE-STALL'ER, n. One who fore- 
stalls ; one who purchases provisions 
before they come to the fair or mar- 
ket, with a view to raise the price 

FoR'EST-ER, n. 1. One who has charge 
of a forest. 2. An inhabitant of a 
forest. _ 

Fore-taste', n. A taste beforehand ; 
anticipation. 

FORE'TASTE.r. t. [-ED : -ING.] To 

taste before ; to anticipate. 
Fore-tell', v. t. [imp. & p. p 



FORETOLD ] To tell before occur- 
rence. — v.i. To utter prediction. 

Fore-tell'er, n. One who predicts. 

Fore'thought (-thawt), n. 1. An- 
ticipation ; prescience. 2. Provident 
care ; forecast. 

FORE-TOK'JEN, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
Jbreshow^ — n. Prognostic. 

Fore'-tooth (150), n. One of the 
teeth in the forepart of the mouth. 

Fore'top, 11. 1. Hair on the fore- 
part of the head. 2. Platform at the 
head of the foremast. 

For-ev'er, adv. 1. To eternity ; 
eternally. 2. At all times. 

©3T" In England,/o?- and ever are usu- 
ally printed as two separate words. 

Syn. — Constantly; incessantly; al- 
ways ; perpetually ; ceaselessly ; inter- 
minably; endlessly. 

Fore-warn', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] To 
warn beforehand ; to inform previ- 
ously. 

For'feIt, a. Lost for an offense or 
crime; liable to penal seizure. — n. 
[Yv.forfa.it, L. Lat. forisfactvm, fr. 
Lat. /oris, out of doors, abroad, and 
farere, to do.] Thing lost by a 
crime or offense ; hence, fine; penal- 
ty. — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To lose, or 
lose the right to, by some fault, of- 
fense, or crime. [forfeited. 

For'feit-a-ble, a. Liable to be 

For'fei't-URE (53), ii. 1. Act of for- 
feiting. 2. That which is forfeited. 
Syn. — Fine ; mulct ; amercement. 

FOR-GAVE', imp. of Forgive. 

Forge, n. [Lat. fabrica, work -shop 
of afaber, or smith.] A place where 
iron is wrought by heating and ham- 
mering; a smithy. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] 1. To form by heating and 
hammering. 2. To form in any way ; 
to produce. 3. To make falsely. 

Syn.— To fabricate; counterfeit; feign; 
falsify. 
— v. i. To commit forgery. 

For'ger, n. One who forges; a fab- 
jicator : esp., one guilty of forgery. 

FOR'GER-Y, ii. 1. Act of forging or 
counterfeiting. 2. That which is 
forged. 

FOR-5ET',u. t. [imp. FORGOT ; p.p. 
FORGOT, FORGOTTEN.] [A.-S. 
forgetan, fr. for and getan, to get.] 

1. To lose the remembrance of. 2. 
To slight : to neglect. 

For-gET'ful, a. 1. Apt to forget. 

2. Heedless : neglectful. 
For-GEt'ful-ness, n. 1. Quality of 

being forgetful. 2. Loss of remem- 
brance or recollection. 3. Careless 
omission. [forgiven. 

For-gI'v'A-BLE, a. Capable of being 
For-give', v. t. [imp. forgave; 
p. p. FORGIVEN.] [A.-S. forgifan, 
from for and gifan, to give.] 1. To 
cease to impute ; to pardon. 2. To 
absolve. 
For-gIve'ness, n. 1. Act of forgiv- 
ing. 2. Willingness to forgive. 

Syn. — Pardon; remission. — Forgive- 
ness is Anglo-Saxon, and pardon Nor- 
man-French, both denoting to aire back. 
Forgive points to inward feeling, and 
supposes alienated affection ; when we 



A, E, 1,5,13, Y,long; A,E,1,5, ti,¥, short; CARE, FAR, ASK/ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM; SON, 



FORGIVER 



173 



FORWARD 



ask forgiveness, we primarily seek the 
removal of anger. Pardon looks more 
to outward things, or consequences, 
and is often applied to trifling matters, 
as when we beg pardon for interrupt- 
ing a man, or for jostling him in a 
crowd. The civil magistrate also grants 
a pardon, and not forgiveness. The two 
words are, therefore, very clearly distin- 
guished from each other in most cases 
which relate to the common concerns of 
lite. 

For-giv'er, n. One who pardons. 

For-giv'ing, p. a. Disposed to for- 
give; mild; merciful. 

SS£&»*} **•«* "•*>■ 

FORK, n. [A.-S. fore, L&t.f urea.] 1. 
An instrument with two or more 
prongs. 2. Any thing like a fork in 
shape; also, a prong; a point. — v. 
?'. [-ED; -ing.] To divide into two 
branches. — v. t. 1. To raise or 
pitch with a fork ; to dig and break 
with a fork. 2. To form into a fork- 
like shape. [forked. 

FORK'ED-NESS, n. Quality of being 

Fork/y, a. Opening into two or more 
parts ; forked ; furcated. 

FOR-LORN', a. [A.-S. forleosan, for- 
loren, to lose, from for and leosan, to 
go.] 1. Deserted ; lost. 2. In pitiful 
plight ; despicable. 

For-lorn'-hope, n. A detachment 
of men to lead in an assault, or per- 
form other perilous service. 

FORM, n. [L&t. forma.] 1. Shape of 
any thing ; configuration ; external 
appearance. 2. Mode of construction, 
arrangement, or organization. 3. Es- 
tablished method or practice. 4. Con- 
ventionality ; formality. 5. That 
which has form ; a shape. 6. Pattern; 
model. 7. A long bench or seat ; hence, 
a class in a school. 8. The seat or 
bed of a hare. 9. A page, or pages, 
imposed and locked up in a chase. — 

G3p-In the 7th and 8th senses, this 
word is, in England, pronounced form. 

v. t. [-ed; -ING.] 1. To give form 
or shape to; to construct ; to make. 
2. To model ; to mold ; to train. 3. 
To act as constituent of. 
EORM'AL,a. 1. Belonging to the form 
or external appearance of a thing. 

2. Belonging to the constitution of 
a thing; essential. 3. Done in due 
form; express; 4. Regular; method- 
ical. 5. Having the form or appear- 
ance only. 6. Conventional. 

Syk. —Precise ; ceremonious. — A man 
is precise who reduces things to an ex- 
act rule or standard; formal who shapes 
himself by some set form or pattern ; 
ceremonious when he lays much stress 
on the conventional laws of social inter- 
course. Men are formal in their man- 
ners, precise in their language or observ- 
ances, ceremonious in receiving and en- 
' tertaining strangers. 

Form'al-Ism, n. Quality of being 
formal, esp. in matters of religion. 

Form/al-Ist, n. One who is over- 
attentive to forms. 

Foroial'I-TY, n. 1. Quality of being 
formal, regular, strictly ceremonious, 
precise, &c. 2. That which is formal. 

3. Established order or method. 



FORM'AL-LY, adv. In a formal man- 
ner. 

FOR-MA'TION, n . 1. Act of giving form, 
shape, or being, to. 2. Structure; 
construction. 3. Series of rocks be- 
longing to an age, period, or epoch. 

FORM'A-TIVE, a. 1. Giving form; 
plastic. 2. ( Gram.) Derivative : not 
radical. — n. {Gram.) (a.) That 
which serves merely to give form. 
(b.) A word formed in accordance 
with some rule or usage. 

Form'er, n. One who forms. 

For'MER, a. compar. [A.-S. forma, m. 
forme, f. andn., first.] 1. Preceding 
in time, hence, ancient. 2. First 
mentioned. [old. 

For'mer-LY, adv. In time past ; of 

FOR'MI-DA-BLE, a. [Lat. formidab- 
ilis, fr. formidare, to fear.] Excit- 
ing, or adapted to excite, fear. 

Syx. — Dreadful ; fearful; terrible; 
frightful; horrible; tremendous. 

For'mi-da-BLY, adv. In a formida- 
ble manner. 

Form'less, a. Shapeless; without 
a determinate form. 

F OR'MU-L a, «.; Lat. pi. FOR' M U-LJi ; 
Eng. pi. FOR'MU-LAS. [Lat.. dim. 
of forma, form, model.] 1. A pre- 
scribed or set form. 2. A written 
confession of faith. 3. A rule or prin- 
ciple expressed in algebraic language. 
4. A prescription or recipe. 

For'mu-la-ry (44), n. 1. A book of 
prescribed forms. 2. Prescribed form ; 
formula. — a. Stated; prescribed. 

FOR'MU-LATE,r. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
reduce to, or express in, a formula. 

FOR'NI-CATE, v. i. [Lat. fornicare, 
-catum, fv.fornix, vault, brothel.] To 
have unlawful sexual intercourse. 

For'ni-ca'tion, n. 1. Incontinence 
of an unmarried person ; also, the 
criminal conversation of a married 
man with an unmarried woman. 2. 
(Scr^.^Idolatry. [nication. 

For'ni-oa'tor, n. One guilty of for- 

FoR'RAY, or For-ray', n. A rav- 
aging ; a predatory excursion. 

FOR-SAKE', v. t. [imp. FORSOOK j 
p. p. FORSAKEN.] [A.-S. forsaean, 
to oppose, refuse.] To quit or leave 
entirely ; to 'depart or withdraw from. 
Syx.— To abandon ;_ desert; fail ; re- 
linquish; renounce; reject. 

FOR-so~OTH', adv. [A.-S. forsodh, fr. 
for and sodh, sooth, truth.] In truth ; 
certainly ; — often used ironically. 

FOR-SWEAR',^. t. [imp. FORSWORE ; 
p. p. FORSWORN.] [A.-S. forswer- 
ian, from for and swerian, to swear.] 
To reject or deny upon oath. — v. i. 
_To swear falsely ; to commit perjury. 

Fort, n. [Lat. fortis, strong.] A for- 
tified place; fortress; fortification. 

FORTE , n. [See supra.] Strong point ; 
_that in which one excels. 

Forth, adv. [A.-S.fordh,fr.for. See 
FOR.] 1. Forward ; onward. 2. Out 
jnto view. 3. Away ; abroad. 

FoRTH'-edM'lNG, a. Ready to come 
forth , or appear. 

Forth-wIth', or Forth-with' 
(99), adv. Immediately ; directly. 



FoR-TI-ETH, a. [See FORTY.J 1. Fol- 
lowing the thirty-ninth. 2. Being 
one of forty parts of a thing. — n. 
One of forty equal parts into which 
one whole is divided. 

For'ti-fi-ca'tion, n. 1. Actofforti- 
fying. 2. A fortified place. 
BYK. — Fortress ; castle ; citadel. 

F6r'ti-fy, v. t. [-ei> ; -ing, 142.] [Lat 
fortificare, fr. fortis, strong, and fa- 
cere, to make.] 1. To add strength 
to ; to strengthen. 2. To strengthen 
by forts^ batteries, &c. 

For'TI-TUDE (53), n. [Lat. fort Undo, 
fr. fortis, strong.] Resolute endur- 
ance ; firmness in bearing up against 
danger. 

Syx.— Courage ; resolution. 

Fort'nIght (-nit), n. [Contr. from 
fourteen nights.] Two weeks. 

FoR'TRESS, n. [From Lat. fortis, 
strong.] A fortified place; a fort; 
a stronghold. 

Syx. — Fortification ; castle ; citadel. 
A fortress is constructed for military 
purposes only, and is permanently gar- 
risoned; afortincation is built to defend 
harbors, cities, &c. ; a castle is an antiqu t 
fortress, which was ordinarily a palatial 
dwelling ; a citadel is the strong hold u* 
a fortress or city, &c. 

FOR-TU'I-TOfJS, a. [Lat. fortuitus, fr 
forte, by chance.] Happening b.« 
chance. 

Syx. — Accidental ; casual. 

FOR-TU'I-TY, 7i. Accident; chance. 

FORT'U-NATE, a. 1. Coming by good 
luck. 2. Receiving some unforeseen 
or unexpected good ; lucky. 

Syx. — Successful ; prosperous. — A 
man is fortunate when unusual bless- 
ings fall to his lot ; successful when he 
gains what he aims at ; prosperous when 
he succeeds in those things which men 
commonly aim at. One may be fortu- 
nate in some cases where he is not suc- 
cessful ; he may be successful, but, if his 
plans are badly formed, he may for that 
reason fail to be prosperous. 

FORT'u-NATE-LY,orfr. Luckily ; suc- 
cessfully ; happily. 

FORT'UNE (fort'yun.SO), n [Lat., for- 
tuna, a protracted form of fors, 
chance.] 1. Chance: accident: luck. 
2. Appointed lot in life ; fate. 3. That 
which befalls one ; esp., favorable 
issue. 4. Estate; wealth; esp., 
great wealth. — v. i. To happen. 

Fort'UNE-hunt/er, n. A man who 
seeks to marry a rich woman. 

FORT'UNE-TELL/ER, 11. One who 
tells the future events of one's life, or 
pretends to do so. 

FOR'TY, a. [A.-S. fe6ivertig,fr.fe6icer, 
four, and the term, tig", fr. tyn, ten ] 
Four times ten ; thirty -nine and one 
added. — n. Sum of forty units. 

Fo'RtiM, n. ; Eng. pi. FO'RUMS ; Lat. 
pi. FO'RA. [Lat., allied to J "oris, out 
of doors.] 1. A public place in Rome, 
where causes were tried, and orations 
delivered. 2. A tribunal : a court. 

FOR'WARD, \adv. [See FOR, FORE, 

F6r'ward§, ) and Ward.] Toward 
a part in front ; onward ; in advance. 

For'ward, a. 1. Near or at the fore 
I part. 2. Ready ; prompt ; in an ill 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL; E, I, O, silent •, c,G,so/"r; €,&,hard; As; exist; n as NG ; this. 



FORWARDER 



174 



FRANCISCAN 



sense, over ready. 3. Ardent ; eager. 
•4. Premature. — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 

1. To help onward ; to promote. 2. 

To transmit. 
F6r'Ward-ER, n. One who forwards. 
For'ward-ly, adv. Eagerly ; hastily. 
For'ward-ness, n. 1. Quality of 

being forward. 2. Precocity. 
For' wards, ac/t-. See Forward. 
Fosse, n. [Lat. fossa, fr. fodere, to 

dig.] (Fori.) A ditch or moat. 
Fos'SIL, a. [Lat. fossilis, fr. fori ere, to 

dig.] 1. Dug out of the earth. 2. 

Pertaining to fossils ; petrified. — n. 

1. A substance dug from the earth. 2. 
Petrified form of a plant or animal. 

Fos'sil-if'er-ous, a. [Lat. fossilis, 
fossil, andferre, to bear.] Contain- 
ing fossil or organic remains. 

Fos'siL-lZE, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] To 
convert into a fossil. 

Fos'ter, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
fostrian, from foster, food, nourish- 
ment.] 1. To feed ; to nourish ; to 
rear up. 2. To cherish. 

Fos'ter-Broth'er (-brfith'er), n. A 
male fed by the same nurse, but not 
the offspring of the same parents. 

Fos'ter-chIld, n. A child nursed 
by one not its parent. 

Fos>TER-F a/the R, n. One who takes 
the place of a father in bringing up 
a child. 

Fos'ter-MOTH'er (-mfith/er), n. One 
who takes the place of a mother in 
the care of a child. 

Fos'TER-sis'TER, n. One not a sis- 
ter, but brought up as such. 

Fos'TER-SON (-sun), n. One fed and 
educated as if he were a son. 

Foth'er, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Cf. Ger. 
futtern, fultern, to cover, to liue.] 
To try to stop, as a leak in a bottom 
of a ship, by letting down a sail un- 
der her bottom. 

Fought (fawt), imp. & p. p. of Fight. 

Foul, a. [-er ; -est.] [A.-S. fbl, 
sordid.] 1. Containing extraneous 
matter which is injurious or offensive. 

2. Morally defiled. 3. Cloudy or 
rainy. 4. Loathsome ; hateful. 5. 
Entangled. 

Svx.— Nasty ; filthy ; dirty; impure; 
abusive ; obscene; unfair; dishonest. 
— v. t. [ED; -ing.] 1. To make 
filthy ; to defile. 2. To bring into 
collision with something that im- 
pedes motion. 

Foul'ly (109), adv. Filthily ; nastily. 

Foul'-mouthjed (-mouthd), a. 
Using foul language ; abusive. 

FOUL'NESS, n. Quality of being 
foul ; filthiness ; pollution. 

Found, imp. & p.p. of find. — v t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. [Lat. fundare, fr. 
fundus, bottom.] To fix upon a 
basis ; to establish firmly ; to base. 
2. To begin to raise. 3. [Lat./wn- 
dere .] _To cast, as a metal. 

Foun-da'tion, n. 1. Act of found- 
ing; establishment. 2. Ground- 
work ; basis. 3. An endowment. 
4. An endowed institution of charity. 

FouND'ER,rc. 1. One who founds or 
lays a foundation. 2. One who casts 



metals. -~v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [From 
Lat. fundus. See FOUND.] 1. To 
fill with water, and sink, as a ship ; 
hence, to fail. 2. To stumble and 
go lame, as a horse. — v. t. To cause 
inflammation in the limbs of, so as 
to lame ; — said of a horse. 

Found'er-y, n. See Foundry. 

FOUND'LING, n. [From found, p. p. 
of find.] A child found without a 
parent or owner. 

FOUND'RESS, n. A female founder. 

Found'ry, n. A building arranged 
and fitted for casting metals. 

Fount, ) n. [Lat. fons, fontis.] 

FOUNT'AIN, } 1. A spring of water. 

2. An artificial jet or stream of water. 

3. Origin; first cause. — See FONT. 
FOUR (for), a. [A.-S. feower.] One 

more than three; twice two. — n. 
JThe sum of four units. 

Four'f5ld, a. Four double ; quad- 
ruple. — n. Four times as much. 

Four'FO"ot / ed, a. Having four feet. 

Fou'RI-ER-ism (f<5b'-j, n. The system 
of Charles Fourier, who recommends 
the re-organization of society into 
small communities, living in com- 
mon. [Fourierism. 

Fou'RI-er-ite, n. One who favors 

FOUR'sgSre , a. Four times twenty ; 
_eighty. — n. Eighty units. 

FOUR'TEEN, n. [A.-S.fcoivertijne, fr. 
fedwer, four, and tyn, ten.] Sum of 
ten and four. — a. Four and ten 
more. 

Fourteenth, a. 1. Succeeding the 
thirteenth and preceding the fif- 
teenth. 2. Making one of fourteen 
parts of any thing. — n. One of four- 
_teeu equal parts of one whole. 

FOURTH, a. 1. Next following the 
third. 2. Forming one of four parts 
into which any thing is divided. — n. 
One of four equal parts into which 
_one whole is divided. [place. 

Fourth'ly, adv. In the fourth 

Fowl, n.; pi. fowl or fowls. [A.- 
S. fugol, fugel, allied to fleogan, to 
fly.] 1. A bird; esp. a wild bird. 
2. A barn-door fowl; a cock or hen. 

— v.i. To catch or kill wild fowl. 
Fowl'er, n. A sportsman who takes 

or kills wild fowl. 

Fowl'ing-piece (fouF-), n. A light 
gun for shooting wild fowl 

Fox, n. [A.-S. fox, 
prob. allied to Icel 
fax, hair, so that it 
orig. signifies the 
hairy animal.'] 1. An 
animal remarkable ox " 

for its cunning. 2. A sly, cunning 
fellow, —v. t. [-ED; -ing.] [Cf. 
Icel. fox, imposture.] To cover the 
feet of, as of boots, with new front 
upper leather. — - v. i. To turn sour ; 

— said of beer, &c. 
Fox'-ciiase, In. Pursuit of a fox 
FoX'-HUNT, J with hounds. 
Fex'Y, a. 1. Pertaining to foxes; 

wily. 2. Of a yellowish or reddish- 
brown color. 3. Sour ; not properly 
fermented ; — said also of grapes. 
FRA'€AS, n. [It. fracasso, from fra, 



jet 



among, and cassare, to break, annul.] 
An uproar ; a noisy quarrel. 

FRAG'TION, n. [Lat. fractio, fv.fran- 
gere,Jractum, to break.] 1. A por- 
tion ; a fragment. 2. A division or 
aliquot part of a whole number. 

Frag'tion-AL. a. Pertaining to frac- 
tions ; constituting a fraction. 

Frag'TIOUS, a. [Prob. from fract 
(obs.), to break.] Apt to fret. 

Syx. — Snappish; peevish; cress; irri- 
table; pettish. 

FRACT'URE, n. [Lat. fartura, from 
f r anger e, to break.] i. Act of break- 
ing ; rupture ; breach. 2. The break- 
ing of a bone. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To break; to crack. 

FRAG'iLE, a. [Lat. fragi lis, fv.fran- 
gire, to break.] Easily broken or de- 
stroyed ; weak ; frail. 

Fra-GJL'I-TY, n. Quality of being 
fragile ; brittleness. 

FRAG'MENT, n. [Lat. fragmentum, 
fv.frangere, to break.] Apart bro- 
ken off; a small, detached portion. 

Frag'ment-a-ry (44), a. Composed 
of fragments. 

Fra'grance, In. Sweetness of smell; 

Fra'gran-cy, j grateful odor. 

FRA'GRANT, a. [Lat. fragrare, fra- 
grans, to emit a fragrance. J Having 
an agreeable perfume. 

Syx. — Odorous ; odoriferors ; sweet- 
scented; balmy; spicy; aromatic. 

Fra'grant-ly, adv. With sweet 
scent. 

Frail, a. [-er ; -est.] [See Frag- 
ile.] 1. Easily broken; fragile; 
weak; infirm. 2. Of easy virtue; 
weak in resolution. — n. [Norm. Fr. 
fraile, basket.] 1. A basket of rush- 
es, for figs and raisins. 2. Quan- 
tity of raisins — about 70 pounds — 
in such a basket. 3. A rush for 
weaving baskets. 

Frail'ty, n. 1. Weakness of resolu- 
tion. 2. A fault proceeding from 
weakness. 

Syn. — Frailness ; infirmity ; imper- 
fection; failing; foible. 

Frame, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
fremman.] 1. To construct ; toad- 
just and put together. 2. To origi- 
nate ; to devise ; to fabricate. 3. To 
provide with a frame. — n. 1. Any 
thing composed of parts put togeth- 
er. 2. Any kind of case for admit- 
ting, inclosing, or supporting things. 
3. Make or build of a person ; skele- 
ton. 4. Form ; constitution. 5. Partic- 
ular state, as of the mind ; humor. 

FRAM'ER, n. One who frames. 

Frame'-work (wfirk), «. A frame. 

FrXng, n. [Eng. Frank, a Germania 
people that founded the French mon- 
archy.] A French silver coin equal 
to about 19 cents, or 10 pence. 

FRAN'CHlgE (-chiz), n. [Fr., from 
franc, franche, free.] A particular 
privilege vested in individuals. — v. 
t. [-ed;'-ING.] Tomakefree. 

Fran'chIs_e-ment, n. Eelease ; free- 
dom. 

FRAN-cts'GAN, n. A monk of the or- 
der of St. Francis, founded in 1209. 



A, E, I, 5, fj, x,long; I, £,I, 6, 0, y, short; cAre, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, t£rm ; pique, firm, s6n, 



FRANGIBLE 



175 



FRET 



FrXn'gi-ble, a. [Lat.frangere, to 
break.] Brittle ; fragile. 

FrXn'GI-pan'ni, n. [From the in- 
ventor, Marquis Frangipani .] A 
perfume derived from, or imitating 
the odor of, a West Indian flower. 

Frank, a. [-ER; -EST.] [Fr. franc. 
Cf. Free.] Free in uttering real 
sentiments ; not reserved. 

Syx.— Ingenuous ; candid ; artless ; 
plain; open; sincere. 
— v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To exempt 
from charge for postage. — n. [See 
Frank, a.] A signature which 
makes a letter free of postage. 

Frank-in'cense, or FrXnk'in- 
CENSE, n. A dry resinous substance, 
used as a perfume. 

FrXnk'ly, adv. Without reserve. 

FrXnk'ness, n. Quality of being 
frank ; candor ; openness. 

FrXn'TIC, a. [For frentic, contr. fr. 
frenetic, phrenetic] 1. Mad ; raving. 
2. Noisy ; wild. 

FrXn'TEC-ly, adv. Madly; distract- 
edly, [traction. 

FrXn'tic-ness, n. Madness; dis- 

FrA-ter'NAL. a. [Lat../ rater, broth- 
er.] Relating to, or becoming, broth- 
ers; brotherly. [nal manner. 

Fra-ter'nal-ly, adv. In a frater- 

FRA-TER'NI-TY, n. 1. State of being 
fraternal. 2. A body of men associ- 
ated for some common interest ; a 
brotherhood. 

Fra'ter-nize, or Fra-tEr'nize, 
v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To associate as 
brothers. _ [fratricide. 

FrXt'RI-ci'DAL, a. Pertaining to 

Frat'RI-^ide, n. [Lat.y rater, broth- 
er, and cxdere, to cut down, kill.] 1. 
The murder of a brother. 2. One 
who kills a brother. 

FRAUD, n. [La.t.fraus, fraudis.] 1. 
Deception deliberately practiced. 2. 
A deceptive trick. 

Syx. — Deceit ; guile ; wile ; strata- 
gem ; cheat. 

Fraud'ful, a. Full ©f fraud; trickish. 

Fraud'u-lence, In. Deceitfuluess ; 

Fraud'u-len-cy, j trickishness. 

Fraud'u-lent, o. 1. Using fraud in 
contracts. 2. Containing, or pro- 
ceeding from, fraud. 3. Obtained by 
artifice. 

Syx. — Deceitful ; crafty » trickish ; 
wily ; cunning ; treacherous ; dishon- 
est; knavish. 

FRAUDOr-LENT-LY, adv. In a fraud- 
ulent manner. 

Fraught (frawt), a. 1. Freighted ; 
laden. 2. Filled ; stored. 

FRAY, n. [Abbrev. fr. affray.] 1. Af- 
fray ; contest. 2. [See infra.] A fret 
or chafe in cloth.— v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To frighten. 2. [Lat. fri- 
care, to rub.] To rub ; to wear off 
by rubbing. — v. t. 1. To rub. 2. To 
wear out in consequence of rubbing. 

FREAK, n. [A.-S. free, fric,frac, hold, 
greedy.] A sudden, causeless change 
of the mind ; whim : caprice. 

FREAK/iSH,a. Whimsical ; capricious. 

Freak'ish-ly, adv. Capriciously. 

Freck'le (frek'1), n. [Cf. FLECK.] 



A yellowish spot in the skin. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To color or spot with 
freckles. — v. i. To become covered 
with freckles. 

Freck'ly, a. Full of freckles. 

Free, a. [-er ; -est, 144.] [A.-S. 
frl, frio, frco.] 1. Not under re- 
straint ; at liberty. 2. Enjoying po- 
litical liberty. 3. Not parsimonious ; 
liberal. 4. Exempt ; clear ; released. 
5. Invested with a franchise. 6. To 
be enjoyed without limitations. 

Free agency, power of choosing or act- 
ing freeljr. —Free port, ( Com.) («.) a port 
where ships of all nations may load and 
unload free of duty, provided" the goods 
are not carried into the adjoining coun- 
try, (b.) A port where goods ot'all kinds 
are received from ships of all nations at 
equal rates of duty. —Free wind (Xaut.) 
a fair wind. 

— v.t. [-ID; -ing, 144.] Tomake 
free ; to set at liberty ; to release. 

Free'boot-ER, n. [See BOOTY.] 
One who wanders about for plunder. 

Free'-born, a. Born free. 

Freed'man (150), n. A man who has 
been a slave and is freed. 

FREE'DOM, n. [A.-S. freodCm.] 1. 
Exemption from the power and con- 
trol of another. 2. Particular priv- 
ileges. 3. Improper familiarity. 

Syx.— Liberty; independence: frank- 
ness ; openness; separation ; liberality; 
franchise; immunity ; license. 

Free'-HEART'ed, a. Liberal; gen- 
erous. _ 

Free'hold, n. An estate in real 
property, of inheritance or for life, 
or the tenure by which it is held. 

Free'hold-er, n. One who owns a 
freehold. 

FREE'LY, adv. In a free manner ; 
without restraint or compulsion. 

Free'man (150). n. 1. One who en- 
joys liberty. 2. One who enjoys a 
peculiar privilege. 

Free'ma's on (-ma'sn), n. One of an 
ancient and secret association, origi- 
nally composed of masons. 

Free'ma'son-ry, n. Institutions or 
the practices of freemasons. 

Free'ness, n. Openness ; liberality. 

Free'stone, n. A stone composed 
of sand or grit, and easily wrought. 

Free'think/er, n. One who dis- 
cards revelation ; an unbeliever ; an 
infidel ; a skeptic. 

Free-will', n. Power of choosing or 
willing without restraint. [untary. 

Free'-wIll, a. Spontaneous; vol- 

Freeze, v. i. [imp. froze ; p. p. 
frozen.] [A.-S. freosan.] 1. To 
become congealed by cold. 2. To 
become chilled. — v.t. 1. To con- 
geal ; to harden into ice. 2. To chill. 

FREIGHT (frat), n. 1. Lading ; cargo. 
2. Payment for the transportation of 
merchandise. — v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] 
To load with goods, as a ship or ve- 
hicle of any kind. 

FREIGHT'ER (frat'er) n. 1. One who 
loads a ship. 2. One who receives 
and forwards freight. 3. One for 
whom freight is transported. 

FRENCH, a. Pertaining to France or 



its inhabitants. — n. The language 
of France ; collectively, the people of 
France. [nieut of music. 

French'-iiorn, n. A wiud-iustru- 
French'i-fv, v. t. [-ED: -ING, 142.] 
[Eng. French, and Lat. facere, to 
make.] To make French ; to Galli- 
cize. 
FREN'ZY, n. [Lat. phrenesis, phrenir 
Lis, Gr. (£peviTis (sc. vocros), fr. 4>pr}r, 
mind.] Any violent agitation of the 
mind, approaching to distraction. 

Syx. — Insanity ; lunacy : madness ; 
rage; derangement; delirium. 

Fre'QUEN-CY, n. Conuition of re- 
turning frequently. 

FRE'QUENT, a. [Lat. frequens.] Hap- 
pening at short intervals. 

FRE-QUENT', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
visit often ; to resort to habitually. 

Fre'QTJEN-ta'TION, n. Habit of fre- 
quenting. 

Fre-QUeNT'a-tYve, a. Expressing 
the frequent repetition of an action. 

— n. A verb expressing the frequent 
repetition of an action. 

Fre-quent'er, n. One who fre- 
quents. 

Fre'QUENT-LY, adv. At frequent 
intervals ; often ; commonly. 

FRES'CO, n. [It., from fresco, fresh.] 
A method of painting on walls on a 
freshly laid stucco-ground. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To paint in fresco. 

Fresh, a. [-er;-est.] [A.-S./ersc, 
Jcel.friskr.] 1. New and strong. 2. 
Recently made or obtained. 3. In a 
raw or untried state. 4. Renewed in 
vigor or readiness for action : hence, 
tending to renew in vigor ; brisk. 5. 
Not salt, as water or meat. § 

Syx. — Sound; green ; rare ; ruddy ? 
florid ; sweet; good; unpracticed; lively; 
vigorous; strong. 

— n. 1. A spring of fresh water. 2- 
A freshet. 

FRESH'EN, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
make fresh ; to take saltness from 
any thing. — v. i. 1. To lose salt- 
ness. 2. To grow brisk or strong. 

Fresh'ET,h. A flood or overflowing 
of a river in consequence of heavy 
rains or melted snow. [Amer.] 

Fresh'ly, adv. In a fresh manner. 

FreshMIAN (150), n. A student dur- 
ing his first year's residence at a col- 
lege, [briskness. 

Fresh'ness, n. Newness; vigor; 

Fket, r. t. [-TED ; -ting, 136.] [Fr. 
frotter, from Lat. fricare , frictum , to 
rub, A.-S.fretan, to eat, to gnaw.] 
1. To wear away by friction; hence, 
to eat away ; to corrode. 2. To im- 
pair. 3. To make rough, agitate, or 
disturb. 4. To tease ; to irritate; 
to vex. 5. [A.-S. frdtvjnn, to adorn.J 
To ornament with raised work. — 

— v. i. 1. To be worn away ; to be 
corroded. 2. To be vexed or irritat- 
ed ; to worry. — n. 1. Agitation of 
the surface of a fluid. 2. Agitation 
of mind; irritation. 3. (Arch.) Small 
fillets intersecting each other at right 
angles. 4. A short piece of wire on 
the finger-board of a guitar, Sec , to 



OR, DO, WpLF, TOO, TOOK', URN, RUE, PULL ; jg, j, o, silent ; C, G, soft; € } G,hard; AS,- E£iST • n. as NG ; THIS. 



FRETFUL 



176 



FRONTISPIECE 



show where the finger is to be placed 
in playing. [humored. 

FreT'ful, a. Disposed to fret; ill- 
Syn. — Peevish; cross.— Peevish marks 
the inward spirit, and fretful the outward 
act. while both imply a complaining im- 
patience. Crossness is peevishness min- 
gled with vexation or anger. 

Fret'ful-ly, adv. In a fretful 
manner ; peevishly. 

Fret'FUL-NESS, n. State of being 
fretful ; peevishness. [with frets. 

Fret'WORK (-wfirk), n. Work adorned 

FRI'a-bIl'1-TY, n. Quality of being 
friable ; friableness. 

FRI'A-BLE. a. [Lat. friabilis, fr. friare, 
to rub, break, or crumble.] Easily 
crumbled or pulverized. 

Fri'a-BLE-NES3, n. Friability. 

FRI'AR, n. [Fr.f rcre, fr. ha.t.frater, 
brother.] A member of any religious 
order. [of friars. 

Fri'A-ry, n. A monastery ; a convent 

FRIB'BLE, a. [La,t. frivolus.] Frivo- 
lous; trifling; silly. — n. A frivo- 
lous fellow ; a coxcomb. 

FRI€'As-SEE', n. [Fr. fricassee, fv.fr i- 
casser, to fry .] A dish made of fowls 
or small animals cut into pieces, 
and stewed or fried. — v. t. [-ed; 
-ING, 144.] To make a fricassee of. 

FRICTION, n. [L&t.frictio, fr. fricare, 
to rub.] 1. A rubbing the surface 
of one body against that of another ; 
attrition. 2. Effect of rubbing, or 
resistance a moving body meets with 
from the surface on which it moves. 

FRI'DAY, n. [A.-S.frigedag, fr. Frig, 
the goddess of marriage, and A.-S. 
dag, day.] Sixth day of the week. 

FRIED, imp. & p. p. of Fry. 

Friend, n. [Goth, frijCnds, friend, 
from frijdn,fri on, to love.] 1. One 
who is attached to another by affec- 
tion. 2. One not a foe or enemy. 
3. A favorer. 4. A Quaker. 

Friend'less, a. Destitute of friends. 

Friend'li-ness, n. Quality of being 
friendly ; gocd-will. 

Friend'LY, a. 1. Like a friend. 2. 
Befitting friends. 3. Not hostile. 4. 
Promoting the good of any person or 
persons. 
Syn.— Amicable; kind; favorable. 

Friend'ship, n. 1. Attachment to 
a person. 2. Friendly intimacy. 3. 
Friendly aid, office, or kindness. 

FRIEZE, n. [Orig. a woolen cloth from 
Friesland.] 1. A coarse woolen cloth 
with a nap on one side. 2. Part of the 
entablature of a column between the 
architrave and cornice.— v. t. To 
make a nap on, as on cloth. 

Fri'g'ATE, n. [Prob. fr. L&t.fabricata, 
something constructed.] A ship of 
war larger than a corvette, and less 
than a ship of the line. 

FRIGHT (frit), n. [A.-S. fyrhtu.] Sud- 
den and violent fear. 

Stn. — Alarm; terror; consternation. 
— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To alarm sud- 
denly with danger. 

Syn.— To affright; terrify ; scare ; dis- 
may ; daunt. 

FRIGHT'JEN (fr!t/n), v. t. [-ED ; 



-ING.] To disturb with fear ; to 
fright. 
FRIGHT'FUL (frit'-), a. 1. Full of 
fright ; alarmed. 2. Exciting alarm ; 
impressing terror. 

Syn. — Frightful; dreadful ; awful.— 
These words all express fear. In fright- 
ful, it is a sudden emotion ; in dreadful, 
It is deeper and more prolonged; in aw- 
ful the fear is mingled with the emotion 
of awe, which subdues us before the 
presence of some invisible power. An 
accident may he frightful ; the approach 
of death is dreadful to most men; the 
convulsions of the earthquake are awful. 

FrTghT'FUL-LY (frit'-), adv. In a 
frightful manner. 

FRIGHT'FUL-NEss (frit'-), n. Quality 
of being frightful. 

FRIG'ID, a. [L&t.frigidus, fr.frigere, 
to be cold.] 1. Cold. 2. Wanting 
warmth, fervor, vivacity, &c. 

FRI-GlD'1-TY, n. 1. Quality of being 
frigid; coldness. 2. Want of warmth, 
ardor, vivacity, &c. [fection. 

Fr'i'g'id-LY, adv. Coldly ; without af- 

Frill, n. [Cf. Frill, v. t.] 1. A 
ruffle. 2. The ruffling of a hawk's 
feathers when shivering with cold. 

— v. t. To provide with frills. — 

— v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [0. Fr. fritter, 
fr. Lat. frigidulus, somewhat cold.] 
To shake or shiver as with cold. 

FRINGE, n. [Lat. fimbria, thread, 
fringe.] 1. A trimming consisting of 
loose threads. 2. A border ; a con- 
fine.— v.t. [-ed;-ing.] To adorn 
or border with fringe. 

FRl'P'PER-Y, n. [Fr.friperie, fr.fri- 
per, to rumble, fumble.] 1. Old 
clothes ; hence, second-hand finery ; 
useless matter. 2. Place where old 
clothes are sold. 

FRi'sK,r. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Icel. friskr. 
See Fresh.] To leap, skip, or gam- 
bol, in gayety. — n. A frolic; a fit 
of wanton gayety. 

FRi'SK/ET, n. [From the frequency of 
its motion. See Frisk.] A frame to 
keep a sheet of paper in place in 
printing. 

FRIsk/i-NESS, n. State of being frisky. 

Frisk'y, a. Frolicsome ; gay. 

FRIT, n. [From Lat. frigSre ,frictum, 
frixum, to roast, fry.] Material of 
which glass is made, after it has been 
baked, but before fusion. 

FRITH, n. [Scot, firth, Dan. fiord.} 
A narrow arm of the sea ; an estuary. 

FRIT'TER, n. [From ~La.t.frtgere,fric- 
tum, to fry.] 1. A kind of pancake ; 
also, a small piece of meat fried. 2. 
A fragment ; a small piece. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. To cut into small 
pieces for frying. 2. To break into 
small pieces. 

FrI-vol'i-ty, n. Quality of being 
frivolous ; unbecoming levity of dis- 
position. 

FrIv'o-LOu"S, a. [Lat. frivolus.] 1. 
Of little weight or worth. 2. Given 
to trifling. 

Syn.— Trifling; trivial; slight; petty. 

FRtZ, v. t. [-ZED ; -ZING, 136.] [Fr. 
f riser, to curl, crisp.] 1. To form 
into small curls, as hair. 2. To form 



into little burs, as the nap of cloth. 

— n. Any thing crisped or curled. 
FRIZ'ZLE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Dim. 

offriz.] To curl or crisp, as hair. 

FRO, adv. [A.-S. fra, from fram. Sec 
From.] From ; away ; backward. 

Frock, n. [L. Lat. foccus.f/or.cvs, 
from Lat. foccvs, a flock of wool ; 
hence, orig. a flocky garment.] A 
loose, outer garment of men ; or a 
gown, open behind, worn b} women 
and children. [broad skirts. 

FRocK'-€OAT, n. A body -coat with 

FROG,n. [A.-S. frogga.] 1. A well- 
known amphibious animal. 2. A 
tender, horny substance in the mid- 
dle of a horse's foot. 3. A kind of 
cloak- button. 4. (Railways.) A tri- 
angular crossing plate where one 
track branches off from or crosses 
another. 

FROL'I-e, a. [0. II. Gev.frCWi, fr./r6, 
frao, glad.] Full of levity; gay; 
merry. — n. 1. A wild prank. 2. 
A scene of gayety and mirth ; a mer- 
ry-making. — v. i. [-ED ; -ING, 
135.] To play wild pranks ; to sport. 

Fr6l'I€-s6me, a. Full of frolic. 

J?B.6M.,prep. [A.-S. fram, from.] Out 
of the neighborhood of ; leaving be- 
hind ; by reason of; out of; by aid 
of; — used whenever departure, com 
mencement of action, being, occur 
rence, &c, or procedure, emanation 
separation, &c, are to be expressed. 

FROND, n. [Lat. frons, frondis, a 
heavy branch, foliage.] Organ formed 
by combination, into one body of 
stalks and leaves, as in the ferns. 

FRON-DES'CENCE, n. [Lat. frondes- 
cere, frondescens, to begin to put 
forth leaves.] 1. Time at which 
each species of plants unfolds ita 
leaves. 2. Act of bursting into leaf. 

FRON-Di'F'ER-oOs, a. [Lat. frons, 
leaf, and f err e, to bear.] Producing 
fronds. 

Fron-dose', a. [Lat. frondosus.] 1. 
Frond-bearing; resembling a frond. 
2. Leafy. 

FROND'otJs, a. Producing leaves and 
flowers in one organ. 

Fr6nt (frunt), n. [Lat. frons, frontis.] 
1. The forehead; sometimes, the 
whole face. 2. The fore part of anj r 
thing. 3. Position directly before a 
person, or foremost part of a thing. 
—v.t. [-ed;-ing.] 1. To oppose 
face to face. 2. To stand opposed, 
or over against. — v. i. 1. To stand 
foremost.' 2. To have the front to- 
ward any point of compass. — a. 
Relating to the forward part ; fore- 
most, [of an edifice or lot. 

FRONT'AGE (frlint'-), n. Front part 

FRONT'AL, a. Belonging to the front. 

— n. [Lat. frontale, frontlet.] 1. 
Something worn on the forehead or 
face. 2. A little pediment over a 
small door or window. 

Fr6nt'IER, n. [Lat. frons, forehead, 
front.] That part of a country which 
fronts or faces another country ; bor- 
der. — a. Bordering; conterminous. 

Front'is-PIECE, n. [L. l&t.frontis' 



A.,E, I, Q,V,Y, long; A ; E,I,0, u-,Y,s/ior*; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM ; SON, 



FRONTLESS 



177 



FULLERY 



picium, that which is seen in front.] 
An ornamental engraving fronting 
the first page of a book. [dent. 

Fr6nt'less, a. Shameless; impu- 

Fr6nt'LET, n. [Eng. front, and the 
dim. term, let.] A frontal. 

Frost (21), n. [A.-S., fr. freosan, to 
freeze.! 1. Act of freezing ; congela- 
tion of fluids. 2. Severe cold weath- 
er. 3. Frozen dew. — v. t. [-ed ; 

, -ING.] To cover with any thing re- 
sembling hoar-frost, as cake with 
powdered white sugar. 

Frost'-bit'ten (-bit'tn), p. a. 
Nipped or affected by frost. 

Frost'-fish, n. A small fish, abun- 
dant on the coasts of the United States 
soon afte? fros' commences. 

Frost'I-LY, ado With frost ; coldly. 

Frost'ing, n. Composition, resem- 
bling hoar-frost, to cover cake, &c. 

FROST'Y, a. 1. Attended with, or 
containing, froci. 2. Without warmth 
of affection. 3. White; gray-haired. 

FROTH (21), n. [A.-S. freodkan, to 
rub, to froth.] 1. A collection of bub- 
bles ; foam. 2. Empty show of wit 
or eloquence. — v. t. 1. To cause 
to foam. 2. To cover with froth. — 

— v. i. [-ED; -ING.] To throw 
up foam. [ner. 

FroTH'i-LY, adv. In a frothy man- 

Froth'y, a. [-ER ; -est, 142.] 1. 
Full of froth. 2. Vain ; empty. 

Frounce, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Fr. 
froncer, to wrinkle, to frown.] To 
frizzle about the face, as the hair. — 
n. A wrinkle, plait, or curl. 

Frou'zy, a. [From frounce.] Fetid; 
musty ; rank. 

Fro'ward, a. [A.-S. framweard, 
averse, perverse.] Not willing to 
comply with what is required. 

Syn. — Perverse; untoward; way- 
ward ; unyielding ; ungovernable ; re- 
fractory; disobedient ; petulant ; cross. 

Fro'ward-ly, adv. In a froward 

manner. [ing froward. 

Fro'ward-ness, n. Quality of be- 

FROWN, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Vr.frog- 

ner, in se refrogner, to knit the brow.] 

1. To contract the brow, to scowl. 

2. To look on with disfavor ; to lower. 

— v. t. To rebuke with a look. — 
u. A wrinkling of the brow in dis- 
pleasure ; a scowl. 

Frow'y, a. [Contr. fr. frouzy.] Mus- 
ty; rancid ; rank. 

Froz'jen (froz'n), p. a. Subject to 
frost ; congealed ; chilly. 

Fruc-tes'cence, n. [Fr., from Lat. 
fructus, fruit.] The time when the 
fruit of a plant arrives at maturity. 

FRU€-TXF'ER-OUS, a. [Lat. fructifir, 
fr. fructus, fruit, and ferre, to bear.] 
Bearing or producing fruit. 

FRUC'TI-FI-CA'TION, n. 1. Act of 
fructifying. 2. Those parts of a plant, 
taken collectively, which compose 
the flower and fruit. 

FrOg'ti-fy, v. t. [-ed; -ing, 142.] 
[Lat. fructificare , fr. fructus, fruit, 
and facere, to make.] To make fruit- 
ful ; to render productive. — v. i. To 
bear fruit. 



FRU 'G AL , a. [Lat. frugalis, fr . frugi, 
fit for food, useful, temperate.] Eco- 
nomical in the use of means ; spar- 
ing ; saving. 

Fru-gal/i-ty, n. Quality of being 
frugal ; prudent economy. 

Fru'gal-ly, adv. With economy. 

FRUIT, n. [Lat. fructus, fr. frui, to en- 
joy.] 1. Whatever is to be enjoyed, 
partaken of, or made use of; result. 
2. The juicy, pulpy products of cer- 
tain plants. 3. Offspring ; young. 

Fruit'age (45), n. Fruit collectively. 

Fruit'ER-er, n. One who deals in 
fruit. 

Fruit'er-y, n. A repository for fruit. 

Fruit'ful, a. Full of fruit; richly 
productive. 

Syn. — Fertile; prolific; fecund; plen- 
tiful ; rich ; abundant ; plenteous. 

Frtjit'ful-ly, adv. Abundantly. 

Fruit'ful-ness, n. State or quali- 
ty of being fruitful. 

Fru-'i'tion (fru-Ish/un), n. [From 
Lat. frui, fruitus, to use or enjoy.] 
Pleasure derived from possession or 
use ; enjoyment. 

Fruitless, a. 1. Lacking fruit. 2. 
Productive of no good effect. 

Sy jr. — Useless; unprofitable; ineffect- 
ual; vain; idle; profitless. 

Fruit'less-ly, adv. Idly ; vainly. 

Fruit'less-ness, n. Quality of be- 
ing fruitless. [taste of fruit. 

Fruit'y, a._ Resembling fruit, or the 

FrJVmen-TA'CEOUS, a. [La.t. frumen- 
taceus, fv.frumentum, grain.] Made 
of, or like, wheat or other grain. 

Fru'men-TY,». [From Lat. frumen- 
t'um.] Wheat boiled in milk, and 
seasoned with sugar, cinnamon, &c. 

Frush, n. [See Frog ] 1. A tender 
substance in the sole of a horse ; 
frog. 2. A discharge of a fetid mat- 
ter from the frog of a horse's foot. 

Frus'trate, v. t. [-ed; -ing]. 
[Lat. frustrare , frustrari , -traturn, fr. 
frustra, in vain.] 1. To bring to 
nothing ; to prevent from attaining 
a purpose. 2. To make of no effect. 
Syn. — To baffle; defeat; balk. 

Frus'trate, a. Vain; useless. 

Frus-tra'tion, n. Disappointment ; 
defeat. 

Frustum, n. ; pi. frus'ta, or 

FRUS'TUMg. [Lat. 

piece, bit.] Part 

of a solid next the 

base, formed by^f 

cutting off the 

top. Frustums. 

FRU-TES'CENT, a. [Lat. frutex, 
shrub, bush.] Becoming shrubby, 
or having the appearance of a shrub. 

FRU'Tl-€OSE / , ) a. [Lat. fruticosus, 

Fru'TI-GOUs, J fr. frutex, shrub.] 
Pertaining to shrubs ; shrubby. 

Fry, v. t. [-ED; -ing, 142.] [Fr. 
frire, Lat. frigere.] To cook with 
fat in a pan over a fire. — v. i. To be 
heated and agitated, as meat in a fry- 
ing pan. — n. 1. [Vr.frai.] A swarm, 
esp. of little fishes ; a large number. 
2 L [See Fry. v.] Any thing fried. 

FRY'ING-PAN,n. A pan used for frying. 




Fu'GATE, ) a. [Lat. fucare, -catus, 

Fu'ca-ted, { to color, paint.] Paint- 
ed ; disguised with false show. 

Ffjcu'si-A (fil'shi-a or fdbk'sl-a), n. 
[from L Fucks, a Ger. botanist.] A 
genus of beautiful flowering plants. 

Fu'€VS,n.; pi. FU'fl. [Lat., rock- 
lichen, orchil.] Ageuusofsea-weedo 
of a tough, leathery kind. 

FOd'dle, v. t. or i. [-ed ; -ING.] To 
make or become partially drunk. 

Fudge, n. Stuff; nonsense; — an ex* 
clamation of contempt. 

FO'EL, n. [Norm. Fr. fuayl, L. Lat. 
focale, fr. Lat. focus, fire-place. J 1 
Any combustible matter. 2. Any 
thing that serves to feed passion or 
excitement. 

Fu-GA'CIOUS, a. Lat. fugax, fr. fu- 
gere, to flee.] Flying, or disposed 
to fly ; volatile. 

Fu-GAC'I-TY, 7i. Quality of being fu- 
gacious; volatility. 

Fu'Gl-Ti'VE, a. 1. Apt to disappear. 
2. Escaping from duty, service, or 
danger. 

Stx. — Fleeting; unstable; uncertain; 
volatile; evanescent. 
— n. 1. A runaway; a deserter. 2. 
One hard to be caught or detained. 

Fu'GLE-MAN (150), n. [Ger. ftvgeU 
mann, file-leader, fr. ft v gel, wing.] 
One who stands in front of soldiers 
at drill, as an example or model to 
them ; hence, a director. 

FUGUE (fug), n. [L&t.fuga, flight ] 
A musical composition, in which a 
subject is proposed by one part, and 
then responded to by the others. 

Ful'grum, n. ; Lat. pi. ful'cra ' 
Eng. pi. FUL'- 
GRUMg. [Lat., T TfT^ 

bed-post.] 1. A D O 

prop or support. *• 
2. Point about F, Fulcrum, 
which a lever turns in lifting or mov- 
ing a body. 

Ful-fTll', I V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [A 

Ful-fil', 1 tautological compound 
of full and fill.] 1. To make full or 
complete. 2. To accomplish or carry 
into effect ; to bring to pass. 

Ful-fYli/ment, I n. 1. Accomplish- 

FUL-fI'l'MENT, ) ment ; completion. 
2. Execution ; performance. 

FDl'GEN-CY, n. Brightness ; splendor. 

FUL'GENT, a. [Lat. fulgere,fulgtns, 
to flash, glitter.] Shining; effulgent 

FU-LIG'I-NOUS, a. [Lat. fuliginosus, 
fr. fuligo, soot.] Sooty ; dark ; dusky. 

Full, a. [-er;-est.] [A.-S. Cf. 
FILL.] 1. Filled up; replete; not 
empty or vacant. 2. Abundantly 
furnished ; copious; ample. 3. Com- 
plete ; perfect. — n. Complete meas- 
ure; utmost extent. — adv. Quite; 
completely; entirely. — v i. To be- 
come wholly illuminated. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] [A.-S. fullian, to make full 
or perfect, to whiten as a fuller.] To 
cleanse, scour, and thicken in a mill, 
as cloth. [is to full cloth. 

Full'er, n. One whose occupation 

Full'er-y, n. Place or works where 
the fulling of cloth is carried on. 



PR. DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL; E, I, o, silent ; Q,&,softf €,G,hard: AS \ E£IST ; N. (UNG; THIS. 



FULLING-MILL 



178 



FUSIL ADE 



Full'ING-MiLL, n. A miii for full- 
ing cloth. 

Full'ness, 1 n. State of being full ; 

Ful'ness, J completeness. 

FUL'LY, adv. In a full manner. 

Syn.— Completely ; entirely ; abun- 
dantly ; sufficiently; perfectly. 

FtJL'MI-NATE, V. t. [-ED;-ING.] 
[L&t.fulm mart, -natum, to lighten, 
from fulmen, thunderbolt.] 1. To 
cause to explode. 2. To send out, as 
a denunciation or censure. 

FOl'mi-na'tion, n. 1. Act of fulmi- 
nating ; detonation. 2. Menace or 
censure. [striking terror. 

FtJL'MI-NA-TO-RY, a. Thundering ; 

Ful'some, a. [A.-S. /W, foul, and the 
termination some.] Disgusting by 
over-fullness, excess, or grossness. 

FOl'some-ness, n. Nauseousness ; 
offensive grossness. 

Ful'vid, la. [L. L&t.fulvidus, fr. 

FDi/VOlJS, ) L&t.fulvus.] Tawny ; 
dull yellow, with a mixture of gray 
and brown. 

FlJM'BLE, v. ?'. [-ED; -ING.] [0. Eng. 
/ambles, hands.] 1. To feel or grope 
about. 2. To seek awkwardly. 3. 
To turn over and over. 

F&M'BLER, n. An awkward person. 

FUME, n. [Lat. fumus.] 1. Yapor ; 
smoke ; reek. 2. Any thing unsub- 
stantial or airy. — v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
1. To smoke ; to throw off vapor. 2. 
To pass of in vapors. 3. To be in a 
rage. — v. t. 1. To smoke. 2. To 
disperse in vapor. 

FC'MI-GATE,t\ t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
fumigare, -gatum, fr. fumus, smoke.] 
To expose to smoke or gas, as in 
cleansing clothing, &c. 

Fu'Ml-GA'TION, n. 1. Act of fumi- 
gating. 2. Vapor ; scent raised by 
fire. [vapor. 

FUM'Y, a. Producing fume ; full of 

FDN,ra. [Cf. A.-S./ean,joys.] Sport; 
merriment. [or dancer. 

Fu-NAM'bu-list, n. A rope-walker 

F0n€'tion, n. [L&t.functio, fr. fun- 
gi, to perform.] 1. Peculiar or ap- 
pointed action. 2. A quantity so con- 
nected with another, that, if any al- 
teration be made in the latter, there 
will be a consequent alteration in the 
former. [tions. 

Fun€'TION-al, a. Pertaining to func- 

FUN€'TlON-A-RY, n. One charged 
with the performance of a function. 

Fund, n. [Lat. fundus, foundation.] 
1. A stock or capital. 2. A store laid 
up, from which one may draw at 
pleasure ; a supply. 3. pi. The stock 
of a national debt; public securities. 
Sinking fund, a sum of money set apart, 
usually atfixed intervals, fortne redemp- 
tion of the debts of government or of a 
corporation. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To pro- 
vide a fund for the payment of the 
interest of. 2. To place in a fund, as 
money. 

FUN'DA-MENT, n. [Lat. fvndamen- 
tum, fr. fundus, bottom.] The seat ; 
the buttocks ; also, the orifice of the 
intestines. 



FOn'da-ment'AL, a. Pertaining to 
the foundation; hence, essential; 
elementary. — n. A leading or pri- 
mary principle ; an essential. 

Fu'NER-AL, n. [Lat. funus.] 1. 
Jiurial. 2. Procession attending a 
burial. — a. Pertaining to burial. 

FU-NE'RE-AL, (89), a. Suiting a funer- 
al ; hence, dismal. [cence. 

Fun-gos'I-ty, n. Fungouf. ?xcres- 

Fun'gous, a. Like fungus, oramush- 
room ; excrescent. 

FOn'gus, n. ; Lat.pl. FUN'ct, Eng. 
pi. fun'gus-ES [Lat., mushroom.] 

1. An order of plants, comp ehend- 
iug mushrooms, toad-stools, &c. 2. 
A spongy, morbid growth in animal 
bodies ; proud-flesh. 

Fu'ni-cle, n. [Lat. funiculus, dim. 
of funis, cord, rope.] A small cord 
or ligature ; a fiber. 

FUN'NEL, n. [Prob. fr. Lat. i ifundi- 
bulum, funnel.] 1. A kind of invert- 
ed hollow cone with a pipe : a tun- 
nel. 2. A stove-pipe. 

FOn'ny, a. [-ER ; -est, 142.] [From 
fun.] Droll; comical; sportive. 

FUR, n. [L. L&t.furra, a hai -y skin, 
Icel. fodr, lining.] 1. Short, fine 
hair of certain animals. 2. Peltry. 
3. Any coating considered as resem- 
bling fur. — v. t. [-red; -ring, 
136.] 1. To line or cover with fur. 

2. To cover with morbid matter. 3. 
To nail strips of board en for lathing. 

FOr'BE-LOW, n. [Prov. Fv.farbala, 
Fr. falbald.] A flounce ; plaited 
border. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To put 
a furbelow on. 

FUR'BISH, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [0. H. 
Ger. furban, to clean.] To rub or 
scour to brightness ; to polish. 

Fur'€ATE, la. [Lat. furca, fork.] 

Fur'€A.-ted, j Forked ; branching. 

Fur-€A'tion, n. A branching like 
the tines of a fork. 

FUR'FU-RA/CEOUS, a. [Lat. furfur a- 
ceus, fr. furfur, bran.] Made of, or 
like, bran ; scurfy. 

Fu'RI-OUS, a. [Lat. furiosus ,fr. furia, 
rage.] 1. Transported with passion. 
2. Moving with violence. 

Syn. — Impetuous ; vehement ; bois- 
terous; raging; fierce; violent; mad. 

Fu'Rl-ous-LY,a£/t\ With fury. 

FURL, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Contr. fr. 
furdle, a corrup. of fardel, to make 
up in bundles.] To wrap, as a sail, 
close to the yard. 

FUR'LONG, n. [A.-S.furlang, prop, 
the length of a furrow.] Eighth part 
of a mile. 

FfjR'LOUGH (fftr/lo), n. [Ger. verlaub, 
urlaub. See LEAVE.] Leave of ab- 
sence given to an officer or soldier. — 
v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To grant leave 
of absence. 

Fur'nace (45), n. [Lat. furnax.] An 
inclosed place where a hot fire is 
kept, as lor melting ores, for warm- 
ing a house, or for baking. 

Fur'nish, v. t. [-ed; -ING.; [0. H. 
Ger. frumjan, to do, act, send.] 1. 
To supply ; to provide. 2. To offer 
for use ; to afford. 3. To fi* up. 



FUR'NI-TURE (53), n. 1. That with 
which any tbing is furnished. 2. 
Chattels ; movables ; effects ; also, 
necessary appendages to any thing, 
as to a machine, &c. 

FUR'RI-ER, n. A dealer in furs. 

FUR'RING, n. 1. The nailing on of 
thin strips for lathing, boarding, &c 
2. The strips thus laid on. 

FOr'row, n. [A.-S. furh.] 1. A, 
trench in the earth made by a plow. 
2. Any trench or channel ; a wrinkla 
on the face. — v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] 1. 
To plow. 2. To mark with channels 
or wrinkles. 

FUR'THER,a. compar. [positive want- 
ing ; superl. furthest.] 1. More 
remote ; more in advance ; farther. 
2. Additional. — adv. To a greater 
distance; moreover. — v.t. [-ED; 
-ING.] [A.-S.fyrdherian. See FAr 
THER.] To promote ; to advance , 
to forward. 

Fur'ther-ance , 71. Act of further- 
ing ; advancement. 

Fur'ther-er, n. A promoter. 

Fur'ther-more, adv. or conj . More- 
over; besides. 

Fur'ther-most, a. Most remote. 

Fur'thest, a. superl. Most remote; 
farthest. — adv. At the greatest 
distance. 

Fur't'ive, a. [Lat. furtivus, fr. fur 
turn, theft.] Stolen; obtained by 
stealth ; sly ; secret ; stealthy. 

FU'RUNC-LE, n. [L&t.furunculus, lit. 
a petty thief.] A boil. 

Ftl'RY (89), n. [Lat. furia, fr. furere, 
to rage.] 1. Violent passion. 2. Vi- 
olent anger; extreme wrath. 3. A 
goddess of vengeance ; hence, a tur- 
bulent, violent woman. 

Furze, n. [A.-S. fyrs.] A thorny 
evergreen shrub with beautiful yel- 
low flowers. [or grayish-black. 

Fus'COOS, a. [L&t.fuscus.] Brown 

Fu§E,i>. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. fun- 
dere,fusum, to pour, melt.] To dis- 
solve; to melt. — v. i. To be melt- 
ed ; to melt. — n. A tube filled with 
combustible matter, used in blast- 
ing, &c. 

Fu-gEE', n. 1. 
[Lat. fusus, 
spindle.] Con- 
ical wheel of a 
watch or clock, Fusee, 

designed to equalize the power of the 
main-spring. 2. [See Fuse and Fu- 
sil,.] A small, light musket ; a fu- 
sil. 3. A fuse. [fusible. 

FfKsi-Bii/I-TY, n. Quality of being 

Fu'|l-BLE, a. [Lat. fundere ,fusum, 
_to melt.] Capable of being melted. 

Fu'si-form, n. [Lat. fusus, spindle, 
and forma, shape.] Shaped like a 
^pindle. 

Fu'sil, n. [From Lat. focus, fire., 
place.] _ A light musket or firelock. 

Fu'sil-lade', n. A simultaneous 
discharge of fire-arms in a military 
exercise^ 

FU'SIL-LADE', V. t. [-ED; -ING] ' 'O 
shoot down by a simultaneous dis- 
charge of fire-arms. 



A, E, I, 6, U, Y,long; X, £, I, 6, 0, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM; SOSfc 



FUSILEEK 



170 



GALIOT 



FiKsiL-EER', ) n. Formerly a soldier 

Fu'f IL-IER,' I armed with a fusii ; 
in" modern times, an infantry soldier 
wearing a bear-skin cap like that oi* 
a grenadier. 

F'U'siON, 11. [La.t.fusio, from fundere, 
to melt.] 1. Act or operation of melt- 
ing, without the aid of a solvent. 
2. State of being melted. 3. Union 
or blending of things into oneness, as 
if melted together. 

Fuss, n. [A.-8../&S, ready, qiiick.] A 
tumult; a bustle ; an annoying ado. 
— v.i. [-ED;-1NG.] To make a bus- 
tle or ado. 

FOss'Y, a. [-ER; -est, 142.] Mak- 
ing, or disposed to make, a fuss, or 
unnecessary ado about trifles. 

Fust, n. [Cf. Foist and 0. Fr.fust, 
cask, mustiness.] A strong, musty 
smell ; mustiness. 

Ftrs'TlAN (fHst'yan, 66,97), n. [From 
Fostat, or Fossat, i. e., Cairo, where 
it was made.] 1. A kind of coarse 



twilled cotton stuff, including cordu- 
roy, velveteen, &c. 2. An iuliated 
style of writing; a swelling style; 
bombast. — a. 1. Made of fustian. 
2. Swelling; too pompous ; inflated; 
turgid ; bombastic. 

Fus'TIO, n. [Sp. fustoc, fustete. Cf. 
Let. fustis, stick, staff, in L. bat. tree.] 
Wocd of a tree growing in the West 
Indies, used in dyeing yellow. 

Fust'i-ness, n. A fusty quality; 
moldiness. 

Fijst'y, a. [-er; -est, 142.] [See 
Fusx.i Moldy ; musty ; rank ; ill- 
jmelling. 

Fu'TiLE, a. [L&i.futilis, worthless, 
from fundere, to pour out.] Of no 
weight or importance ; answering no 
valuable purpose; failing of the de- 
signed effect. 

Syn. — Useless ; vain ; worthless; tri- 
flhi.-. 

Fu-TlL'I-TY, n. "Want of importance 
or effect ; uselessness. 




FOt'TOCK, n. [Corrupt. 

either fr. foot-lock or fr. 

foot-hook.] One of the 

middle timbers of a vessel 

between the Moor and the 

upper timbers. 

Futtock-plates, plates of 

iron to which the dead-eyes 

are secured. — Futtocb' 

shrouds, small shrouds over 

_the Jower ones. 
Fut'ure (53). a. [Lnt.fu- 

luriis, prop. fut. p. of esse, C v es ; M>,mt- 

to be.] About to be : lia- toek-plates; 

ble to come hereafter. — c, futtock- 

n. Time to come. shrouds. 

Fu-tu'ri-ty, n. 1. State of being 

yet to come. 2. Time to come. 
Fuzz, v. i. [See infra.] To fly oft in 

minute particles.— n. [Cf. Ger. 

fase, fasen, filament, fiber.] Fine, 

Jight particles. 
FY, inlerj. [II. Ger. pfui, Gr. 4>ev. 

Cf. FIE.] A word expressing blame, 

dislike, disapprobation, or contempt. 



G. 



G(je),the seventh letter of the Eng- 
lish alphabet, has two sounds : 
one simple (the hard sound), as in 
gave, go, gull; the other compound, . 
like that of.;' (the soft sound), as in I 
gem, gin, gyve. See Principles of 
Pronunciation, §§ 72-75. 

Gab, n. [See Gape.] The mouth; 
hence, idle prate ; loquacity. — v. i. 
[-BED; -BING,136.] [A.-S. gabban, 
to scoff, jeer. See supra ] To talk 
idly ; to prate. 

Gab'ar-dine' (-deen'), n. [Sp. gab- 
ardina, gaban, a great-coat, with a 
hood.] A kind of coarse frock or 
loose upper garment. 

GAB'BLE, v. i. [-ED;-ING.] [Dim. 
of gab.] To prate; to jabber; to 
babble, to chatter. — n. Loud or 
rapid talk without meaning. 

Gab'bler, n. One who gabbles. 

GA'Bl-ON, n. [Lat. cavea. See CAGE.] 
A wicker cylinder filled with earth, 
and used in constructing temporary 
defenses. 

GA'BLE, n. [0. H. Ger. gabala, fork, 
gibil, gable, housetop.] Vertical tri- 
angular end of a building, from the 
eaves to the top. 

GlD,n [A.-S. gad.] 1. Point of a spear. 
2. A wedge-shaped instrument of 
metal. 3. A goad. — v.i [-ded ; 
-DING, 136.] [Cf. Ir. gad, to steal, 
orig. to rove.] To rove idly. 

Gad'-A-bout', ) n. One who roves 

Gad'der, ] idly ; a rambler. 

Gad'fly, n. [Eng. gad, goad, and 
fly.] An insect which stings cattle. 

GAE'Lie (ga'lik), a. Belonging to the 
Gael, tribes of Celtic origin inhabit- 
ing the Highlands of Scotland. — n. 
Language of the Highlanders. 

Gaff, n. [Fr. gaffe, Gael, gaf, gafa.] 



1. A light spear used by fishermen. 

2. A boom, extending the upper edge 
of a fore-and-aft sail. 

Gaf'FER. n. [Contr. fr. godfather.] 
An old fellow ; an aged rustic. 

Gaf'fle, n. [Icel. gdffall, fork, W. 
gafl, fork, angle.] An artificial spur 
put on game-cocks. 

Gag, v. t. [-GED ; -ging, 136.] [A.-S. 
edggian, to lock, shut.] 1. To stop 
the mouth of, by thrusting in some- 
thing ; hence, to silence. 2. To 
cause to heave with nausea. — v. i. 
To heave with nausea. — n. Some- 
thing thrust into the mouth to hin- 
der speaking. 

GAGE, n. [Fr. gage, from Goth, vadi, 
pledge, A.-S. wedd.] 1. A pledge or 
pawn. 2. A challenge to combat ; a 
glove cast on the ground by the 
challenger, and taken up by the ac- 
cepter. 3. A measure or standard. 
See Gauge. — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
To bind by pledge or security ; to en- 

Gai'e-ty, n. See Gayety. [gage. 

Gai'ly, adv. See Gayly. 

Gain, v.t. [-ed ; -ing.] [L. Lat. gai- 
nare, to plow, till. fr. 0. II. Ger. tvei- 
danon, weidanjan, to feed, hunt.] 
1. To get, as a profit; to acquire; 
to win. 2. To be successful in. 3. 
To conciliate. 4. To arrive at. 

Sy\.— To win.— Gam imolies only 
that we pet something by exertion: win, 
that we do it in competition with others. 
A person gains knowledge, or gains a 
prize, simply by striving for it : he wins 
a victory, or wins a prize, by taking it 
from others in a struggle between them. 

— v. i. To have advantage or profit ; 
to advance in interest or happiness. 

— n. 1. That which is gained ; profit; 
advantage ; benefit. 2. Acquisition ; 
accumulation. 



Gain'ER, n. One who gains. 
Gain'FUL, a. 1. Producing profit or 
advantage ; profitable ; advantageous. 
2. Lucrative. 
Gain'ful-ly, adv. With gain. 
Gain-say', orGAiN'SAY, v. t. [imp. 
& p. p. GAINSAID.] [A.-S. gectn, 
against, and say.] To contradict ; 
to dispute. 
Gain-say'er, or Gain'say-er, n. 

One who gainsays or denies. 
Gair'isii, a. [Cf. A.-S. gearn, ready, 
gare, streak, stripe, and 0. Eng. gare, 
to stare.] Gaudy ; showy ; affectedly 
fine. 
Gait, n. [See Gate.] 1. Walk; 
march; way. 2. Manner of walking. 
Gai'ter, n. [Cf. Jr.guctre.] 1. A 
covering of cloth for the ankle. 2. A 
kiud of shoe, covering the ankle. 
Ga'la, n. [Fr. gala, show, pomp, A.- 
S. gal, wanton, merry.] Pomp, show, 
or festivity. 

Gala-day, a day of mirth and festivity ; 
a holiday. 
GAL'AX-Y, n. [Gr. vaAa£ias (?c. kvk- 
Aos, fr. yd\a, milk.] 1. The Milky 
Way. 2. Any splendid assemblage. 
S GALE, n. [Icel. giola,gola, cool wind; 
| allied to Lat. gelu, cold, A.-S. galan, 
to congeal.] 1. A wind stronger than 
a stiff breeze. 2. A current of air ; a. 
light breeze. 3. A state of excite- 
ment or hilarity. 
, GA'LE-ATE, 1 a. [Lat. galeare, -alus, 
Ga'le-a'ted, j to cover with a hel- 
1 met.] Covered as with a helmet. 
! Ga-le'na, n. [Lat.] Sulphuret of 

lead ; an ore of lead. 
Gal'i-OX, n. [0. Fr. galiot, N. Fr. 
galiote, Sp. galeota, It. galeotta. 
| See Galley.] A small galley or 
I sort of brigantine, built for chase. 



or, Dp, wolf, too, took; urn, RUE, PULL ; E, I, o, silent; c, G, soft.- €, G, hard; A§; EXIST ; N as NG; this 



GALIPOT 



180 



GARBLE 



GlL'l-POT, n. [Fr. galipot, wild pine 
or pitch tree. Of. GALLIPOT.] A 
white resinous juice from pine or fir 
trees. 

GALL, n. [A.-S. gealla, allied to 
Gr. x°^y-] 1- Tne bitter liquid in 
the gall-bladder, beneath the liver. 

2. Any thing bitter ; spite ; malignity. 

3. [Lat. gal/a.] Excrescence on the 
bark or leaves of a plant. — v. t. 
[■ED; -TNG.] [Fr. galer, to scratch, 
gale, scurf, scab. See supra.] 1. To 
excoriate ; to chafe. 2. To tease ; to 
vex. 3. To harass ; to annoy. 

GXl'lant, a. [See Gala.] 1. Showy ; 
splendid. ; magnificent. 2. High-spir- 
ited ; heroic. 8. {Pron. gal-lant'.) 
Polite and attentive to ladies. 

Syn. — - Courageous ; brave.— Coura- 
qc.ovs ir. generic, denoting an inward 
spirit wuich rises above fear ; brave is 
more outward, marking a spirit which 
braves or defies danger: gallant rises still 
higher, denoting bravery on extraordi- 
nary occasions in a spirit of adventure. 
A coio-ageous man is ready for battle ; a 
brave man courts it; a gallant man 
dashes into the midst of the conflict. 

Gal-L.Xnt'(IPo), n. 1. One fond of 
pajing attention to ladies. 2 A 
lover: a suitor. — v.t. [-ED ; -INS.] 
To attend or wait on, as a lady. 

Gal'lant-ly, adv. Gayly ; nobly; 
bravely. [wooer. 

Gal-la xt'ly, adv. Like a gallant or 

Gal'LANT-NESS, n. State of being 
gallant; gayety ; nobleness ; bravery. 

Gal'lant-ry,w. 1. Bravery. 2. Po- 
lite attention to ladies ; in a bad 
sense, intrigue. 

Gal'le-on, n. [See Galley.] A 
large ship, with three or four decks, 
formerly used by the Spaniards. 

Gal'LER-Y, n. [Fr. galerie, a gallery, 
orig. a banqueting hall, from gale, 
magnificence. See GALA.] 1. A long 
connecting passage-way. 2. A col- 
lection of paintings, sculptures, &c. 
3. A long platform attached to the 
side of the interior of a building. 4. 
A frame like a balcony, projecting 
from the stern of a ship. 

GXl'ley, n. [Of. Lat. galea, helmet, 
dim. galeola, a hollow vessel.] 1. A 
low, fiat-built vessel, navigated with 
sails and oars. 2. Cook-room of a 
ship of war. 3. A frame for holding 
type that has been set up. 

Gal'LEY-SLAVE, n. One condemned 
to work at the oar on a galley. 

Gal'LI€, a. 1, Belonging to, or de- 
rived from, galls. 2. Pertaining to 
Gaul or France. 

GXL'Ll-crsM, n. A mode of speech 
peculiar^ to the French. 

GaL'LI-CIZE, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
render conformable to the French 
language. 

<Gal'li-gas'kin§, n. pi. [Either be- 
cause first worn by the Gallic Gas- 
cons, or corrupted from Lat. caligse. 
Vasromim, Gascon hose.] 1. Large, 
open hose or trowsers. 2. Leather 
guards worn on the legs by sports- 
men. 

£Al'li-NA'ceoOs, a. [Lat. gallinace 



us, from gallina, hen, gallvs, cock.j 
Belonging to an order of birds in- 
cluding the common domestic fowls. 

GAl'li-nYp'per, n. [Prob. from gall 
and nip.] A large mosquito. 

GAL'LI-POT, n. [Prob. a fine painted 
pot, from Fr. gala, show, finery.] A 
small, glazed earthen pot, used by 
apothecaries. 

Gal'lon, n. [0. Fr. galon, jalon.] 
A measure of capacity containing 
four quarts. 

Gal-loon', n. [Fr. galon, from gala, 
show. See Gala.] A ribbon or tape- 
like tissue for binding garments, &c. 

Gal'lop, v. i. [-ed;-ing.] [Goth. 
ga-hlaupan, A.-S. gehledpan. See 
LEAP.] 1. To run with leaps or 
bounds, as a horse. 2. To move 
very rapidly. — n. A mode of run- 
ning by a quadruped in successive 
leaps or bounds. 

Gal'lo-way, n. A species of horses, 
of a small size, first bred in Gallo- 
way, in Scotland. 

Gal'lows (gal'lus), n. sing.; pi. 
GAL'LOWS-Eg. [A.-S., Goth, galga.] 
1. An instrument for hanging a 
criminal. 2. pi. A pair of suspend- 
ers or braces. 

Ga-lo^he' (ga-losh'), «• [Fr., fr. Lat. 
galliba, (sc. crepida), a Gallic shoe.] 

1. An overshoe. 2. A gaiter to cover 
the upper part of the foot. 

Gal-van'I€, a. Pertaining to, con- 
taining, or exhibiting, galvanism. 

Gal'VA-NXSM, n. [From Galvani, the 
discoverer.] Electricity developed by 
chemical action between different 
substances. [vanism. 

Gal'va-nTst, n. One versed in gal- 

Gal'va-nize, v. t. [-ed;-ing] 1. 
To affect with galvanism. 2. To 
plate or coat with metal, as zinc, 
properly by means of galvanism. 

GAM'BIT, n. [Fr., fr. 0- Fr. gambier, 
to march, walk,fr. gamb°, for jambe, 
leg.] (Chess-playing.) A mode of 
opening the game. 

GAM'BLE,r. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Dim. 
"of game.] To play for money or 
other stake. 

GXm'bler, n. One who gambles. 

Gam-Boge', or Gam-boge', n. A 
concrete vegetable juice, of a beau- 
tiful reddish-yellow color. 

GXM'BOL,r. ?'. [-ed, -ing; or -led, 
-LING, 137] To dance and skip 
about in sport. — n. [Fr. gambade, 
fr. 0. Fr. gambe, for jambe, leg.] A 
skipping about in frolic ; a skip. 

Gam'brel, n. [0. Fr. gambe, for 
jambe, leg.] 1. Hind leg of a horse. 

2. A stick crooked like a horse's leg, 
used by butchers. 

Game,?i. [A.-S. gamen, gomen.] 1. 
Sport of any kind; jest; frolic. 2. A 
contrivance or arrangement to fur- 
nish sport or amusement. 3. A single 
match at play. 4. Animals hunted. 
5. Scheme pursued. — a. Ready to 
fight to the last, like a game-cock ; 
courageous ; brave. — v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To play at any sport. 2. 
To play for a stake ; to gamble. 



GAME'-COCK, n. Acock bred to fight. 

Game '-leg, n. [W. cam, or gam, 
crooked.] A lame or crooked leg. 

Game 'some, a. Gay; frolicsome. 

Game'ster, n. [Eng. game and the 
suffix ster.] A gambler. 

Gam'MER, n. [Contr. fr. godmother-} 
An old wife ; — correlative of gaffer. 

GAM'MON, n. [0. Fr. gambon, N. Fr. 
jambon, from gambe, jambe, leg.] L. 
A smoked ham. 2. Backgammon. 3. 
An imposition or hoax. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To make bacon of. 2. To 
beat in a certain way at backgam- 
mon. 3. To impose on ; to humbug. 

Gam'UT, n. [Gr. yaixfia, third letter 
of the Gr. alphabet, and ut, name of 
musical note.] The musical scale. 

GAM'Y, a. 1. Having the flavor of 
dead game on the verge of being 
tainted. 2. Showing an unyielding 
spirit to the last. 

GAN'DER, n. [A.-S. gandra, ganra, 
from gOs, Eng. goose.] Male of the 
goose. 

Gang, n. [A.-S. gang, a going pace, 
way, gallery.] 1. A company; — 
ordinarily used of persons in low or 
servile positions. 2. See Gangue. 

GAN'GLI-ON, n. [Gr. -yayyAiW, a 
swelling, tumor.] 1. A collection of 
nerve cells from which nerve fibers 
proceed. 2. A lymphatic gland. 3. A 
hard, indolent tumor, on a tendon. 

Gan'grene, n. [Gr. ya.yypa.iva, from 
ypaiveiv, to gnaw, eat.] First stage 
of mortification of living fle.^h. — v.i. 
To become mortified ; to lose vitality. 

Gan'gre-noDs, a. Mortified; putri- 
fied. 

GXngue (gang), n. [Fr.,equiv. to Ger. 
gang, a metallic vein.] Mineral sub- 
stance inclosing any metallic ore in 
the vein. 

G.Xivg'way, ir. A passage or way, 
into or out of ^ny inclosed place. 

Gant'LET, ) n. [Gantlet, for gaunt- 

Gant'lope, J let, an iron glove, 
corrupted fr. gantlope ; gantlope, for 
gatelope, fr. L. Ger. gate, a lane, and 
lopen, to run.] A military punish- 
ment in which the offender is made 
to run between two files of men , who 
strike him as he passes. 

("JAOL (jal), n. See JAIL. 

Gap.w. [See Gab and Gape.] An 
opening made by breaking or part- 
ing; breach. 

Gape (in Eng. commonly pron. gap), 
v.i. [-ED;-ING.] [A.-S. geapan, 
to open.] 1. To open the mouth 
wide : to yawn. 2. To open, as a gap. 
— ».'l. Act of gaping. 2. Width of 
the mouth when opened, as of birds. 

Garb, n. [0. H. Ger. garaw\,garu>\, 
ornament, dress.] 1 Clothing; 
dress. 2. Fashion of dress ; hence, 
exterior appearance. 

Gar'bage, n. [0. Fr. garber, to make 
fine, neat, fr. A.-S. gearwian, to pre- 
pare.] Offal ; the refuse matter from 
a kitchen. 

Gar'ble, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [From 
Lat. cribellum, dim. of cribrutn, 
sieve.] 1. To sift or bolt. 2. To pick 



£,£,!, 6, u, Y,long; A,£, I, 6, 0, y, short; cAre, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; s6n 



GARBLER 



181 



GAZE 



out such parts of as may serve a pur- 
pose ; to mutilate. [or selects. 

GXr'bler, ii. One who garbles, sifts, 

Gar'd.en (72), n. [From A.-S. geard, 
Eng. yard. See Gird, v.] 1. Place 
for the cultivation of fruits, flowers, 
or vegetables. 2. A rich, well-culti- 
vated tract of country. — v . i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To cultivate a garden. 

Gae'dex-er (gar'dn-er), n. One who 
makes and tends a garden. 

Gar'd.en-ing, n. Art of cultivating 
gardens ; horticulture. 

Gar'gle, v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Ger. 
gurgel, throat. See Gurgle.] To 
wash or rinse, as the mouth or throat. 
— n. A liquid preparation for wash- 
ing the mouth. 

G'ar'goyle, n. [See Gargle.] A 
projecting water-spout in ancient 
buildings. 

Gar'LAND, n. [0. Sp. guarlanda, fr. 

0. II. Ger. tviara, wiera, crown, with 
the suffix anda.] A wreath or chap- 
let of branches, flowers, feathers, 
&c. ; a coronal.— v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
To crown or deck with a garland. 

Gar'LI€, n. [A.-S. garledc, from gar, 
spear, and leak, leek, from the leaves 
rising like spears.] A plant, having 
a strong smell, and an acrid, pungent 
taste. 

GaR'MENT, n [0. Eng. garneme.nt, 
fr. garalr, to garnish.] Any article 
of clothing. 

Gar'ner, n. [Lat. granarium. See 
GRAIN.] A granary ; place where 
grain is stored. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To store in a granary. 

Gar'net, n. [L. Lat. granatus (sc. 
lapis), from Lat. granatum (sc. ma- 
lum), pomegranate, from its resemb- 
lance to the seeds of the pomegran- 
ate.] A mineral of a deep-red color. 

Gar'nish, v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] [0. Fr. 
guarnir, warnir, to warn, protect, fr. 
A.-S. ivarninn, to take care, beware.] 

1. To adorn ; to embellish. 2. To 
ornament, as a dish with something 
laid about it. 3. (Law.) To give 
notice to. —n. 1. Decoration; orna- 
ment. 2. Something set round a 
dish as an embellishment. 

Gar'nisii-ee', n. One inwhoschands 
the property of another has been at- 
tached ; a trustee. 

Gar'nish-ment, n. 1. Ornament; 
decoration. 2. Legal notice to one 
to appear and give information to a 
court. 

GAR'Nr-TilRE (53), n. That which 
garnishes ; embellishment. 

Gar'ret, n. [0. Fr. garite, place of 
refuge ; sentinel-box, from garir, to 
preserve, fr. Goth, varjan.] Part of a 
house immediately under the roof. 

Gar'ret-eer', n. An inhabitant of 
a garret ; a poor author. 

Gar'ri-son (-sn), n. [0. Eng. gami- 
soun. See Garnish.] 1. A body of 
troops in a fort or fortified town. 2. 
A strong place, in which troops are 
quartered. — v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] To 
secure by a garrison. 

Gar-rote', ii. [Sp., fr. garra, claw, 



talon.] A Spanish mode of execution 

by strangulation, with an iron collar 

screwed tight. — v.t. [-ED; -ING.] 

To strangle with fchc garrote; hence, 

to seize by the throat from behind, 

so as to strangle and rob. 

Gar-rot'er, n. One who garrotes a 

person. [quacity. 

Gar-rii'li-ty, n. Talkativeness ; lo- 

Gar'ru-loDs, a. [Lat. garrulus, fr. 

gamre, to chatter.] Indulging in 

long, prosy talk, with X'epctition. 

Srx. — Talkative ; loquacious. — A 
garrulous person indulges in long, prosy 
talk, with frequent repetitions and 
lengthened details ; talkative implies 
(simply a great desire to talk; and loqua- 
cious a great flow of words at command. 
A child is talkative ; a lively woman is 
loquacious ; an old man in his dotage is 
garrulous. 

Gar'ter, n. [Fr.jarreticre. See GAR- 
ROTE.] 1. A band urcd to tie a 
stocking to the leg. 2. Highest order 
of knighthood in Great Britain. — 
v.t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To bind with 
a garter. 2. To invest with the order 
of the Garter. 

Gas, n. [Fr. gaz ; a word invented by 
Van Helmont. Cf. A.-S. ga.si, Ger. 
geist, spirit, ghost.] An aeriform 
elastic fluid, especially one used for il- 
luminating purposes. 

Gas'gon-ade', ii. [Fr., fr. Gascon, 
an inhabitant *of Gascony.] A boast 
or boasting ; a vaunt. — v. i. [-ed ; 
-ING.] To boast ; to brag ; to vaunt. 

Ga2'e-ous, a. 1. In the form of gas. 
2. Lacking solidity ; tenuous. 

Gas'-fcct'ure, n. A bracket or 
chandelier for gas. 

Gash, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Prob.fr. 
Fr. hachcr, to hew, chop.] To make 
a gash, or long, deep incision in. — 
n. A deep and long cut, particularly 
in flesh. [verting into gas. 

Gas'i-fi-ca'tion, n. Act of con- 

Gas'i-fy, V. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] 
[Eng. gas and Lat. facere, to make.] 
To convert into gas. 

Gas'KET, n. [Fr. garcette.] A flat, 
plaited cord used to furl the sail, or 
tie it to the yard. 

Gas'-ME'ter, ii. An instrument for 
measuring the quantity of gas con- 
sumed in a given time. 

Gas-osi'e-ter, ii. A gas-holder or 
reservoir. [gases. 

Gas-om'E-TRY, n. Art of measuring 

Gasp, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [led. gcis- 
pa, to gape.] 1. To labor for breath. 
2. To pant with eagerness. — v. t. 
To emit with gaspings. — n. A pain- 
ful catching of the breath. 

GXs'TRI€, a. [Gr. yatrr-qp, belly, stom- 
ach.] Belonging to the stomach. 

GAS-TRH/O-QUY, ii. [Gr. yao-r-qp, bel- 
ly, and Lat. to qui, to speak.] A 
voice or utterance appearing to pro- 
ceed from the stomach ; ventriloquy. 

GAS-TRON'0-3IER, 11. [Gr. yacmjp, 
bell v. and vop.o<;, law.] One fond of 
good living ; an epicure. 

Gas'tro-n6m'I€, ) a. Relating to 

GXs'TRO-NOM'lC-AL, ) gastronomy. 

Gas-tr6n'o-mist,«. A gastronomer. 



Gas-tron'o-my, n. Art or science of 
good eating ; epicurism. 

GATE, n. [A.-S. geat, gat, gate, door, 
fr. A.-S. getan, Eng. get.} 1. A pas- 
sage-way in the wall of a city, a 
grand edifice, &c. ; also, the frame- 
work which closes the passage. 2. 
An avenue ; a means of entrance. 

Gate'-\vay, n. A passage through Ci 
fence or wall ; a gate. 

Gath'er, v. t. [-ed;-inc] [A.-S. 
gaderian, gadherian, from gador, at 
the same time.] 1. To bring togeth- 
er ; to collect. 2. To harvest ; to 
pick. 3. To draw together, as a pieco 
of cloth, by a thread; to plait. 4.' 
To infer ; to conclude. — v. i. 1. To 
come together; to collect. 2. To 
come to a head, as a sore. — n. A 
fold made by drawing a thread 
through. 

Gath'er-ing, n. That which is 
brought together, as a crowd. 

Gat'ling-gun, n. [From the in- 
ventor, Gatling.] A revolving ma- 
chine-gun. 

GAUD'I-LY, adv. In a gaudy manner. 

GAUD'Y,a. [-ER; -est, 142.] Osten- 
tatiously fine ; showy. 

Gauge (gaj), v. t. [-edj-ing.] [0. 
Fr. ganger, gaugier.] To ascertain 
the contents of, as of a pipe or hogs- 
head. — n. 1. An instrument to de- 
termine dimensions or capacity. 2. Di- 
mensions ; estimate. 3. Apparatus 
for measuring the state of a phenom- 
enon. 4. Position with reference to 
a vessel and to the wind. 5. Dis- 
tance between the rails of a railway. 

GAU'GER, n. An officer whose busi- 
ness is to ascertain the contents of 
casks. 

Gaunt (gant), a. [Perh. contr. from 
A.-S. gewaned, waned, diminished.] 
Lean ; meager. 

Gaunt'let, ii. [Fr. gantelet, from 
gant, glove.] 1. A large glove with 
plates of metal on the back. 2. A 
long glove, covering the wrist. 

Gauze, it. [Introduced from Gaza, 
in Palestine.] A very thin, transpar- 
ent stuff, cf silk or linen. 

Gave, imp. of Give. 

Gav'EL, n. [0. Fr. gavelle, dim. from 
Lat. capulus, handle] 1. A small 
heap of grain, not tied up. 2. Mallet 
of a presiding officer. 

Gawk, n. [A.-S. ge'dc, g'dc, cuckoo, 
simpleton.] 1. A cuckoo. 2. A sim- 
pleton ; a booby. 

Gayvk/y, a. [-ER ; -est, 142.] Foolish 
and awkward ; clumsy and clownish. 
— n. An awkward, stupid fellow; 
a clown ; a lout 

Gay, a. [-er; -est.] [0. II. Ger. 
gahi , headlong, swift, excellent.] L 
Excited with merriment or delight* 
2. Having many or showy colors. 

Syx. — Merry; gleeful; blithe; lively; 
frolicsome; jovial; vivacious. 

GtAy'e-ty, n. 1. State of being g?,y; 
merriment. 2. Finery ; show. 

Gay'ly, adv. 1. With mirth ; mer- 
rily. 2. Splendidly ; showily. 

Gaze, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Cf. Gr. 



OR, do, WQLF, TOOjTOOX; urn, RUE, PULL ; E, I, o, silent ; c,(±,soft; €,u,hard; AS ; exist; n as NG ; this 



GAZELLE 



182 



GENIUS 



dyd^ecrOai, to be astonished, and 
A. -8. gdsan, to smite.] To fix the 
eyes in a steady and earnest look. 

Syx. — To gape; stare. — To gaze is to 
look with fixed and prolonged attention, 
awakened by excited interest or elevated 
emotion ; to (jape is to look fixedly, with 
open mouth and feelings of ignorant 
wonder; to stare is to look with the fixed- 
ness of insolence or of idiocy. The lover 
of nature gazes with delight on the beau- 
ties of the landscape ; the rustic gapes 
with wonder at the strange sights of a 
large city ; the idiot stares on those 
around with a vacant look. 
— n. 1. A fixed or eager look. 2. 
Object gazed on. 

Ga-zelle', n. [Ar. gazal, a wild 
goat.] A small, swift, graceful ante- 
lope, found in northern Africa. 

GIz'er, n. One who gazes. 

GA-ZETTE', n. [From gazzetta, a Ve- 
netian coin, worth about 3 farthings, 
price of the first newspaper published 
at Venice.] A newspaper; esp., an 
official newspaper or journal. — v. t. 
[-ed; -ING.] To publish iu a ga- 
zette ; to announce officially. 

Giz'ET-TEER', n. A geographical 
dictionary. . 

Gaz'ing-stock, n. A person gazed 

_ at with scorn. 

GEAR, n. [A.-S. geara, gearwa, pro- 
vision, furniture.] 1. Manufactured 
material ; goods. 2. Clothing ; orna- 
ments ; dress. 3. Horse- trappings. 
4. A toothed wheel, or toothed wheels 
collectively, or their connection with 
each other. — v.t. [-ED; -ING.] To 

_ dress ; to put on gear ; to harness. 

GEAR'ING, ii. 1. Harness. 2. A train 
of wheels for transmitting and vary- 
ing motion in machinery. 

GEE,r. i. [-eo ; -ING.] [Prob. from 
A.-S. gegan, to go.] To turn from 
the driver, said of cattle ; — used in 

_ the imperative. 

GEESE, 11. pi. of Goose. 

GEL'A-BLE, a. [Lat. gelare, to con- 
geal.] Capable of being congealed 
or converted into jelly. 

GE-LAT'I-NATE, V.t. [-ID; -ING.] 
To convert into gelatine, or into a 
substance resembling jelly. 

GEL'A-TINE , n. [From Lat. gelare , to 
congeal.] An animal substance that 
dissolves in hot water, and forms a 
jelly on cooling. 

Ge-lat'i-nous, a. Of the nature of 
gelatine ; resembling jelly. 

Geld, v. t. [imp. & p. p. gelded, 
or GELT.] [A. -8. gylte, castrated.] 

1. To castrate. 2. To deprive of any 
_ thing essential. 3. To expurgate. 
Geld'ing, n. 1. Act of castrating. 

2. A castrated horse. 

£el'ID, a. [Lat. gelidus, from gelu, 
t frost.] Cold ; very cold. 

<*EM, n. [Lat. gemma.] 1. A bud. 
2. A precious stone of any kind ; a 
jewel. — v.t. [-med; -MING, 136.] 
To adorn with gems. 

6-EM-MA'TION, n. Formation of a 
new individual by protrusion of any 
part of an animal or plant, which 
may tnen become free or remain 
connected with the parent stalk. 



GEM'ME-OUS, a. Pertaining to, or 
re embling, gems. 

GE3I-MlF'ER-OUS,a. [Lat. gemmifer ; 
gemma, bud, and ferre, to produce.] 
Producing, or multiplying by, buds. 

Gendarme (zhong'darnV), n. ; pi. 

GE NS-D' A RME S, or GEN- 
DARMES. [Fr., a man at arms.] 

t 'An armed policeman. 

GEN'DER, ii. [Lat. genus, generis, 
birth, descent, kind, gender.] 1. Sex. 
2. A difference in words to express 
distinction of sex. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To beget; to engender. 

GEN'E-A-LOG'ie-AL, a. Pertaining 
to genealogy. 

Gen'e-al'o-gist, n. One who traces 
the descent of persons or families. 

Gen'E-al'o-gize, v. i. To relate the 
history of descents. 

GEN'E-AL'O- GY, n. [Gr. ysveaXoyCa ; 
yeved, birth, descent, and Aoyos, 
discourse.] 1. History of the de- 
scent of a person or family from an 
ancestor; pedigree. 2. Lineage. 

6en'er-a, ii. ; pi. of Genus. 

GEN'ER-AL, a. 1. Relating to a ge- 
nus or kind. 2. Comprehending 
many species or individuals. 3. Lax 
in signification. 4. Widely spread ; 
prevalent ; extensive. 5. Having a 
relation to all. 

Syx. — Common ; universal.— Com- 
mon denotes that a thing is very often 
met with; general is stronger, denoting 
that it pertains to a majority of the indi- 
viduals which compose a genus or whole ; 
universal, that it pertains to all without 
exception. To be able to read and write 
is socomnionan attainment in this coun- 
try that we may pronounce it general, 
though by no means universal. 

— n. 1. The whole. 2. Chief officer 
in an administration ; especially, one | 
of the chief military officers of a gov- | 
ernment. 

GEN'ER-AL-Is'SI-MO, n. [It.] Chief 
commander of an army force. 

Gen'er-al'i-ty, vi. 1. State of being 
general. 2. A general or vague state- 
ment or phrase. 3. Main body ; the | 
bulk. [generalizing. 

GEN'ER-AL-I-ZA'TION, n. Act of 

GEN'ER-AL-IZE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
1. To bring under a genus or under 
genera. 2. To make universal in 
application, as a formula or rule. 

GEN'ER-AL-LY, adv. 1. In general ; 
commonly ; extensively. 2. In the 
main ; on the whole. 

GEN'ER-AL-SHiP, n. 1. Office of a 
general. 2. Skill and conduct of a 
generaljofficer. 

GEN'ER-ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. generare, -ratitm. See GEN- 
DER.] 1. To beget ; to procreate. 2. 
To originate ; to produce ; to cause. 

6en / er-A'tion, n. 1. Act of gener- 
ating or begetting. 2. Origination 
by some process ; formation. 3. 
Progeny : offspring. 4. A single suc- 
cession in natural descent ; hence, 
the people living at one period ; also, 
an acre. 5. Race; kind: breed. 

GEN'E r-a-ti ve , a. Having the pow- 
er of generating. 



GEN'ER-A'TOR, n. One who, or that 
which, generates. 

Ge-NER'I€, ) a. 1. Pertaining to 

GE-ner'I€-al, ) a genus or kind. 
2. Very comprehensive. 

GEN'ER-os'l-TY, n. 1. Quality of 
being generous ; nobleness of birth 
or of soul. 2. Liberality in giving. 

Syx. — Magnanimity; liberality; mu- 
nificence. 

GEN'er-ous, a. [Lat. generosus. See 
Gender.] 1. Noble; honorable; 
spirited. 2. Open-handed; munifi- 
cent. 3. Abundant. 4. Strong;' 
exciting. 

Syx. —Liberal; magnanimous; boun- 

t tiful. 

GEN'er-OUS-ly, adv. In a generous 

t manner. 

GEN'E-sIs, n. [Gr. yevicri<;, fr. -yeVeiv, 
to beget, be born.] 1. Act of giving 
birth or origin to any thing ; forma- 
tion ; origination. 2. First book of 
the Old Testament. 

GEN'ET, n. [0. Sp.ginete, horse, Gr. 
■yiWos, a dwarfed horse.] 1. A small- 
sized Spanish horse ; a jennet. 2. 
[Fr. p;enette.] A carnivorous animal, 
allied to the civet. 

Oe-net'ig, ) a. Pertaining to, or 

GE-NET'IG-AL. j concerned with, the 
genesis of any thing. [to origin. 

GE-nEt'IG-AL-LY, adv. In reference 

GE-ne'VA, n. [Fr. genevre, genievre, 
juniper, gin.] A spirit distilled from 
grain, and flavored with juniper-ber- 
ries. 

Ge'ni-AL, a. [Lat. genialis. See GE- 
NIUS.] 1. Contributing to propaga- 
tion; generative ; productive. 2. Sym- 
pathetically cheerful and cheering. 

GE'KI-AL'I-TY,)!. Quality cf being 

t genial ; sympathetic cheerfulness. 

GE-Nl€ / U-LA'TlON, n. [Lat. gtnicu- 
lum, a little knee.] State of being 
bent abruptly at an angle. 

GEiiJ'l-TAL, a. [Lat. genitalis; genere, 
to beget.] Pertaining to generation. 

6en'i-TAL5, n. pi. The sexual organs. 

GEN'l-TiVE, n. [Lat. genitivvs, from 
gignere, to beget.] A case in the de- 
clension of nouns, expressing such 
relations as are expressed in English 
by of. — a. Pertaining to, or indi- 
cating, origin, possession, &c. 

Gen'i-tor, ii. A sire ; a father. 

Gen'ius (jGn/yuSjLlT),^. [Lat., prop, 
the divine nature which is innate in 
every thing, talent, from genere, to 
beget.] 1. Special taste, inclination, 
or disposition. 2. Pistinguished men- 
tal superiority ; csp., superior power 
of invention. 3. A man endowed 
with uncommon vigor of mind. 4. 
Peculiar character. 

Syx.— Tnlent. — Orvivs implies high 
and peculiar gifts of nr.ture, impelling 
the mind to certain favoiite kinds of 
mental effort, Did reducing new com- 
binations of ideas, imrgciy, &c. Talent 
supposes general strength of intellect, 
with a peculiar aptitude for heing mold- 
ed and directed to specific employments, 
and valuable ends and purposes.^ Gen- 
ius is connected more or less with the 
exercise of imttginsitinn, and reachesita 
ends by a kind of intuitive power. TaJr 



I, E, I, 5, u, \,long; A,E,I,0,U, ¥, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, what; ERE, V£IL, TERM; pique, firm ; SON- 



GENIUS 



1B3 



GIANT 



ent depends more on high mental train- 
ing, and a perfect command of all the 
faculties, memory, judgment, sagacity, 
&c. Hence we speak of a. genius for poe- 
try, painting, &c, and a talent tor busi- 
ness or diplomacy. 

O&Nl-iJS, n. ; pi. GJt'Nl-l. 1. A 
tutelary deity supposed by the an- 
cients to preside over a man's desti- 
ny in life ; hence, a supernatural 
being. 2. Animating spirit. 

&EN-TEEI/, a. [Lat. gentilis, belong- 
ing to the same race, fr. gens, race, 
stock, family.] 1. Well bred; easy 
in manners. 2. Elegant in appear- 
ance, dress, or manner. 

Syk. — Polite; refined; fashionable. 

GEN-TEEL'LY (109), adv. In a gen- 
teel manner. 

GEN'TIAN (jen'shan), n. [Lat. genti- 
ana, fr. a certain king Gentiits.] A 
bitter plant used in stomachic bitters. 

CfeN'TlLE, 11. [Lat. gentilis, belong- 
ing to the same clan or stock.] One 
of a non-Jewish nation ; a worship- 
er of false gods ; a heathen. — a. 1. 
Of pagan or heathen people. 2. De- 
noting a race or country. [ganism. 

GEN'TlL-JgM, n. Heathenism ; pa- 

Gen-til'i-ty, n. Politeness of man- 
ner ; graceful and easy behavior. 

GEN'tle (jen'tl), a. [-ER; -est.] 
[Lat. gentilis.] 1. Of agood family or 
respectable birth. 2. Soft and refined 
in manners. 3. Quiet and docile. 4. 
toothing. 

Syn. — Mild ; meek ; tame. — Gentle 
describes the natural disposition ; tame, 
that which is subdued by training; mild 
implies a temper which is, by nature, 
not easily provoked; meek, a spirit which 
has been schooled to mildness by disci- 
pline or suffering. The lamb is gentle ; 
the domestic fowl is tame; John, the 
apostle, was mild; Moses was meek. 

GiN'TLE-FOLK (-fok), or Gen'tle- 
FOLKS (-foks), n. pi. Persons of 
good breeding and family. 

Gen'tle-man (150), n. [See Gen- 
teel.] 1. A man who is well born. 

2. One of gentle or refined manners. 

3. One who bears arms, but has no 
title. 

GEN'TLE-MAN-LY, a. Pertaining to, 
or becoming a gentleman ; polite. 

Gen'tle-ness, n. Quality or state 
of being gentle. 

GEN'tle-wom'an (150), n. A wom- 
an of good family or good breeding. 

Gen'tey, adv. Softly ; meekly. 

GEN'TRY, n. [For gentlery, fr. gentle.] 
People of education and good breed- 
ing ; in England, people between the 
nobility and the vulgar. 

fif/NU-FLEC'TIONjOr GEN'U-FLEO'- 
TION, n. [Lat. genu, knee, and 
jflexio, a bending.] Act of bending 
the knee, particularly in worship. 

6en'u-INE, a. [Lat. genuinus, from 
genere, to beget, to tie born.] Be- 
longing to the original stock ; hence, 
not spurious. 

Syn\ — Authentic ; real ; true ; pure. 

GEN'U-INE-LY, adv. In a genuine 
manner. [of being genuine. 

Gen'u-ine-ness, n. State or quality 



6£'nus, n..j pi. Gen'e-ra. [Lat., 
fr. genere, gignere, to engender.] 1. 
(Logic.) A class of objects divided 
into several subordinate species. 2. 
(Science.) An assemblage of species 
t subordinate to tribe and sub-tribe. 
GE/O-CEN'TRIO, la. [Gr. yea, or 

GE'O-CEN'TRie-AL, J yr),eartu, and 
Kevrpov, center.] Having reference 
to the earth as center. 

GE-6d'e-sy, n. [Gr. yecoSaiaia, from 
yea, yrj, earth, and Saieiu, to divide.] 

I That branch of surveying in which 

I the curvature of the earth is taken 
into account. 

GE-OG'O-NY, n. [Gr. yea, yrj, the 
earth, and yovrj, generation.] Doc- 
trine of the formation of the earth. 

Ge-6g'ra-pher, n. One who is 
t versed in geography. 

GE'o-GRAPH'l€, ) a. Pertaining 

GE'O-GRAPH'ie-AL, ) to geography. 

GE-OG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. yeuypa(j>la, 
yea, yrj, the earth, and ypafyrj, de- 
scription.] The science which treats 
of the world and its inhabitants. 

GE'O-LOG'IO, ) a. Pertaining to 

Gt'o-Loe'ie-AL, j geology. 

Ge-6l'o-gist, n. One versed in ge- 
ology, [study geology. 

GE-OL'O-GIZE, V.i. [-ED; -ING.] To 

GE-OL'O-GY, n. [Gr. yea, yrj, the 

earth, and Aoyo?, discourse.] Science 

which treats of the structure and 

mineral constitution of the gLobe and 

p of its history. 

GE'O-MAK'CY, n. [Gr. yea, yrj, the 
earth, and fxavreCa, divination.] Div- 
ination by means of figures or lines, 
formed by little dots or points. 

(iE-OM'E-TER, n. A geometrician. 

GE'O-MET'RIC, ) a. Pertaining to, 

GE'O-MET'RIO-AL, j or according to, 
the rules or principles of geometry. 

GE-om'e-trI'cian (-trlsh'an), n. One 
skilled in geometry ; a geometer. 

GE-OM'E-TRY, 11. [Gr. yeto/xerpia, fr. 
yea, yrj, the earth, and fxerpelv, to 
measure.] That branch of mathe- 
matics which treats of solids, sur- 
faces, lines, and angles. 

Ge'O-PON'IOS, n. sing. [Gr. to. ye<o- 
noviKa, fr. ye'a, yrj, the earth, and — ov- 
i/cos, toilsome.] Art or science of cul- 
tivating the earth, [poem. 

GEOR'GIO, n. [See infra.] A rural 

GEOR'GlO, ) a. [Gr. yetopyi/coj, 

Geor'GI€-AL, j belonging to tillage, 
fr. ye'a, yrj, the earth.] Relating to 
agriculture and rural affairs. 

GE-RA'NI-UM, n. [Lat. ; Gr. yepai'ioj', 
from ye'pavos, crane.] A genus of 
plants having a beak-like receptacle. 

GERM (14), n. [Lat. germen, fr. ge- 
rere, to bear.] 1. That which is to 
develop an embryo ; an ovary ; a 
bud. 2. Origin ; first principle. 

GER-MAIN', a. Same as GERMANE. 

GliR'MAN, a. [Lat. germanus, full, 
o.vn (said of brothers and sisters 
who have the same parents).] Near- 
ly related ; closely akin. 

Cousins german, cousins having the 
same grandfather. 
— a. Belonging to Germany. — n. 



(150). 1. A native of Germany. 2. 

The German language. 
GER-mane', a. Lit., near akin; 

hence, closely allied ; relevant. 
GEr'man-ism, n. An idiom of the 

German language. 
Ger'mi-nal, a. Pertaining to a germ. 

GeR'MI-NATE, V. i. [-ED ; -ING.J 
[Lat. germ inare, -natum.] To sprout; 
to bud; to shoot. — v. t. To causa 
to sprout. 

Ger'mi-na'tion, n. 1. Actof sprout- 
ing. 2. Time in which seeds vegetate, 
after being planted. 

GER'UND, n. [Lat. geriindium, from 
gerere, to bear.] (Lat. Gram.) A 
kind of verbal neuter noun, govern- 
ing cases like a participle. 

GES-TA'TION, n. [Lat. gestatio, fr. 
gestare, to bear, to carry.] 1. Act of 
carrying young in the womb ; preg- 
nancy. 2. Passive exercise. 

GES'TIG, a. [Lat. gestus, carriage, 
gesture.] Pertaining to feats of arms ; 
legendary. 

GES-TIG'U-LATE, V.i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. gestir.ulari, -latum.] To make 
gestures or motions. — v. t. To rep- 
resent by gesture. 

GES-tig'U-LA'TIONjW. 1. Act of ges- 
ticulating. 2. A gesture, [ticulates. 

GES-TK/U-LA'TOR, n. One who ges- 

GEST'URE (53), ii. [Lat. gerere, ges- 
tum, to bear, act.] A motion of the 
body or limbs expressive of sentiment 
or passion. — v.i. [-ED; -ING.] To 

_ make gestures ; to gesticulate. 

GET, V. t. [imp. GOT ; p. p. GOT 
(GOTTEN, obsolescent).] [A.-S. ge- 
tan, gitan.] 1. To procure; to ob- 
tain ; to acquire, by almost any 
means. 2. To have ; to possess. 3. 
To beget; to procreate. 4. To pre- 
vail on ; to induce. 5. To procure 
to be, or to occur. — v. i. To come 
to be; to become. 

GE-\V'GAW, n. [Cf. Fr. joujou, play- 
thing, and Eng. gaud, ornament.] A 
showy triile. 

GEY'SER, n. [Icel. gcysa, to be im- 
pelled.] A fountain in Iceland which 
spouts forth boiling water. 

Ghast'li-ness (gast'-), ». A death- 
like look. 

Ghast'ly, a. [-er ; -est, 142.] [A.- 
S. gasllic, ghostly, spiritual.] 1. 
Ghost-like ; death-like ; pale. 2. 

_ Horrible ; shocking. 

GHER'KIN (gur/kin), n. [Ger. gurke.] 
Asmall cucumber for pickling. 

Ghost (gost), n. [A.-S. gast.] 1. The 
spirit ; the soul. 2. Soul of a de- 
ceased person ; an apparition. 

Holy Ghost, the Holy Spirit ; (TJieol.) 
the third person in the Trinity. 

GHOST'LY (gost'ly), a. 1. Relating 
to the soul ; spiritual. 2. Pertain- 
ing to apparitions. 

GHOUL (gool), n. [Per. ghdl.] An 
imaginary evil being among Eastern 
nations, thought to prey on the 

t dead. 

Gl'ANT, n. [Gr. yiyas, yiyavTos. prop, 
the same as yr)yevrj<;, earth-born.] A 
man of extraordinary stature. — a. 



6r, do, wqlf, too, took; urn, rue, pull ; e, i, o, silent; c, g, soft; e, g, hard; as ; exist ; n as ng ; this. 



GIANTESS 



184 



GLAD 



Like a giant ; extraordinary in size 
or strength. 
Gi'ant-ess, n. A female giant. 
Giaour (jour), n. [Turk, giaour.] 
An infidel ; — applied by the Turks 
to disbelievers in Mohammedanism. 
GIB'BER, v. i. [-EDJ-INCJ.] [Allied to 
jabber, and gabble.] To speak rapidly 
_ and inarticulately, [late talk. 

GiB'ber-ish, n. Rapid andinarticu- 

GlB'BET, n. [It. giubetto.] 

A kind of gallows.— v. t. T^A 

[-EDJ-ING.] 1. To hang ( | 

and expose on a gibbet. U 

_2. To expose to infamy. ""^(iB^* 

GIB-b6s'i-ty, n. State -,../" 

_ of being gibbous. Gibbet. 

GlB'BOiJS, a. [Lat. gibbosus, from 
gibbus, gibba, hunch.] Protuber- 

__ ant ; convex. [convexity. 

GlB'BOUS-NESS, n. Protuberance ; 

gIbe, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [See Gab- 
ble.] To rail; to utter taunting, 
sarcastic words. — v. t. To deride ; 
to scoff at. — n. A scoff ; a railing. 

GlB'LETS, n. pi. [0. Fr. giblet, equiv. 
to gibier, game.] Heart, liver, giz- 
zard, &c, of a fowl, [inconstantly. 

SlD'Dl-L Y, adv. In a giddy manner ; 

Gid'di-ness, ii. 1. State of being 
giddy. 2. Levity. 

Gid'dy, a. [-er; -est, 142.] [A.-S. 
gidig.] 1. Light-headed ; dizzy. 2. 
Inducing giddiness. 3. Inconstant; 

^unstable. 4. Wild ; thoughtless. 

GIFT, n. [A.-S., fr. gifan, to give.] 1. 
Any thing given. 2. Quality or en- 
dowment given to man by God. — 
v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To endow with 

_ some faculty. 

iild, n. [M. II. Ger.gigen, to fiddle, 
Icel. geiga, to tremble.] 1. A top or 
whirligig. 2. A light carriage with 
one pair of wheels. 3. A ship's 
wherry. 4. A dart or harpoon. 

Gi'gan-te'an, a. Like a giant ; gi- 
_gantic. 

Gj-GAN'Ti€(110),a. [See Giant.] 1. 
Of extraordinary size ; huge. 2. 

_ Enormous ; mighty. 

GIG'GLE, n. A laugh with short 
catches. — v. i. [-ED; -ing.] [D. 
gigclielen, fr. M. II. Ger. kachen, to 
laugh aloud.] To laugh in a light or 

_ silly manner ; to titter. 

GYld, V. t. [imp. & p. p. GILDED or 
GILT.] [A.-S. gildan, fr. gold, gold.] 
1. To overlay with gold. 2. To illu- 
minate ; to brighten. 3. To give a 

_ specious appearance to. 

GiLD'ER, ii. One who gilds. 

GIld'ing, n. 1. Art of overlaying 
things with gold. 2. A thin surface 
of gold covering. 

GiLL, n. [A.-S. geagl , gtahl , j&vr .] A 
ciliated organ of respiration, in fishes. 

GiLL (jll), n. 1. [L. Lat. gillo. flask. 
Cf. Gallon.] The fourth part of 
a pint. 2. [See infra.] The ground- 
ivy, or malt liquor medicated with it. 
3. [From Gillian, a woman's name.] 
A sportive or wanton girl. 

GlL'LY-FLOW'ER, n. [Fr. girofice, fr. 
girofle, clove, from Gr. xapvofyvWov.] 
A plant called also stock. 




Gimbal. 



Gilt, imp. & p.p. of Gild.—n. Gold 
_ laid on the surface of a thing. 
GIM'BAL, n. [Lat. ge- 
mellus.] A combina- 
tion of rings lor sus- 
pending any thing, as 
a compass, so that it 
may keep a constant 
t position. 
Gi'M'CRACK (yim.'-),n. A trivial rnech- 
_ anism ; a device ; a toy. 
GIM'LET, n. [0. Fr. guirnbelet, from 
0. D. wemelen , to bore.] A small in- 
_ strument for boring holes. 
GImp, n. [0. Fr. guimpe, pennon of 
a lance, from 0. H. Ger. wimpal, a 
summer garment.] A kind of silk, 
woolen, or cotton twist or edging. 
GIn (jm), n. 1. [Corrupted from Gene- 
va.] A spirit distilled from rye and 
barley, and flavored with juniper ber- 
ries. 2. [A contr. of engine .] A ma- 
chine by which the mechanical pow- 
ers are employed in aid of human 
strength ; especially a machine for 
separating the seed from cotton. — 
■v. t. [-ned ; -ning, 136.] To clearof 
seeds by a machine. 
GIN'GER, n. [0. Eng. gingiber, from 
Lat. zingiber, fr. Skr. sringa-wcra, i. 
e., horn-shaped.] A tropical plant 
and its hot, spicy root. 
Gin'ger-bread, n. A cake flavored 

with ginger. 
GiN'GER-LY, adv. [Prov. Eng. ginger, 
brittle, tender.] Nicely ; cautiously ; 
_ fastidiously. 

GING'HAM, n. [Javanese ginggang.] 
A kind of cotton cloth, the yarn of 
which is dyed before weaving. 
GIn'seng, n. [A Chinese word ; said 
to mean first of plants.] A plant, 
the root of which is highly valued as 
a medicine by the Chinese. 
Gip'sy, n. & a. See GYPSY. 
GI-RAFFE', n. [At. 
zirqfah, Egypt, sora- 
phc, i. e., Jong-neck.] 
An African quadru- 
ped ; the camelopard. 
It is the tallest of an- 
imals. 
GlR'AN-DOLE,n. [Lat. 
gyrare , to turn round 
in a circle ; Gr. yvpos, 
circle.] A chandelier. 
GIRD (18), n. [A.-S. 
gird, gyrd, rod, stick, 
twig.] 1. Stroke of a Giraffe, 
rod ; hence, a severe twitch or pang. 
2. A sarcastic remark ; a jibe. — v. t. 

[GIRDED, or GIRT ; GIRDING.] [A.- 
S- gyrdan.] 1. To bind with a cord, 
bandage, &c. 2. To surround; to 
encircle. 3. To invest. — v. i. To 
gibe ; to sneer. 

GIRD'ER, n. 1. A satirist. 2. Prin- 
cipal timber in a floor, binding the 
others together. 3. Any beam sup- 
ported at both ends. 

GlRD'LE, n. A band which girds or 
encircles the body , and binds togeth- 
er the clothing. — v.. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
1. To bind with a belt ; to gird. 2. 
To inclose. 3. To remove the bark of 




in a circular ring, in order to kill a 

_ tree. 

GIRL (72), n. [In 0. Eng. applied to 
a male as well as a female. Cf. A.-S. 
ceorl, man, husband.] A female 

_ child, or young woman. [a. girl. 

GIRL'HOOD, n. State or time of being 

GlRL'lsii, a. Like, befitting, or per- 
taining to, a girl. [girlish. 

GiRL'isil-NESS, n. Quality of being 

GIRT, imp. & p. p. of Gird. — v.t. 

_ [-ed; -ing.] To gird; to surround. 

GIRT, ) n. [A.-S. gyrd. See GlRD, 

Girth, ( v. t.] 1. A strap to fasten 
a saddle on the back of a horse. 2. 
Circumference of any thing. 

Gist, n. [0. Fr. gist, situated, placed, 
fr. Lat. jacere, to lie.] Main point of 

_ a question ; pith of a matter. 

Give (57), v. t. [imp. gave ; p.p. 
GIVEN ; p. pr. & vb. n. GIVING.] 
[A.-S. gifan.] 1. To bestow without 
receiving a return ; to grant. 2. To 
pay. 3. To announce as tidings ; to 
render or utter, as an opinion, judg- 
ment, shout, &c. 4. To permit; to 
allow. 5. To exhibit as a result ; to 
produce. 6. To devote ; to apply. — 
v. i. 1. To yield to force or pressure. 
2. To move ; to recede. 

Syn. — To confer: grant.— To give is 
generic. To confer -was originally used 
of persons in power, who gave perma- 
nent grants or privileges, as, to confer 
the order of knighthood; and henca it 
still denotes the giving of something 
which might have been withheld, as, to 
confer a favor. To grant is to give in 
answer to a petition or request, or to one 
who is in some way dependent or infe- 
rior 

Gi'VER, n. One who gives ; a donor. 

Giz'ZARD, n. [Fr. gcsier, allied to 
gosifr, throat.] An enlarged part of 
the alin'entary canal in birds. 

GLA'BROUS,a. [Lat. glaber.] Smooth; 
wjthout any ui:evenness. 

GLA'CIAL, a. [Lat. glacialis,fr. gla- 
des, ice.] Pertaining to ice or its 
action ; icy. 

Gla'ci-a'tion (-shi-), 7?.. 1. Act of 
freezing. 2. Ice. 3. Process of be- 
coming covered with glaciers. 

GLA'CIER (gli'seer or gliis'I-er), n. 
[Fr. fr. Lat. g/acies, ice.] An im- 
mense mass of snow and ice, moving 
slowly down mountain slopes or vai- 
levs. 

Glacis, or Gla-cis', n. [Fr., fr. Ger. 
glatt, smooth, even.] An easy, in- 
sensible slope. 

Glad, a. [-der ; dest, 136.] [A.-S. 
glad.] 1. Joyous; pleased. 2. Ex- 
pressing- or exciting joy. 

Syx.— Gratified : exhilarated ; ani- 
mated ; delighted; cheerful; joyful; 
cheering ; exhilarating ; pleasing ; iim- 
mating. — Delighted expresses a much 
higher degree of pleasure than glad. 
Gratified always refers to a pleasure 
conferred by some human agent, *md 
the feeling is modified by the consid- 
eration that we owe it in part to an- 
other. A person may be gled or delight- 
ed to see a friend, and gratified at the 
attention shown by his visits. 

— v.t. [-ded; -ding.] To make 
glad ; to gladden. 



A, £, I, 6,U, Y,long; A, E, 1,6, 0, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, fIrm; son, 



GLADDEN 



185 



GLORY 



GlXd'D-EX, v. t. [-ed; -ixg.] To 
make glad ; to please : to exhilarate. 

— v. i. To be or become glad. 
Glade, n. [Cf. W. golead, goleitad, 

9 illumination, fr. goleu, light, bright.] 

An opening through a wood ; cleared 
space in a forest. 

Glad'i-ate, a. [Lat. gladius, sword.] 
Sword-shaped. 

GlXd'i-A'TOR, n [Lat., fr. gladius, 
sword.] A sword-player or prize- 
fighter, in ancient Rome. 

GlXd'I-A-to'RI-AL, ( a. Pertaining 

GtAD'l-A-TO-RY, ) to gladiators. 

GlXd'ly, adv. With pleasure; joy- 
fully, [joy. 

GlXd'xess, n. Quality of being glad ; 

Glad'some, a. 1. Pleased ; joyful. 
2. Causing gladness ; pleasing. 

GLAIR, n. [A.-S. glare, amber, glare.] 

1. White of an egg. 2. Any similar 
substance. — v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] To 
smear with the white of an egg. 

GlAir'y, a. Like glair. 

Glaxoe, re. [Ger. glanz, luster, 
brightness, glimpse, glance.] 1. A 
sudden shoot of light. 2. A sudden 
look. 3. A dark-colored metallic 
sulphuret. — v.i. [-ZD : -B*G.] 1. 
To dart a ray of light. 2. To fly off 
in an oblique direction. 3. To snatch 
a hasty view. 4. To allude. — v. t. 
To dart suddenly or obliquely. 

Gland, n. [Lat. glnns. acorn, gland- 
ula, gland.] A collection of cells, 
in animals or plants, secreting some 
peculiar substance. 

Gland'er^, n. [From gland.] .A 
contagious disease of the mucous 
membrane in horses. 

Glaxd'u-lar, a. Containing, or con- 
sisting of, glands. [small gland. 

Glaxd'ule, n. [Lat glandula.] A 

Gland'u-lous, a. Pertaining to, or 
resembling, glands. 

GLARE, n. [Allied to Lat. clarus, 
clear.] 1. A bright dazzling light; 

2. A fierce, piercing look. — v. i. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To shine with a clear, 
bright light. 2. To look with fierce, 
piercing eves. — v. t. To emit, as a 
dazzling light. — a. Smooth ; slip- 
pery ; glib. [open and bold. 

GLAR'IXG, p. a. Clear ; notorious ; 

GLASS, n. ' [A.-3. glas.] 1. A trans- 
parent substance, formed by fusing 
sand with fixed alkalies. 2. Any 
thing made of glass ; esp., (a.) A mir- 
ror, (b.) A drinking-glass ; a tum- 
bler, (c.) A lens ; a spy -glass ; — in 
the pi. spectacles, (d.) A barometer. 

— v. t. [-ED: -IXG.] 1. To see, as 
in a glass. 2. To reflect, as in a mir- 
ror. 3. To glaze. 

Glass'-blow'er, n. One who blows 
and fashions glass. 

Glass'-house n. A manufactory of 
gla*s. [glassy. 

GLASS'l-NEse, n. Quality of being 

Glass' work (-wurk), n. 1. Manu- 
facture of glass. 2. pi. Place where 
glass is made. 

Glass'y,o:. 1. Made of glass; vitreous. 
2. Resembling glass. 

Glau'ber"s-salt, n. [From Glau- 



ber, a German chemist.] Sulphate of 
soda, a well-known cathartic. 

Glav-^o'ma. n. [Lat. ; Gr. ykavKu- 
fjia, from yAavKo?, light-gray, blue- 
gray.] A disease of the eye, giving 
it a bluish or greenish tinge. 

GLAU'GoC'S, a. [Gr. yAauKOS.] 1. Of 
a sea-green color. 2. Covered with 
a fine white powder, as that on a 
cabbage-leaf. 

Glaze, v. t. [-ed ; -ixg.] [From 
glass.] 1. To furnish with glass. 2. 
To overlay with a thin surface like 
glass ; to render smooth or gl >ssy. — 
«. A vitreous coating ; glazing. 

Gla'ZIER (gla'zher), re. One whose 
business is to set glass. 

Glaz'ixg, n. 1. Act of setting glass, 
of crusting with a vitreous substance, 
or of rendering smooth and glossy. 
2. Glass or glass-like surface or cov- 
ering. 3. Transparent colors passe 1 
thinly over other colors, to modify 
the effect. 

Gleam, n. [A.-S., from glaivan, to 
shine.] 1. A shoot of light ; a ray. 
2. Brightness ; splendor. — v. i. 
[-ED; -IXG.] 1. To dart, as rays of 
light. 2. To shine. 

Syx.— To glimmer; glitter.— To gleam 
denotes a faint but distinct emission of 
light. To glimmer describes an indis- 
tinct and unsteady light. To glitter 
imports a brightness that is intense, but 
varying. The morning light gleams 
upon the earth ; a distant taper glimmers 
through the mist ; a dew-drop glitters in 
the sun. 

Gleax, v. t. [-ed;-ixg.] [Fr. gla- 
ntr ; giant, handful, cluster.] 1. 
To gather after a reaper, as grain. 
2. To collect with patient labor. 

Gleax'er, n. One who gleans. 

Glebe, n. [Lat. gleba.] 1. Turf; 
soil ; ground. 2. Land belonging to 
a parish church. 

Glee, re. [A.-S. gHe,gle6,ioy, song.] 
1. Joy; merriment; mirth. 2. A 
light musical composition for three 
or more voices. 

Gleet, n. [Cf. A.-S. glidan, to glide.] 
A transparent mucous discharge 
from the urethra. 

GLEX, n. [A.-S. fr. W. glyn.] A se- 
cluded and narrow valley. 

GlIb, a. [-ber; -bestJ 136.] [Fr. 
glib, D. glibber ig.] 1. Smooth; slip- 
pery. 2. Voluble; fluent; flippant. 

Glib'ly, adv. In a glib mauner. 

Glib'NESS, n. Quality of being glib. 

Glide, v. i. [-ed; -ixg.] [A.-S. gli- 
dan, D. gh/den or glijden. M.H. Ger. 
gliten.] To pass rapidly and easily, 
as over a smooth surface. 

Glim'mer, v. i. [-ed ; -IXG.] Ger. 
glimmer ; glimmern, to glimmer.] To 
shine faintly. 

Stx. - To gleam ; to glitter. 
— n. A faint light ; a gleam. 

Glimpse, n. [See supra.] 1. A sud- 
den flash ; transient luster. 2. A 
short, hurried view. 

Glis'tjsx (glis'n), r. ?'. [-ED : -ixg.] 
[A.-S. glisian, glisnian.] To shine 
with a mild, subdued, fitful luster. 

GLls'TER, v. i. [-ED ; -IXG.] [Ger. 



glistern, glinstcn.] To sparkle; t<i 
glisten. 

Glit'ter, v. i. [-ed ; -ixg.] [A.-S. 
glitan, glitnian.] 1. To sparkle with 
light. 2. To be showy, specious, or 
striking. 

Syx. — To gleam ; to glisten ; to shine. 
See Gleam. 
— n. A bright, sparkling light. 

GlSat, v.i. [-ED ; -ixg.] [Ger. glot- 
zen.] To gaze with malignant satis- 
faction, or passionate de.-ire. 

Glo'eate, (a. [Lat. globalus, fr. 

Glo'ba-ted, J globus, ball.] Hav- 
ing the form of a giobe; spherical. 

Globe, n. [Lat. globus.) 1. A spher- 
ical body ; a ball ; a sphere. 2. Any 
thing nearly spherical in shape. 3. 
The earth. 

Syx. — Sphere: orb; ball.— Globe de- 
notes a round (and usually a solid) body ; 
sphere is the mathematical term forsuch 
a body: orb is used in the same sense, 
and also (contracted from orbit) for the 
pathway of a heavenly body ; ball is ap- 
plied to a heavenly body conceived of oa 
thrown or impelled through space. 

Globe'-fish, n. A fish which can 
swell out its body to a globular 
shape. [globular. 

Glo-bose', a. Round: spherical; 

Glo-Bos'1-TY, n. Quality of being 
round ; sphericity. [bose. 

Glo'boCs, a. Round ; spherical ; glo- 

Glob'u-lar, a. Spherical. 

Glob'ule, re. [Lat. globulus, dim. of 
globus.] A little globe ; a small 
spherical particle of matter. 

Glom'er-ate, v. t. [-ed; -ixg.] 
[Lat. glomerare, -ratus, from glomus, 
ball.] To gather or wind into a ball. 

Glom'er-a'tiox, n. 1. Act of form- 
ing into a ball. 2. That which is 
formed into a ball. 

GLOOM, re. [A.-S. glum.] 1. Partial 
or total darkness. 2. Cloudiness or 
heaviness of mind. — v. ?'. [-ED ; 
-IXG.] 1. To shine obscurely. 2. 
To appear dismal or gloomy. — v. t. 
To render gloomy. [mail"". 

Glo~OM'I-LY. adv. Obscurely ; dis- 

Gloom'1-xess, n. State of being 
gloomy ; obscurity. 

GLOOM'Y, a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] 1. 
Imperfectly illuminated. 2. Express 
ing gloom ; heavy of heart. 

Syx. — Dark ; dim : dusky ; dismal-, 
cloudy ; moody ; sullen ; morose ; mel- 
ancholy ; sad; dejected , disheartened. 

Glo'ri-fi-ca'tiox, n. 1. Act of giv- 
ing glory. 2. State oi being glorified. 

Glo'ri-fy, f. t. [-ed;-ixg.] [Lat 
glorificare ; gloria, giory, and facere, 
to make.] 1. To make glorious or il~ 
lustrious. 2. To render homage to; 
to adore. 

Glo'ri-ous (89), a. Exhibiting attri. 
butes, qualities, or acts that aro 
worthy of, or receive glory. 

Syx. — Eminent: noble; renowned; il- 
lustrious: magnificent; grand. 

Gl5'ri-oCs-ly, adv. In a glorious 
manner. 

Glo'ry (S9),n. [Lat. gloria.] 1. High 
reputation. 2. An object of pride or 
boast. 3. Pride ; boastfulness. 4. 



oa.. do, wolf, too, TOOK ; urx, rue, pull ; E, I, O, silent ; C, G, soft; -e, g, hard; AS ; exist ; x as XG ; this. 



GLOSS 



186 



GOER 



Celestial honor ; heaven. 5. [Paint.) 
A circle of rays round a head or en- 
tire figure. 

Syn. — Renown ; celebrity ; distinc- 
tion; grandeur; nobleness. 

— v.i. [-ED; -ING.] 1. Toexult 
witujoy. 2. To boast; to be proud 
of. 

Sl5ss, ti. 1. [Cf. Ger. gleiszen, to 
shine, glitter.] Luster from a smooth 
surface ; polish. 2. A specious ap- 
pearance or interpretation. 3. [Gr. 
yKutaa-a, a word that requires ex- 
planation.] Comment ; explanation. 

— v. t. [-ed : -ma.] 1. To make 
smooth and shining. 2. To render 
3pecious. 3. To illustrate : to explain. 

t LOS-SA'RI-AL, a. Containing expla- 
nation. 

Gi.oss'A-rist, n. A waiter of glosses 
or of a glossary. 

Gloss'a-ry, n. [Pee Gloss, 3.] A 
vocabulary of words requiring special 
elucidation. 

Gloss'i-ness, n. Quality of being 
glossy. 

Gloss-OG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. yAoxrcra, 
and ypa^eiv, to write. See GLOSS, 3.] 
The writing of glossaries or glosses. 

Gloss-ol'o-gist, n. One who de- 
fines and explains terms. 

Gloss-ol'O-GY. n. [Gr. -yAwo-o-aand 
Ao-yos, discourse. See Gloss, 3.] 1. 
Definition and explanation of terms. 
2. Science of language ; philology. 

Gloss'y, a. [-ER; -EST, 135.] 1. 
Smooth and shining. 2. Specious ; 
plausible. 

GLOT'TIS, n. [Gr. yAuTTi?, fr. •yAwr- 
ra, tongue.] Narrow opening at the 
upper part of the larynx. 

GLOVE (gluv), n. [A.-S. glOf.] A 
cover for the hand, with a separate 
sheath for each finger. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To cover with a glove. 

Glov'er, n. One who makes and 
soils gloves. 

Glow, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [A -S. 
glOwan.] 1. To shine with an intense 
or white heat. 2. To be bright or 
red. 3. To feel hot. 4. To feel the 
heat of passion. — n. 1. Sinning 
heat, or white heat. 2. Brightness 
of color ; redness. 3. Intense ear- 
nestness. 

Glow'-WORM (-wQrm), n. An insect, 
the female of which emits, in the 
night-time, a shining green light. 

Gloze, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. 
glose, interpretation.] 1. To flatter; 
to wheedle. 2. To misinterpret. — 
v. t. To palliate or extenuate. — n. 
Flattery. 

GLUE,n. [Lat. gins, glutis.] A hard 
gelatine, used as a cement. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ing.] 1. To join with glue. 
%_ To unite. 
Slu'ey, a. Yiscous; glutinous. 

(JLUM, a. [See Gloom.] Sullen; 
moody ; silent. 

Glume, n. [Lat. ghtnia.] Floral cov- 
ering of grain or grasses. 
■rL'JT.r. t. [-ted; -TING, 133.] [Lat. 
glutire.] 1. To swallow greedily. 2. 
To satiate; to sate. — n. 1. That 



which is swallowed down. 2. Supply 
beyond sufficiency or to loathing. 

Glu'ten, n. [Lat. See Glue.] The 
tenacious substance which gives ad- 
hesiveness to dough. 

GLU'TI-NATE,f.£. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
glutinare, -natum.] To unite with 
glue. [with glue. 

Glu/ti-na'tion, n. Act of uniting 

Glu'ti-nous, a. Resembling glue ; 
viscous ; viscid ; tenacious. 

Glut'ton (gluten), n. [Lat. glutto, 
gluto.] 1. One who eats voracious- 
ly ; a gormandizer. 2. A carnivorous 
mammal ; the wolverine. 

Glut'ton-ous, a. Belonging to a 
glutton or to gluttony. 

Glut'ton-y (gltit'tn-y), n. Excess 
in eating; voracity. 

GLYC'ER-iNE, n. [From Gr. yAv/cepo?, 
equiv. to -yAvKvs, sweet.] A sweet, 
viscid liquid, formed from fatty sub- 
stances. 

Glyph, n. [Gr. ykvfyri, fr. ykvcfreiv, to 
hollow out, carve.] A sunken chan- 
nel. 

GLiP'TIG, \n. sing. Art of engrav- 

Glyp'tigs, j ing figures on precious 
stones. 

Gnarl (niirl), v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [A.- 
S. gnyrran.] To growl ; to murmur ; 
to ?narl. — n. A knot in wood. 

Gnarled (niirld), { a. Knotty; full 

GNARL'Y (narl'-), j of knots. 

Gnash (nash), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[0. Eng. gnaste , gnayste .] To strike 
together, as in anger or pain. — v. i. 
To grind or strike together the teeth. 

GN.AT (nat), n. [A.-S. gnat, fr. gni- 
dan, to rub.] A delicate blood-suck- 
ing fly. 

Gnaw (naw),t\ t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.- 
Slgnagan.] 1. To wear away with 
the teeth. 2. To corrode. — v.i. To 
use the teeth in biting. 

Gnaw'er (naw'er),?!. One who gnaws. 

Gneiss (nis),«. [Ger. gneis or gneisz.] 
Rock consisting of quartz, feldspar, 
and mica. 

Gnome (nom), n. [Gr. -yvuVwv, one 
that knows, a guardian.] 1. An im- 
aginary subterraneous being, sup- 
posed to be the guardian of mines, 
&_c. 2. A dwarf; a goblin. 

Gno'mon (no'mon), n. [Gr. yvuiuov, 
fr. yiyvJiCTKeiv, to know.] 1. Style or 
pin of a sun-dial. 2. Index of the 
hour-circle cf a globe. 

Gnos'TIO (nos'tik),™. [Gr. ■yvaxrriKos, 
sagacious.] One of a sect of so-called 
philosophers in the first ages of 
Christianity. — a. Pertaining to the 
Gnostics or their doctrines. 

Gnos'ti-CIJM (nos'ti-sizm), n. Doc- 
trines taught by the Gnostics. 

Gnu, (nu), n. 
[Hottentot.] A 
South African 
antelope. 

Go, v. i. [imp. 
WENT ; p. p. 
GONE ; p. pr. & Gnu. 

vb. n. GOING.] [A.-S. gangan, gem.] 
1. To pass from one place to anoth- 
er ; to proceed; to advance ; — em- 






ployed in the most various applica. 
tions. 2. To walk 3. To pass ; to 
circulate. 4. To be pregnant. 5. To 
pass away ; to depart. b\ To be lost, 
to perish ; to die. — r.t. To take, as 
a share in an enterprise ; to bear a 
part in. 
GOAD (20), n. [A.-S. gad. See GAD.] 
A pointed instrument to urge on a 
beast. — v. t. [ED; -ing.] To 
drive with a goad ; to urge forward. 
Syn. — To excite ; irritate; incite; in- 
stigate. 

G5al, n. [Fr. gaide, pole ; from Goth. 
fains, staff, sii<k, rod.] 1. Point or 
mark set to bound a race. 2. End 
or final purpose. 

Goat, n. [A.-S. gat, allied to Lat. 
hatdns.] A mamniiferous quadruped 
allied to the sheep. 

Goat-ee', n. Part of the beard de- 
pending from the chin. 

Goat'-herd, n. One who tends goats. 

Goat'ish, a. Resembling a goat, es- 
pecially in smell or lustfulness. 

GoB,n. [0. Fr. gcb, morsel; Gael, gob, 
mouth, snout.] A mouthful. 

Gob'ble, v.t. [-ed; -ing.] [See 
GOB, n.] To swallow hastily or vo- 
raciously. — v. i. To n ake a noL-e in 
the threat, as a turkey . 

Go'-BE-TWEEN', n. An interposer. 

GoB'LET, n. [Lat. rvja, tub, cask.] 
A drinking vessel without a handle. 

GoB'LlN, n. [Lat. gcbelinus, fr. Gr. 
Ko^aAos, knave, a mischievous gob- 
lin ; Ger. kobold.] An evil spirit; 
a gnome ; an elf. 

Go'-BY,n. 1. Evasion. 2. A thrust- 
jng away. 

Co'-CART, n. A small machine, to 
support children learning <o walk. 

God, n. [A.-S. god, allied to Pers. 
khoda.] 1. A divinity ; a deity. 2. 
The Supreme Being ; Jehovah. 

God'DAUGH-ter (-daw-ter), n. A girl 
for whom one becomes sponsor. 

God'dess, n. A female god. 

God'fa-tker, n. [Cf. Gossip.] A 
man who becomes sponsor for a child 
at baptism. 

God'head, n. [Eng. god, aDd suffix 
head.] 1. Deity ; divine nature cr 
essence. 2. A gcd or goddej-s. 3 
God; the Supreme Being. 

God 'less, a. Acknow ledging no God ; 
ungodly ; irreligious. [God. 

God'like. a. Resembling a god or 

God'lI-NESS, n. Reverence for God ; 
devoutness ; a religious life. 

God'ly, a. 1. Reverencing God, and 
his character and laws. 2. Formed 
or influenced by a regard for God. 

Syn. —Pious; holy; devout; religious; 
righteous. 

G6d'm6th-er (-mfith-er), n. A -wo- 
man who becomes sponsor for a child 
in baptism. 

God'send, n. Something sent by 
God; an unexpected piece of good 
fortune. 

G6d'ship,«. Deity ; divinity. 

God'son (-sun), n. One for whom an- 
other has been sponsor. [goes. 

G6'ER,n. One who, or that which 



I, E, i,o,u, \,long; A, £ 3 1,6,0, t, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, what; ere, veil, TERM; pique, firm; son, 



GOFFER 



187 



GOUT 



GOF'FER, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To plait 
or flute, as lace, &c. 

GOG'GLE, V. i. [-EDJ-ING.] [Cf. 
Lat. codes, surname of a persou blind 
with one eye.] To strain or roll the 
eyes. — a. Full and staring ; — said of 
the eyes. — ir. 1. A straiued rolling 
of the eye. 2. pi. A kind of specta- 
cles. 

Go'lNG, n. 1. A moving in any man- 
ner. 2. Departure. 3. Course of life. 

Goi'TER, I n. [Lat. guttur, throat.] 

Qoi'TRE, ) An enlargement of the 
thyroid gland. 

GOLD, n. [A.-S.] 1. A precious metal 
of a yellowish color. 2. Money ; rich- 
es. 3. A yellow color like that of the 
metal. [particles. 

Gold'-dCst, n. Gold in very fine 

Golo'£N (gold'n), a. 1. Made or con- 
sisting of gold. 2. Of the color of 
gold. 3. Very precious. 

Gold'finch, n. A singing-bird with 
gold-colored wings. 

Gold'-fish, n. A small fish, of a 
golden color. [thin leaf. 

Gold'-leaf, n. Gold beaten into a 

GOLD'sr.IlTH, n. One who manufac- 
tures articles of gold. 

Golf, n. [D. kolf, club or bat.] A 
game played with a small ball and a 
club crooked at the lower end. 

Gon'do-la, n. 
[It., dim. of 
gonda, id.] 1. 
A pleasure- 
boat used at 
Venice, on the 
canals. 2. A 
kind of flat- 
bottomed boat. [Amer.] 

Gon'do-lier', n. A man who rows 
a gondola. 

Gone (21), p. p. of Go. 

G6.NG, n. [Malayan gong.] A circu- 
lar instrument of copper and tin, 
producing, when struck, a loud, 
harsh sound. 

Go'NI-OM'E-TER, n. [Gr. ycovta, an- 
gle, and p.irpov, measure.] An in- 
strument for measuring angles, espe- 
cially the angles of crystals. 

Go'ni-om'e-try, 71. Art of measur- 
ing solid angles. 

Gon/OR-RIIE'a (-rG-'a), n. [Gr. yovop- 
pota, from yovr), semen, and pe'eiv, to 
flow.] A contagious inflammatory 
discharge from the genital organs. 

GO~OD,GE. [BETTER; BEST.] [A.-S. 
god.] 1. Possessing desirable quali- 
ties. 2. Possessing moral excellence. 
3. Kind; benevolent. 4. Suited; 
adapted. 5. Clever ; skillful. G. 
idequate ; sufficient. 7. Consider- 
able. 8. Full; complete. 9. Fair; 
honorable. — ??. 1. That which pos- 
cesses desirable qualities, promotes 
success or happiness, is serviceable, 
excellent, kind, or the like. 2. Wel- 
fare; advantage. 3.;)/. Wares ; com- 
modities ; chattels. — adv. 1. Well: 
equally well. 2. Quite; considera- 
bly. 

Go'od'-breed'ixg, n. Polite man- 
ners or education. 




Gondola. 



Go"bD-BY', ) n. or inlay. [Either a 

GOOD-BYE', ) contr. of God be with 
ye, or compounded with by, bye, 
way, journey.] Farewell. 

Go~oi>-FfU'DAY. n. A fast, in memo- 
ry of our Savior'j crucifixion. 

GOOD-HU'MORED, a. Having a 
cheerful spirit and demeanor. 

Good'li-ness, n. Beauty : grace. 

Good'ly, a. [-ER; -EST, U2.] 1. 
Pleasant ; agreeable. 2. Comely ; 
graceful. [of a house. 

Good'Man, n. A husband ; master 

GobD'-ixAT'UREn, a. Naturally mild 
in temper. 

Syn.— Good-tempered; kind.— Good- 
natured denotes a disposition to please 
and be pleased; good-tempered, a spirit 
which is not easily ruffled by provoca- 
tion or other disturbing influences; kind, 
a disposition to make others happy by 
supplying their wants and granting 
their requests. 

Go"od'ness, n. Quality of being good 
in any of its various senses ; excel- 
lence ; virtue ; kindness ; benevolence. 

Go'od / -te.vi'per j ed, a. Not easily 
irritated or annoyed. 

Good-will', n. 1. Benevolence. 2. 
Custom of any trade or business. 

GOOD'Y, n. [Prob. contr. from good- 
wife.] Good-wife; good-woman; — 
alow term. 

Goose (150), n. [A.-S. gOs.] 1. A 
well-known aquatic fowl. 2. A 
tailor's smoothing iron. 3. A sim- 
pleton. 

Go"b.sE'BER-RY, n. [A corruption of 
gorseberry, a name taken from the 
roughness of the shrub.] The fruit of 
a thorny shrub, and the shrub itself. 

Go'PHER, )i. 1. [Fr. gaufre, waffle, 
honeycomb.] A burrowing animal. 
2. [Heb. gCpher.] A wood used in 
the construction of Noah's ark. 

GOR'-eoCK, n. [Either from gore, 
blood, i. e., red, or fr. gorse.] A gal- 
linaceous bird; the moor-cock or 
red-grouse. 

Gor'di-an, a. Pertaining to Gordius, 
king of Phrygia, or to a knot tied by 
him, which could not be untied, but 
was cut by Alexander the Great ; 
hence, intricate ; complicated. 

Gore, n. 1. [A.-S. gor.] Thick or 
clotted blood. 2. [A.-S. gar, dart, 
lance.] A wedge-shaped piece sewed 
into a garment, &c. 3. A triangular 
piece of land. —v.t. 1. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To pierce ; to stab. 2. To cut in a 
triangular form . 

GorGe, n. [Lat. gurges, whirlpool, 
abyss.] 1. The throat. 2. A narrow 
passage, as between mountains. — v.t. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. To swallow with 
greediness. 2. To glut ; to satiate. 
— v. i. To feed greedily. 

Gor'geous (gor-jus), a. [0. Fr. gor- 
gius, beautiful, vain, luxurious, fr. 
gorgias, ruff, neck-handkerchief.] 
Showy ; fine ; magnificent. 

G6r'geoDs-ly, adv. In a gorgeous 
manner. [magnificence. 

Gor'GeoOs-ness, n. Splendor ; 

Gor'get (gor'jet), n. [O.Fr. gorgeite. ! 
See Gorge.] 1. Armor for defend- 




Gorilla. 

or (. To eat 
[racious eater. 
A greedy, vo- 



ing the throat or neck. 2. A pendent 
metallic ornament, worn by officers 
when on duty. [Eng.] 

GOR'GON,7?. [Gr. Topyia, Topyuv.] 1. 
A fabled monster, the sight of which 
turned the beholder to stone. 2- 
Any thing very ugly or horrid. 

Go-rIl'la, n. A 
large monkey, 
inhabiting the 
western shores 
of Africa. 

Gor'mand, n. 
[Cf. Prov. Fr. 
gourmer, to sip, 
to lap.] A glut- 
ton ; a gour- 
mand. 

Gor'.yiand-ize, v. 
greedily. 

GOR'IUAND-IZ'ER, 

GORSE, n. [A.-S. gorst, gost. See 
Grass.] A thick, prickly shrub, 
bearing yellow flowers ; furze; whin. 

Gor'y, a. Covered with gore ; bloody. 

G6s'HAWK,«. [A.-S. goshafuc, i.e., 
goosehawk.] A short-winged, slender 
hawk. 

Gos'ling, n. [A.-S. gos, a goose, and 
the dim. term, ting.] A young goose- 

Gos'PEL, 11. [A.-S. godspell, fr. gZd, 
good, and spell, tidings.] 1. The 
good news concerning Christ and his 
salvation. 2. One of the historical 
narratives of the life and sayings of 
Jesus Christ. 3. Any system of re- 
ligious truth. 

Gos'SA-MER, n. [Prob. fr. gone and 
summer, as it is often seen on gorse.] 
A filmy substance, like cobwebs, 
floating in the air. 

Gos'siP, n. [A.-S. godsibb, a relation 
or sponsor, from god, God, and sib, 
alliance, relation.] 1. A sponsor. 
[Obs] 2. An idle tattler. 3. Idle 
and groundless rumor. — v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To prate. 2. To run 
about and tattle. 

Got, imp. of Get. 

G6T'v^,\p-P- ofGet - 

Goth, n. 1. One of an ancient tribe, 
who took part in subverting the 
Roman empire. 2. A barbarian. 

GoTH'IC, a. 1. Pertaining to the 
Goths. 2. Pertaining to a style of 
architecture with high and sharply- 
pointed arches, &c. 3. Rude: bar- 
barous. — n. Language of the Goths. 

Goth'I-CIsm, n. 1. A Gothic idiom. 
2. Conformity to the Gothic style of 
building. 3. Rudeness of manners; 
barbarousness. 

GOUGE (gowj ; in most Eng. authori- 
ties, gooj), n. [Lat. gubia.] A curved 
chisel. — v.t. [-ed ; -ING.] To scoop 
out with a gouge. 

GOURD, n. [From Lat. cucurbita.] A 
fleshy, one-celled, many-seeded fruit. 

Gourmand (gobr'maud), n. [Fr.] 
A greedy eater ; a glutton. 

Gout,?i. [From Lat. gutta, drop, it 
being considered as a defluxion.] A 
painful inflammation of the joints. 

GOVT (goo), n. [Fr.] Taste ; relish. 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK; URN, R].'E, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; r,(i,soft; €,d,hard; AS.; EXIST; NasNG; this- 



GOUTINESS 



188 



GRANITE 



ft) 




Governor (2). 



GOUT'I-NESS, n. State of being gouty. 

Gout'y, a. Diseased with, or pertain- 
ing to, the gout. 

Govern (guv'ern), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. gubernare, Gr. Kvpepvqv.] 1. 
To regulate by authority. 2! To in- 
fluence ; to manage. 3. To require 
to be in a particular case. — v. i. To 
exercise authority ; to have the con- 
trol. 

G6v'ERN-A-BLE, a. Capable of being 
governed ; manageable ; obedient. 

G6v'ERN-ANCE, n. Government; con- 
trol. 

G6v'ern-ante/(110), n. A lady who 
has the care of young women ; a 
governess. [an instructress. 

G6v'ern-ess, n. A female governor ; 

G6v'ERN-MENT, «. 1. Act of govern- 
ing. 2. System of polity in a state. 
3. Authority. 4. The ruling power ; 
the administration. 5. A common- 
wealth ; a state. 6. Influence of a 
Avord in regard to construction. 

Gov'ern-ment'al, a. Pertaining to 
government. 

GOV'ERN-OR, n. 1. 

One who governs ; 
esp., a chief ruler or 
magistrate. 2. A 
contrivance con- 
nected with machin- 
ery, for maintaining 
uniform velocity 
with a varying te- 
sistance. 

GOWN, n. [Lat. gitn- 
na, Late Gr. yovva, a leathern gar- 
ment, W. gum, gown.] A loose flow- 
ing upper garment ; esp., theordina- 
ry outer dress of a woman. 

GOWNS'MAN (150), n. One whose pro- 
fessional habit is a gown, as a divine 
or lawyer; hence, a civilian. 

Grab, n. A sudden grasp or seizure. 

— v. t. & i. [-BED; -BING, 150.] 
[0. Ger. grabbtn, grappen, for gerap- 
pen, from II. Ger. raff en, to snatch 
away.] To gripe suddenly ; to seize. 

Grace, n. [Lat. gratia, from gratus, 
beloved.] 1. Favor bestowed 2. 
Divine favor toward man. 3. Inher- 
ent excellence. 4. Beauty ; com- 
monly, easy elegance of manners. 5. 
pi. (Myth.) Beautiful females, repre- 
sented as the attendants of Venus. 
6. Title of a duke or of an archbishop 
of England. 7. A short prayer be- 
fore or after meat. 

Syn. — Mercy. — Grace is free, spon- 
taneous favor to the undeserving; mercy 
is kindness or compassion to the suft'er- 
ing or condemned. It was the grace of 
God that opened a way for the exercise 
of mercy toward men. 

— I;, t. [-ED ; -TNG.] 1. To adorn ; 
to decorate. 2. To honor. 

Graoe'ful, a. Displaying grace or 
beauty in form or action ; elegant ; 
easy. [manner. 

Graoe'ful-ly, adv. In a graceful 

Grace'ful-ness, n. Elegance of 
manner or deportment. 

Grace'less, a. Wanting in grace, 
especially divine grace ; hence, de- 
praved ; corrupt. 



GRl'CIoOs (gra'shus), a. 1. Abound- 
ing in grace or mercy. 2. Winning 
favor ; acceptable. 3. Beautiful ; 
graceful. 4. Produced by divine 
grace. 

Syn. — Favorable; kind; benevolent; 
friendly; beneficent; benignant; merci- 
ful. 

GRA'cious-LY, adv. In a gracious 
manner. [of being gracious. 

Gra'cious-ness, n. Quality or state 

GRA-DA'TION, n. 1. State of being 
graded. 2. Any degree in an order 
or series. 

Grad'a-to-ry (50), a. Proceeding 
step by step ; gradual. — n. A step 
from the cloisters into the church. 

GRADE, n. [Lat. gradus, from gradi, 
to step.] 1. A step or degree in any 
series, or order. 2. Rate of ascent 
or descent. 3. A graded ascending 
or descending portion of a road. — v. 
t. [-ED; -ing.] To reduce to a level, 
or to an evenly progressive ascent. 

GRA'DI-ENT, a. [Lat. gradi, gradi ens, 
to step, to go.] 1. Walking. 2. Hav- 
ing regular degrees of inclination. — 
ii. 1. Rate of ascent or descent in a 
road, &c. ; grade. 2. Part of a road 
which slopes upward or downward. 

Grad'u-al, a. Proceeding by de- 
grees; progressive. — n. 1. An order 
of steps. 2. An ancient book of 
hymns and prayers. [manner. 

Grad'u-al-ly, adv. In a gradual 

GRAD'U-ATE, v. t. [-ED;-ING.] [L. 
Lat. graduare, -atum, fr. Lat. gra- 
dus, a step.] 1. To mark with de- 
grees. 2. To admit to an academical 
degree. 3. To prepare gradually. — 
v. i. To receive an academical degree. 

Grad'u-ate, n. One who has been 
admitted to an academical degree. 

GRAD / u-A''TION, n. 1. Act or art of 
graduating. 2. Marks on an instru- 
ment to indicate degrees. 

Graff, n. & v. Same as Graft. 

Graft (6), n. [Gr. ypa<f>Cov, pencil ; 
from the resemblance of a scion to a 
pointed pencil.] A small shoot of a 
tree inserted in another tree. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To insert, as a cutting 
from one tree in a branch of another ; 
hence, to implant or incorporate. 

GRAIN, n. [Lat. granum.] 1. A 
kernel; esp. of corn, wheat, &c. 2. 
The fruit of wheat, rye, oats, barley, 
&c. ; — used collectively. 3. Any 
small, hard particle ; hence, any 
small portion. 4. A small weight. 
5. A red color of any tint or hue. 6. 
Texture, —v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To paint in imitation of the grain of 
wood. 2. To form into grains, as 
powder. 

Grai/la-to'ri-al, )a. [Lat. gral- 

GRAL'LA-TO-RY (50), ) later, grai- 
ls; , stilts, from g/adus. See GRADE.] 
Pertaining to wading birds. 

GRAM/I-NA'CEOUS, a. [Lat. gramen, 
graminis, grass.] Pertaining to the 
grasses ; gramineous. 

Gra-mi'n'e-ae, j a. Resembling, or 

GRA-MlN'E-oOs, / pertaining to, 
grass ; grassy. 



GrXm'i-niv'o-rous, a. [Lat. gramen, 
grass, and vorare, to eat greedily.] 
Feeding on grass and the like food. 

Gram'mar, n. [Fr. grammahe, from 
Gr. ypd/xixa, letter, ypa^eLi/. to write.] 

1. Art of speaking or writing with 
propriety. 2. A treatise on the princi- 
ples of language. 3. A treatise on the 
elements or principles of any science. 

GRAM-MA'RI-AN, n. 1. A philologist. 

2. One who teaches grammar. 
Gram-mat'ig, ) a. 1. Belonging 
Gram mat'ig-al, ) to grammar. 2. 

According to the rules of grammar. 
GRAM-MAT'I€-AL-LY, adv. Accord- 
ing to the principles and rules of 
grammar. 
Gramme (gram), n. [Fr ] The 
French unit of weight, equivalent to 
15.4S3 grains troy or avoirdupois. 
Gram'PUS, n. [Fr. grand poisson, 
great fish.] A fish having conical 
teeth, and breathing by a spout-hole 
on the top of the head. 

Gran'a-ry, n. A storehouse for grain 
after it is thrashed. 

Grand, a. [-er; -est.] [Lat. gran- 
dis.] 1. Of large size or extent ; 
great; hence, relatively great; chief; 
principal. 2. Great and fine or im- 
posing. 3. Holding an elevated rank. 
Syn.— Magnificent; sublime.— Grand, 
in reference to objects of taste, is applied 
to that which expands the mind by a 
sense of vastness and majesty ; magnifi- 
cent is applied to any thing which is im- 
posing from its splendor; sublime de- 
scribes that which ia awful and elevat- 
ing. A cataract is grand; a ricli and 
varied landscape is magnificent. ; an 
overhanging precipice is sublime. 

Gran'DAM, n. [See supra and DAME.] 
A grandmother. [ter's child. 

Grand'ciiild, n. A son's or daugh- 

Grand'daugh'ter (-daw/tor), n. 
Daughter of a son or daughter. 

Gran-dee', n. A man of rank; a 
nobleman. 

Grand'eur, n. [Fr. See Grand.] 
Quality of being grand ; splendor cf 
appearance ; elevation of thought or 
expression, or of mien or deportment. 
Syn. — Sublimity; majesty; stateli- 
ness ; augustness ; loftiness ; magnifi- 
cence. 

Grand'fa-ther, n. A fathers or 
mother's father. 

Gran-dIl'o-quence, n. Lofty words 
or phrases ; bombast. 

Gran-dil'o-QUENT, a. [Lat. grand is, 
grand, and loqui, to speak.] Pomp- 
ous ; bombastic. 

Grand'i-ose' (125), a. [Lat. grandis, 
grand.] 1. Imposing. 2. Turgid-, 
bombastic. [manner. 

GRAND'LY, adv. In a grand or lofty 

Grand'm6th-er (-muth-er), n. 
Mother of one's father or mother. 

Grand'sire, n. A grandfather ; any 
ancestor. [or daughter. 

Grand'son (-sun), n. Son of a son 

GRANGE, n. [L. Lat. grangia, from 
Lat. granum, grain.] A granary; 
also, a farm, with its stables, &c. 

Gran'Ite, n. [Lat. granum, grain.] 
A rock consisting of quartz, feldspar, 
and mica. 



A, £, I, o,u,y, long; A,E,£, 6, 0, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASIC, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, V^IL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM; SON, 



GRANITIC 



189 



GRAZIER 



Gra-NIT'I€, ) a. Consisting of, or 

Gra-nit'I€-al, j like, granite. 

Gra-NIV'O-RODs, a. [Lat. granum, 
grain, and vorare, to eat greedily.] 
Eating grain or seeds. 

Grant (6), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [0. 
Fr. granter, cranter, to promise, 
yield, fr. Lat. credere, to believe.] 1. 
■ To yield ; to concede. 2. To bestow, 
in answer to prayer. 3. To give pos- 
session or title of. 

Syjt.— Togive; confer; convey; trans- 
fer; admit; allow. 

— n. 1. Act of granting. 2. Thing 
granted ; a gift ; a boon. 3. An ap- 
propriation or conveyance by gov- 
ernment, [is made. 

Grant-ee', n. One to whom a grant 

GrAnt'or (127), n. One by whom a 
grant or conveyance is made 

GrXn'u-lar, ) a. Consisting of, or 

Gr\N'U-LA-RY, ) resembling, grains. 

GrXN'U-LATE, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
1. To form into grains. 2. To make 
rough on the surface. — v. i. To 
be formed into grains. 

GrXn'u-la'tion, n. Act or process 
of forming into grains. 

GrXn'ULE, n. [Lat. granum, grain.] 
A little grain ; a small particle. 

GrXn'u-loOs, a. Full of grains ; 
granular. 

GRAPE, n. [Fr. and D. grappe.] 1. 
Fruit of the vine ; commonly a single 
berrv of the vine. 2. Grape-shot. 

Grap'ER-y, n. A building for the 
cultivation of grapes. 

Grape'-sh5t, n. A number of iron 
balls, put together by means of cir- 
cular plates and a connecting pin. 

GRXPH're, ) a. 1. Pertaining to | 

GRAPH'ie-AE, ) writing. 2. Writ- | 
ten; inscribed. 3- "Well delineated 
or described. [manner. 

GrXph'io-al-LY, adv. Tn a graphic 

GrXph'ite, n. [From Gr. ypa^etv, to 
■write.] A form of carbon, used for 
pencils ; plumbago or black-lead. 

GrXp'NEL, n. [From 
Eng. gr apple. ,] A 
small anchor, with 
four or five claws, to 
hold boats, &c. 

GrXp'ple, v. i. 
[-Et>; -ING.] [Dim. 
of grap, for grab.] To seize either 
with the hands or with hooks. — v. 
i. To contend in close fight. — n. I 
[See supra, and cf. Ceaple.] 1. A 
seizing ; close hug in contest. 2. A | 
hook by which one ship may fasten 
on another. 

Grasp, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [See Grab.] j 
To seize and hold ; to catch. — n. 1. j 
Gripe of the hand. 2. Power of seiz- 
ing. 3. Power of intellect to com- | 
prehend subjects. 

Grass (6), n. [A.-S. grds, gars.] 
Herbage ; the plants which consti- 
tute the food of cattle. — v. t. To 
cover with grass or with turf. 

Grass'hop-per, n. A well-known I 
jumping insect, which feeds on grass j 
or leaves. [with grass. 

Grass'1-ness, n. State of abounding ' 




Grapnel. 



Grass'-PLoT, n. A plot covered with 
grass ; a lawn. 

GrAss'Y, a. 1. Covered with grass. 
2._ Resembling grass; green. 

GRATE, n. [Lat. crates, hurdle.] 1. A 
kind of lattice-work, such as is used 
in the windows of prisons. 2. A 
frame of iron bars for coals. — v. t. 
[-ed; -ing.] 1. To furnish with 
grates. 2. [0. H. Ger. krazOn.] To 
rub roughly or harshly. 3. To wear 
away, by rubbing. 4. To fret; to 
vex ; to irritate. — v. i. 1. To rub 
hard, so as to offend. 2. To make a 
harsh sound by friction. 

Grate'FUL, a. [Lat. gratus, agreea- 
ble, and Eng. termination ful.] 1. 
Having a due sense of benefits. 2. 
Affording pleasure to the senses. 

Sy>". — Thankful: pleasing; accepta- 
ble; gratifying ; welcome ; delightful. 

Grate'ful-ly, adv. In a grateful 
manner. 

Grate'FUL-ness, n. Quality of be- 
ing grateful ; gratitude ; agreeable- 
ness. 

Grat'er, n. [See Grate.] He who 
grates ; an instrument for grating. 

GRAT'I-FI-CA'TION, n. 1. Act of 
gratifying. 2. That which gratifies. 

GRAT'I-FY, v. t. [-ED; -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. gratificari, fr. gratus, pleasing, 
and facere, to make.] To please by 
satisfying some wish ; to give pleas- 
ure to. 

Syx. — To indulge; humor.— Gratify 
is the generic term, and has reference 
simply to the pleasure communicated. 
To indulge a person implies that we 
concede something to his wishes or his 
weaknesses which he could not claim, 
and which had better, perhaps, have 
been spared. To humor is to adapt our- 
selves to the varying moods, and perhaps 
caprices, of others. We gratify a child 
by showing him the sights of a large 
city; -we indulge him in some extra ex- 
pense on such an occasion ; we humor 
him, if he is taken ill when away from 
home. 

GRAT'ING, n. [See GRATE.] 1. A 
harsh sound of rubbing. 2. A par- 
tition of parallel or cross bars. 

Gra'TIS, adv. [Lat., contr. fr. gra- 
tus, out of kindness.] For nothing ; 
freely. 

Grat'1-tude (53), n. [L. Lat. grati- 
tudo, fr. Lat. gratus, grateful.] State 
of being grateful ; thankfulness. 

GRA-TU'I-TOlTS, a. [Lat. gratuitus, 
fr. gratis, q. v.] 1. Given without 
an equivalent. 2. Without reason, 
cause, or proof. [ent. 

GRA-TU'l-TY, n. A free gift ; a pres- 

Grat'u-late, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. gratulari, -latum, from gratus, 
pleasing. J To congratulate. 

GrXt'u-la'tion, n. Act of gratulat- 
ing or felicitating ; congratulation. 

GRAT'U-LA-TO-RY, a. Expressing 
joy ; congratulatory. 

Grave, v.t. [imp. graved ; p.p. 

GRAVEN, or GRAVED ; p. pr. & vb. 
n. GRAVING.] [Goth, graban, A -S. 
grafan.} 1. To carve ; to engrave. 2. 
To clean, as a ship's bottom. — n. 
1. An excavation in the earth as a 
place of burial ; hence, any place of 



interment. 2. Death, or destruction. 
— a. [-ER; -EST.] [Lat. gravis, 
heavy.] 1. Of importance ; influen- 
tial ; — said of character, relations, 
&c. 2. Solemn; sober; plain. 3. 
(Mus.) Not acute or sharp; low; deep. 

Syx.— Solemn: sober; serious. — So- 
ber supposes the absence of all exhilara- 
tion of spirits, and is opposed to flighty; 
aa. sober thought. Serious implies con- 
eiderateneas or reflection, and is opposed 
to jocose or sportive: as, serious and im- 
portant concerns. Grace denotes a state 
of mind, appearance, &c, which results 
from the pressure of weighty interests, 
and is opposed to hilarity of feeling or 
vivacity of manner; as, a grave remark, 
grave attire. Solemn is applied to a case 
in which gravity is carried to its highest 
point: as, a solemn admonition, a solemn 
promise. 

GRAVEL, n. [0. Fr. gravele, of Celt- 
ic origin.] 1. Small stones. 2. 
Small, calculous concretions in the 
kidneys and bladder. — v. t. [-ED, 
-ING ; or -LED, -LING, 137.] 1. To 
cover with gravel. 2. To stick in the 
sand; hence, to embarrass. 

Grav'el-LY, a. Abounding with, or 
consisting of, gravel. [manner. 

Grave'ly, adv. In a grave, solemn 

Grav'ER, n. 1. One who engraves; 
a sculptor. 2. An engraving tool ; 
a burin. 

Grave '-stone, n. A stone set by a 
grave, as a memorial. 

Grave'-vard, n. A yard for the 
interment of the dead ; a cemetery. 

GRAVID, a. [Lat. gravidus; gravis, 
heavy.] Being with child ; pregnant. 

Graving-dock, n. A dock into 
which ships are taken to have their 
bottomscleaned. 

GraVi-tate, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] 
To obey the law of gravitation ; to 
tend toward the center. 

GraVI-ta'TION, n. That force by 
which all particles cf matter in the 
universe tend toward each other. 

GrXVi-TY, n. [Lat. gravitas, fr. gra- 
vis, heavy.] 1. Sobriety of charac- 
ter or demeanor. 2. Relative im- 
portance, dignity, &c. 3. Tendency 
of a body toward the center of the 
earth. 4. Lowness of sound. 

Gra'vy, n. [A.-S. greofa, pot.] Juices 
obtained from meat in cooking. 

Gray, a. [-er;-est.] [A.-S grog, 
grig, grig ] 1. Hoary ; white mixed 
with black. 2. Old; mature. — n. 
Any mixture of white and black. 

Gray'-beard, n. An old man. 

Guay'HOUND, n. See GREYHOUND. 

GRA.VISH, a. Somewhat gray. 

GraY'ness, n. Quality of being gray. 

GRAY'WXCKE, n. [Ger. grauivacke; 
grau, gray, and wacke, wacke.] A 
conglomerate, consisting of rounded 
pebbles and sand firmly united. 

Graze, v.t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
grasian, fr. grds, grass.] 1. To touch 
lightly in passing.] 2. To supply, as 
cattle, with grass. 3. To eat from 
the ground. 4. To tend grazing cat- 
tle. — v. i. 1. To eat grass. 2. To 
supply grass. 

Gra'zier (gra'zher), n. One who 



I 



6k, do, wolf, too, took; urn, rue, pull; E, z, o, silent j c, G, soft; €,&,hard; A£; EX.IST ; nojKg; THIS. 



GREASE 



190 



GRISTLY 



pastures cattle, and rears them for 

market. 
Grease, n. [Lat. crassus, L. Lat. 

grassus, thick, fat.] 1. Animal fat 

in a soft state. 2. An inflammation 

of the heels of ahorse. 
Grea§e, or Grease, v. t. [-ED ; 

-ing.] To smear with grease. 
GreAS'i-ly, or Greas'i-ly, adv. 

With grease, or an appearance of it. 
Greas/i-ness, or Greas'i-ness, n. 

State of being greasy. 
GrEAs/y, or Greas'y, a. [-ER ; EST, 

142.] 1. Composed of grease ; oily; 

fat ; unctuous. 2. Smeared with 

grease. 3. Like grease; smooth. 4. 

Affected with the disease called 

grease. 
Great, a. [-er; -est.] [A.-S. great, 

allied to Lat. grandis.] 1. Large in 

solidity or surface ; big ; expanded. 

2. Numerous. 3. Long continued. 

4. Superior; commanding. 5. Un- 
commonly gifted ; powerful ; mighty. 
G. Eminent; distinguished. 7. 
Weighty ; important. 8. Older, 
younger, or more remote, by a sin- 
gle generation. 

Great'ly, adv. 1. In a great de- 
gree; much. 2. Nobly. 

Syn.— Badly. — In some parts of 1 his 
country, not by the vulgar alone, but by 
educated persons, the vror&badly is used 
for greatly. Instead of saying, " I wish 
greatly to see him," they say, " I wish to 
see him very badly." This is a gross er- 
ror, and often becomes ridiculous, be- 
cause the words seem to say of a friend, 
" I wish to see him in a very bad state of 
health. 

GREAT'NESS, n. Quality of being 
great ; largeness of bulk, dimensions, 
number, quantity, &c. 

Greave§, n. pi. [Lat. gravis, heavy.] 
Ancient armor for the legs. 

Gre'cian, a. Pertaining to Greece. — 
n. 1. A native of Greece; a Greek. 
2 One versed in the Greek language 
or literature . [language . 

GRK'C'igM, n. An idiom of the Greek 

Greed, n. [Goth, gredus, hunger.] 
An eager desire ; greediness. 

Greed'i-ly, adv. Eagerly ; vora- 
ciously, [greedy. 

Greed'i-ness, n. Quality of being 

Syn.— Ravenousness ; voracity ; eager- 
ness; avidity. 

Greee'y, a. [-er; -EST, 142.] [A.- 

5. gradig, gredig; grudan, to cry, 
call.] 1. Having a keen appetite ; 
ravenous ; voracious. 2. Eager to 
obtain. 

Greek, a. Pertaining to Greece ; 
Grecian. — n. 1. A native of Greece ; 
a Grecian. 2. Language of Greece. 

Green, a. [-er ; est.] [A.-S. grene, 
fr. grGwan, Eng. grow.] 1. Having 
the color of growing plants ; verdant. 
2. Fresh ; new ; recent. 3. Not ripe ; 
not fully grown. 4. Young; raw; 
awkward. 5. Not seasoned ; not 
dry. — n. 1. Color of growing plants. 
2. A grassy plat. 3. pi. Leaves and 
stems of young plants dressed for 
food. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To make 



GreeN'-grS'cer, ,i. A retailer of 
fresh vegetables or fruits. 

Green'hORN.w. A raw youth. [Loiv.] 

Green'house, n. A house to pre- 
serve tender plants in during cold 
weather. [green color. 

Green'ing, n. A sort of apple, of a 

GltEEN'lSH, a. Somewhat green. 

Gkeen'room, n. The retiring-room 
of actors in a theatre. 

Green'-sick'ness, n. A disease of 
young women. [grass. 

GKEEN'SWABD, «. Turf green with 

Greet, v."t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
grelan.] To salute ; to hail; to ac- 
cost. — v. i. To give salutations. 

Greeting, n. Salutation at meet- 
ing ; compliment addressed from one 
absent. 

GRE-GA'RI-otJS, a. [Lat. gregarius, 
fr. grex, herd.] Living in a flock or 
herd._ 

Gre-go'RI-AN, a. Belonging to, or 
established by, Gregory ; as, the Gre- 
gorian chants, calendar, &c. 

GRE-NADE', n. [Fr. grenade, pome- 
granate, grenade.^ A hollow ball filled 
with powder, ana fired by means of 
a fuse. 

Gren'a-dier', «. Formerly, a sol- 
dier who threw grenades; now, one 
of a company of tall, stout soldiers. 

Gren'a-jd't'ne, n. A thin silk used 
for ladies' dresses. 

Grew (grij), imp. of Grow. 

Grey, a. ' See Gray. 

Grey'hound, n. 
[A..-S.grdgkund, 
grcghund, grlg- 
hund.~\ A slen- 
der, graceful 
dog, remarkable 
for its keen sight 
and swiftness. 

Grid'dle, n. [W. 
greidell, fr. grei- 
diaiv, to heat, 
scorch.] 1. A shallow pan for baking 
cakes. 2. An iron cover for a stove. 

Grid'i-RON (-I-urn), n. A grated uten- 
sil for broiling. 

Grief, n. [Lat. gravis, heavy.] 1. 
Pain of mind ; a painful sense of loss. 
2. Cause of sorrow or pain. 

Syn. — Sorrow ; sadness. — Sorrow is 
generic; grief 'is sorrow for some definite 
cause— one which commenced, at least. 
in the past ; sadness is applied to a per- 
manent mood of the mind. Sorrow is 
transient in many cases; but the grief 'of 
a mother for the "loss of a favorite child 
too often turns into habitual sadness. 

Griev'ance, n. 1. A cause of grief 
or_uneasi'ness. 2. Grief; affliction. 

Grieve, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To in- 
flict mental pain upon. — v. i. To 
feel grief; to sorrow ; to mourn. 

GRlEV'oOs, a. 1. Causing grief; 
painful ; hard to bear. 2. Heinous ; 
flagitious. 

GrieVous-ly, adv. In a grievous 
manner. 

GrYf'fin, ) n. [Lat. gryphus, equiv. 

Grif'fon, ) to gryps, Gr. ypvty, ypv- 
7t6s, fr. ypwo?, curved, hook-nosed.] 
1. An imaginary animal, generated 




Greyhound. 



between the lion and the eagle. 2. 
A species of vulture. 

Gf.il l, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Fr. griller, fr. 
Lat. craticula, a small gridiron, dim. 
of crates, hurdle.] 1. To broil on a 
gridiron. 2. To torment as if by 
broiling. 

Grim, a. [-mer ; -mest, 136.] [A.-S., 
from grimman, to rage.] Of forbid- 
ding or fear-inspiring aspect. 

Syn. — Fierce; grisly; hideous ; stern. 

GRI-MACE', n. [Fr. from A.-S. grtma, 
mask, ghost.] A distortion of the 
countenance, to express some feel- 
ing ; a made-up face. 

Gri-mal'kin, n. [Corrupted fr. gray- 
malkin,fv. gray and mal/cin,& drab.] 
An old cat. 

GRIME, n. [A.-S. hryme, hrUm, soot.] 
Dirt deeply insinuated. — v. t. To 
sully or soil deeply. 

Gr'i'M'ly, a. Having a hideous or 
stern look. — adv. Fiercely; sullen- 
ly, [sternness. 

Grim'ness, n. Fierceness of look ; 

Gribi'y, a. [-er; est, 142.] Full 
of grime ; dirty ; foul. 

Grin, v. i. [-ned ; -ning,136.] [A.-S. 
grinnian.] To show the teeth, as in 
laughter, scorn, or pain. — n. Act of 
closing the teeth and showing them. 
— v. t. To express by grinning. 

Grind, v. t. [ground : grinding.] 
[A.-S. grindan.] 1. To reduce to 
powder by friction, as in a mill. 2. 
To polish or sharpen by friction. 3. 
To oppress by severe exactions. — 
v. i. T<? perform the operation of 
grinding. 

Grind'er, n. 1. One who grinds. 2. 
0_ne of the double teeth ; a molar. 

GRIND'STONE {colloq. grin'ston), n. 
A flat, circular stone for grinding 
tools. 

GrIn'NER, n. One who grins. 

GR^P, n. [See GRIPE.] 1. A grasping 
or seizing. 2. A peculiar mode of 
claspin gthehand. — v.t. To grasp ; 
to gripe. 

Gripe, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
gripan. Cf. Grab.] 1. To clutch; 
to seize and holdfast. 2. To give pain 
to the bowels of. 3. To pinch ; to 
distress. — v. i. 1. To hold or pinch 
as with a gripe. 2. To suffer griping 
pains. — n. 1. Seizure ; clutch. 2. 
A handle. 3. Oppression ; pinching 
distress. 4. Pinching and spasmodic 
pain in the intestines. 

GRISETTE (gre-zet/), n. [Fr., from 
gris, gray, because women of the in- 
ferior classes wore gray gowns.] A 
young, laboring French woman kept 
as a servant ana mistress. 

Gris/ly (grisly), a. [A.-S. grislic,fv. 
grlsan, agrlsan, to dread.] Fright- 
ful ; horrible; terrible. 

GRIST, n. [A.-S. grist, gerst, pearled 
barley.] 1. That which is ground at 
one time. 2. Supply ; provision. 

GRIS'TLE (gris'l), n. [A.-S. gristl.] 
A smooth, elastic substance in ani- 
mal bodies ; cartilage. 

Grist'ly (grisly), a. Consisting of, 
or like, gristle ; cartilaginous. 



J, £, i, o, u, Y, long; A,S,I, o, 0, y, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, fIrm; s6n, 



GRIST-MILL 



191 



GUAIACUM 



GRIST'-MILL, n. A mill for grinding I 
grists, or portions of grain brougkt 
by different customers. 

GrIt, n. [A.-S. grytl, grytte, bran, I 
dust, grht, barley.] 1. Coarse part [ 
of meal. 2. Oats or wheat coarsely 
ground. 3. Sand or gravel. 4. A 
hard, coarse-grained silicious sand- 
stone. 5. Spirit ; resolution. — v. t. 
[-TED ; -TING.] To grind ; to grate. 

GRIT'TY, a. 1. Full of sand or grit. 
2. Spirited and resolute. 

GRIZ'ZLE, n. [From Fr. gris, gray.] 
Gray ; a mixture of white and black. 

GrIz'zled, a. Gray; of a mixed 
white and black. 

GrIz'zly, a. Somewhat gray. 

Groan, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
granian. Cf. GRUNT.] To give forth 
a low, moaning sound. — n. A low, 
moaning sound, uttered in pain or in 
derision. 

GROAT (grawt), n. [D. groot, that is, 
a great piece of coin.] 1. An old 
English coin equal to four pence. 2. 
pi. [A.-S. grat. See Grit.] Oats or 
w_heat deprived of the hulls. 

GROWER, n. [Orig. grosser, one who 
sells by the gross, or by wholesale.] 
A dealer in tea, sugar, spices, coffee, 
fruits, &c 

Gro'^er-y. n. 1. pi. Commodities 
sold by grocers. 2. A grocer's store. 
[Amer.] 

Grog, n. [From Adm. Ternon (nick- 
named " Old Grog," because he 
wore a grogram cloak).] A mixture 
of spirit and water, usually not 
sweetened. 

Grog'ger-y, n. A grog-shop. 

GROG'RAM, ) n. [0. Fr. gros-grain, 

Grog'ran, ) i. e., gross-grain.] A 
coarse stuff of silk and mohair ; also, 
a strong, coarse silk. 

GROIN, n. [Icel. grein, division, 
branch.] 1. Depressed part of the 
body between the belly and the 
thigh. 2. Angular curve made by 
the intersection of two arches. — v. 
l. To fashion into, or adorn with, 
groins. 

Groined, a. Having 
an angular curve 
made by the inter- 
section of two semi- 
cylinders or arches. 

Groom, n. [0. D. 
grom, boy, youth ; 
A.-S. guma, man.] 
1. A man or boy who 
has the charge of 
horses. 2. One of Groined Arch, 
several officers of the English royal 
household. 3. A man recently mar- 
ried or about to be married ; a bride- 
groom. — v. t. [-ED; -ing.] To 
tend or care for, as a horse. 

Groove, n. [A.-S. grOf, ditch, pool, 
fr. grafan, to dig.] A furrow, chan- 
nel, or long hollow. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To cut a groove or channel 
in; to furrow. 

Grope, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
gropian, allied to gripe.] To attempt 
to find something in the dark, by 




feeling ; to feel one's way. — v. t. To 
search out by feeling in the dark. 
Gross, a. [-er; -est.] [L. Lat. 
grossus, fr. Lat. crassus, thick, fat.] 

1. Great ; large : bulky. 2. Coarse ; 
rough. 3. Not easily aroused ; stu- 
pid. 4. Vulgar ; indelicate ; low. 5. 
Thick ; dense. 6. Great ; palpable. 
7. Whole; total.— n. 1. The bulk ; 
the mass. 2. Twelve dozen. 

GROSS'LY, adv. Greatly ; coarsely. 

Gross'NESs, n. Quality of being gross. 

Grot, h. A grotto. 

GRO-TESQUE', a. Like the figures 
found in grottoes ; whimsical ; ex- 
travagant, [manner. 

GRO-T£sQUE'LY,af/r. In a grotesque 

GRO-TESQUE'NESS,n. State of being 
grotesque. 

Grot'to, n. ; pi. grot'toes. [A-S. 
grut, fr. Lat. crypta, Gr Kpvirn\, con- 
cealed subterranean passage.] A nat- 
ural cavern ; also, an ornamental, ar- 
tificial cave or caveru-like apartment. 

Ground, n. [A.-S. grund, fr. grin- 
dan, Eng. grind.] 1. Surface of the 
earth ; hence, surface of a floor, &c. 

2. Region ; land ; estate. 3. Foun- 
dation. 4. (Paint.) Surface on which 
a figure or object is represented. 5. 
pi. Sediment; dregs. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To lay on the ground. 2. 
To found ; to fix, as on a founda- 
tion. 3. To instruct in elements. — 
v. i. To run aground ; to strike 
and remain fixed. — imp. & p. p. of 
Grind. [house. 

GROUND'-FLOOR, n. Lower floor of a 
Groundless, a. Without ground 

or foundation ; false. 
Ground'less-ly, adv. In a ground- 
less manner. [being groundless. 
Ground'less-ness, n. Quality of 
Ground'ling,™. 1. Afish that keeps 
at the bottom of the water. 2. A 
spectator in the pit of the theater. 
Ground'-NUT, n. 1. The peanut. 

2. A leguminous, twining plant. 
Ground'-plan, n. Surface repre- 
sentation of the divisions of a build- 
ing. 

Ground'-plot, n. 1. Ground on 
which a building is placed. 2. Plan 
of the lower part of a building. 

Ground'-rent, n. Rent paid for 
building on another man's land. 

Ground'sill, n. Timber of a build- 
ing which lies next to the ground ; 
the sill. 

Ground'swell, n. A broad, deep 
swell or undulation of the ocean. 

Ground'work (-wiirk), n. 1. Foun- 
dation ; basis. 2. The essential part. 

3. First principle. 

Group (grobp) n. [Fr. groupe , grouppe , 
cluster, bunch.] 1. A cluster; an 
assemblage. 2. An assemblage of 
objects in a certain order or relation. 
— v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To form a 
group of. 

Grouse, n. A stout-legged bird, 
highly prized for food. 

Grout, n. [A.-S. grut. See Groat.] 
1. Coarse meal. 2. A thick ale. 3. 
Lees ; dregs. 4. A thin, coarse mortar, 



Gr5ve, n. [A.-S. grdf, grave, grove, 
from grafan, to dig.] A cluster of 
trees shading an avenue : a wood of 
small extent. 

GROV'£L (grSv'l), v. i. [-ED, -ING ; 
or -led, -ling, 137.] [Icel. gru/b, to 
lie prostrate on the ground. J 1. To 
creep on the earth ; to act in a pros- 
trate posture. 2. To be low or mean. 

Grov'el-er, I ?i. One who grovels; 

GROV'EL-LER, ) a servile person. 

Grow, v. i. [imp. grew; p. p. 
GROWN.] [A.-S. growan.] 1. To in- 
crease in size by natural process. 2. 
To increase in any way . 3. To thrive ; 
to flourish. 4. To result; to become. 
5. To become attached ; to adhere. 
— v.t. To produce; to raise. 

Growl, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [D. grol- 
len, to grunt, be angry.] To mur- 
mur or snarl, as a dog. — v. t. To 
express by growling. — n. The mur- 
mur of a cross dog. 

Grown, p. p. of Grow. 

Growth, n. 1. Process of growing ; 
augmentation ; production. 2. That 
which has grown : product ; result. 

Grub, v. i. [-bed ; -bing, 136.] 
[Goth, graban. to dig.] 1. To be oc- 
cupied in digging. 2. To beg; esp. 
to beg food. [Colloq. and low.] — v. t. 
To dig ; to dig up by the roots. — n. 
[So called from grubbing.] 1. A larve 
of a beetle or weevil. 2. A short, 
thick man. 3. Victuals. [Colloq. 
and low.] 

GrDb'ber, n. 1. One who grubs. 2. 
An instrument for grubbing. 

Grudge,^, t. [-ed;-ing.] [O.Eng. 
grutche, gruiche, fr. grunt.] To part 
with reluctantly ; to desire to get 
back again. — v. i. To be covetous 
or envious; to be unwilling. — n. 
Uneasiness at the possession of some- 
thing by another ; secret enmity. 

Stn. — Pique ; aversion ; dislike ; ha- 
tred ; spite. 

Grudg'ing-ly, adv. In a grudging 
manner. 

GRU'EL, n. [0. Fr. gruel, for grutel, 
ff. A.-S. grflt. See GRIT.] A light 
food, made by boiling meal in water. 

Gruff, a. [-er; -est.] [D. grof, N. 
II. Ger. grob.] Of a rough or stern 
manner, voice, or countenance. 

Gruff'ly, adv. In a gruff manner. 

Gruff'ness, n. Quality or state of 
being gruff. 

GRUM, a. [A.-S. See GRIM.] 1. Mo- 
rose ; severe of countenance. 2. Low; 
guttural. 

Grum'ble, v. i. [-EDJ-ING.] [L. 
Ger. grummeln, grumen.] 1. To 
murmur with discontent. 2. To 
growl. 3. To rumble; to roar. 

Grum'bler, n. One who grumbles. 

Grume, n. [Lat. grumus, a littlo 
heap.] A clot, as of blood. 

Grum'ly, adv. In a grum manner. 

Grunt, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Ger. 
grunzen, A.-S. grunan.] To make a 
deep guttural noise, like a hog. — n. 
A deep, guttural sound. 

GrIlph'on, n. See Griffin. * 

GUA'IA-€UM (gwa'ya-), n. [From the 



OR, do, WOLF, TOO, TO~OK; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; 9, &,soft; €, G, hard; Ag; EXIST; 5 as NG ; THIS. 



GUANO 



192 



GUNNERY 



language of Hayti.] 1. A Email, 
crooked West Indian tree. 2. Itesin 
of the lignumvitse, much used in 
medicine. 

GuX'NO (gwa'no), n. [Sp., fr. Peruv. 
huanu, dung.] Excrement of certain 
sea-fowls ; — used as a manure. 

GuXR'AN-TEE' (gar'an-tee'), n . 1. A 
promise to answer for the perform- 
ance of some duty, in case of the 
failure of another person primarily 
liable; a security. 2. A guarautor. 
8. One to whom a guaranty is made. 

— v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To make pure ; 
to warrant. [surety. 

GUAR/AN-TOR/, n. A warrantor ; a 
GtJAR'AN-TY (gSr'an-ty), n. [0. Fr. 
guarantiee from 0. H. Ger. wercn, to 
warrant, keep.] An undertaking to 
answer in case of the failure of an- 
other person to pay or perform ; a 
warranty ; a security. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING, 142.] 1. To engage that an- 
other shall perform what he has stip- 
ulated. 2. To undertake to secure 
to another. 3. To indemnify ; to 
save harmless. 
Guard (gard, 72), v. t. [-ED; -ing.] 
[0. Fr. guarder, warder, from A.-S 
weardian, Eng. ivard.] 1. To pro- 
tect from danger ; to secure against 
surprise or attack. 2. To protect 
the edge of. 
Syx. — To defend ; shield ; watch. 

— v. i. To watch by way of caution 
or defense. — n. 1. That which 
guards or secures. 2. Any fixture 
or attachment to protect against in- 
jury or defacement, theft or loss. 3. 
(Fencing.) A posture of defense. 

Syn. — Defense ; shield; protection ; 
t--feguard; escort; watch; heed. 

CuaRD'i-an (gard'I-an), n. [0. Fr. 
guardain, gardian. See GUARD, v.] 
1. One who guards; a warden. 2. 
One who has custody of the person 
or property of a minor, or of a per- 
son incapable of managing his own 
affairs. — a. Guarding ; protecting, 

Guard'i-A3V-sihp, n. Office of a guard- 
ian. 

Guard'-room, n. A room for the 
accommodation of guards. 

Gua'va (gwaVva), n. A tropical tree, 
or its fruit. 

GU'BER-NA-TO'RI-AL (89), a. plat. 
gubernator, governor.] Pertaining to 
government, or to a governor. 

GUD'GEON (gud'jun), 11. [Lat. gobio, 
or gobius, Gr. kwj3i6?.] 1. A small 
fresh- water fish, easily caught and 
often used for bait. 2. A person 
easily cheated. 3. A bait; allure- 
ment. 4. The part of any horizontal 
shaft on which it runs. 5. An eye 
fastened to the stern-post to hang 
the rudder on. 

Cuer'don (ger'don, 14), n. [0. Fr., 
fr. 0. H. Ger. widar, again, against, 
and Lat. donum, gift.] A reward. 

Guer-rIl'lA (ger-rll'la), n. [Sp., lit. 
little war, skirmish.] 1. An irregu- 
lar, predatory mode of carrying on 
war. 2. One who carries on irregu- 
lar or predatory warfare. 



GUESS, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Allied to 
A.-S. gi tan, Eng. get.] 1. To judge 
of at random. 2. To form an opin- 
ion of. from reasons that are not de- 
cisive. 3. To conjecture rightly. 4. 
To hit upon by accident. 

Syn. — To think; reckon. — It is a gross 
vulgarism to use the word guess, not in 
its true and specific sense, but simply for 
think or believe, as, " I guess the mail has 
arrived; " " / guess he is at home." It is 
equally vulgar to use reckon in the same 
way, as, "I reckon the mail has ar- 
rived ; " I reckon he is at home." These 
words are the shibboleth of the North and 
the South in this country. It would be 
better for each (in order to aroidso gross 
a vulgarism) to drop entirclu its peculiar 
and abused term, substituting therefor 
8ome such word as think, believe, imag- 
ine, fancy, &c. 

— V. i. To make a guess ; to conject- 
ure. — n. Judgment without suffi- 
cient evidence ; conjecture. 

Guest, n. [A.-S. gcyt, Goth, gasts.] 
A visitor entertained for a short 
time. [tcr. 

GuF-FAW, n. A loud burst of laugh- 

Guid'ance, n. Act of guiding; di- 
rection ; government. 

Guide (gid, 72), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Fr. guider, fr. Goth, vilan, to watch 
over, give heed to] 1. To lead or 
direct. 2. To train ; to influence. — 
n. 1. One who directs another in his 
way. 2. A regulator. 

Guide'-post, n. A post to direct 
travelersin the way. 

GuI'DON(gI / don), n. [Fr. SeeGuiDE.] 
A small flag or streamer, as that car- 
ried by cavalry. 

Guild (gild), n. [A.-S., fr. gildan, to 
pay.] An association of men formed 
for mutual aid and protection. 

Guile (gll, 72), n. [0. Fr., fr. A.-S. 
xo'de, Eng. wile.] Craft; cunning; 
duplicity. 

GuiLE'FUL, a. Full of guile. 

Guile'less (109), a. Free from guile. 

GuiL/LO-TlNE'tgil'lo-teen/), n- [From 
Guillotin, a French physician.] A 
machine for beheading a person by 
the stroke of a heav3 r axe. — v. t. 
[-ED ;-ING.] To behead with the guil- 
lotine^ 

Guilt (gilt), n. [A.-S. gylt, fr. geldan, 
gildan, to pay ; orig. the fine paid 
for aa offense, afterward the offense 
itself.] 1. Criminality and conse- 
quent exposure to punishment. 2. 
Exposure to any legal penalty. 

GuiLT'l-LY, adv. In a guilty manner. 

Gui'LT'i-NESS, 11. State of being guilty. 

GulLT'LESS, a. 1. Innocent. 2. 
"Without experience. 

Guilt'less-ness, n. Quality of be- 
ing guiltless. 

GuiLT'Y, a. [-ER ; -EST, 142.] Evinc- 
ing guilt ; criminal and ill-deserving. 

Gu'iN'EA (gin'e), n. [From Guinea, 
in Africa, abounding in gold.] An 
old gold coin of England, current for 
twenty-one shillings sterling, or 
about five dollars. 

Guin'ea-pig (gin'e-), n. [Prob. a 
mistake for Guiana-pig.] A small 
Brazilian rodent. 

Guise (glz, 72), n. [Fr. guise, from 




Guitar. 



A.-S. & Eng. tvisel] 1. External 
appearance ; garb ; behavior. 2. Cus- 
tom ; practice. 

GUl-TAR'(yi-tur'), 
n. [Fr. guitarre,* 
from Gr. KiBapa.] 
A stringed instru- 
ment of music 
resembling the 
violin. 

Gulch, n. A ra- 
vine ; a gully. 

GULES, (giuz), n. 

[L. Lat. gula, reddened skin.] A red 
color; — indicated in engraving by 
perpendicular lines. 

Gulf, n. [Gr. koAtto-j.] 1. An abyss ; 
a deep chasm. 2. A large bay f an 
open sea. 

GCll, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Cf. Guile, 
and GULL, a sea-fowl.] To deceive ; 
to cheat ; to trick. — n. 1. A trick ; 
fraud. 2. A dupe. 3. [W. givylan.] 
A web-footed sea-fowl, with long, 
narrow wings. [agus. 

G'JL'LET, n. [Lat. gula.] The esoph- 

Gul'li-bil'1-TY, n. Quality of being 
gullible. [Cclloq.] 

GDL'LY, n. [See GULLET.] A chan- 
nel worn in the earth by water ; a 
gulch. — v. t. [-ed; -ing, 142.] To 
wear into gullies. 

Gulp, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [D. gul- 
pen, golpen, fr. golpe, whirlpool.] To 
swallow eagerly ; to swallow up. — 
n. As much as is swallowed at once. 

Gum, n. 1. [A.-S. goma, palate.] The 
hard, fleshy substance covering the 
jaws. 2. [A.-S. gCma, Lat. gummi, 
Gr. Kojixfu.] A hard vegetable secre- 
tion, soluble in water. 

Gum arabic, a gum from trees of sev- 
eral species of the genus Acacia. 
— v.t. [-MED ; -MING.] To smear 
with gum ; to unite or stiffen by 
gum. [scess on the gum. 

GOm'-BOIL, n. A boil or small ab- 

Gum-mif'er-ous, a. [Lat. gummi, 
gum, and ferre, to bear.] Producing 
gum. [gummy. 

Gum'mi-ness, n. Quality of being 

Gum'moOs, o. Composed of gum ; 
gummy. 

Gum'my, a. [-ER; EST, 142.] 1. Con- 
sisting of gum ; adhesive. 2. Cov- 
ered with gum. 

Gump, n. A dolt ; a dunce. [Low.] 

GtJMP'TlON (84), n. [Cf. 0. Eng. 
gaum, to understand.] Capacity ; 
shrewdness. 

GOm'-res/in, n. Milky juice of a 
plant solidified by exposure to air. 

GUN, n. [Prob. fr. Lat. canna, reed, 
tube, perh. fr. 0. Eng. gyn, gin, ab- 
brev. of engine.] Any fire-arm ex- 
cept the pistol and mortar. 

Gun'-boat, n. A small vessel fitted 
to carry one or more guns. 

Gun'-€ot'ton, ii. A highly explo- 
sive substance obtained by soaking 
cotton, &c, in nitric and sulphuric 
acids. 

GtJN'NER, n. One who works a gun. 

Gun'ner-y, n. The art and science 
of firing guns. 



A, E, I, O, U, Y,long; A, £,*, 6, U, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT J ERE, V^IL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM J SOW, 



GUNNING 



193 



HACRLE 



GUN'NING, n. Act or practice of hunt- 
ing game with a gun. 

GDn'ny, n. [Hind, gon.] A strong, 
coarse kind of sacking. 

GDn'pow-der, n. A mixture of salt- 
peter, sulphur, and charcoal pulver- 
ized, granulated, and dried. 

GDn'shot, n. 1. Distance of the 
point-blank range of a cannon-shot. 

I 2. Distance to which shot can be ef- 
fectively thrown from a gun. 

GOn'SMITH, n. A maker of guns. 

GOn'WALE (commonly pron. gun'nel), 
n. [From gun and wale, because 
the upper guns are pointed from it.] 
Upper edge of a ship's side. 

GUR'GLE, v. i. [-ED; -INS.] [Ger. 
gurgeln, to gargle.] To tiowin a bro- 
ken, irregular, noisy current. — n. 
A gush or flow of liquid. 

GtJSH, v. i. [ed ; -ING.] [0. H. Ger. 
giozan, giuzan, A.-S. geotan, to 
pour out.] 1. To flow forth copious- 
ly. 2. To act with a sudden and 
rapid impulse. 

S vs. — To flow. — To gush is to break 
forth with violence ; to flow is to move 
on gently with little or no opposition. 
The fountain gushes from beneath the 
rocks, and flows quietly away in a wind- 
ing stream. 

GOs'SET, n. [Fr. gousset, dim. of 
gousse, pod, husk.] A piece of cloth 
inserted in a garment, to strengthen 
or enlarge some part. 

G&ST, n. 1. [Lat. gustus.] Pleasure 
from tasting ; relish. 2. Gratifica- 
tion ; enjoyment. 3. [Icel. gustr, fr. 
gusta, to blow cold.] A sudden 
squall. 4. A violent burst of pas- 
sion. 

Gus'to, n. [Tt. See Gust.] Nice 
appreciation or enjoyment ; relish. 



GtJST'Y, a. Subject to, or attended j 
by, gusts. 

GUT, n. [Allied to Goth, qvithus, bel- 
ly, womb.] 1. Intestinal canal of an 
animal. 2. pi. The whole mass of 
intestines, — v. t. [-ted; -ting, 
142.] 1. To take out the bowels 
from ; to eviscerate. 2. To destroy 
the interior of. 

GfJT'TA-PER / CHA, n. [Malay, gulta, 
gum, undperrha, tree from which it 
is procured.] An inspissated sap 
from various trees in the Malayan 
archipelago. 

Gut'ta ^E-RE'na. [Lat., lit. se- 
rene or clear drop.] Blindness occa- 
sioned by a palsied retina. 

GDt'TER, n. [Lat. gutta, drop.] 1. A 
channel to convey away rain from a 
roof. 2. A small channel. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To form into small 
channels. 

Gut'tur-ae, a. [Lat. gultur, throat.] 
Pertaining to, or formed in, the 
throat. — 7i. A letter pronounced in 
the throat. [manner. 

GUT'TUR-AL-LY, adv. In a guttural 

Guy, n. [See Guide.] A rope or rod 
attached to any thiug to steady it. 

GlJZ'ZLE (guVzl), v. i. [-ed; -ING.] 
[A modification of guttle.] To swal- 
low liquor greedily or frequently. 

GYBE, v. t. & L [-ed; -ING.] To 
shift from one side of a vessel to the 



other. 



Gym-na'si-um, n. ; pi. gym-na'si-a. 

[Gr. yvfxvdo-i.ov, fr. yvfj-vos, naked.] 

1. A place for athletic exercises. 2. 

A school for the higher branches of 

learning. 
Gym'nast, n. One who teaches or 

practices gymnastic exercises. 



GYM-nas'tic, ) a. Relating to ath. 

GYM-NAS'TI€-AL, j letic CAeiClSeb. 

GYM-NAS'TI€, n. 1. Athletic exer- 
cises. 2. One who practices or teacn- 
es athletic exercises. 

GYM-nas'tics, n. sing, ^.rt of per- 
forming athletic exercises. 

Gym'no-sp£rm, n. [Gr. yv/ii/6<r, na- 
ked, and o-irep/xa, seed] A plant 
bearing naked seeds, as the uemlock. 

GYN'E-OC'RA-CY, n. [Gr. yvvri,y»- 
vaiKo<;, woman, and Kparelv, to rule.] 
Government administered by a wom- 
an, [taining gypsum. 

GYP'se-OUs, a. Resembling or con- 

GYP'SUM, n. [Lat. ; Gr. -yvi/zos-J A 
mineral consisting of sulphate of 
lime, and 21 per cent, of watei. 

GYP'SY (148), n. [0. Eng. Gy,,tian s 

fr. Egyptian.] 1. One of a vagabond 

race, coming originally from India. 

# 2. A cunning person. [tory. 

GY'ral (jFral), a. Whirling ; gyra. 

Gy'rate, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
gyrare, gyratum. See GYRE.] To 
revolve round a central point ; to 
move spirally. 

GY-RA'TION, n. A circular or spiral 
motion ; rotation. 

Gyre, n. [Lat. gyrus, Gr. -yvpos, ft\ 
■yupo?, round.] A circular motion, or 
a circle described by a moving body- 

GYR'FAL-€ON (jer'faw-kn), ii. [L. 
Lat. gyrofalco, a gyrando, from Us 
circling around before descending on 
the preyj A species of falcon. 

GY'RO-SCOPE, n. [Gr. yupo?, ring, 
circle, and ct/cottcu/, to view.] A re 
tating wheel mounted in a ring o* 
rings, for illustrating the dynamic 
of rotating bodies, &c. [a fetter 

Gyve (jlv), n. [W. gefyn.] A shackle'- 



H. 



H(aitch), the eighth letter of the 
English alphabet. See Principles 
of Pronunciation, § 76. 

HA, inter j. An exclamation denoting 
surprise, joy, or grief. 

Ha'be-as €or'pus. [Lat., you 
may have the body.] A writ to 
inquire into the cause of a person's 
imprisonment or detention, with the 
view to protect the right to personal 
liberty. 

Hab'er-dash'er, n. [Of uncertain 
etymology.] A seller of small wares, 
such as pins, needles, thread, &c. 

HA-BIL'I-MENT, ii. [Fr. habillement, 
fr. Lat. habitus, dress.] A garment ; 
clothing. 

HXB'IT, n. [Lat. habitus, fr. habere, 
to have, be in a condition.] 1. Or- 
dinary state ; esp., physical tempera- 
ament. 2. Fixed or established cus- 
tom ; acquired involuntary tendency 
to perform certain actions. 3. At- 
tire ; dress ; hence, a garment. 

Syn.— Practice ; mode; manner; way; 



custom. — Habit is an internal principle 
which leads us to do easily, naturally, 
and with growing certainty, what we do 
often; custom is external, being habitual 
use or the frequent repetition of the same 
act. The two operate reciprocally on 
each other. The custom of giving pro- 
duces a habit of liberality ; habits of de- 
votion promote the custom of going to 
church. Custom also supposes an act of 
the will, selecting given modes of pro- 
cedure ; habit is a law of our being, a 
kind of *' second nature" which grows 
up within us. 

— v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To dress; to 
clothe. 

Hab'IT-A-BLE, a. [Lat. habitabilis, 
fr. habitare, to dwell.] Capable of 
being inhabited. [itancy. 

Hab'it-an-cy, n. Same as Inhab- 

Hab'i-tat, n. Natural abode or lo- 
cality of a plant or animal. 

Hab'i-ta'TION, n. 1. Act of inhabit- 
ing. 2. Place of abode ; a residence. 

Ha-bit'U-al, a. 1. Formed by habit. 
2. According to habit. 3. Rendered 
permanent by continued causes. 



Syn\ — Customary? accustomed; usr- 
al; common. 

Ha-bit'u-al-ly, adv. Customarily ; 
usually ; commonly. 

Ha-bit'u-ate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
To make accustomed ; to familiarize. 

HAB'I-TUDE, (53), n. [Lat. habiturJo.] 
Customary manner or mode of living, 
feeling, or acting. 

Hacienda (a'the-en'da), n. [Sp.] 
An isolated farm or farm-house. 

Hack, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A -S. 
haccan.] 1. To cut irregularly and 
awkwardly. 2. To speak with hesi- 
tation. — v. i. 1. To be exposed to 
common use for hire. 2. To make 
an effort to raise phlegm. — n. [Cf. 
Icel. fdkr, horse. See HACKNEY.] 1. 
A horse, or carriage, let out for com- 
mon hire ; also, a family horse. 2. 
A drudge. — a. Hackneyed ; hired ; 
mercenary. 

HAck'le (hSk'l), v. t. [-ed; -ING.J 
1. To separate, as the coarse part ot 
flax or hemp from the fine. 2. To 



OR, DO.WQLF, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL ; £,/, o, silent ; <j,G,soft; €,&,hard; Ajs; EJIST; s<wn&; THIS. 



HACKMATACK 



194 



HAMMER-HARDEN 



tear rudely asunder. — n. [Allied to 
hook.] An instrument with teeth 
for separating the coarse part ' of 
flax or hemp from the tine. 

Hack/ma-tack/, n. [Of Indian ori- 
gin.] The tamarack tree. 

Hack'NEY (149), n. [Fr. haquence, a 
pacing horse. Of. Hack.] 1. A 
nag ; a pony. 2. A horse, or a horse 
and carriage kept for hire ; a hack. 
3. A hireling ; a prostitute. — a. 1. 
Let out for hire. 2. Common ; trite. 
— v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To make trite 
or commonplace, [for hire ; a hack. 

Hack'ney-coach, n. Acoachkept 

Had, imp. & p .p. of Have. [Contr. 
fr. A.-S. hafde, that is, haved.] See 
Have. 

Had'dock, n. [W. hadog, fr. had- 
awg, having seed.] A sea-fish a lit- 
tle smaller than the cod. 

Ha'des, n. [Gr. aSrjs, euSijs.] The 
habitation of the dead. 

HAFT, n. [A.-S. haft, haft, haft an, 
to take, seize.] A handle as of a 
knife or dagger. 

Hag, n. [A.-S. hdges.] 1. An ugly 
old woman ; a fury. 2. A witch ; a 
sorceress. 

HXG'GARD, a. [Fr. hagard, Ger. ha- 
gart, from 0. Eng, hau/ce, now hawk, 
and the suffix ard.] 1. Wild or in- 
tractable. 2. Having the expression 
of one wasted by want or suffering. 

Hag'gess, I n. [Scot, hag, to hack, 

Hag'gis, ) to chop.] A pudding 
containing the entrails of a lamb, 
chopped with fine herbs and suet, 
highly seasoned, and boiled in the 
maw. [Sco*.] 

Hag'gish, a. Like a hag ; ugly. 

HAG'GLE, V. t. [-EDJ-ING.] [Dim. 
of Scot, hag, for hack.] 1. To cut 
into small pieces. 2. To tease ; to 
worry . — v. i. To be difficult in bar- 
gaining ; to chaffer. 

Ha'gi-og'ra-pha, n. pi. [Gr. i-yi- 
6ypa<f>a (sc. /3ij5Aia), fr. aytoypa^o?, 
written by inspiration.] 1. That 
part of the Old Testament not em- 
braced by the Law and the Prophets. 
2. The lives of the saints. 

Ha'gi-og'RA-pher, n. One of the 
writers of the hagiographa. 

Ha'gi-og'ra-phy, n. Same as Ha- 
giographa. 

Hah, interj. An exclamation express- 
ing surprise or effort. 

Ha-ha', n. [Prob. from haw-haw, a 
reduplication of haw, hedge.] A 
fence or bank in a slope so as not to 
be seen until one is close upon it. 

HAIL, n. 1. [A.-S. hagal, hagel.] 
Frozen rain. 2. [A.-S. hal, halo, 
safety.] A wish of health ; a saluta- 
tion. — v.i. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
pour down masses of ice or frozen 
vapor. 2. To report one's self. — 
v. t. 1. To call after loudly; to sa- 
lute. 2. To name ; to call. — interj. 
An exclamation of salutation. 

Hail/st5ne , n. A frozen rain-drop. 

HAlR, n. [A.-S. hdr.] 1. A small an- 
imal filament, or a mass of such. 2. 
A filament on the surface of plants. 



Hair'-breadth, n. Breadth of a 
hair ; a very small distance. 

Hair'-brush, n. A brush for smooth- 
ing the hair. 

Hair'-€L,6th, n. Stuff made of hair. 

Uair'-dress'er, n. One who dress- 
es or cuts hair. 

Hair'i-ness, n. State of abounding, 
or being covered, with hair. 

Hair'-pin, n. A pin used in dressing 
the hair. 

HAir'-sprIng, n. A fine wire in a 
watch, which gives motion to the 
balance-wheel. [in writing. 

Hair'-stroke, n. A delicate stroke 

Hair'y, a. Made of, covered with, or 
resembling hair. 

Hake, n. A sea-fish of the cod family. 

Hal'berd (hoKberd), n. [M. H. Ger. 
helmbart, helmbarte, i. e., an ax to 
split a helmet, fr. barte, a broad ax, 
and helm, helmet.] A pole having a 
steel pointed head, and a steel cross- 
piece, with a cutting edge. 

Hal'cy-on (hal'si-on), n. [Gr clAkv- 
uv , a\Kvu>v .] The kingfisher. — a. 1. 
Pertaining to the halcyon, which 
was said to lay her eggs in nests near 
the sea during cairn weather. 2. 
Hence, calm ; quiet ; undisturbed. 

Hale, a. [A.-S. hal. See Whole.] 
Sound ; healthy ; robust. 

Hale, or Hale, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[See HAUL*'.] To drag ; to haul. 

Half (haf, 169). n. [A.-S. healf, half] 
One of two equal parts of a thing. — 
a. Consisting of half. — adv. In an 
equal part or degree. 

Half'-anu-half' (haf'-and-haf, 
128), n. A mixture of beer or por- 
ter and ale. 

Half'-bind'ing (haf 7 -), n. Book- 
binding in which the bac'<s and cor- 
ners are in leather, and the sides in 
paper or cloth. 

Half'-breed (haf-), n. A person 
who is half-blooded; especially , the 
offspring of Indians and whites. 

Half'-broth'er (haf-), n. A broth- 
er bv one parent only. 

Half'-heart'ed (haf-), a. Want- 
ing in true affection. 

Half'pay (haf/pa), n. Diminished or 
reduced pay . 

HALF'-PEN-NY (hafpen-nj', hup/pen- 
nf, or ha/pen-ny, 152), n. An En- 
glish coin of the value of half a 
penny. 

H'alf'-sis'TER (haf-), n. A sister by 
one parent only. 

Half'-way (haf'wa), adv. In the 
middle; at half the distance. — a. 
Equally distant from the extremes. 

Half'-wit/ted (haf-), a. Silly; 
foolish. [sea-fish. 

Hal'I-but (hol'I-but), n. A large fiat 

HALL, n. [A.-S. heal, heall\ Gr. o.vkr\, 
palace.] 1. A large covered edifice 
or a room for public or private pur- 
poses. 2. A passage-way at the en- 
trance. 3. A manor-house. 4. A 
college in an English university. 

HXl/le-lu'iah ) (-lfl/ya), n. & in- 

HXl/le-lu'jah f terj. [See Alle- 
LUIAH.) Praise ye Jehovah. 



IlAL-LO"b', v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
call by name, or by the word halloo. 
— v. t. 1. To encourage with shouts. 
2. To chase with shouts. 3. To call 
or shout to. — n. A shout ; a call. 

— interj. Ho, there ! — an exclama- 
tion to excite attention. 

HiL'LOW,?'.;. [-EDJ-ING.] [A.-S. 
halgian,haligan, fr. halig, holy.] Ta 
make_holy ; to consecrate. 

Hal'low-mas (146). n. Feast of 
All Souls, All Saints^ or All Hallows. 

HAL-Lfj/Cl-NA'TION, n. [Lat. hallu- 
cinatio, fr. hallucinari , to wander in 
mind.] 1. Error; delusion. 2. An 
illusion of sensible perception. 

HA'LO, n. ; pi. ha'los. [Gr. aAw?, 
lit., a circular threshing-floor.] A 
circle of light, especially a circle 
round the sun or moon. 

Ha'loid, a. [Gr. aAs, aAos, salt, and 
eifios, form.] Resembling a salt; — 
applied to binary compounds. 

Hals'er (haws/er), n. [Ger. halse, a 
collar of hounds, halser, from hals, 
neck.] A hawser. See Hawser. 

Halt, r. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 

healtian, to limp.] 1. To stop in 

| walking or marching. 2. To limp. 

— v. t. To cause to cease march- 
ing. — a. Halting in walking : lame. 

— n. 1. A stop in marching ; a stop- 
ping. 2. Limping ; lameness. 

IIalt'er, n. 1. One who halts or 
limps. 2. [A.-S. halfter.] A strap 
and head-stall for a horse. 3. A rope 
for hanging malefactors. — v. t- 
[-ED ; -ING.] To put a halter on. 

Halve (hav), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[From half] To divide into two 
equal parts. 

IlAL'YARD, n. [From hale, or haul t 
and yard.] A rope or tackle for hoist- 
ing or lowering yards or sails. 

Ham, n. [A.-S. ham, fr. 0. H. Ger. 
ham, crooked.] 1. Inner or hind 
part of the knee. 2. Thigh of a hog 
salted and smoked. 

Ham/a-dry/_ad, n. ; Lat.pl. ham'a- 
DRY'A-DEg. [Gr. 'AjuaSpvas, from 
oi/aa, together, and Spv<;, oak, tree.] 
A wood-nymph, feigned to live and 
die with a particular tree. 

IIAMES, n. [Allied to 0. II. G<-r. ham, 
crooked.] The curved pieces by m hich 
the traces of a horse are attached to 
the collar. 

Ham/let, n. [A.-S. ham, home, and 
let, a dim. termination.] A little 
cluster of houses in the country ; a 
small village. 

IlAM'MER, n. [A.-S. hamer.] 1. An 
instrument for driving nails, &c. 2. 
Something which resembles a ham- 
mer. — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To 
beat or fashion -with a hammer. 2. 
To contrive by intellectual labor. 

HAM'MER-€LOTH, n. The cloth 
which covers a coach-box ; — prob- 
ably so called from the old practice 
of carrying a hammer, nails, &c , in 
a pocket hid by this cloth. 

Ham'mer-hard'en, v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] To harden, as a metal, by 
hammering in the cold state. 



I, £, I, 5, u, % long; 1,^,1,6, 0, y, short; cAre, far, ask, all, what; ere, vgiL, t£jcm; pique, fIrm ; son, 



HAMMOCK 



195 



HARDY 




HXm'mock, n. 
[Of Indian or- 
igin.] A kind 
of hanging 
bed. 

HAM'PER, n. 1. Hammock. 

[Contr. from hanaper, a basket.] A 
large basket for conveying things to 
market, &c. 2. [Of. Icel. kuapr, 
hemp.] A fetter. — v. t. [ED ; -ING.] 

1. To put in a hamper. 2. To put a 
hamper on ; to shackle ; to embarrass. 

Ham'STRING, ii. One of the tendons 
of the ham.— v. t. [hamstrung, 
or hamstringed; hamstring- 
ing.] To disable by cutting the 
tendons of the ham. 

Hand, n. [A.-S. hand, hand.] 1. 
Outer extremity of the human arm. 

2. That which resembles a human 
hand, esp., the pointer of a dial. 3. 
A measure of four inches. 4. Slide; 
part. 5. Actual performance; hence, 
manner of performance. 6. An agent 
or servant. 7. Penmanship. 8. pi. 
Possession ; ownership. 9. Agency 
in transmission. — v.t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To give or tr n^mit with the hand. 

Hand'-BAR'row, n. A vehicle or 
frame borne by the hands of men. 

Hand'bill, n. A loose printed ad- 
vertisement for circulation. 

HXnd'-book, 11. A small book of 
reference ; a manual. 

Hand'-breadth, n. A space equal 
to the breadth of the hand. 

IIand'guff, ii. A fastening for the 
wrists; a manacle. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To put handcuffs on; to 
manacle. 

Hand'ful (155), ii. 1. As much as 
the hand will hold. 2. A small 
quantity or number. [gallop. 

HXnd'-gXl/LOP, n. A slow and easy 

Hand'I-graft, n. Manual occupa- 
tion, [ner. 

Hand'i-ly, adv. In a handy man- 

IlAND'l-NESS, n. Quality of being 
hand v. [by the hands. 

Hand'i-WORK (-wGrk), n. Work done 

Hand'ker-chTef (h.lnk'er-), n. 1. 
A cloth to wipe the face, &c. 2. A 
neckcloth. 

Hand'le, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Prom 
hand.} 1. To touch. 2. To manage 
or wield. 3. To deal with ; to prac- 
tice. 4. To treat. — n. Part of a 
vessel or instrument which is held 
in the hand when used. 

Hand'MAID, I 11. A female servant 

Hand-'maid-en, ) or attendant. 

Hand'-or'gan, 11. A portable organ 
played by turning a crank. 

Hand'saw, n. A saw to be used 
with the hand. 

Hand'sel, n. [A.-S. hand selen, hand - 
sylen, a giving into hands.] A sale, 
gift or delivery which is the first of a 
series. 

Hand'some (han'sum), a. [-er ; 
-est.] [From hand, and theterm. 
some.] 1. Having a pleasing appear- 
ance ; comely. 2. Becoming: ap- 
propriate. 3. Liberal ; generous ; 
ample. 



IIXnd'some-ly (han'sum-), atft\ In 

a handsome manner. 
Hand'sfike. n. A bar, used with the 

hand as a lever. 
HAND'WRiT-lNG(-rIt-ing),n. 1. Form 

of writing peculiar to each hand or 

person. 2. Manuscript. 
HAND'vy a. [-ER; -est, 142.] 1. 

Skillful in using the hand ; dexterous. 

2. Heady to the baud ; convenient. 
Hang, v. t. [hanged, or hung ; 

HANGING.] [A.-S. hangan, hangi- 
an.] 1. To suspend. 2. To putTto 
death by suspending. 3. To deco- 
rate with hanging pictures, trophies, 
&c. 4. To droop. — v.t. 1. To be 
suspended ; to dangle. 2. To depend. 

3. To hover; to impend. — n. Con- 
nection; arrangement; plan. 

Hang'dog, n. A base man, fit only 
to be the hangman of dogs. 

IlANG'ER, n. A short, broad sword, 
curved toward the point. 

IIang'er-on, n. One who hangs on 
a person or place ; a dependent. 

IlANG'ING,n. 1. Death by suspension. 
2. pi. Lining or drapery for a room. 

Hang'man (150), ii. A public execu- 
tioner. 

Hank, n. [Iccl. hanki, cord.] Two 
or more skeins of yarn or thread tied 
together. 

IlANK'ER, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Allied 
to hunger.] To desire vehemently. 

Hap, n. [Icel. hupp.] That which 
happens unexpectedly ; chance ; for- 
tune ; lot. — v. i. To happen ; to be- 
fall. 

Hap'-haz'ard, n. [See Hazard.] 
Extra hazard ; accident. 

IIap'less, a. Without hap or luck; 
unfortunate ; unlucky. 

Hap'-LY, adv. By hap or chance; 
perhaps. 

IIap'pen (hap/pn), v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 

1. To come by chance. 2. To take 
place ; to occur. 

IIap'PI-LY, adv. 1. By good fortune. 

2. In a happy manner or state. 3. 
With address or dexterity. 

Hap'PI-ness, n. 1. The state of being 
happy. 2. Good luck; good fortune. 

3. Unstudied grace. 

Syn.— Felicity; blessedness; bliss.— 
Happiness is generic, and is applied to 
almost every kind of enjoyment except 
that of the animal appetites ; /elicit}/ is 
a more formal word, and is used more 
sparingly in the same general sense, but 
with elevated associations ; blessedness 
isapplied to the most refined enjoyment 
arising from the purest social,' benevo- 
lent, and religious affections : bliss de- 
notes still more exalted delight, and is 
applied more appropriately ro the joy 
anticipated in heaven. 

Hap'py, a. [-ER ; -est, 142.] [Eng. 
hap.] 1. Favored by hap or fortune ; 
lucky ; fortunate ; successful. 2. 
Enjoying good of any kind ; satisfied. 
3. Prosperous ; blessed. 4. Furnish- 
ing enjoyment. 5. Propitious ; fa- 
vorable. 

Ha-rangue' (-rang'), n. [From 0. H. 
Ger. hring, arena, ring.] A speech 
to a large public assembly ; declama- 
tion. 



Syx. — Speech ; oration.— Speech is 
generic: an oration is an elaborate and 
prepared speech; a harani/m i* a vehe- 
ment appeal to the passions, or a noisy, 
disputatious address. A general makeb 
a liuranyuc to his troops on the eve of 
a battle ; a demagogue harangues the 
populace on the subject of their wrongs. 

— v. ?'. [-ed; -ING.] To make a 
speech to a large assembly. — v.t. 
To address by a harangue. 

IlAR'ASS, v.t. [-ed; -ING.] [E& 
harasses, prob. fr. 0. Fr. harasse, Q 
very heavy shield.] 1. To fatigue to 
excess. 2. To weary with care or 
perplexity. 3. To annoy by repeat- 
ed and unlooked-for attacks. 

Har'bin-ger, n. [Ger. herberger, one 
who provides or gives lodging.] A 
forerunner ; a precursor. 

Har'BOR, n. [A.-S. hereberga, a mil- 
itary station, from A.-S. here, army, 
and beorgan, to shelter.] 1. A place 
of security and comfort ; a lodging. 
2. A port or haven. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To entertain as a guest. 
2. To protect, as a ship from storms. 
— v. i. To take shelter. 

Har'bor-MAS'TER, n. An officer who 
executes the regulations respecting 
harbors. 

HARD, a. [-ER ; -EST.] [A.-S. heard.] 

1. Not easily penetrated or yielding 
to pressure. 2. Difficult to under- 
stand. 3. Difficult to accomplish. 
4. Difficult to bear; severe ; oppress- 
ive. 5. Difficult to please or touch. 
6. Rough ; sour, as liquors. 

Syx.— Compact; solid; arduous; un- 
yielding. 

— adv. 1. With pressure; hence, 
diligently ; earnestly. 2. With diffi- 
culty. 3. Uneasily ; vexatiously. 4. 
Vehemently; vigorously. 5. Forci- 
bly ; violently. 

Harden (hard'n), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.J 
[Eng. hard.] 1. To make hard or 
more hard. 2. To strengthen ; to 
inure; also, to confirm, as in wick- 
edness. — v.i. 1. To become hard, 
or more hard. 2. To become con- 
firmed. _ [features. 

IIard'-fa / VOR j ED, a. Having coarse 

Hard'-fIst'ed, a. 1. Having hard 
or strong hands. 2. Covetous. 

Hard'hack, n. A very astringent 
plant. [ing. 

Hard'-heart'ed, a. Cruel ; unfeel- 

Hard'i-HOOD, n. [Eng. hardy, and 
the term, hood.] Boldness, united 
with firmness and constancy of mind. 

Hard'1-LY, adv. Boldly ; stoutly. 

Hard'i-ness, n. 1. Quality of being 
hardy. 2. Boldness ; firmness. 

Hard'LY, adv. 1. In a hard manner. 

2. Scarcely ; barely. 3. Severely. 
Hard'ness, n. Quality or state of 

being hard, in any sense of the word. 
Hard'ship, ii. That which is hard to 
Hard'-tack, n. Sea-bread. [bear. 
Hard'WARE , n. Ware made of metal. 
Hard'y, a. [-er; est, 142.] [See 

Hard.] 1. Bold ; brave ; intrepid. 

2. Impudent. 3. Firm ; compact. 

4. Inured to fatigue. 5. Able to bear 

exposure. 



OR, DQ, WOLF, TOO, TOOK.; URN, RUE , PULL ; E,I, O, silent ; q,Gr, soft; o, g, hard; Ag; exist; n. osNG; THIS. 



HARlt; 



196 



HATCH 



HIRE, n. [A -S. tia- 
ra.] A small, swift, 
timid animal, hav- 
ing a divided upper 
lip. Hare. 

IT are 'BELL, n. A plant having blue 
hell-shaped flowers. [heedless. 

Hare '-brain et>, a. Wild; giddy; 

Hare'lip, n. A lip, having a fissure 
like that of a hare. 

Ha'REM, n. [Ar. haram, anything 
forbidden or sacred.] 1. Apartments 
allotted to females in the East. 2. 
"Wives and concubines of one man. 

HaR'I-€OT (har'e-ko), n. [Fr.] 1. 
A ragout of meat and vegetables. 2. 
The kidney -bean. [RIER. 

Har'i-er,w. A harrier. See IlAR- 

IIark, v. i. [From hearken.] To lis- 
ten. [O65., except in the imper- 
ative.] 

Har'LE-QTJIN (-kin or-kwlu), n. [Prob. 
from 0. Fr. hierlekin, hellequin, gob- 
lin, elf, from 0. Ger. helle, hell.] A 
buffoon ; a merry -andrew ; a zany. 

Har'LE-quin-ad'e' (-kin- or -kwin-), 
n. Exhibitions of harlequins. 

IlAR'LOT, n. [Old Fr. harlot, herlot, 
arlot, from 0. II. Ger. harl, for karl, 
man, husband.] A prostitute ; a 
strumpet. 

Har'lot-ry, n. Prostitution. 

Harm, n. [A.-S.] Injury ; hurt ; 
damage; misfortune. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ing.] To hurt; to injure ; to dam- 
age, [rious. 

IIari\1'ful, n. Full of harm; inju- 

Harm'less, a. 1. Free from harm ; 
unhurt. 2. Free from power or dis- 
position to harm. [manner. 

Harm'LESS-LY, adv. In a harmless 

HAR-MON'IC, ) a. 1. Concordant ; 

Har-Mon'ic-AL, ) musical ; con- 
sonant. 2. Harmonious. 

IlAR-MON'I-CA, n. A small, flat, wind 
instrument of music ; — used as a toy. 

IlAR-MoN'res,.?!. sing. & pi. 1. sing. 
Doctrine or science of musical sounds. 
2. pi. Secondary tones which ac- 
company any principal, and appar- 
ently simple, tone. 

Har-mo'NI-ous, a. 1. Having the 
parts proportioned to each other ; 
symmetrical. 2. Agreeing in action 
or feeling. 3. Musically concordant ; 
symphonious. 

Har-mo'ni-oOs-LY, adv. In a har- 
monious manner. 

Har-mo'ni-um, n. A keyed instru- 
ment of music, in which the tones 
are produced by the vibration of me- 
tallic reeds. 

Har'mo-nIze, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] 1. 
To agree in action or effect. 2. To 
be in peace and friendship. — v. t. 
1. To cause to agree. 2. To ac- 
company with harmony- 

Har'MO-NY, n. [Gr. apixovCa, fr. ap- 
ixo^eiv, to fit together ] 1. Just 
adaptation of parts to each other. 2. 
Concord or agreement. 3. A work 
which brings together parallel pas- 
sages, and shows their consistency. 
4. (Mus.) A regulated succession of 
chords. 




Harp. 
Fore parts of the 



Syn. — Melody. — Harn\ony results 
from the concord of two or more musical 
strains which diiier in pitch and quali- 
ty ; the term may also be applied to 
sounds which are not musical. Melody 
denotes the pleasing alternation and va- 
riety of musical and measured sounds, 
as they succeed each other in a single 
verse or strain. "Harmonious accents 
greet my ear; " " Sing me some melodi- 
ous measure." 

IlAR'NESS, n. [W. harnais, fr. haiarn, 

iron.] 1. Iron covering or dress of 

a soldier ; also the armor of a horse. 

2. Equipments of a draught horse ; 

tackling. 3. Part of a loom. — v.t. 

[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To dress in armor. 

2. To furnish for defense. 3. To 

make ready for draught. 
Harp, n. [A.-S. 

hcarpe, allied to 

Gr. apmq, sickle.] 

A stringed instru- 
ment of music 

played with the 

fingers. — v. i. 

[-ED; -ING.] 1. 

To play on the 

harp. 2. To dwell 

tediously or mo- 
notonously. 
IlARP'ER, n. A 

player on the harp 
IIArp'INGs, n. pi. 

wales encompassing the bow of 

ship. 
Har-poon', n. [L. Lat. 

harpo, allied to Gr. apirt], 

sickle.] A spear used to 

strike and kill large fish. 

— v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 

strike with a harpoon. 
HAR-POON'ER, n. One 

who throws the harpoon. 
Harp'si-chord, n. A 

harp-shaped instrument of music. 
Har'PY (148), n. [Lat. harpy ia, Gr. 

apirvia, fr. apnetv, to snatch.] 1. A 

fabulous winged monster, ravenous 

and filthy. 2. An extortioner ; a 

plunderer. 
Har'RI-ER, n. [From hare.] 1. A 

kind of hound for hunting hares. 2. 

[From harry.] A European buzzard. 
IlAR'ROW,?t. [A.-S. herewe.] Aniron- 

toothed instrument to level and pre- 
pare plowed land. — v.t. [-ed; 

-ING.] [A.-S. hyrwian, herewian, to 

vex, afflict.] 1. To draw a harrow 

over for breaking clods and leveling 

the surface. 2. To torment ; to 

harars. 
Har'ry, v. t. [-ED; -ING, 142.] 

[A.-S. herian, to ravage, plunder, fr. 

here, army.] 1. To strip ; to pillage. 

2 To worry ; to harrow. 
Harsh, a. [-ER ; -est.] [Ger. harsch.] 

Rough to the touch, taste, or feeling. 
Syn . — Grating ; austere ; crabbed ; 

severe. 
Harsh'ly, adv. In a harsh manner. 
Harsh'NESS, v. Quality or state of 

being harsh. 

Syn.— See Acrimony. 
Hart, n. [A.-S. heort.] A stag ; male 

of the red deer. [male deer. 

Harts'HORN, n. Horn of the hart, or 




Harpoon. 



Spirit of hartshorn, a solution of cat*. 
Donate of ammonia. 

HA-rus'PICE, n. [Lat. haruspex.] A 
diviner ; a soothsayer. 

HAR'VEST, n. [A.-S. harefest, har- 
fist.] 1. Season of gathering a crop. 
2. That which is reaped. 3. Product 
of any labor; gain. — v.t. [-ed; 
-ING.] To gather, as corn and other 
fruits. 

IlAR'VEST-HOME,«. 1. The song 
sung by reapers at the feast mado at 
harvest time. _ 2. Time of harvest. 

Har'vesT-moon, n. The moon near 
the full at the time of harvest in 
England, or about the autumnal 
equinox, when it rises nearly at the 
same hour for several days. 

Hash, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [See Hack, 
v.] To chop into small pieces; to 
mince. — n. 1. Meat and vegetables 
minced. 2. A second preparation. 

HXs'LET, n. Inwards of a beast (espe- 
cially of a hog), used for food. 

Hasp, n. [A.-S. h'dspe or haps.] A clasp 
that passes over a staple to be fast- 
ened by a padlock, —v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To fasten with a hasp. 

Has'sock, n. [W. hesg, sedge, rushes, 
hesor, a hassock.] A mat to kneel 
on in church. 

Haste, n. [Icel. kastr.] 1. Celerity 
of voluntary motion. 2. State of 
being urged or pressed by business. 

Syn.— Speed; quickness; nimble- 
ness ; swiftness ; expedition ; dispatch : 
hurry ; precipitance ; vehemence ; pre- 
cipitation.— Haste denotes quickness of 
action and a strong desire for getting on ; 
hurry includes a confusion and want of 
collected thought not implied in haste; 
speed denotes the actual progress which 
is made; dispatch, the promptitude and 
rapidity with which thinsrs are done. A. 
man may properly be in haste, but never 
in a hurry. Speed usually secures dis- 
patch. 

HASTE, lc.f. [-ED; -ING,] 

HAS'T.EN (has'n), ) To drive or urge 
forward ; to expedite ; to hurry. — 
v. i. To move with celerity ; to be 
quick. 

Hast'i-ly, adv. 1. In haste. 2. Rash- 
ly. 3. Passionately ; impatiently. 

Hast'I-ness, n. Quality of being 
hasty ; haste ; rashness ; irritability. 

Hast'y, a. [-ER ; -EST, 142.] [See 
Haste.] 1. Quick; speedy. 2. 
Eager; rash. 3. Caused by, or in- 
dicating, passion. 

Hast'y-pud'ding, n. A pudding 
made of Indian meal stirred into 
boiling water ; mush. [Amer.] 

Hat, n. [A.-S. hat. Cf. Hood.] A 
covering for the head. 

HXtch, v. t. [-ed; ing.] [Ger. 
hecken.] 1. To produce from eggs. 
2. To contrive or plot. — v. i. 1. To 
produce young. 2. [Fr. hacher, to 
chop, hack.] To cross with lines in a 
peculiar manner in drawing and en- 
graving. — n. 1. A brood. 2. Ex- 
clusion from the egg. 3. [Cf.HEDGE.] 
The opening in a ship's deck; the 
frame of cross-bars laid over it ; the 
cover of an opening in a deck or 
floor, or into a cellar. 



J5., E, T, o,u, Y,long; A, £,i, 5,0, ¥, short; cAre, far, 



all, what; ere, v^il, term ; p'ique, fIrm; s6w, 



HATCHEL 



197 



HEALTHILY 



HXTCH'EL, n. [Ger. hechel.] An in- 
strument with long teeth for cleans- 
ing flax or hemp. — v.t. [-ED,-ING; 
or -LED, -LING, 137.] To draw 
through the teeth of a hatchel. 

Hatch'et, re. [Fr. hachelte, dim. of 
hache. Sec HASH.] A small ax with 
a short handle. 

Hatch'ment, re. [Corrupted from 
achievement.] A frame bearing the 
escutcheon of a dead person. 

UAtcii'way, re. An opening in a 
deck or floor. 

Hate. v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [A.-S. 
kalian.] To have a great aversion 
to ; to dislike. 

Syx. — To abhor; detest; loathe.— 
Hate is generic; to loathe is to regard 
with deep disgust; to a, hor i> to eon- 
template with horror; to detest is to re- 
ject utterly. 

— re. Extreme dislike or aversion; 
hatred. 

flATE'FyL, a. 1. Manifesting hate. 
2. Exciting or deserving great dis- 
like. 

Syx. — Odious; detestable; execrable; 
abhorrent; repugnant. 

Ha'tred, n. Very great dislike or 
aversion. 

Hat'ter, n. One who makes or sells 
hats. 

Haugh'ti-ly (haw'tl-ly), adv. In a 
haughty manner. 

Haugh'ti-ness (haw'-), n. Quality 
of being haughty. 

Syx. — Arrogance ; disdain. — Haugh- 
tiness denotes the expression of conscious 
and proud superiority ; arrogance is a 
disposition to claim for one's self more 
than is justly due, and enforce it to the 
Utmost: disdain is the exact reverse of 
condescension toward inferiors, since it 
expresses and desires others to feel how 
far below ourselves we consider them. 
A person is haughtg in disposition and 
demeanor: arrogant in his claims of 
homage and deference; disdainful even i 
in accepting the deferences which his 
haughtiness leads him arrogantly to ex- j 
act. 

dAUGH'TY (haw'tv),a. [-ER; -EST, 
142.] [0. Eng. haught, haultr, from | 
Lat. altus. high.] 1. Lofty. 2. Proud 
and contemptuous. 

Syx. — Disdainful ; arrogant ; scorn- 
ful ; imperious. 

Haul, v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Icel. hala.] 
To pull with force; to drag. — v.i. ; 
To sail with changed course. — re. 1. 
A pulling with force. 2. That which j 
is taken at once, as by hauling a net. 

HAULM (hawm), n. [A.-S. halm, allied I 
to Gr. KaAafios, reed.] Stem or stalk j 
of grain. 

Haunch (hanch), n. [Fr. hanche.] 
The hip : part of the body between 
the last ribs and the thigh. 

Haunt, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Fr. hanter, 
fr. A.-S. hentan, to pursue.] 1. To 
frequent ; also, to visit pertinacious- 
ly. 2. To visit as a ghost. — v. i. \ 
To persist in visiting. — re. A place 
to which one frequently resorts. 

HAUT'BOY (ho'bov), re. '[Fr. hautbois, I 
i. e., high wood, on account of its j 
high tone.] A wind instrument of ' 
music, similar to the clarionet. 




Haversack. 
t. To de- 

1. A hedge. 



Hauteur (o-tQr'), n. [Fr.] Haughti- 
ness ; pride. 
Have (tuiv). v. t. [had.] [A.-S. hab- 

ban, hubban.] 1. To own ; to hold ; 

to possess. 2. To regard or esteem. 

3. To obtain ; hence, to beget or 

bear. 4. To cause to be ; to effect. 

5- To cau>e or force to go. 6. To 

take or hold one's self. 7. To be 

under necessity. 
IIa'Y£\. n. [A.-S. ha/en.] 1. A 

harbor ; a port. 2. A shelter ; an 

asylum. 
Hav'er-sack, re. [Ger. 

habersack, sack for oats, 

haber, hafer, Vrav. Eng. 

haver, oats.] A bag or 

case, in which a soldier 

carries his rations. 
IIav'OC, re. [A.-S. hafoc, 

hawk, being a cruel and 

rapacious bird.] Wide 

and general destruc- 
tion ; devastation. — v 

stroy ; to lay waste. 
Haw, n. [A.-S. haga.] 

2. Berry and seed of the hawthorn. 

3. An hesitation of speech. — v. i. 1. 
[Cf. ha, interj.] To speak with hesi- 
tation. 2. [-ed; -ing.] [Perh. con- 
nected with here, hither.] To turn 
toward the driver ; — said of cattle. 

Haw'-haw, n. [Duplication of han-, 
a hedge.] A fence or bank sunk 
between slopes, so that it is not per- 
ceived till approached. 

IIawk.h. 1. [A.-S. hafoc, Icel. haukr.] 
A bird resembling the falcons. 2. An 
effort to force up phlegm from the 
throat, accompanied with noi.se. — 
v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To catch birds 
by means of trained hawks. 2. To 
strike or pounce likea hawk. 3. [W. 
hochi.] To make an audible effort to 
force up phlegm. — v. t. 1. To raise 
by hawking, as phlegm. 2. [Ger. 
/token, to higgle, to retail, fr. hocken, 
hucken, to take upon the back.] To 
sell by outcry. 

Havvk'er, n. 1. One who hawks: a 
peddler. 2. A falconer. [cable. 

Haws'ER, n. [See IlALSER.] Asmall 

Hawthorn, re. A shrub having a 
iruit called haw. It is much used 
fdr hedges. 

Hay, n. [A.-S. heg, fr. heavan, to cut.] 
Grass cut and dried for fodder. — v. 
V. To dry grass for preservation. 

Hay-gock, n. A conical pile of hay, 
in the field. 

Haz'ard, n. [At. seha 
with the article al.] 1. 
cident ; casualty. 2. 
risk. 

Syx.— See Daxger. 
— v.t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To expose 
to chance. 2. To venture to incur. 

Syx. — To pdventure ; risk ; jeopard ; 
peril; endanger. 

Haz'ard-ous, a. Exposed to hazard. 
Syx. — Perilous : dangerous ; advent- 
urous; precarious; risky; uncertain. 

Haze, n. [Armor, acz. warm vapor, 
zephyr.] A slight lack of transpar- 
ency in the air. 



, sar, a die, 
Chance; ac- 
peril; 



Ha'Zel (hi'zl), re. [A.-S hasl, hdseD 
A shrub bearing a nut ; the filbert. 

— a. Of a light brown color, like the 
hazel-nut. 

IlA'ZI-NESS, n. State of being hazy. 

llA'zv,a. Thick with haze. 

He, pron. [A.-S.] 1. The man or 
male person named before. 2. Any 
man; any male person. 

HEAD, n. [A.-S. hedfud, heafd.] L 
Foremost or uppermost part of the 
body. 2. Uppermost, foremost, larg- 
est, or most important part of an in- 
animate object. 3. The lender. 4. 
The brain ; understanding. 5. Source, 
fountain, spring, or beginning, as of 
a stream or river. 6. A separate 
topic. 7. Strength ; force ; height. 

— v. t. [-ED: -ing.] 1. To lead; to 
direct. 2. To furnish with a head. 
3. To get in front of, so as to stop. 

— v. i. 1. To originate. 2. To go or 
tend._ 3. To form a head. 

IlEAD'ACHE (-ak), re. Pain in the head- 

IlEAD'-DRESS (1U9), n. Ornamental 
coveringworn on the head. 

Head'-gear, n. Covering or orna- 
ment of the head. 

HEad'ING, n. 1. That which stands 
at the head ; title. 2. Material for 
the heads of casks. 

Head'land, n. A promontory. 

Head'less, a. Having no head. 

Head'long. adv. 1. With the head 
foremost. 2. Rashly : precipitately. 
3. Hastily. — a. 1. Rash; precipi- 
tate. 2. Steep : precipitous. 

Head'-MAN (150), n. A chief ; leader. 

HEAD'QUAR/TERg, re. pi. or 'sing. 
Place of residence of any chief officer. 

IIead'stall, n. Part of a bridle en- 
compassing the head. 

Head'-stone, n. 1. Principal stone 
in a foundation ; corner-stone. 2. 
Stone at the head of a grave. 

IIead'strong, a. 1. Not easily re- 
strained. 2. Proceeding from obsti- 
nacy. 

Syx.— Violent; obstinate; ungovern- 
able; untractable; stubborn. 

IIIiad'may, n. Progress made by a 
ship in motion ; hence, progress or 
success of any kind. 

HfiAD'-WIND, re. A wind that blows 
in a direction opposite to the ship's 
course. 

HEAD'Y, a. [See HEAD.] 1. Will- 
ful; rash; hasty. 2. Apt to affect 
the head ; intoxicating. 

Heal. v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. h'dlan, 
fr. hal, hale, sound.] 1. To cure ; to 
restore to health or soundness. 2. 
To reconcile. — v. i. To grow sound. 

Heal'er, re. One who heals. 

HEALTH, re. [See Hale.] 1. Stated 
being sound or whole in body, mind, 
or soul. 2. A wish of health and 
happiness. 

Healtii'ful, a. 1. Well: healthy. 
2. Serving to promote health : whole- 
some ; salubrious. 3. Indicating 
health. [healthful. 

HEalth'ful-ness, re. State of being 

HEalth'i-ly, adv. In a healthy 
manner. 



I 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TQOK; UEN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, o, silent ; c,6,sq/i; €,ti,hard; Ag ; EXIST; N. <WNG. THIS. 



HEALTHINESS 



198 



HIGHT 



Health'i-ness, n. State of being 
healthy. 

HEALTH'Y, a. [-ER ; -EST, 142.] 1. 
Being in a state of health. 2. Con- 
ducive to health. 

Stx. — Vigorous; sound; hale) salu- 
brious; healthful; 'wholesome. 

HEAP, n. [A.-S. heap.] A pile or 
mass. — v.t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To 
throw or lay in a heap ; to pile. 2. 

- To accumulate. 

Hear, v. t. [heard (herd) ; hear- 
ing.] [A.-S. her an, hy ran. Cf. EAR.] 
To perceive by the ear. — v. i. 1. To 
have the sense of perceiving sound. 

2. To listen. 3. To be told, [ditor. 
HEAR'ER, n. One who hears ; an au- 
HEAR'ING, n. 1. Sense by which 

sound is perceived. 2. Audience. 

3. A judicial listening to facts and 
evidence. 4. Extent within which 
sound may be heard. 

Hearic/jen, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
hercnian. See HEAR.] To listen ; 
to giveheed. 

HEAR'sAY, n. Report; rumor. 

Hearse (14), n. [0. H. Ger. hirz.] A 
carriage tor conveying the dead. 

Heart, n. [A.-S. heorte, allied to Gr. 
KapSia, Skr. hrid.] 1. Organ that 
serves to keep up the circulation of 
the blood. 2. Seat of the affections 
or sensibilities, or of moral life and 
character. 3. The chief or vital por- 
tion. 4. Courage ; spirit. 5. That 
which resembles a heart in shape. 

Heart'-aghe (hart'ak),*!. Sorrow; 
anguish ofniind. 

Heart'-brok^n, a. Deeply grieved. 

Heart'-BURN, n. A burning sensa- 
tion in the stomach. 

Hearth (harth, 5), n [A.-S. heordh.] 

1. Floor of a fire-place. 2. A house, 
as the abode of comfort and hospi- 
tality. 

Hearth'-stone, n. Stone forming 

the hearth ; fire-side. 
Hea.rt'1-ly, adv. From the heart ; 

zealously ; freely ; largely. [ness. 

Heart'I-ness, n. Sincerity; earnert- 
Heart'less, a. 1. Without a heart. 

2. Unsympathetic ; cruel. 
HEART'LESs-LY,ar7t'. Without cour- 
age, spirit, or affection. 

Heart'less-ness, n. State of be- 
ing heartless. [heart. 

Heart'-rend-ing, a. Breaking the 

Heart's'-ease, n. 1. Peace of mind. 
2. A species of violet ; — calied also 
pansy. 

Heart'-sick, a. Sick at heart ; de- 
pressed ; low-spirited. 

Heart'-string, n. A nerve or ten- 
don, supposed to brace the heart. 

Heart'y, a. [-er : -est. 142.] 1. 
Proceeding from the heart. 2. Ex- 
hibiting strength ; sound ; firm. 3. 
Promoting strength ; nourishing. 
Syn. — Sincere; cordial. 

HfiAT, n. [A.-S. hate.] 1. Caloric; 
agent, or principle on which depends 
the state of bodies as solid, fluid, or 
aeriform. 2. Sensation caused by 
caloric, when in excess. 3. A single 
effort, as in a race. 4. Rage ; vehe- 



mence. 5. Animation ; ardor. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To make hot ; to com- 
municate heat to. — v. i. To grow 
warm or hot. [heats. 

Heat'ER, n. One who, or that which, 
Heath, n. [A.-S. hddh.] 1. A piant, 
bearing beautiful flowers. 2. A 
place overgrown with heath. 
Hea'thjen (he'trm, 58), n. [From 
heath, i. e., one who lives in the 
country or on the heaths.] A pagan; 
an idolater ; an irreligious person. 

— a. Gentile; pagan. 
Hea'then-dom, n. 1. Part of the 

world where heathenism prevails. 2. 
Heathen nations collectively. 

IlEA'TH£N-lSH, a. 1. Pertaining to 
the heathen. 2. Rude ; savage ; 
cruei. [ism. 

He a'thjen-Ism, n. Idolatry ; pagen- 

IIEATH'ER (iieth'er), n. [See HEATH.] 
Heath. [Scot.] 

IlEATH'Y, a. Abounding with heath. 

HEAVE, v.t. [HEAVED, or HOVE; 
HEAVING.] [A.-S. kfbban, he fan.] 
1. To lift ; to raise ; to elevate. 2. To 
throw ; to cast. 3. To force from or 
into any position. 4. To raise or 
force from the breast. — v. i. 1. To 
be raised. 2. To rise and fall with 
alternate motions ; to swell ; to ex- 
pand ; to pant. 3. To try to vomit. 

— n. 1. An upward motion: swell 
or distension. 2. An effort to raise 
up something. 3. pi. A disease of 
horses characterized by difficult 
breathing. 

Heav'ot (hev'n, 58), n. [A.-S. heof- 
on, heben, prob. fr. he fan, Iiebban, to 
heave.] 1. The sky ; the atmosphere ; 

— often in the pi. 2. The dwelling- 
place cf God and of the blessed. 3. 
Supreme happiness ; bliss. 

Heav'JSN-ly (h&Vn-ly), a. 1. Per- 
taining to, or resembling, heaven ; 
celestial. 2. Perfect ; supremely 
blessed. 

Heaves, n. pi. See Heave, n. 4. 

HEAv'I-LY, adv. With great weight ; 
with difficulty. [being heavy. 

HEAV'i-ness, n. State or quality of 

HEAVY, a. [-ER ; -EST, 142.] [A.-S. 
he fig, hafig. See Heave.] 1. 
Weighty ; ponderous ; bulky ; diffi- 
cult to move. 2. Burdensome ; 'op- 
pressive. 3. Incumbered; burdened. 
4. Slow ; sluggish ; lifeless ; dull ; 
stupid. 5. Violent; forcible. 6. 
Clammy ; solid. 7. Dark with clouds. 

IlEB-DOM'A-DAL, ) a. [Gr. c/36*o/ads, 

IIeb-d6m'a-DA-RY, | seven; seven 
days.] Weekly; occurring every 
seven days. 

HEE'E-TATE,r.«. [-ED;-ING.] To 
dull; to blunt. 

Heb'e-ta'tion, n. Act of making 
bluntor dull. [Hebrews. 

HE-BRA're, a. Pertaining to the 

He'BRA-'i'sm. n. A Hebrew idiom. 

IlE'BRA-lST (44), n. One versed in 
the Hebrew language. 

He'bra-ist'ig, a. Pertaining to, or 
resembling, Hebrew. 

He'BREW (-brii), n. [Ileb. ibrlu, i. c., 
coming from 1 e;ond the Euphrates.] 




Hedgehog. 
A row of shrubs, 



1. An Israelite ; a Jew. 2. The 
language of the Jews. — a. Pertain- 
ing to the Hebrews. 

HEC'A-TOMB (-to'om), n. [Gr. e*ea- 
to/a/Stj, fr. e/caroV, hundred, and /Sous, 
ox.] A sacrifice of a hundred oxen 
or beasts ; hence, any large number 
of victims. 

Heg'tic, a. [Gr. cktikos, habitual, 
consumptive.] 1. Habitual ; corn, 
stant. 2. Affected with hectic fever. 

— n. The fever of irritation and de- 
bility. 

Heo'tor, n. [From Hector, a brave 
Trojan warrior.] A bully ; a bluster- 
ing fellow ; hence, one who teases. 

— v.t. [-ED; -ing.] Tobully;to 
bluster ; to tease ; to vex. 

Hedge, n. [A.-S. hege, hegge,haga.] 
A thicket of bushes; esp., such a 
thicket planted as a fence. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. To inclose with a 
hedge. 2. To protect; to hem in. 

— v.i. 1. To skulk. 2. To bet on 
both sides. 

HEDGE'HOG, 71. 
A small animal 
having the hair 
on the upper 
part of its body 
mixed with 
prickles or 
spines. 

Hedge'-row, n. 

or trees, planted as a hedge. 

HEED,r.'«. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
hedan.] To mind; to take notice 
of; to observe. — n. Attention; no- 
tice ; observation . 

Heed'ful, a. Cautious; circum- 
spect ; attentive. 

Heed'FUL-EY, adv. Attentively. 

Heed'ful-ness, n. State of being 
heedful. [less. 

Heed'less, a. Without heed ; care- 

IiEED'LESS-LY, adv. Carelessly. 

Heed'less-ness, n. Inattention; 
carelessness. 

Heel, k. [A.-S. hel.] 1. Hinder part 
of the foot, or of a covering for it. 

2. Latter or remaining part. 3. 
Something resembling a human heel. 

— v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To us« 
the heels in. 2. To add a heel to. 

— v. i. To lean, as a ship. 
IlEEL'-TAP, v. t. To add a piece of 

leather to the heel of, as of a shoe. 
Heft, n. [From Eng. heave.] Weight. 

— v.t. [-ED ; -ING ] 1. To lift. 
2. To try the weight of by raising. 

He-gi'ra, or Heg'i-ra, n. [At. 
hidjrah, departure.] The flight of 
Mohammed from Mecca, July 16, A. 
D. 622; — from which date time is 
reckoned by the Mohammedans; 
hence, any flight. 

IIEIF'ER, 11. [A.-S. heahfore.] A 
young cow. 

HEIGH'-HO (hi'ho), interj. An ex- 
clamation of surprise or weariness. 

Height ) (hTt) n. [A.-S. heahdho, 

HIGHT j headho, from hedh, hea, 
high.] 1. Elevated position. 2. 
Measure of the distance to which any 
thing rises ; altitude. 3. An emb 



A, E, I, 0,U, Y,long; A,E,I, 6, U, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, AVHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM; SON. 



HEIGHTEN 



199 



HERD 



nence. 4. Elevation of any kind. 5. 
Utmost degree. 

Heighten I (hlt'n), v. t. [-ed ; 

I1Ight'.en j -ING.] 1. To raise 
higher. 2. To increase ; to Intensi- 
fy. 3. To set otf to advantage. 

HeVnoCs (hi/nus), a. [Fr. haineux, 
fr. haine, hatred.] Hateful; hence, 
great : enormous. 

HEIR (fir), ». [Lat. hxres.] One who 
inherits any property. 

Heir apparent, one whose right to an 
estate is indefeasible if he survives the 
person in possession. — Heir preswnjj- 
tire, one who, if the person in possession 
of an estate should die immediately, 
would be Ids heir. 

Heir'ess ( ar'es), n. A female heir. 

HEIR'LOOM (Qr'lJbm), n. [Eng. heir, 
and A -S. loma, household stuff.] 
Any piece of personal property , which 
descends to the heir. 

Heir'ship (ar'ship), n. State, char- 
acter, or privileges of an heir. 

HELD, imp. & p. p. of Hold. 

He'li-a€, 1 a. [Gr. ^Aicucos. from 

HE-LI'A€-AL, J tjAios, sun.] Rising 
or setting at the same time as the 
sun. [spiral. 

Hel'I-CAL, a. Having a spiral form ; 

He'li-o-cen'trio, la. [Gr. -qAt- 

He'LI-O-CEN'TRIO-AL ( os, sun, and 
icevrpov,' center.] Appearing to be 
seen from the sun's center. 

He'li-og'ra-phy, n. [Gr. ^jAios, the 
gun, and ypa^eii/, to write.] The art 
of taking pictures on any prepared 
material by means of the sun and a 
camera obscura ; photography. 

He'LI-ol'a-TRY, n. [Gr. rjAios, sun, 
and AaTpet'a, worship.] AVorship of 
the sun. 

He'LI-O-TROPE, n. [Gr. ^AioTpon-ioi/ ; 
fjAio?, sun, and rpeVetv, to turn.] A 
plant with very fragrant flowers. 

He'li-o-type, n. [Gr. rjAio?, the 
sun, and tv-os, an impression.] A 
picture printed from a gelatine 
plate produced by means of a pho- 
tographic negative. 

HE'lix, ».; pi. hel'i-ces. [Gr. 
e'Ai£, twisted, spiral.] 1. A spiral 
hne, as of wire in a coil. 2. A little 
volute in the Corinthian capital. 

Hell, n. [A.-S. hell, from helan, to 
conceal ] 1. The grave. 2. Place or 
state of punishment for the wicked 
after death. 3. A gambling-house. 

HEL'LE-EORE, n. [Gr. eAAe'/3opo?.] 
A plant med in medicine. 

HEL-LE.Vie. or IlEL-LE'.\I€, a. Per- 
taining to Greece ; Greek ; Grecian. 

nEL'LE.v-is.M, n. A Greek idiom. 

HEl'lex-ist, n. A dew who spoke 
Greek ; one skilled in Greek. 

IIELL'-UOUND. n. An agent of hell. 

HEll'ish, a. Infernal ; wicked. 

Hell'ish-ness, n. Extreme wicked- 
ness or malignity 

HELM, n. [A.-S. kclma ] Instrument 
by which a ship is steered. — v. t. 
To cover with a helmet. 

HELM, In. [A.-S. helm, fr. helan, 

HELM'ET, j to hide] 1. Defensive 
armor for the head. 2. That which 
resembles in some way a helmet. 



HEL-MIX'THI€, a. [Gr. cAui^s, ?A- 
\ HivOus, worm.] Relating to. or ex- 
I pelling, worms. — n. A medicine for 

expelling worms ; a vermifuge. 
HElms'man (150), n. The man at 

the helm. 
He'lot, or.HEL'OT, n. A slave in 

ancient Sparta ; hence, a slave. 
Help. v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. hel- 
! pan.] 1. To aid ; to assist. 2. To 
I furnish with relief. 3. To remedy. 
4. To prevent. — v. i. To lend aid. 
! — n. 1. Aid; assistance. 2. Rem- 
! edy ; relief. [sistant. 

HELP'ER, n. One who helps ; an as- 
j HElp'ful, a. Furnishing help, 
j Help'less, a. Destitute of help; 
feeble ; weak. [helpless. 

Help'less-ness, n. State of being 
HElp'MATE, I n. [Meet is corrupted 
I HELP'MEET, j for mate.] An assist- 
; aut : a helper ; a wife. 
j Hel'ter-skel'ter, adv. In hurry 
I and confusion. [ Colloq.] 
Helve, n. [A.-S. hielfa, helf.] Handle 
of an ax or hatchet. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To furnish with a helve. 
HEM, n. [A.-S.] 1. Border of a gar- 
; ment, doubled and sewed. 2. A par- 
ticular sound of the voice, expressed 
by hem or Km.— v. t. [-MED ; -MING, 
! 136.] 1. To fold and sew down the 
j edge of. 2. To border ; to edge. — 

v. i. To hesitate in speaking. 
Hem'a-tite,?i. [Gr.cup.aTtT7)s, blood- 
like.] An. important ore of iron. 
HEm'I-PLE'GY. n. [Gr. 7)p.i7rA77yia.] 
! A palsy that affects one side only of 
' the body. 

' HEMISPHERE, n. [Gr. T/p.iO"(£aip<.ov, 
I from rjpu, half, and o-<£aipa, sphere.] 
1 One half of a sphere or globe. 
HEM'l-SPriER'l-e, ) a. Pertaining 
IlEMa-SPHER'IC-AL, J to a hemi- 
sphere. 
HEm'i-stioh ( stik), n. [Gr. r)fjuo~rC- 
X<-ov, fr. ^p.i, half, and em'xos, line, 
verse.] Half a poetic verse, or a 
I verse not completed. 
HEM'LOCK, n. [A.-S. hemledc] 1. 
A poisonous, umbelliferous plant. 
2. An evergreen tree. 
HEm'OR-RIIAGE. 11. [Gr. cup.oppa.yia, 
from alp.a. blood, and pr/yvuVcu, to 
burst.] A discharge of blood from 
the blood-vessels. 
Hem'or-rhoid'al, a. Pertaining to 

the hemorrhoids. 
IlEM'OR-RHOIDS, n. pi. [Gr.atp.op- 

poiSes.] The piles. 
HEmp,h. [A.-S. henep, hanep.] 1. A 
plant whose fibrous bark is used for 
cloth and cordage. 2. The bark of 
the plant, prepared for spinning. 
1IEMP'£N, a. Made of hemp. 
Hen, n. [A.-S. henn, ken, fr. hana.] 
Female of any fowl; especially, the 
domestic fowl. 
HEx'bane, n. A plant poisonous to 

domestic fowls. 
HExce, adv. [0. Eng. hennes, A.-S. 
hinnn, hence, thither.] From this 
place, time, cause, or source. 
HExce-forth', or HEnce'f5rth, 
adv. From this time forward. 



Hence-for'ward, adv. From this 
time forward. 

HExch'man (150), n. [For haunch- 
man, from following the haunch of 
his master.] A page ; a servant. 

HEN'NER-Y, n. An inclosed place for 
hens. [one's wife. 

HEN'-PECK£D(-pekt),o. Governed by 

He-pat'IO, I a. [Gr. yj-artKos, fr. 

He-pat'io-al, f finap, the liver.] 
Pertaining to the liver. 

Hep'TA-GON, n. [Gr. eVrayaji/os, fr. 
eVTa, seven, and yiovi'a, angle.] A 
plane figure consisting of seven sides 
and as many angles. 

IIep-tag'o-nal, a. Having seven 
angles and sides. [angles. 

Hep-tan'gu-LAR, a. Having seven 

IlEP'TAR€H-Y, n. [Gr. erna, seven, 
and apxri, sovereignty.] Government 
by seven persons. 

HER,7?r<m. & a. 1. Objective case of 
She . 2. Belonging to a female. 

HER'ALD, 11. [Ger. her old, from hart, 
heri, army, and n-altan, to manage.] 
1. An officer who proclaimed war or 
peace. 2. One who regulates public 
ceremonies ; also, one who records 
and blazons coats of arms. 3. A fore- 
runner ; a precursor. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To introduce, as by a herald ; 
to proclaim. 

He-ral'DI€, a. Pertaining to her- 
alds or heraldry. 

HEr'ALD-ry, 11. Art, practice, or sci- 
ence of recording genealogies, and 
blazoning arms. 

Herb (5rb,14), n. [Lat. herba.] An 
annual plant having a soft or succu' 
lent stalk. 

IlER-BA'CEOLS, a. Pertaining to 
herbs ; having the nature of a» 
herb. 

Herb'AGE (erb'ej or herb'ej, 45), n 
Herbs collectively ; grass ; pasture. 

IlERB'AL (herVal), iu 1. A book on 
plants. 2. A collection of dried 
plants; an herbarium. — a. Per- 
taining to herbs. 

HErb'al-ist (herVal-ist), n. A per- 
son skilled in plants. 

Her-ba'ri-um, n. : Eng. pi. her-ba'- 

RI-tfMS ; Lat.pl. HER-BA'RI-A. 
[L. Lat.] 1. A collection of dried 
plants. 2. A hook for preserving 
plants. 

IlER-BES'^ENT, a. [Lat. herbescens.] 
Growing into herbs. 

Her-BIF'ER-OL'S, a. [Lat. herbifer, 
fr. herba, and/errr, to bear.] Bear- 
ing herbs. 

Her-biv'o-roCs, a. [Lat. herba, 
herb, and vorare, to devour.] Eating 
herbs ; subsisting on herbs. 

Herb'o-rize (herb 7 -), v. i. [-ed; 
-ING.] To search for plants. 

HER-CU'LE-AN (124). a. [From Her- 
cules, a Grecian hero celebrated for 
his strength.] 1. Very great, difficult, 
or dangerous. 2. Of extraordinary 
strength and size. 

Herd (14), n. [A.-S. heord.] 1. A 
collection of beasts. 2. A crowd ; a 
rabble. — v.i. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
unite in a herd, as beasts. 2. To 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK.; tRN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; C.G, soft; €,a,hard; A^; EXIST; N as NG ; THIS- 



HERDMAN 



200 



HID 



i unite in a company. — v. t. To form 

or put into a herd. 
Herd'man ) (150), n. The owner 
HErds'man ( or keeper of herds. 
Herd|'-grass, n. One of several 

species of grass for hay. 
Here, adv. [A.-S. her, fr. Goth, his, 

this.] In this place or state. 
Hi.RE'A-BOUT'', ) adv. About this 
Here'a-bouts', ) place ; in this 

vicinity. [come. 

IlERE-AFT'ER, adv. In time to 
IlERE-AT', adv. At, or by reason of, 

this. 
Here-by', adv. By means of this. 
IlE-RED'I-TA-BLE, a. [L. Lat. hered- 

itabilis, from her edi tare, to inherit.] 

Capable of being inherited. 
IIer/e-dIt'a-ment, n. Any species 

of property that may be inherited. 
He-RED'i-TA-RI-ly, adv. By inher- 
itance. 
He-re d'i-ta-ry (44), a. Descended 

or descending by inheritance. 
Heke-In', adv. In this. 
IlERE-OF' (heer-ofP or heer-oV, 71), 

adv. Of this: concerning this. 
HeRE-on', adv. On this._ 
Her'e-si-argh, or He-re'si-arch, 

n. [Gr. cupeo-tapxT)?, from ai'pecri?, 
heresy, and apxos, leader.] A leader 
in heresy. 

Her'E-SY, n. [Gr. aipecris, a taking, 
a choosing.] A lack of orthodox or 
sound belief; heterodoxy. 

Her'e-tig (123), n. One who believes 
some doctrine contrary to the Chris- 
tian religion. 

Svn.— Schismatic ; sectarian. — A her- 
etic is one whose errors are doctrinal, and 
usually of a malignant character, tend- 
ing to subvert the true faith. A schismat- 
ic is one who creates a schism, or division 
in the church, on points of faith, disci- 
pline, practice, &c, usually for the s-ske 
of personal aggrandizement. A sectarian 
is one who originates or promotes a sect, 
or distinct organization, which separates 
from the main body of believers. 

IlE-RET'l€-AE, a. Containing heresy. 

Here-to', (i f /f. To this. 

Here'to-fore', adv. Formerly. 

IIere'un-TO', adv. Unto this or this 
time ; hereto. 

Here'up-6n', adv. _On this; hereon. 

Here-with', or Here -with', adv. 
With this. 

HeR/it-A-ble, a. Capable of being 
inherited ; inheritable. 

Her'it-AGE, n. That which is in- 
herited ; inheritance. 

Her-maph'ro-dite, n. [From a 
fabulous Hermaphroditic , who. when 
bathing, grew together with Salma- 
cis, a nymph, into one person.] An 
animal or plant having the charac- 
teristics of both sexes. 

HER'ME-NEU'TI€, a. [Gr. ep^vevTi- 
kos, from 'Ep/u.TJ9, Mercury.] Per- 
taining to_interpretation. 

HER'ME-NEU'TI€S, n. sinx. Science 
of interpretation, especially of the 
Scriptures. 

Her-MET'I€, ) a. [From Hermes 

HER-MET'IO-AL, ) Trismegistirs, the 
fabled inventor of alchemy.] 1. Per- 
taining to chemistry ; chemical. 2. 



Pertaining to an occult species of 
philosophy. 3. Perfectly close, so 
that no fluid can escape. 

Her-met'I€-al-ly, o(/d. In an her- 
metical manner. 

Her'mit, n. [Gr. ep-nfurn?, fr. eprjp-os, 
solitary .] A recluse ; one who lives 
in solitude from religious motives. 

Her'mit-aGe, n. Habitation of a 
hermit. 

Hern, n. The same as Heron. 

H£r'ni-a, n. [Lat, prob. from Gr. 
epyos, a young shoot.] An external 
tumor formed by a rupture. 

Her'ni-ae, a. Pertaining to hernia. 

He'ro (89, 147), n. [Gr. rjpw?.] 1. A 
mao of distinguished valor. 2. Prin- 
cipal personage in a poem, story, &c. 

He-ro'I€, a. 1. Pertaining to, or 
like, a hero. 2. Becoming a her,p. 

Si'N. — Brave ; intrepid ; courageous ; 
daring ; gallant; noble; magnanimous. 

He-RO'IC-al-LY, adv. Courageously ; 
bravely. 

IlE/RO-I-eoM'I€, ) a. Consisting 

HE'RO-i-e6ii'i€-AL, ) of the heroic 
and the ludicrous. 

Her'o-ine, h. A female hero. 

HEr'O-ISM, n. Qualities or character 
of a hero . 

Stn. — Courage ; fortitude; bravery ; 
valor; intrepidity; gallantry. -Courage 
is generic, denoting fearlessness of dan- 
ger ; fortitude is pussire courage, the 
habit of bearing vp nobly uiu'er trials, 
dangers, and sufferings ; bravery and 
valor tire courage in battle or other con- 
flicts with living opponents ; intrepidity 
la, firm courage, which shrinks not amid 
the most appalling dangers; gallantry 
is adventurous courage, dashing into the 
thickest of the fight. Iieroi.-m may call 
into exercise all these modifications of 
courage. 

IIER'ON, n. [0. H. Ger. heigir,heigro.] 
A wading bird with long legs and 
neck. [ons breed. 

Her'on-ry, n. A place where her- 

HER'PES, n. [Gr. epirrjs, from epvew, 
to creep.] An itching eruption of 
the skin in small distinct clusters. 

HER / PE-TOL'0-GY, n. [Gr. ipireTov, 
reptile, and Adyos, discourse.] Natu- 
ral history of reptiles. 

HER'RING, n. [A.-S. haring, hering.] 
A small fish. [Her. 

Hers, pron. Belonging to her. See 

IIerse (14), n. Same as Hearse, 
See FTearse. [form of She. 

Her-self', pron. An emphasized 

1Ies'i-TAN-cy, n. 1. Act of hesitat- 
ing; doubt. 2. Indecision. 

HES'l-TATE, v. i [-EDJ-ING.] [Lat. 
hsssitare, -tatvm, intens. form of hsz- 
rere, to hold fast.] 1. To be in sus- 
pense or uncertainty. 2. To stop in 
speaking. 

Stk. — To doubt; waver; scruple; de- 
liberate ; falter. 

Hes/i-ta'tion, n. 1. Doubt ; vacil- 
lation. 2. A stopping in , speech ; 
stammering. 

Hes'per, n. The evening star. 

HES-PE'RI-AN, a. [Lat. hesperius, fr. 
hesperus, the evening star, Gr. eWe- 
po?.] Western ; occidental. 

Hes'sian Fly. A small two-winged 



fly, nearly black, very destructive to 
young wheat. 

HET'ER-0-€LiTE, n. A noun irregu- 
lar or anomalous in declension. 

Het'er-o-clIt'ic, ) a. [Gr. ere- 

Het'ER-o-€LIt'I€-AL, J pokAito^ 
otherwise (('. e., irregularly) declined.] 
Irregular; anomalous; abnormal. 

Het'er-o-d6x, a. [Gr. erepoSogos, 
fr. erepos, other, and 86£a, opinion.] 
Contrary to some acknowledged 
standard , as the Bible ; not orthodox. 

Het'er-o-dox'Y, n. Heresy ; doc- 
trine contrary to the true faith. 

Het'er-o-ge'ne-ous, a. [Gr. hepo- 
yevrjs, from eVepos, other, and yeVos, 
race, kind.] Differing in kind ; dis- 
similar. 

Hew (hu),r. t. [imp. hewed; p.p. 
hewed, or HEWN.] [A.-S. heaivan.] 
1. To cut with an ax. 2. To shape 
with a sharp instrument. 3. To chop; 
to hack. 

Hex'A-gon, n. [Gr. e£- / v 

aytovo?, six-cornered ; / \ 

e£, six, and -ytoj/ia, an-/ \ 

gle.] A plane figure of \ / 

six sides and six angles. \ / 

Hex-ag'o-nal, a. Hav- 

ing six sides and six Hexagon. 
angles. 

Hex'A-he'dron, n. [Gr. e'|, six, and 
eSpa, seat, base.] A regular solid 
body of six equal faces ; a cube. 

HEX-AM'E-TER, n. [Gr. e^dp-erpoi, 
fr. eg, fix, and /u.eVpoi', measure.] A 
verse of six feet, either dactyls or 
spondees. — a. Having six metrical 
feet, especially dactyls and spondees. 

HEX-AN'GU-LAR, a. Having six an- 
gles or corners. 

Hey (ha), interj. An exclamation of 
joy or exhortation. 

Hey'day, interj. [Ger. heida, or hei 
da.] An expression of frolic and ex- 
ultation. 

Hl-I'TUS (147), n. [Lat.,fr. hi are, to 
gape.] A gap ; a chasm. 

Hi-b£r'nal, a [Lat. hibernus.] Re- 
lating to winter ; wintry. 

Hl'BER-NATE, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
pass the winter in seclusion, as some 
beasts. _ [nating. 

Hi'ber-na'tton, n. Act of hiber- 

I-Ii-ber'ni-an. a. Pertaining to Hi- 
bernia, now Ireland. — n. A native 
of Ireland. 

Hi-BER'Ni-rTsM, n. A mode of speech 
peculiar to the Irish. 

Hl€'€OUGH (hik/kup),' n. [0. Eng. 
hicket, TV. ig, igiad.] A spasmodic 
and audible inspiration ; also, the 
sound itself. — v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] 
To have a hiccough. 

II'JCK'O-RY, n. An American tree. 

Hid, 1 p.p. of Hide. 1. Concealed. 

HfD'D^N, ) 2. p. a. Not seen or 
known ; mysterious. 

Syx. — Secret; covert. — Hidden may 
denote either "known to no one," as a 
hidden disease, or "intentionally con- 
cealed," as a hidden purpose of revenge. 
A secret must be known to some one; 
as, a secret conspiracy. Covert (cov- 
ered) means not open or avowed ; as, 
a covert plan ; the word, however, is 



A,E, I, 0,fj, Y,long; A, E,l, O, fj, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, T£RM ; PIQUE, FIRM; SON, 



HIDALGO 



201 



HIRELING 



often applied to what -we mean to be 
understood without openly expressing 
it; as, a covert allusion. Secret is op- 
posed to known, and hidtlento concealed. 

Hi-DAL'GO,n. [Sp.l A nobleman of 
the lowest class . [ Spain . ] 

Hide, v. t. [imp. hid; p. p. hid, 
hidden; p.pr. & vb. n. HIDING.] 
[A.-S. hydan ; Icel. hyda, to spread 
skins over.] 1. To svithhold, or with- 
draw from sight. 2. To keep secret. — 
v. i. To lie concealed ; to keep one's 
self out of view. — n. [A.-S. hyd, al- 
lied to Lat. cutis.] 1. Skin of a beast. 

2. The human skin : — in contempt. 
HlDE'-BOUND, a. Having the skin 

stuck closely to the ribs and back. 

Hid'e-ous (77), a. [0. Fr. hidous, 
hideus, fr. Armor, hefrz, euz, horror.] 
Shocking to the eye or ear. 

Syx. — Frightful ; ghastly ; horrid ; 
dreadful; terrible. 

HId'e-ous-ly, adv. In a hideous 
manner. [hideous. 

Hid'e-ous-ness, n. State of being 

Hid'er, n. One who hides. 

Hie, v. i. [hied; hying.] [A.-S. 
higan, hiegian, to strive, make haste, 
hige, mind, thought.] To hasten. 

HI'E-RARCH, n. [Gr. lepapx*)^ ; tepos, 
sacred, and apx°s, leader.] One who 
rules in sacred things. 

Hi'e-rar^h'AL, a. Pertaining to a 
hierarch. [a hierarchy. 

Hi'E-EAR€H / I€-AL, a. Pertaining to 

Hi'E-RARCU'Y, n. 1. Authority in 
sacred things. 2. The body of per- 
sons having ecclesiastical authority. 

3. A form of government adminis- 
tered solely by the priesthood. 

HI'E-RAT'IO, a. [Gr. JepaTi/cds; iepos, 
sacred.] Consecrated to sacred uses ; 
sacerdotal ; — applied to a mode of 
ancient Egyptian writing. 
Hi'e-ro-glyph, \ n. 1. The pict- 
HPE-RO-GLYPH'ie, J ure-writing 

of the ancient Egyptian priests. 2. 
Any character having a mysterious 
significance. 
Hl'E-RO-GLYPH'I€, ) a. [Gr. te- 

Hl'E-RO-GLYPH'KJ-AL, J poyXv^iKou 
(sc. ■ypdju.u.a), an hieroglyphic char- 
acter; tepos, sacred, and y\v(peLu, to 
carve.] 1. Expressive of some mean- 
ing by characters or pictures. 2. Ob- 
scure ; enigmatical. 
HPe-ro-grXpii'io, ) a. [Gr. le- 

Hl'E-RO-GRAPH'IO-AL, I poypa<pucos.] 
Pertaining to sacred writing. 

Hl'E-ROL'O-GY, n. [Gr. Upo\oyCa ; 
iepos, sacred, and Ao-yo?, discourse.] 
Science which treats of the ancient 
writings and inscriptions of the Egyp- 
tians. 

HI'E-RO-MAN'CY,n. [Gr. lepop-avria, 
fr. tepos, sacred, and p-avreia, divina- 
tion.] Divination by observing the 
things offered in sacrifice. 

Hl-ER'O-PHANT, or Hl'E-RO-PHANT, 
n. [Gr. iepo(f>avTT)<; ; [epos, sacred, 
and (paLveiv, to show.] One who 
teaches the mysteries of relision. 

HTg'gle, v. i. [-ed: -ing.] [See 
HAGGLE.] 1. To carry provisions 
about for sale. 2. To chaffer. 



HIGH (hi), a. [-er; -est.] [A.-S. 
hea.li, hedg, hea.] 1. Elevated ; lift- 
ed up ; lofty; sublime. 2. Regarded 
as raised up or elevated ; remarka- 
ble ; sometimes equivalent to great, 
used indefinitely. 3. Possessing some 
characteristic quality in a marked 
degree. 4. Prominent; eminent; — 
used in various technical senses. 

High-mass {Rom. Cath. Church), that 
mass which is performed by a choir in a 
specially formal and solemn manner. - 
High treason, treason against the state, 
being the highest civil offense. — High 
water, the greatest elevation of the tide; 
also, the time of such elevation. — High 
wine, distilled wine ; brandy; also, pure 
alcohol. 

— adv. To a great height ; eminent- 
ly ; powerfully. — n. An elevated 
place ; superior region. 

High'-born, a. Being of noble birth. 

Higii'-church, a. Inclined to at- 
tach the highest importance to epis- 
copacy. 

Hl&H'-CHURCH'MAX, n. One who 
holds high-church principles. 

High'-FLPer, n. One who is extrav- 
agant in pretensions or manners. 

HlGH'-FLOWN,a. 1. Elevated; proud. 
2. Turgid ; extravagant. 

HlGH'LAND, n. Elevated land. 

HlGH'LAND-ER, n. An inhabitant of 
highlands ; esp. those of Scotland. 

HTgh'ly (hMy), adv. In a high man- 
ner, or to a high degree. 

HIgh'-MIND'ED, a. 1. Proud ; arro- 
gant. 2. Magnanimous. 

HlGH'NESS (hi'nes), n. 1. State of 
being high, in its various senses. 2. 
A title of honor given to princes, &c. 

HlGH'-PREss/URE (hT'presiyrr), a. 
Exceeding about fifty pounds on the 
jquare inch. 

IIlGH'-SEA / gON£D(hI'se / znd),a. En- 
riched with spices or other seasoning. 

HlGH'-SPIR'IT-ED, a. 1. Full of 
spirit ; irascible. 2. Boll ; daring. 

HTght (hit), n. The same as HEIGHT 

HlGH'WAY, n. A public road. 

Syn. — Way; road; path; course. 

HIgh'way-man (150), n. One who 
robs on the public road. 

High'-wrougtit (hl / rawt), a. 1. 
Wrought with exquisite skill. 2. In- 
flamed to a high degree. 

Hl-LA/RI-OUS (hi- or hi-), a. [Lat. hi- 
larus, Gr. lAapo?.] Mirthful ; mer- 
ry : jolly. 

Hl-LAR'I-TY (hi- or hi-), n. A pleas- 
urable excitement of the animal 
spirits. 

HlLL,n. [A.-S.] 1. An eminence less 
than a mountain. 2. Earth raised 
about the root of a plant. — v. t. 
[-E D ; -ing.] To surround with earth. 

HlLL'OCK, it. A small hill. 

HlLL'Y, a. Abounding with hills. 

HiLT, n. [A.-S.] Handle of a cutting 
instrument. 

HIM, pron. Objective ca c e of He. 

HlM-sELF', pron. An emphasized form 
of He or Him. 

Hind, n. 1. [A.-S.] Female of the 
red deer. 2. [A.-S. h'tne, with d suf- 
fixed.] A rustic— -a. [HINDER; 



HINDMOST, or HINDERMOST ] [A~ 
S.] Placed in the rear. 

HInd'er, a. [compar. of hind.] Be- 
longing to that part which is in the 
rear. 

HlN'DER, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. 
hindrian, fr. hinder, back, after.] 1. 
To prevent from moving forward. 2. 
To check or retard. 3. To embar- 
rass ; to shut out. 

Syx. — To stop ; interrupt ; counter- 
act ; debar ; arrest ; impede ; delay. 

— v. i. To interpose obstacles. 
IIin'der-an<;e, n. [Written also 

hindrance.] 1. Act of impeding or 
restraining motion. 2. That which 
stops advance. 

IIind'er-most, ) a. Superlative of 

Hind'most, j Hind. 

Hin'doo, ) n. A native inhabitant of 

Hin'dlu j Hindostan. 

IIIN'DOO-STAN'EE ) (112), a. Of, or 

IIiN'DU-STAN'i' j pertaining to. the 
Hindoos or their language. — n. Lan- 
guage of the Hindoos. 

IIlN'DRANCE,?l. See IIlNDERANCE. 

lliNGE, n. [0. II. Ger. ango, connect- 
ed with hang] 1. The joint on 
which a door, lid, &c. , hangs or turns. 
2. That ou which any thing depends 
or turns. — v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
furnish with hinges. — v. ?'. To stand, 
depend, or turn, as on a hinge. 

Hint, v. t. [-ed: -ing.] [A.-S. hen- 
tan, to pursue, seize.] To bring to 
mind by a slight allusion. 

Syx.— To suggest ; intimate ; insinu- 
ate ; imply. 

— v. i. To make an indirect refer- 
ence, suggestion, or allusion. — n. A 
distant allusion ; intimation. 

KiP, n. [A.-S.] 1. Lateral parts of 
the pelvis, with the flesh covering 
them ; haunch. 2. Fruit of the dog- 

• rose. 

IflP'PO-CEN'TAUR. 11 [Gr. linrOKiv- 
raupo? ; ittttos, horse, and /ceVravpcs, 
centaur.] A fabulous monster, half 
man and half horse. 

HlP'PO-DROME, n. [Gr. l-mroSpopog ; 
t-7ro5, horse, and 6pop.os, course.] A 
circus for horse-races and chariot- 
races. 

IIIP/PO-POT'A-MUS, 
v . ; Eng. pi. Hi'p'- 
po-pot'a-mCs- 
E2 ;Lat. pi. n/p<- 

PO- POT' A- MI. 

[Gr. i-ir-TTOTTOT ap-os ; 

tV-os, horse, and 

770Tap.ds, river.] A pachydermatous 

mammal of Africa, allied to the hog. 

IUp'-ROOF, n. A roof having sloping 
ends and sloping sides. 

Hire, v. t. [-em: -ing.] [A.-S. hy- 
rian.] 1. To procure from another 
and for temporary use, for a com- 
pensation. 2. To contract with for 
wages. 3. To bribe. 4. To let; to 
lease. — n. Compensation for the 
temporary use of a thing or for per- 
sonal service. 

Syx. — Wages ; salary ; stipend ; al- 
lowance : pay. 

IlJRE'LING, n. One who is hired ; a 




Hippopotamus. 



6r, DQ, WOLF, TOO, TOOK; fJRN,RUE,PIJLL; E,I, O, silent ; c, G, sqfl; <!,H,hard; Ag ; EX-IST ; g as KG ; THIS 



HIRSUTE 



202 



HOLIDAY 



mercenary. — a. Serving for wages ; 
venal ; mercenary. 

HlR-SUTE', a. [Lat. hirsutus.] Rough 
with hair ; shaggy. 

His, pron. Of him ; possessive of He ; 
— formerly used as the possessive of 
it, for Us. 

Hxs'pid, a. [Lat. hispidus.] Rough 
with bristles ; bristly. 

33ss, r. i. [-ED ; -ing*] [A.-S. hysian ] 
To make a sound like that of the 
letter s, esp. in contempt — v. t. To 
condemn by hissing. — n. A sound 
like that made in pronouncing the 
letter s, esp. as a mark of disapproba- 
tion, [of contempt. 

IIi'ss'lNG,n. 1. A hiss. 2. Occasion 

Hist, interj. [Cf. WHIST.] Hush; 
be silent. 

His-tol'o-gy, n. [Gr. io-tos, tissue, 
and Ao-yos, discourse.] Science which 
treats of the minute structure of the 
tissues of plants, animals, &c. 

His-to'ri-an, n. A writer or com- 
piler of history. 

His-t5r'IC, \ a. Containing, or 

His tor'ic-AL, J pertaining to his- 
tory. 

His-to'ri-og'ra-pher, n. [Gr. tcr- 
Topta, history, and ypd^av, to write.] 
A historian ; a writer of history. 

His-to'RI-og'RA-phy, n. Art or em- 
ployment of a historian. 

HlS'TO-RY, n. [Lat. historia, Gr. io- 
ropta, fr. Icrropelv, to learn by inqui- 
ry.] 1. A record ; a description. 2. 
A continuous narrative of events. 

Natural Histor?/, m a description and 
classification of objects in nature, as 
minerals, plants, animals, &c. 

Syn.— Chronicle ; annals ; relation ; 
narration. — History is a methodical rec- 
ord of the important events which con- 
cern a community of men, usually so ar- 
ranged as to show the connection of 
causes and effects. A chronicle is a rec- 
ord of such events, when it conforms to 
the order of time as its distinctive feat- 
ure. Annals are a chronicle divided out 
into distinct years. 

HiVtri-on'ic, ) a. [Lat. histrion- 

HlS'TRI-ON'ie-AL, ( icus, fr. histrio, 
a player.] Pertaining to a stage- 
player ; theatrical. 

Hit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. hit ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. hitting.] [Tcel. hitta, to 
hit, find; A.-S hettan, ketian, to 
pursue, drive.] 1. To reach or touch 
an object aimed at. 2. To accord 
with ; to suit. — v. i. 1. To meet or 
come in contact. 2. To succeed. — 
n. A collision : the stroke that touch- 
es any thing; — often with implied 
luck or chance. 

Hitch, v. i. 1. To become caught as 
by a hook. 2. To move by jerks, as 
if caught on a hook. — v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] To catch or fasten as by a 
Hook.— n. 1. A catch. 2. Act of 
catching. 3. A sudden halt. 4. A 
knot or noose in a rope. 

HlTH'ER, adv. [A.-S. hirlhrr.) To 
this place. — a. Being on the side 
toward the speaker. 

HTph'er-to', adv. 1. To this place. 
2. Up to this time. 

Hive, v. [A.-S. hyfe, hive, hhv, fam- 



ily.] 1. A box for bees to live in. 
2. A swarm of bees. 3. A company ; 
a crowd. — v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] To 
collect into a hive. — v. i. To take 
shelter together. 

Hives, n. [Scot, allied to heave.] A 
disease ; the croup. 

Ho, \ interj. Halloo ! oho ! oh! at- 

IIoa,) tend! 

HOAR, a. [A.-S. har.] White, or gray- 
ish white, especially with age. 

Hoard, n. [A.-S. hord, heard.'] A 
large quantity of any thing laid up. 

— v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To collect and 
lay up ; to store secretly. 

Hoar'-FRost, n. White particles 
formed by the congelation of dew. 

HOAR'HOUND, n. [A.-S. hune, hara- 
hune, fr. har. hoar, gray.] A plant 
which has a bitter taste. 

Hoar'i-ness, n. State of being hoary. 

Hoarse, a. [-er ; -est.] [0. H. Ger. 
haersch.] 1. Having a harsh, rough, 
grating voice. 2. Rough ; discord- 
ant, [harsh sound. 

Hoarse'ly, adv. With a rough, 

Hoarse'ness, n. Harshness of voice 
or sound. 

Hoar'y, a. [See Hoar.] White or 
whitish, espciallyS with age; hoar. 

Hoax, n. [A.-S. hues, hux, hCh, hCc, 
mockery, contempt, or contr. from 
horns, in hocus-pocus.] A trick played 
off in sport. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To play a trick upon for sport. 

Hob, n. Flat part of a grate at the 
side, where things are placed to be 
kept warm. 

Hob'ele, v. i. [-ed;-ing.] [Dim. 
of hop.] To walk lamely ; to limp. 

— n. 1. An unequal, halting gait. 
2. Difficulty ; perplexity. 

Hob'bly, a. Full of holes ; rough; 
uneven ; — said of a road. 

IIob'BY, ) n. [Dan. hoppe, a 

Hob'by-horse, ) mare.] 1. A 
strong, active horse ; a nag. 2. A 
stick on which boys ride. 3. A fa- 
vorite theme of discourse or effort. 

HoE'GOB-LIN,n. [See II OB and COB- 
LIN.] A frightful apparition ; an 
imp. _ 

HoB'NAIL, n. [Ger. hvfnagel, hoof- 
nail.] A thick-headed nail for shoes. 

Hob'nob, adv. [A.-S. habban, to 
have, and nabban, to have not.] Take 
or not take ; — a familiar invitation 
to reciprocal drinking. — v. i. To 
drink familiarly. 

Hoe'son's Choice. A choice with- 
out an alternative ; this or none. 

CSfThis expression is said to have had 
its origin in the name of one Hohson, at 
Cambridge, England, who let horses, 
and obliged every customer to take in 
his turn the horse which stood next the 
stable-door. 

Hock, n. [From Hocliheim, in Ger- 
many.] A light-yellowish Rhenish 
wine. 

Ho'GUS, v. t. To deceive or cheat. 

Ho'-eus-PO'CUS, n. [According to 
Turner, from Ockus Borhus, a magi- 
cian of the northern mythology ; ac- 
cording to Tillotson, a corruption of 
hoc est corpus, uttered by Romish 



priests on the elevation of the host.\ 
A juggler; a juggler's trick. — v. t. 
To cheat. 

Hod, n. [Fr. hotte, a basket for the 
back.] 1. A kind of tray for carry- 
ing mortar and bricks. 2. A coal- 
scuttle. 

HODGE'-PODGE, n. [Fr. hochepot, fr. 
hocher, to shake, and pot, pot.] A 
medley of ingredients. [ Colloq.] 

Ho'dI-Er'nal, a. [Lat. hodiemvs; 
hodie, to-day.] Belonging to tho 
present day. 

Hod'MAN (i-50), n. A mason's tender. 

Hoe, n. An instrument for cutting 
up weeds. — v. t. [-ed;-ing.] To 
cut, dig, or clean with a' hoe. — v. i. 
To use a hoe. 

Hoe '-cake, n. A coarse cake, of In- 
dian meal', a johnny-cake. 

Hog, n. [W. hwch, swine, sow.] A 
well-known domesticated animal ; 
swine; specifically, a castrated boar. 
— v. t. To cut short the hair of. — 
v. i. To become bent upward in the 
middle. [mean ; selfish 

Hog'gish, a. Gluttonous; filthy; 

Hogs/iiead, ii. [Either from its form 
or make.] 1. A measure containing 
63 wine gallons, or about 524 imperi- 
al gallons. 2. A large cask, of in- 
definite contents. [Amer.] [hog?- 

Hog'sty, n. A pen or inclosure for 

Hoi'D£N, n. [W. hoeden, flirt, wan* 
ton.] A rude, bold girl ; a romp. - 
a. Rude ; bold ; inelegant ; rustic. 

Hoist, v.t. [-ed; -ing.] [Ieel. hisa.] 
To raise ; to lift by means of tackle. 
— 11. 1. Act of hoisting. 2. Per- 
pendicular height of a flag or sail. 

Kor'TY-TOI'TY, interj. [From hoit y 
(obs.) to caper.] An exclamation de- 
noting surprise or disapprobation. 

Hold (20), v. t. [imp. & p. p. held ; 
p. pr. & vb. n. holding. Hold- 
en, p. p. is used in legal language.] 
[A.-S. healdan.] 1. To sustain ; to 
restrain ; to retain. 2. To keep ; to 
defend. 3. To be in possession of. 
4. To carry on ; to continue. 5. To 
contain, or have capacity for. 6. To 
maintain. 7. To consider ; to re- 
gard. — v. i. 1. To keep one's self in 
a given position or condition : to re- 
main fixed. 2. To derive right or 
title. — n. 1. Seizure : grasp ; clasp. 
2. Binding power and influence. 3. 
Custody. 4. A fortified place. 5- 
Interior cavity of a vessel. 

HOLD'BACK,n. The iron or strap on 
the thill of a vehicle, to which a part 
of the harness is attached. 

HOLD'ER, 11. 1. One who holds. 2. 
Something by which a thing is held. 

Hold'-fast, n. Something used to 
hold in place something else, as a 
hook, &c. 

Hold'ing, n. 1. A tenure ; anything 
that is held. 2. Influence ; power. 

Hole, n. [A.-S. hoi, from helan, to 
conceal.] 1. A hollow place. 2. An 
excavation, or a natural cavity. 

Syn.— Hollow ; aperture ; interstice ; 
perforation; excr.vntion. 

Hol'I-DAY, n. [holy ar.d day.] 1 A 



AVE. L o, IT. Y, lom 



E, 1, 6, u, y, short; cAre, far, ask; all, what ; ere, veil, t£bm; pique, fIrm; son, 



HOLILY 



203 



HOOF-BOUND 



religious anniversary. 2. A day of 
exemption from labor. 
Ho'li-ly, adv. In a holy manner. 
Ho'li-ness, n. 1. State of being ho- 
ly ; freedom from sin. 2. State of 
any thing consecrated to God. 
Wis Holiness, a title of the pope. 
Syn. — Piety ; devotion ; godliness ; 
religiousness ; 'sanctity ; sacieduess. 

Hol'la, interj. Hollo. —r./. [-ED; 
-ING.] To hollo. See HOLLO. 

Hol'LANDs, n. Gin made in Holland. 

Hol'LO, tinlerj. & n. [Fr. hold, fr. 

Hol'LOA, J ho and id, there.] Ho ; 
attend; here. [or exclaim. 

HOL'LO (or hol-lo'), v. i. To call out 

Hol'low, a. [See Hole.] 1. Con- 
taining an empty space, within a 
solid substance. 2. Reverberated from 
a cavity. 3. Not sincere or faithful. 
Syx. —Concave ; sunken ; low ; va- 
cant ; empty ; void ; false ; faithless ; 
deceitful. 

— n. A cavity ; a hole : an excavation ; 
a concavity. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
make hollow; to excavate. — adv. 
Completely. 

Hol'LO w-ness, n. 1. Cavity ; exca- 
vation 2. Insincerity ; deceitfulness. 

H6l'LY, n. [A.-S. holen, holrgn.] 
An evergreen tree or shrub having 
glossy green leaves. 

Hol'ly-hock, n. A plant bearing 
flowers of various colors. 

HOLM (horn), n. 1. [From A.-S. Anlfn, 
holly , a* the holly is also called holm.] 
The evergreen oak ; the ilex. 2. 
[A.-S. holm.] A river isle. 

HOL'0-€AUST, n. [Gr. oAokolvcttov ; 
oAos, whole, and /cauo-ros, burnt.] A 
sacrifice, the whole of which was 
consumed by fire. 

HOL'O-GRAPH, n. [Gr. b\6ypacf>o<;, 
wholly written.] Any writing wholly 
in the hand of the one from whom 
it proceeds. 

Hol'ster (20), n. [0. II. Ger. hulst, 
hulft, covering, saddle, Icel. Itulstr, 
case.] A horseman's leathern case 
for a pistol. 

Holt, n. [A.-S.] A wood, or piece 
of woodland; especially, a woody hill. 

H6'LY,a. [-er; -est, 142.] [A.-S. 
halig, fr. hal, htilo, safety, from hal, 
sound, safe.] 1. Set apart to the ser- 
vice of God ; sacred. 2. Free from 
sinful affections ; pure ; guiltless. 

Ho'LY-DAY, n. A religious festival. 

Ho'LY-STONE, n. A stone used by 
seamen for cleaning decks. 

Hom'age, n. [L. Lat. homagium, fr. 
Lat. homo, aman, L. Lat. client, serv- 
ant.] 1. Respect paid bv external 
action ; obeisance. 2. Reverential 
worship ; devout affection. 

Home (20), n. [A.-S. ham, Goth. 
hahns.] 1. House in which one lives ; 
residence. 2. Place or country in 
which one dwells. 

Stn. — Tenement ; house ; dwelling ; 
abode. 

-adv. 1. To one's home or coun- 
try. 2. Close : to the point. 
HOME'-BRED, a. Native ; domestic. 
HOME'LESS. a. Destitute of a home. 



II5me'li-ness, n 1. Plainness of 
features. 2. Rudeness ; coarseness. 

HoME'LY(20),a. [-er; -est, 142.] 1. 
Plain ; rude in appearance. 2. Of 
plain features ; not handsome. 

Home'-made (109), a. Of domestic 
manufacture. [to homeopathy. 

Ho'ME-o-PATEl'l€ (110), a. Relating 

HO'ME-OP'A-THIST, n. A believer in, 
or practitioner of, homeopathy. 

HO'ME-oP'A-THY, n. [Gr. o/uoiotto.- 
6eia, likeness of condition or feeling.] 
The theory and its practice that a 
medicine which will cause will also 
cure disease, the remedies being usu- 
ally administered in minute doses. 

Ho'MER, n. [Heb. khuiner ] A He- 
brew measure coutaiuing, as a liquid 
measure, 75 wine gallons, and, as a 
dry measure, 111 bushels. 

HOME'SICK. a. Affected with sickness 
caused by grief at a separation from 
home 

Home'sick-ness, 11. A morbid sor- 
rowing for home when absent. 

Home'spun, a. 1. Wrought at home ; 
coarse ; plain. 2. Plain ; rude. 

Home-stead, n. A person's dwelling- 
place, with that part of his landed 
property which is about and contig- 
uous to it. 

Home'ward, adv. Toward home. 

Hom'I-ci'dal, a. Pertaining to hom- 
icide ; murderous. 

HOM'I-CIDE, n. [Lat. homiridium ; 
homo, man, and aedere, to kill.] 1. 
The killing of one human being by 
another; manslaughter. 2. A per- 
son who kills another. 

HoM'l-LET'l-e, ) a. [Gr. oju-iAtjti- 

Hom'I-LET'IC-AL, J /co?, fr. 6/j.iAeiv, 
to be together, to converse.] Pertain- 
ing to homiletics. [preaching. 

IIoM'l-LET'ies, a. sing. Science of 

HoM'l-LY, n. [Gr. 6/uiAia. See HOM- 
ILETIC] A plain and familiar ser- 
mon : a serious discourse. 

Hom'I-ny, n. [Ind. auhuminra, 
parched corn.] Maize hulled and 
broken, but coarse. [Amtr.] 

HOM'MOCK, n. [Probably an Indian 
word.] A hillock. [MEOPATHY. 

Ho'Mre-OP'A-TllY, n. Same as Ho- 

HO'MO-GE'NE-AL, ) a. [Gr. b/xoye- 

HO'MO-GE'NE-OUS, ( j/tjs, fr. 6/u.os, 
the same, and yeVos, race, kind.] Of 
the same kind or nature. 

Ho'mo-ge-ne'I-ty, ii. Sameness of 
kind or nature. 

HO-m6l'o-GOUS, a. [Gr. ofioAoyo?, 
agreeing.] Having the same relative 
position, proportion, value, or struct- 

HSM'O-NY, n See HOMINY. [ure. 

Hom'O-NYM, I n. A word having the 

HoM'O-NYME, j fame -ound as an- 
other, but differing trom it in mean- 
ing ; as bear (noun) and bear (verb). 

HO-mSn'Y-MOUS, a. [Gr. 6/ucoj/vjuos , 
fr. 6(u.os, the same, and bvofxa, name.] 
Having different significations, or ap- 
plied to different things; equivocal. 

Ho-MON'Y-MY,n. Sameness between 
words which differ in signification. 

Ho-M6pll'o-NoDs,rt. [Gr. 6/u6(7Wo? ; 



6/aos, the same, and Quirt), sound.] L 
Of the same pitch. 2 Expressing the 
same sound or letter with another. 

HONE, n. [A.-S. hanan, to stone : 
prob. allied to Gr. a/covr/, whetstone.] 
A stone of a firje grit, for sharpening 
instruments. — v.t. [-ED ; -ING ] 
To rub and sharpen on a hone. 

HON'EST (on'est), a. [Lat. honestus, 
from honos, honor, honor. ] 1. Fair 
in dealing with others : upright ; just. 

2. Proceeding from pure or just prin- 
ciples, or directed to a good object. 

3. Chaste; virtuous. 

Syx. — Trusty : faithful : rightful; sin- 
cere; frank; candid; unreserved. 

H6n'EST-LY (6n'est-ly), adv. In an 
honest manner. 

Hon'es-TY (on'es-tj-), n. Quality or 
state of being liODest. 

HON'EY (hun'y), n. [A.-S. hunig.] 1. 
A sweet, thick fluid, collected by 
bees. 2. Sweet one ; darling. — v. i. 
[-ed;-ing.] To use endearments ; 
also, to fawn. — v. t. To sweeten. 

Hon'ey-bag (hiln'y-bag), n. Recep- 
tacle for honey in a bee. 

Hon'ey-comb" (hun'y-kom), n. 1. 
Cells, formed by bees, and used as re- 
positories for their honey. 2. Any 
substance, with cells like those of a 
honey-comb. 

H6n'ey-de\v, n. A sweet, saccha- 
rine substance, found on the leaves of 
plants in small drops. 

H6N'EY-MOON,n. First month after 
marriage. 

HoN'EY-sticK'LE, ??. One of several 
species of flowering plants. 

HoN'OR (on'ur), n. [Lat.] 1. Esteem 
due or paid to worth. 2. Excellence of 
character ; — esp. in men, integrity ; 
in women, chastity. 3. A nice sense of 
what is right, with a life correspond- 
ent thereto. 4. Dignity ; reputation, 
5. A mark of respect. 6. pi. Aca- 
demic prizes or distinctions. 7. pL 
The four highest cards — ace, king, 
queen, and jack. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
1. To regard or treat with honor; 
to worship. 2. To dignify. 3. ( Com.) 
To accept and pay when due. 

H6n'or-a-ble (on'ur-), a. 1. Wor- 
thy of honor. 2. Actuated by prin- 
ciples of honor. 3. Proceeding from 
an upright and laudable cause. 4. 
Conferring honor. 5. An epithet of 
distinction. 

Hon'or-a-bly (on'ur-), adv. In an 
honorable manner. 

Hon'or-A-ry (on'yr-), a. Conferring 
honor, or intended merely to do so. 

Hood, n. [A.-S. hud, from hedan, to 
take care of.] 1. A covering for tho 
head and shoulders. 2. Any thing 
resembling a hood in form or uses. 
— v. t. [-ed; -1NG.] To cover' or 
furnish with a hood 

Ho'od'wink, v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [From 
hood and wink.] 1. To blind by cov- 
ering the eyes. 2. To cover ; to hide. 

Hoof, n. [A.-S. ho/.] The horny 
substance that covers or terminates 
the feet of certain animals. 

IIOOF'-BOUND, a. Having a dryness 






OR, DO, WOLF, TOO,TOOK; t>RN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; C, G, soft; €, G, hard; Ag", EXIST; N «jNG; THIS. 



HOOK 



204 



HORSE-PLAY 



and contraction of the hoof, occasion- 
ing pain and lameness. 
Hook (27), n. [A.-S. tide] Some hard 
material, bent for catching or hold- 
ingany thing. — v.t. [-ed;-ing.] 

1. To catch or fasten with a hook. 

2. To steal or rob . [Colloq.] — v. i. 
To bend ; to be curved. 

Hook'ed (hdbk'ed or hookt), a. Hav- 
ing the form of a hook ; curvated. 

Hoop, or Hoop, n. [A.-S. hup.} 1. 
A band of wood or metal, for a cask. 
2. Any thing circular. 3. A combi- 
nation of elastic rings for expanding 
the skirts of ladies' dresses ; — chief- 
ly in the pi. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 

1. To bind or fasten with hoops. 2. 
To clasp ; to encircle. 3. To whoop. 

Hoop'ing-gough (-kawf), n. . A 
cough in which the patient whoops, 
with _a deep inspiration of breath. 

Ho_OP'OE,)n. [So called from its 

HOOP'OO, | whooping cry.] A bird 
whose head is adorned with a beau- 
tiful crest. 

Hoop'-skirt (ho"op / - orhdbp'-), n. A 
frame-work of hoops for expanding 
the skirts of a lady's dress. 

Hoo'glER (hob'zher), n. [Either from 
husker, because they were considered 
as bullies, or from their rough ex- 
clamation when one knocks at a 
door, " Who 's yere ? "] A citizen of 
the State of Indiana. [ Amer.] 

Hoot, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Prov. Fr. 
hunter, hutier, to call, cry.] 1. To 
cry out in contempt. 2. To cry as 
an owl. — v. t. To utter contempt- 
uous cries or shouts at. — n. A cry 
or shout in contempt. 

Hop, v. i. [-ped ; -ping.] [A.-S. hop- 
pan.] To leap or jump on one leg; 
also, to skip, as birds do. — n. 1. A 
leap on one leg. 2. An informal 
dance. [Colloq.] 3. [D. hop, hoppe, 
0. II. Ger. hopfo, W. hopez.] A 
climbing plant, the flower- a eales and 
fruit of which are used in brewing. 

HOPE (20), n. [A.-S. hopa.] 1. Desire 
of some good, with at least a slight 
expectation of obtaining it. 2. That 
which furnishes ground of expecta- 
tion. 3. That which is hoped for. 

Syn.— Confidence ; expectation ; an- 
ticipation; trust; belief. 
— v.i. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To enter- 
tain or indulge hope. 2. To place 
confidence. — v. t. To desire with 
expectation. [Promising. 

Hope'ful, a. 1. Full of hope. 2. 

HOPE'FfJL-LY, adv. With hope. 

Hope'ful-ness, n. Quality of being 
hopeful. 

Hope'less, a. 1. Destitute of hope. 

2. Giving no ground of hope ; des- 
perate. 

Hope'LESS-ly, adv. Without hope. 

Hope'less-ness, n. A state of being 
hopeless ; despair. 

Hop'per, n. [See Hop.] 1. One who 
hops. 2. A wooden trough through 
which grain passes into a mill. 

Hop'ple, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [From 
hop.] To tie the feet of loosely to- 
gether, to prevent running or leap- 



ing. — n. A fetter for horses, or 
other animals. 

Hop'-sgotch, n. A child's game, in 
which a stone is driven by the foot 
of the player from one compartment 
to another of a figure traced on the 
ground. 

Ho'RAL, a. [Lat. horalis ; hora, hour.] 
Relating to an hour. 

Ho'RA-RY, a. [L. Lat. horarius; Lat. 
hora, hour.] 1. Pertaining to an 
hour; noting the hours. 2. Occur- 
ring once an hour; hourly. 

HORDE, n. [Hind, nrdii, army, camp, 
market.] A wandering troop or gang. 

Hore'hound, n. See HOARHOUND. 

HO-RI'ZON (118), n. [Gr. 6pi'£W (sc. 
kukAos), the bounding line; opos, 
boundary.] 1. Apparent junction of 
the earth and sky ; — called the sen- 
sible horizon. 2. A plane parallel to 
the sensible horizon of a place, and 
passing through the earth's center ; 
— called also the rational or celestial 
horizon. 

Hor'I-zon'tal, a. Parallel to the 
horizon ; on a level. 

Hor'1-zon'tal-ly, adv. On a level. 

HORN, n. [A.-S. horn, Goth, haurn, 
allied to Lat. cornv.] 1. A hard pro- 
jection from the heads of certain an- 
imals. 2. Hence, something made 
of a horn, or resembling a horn in 
form, use, and the like. 3. The ma- 
terial of which horns are composed. 

HORN'BILL, n. A large tropical bird, 
having a bill curving downward, on 
which is a process resembling anoth- 
er growing upward. 

Horn'blende, n. [Ger. from horn, 
horn, and blende, blende.] A com- 
mon mineral of various colors, con- 
sisting of silica combined with mag- 
nesia, lime, or iron. 

Horn'- book, ?z. A primer. 

HORN.ED (hornd, 60), a. 1. Furnished 
with horns. 2. Shaped like a horn. 

HOR'NET, n. [A.-S. hyrnet, so called 
from its antenna?, or horns.] A large, 
strong kind of wasp. 

Horn'pIpe, n. [W. pib-gorn.] (Mus.) 
(a.) An instrument of music. (/;.) A 
lively tune, of compound triple time. 
(r.) A dance. 

Horn'work (-wfirk), n. (Fort.) An 
outwork composed of two demi-bas- 
tions joined by a curtain. 

Horn'y, a. [-er;-est, 142.] 1. Con- 
sisting of, or composed of, horn. 2. 
Hard ; callous. 

Hor'o-loge, n. [Gr u>po\6yiov ; 
oipa, hour, and Keyetv, to tell.] A 
time-piece of any kind. 

H6r'o-log'I€-al, a. Relating to a 
horologe, or to horology. 

Ho-r5l/o-gy, n. Science of measur- 
ing time 

Ho-rom'e-try, n. [Gr. copa, hour, 
and fxeTpov, measure.] Art or method 
of measuring time by hours. 

Hor'o-SGOPE, n. [Gr. wpoaKonos , 
observing hours or times.] (Astrol.) 
The scheme of twelve houses or signs 
of the zodiac, into which the whole 
circuit of the heavens was divided 



for the purposes of predicting a per- 
son's fortune. 

Ho-ros'co-py, n. Prediction of fu- 
ture events by the disposition of the 
stars. 

H6r'ri-ble, a. [Lat. horribilis ;hor- 
rere, to bristle.] Exciting, or tend- 
ing to excite, horror. 

Syn. — Dreadful ; frightful; fearful; 
terrible; awful: terriiic; shocking; hide- 
ous; horrid. 

Hor'ri-bly, adv. So as to excite 
horror. 

Hor'rid, a. 1. Rough ; ragged ; 
bristling. 2. Very disagreeable. 

Syn. — Frightful; hideous; alarming; 
shocking; dreadful; awful; terrific ; ter- 
rible; horrible. 

H6R'RiD-EY,a«/f. Dreadfully. 

IlOR-RiF'lG, a. [Lat. horrifir.vs, from 
horror, and facere, to make.] Caus- 
ing horror. 

H6r'ri-fy, v. t. [-ED; ing, 142.] To 
make horrible : to strike with horror. 

Hor'roe,«. [Lat. horror, from hor- 
rere, to bristle, to shiver, to be dread- 
ful.] 1. A shaking, shivering, or 
shuddering. 2. A painful emotion 
of fear and abhorrence. 3. That 
which excites fear. 

Horse, n. [A.-S. hors, for hros, Icel. 
& 0. II. Ger. hros.] 1. A well-known 
hoofed quadruped. 2. The male of 
the genus horse. 3. Mounted sol- 
diery ; cavalry. 4. A frame with 
legs, used for supporting something. 
— v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] To provide with 
a horse, or with horses. 

Horse'back, n. 1. The back of a 
horse. 2. State of being mounted 
on the back of a horse. 

H6PvSE'-bl6ck, n. A block on which 
one steps in mounting and dismount-' 
ing from a horse. [by horses. 

Horse'-car, n. A railroad car drawn 

Horse '-chest'nut (-chestnut), n. 
[So called because the nut was for- 
merly ground and given to horses.] 
A large nut, the fruit of a tree, com- 
mon in the temperate zones of both 
hemispheres. [a horse. 

Horse'-cloth, n. A cloth to cover 

Hoese'-1)6€ / tor, n. One whofe 
business is to cure sick horses; a 
farrier. 

Horse'-guXrds (-gardz, 72), n. pi. 
A body of cavalry for guards. 

Horse'-hAir, n. Hair of the mane 
and tail of a horse. [horses. 

Horse '-jock'ey, n. A dealer in 

Horse'-lXugh (-laf), n. A loud, 
coarse laugh. [eiinary surgeon. 

Horse'-leech, «. A farrier ; a vet- 

Hcrse'-lTt'ter, n. A carriage on 
poles borne between two horses. 

HORSE'-MACK'ER-EL, «. 1. A spiny-' 
finned fish, about the size of tha 
mackerel. 2. A gigantic kind of 
mackerel ; the tunny. 

Horse'man (150), n. 1. A rider on 
horseback. 2. (Mil.) A mounted 
soldier. 

Horse 'MAN-shYp, n. The act or art 
of riding and training horses. 

Horse '-PLAY, n. Rough, rude play. 



A., E, I, O, C, Y,long- A, 2, 1, 5, 0, Y, Short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM ; SON, 



HORSE-POWER 



205 



HOWL 



Horse'-POW'er, n. 1. The power 
which a horse is capable of exerting. 
2. A standard by which the capabili- 
ties of steam-engines, &c, are meas- 
ured ; — estimated as 33.000 pounds 
raised one foot in a minute. 

Horse'-race, n. A race by horses. 

Horse'-rad'ish, n. A species of 
scurvy grass having a root of a pun- 
gent taste. [horse-power. 

Horse '-rake, n. A rake worked by 

Horse'-rail'ROAD, n. A railroad 
on which the cars are drawn by 
horses. [for horses. 

HORSE'SHOE (-sho"o),n. An iron shoe 

Horse'whip, n. A whip for driving ' 
or striking horses. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ing.] To strike with a horsewhip. 

HOR-TA'TION, n. [Lat. hortatio.] Act 
of exhorting ; advice. 

Hor'ta-ti've, a. Giving exhortation. 
— n. A precept; exhortation. 

H6r'ta-to-ry (50), a. Giving ex- 
hortation or advice. [horticulture. 

H6r'TI-€L 7 LT'UR-AL, a. Relating to 

Hor'ti-c&lt'URE (53), n. [Lat.Aor- 
tus, garden, and cultura, culture.] 
Art of cultivating gardens. 

HoR'Tl-eu'LT'UR-IST, n. One who 
practices the art of gardening. 

Hor'tus Sle'evs. [Lat., a dry 
garden.] A collection of plants dried 
for preservation ; an herbarium. 

Ho-gAN'NA, n. [Gr. wwra, fr. Heb. 
hdshiahnna, save now, save, we pray.] 
An exclamation of praise to God 

Hose, n. ; pi. hose. [A.-S.] 1. Close- 
fitting breeches reaching to the knee. 
2. Stockings. 3. A flexible pipe for 
conveying water. [in hose, &c. 

vtq'§lER (ho'zher), n. One who deals 

Ho'siER-Y ( -zher-), n. 1. Business 
of a, hosier. 2. Stockings in general. 

Hos'PlCE (hSs'pees), n. [Fr., fr. Lat. 
hospitium, hospitality.] A convent 
and place of refuge for travelers 
among the Alps, kept by monks. 

H6s'PI-TA-BLE, a. [Lat. hospitalis, 
from hospes, guest.] 1. Kind to 
strangers and guests. 2. Proceeding 
from, or indicating kindness to, 
guests. [manner. 

Hos'pi-ta-bly, adv. In a hospitable 

Hos'pi-tal (76), n. [Lat. hospitalis, 
hospitalia. apartments for guests.] A 
building for the sick or insane. 

Hos'pi-tal-ER, n. One of an order 
of knights who built a hospital at 
Jerusalem, in A. D. 1042, for pilgrims. 

Hos'pi-tXi/i-ty, n. Act or practice 
of one who is hospitable. 

Hds'PO-D'AR', n. [O. Slav. & Russ. 



gospodarj, lord, master.] Title of a 
Turkish governor in Moldavia and 
Wallachia. 
Host, n. 1. [Fr. hoste, fr. Lat. hospes, 
a guest, a host.] One who entertains 
strangers ; a landlord. 2. [Lat. hos- 
tis, enemy, L. Lat. army.] An army. 

3. Any great number or multitude. 

4. [Lat. hostia, sacrifice, victim.] 
(Rom. Cath. Church.) The consecrat- 
ed wafer, in the celebration of mass. 

Hos'tage, n. [L. Lat. hostagium, 
hostaticum, as if contr. from a Lat. 



word obsidaticum, fr. obses, obsidis, 
hostage.] A person given as a pledge 
for the performance of conditions. 

HcsT'ESS, n. 1. A female host. 2. 
A female innkeeper. 

Hos'TILE. a. [Lat. hostilis, fr. hostis, 
enemy.] Belonging or appropriate 
to an enemy. 

Hos-til'i-ty,ti. 1. State of being hos- 
tile. 2. pi. Acts of warfare. 

Sri*.— Animosity ; enmity; opposi- 
tion ; violence ; aggression. 

Hos'TLER (hSs'ler or os'ler), n. One 
who has the care of horses. 

Hot, a. [-ter; -test.] [A.-S. hat.] 
1. Having much sensible heat. 2. 
Characterized by ardor, or anima- 
tion. 3. Lustful. 4. Acrid ; pungent. 
Sy>\ — Fiery: fervid: glowing; eager; 
vehement; violent; furious; lewd. 

Hot'-Bed, n. A bed of earth covered 
with glass, for raising early plauts. 

HOTCH'POTCH. n. [Fr. hochepot, fr. 
hocher. to shake.] A confused mixt- 
ure of ingredients. 

Hot'-cock/les (-kSklz), n. A play 
in which one covers his eyes, and 
guesses who strikes him. 

Ho-TEL', n. [Fr. hotel, fr. Lat. hospi- 
talis. See Hospital.] A public 
house of some style or pretensions. 

Hot'-head'ed, a. Of ardent pas- 
sions ; vehement. 

Hot'-house, n. A house kept warm 
to shelter tender plants from cold air. 

Hot'ly, adv. 1. Ardently ; violent- 
ly. 2. Lustfully. 

Hot'-press, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
press between hot plates for giving a 
smooth and glossy surface. 

Hot'spur, n. A man violent, pas- 
sionate, and rash. 

Hough (hok), n. [A.-S. h6h, ho.] 
Joint on the hind leg of a quadruped, 
between the knee and fetlock. — v. t. 
[ED ; -ing.] To disable by cutting 
the sinews of the ham ; to hamstring. 

HOUND, n. [A.-S. hund, allied to Lat. 
eanis, Gr. kvwv, kvvos.] A dog used 
for hunting. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To incite, as a hound, to pursuit. 2. 
To incite or spur on. 

HOUR (our), n. [Lat. hora, Gr. wpa.] 
1. Sixty minutes. 2. Fixed or ap- 
pointed time ; conjuncture. 

Hour'-geass (our'glas), n. 
A glass instrument for 
measuring time. 

Hour'-hand (our'-), n. 
The hand which shows the 
hour on a time-piece. 

HOURI (hour'y), n. [Ar. Hour-glass. 
hfir, pi. of ahicar, beauti- 
ful-eyed, black-e^ed.] A nymph of 
paradise ; — so called by the Moham- 
medans. 

Hour'ly (our'K-), a. Happening or 
done every hour. — adv. Every hour. 

House, n. ; pi. hous/e§. [A.-S. hhs.] 

1. A building to live in ; a dwelling. 

2. A household; a family. 3. A race; 
a tribe. 4. A body of men united in a 
legislative capacity. 5. ( Com.)A. firm 
or commercial establishment. 

House (houz), v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] To 



shelter. — v. i. To take shelter oi 
lodgings; to abide. 

House'-break'ER, n. One who fe- 
loniously breaks into a house. 

House'-break/ing, n. Act of felo- 
niously breaking into a house. 

HOUSE'HOLD, n. A family living to- 
gether. — a. Belonging to the house 
and family ; domestic. [family. 

House'hold-er, n. Master of a 

HousE'KEEP-ER,n. 1. One who oc- 
cupies a house with his family. 2. 
A female servant who has the chief 
care of the family. 

House'keep-ing, n. Care of do- 
mestic concerns. 

House 'less, a. Destitute of a house. 
| House'diaid, n. A female servant. 

House '-warm'ING, n. A merry- 
making on entering anew house. 

HOUSE' WIFE (or hQz'wif), n. 1. The 
mistress of a family. 2. A little 
case for materials used in sewiDg, &c 

HOUSE'WIFE-RY (or huz'wif-ry), n 
Female management of domes tic con- 
cerns. 

Hous/ING, 7i. [From house, v. t.] 1 
A saddle-cloth. 2. Act of putting 
under shelter. 

Hove, imp. of Heave. 

H6v'EL,n. [Cf. W. hogyl, hogl, hov 
el, A.-S. hof, house, cave, den.] A 
small, mean house. — v. t. [-ED 
-ing, 147.] To put in a hovel. 

Hover, r. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [W. he 
fian, hojiaw.] 1. To hang flutter- 
ing in the air, or upon the wing. 2 
To move to and fro in the neighbor 
hood of. 

How, adv. [A.-S. /ift, Awft.] 1. lo 
what way ; by what means. 2. T< 
what degree. 3. For what reasor 
4. In what state. 

G£§*- How is used in each sense, inter 
rogatively, interjectionally, and relative 
ly. 

How-BE'IT, conj. [Compounded of 
how. be, and it.] Be it as it may ( 
nevertheless. 

HoWDAH, 77. [Hind. & Ar. haudah 
or haudadj.] A seat on the back of 
an elephant or camel, to ride in. 

How-ev'er, adv. 1. In whatever 
manner or degree. 2. At all events; 
at least. — conj. Nevertheless ; not 
withstanding ; yet ; still ; though. 

Syx. — At least ; nevertheless : yet 
— However signifies that in whatever 
way a truth or fact may be viewed, cer- 
tain other facts are true, as "However, 
we shall perform our duty." At least 
indicates the lowest estimate or conces- 
sion, as, " This, at least, must he done." 
Nevertheless, denotes that though the 
concession be fullymade.it has no effect 
on the question, as, " Nevertheless, we 
must go forward." Yet signifies that, 
admitting every thing supposed down to 
the present moment, the expected con- 
sequence can not be drawn, as, " Though 
he slay me, yet will I trust in him." 

How'lTZ-ER (109), it. [Ger. haubitze.] 
A short, light cannon, for throwing 
large projectiles with comparatively 
small charges. 

Howl, v. i. [-edj -ing.] [0. H. Ger. 
hiuivilon, Gr. v\av.] To utter a loud, 
protracted, and mournful sound ; to 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TO"*; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent] c, G, soft; €,&,/iard; A§; EJIST ; SOJNGj THIS. 



II OWLET 



206 



HUNT 



wail. — v.t. To utter or speak with 
outcry. — n. The cry of a dog or 
wolf, or other like sound. 

Howl'et, n. [Equivalent to owlet, 
dim. of owl.] An owl. 

How'so-EV'ER, adv. [Compounded 
of how, so, and ever.] In what man- 
ner soever ; to whatever degree ; 
however. 

HOY, n. [D. & Fr. hen.] A small coast- 
ing vessel for passengers and goods. 

Hub, n. 1. Central part or nave of a 
wheel. 2. Hilt of a weapon. 

Hub'bub, n. [Cf. Whoop.] A tu- 
mult ; uproar ; riot. 

Huck'a-back, n. A kind of linen for 
table-cloths and towels. 

HlJCK'LE-BER'RY, n. [Cf. whortle- 
berry.] A low branching shrub, and 
its small, black, edible berry. 

Huck'ster, n. [From Eng. huck, to 
haggle. Cf. Hawk.] A retailer of 
small articles. 

HOd'dle, v.i. [-ed; -ing.] [Ger. 
hudeln, to bungle.] To hurry in 
disorder; to crowd. — v.t. 1. To 
hurry and slight. 2. To put on or 
do iu haste or roughly. — n. A 
crowd; tumult; confusion. 

Hu'di-bras'tic, a. Similar in man- 
ner to Hudibras, the hero of a bur- 
lesque poem ; hence, in the style of 
doggerel poetry. 

HUE,w. 1. [A. -S. hiw,hioio, appear- 
ance, form, color.] Color ; tint ; dye. 
2. [Norm. Fr.] A shouting. 

HUFF, n. [See infra.] 1. A fit of dis- 
appointment and anger. 2. A boast- 
er. — v.t. [-ED; -ING.] [A modif. 
of 0. Eng. hoove, equiv. to heave,.] 

1. To swell ; to puff up. 2. To treat 
with insolence ; to bully. — v. i. 1. 
To dilate ; to swell up. 2. To bluster. 

HOff'ish, a. Arrogant. 

HOff'y, a. Puffed up ; arrogant. 

Hug, v. t. [-ged ; -ging.] [A.-S. he- 
gan, higian, to wall in, guard. See 
Hedge.] 1, To clasp to the bosom. 

2. To hold fast ; to treat with fond- 
ness. 3. (Naut.) To keep close to. 
— ii. A close embrace. 

Huge, a. [-er; -est.] [See High.] 

1. Very large or great ; monstrous. 

2. Extended ; carried to a high de- 
Huge'ly, adv. Immensely. [gree. 
HOg'ger-mug'ger, n. [Prov. Eng. 

hugger, to lurk, mag, fog, muggard, 
sullen.] Privacy; secrecy. 

Hu'gue-not (hu'ge-), n. [Fr.,from 
Hugo, a heretic and conspirator of 
this name.] A French Protestant of 
the sixteenth century. 

HULK, n. [A.-S. hulce, a swift ship, 
fr. Gr. oAxas.] Body of an old ship. 

Hull, n. [A.-S. hule, hulu, hard shell, 
hull, or crust ; helan, to conceal.] 1. 
Outer covering of any thing ; husk. 
2. Frame of a vessel. — v.t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To strip off the hull or 
hulls of. 2. To pierce the hull of, as 
of a ship. 

HUM, v. i. [-med ; -MING.] [Ger. hum- 
men.] 1. To make a dull, nasal 
sound, like that of a bee ; to drone ; 
to murmur. 2. To mumble. — v. t 



To sing with shut mouth. — n. 1. 
Noise of bees in flight, or any buz- 
zing sound. 2. An imposition. — 
interj. A sound with a pause, im- 
ply ing doubt. 

HU'MAN, a. [Lat. humanus ] Be- 
longing to man or mankind. 

HU-mane', a. [See Human.] Hav- 
ing the feelings and dispositions 
proper to man, and a disposition to 
treat others with kindness. 

Syn. — Kind; sympathizing; benevo- 
lent; mild; compassionate; tender; mer- 
ciful. 

Hu-MANE'LY, adv. Kindly. 

Hu-man'i-ta'ri-an, n. One who 
holds that Christ was merely a man. 

Hu-man'i-TY, n. 1. Quality of being 
human. 2. Mankind collectively. 3. 
Kindness ; benevolence. 4. pi. The 
branches of polite learning ; belles- 
lettres^ 

HU'MAN-IZE, «. t [-ed;-ING.] To 
render human or humane. 

HU'man-ly, adv. In a human man- 
ner ; after the manner of men. 

Hum'ble (76), a. [-ER ; -est.] [Lat. 
humilis, on the ground, low ; humus, 
ground.] 1. Low; mean. 2. Mod- 
est ; lowly ; meek. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To bring low. 2. To abase 
the pride of. 

Syn. — To lower; depress; humiliate; 
disgrace; degrade; sink. 

HCjm'ble-bee, n. [Piob. from hum.] 
A large, hairy bee, of a black color. 

HiJM'BLY, adv. With humility. 

HOm'bug, n. [Prob. fr. hum, to de- 
ceive, and bug, a bugbear.] [Colloq.] 
1. A piece of trickery. 2. One who 
deceives or hoaxes. — v.t. [-ged ; 
-GING.] To deceive ; to impose on. 

HOm'drum, a. [Prob. fr. hum and 
drum, for drone.] Dull ; stupid. 

Hu'MER-AL, a. [Lat. humerus, shoul- 
der.] Belonging to the shoulder. 

IIU'MID, a. [Lat. humidus.] Damp ; 
moist. [ness. 

Hu-mId'i-ty, n. Moisture; damp- 

Hu-mIl'i-ate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. humiliate, -atum.] To hum- 
ble ; to depress ; to abase. 

Hu-MfL'i-A'TiON, n. 1. Act of hu- 
miliating ; abasement of pride. 2. 
State of being humiliated. 

Hu-MIL'I-TY, n. Lowliness of mind. 

Syn. — Modesty ; diffidence. — Diffi- 
dence is a distrust of one's powers, and, 
as it may be carried~too far, is not always 
(like modesty and humility) a virtue ; 
modesty, without supposing self-distrust, 
implies an unwillingness to put our- 
selves forward, and an absence of all 
over-confidence in our own powers: hu- 
mility consists in rating our claimslow, 
in being willing to waive our rights, and 
take a lower place than might be our 
due. It does not require us to underrate 
ourselves. 

Hum'MING-bIrd, n. A very small 
bird remarkable for the swift motion 
and noise of its wings in flight. 

HUM'MOCK, n. [Prob. an Ind. word.] 
1. A rounded knoll or hillock. 2. 
A pile of ice on an ice-field. 

Hu'MOR (or yu/mur, 76), n. [Lat.,fr. 
humere, to be moist.] 1. Moisture or 



fluids of animal bodies. 2. (Med.)(a.) 
A morbid animal fluid. (b.) An 
eruptive affection of the skin. 3. 
State of mind ; disposition ; temper. 
4. Quality of the imagination which 
tends to excite mirth by ludicrous 
images. 

Syn. — Wit; satire ; pleasantry ; tem- 
per ; disposition; mood; frame; whim; 
fancy; caprice. See Wit. 

— v.t. [-ed ; -ing.] 1. To indulge 
by gentle and skillful adaptation. 
2. To help on by indulgence. 

Syn. — See Gratify. 

Hu'MOR-AL (or yu/mur-al), a. Per- 
taining to the humors. 

Hu'MOR-iST (or yu/mur-), n. 1. One 
who has some strong peculiarity cf 
character, which he indulges in odd 
ways. 2. A wag ; a droll. 

HU'MOR-OUS (or yu/mur-), a. Full of 
humor ; exciting laughter. 

Syn. —Jocose; jocular; playful; witty; 
pleasant; merry; ctpricious; whimsical. 

HU'MOR-SOME (or yij'inur-), a. In- 
fluenced by humor. 

Hump, n. [Prob. allied to Lat. umbo, 
any convex elevation.] A protuber- 
ance ; a bunch ; a hunch. 

Hump'BACK, n. 1. A crooked back ; 
2. A humpbacked person. 

HUNCH (66), n. [Ger. hurke, hocke, 
back, bunch, with n inserted.] 1. A 
hump ; a protuberance. 2. A thick 
piece; a hunk. 3. A push. — v. t. 
[-ed; -ING.] 1. To push with the 
elbow or with a sudden jerk. 2. To 
crook, as the back. 

Hunch'back, ti. A humpback. 

Hun'dred, it. [A.-S. hund, hundred, 
hundred, century.] 1. Ten times 
ten. 2. A division or part of a coun- 
ty in England. 

Hundred-weight, a denomination of 
weight containing 112 pounds avoirdu- 
pois, but sometimes 100 pounds. 

— a. Ten times ten ; ninety and ten. 
Hun'dredth (108), a. 1. Next fol- 
lowing in order the ninety-ninth. 
2. Forming one of a hundred parts 
of one whole. — n. One of a hun- 
dred equal parts of one whole. 

Hung, imp. & p. p. of Hang. 

HUNG'-BEEF, n. Fleshy part of beef 
slightly salted and hung up to dry. 

HUN'GER, n. [A.-S.] 1. A craving 
for food. 2. Any strong desire. — 
v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To crave food. 
2. To long for. [ner. 

Hun'gri-ly, adv. In a hungry man- 

Hun'gry, a. [-ER; -est, 142.] 1. 
Feeling hunger ; having a keen appe- 
tite : hence, having an eager desire. 
2. Not fertile; poor; barren. 

Hunk, n. A large piece ; a hunch. 

HOnk'ER, n. One opposed to prog- 
ress ; a conservative. [Amer.] 

Hunks, n. [Prov. Eng. hunk, hunch.j 
A miser ; a niggard. 

Hunt, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. hun- 
tian.] 1. To follow after, as game ; 
to chase. 2. To pursue. — v. i. 1. 
To follow the chase. 2. To search. 

— n. 1. Chase; pursuit; search. 
2. An association of huntsmen. 



£,£, I, o,v,y, long; a,e,I, 6,0, y, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, fIrm; s6n, 



HUNTER 



207 



HYGROMETER 



HfrNT'ER, ft. 1, One -who hunts ; a 
huntsman. 2. A dog cr ahorse used 
in the chase. 3. A watch having the 
crystal protected by a metallic cover. 

IIOnt'ress, n. A female hunter. 

HUNTSMAN (150), ft. 1. One who 
hunts. 2. A servant whose office it 
is to manage the chase. 

HfJR'DLE,n. [A.-S. hyrdel.] A text- 
ure of twigs ; a crate. 

HOr'dy-gur'dy, n. A stringed in- 
strument of music. 

K'JRL,r. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Perh. only 
a modif. of whirl.] To throw with 
violence. — n. Act of hurling ; a 
fling. 

nCR'LY-BUR'LY, n. Tumult ; bustle ; 
confusion. 

IIur-ra', \intcrj. Huzza! a shout 

IIur-rah^, ( of joy or exultation. 

H&R'RI-GANE, n. [ACarib word.] A 
violent storm, characterized by the 
extreme fury of the wind and its sud- 
den changes. 

Hurricane deck, upper deck of steam- 
boats. 

HC'R'RY, v. t. [-EB ; -ING, 142.] 
[Ger. hurren, to move hastily.] To 
hasten ; to urge onward. 

Srx. — To precipitate ; expedite ; 
quicken; accelerate. 

— v. i. To move or act with haste. 

— n. Act of driving or pressing for- 
ward. 

Stx.— Haste; speed; dispatch; expe- 
dition ; pressure ; urgency ; precipita- 
tion ; bustle. 

Hurt, v. t. {imp. & p. p. hurt; 
p.pr. & vb. n. HURTING.] [A.-S. 
hyrl, hurt, wounded.] 1. To wound 
or bruise painfully. 2. To damage ; 
to injure ; to harm. 3. To annoy ; 
to grieve. — n. 1. A physical injury 
causing pain: 2. Damage ; detri- 
ment. 

Syx. — Wound; bruise; injury; harm. 

Hurt'ful, a. Teuding to impair or 
destroy. 

Stx. —Pernicious; baneful; prejudi- 
cial; disadvantageous; mischievous; in- 
jurious; noxious; unwholesome. 

Hurt'ful-ly, adv. Injuriously. 

HUR'TLE, v. i. [Dim. of hurt.] 1. To 
clash; to jostle. 2. To move rapid- 
ly ; to skirmish. 3. To make a clash- 
ing, terrifying, or threatening sound. 

IIUR'TLE-BER'RV, n. [A.-S. heort- 
berie, i. e., hart-berry.] Same as 
HUCKLEBERRY. 

HDs/band, n. [A.-S. hbsboyida, mas- 
ter of the house.] A married man. 
— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] Todirectand 
manage with frugality. 

Hus'band-man (150), ii. A farmer ; 
a "cultivator of the ground. 

Hus'BAND-RY, ii. 1. Care of domes- 
tic affairs. 2. Agriculture ; tillage. 

Hush, a. [An onomatopoetic word.] 
Silent; still. — v.t. [-ed;-ing.] 
1. To still; to silence. 2. To calm, 
as commotion. — v. i. To be still; 
to be silent. [silence. 

HOsh'-mon'ey. n. A bribe to secure 

Husk, n. [0. II. Ger. hulsa, from he- 
Ian, to conceal.] External covering 



of certain fruits. — v. t. [-ED; 

-ING.] To strip off the external cov- 
ering of. 
HtJSK'I-NESS, ii. 1. State of being 

husk}". 2. Harshness; hoarseness. 
HGsk/ING, n. 1. Act of stripping off 

husks. 2. A meeting of neighbors 

to assist in husking. 
HOsk'y, a. 1. Abounding with husks. 

2. Rough in tone ; hoarse. 
Hus-sar' (hobz-z'ar'), ft. [Hung, hus- 

zar, from husz, twenty, because every 

twenty houses were to furnish one 

horse soldier.] One of the light cav- 
alry of European armies. 
Hus'gY, n. [Contracted from huswife, 

housewife.] An ill-behaved woman ; 

a jade. 
Hus'tixgs, «. pi. [A.-S. husting, 

place of council.] Place where the 

election of a member of Parliament 

is held ; hence, the platform on which 

candidates stand. 
HOs'TLE (hus'l), v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 

[D. hutselen, hutsen, to shake.] To 

handle roughly. 
Hus'WIFE (huz'zif or huz'wif), n. 

[From house-wife.] A female house- 
keeper. 
Hut, n. [0. H. Ger. hutta.] A small 

house, hovel, or cabin. — v. t. 

[-TED ; -TING.] To place in huts, 

as troops. 
Hutch, n. [Cf. A.-S. hwecca, chest.] 

A chest, box, or coop. 
Huz-ZA', n. A shout of joy. — interj. 

Hurrah ; — an expression of joy or 

exultation. — v. i. [-EC ; -ING.] To 

utter a loud shout of joy. 
Hy'a-cInth, ii. [Gr. vdicivQos.] 1. A 

bulbous plant with beautiful bowers. 

2. A red gem. 
HY'A-CINTH'lNE, a. Pertaining to 

hyacinth ; of a violet, purple, or 

brown color. 
HY'A-LINE, a. [Gr. vd\ivo<;, fr. vaAos, 

glass.] Glassy ; crystalline. 
Hy'erid, or Hyb'rid, n. [Eat. hy- 

brida.] A mongrel animal or plant. 

— a. Produced from the mixture of 

two species ; mongrel. 
Hy'DRA, n. [Gr. vSpa, vocop, water.] 

1. (Myth.) A water-serpent having 

many heads. 2. A multifarious evil. 
Hy-dran'ge-a, n. [Gr. iJSmp, water, 

and ayyelov, vessel.] A genus of 

plants bearing showy flowers. 
Hy'DRANT, n. A pipe at which water 

may be drawn from the mains of an 

aqueduct. 
Hy'drate, n. [Gr. vSwp, water.] A 

compound formed by the union of 

water with some other substance. 
Hy-drau'LI€, ) a. [Gr. i>8pav\i- 
HY-I>RAU'LI€-AL, ) kos, from iiSpav- 

A19, a water-organ.] Pertaining to 

hydraulics, or to fluids in motion. 
Hy-drau'li€S. n. sing. Science which 

treats of fluids in motion. 
Hy'dro-ceph'A-lus, n. [Gr. vSpo- 

Ke<f>aKog, fr. vScop, water, and kc^oAtj, 

head.] Dropsy of the brain. 
HY/DRO-DY-NAM'ie, a. Pertaining 

to the force or pressure of water. 
HY'DRO-DY-lfAM'ies, n. sing. The 



principles of dynamics, as applied to 
water and other fluids. 

Hy'DRO-GEN, n. [Gr. iiSwp, water, 
and yeveiv, to beget.] An inflamma- 
ble gas, one of the elements of water. 

Hy'dro-gen-ate, ) v. t. To combine 

Hy'dro-gen-ize, j with hydrogen. 

HY-drog'e-noC'S, a. Pertaining to, 
or containing, hydrogen. 

Hy-drog'ra-piieu, >i. One who prac- 
tices hydrography. 

Hv'dro-GRAPH'I€, ) a. Relating 

UY'DRO-GRAPH'ie-AE, J to hydrog- 
raphy. 

Hy-urog'RA-phy, n. [Gr vScop. wa- 
ter, and ypa(/)eti/, to describe.] Meas- 
urement and description of the sea, 
lakes, rivers, and other waters, or of 
forming charts of the same. 

Hy-DRol/O-GY, n. [Gr. vSoop, water, 
and Aoyos, discourse.] Science of 
water, its properties, laws, &c. 

IlY'DRO-MEL, n. [Lat., fr. Gr. vSpop.e- 
\l, fr. vS<op, water, and /ueAi, honey.] 
A liquor consisting of honey diluted 
in water. 

Hy-drom'e-ter, n. [Gr. vScop, wa- 
ter, and fxirpov, measure.] An in- 
strument for determining the specific 
gravities and strength of liquids. 

HY-DROM'E-TRY, ii. The art of deter- 
mining the specific gravity, and 
thence the strength, of liquids. 

HY/DRO-PATH'I€, ) a. Pertaining 

Hy'dro-Patu'I€-al, ] to hydropa- 
thy. 

HY-DROP'A-THIST, 7i 

tices hydropathy. 
IIy-drop'a-thy," n. 

ter, and Tr6.6o<;, suffering.] A mode 
of treating diseases by the use of 
pure water^ 
Hy'dro-pho'bi-a, n. [Gr. iSpo$o- 
/Sux; vSiiop, water, and <j>6/Sos, fear.] 
A preternatural dread of water ; ca- 
nine madness. [nine madness. 
IlY'DRO-PHOB'ie, a. Relating to ca- 
HY-DROP'It'-AL, a. [See Dropsy.] 
1. Dropsical. 2. Resembling dropsy. 
Hy'DRO-stXt'i-c, ) a. [Gr. {ifiwp, 
Hy'dro-stat'I€-al, J water, and 
o-TaTiKO?, causing to stand, skilled in 
weighing.] Relating to hydrostatics. 
Hy'dro-stat'ics, n. sing. Science 
which relates to the pressure and 
equilibrium of non-elastic fluids, as 
water, mercury, &c. [tery. 
Hy'drous, a. Containing water ; wa- 
ll y-e'mal, a. [Lat. hyemalis, from 
hyems, cr litems, winter.] Belonging 
to winter. 
Hy-e'NA, n. [Lat. 
hyxna, Gr. vcu- 
va, orig. a sow.] 
A carnivorous 
mammal of Asia 
and Africa, al- $^F* -^^^ ^ 
lied to the dog. 
Hy'GI-ENE', n. Hyena. 

[Lat. Hygiea, the goddess of health.] 
That department of medical science 
which treats of the preservation of 
health. 
HY-GROM'E-TER, n. [Gr. vypo?, wet, 
moist, and nerpov, measure.] An 



One who prac- 
[Gr. vSiop, wa- 



i 



£*:Jt 



6b > d 2j wolf, too, idou. j tfKN, rtje, pyLL ; E, I, o, silent ; c, G, soft; €, g, fiord; as ; exist ; nojkg; this. 



HYGROMETRIC 



208 



IBEX 



instrument for measuring the moist- 
ure of the atmosphere. 

Hy'gro-met'ric, \a. Pertain- 

Hy'gko-met'ric-al, j ing to, or 
according to, the hygrometer. 

Hy-grom'e-try, re. Determination 
of the humidity of the atmosphere. 

Hy'men, n. [Lat.] 1. The god of mar- 
riage and nuptial solemnities. 2. The 
virginal membrane. 

Hy'men-e'al, (a. Pertaining to mar- 

By'men-e'an, j riage or a wedding ; 
nuptial. — n. A marriage song. 

Hymn (him), re. [Gr. %fo?.] A song 
of praise ; a sacred lyric. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To worship by singing hymns. 

IlYM'NI€, a. Relating to hymns. 

Hym-n6l'o-gy, n. [Gr. v^vos,hymn, 
and Aoyos, discourse 1 1. A body or 
collection of hymns. 2. Science per- 
taining to hymns ; a treatise on 
hymns. 

HYP, re. [Contr. of hypochondria.'] A 
morbid depression of spirits; melan- 
choly. — v. t. To make melancholy. 

HY-PER'BO-lA, re. [Gr. vrrep- 
fio\-q, overshooting, excess.] 
A curve formed by a section 
of a cone, when the cut- 
ting-plane makes a greater 
angle with the base than the 
side of the cone makes. 

Hy-p£r'BO-LE, re. [See su- Hyper- 
pra.] A figure of speech bola - 
which expresses metre or less than 
the truth; exaggeration. 

Hy'PER-b6l'I€, ) a. 1. Belong- 

Hy'per-bol'ic-al, j ing to the hy- 
perbola. 2. Relating to, or contain- 
ing, hyperbole. 

Hy'per-bo're-an (89, 124), a. [Gr. 
u7rep/36o'eos, u7rep/36petos, beyond Bo- 
reas, f. e., in the extreme north.] 
Northern ; arctic ; frigid. 

Hy>per-€RIT'I€, re. [Gr. uttc'p, over, 
beyond, and /cpiTiicos, critical.] One 
who is critical beyond reason ; a cap- 
tious censor. 

HY'PER-eRfT'ic, ) a. Critical be- 

Hy/per-crKt'ic-al, J yond use or 
reason . [or of criticism . 

HY/pER-CRlT'l-cfpT, n. Excessive rig- 

HY-PER'TRO-PHY,re. [Gr. vnip, over, 
beyond, and Tpo</>»j, nourishment.] 



State of an organ in which, from in- 
creased nutrition, its bulk is aug- 
mented. 

HY'PHEN, n. [Gr. v<£eV, for v<j>' eV, 
under one, into one, together.] A 
mark, thus [-], used to connect sylla- 
bles or compound words. 

HYP'NO-TisM, re. [Gr. vwvovv, to lull 
to sleep, fr. lin-eos, sleep.] A kind of 
mesmeric sleep or somnambulism. 

Hyp'o-€Hon'dri-a, re. A mental dis- 
order, in which one is tormented by 
melancholy and gloomy views. 

Hyp'o-€HON'dri-A€, a. 1. Pertain- 
ing to the hypochondrium. 2. Af- 
fected by hypochondria, or low spir- 
its. — re. A person affected with hyp- 
ochondria. 

HYPJO-€HON'DRI-Vm, re. ,• pi. 
HYP'0-€HON'DRI-A. [Gr. V7TO- 
\6v8piov, fr. viroxovSpios, under the 
cartilage of the breast-bone.] That 
part of the cavity of the abdomen 
which, on either side, is beneath the 
cartilages of the false ribs. 

HY-PO€'RI-SY, re. [Gr. i>7rd/cpt(Tts, sim- 
ulation, outward show.] Act or prac- 
tice of a hypocrite ; dissimulation. 

Hyp'O-crIte, re. A false pretender 
to virtue or piety. 

Hyp'o-€r1t'I€, ) a. Belonging to 

Hyp'o-crKt'ic-al, j a hypocrite; 
exhibiting hypocrisy. 

Hyp'0-cr1t'I€-AL-ly, adv. In a 
hypocritical manner. 

Hy-pos'ta-sis, orHY~POS'TA-s¥s,re. ; 
pi. hy-pos'ta-ses (hy- or hy-). [Gr. 
vnoorracris, subsistence, substance.] 
Substance or subsistence. 

Hy'po-stXt'ic, Hy'po-stXt'ic-al, 
or Hyp'o-stXt'ic, Hyp'o-stXt'lc- 
AL (110), a. 1. Relating to hyposta- 
sis, or substance ; hence, constitu- 
tive, or elementary. 2. 
personal . 

HY-POT'E-NUSE, or IIY- 
pot'e-nuse, re. [Gr. 
vnOTeivovaa, subtending 
(sc. ypap.p.77), from vrro, 
under, and reCveiv, to 
stretch.] Longest side of 
a right-angled triangle. 

Hy-poth'e-cate, or Hy- 
po TH'E-€ATE,l\ t. [-EDJ-ING] 



Distinctly 




[Gr. {i7to0)jktj, support, pledge, secu- 
rity.] To subject, as property, to lia- 
bility for a debt or engagement with- 
out delivery of possession or transfer 
of title. 

Hy-p6th'e-€A'tion, or Hy-poth'- 
E-€A'tion, re. 1. Act or contract 
by which property is hypothecated. 
2. A contract whereby, in consider- 
ation of money advanced for the 
necessities of a ship, the vessel, 
freight, or cargo is made liable for 
its repayment. 

Hy-poth'e-nuse, or Hy-poth'e- 
nuse, re. See Hypotenuse. 

Hy-p6th'e-sis, or Hy-poth'e-sis, 

re. ; pi. HY r -p6TH'E-SEg ( n i- or hi-). 
[Gr. {i7r60e<7is, fr. i>77-OTi0eVai, to place 
under.] A supposition ; something 
not proved, but assumed fur the pur- 
pose of argument. 

HY / PO-THET'I€!, or HYP'O-THET'- 
I€, IlY'PO-THET'IC-AL, or HYP'O- 
THET'I€-AL, a. Characterized by 
a hypothesis ; conditional. 

HY'PO-THET'I€-AL-LY, or Hyp'o- 
THET'I€-al-ly, adv. Condition- 
ally. 

Hy'son, re. [Chin, hi-tshun, i. e., lit., 
first crop.] A fragrant species of 
green tea. 

Hys'sop (his'sup or hl'zup), re. [Gr. 
{/<7o-o>7ros.] A plant, the leaves oC 
which are aromatic and pungent. 

HYS-TE'RI-A, re. [Gr. TavarepiKa. (sc. 
iraOr)), fr. varepa, womb.] A nervous 
affection, marked by alternate fits of 
laughing and crying, with a sensa 
tion of strangulation. 

Hys-ter'I€, la. Of, or pertain ■ 

Hys-ter'I€-al, j ing to, hysterics ; 
convulsive. 

Hys-TER'I€S, re. pi. (Med.) See Hys 
TERIA. 

Hirs' te-r on- pro t'e-r on, n . 

[Gr. vo-repos, the latter, following, 
and 7rpoTepos, before others.] (Rhet.) 
(a.) A figure in which the word that 
should follow comes first, (b.) An 
inversion of logical order. 
HYS'TER-OT'O-MY, n. [Gr. va-repa., 
womb, and tojooj, a cutting.] Th« 
operation of cutting into the uterus, 
for taking out a fetus. 



1(1), the ninth letter, and the third 
vowel, of the English alphabet, 
has two principal sounds : the long 
eound, as in pine, fine, Ice ; and the 
short sound, as in pin, fin, gift. See 
Prin. of Pron . , §§ 15-18, 48, 49. 1" 
and J were formerly regarded as the 
same character. 
I, pron. [A -S. t'c, Goth, ik, N. H. Ger. 
ich ; allied to Lat. ego.] The nom- 
inative case of the pronoun of the 
first person ; the word which ex- 
presses one's self. 



I-Xm'BI€, \ a. [Gr. ta/xjSiKo?, Lat. 

I-Xm'BI€-AL, { iambicus.) 1. Con- 
sisting of a short or an unaccented 
syllable followed by a long or an ac- 
cented one. 2. Pertaining to, or 
composed of, iambics. 

I-XM'BI€, re. (Pros.) 1. A foot of two 
syllables, the first short and the sec- 
ond long, or the first unaccented, and 
the second accented. 2. A verse 
composed of short and long, or of 
• accented and unaccented, syllables 
alternately. 3. A satirical poem. 



1-Xm^BUS, re. ,• Lat.pl. I-lM'Bl; Eng 
pi. i-Xm'BUS-ES.. [Lat. ; Gr. iafx/3o?.l 
(Pros.) A foot con- 
sisting of a short 
syllable followed 
by a long one, or of 
an unaccented syl- 
lable followed by 
an accented one. 

I'BEX, re. [Lat.] A 
species of goat, 
found in the Alps a 
and other moun- Ibex. 




i,.I,i, o, \5,Y t long;l t &)l t 6,0, V, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, t£rm; pique, fIrm; s6n 



IBIS 



209 



IGNIS-FATUUS 




Ibis. 




Ichneumon. 



tainous parts of Europe, having long, 
recurved horns. 

I'Bis, n. [Gr. i0is.] A 
bird which was re- 
garded in ancient 
Egypt with a degree 
of respect bordering 
on adoration. 

Ice, n. [A.-S. & Icel. 
is; Goth, eisan, to 
shine.] 1. Water in 
asolid state. 2. Con- 
creted sugar. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
1. To cover with ice ; to convert into 
ice. 2. To cover with concreted 
sugar ; to frost. 3. To freeze. 

ICE'BERG, n. [Ger. eisberg, from eis, 
ice, and berg, mountain.] A moun- 
tain of ice floating on the ocean. 

Ice'-BLI.vk, n. A briglit appearance 
near the horizon, occasioned by the 
reflection of light from ice out of 
sight. 

Xce'-€REAM,m. Cream or milk, sweet- 
ened, flavored, and congealed by a 
freezing mixture. [ing ice. 

Ice'-FLOE, n. A large mass of float- 

I^E'-house, n. A place for preserv- 
ing ice_during warm weather. 

ICH-NEU'MON, n. 
[Gr. ixvev/xoiv, 
the tracker, be- 
cause it hunts 
out the eggs of 
the crocodile.] 
A carnivorous animal which inhabits 
Egypt, and is very destructive to the 
eggs of the crocodile. 

ICH-NOG'RA-PHV, n. [Gr. lxvoypa<f>Ca, 
fr. ix" ?) track, footstep, and ypafy- 
etv, to describe.] A horizontal sec- 
tion of a building or other object ; a 
ground-plan. 

I'€HOR (I'kor), n. [Gr. Ix^p-] 1. A 
fluid that supplied the place of blood 
in the veins of the gods. 2. Color- 
less matter flowing from an ulcer. 

T'€HOR-OUS, a. Resembling ichor. 

f€H / THY-OL'o-&Y, n. [Gr. IxMs, 
fish, and Aoyos, discourse.] Science 
of the systematic arrangement or 
classification of fishes. 

I'91-CLE (I'sT-kl), n. [A.-S. isgicel, or 
ises-gicel, fr. is, ice, and gicel, icicle.] 
A pendent, conical mass of ice. 

I'CI-NESS, n. State of being icy. 

I'^ING, n. A covering of concreted 
sugar ; frosting. 

I-€ON'0-€L,AST, n. [Gr. eiKovoicXao-- 
ttjs, from elucLv, image, and «:Aao-njs, 
a breaker. ] A destr oyer of images or 
idols. [ages. 

I-€6n'o-glast'I€, a. Breaking im- 

p€ON-OG'RA-PHY, 11. [Gr. eiKOVoypa- 

' <pia, fr. eLKJiv, an image, and ypdcfteiv, 
to describe.] The description of an- 
cient images or representations. 

1'CO-SA-he'dron, n. [Gr. etccoat, 
twenty, and e'6pa, seat, base.] A reg- 
ular solid, consisting of twenty equal 
and similar triangular pyramids 
whose vertices meet in the center of 
a sphere supposed to circumscribe it. 

Le-TER'IC, ) a. [Gr. Urepitcos, fr. 

Le-TER'I€-AL, J ifcrepos, jaundice.] 



Pertaining to, affected with, or good 
against, the jaundice. 

I'CY, a. [-er; -est, 142.] Pertain- 
ing to, or abounding in, ice ; cold. 

I-DE'A, n. [Gr. iSea, fr. i&elv, to see.] 

1. Image or picture of any object 
whatever, whether sensible or spirit- 
ual. 2. A notion, conception, or 
thought. 3. A belief, doctrine, or 
opinion. 4. Complete conception of 
an object when thought of in its 
necessary elements or constituents. 

I-DE'AL, n. A conception proposed 
by the mind for imitation, realiza- 
tion, or attainment. — a. Existing 
in idea or thought. 

Syx. — Intellectual ; mental ; vision- 
ary; fanciful; imaginary; unreal. 

I-DE'AL-1SM, n. The doctrine that we 
have no "rational grounds to believe 
in the reality of any thing but ideas 
and their relations. 

I-DE'AL-i'ST, n. A believer in idealism. 

I'DE-AL'I-TY, n. A lively imagina- 
tion, united to a love of the beautiful. 

I-DE'AL-IZE, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
give an ideal form or value to. 

I-dejV'tic-al, n. [Lat. idem, the 
same.] 1. The same; not different. 

2. Uttering the same truth. 
I-den'tig-al-ly, adv. In an iden- 
tical manner L [tifying. 

I-DEN'TI-FI-GA'TION, n. Act of iden- 

I-DEN'TI-FY, V. t. [-ED; -ING, 142.] 
[From Lat. idem, the same, and fa- 
cere, to make.] 1. To treat as being 
one and the same. 2. To determine 
or establish the identity of. — v. i. 
To become the same ; to coalesce in 
interest, use, effect, &c. 

I-den'ti-ty, n. State of being iden- 
tical, or the same 5 sameness. 

I-de'o-grXph'I€ 1(110), a. [Gr. 

I-DE'O-GRAPH'IC-AL ) idea, idea, 
and ypd<f>etv, to write.] Represent- 
ing an idea, without reference to the 
name given to it, as by means of fig- 
ures or symbols. 

Fde-og'ra-phy, n. Science of rep- 
resenting ideas in an ideographic 
manner, as in short-hand writing. 

iDEg, n. pi. [Lat. idus.] (Anc. Rom. 
Calendar.) The fifteenth day of 
March, May, July, and October, 
and the thirteenth day of the other 
months. 

ID'I-OG'RA-SY, n. [Gr. 16105, peculiar, 
and /cpao-is, mixture.] Peculiarity 
of constitution ; idiosyncrasy. 

Id'i-o-cy, n. [See Idiot.] Condi- 
tion of being idiotic. 

ID'I-OM, n. [Gr. iSitofxa, from cfito?, 
proper, peculiar.] 1. A peculiar 
mode of expression. 2. Peculiar form 
or variety of language. 

Stn. — Dialect. — The idioms of a lan- 
guage belong to its very structure ; its 
dialects are varieties of expression in- 
grafted upon it in different localities or 
by different professions. Each county of 
England has some peculiarities of dia- 
lect, and so have most of the professions, 
while the great idioms of the language 
are every where the same. 

ID'i-o-mat'ic, 1 a. Peculiar to a 

lD'1-o-MAT'ie-A^, S language. 



ID'i-o-pXth'ic, a. Pertaining to a 
disease not preceded and occasioned 
by any other disease. 

ID I-OP'A-TIIY, n. [Gr. iSt-OTrdOeta, fr. 
iSios. peculiar, and ndQos, suffering.] 
A morbid couditiou not preceded and 
occasioned by any other disease. 

ID / i-o-sv:n'€RA.-sy, n. [Gr. Idtoavy- 
KpaxrCa, fr. 1610s, peculiar, and trvy- 
Kpcuns, a mixing together.] A pecul- 
iarity of constitution and suscepti- 
bility. 

Id'i-ot, n. [Gr. 16110777?, a private, 
uneducated, ignorant, ill-informed 
person.] A natural fool ; a simple- 
ton. 

iD'l-oT're, ) a. Relating to, or like, 

Id'I-ot'ic-al, J an idiot ; foolish. 

J'DLE, a. [-ER; -EST.] [A.-S. idel.] 

1. Useless ; unprofitable. 2. Inact- 
ive; doing nothing. 3. Averse to 
labor or employment. 

Syn. — Indolent; lazy.— Indolent de- 
notes an habitual love of ease, a settled 
dislike of movement oreffort ; idle is«p- 
poscd to busy, and denotes a dislike of 
continuous exertion. An idle person may 
be active in his way, but is reluctant to 
force himself to what he does not like. 
Lazy is only a stronger and more con- 
temptuous term for indolent. 
— v. t. To spend in idleness ; to 
waste. [of being idle. 

1'DLE-NESS, n. Condition or quality 
Syn. — Inaction; indolence; sluggish- 
ness ; sloth; laziness. 

I'DLER, n. One who idles ; a lazy per- 
son. ' [ly ; lazily. 

I'DLY, adv. In an idle manner ; vain- 

l'DOL, n. [Gr. et6coAoi/,fr. e!6os, form, 
figure.] 1. An image made an ob- 

* ject of worship. 2. Any thing loved 
to excess. 

I-doi/a-ter, n. 1. A worshiper of 
idols ; a pagan. 2. A great admirer. 

I-dol'a-tress, n. A female worship- 
er of idols. 

J-DOL/A-TRotJS, a. Pertaining to, or 
partaking of the nature of, idolatry. 

I-dol'a-try, n. 1. Worship of idols. 

2. Excessive attachment or venera- 
tion^ 

I'DOL-IZE, ,V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 
make an idol of. 2. To love or rev- 
erence to adoration. 

I'DYL, or ID'YL, n. [Gr. d&vKKiov, 
dim. of s!6os, form .] A short pastoral 
poem ; also an elevated narrative or 
descriptive poem. 

IF, v. t., but commonly called a conj. 
[0. Eng. and A.-S. gif.] 1. In case 
that ; granting, allowing, or suppos- 
ing that. 2. Whether. 

IG'NE-Oiis, a. [Lat. igneus, fr. ignis, 
fire.] 1. Pertaining to, or consisting 
of, fire. 2. (Geol.) Resulting from 
the action of fire. 

IG-NIF'ER-OUS, a. [Lat. ignifer, fr. 
ignis, fire, and ferre, to produce.] 
Producing fire. 

IG-NIP'O-TENT, a. [Lat. ignipotens, 
fr. ignis, fire, and potens, powerful.] 
„ Presiding over fire. 

Ig'nis-fa t' u- &8 , n. ; pi. Ig'nes- 
FAT'U-J . [Lat. ignis, rire, and fat- 
uus, foolish; — from its misleading 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, ToTok. ; Orn, RUE, PT/LL ; E,l, C, silent ; C,G,sq/it,- €,&,hard; Ag; EXIST; N. asNG; THIS. 
14 



IGNITE 



210 



IMAGINATION 



travelers.] A light that appears, in 
the night, over marshy grounds. 

Ig-nite'. v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To kin- 
dle, or set on fire. — v. i. To take 
fire. 

Ig-nit'ible, a. Capable of being 
ignited. 

Ig-ni'tion (ig-nish'un), n. 1. Act of 
igniting. 2. State of being ignited. 

IG-NO'BLE, a. [Lat. ignobilis, fr. in, 
not, and nobilis, noble.] 1. Of low 
birth or family. 2. Mean ; worth- 

, less. 3. Not honorable, or generous. 
Syn. — Degenerate; degraded; base; 
dishonorable; reproachful; disgraceful ; 
shameful; scandalous; infamous. 

Ig-no'bly, adv. In an ignoble man- 
ner. 

Ig'no-min'i-ous, a. 1. Incurring 
public disgrace ; infamous ; shame- 
ful. 2. Deserving ignominy ; despi- 
cable. 

Ig'no-Min'i-ous-ly, adv. In an ig- 
nominious manner. 

IG'NO-MIN'Y, n. [Lat. ignominia, fr. 
in, not, and nomen, name.] 1. Pub- 
lic disgrace or dishonor. 2. An act 
deserving disgrace. 

Syn. — Opprobrium ; reproach; dis- 
honor; shame; contempt; infamy. 

Ig'NO-RA'MUS, n. ; pi. IG'NO-RA/- 
MUS-ES. [Lat., we are ignorant.] An 
ignorant person. 

fG'NO-RANCE, n. [Lat. ignorantia.] 
Condition of being ignorant. 

Ig'no-rant, a. 1. Destitute of knowl- 
edge. 2. Unacquainted ; unaware. 
3. Displaying ignorance ; resulting 
from ignorance. 

Syn. — Illiterate. — Ignorant denotes 
want of knowledge, either as to a singl§ 
subject or to information in general ; il- 
literate refers to an ignorance of letters, 
or of knowledge acquired by reading and 
study. In the Middle Ages, a great pro- 
portion of the higher classes were illiter- 
ate, and yet were far from being igno- 
rant, especially in regard to war and 
other active pursuits. 

Ig'no-rant-ly, adv. In an ignorant 
manner. 

Ig-nore', v. t. [-ED;-ING.] [Lat. 
ignorare, fr. ignarus, ignorant, from 
in, un-, not, and gnarus, knowing.] 
1. To be ignorant of. 2. (Laiv.) To 
throw out as false or ungrounded ; 

— said of a bill. 3. Hence, to refuse 
to take notice of; to leave out of 
account or consideration. 

IL'I-A€, 1 a. [N. Lat. iliar.us, fv.ilia, 

I-LI'AG-AL, J flank, small intestines.] 
1. Pertaining to the ilium, or flank 
bone. 2. Pertaining to the third di- 
vision of the lower intestine. 

Ilk, a. [Scot. ilk. See Each.] The 
same ; also ; each ; every. 

ILL, a. [Contr. from evil.] 1. Con- 
trary to good in a physical or a moral 
sense. 2. Sick ; unwell. 3. Not ac- 
cordant with rule, fitness, or propri- 
ety. 

Syn.— Evil ; bad ; unfortunate ; dis- 
agreeable; unfavorable; wicked; wrong; 
iniquitous ; naughty ; incorrect ; rude ; 
unpolished ; inelegant. 

— n. 1. Evil of any kind; misfor- 
tune ; calamity. 2. Wickedness ; 



depravity ; iniquity. — adv. 1. Not 
easily. 2. Not rightly ; not well. 

IL-LA'TION, n. [Lat. illatio, from in- 
ferre, illatum, to bring in.] Infer- 
ence ; deduction ; conclusion. 

Il'la-tive, a. Relating to illation ; 
inferential. — n. An illative parti- 
cle, [lite ; uncivil. 

ILL'-bred, a. Not well-bred ; impo- 

Il-le'gal, a. Contrary to law ; un- 
lawful; illicit. 

Il/le-gal'1-ty, n. Unlawfulness. 

IL-LE'GAL-LY, adv. Unlawfully. 

Il-leg'i-bil'i-TY, n. Quality of being 
illegible. [read. 

Il-leg'i-ble, a. Incapable of being 

Il-LEG'i-bly, adv. In a manner not 
to be read. [illegitimate. 

lL'LE-GiT'l-MA-CY,n. State of being 

IL'LE-GIT'I-MATE (45), a. 1. Not 
regular or authorized ; unlawful. 2. 
Born out of wedlock. 3. Illogical. 

Ill'-fa'vorjed, a. Ill-looking ; de- 
formed ; ugly. 

IL-lib'er-al, a. Not liberal; nig- 
gardly ; mean ; base ; narrow-minded. 

Il-lTEb'er-al'i-ty, n. Quality of 
being illiberal. 

IL-lib'er-al-ly, adv. In an illiber- 
al manner ; ungenerously. 

IL-LIC'IT, a. [Lat. illicitus, from in, 
not, and licitus, permitted.] Not per- 
mitted ; prohibited ; unlawful. 

Il-lim'it-a-ble, a. Incapable of 
being limited. 

Il-lit'er-a-cy, n. Ignorance. 

Il-lit'er-ate (45), a. Ignorant of 
letters or books. 



Syn. - 
learned; 



- Ignorant 
unlettered. 



untaught ; u 

See Ignorant. 



Ill'-nat'ured, a. Of habitual bad 
temper ; peevish ; fractious ; cross ; 
crabbed ; surly. 

Ill'ness, n. 1. Disease ; indisposition. 
2. Wrong moral conduct; wicked- 
ness ; iniquity. 

Syn. — Sickness. — Originally sick- 
ness was the English term for a continu- 
ous disease, as in our version of the 
Scriptures, &c. Within the present cent- 
ury, there has been a tendency in Eng- 
land to use illness exclusively in this 
sense, and to confine sickness more espe- 
cially to a sense of nausea, or "sickness 
of the stomach; " hence it is there com- 
mon to say of a friend, " He has been ill 
for some weeks," " He has had a long ill- 
ness." This practice is gaining ground 
in America to some extent ; but as the 
Scriptures, the Book of Common Pray- 
er, and most of the great English writers 
use " sick " and " sickness " in these 
cases, it is probable the change will be 
slow, if ever made. 

Il-log'I€-AL, a. 1. Ignorant or neg- 
ligent of the rules of logic. 2. Con- 
trary to logic. 

Il-loG'I€-al-LY, adv. In an illog- 
ical manner. [unate. 

ILL'-starrud, a. Fated to be unfort- 

Il-lude', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
illudere, fr. prefix il, for in, and lu- 
dere, to play.] To deceive ; to mock. 

IL-LUME', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [See 

Illuminate.] To illuminate. 

IL-LU'MI-NATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 

[Lat. illuminate ; in and luminare, 
to enlighten.] 1. To enlighten ; to 



supply with light. 2. To light up, as 
a building. 3. To adorn with colored 
decorations or illustrations. 

IL-LU'MI-NA'TION, n. 1. Act of illu- 
minating. 2. Festive decoration of 
buildings with lights. 3. Adornment 
of books, &c, with colored illustra- 
tions. 4. That which is illuminated, 
as a house ; also, an ornamented book 
or manuscript. 5. Brightness; splen- 
dor, [adorn. 

Il-lu'mine, v. t. To illuminate ; to 

iL-LU'glON, n. [Lat. illusio.] An 
unreal image presented to the bodi- 
ly or mental vision. 

Syn. — Delusion ; mockery ; decep- 
tion; chimera; fallacy; error; hallucina- 
tion. See Delusion. 

Il-lu'sIve, a. Deceiving by false 
show ; deceitful. 

Il-LU'so-ry, a. Deceiving by false 
appearances ; fallacious. 

IL-LUS'TRATE. V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. illustrare, -tratum, fr. illustris, 
bright.] 1. To make clear or bright. 
2. To exhibit distinctly. 3. To ex- 
plain ; to exemplify. 4. To orna- 
ment and_ elucidate with pictures. 

Il'lus-tra'tion, n. 1. Explanation ; 
elucidation. 2. State of being illus- 
trated. 3. That which illustrates ; 
especially an illustrative engraving. 

Il-lus'tra-tTve, a. Tending, or in- 
tei.ded, to illustrate. [illustrates. 

IL-LUS'TRA-TOR, n. [Lat.] One who 

Il-lOs'TRI-oOs, a. [Lat. illustris.] 

1. Characterized by greatness, noble- 
ness, &c. 2. Conferring luster or 
honor; brilliant. 

Syn. — Distinguished ; famous ; re- 
markable; conspicuous; noted; celebrat- 
ed; signal; renowned; eminent; exalt- 
ed ; noble ; glorious. See Distin- 

w GUISHED. 

ILL'-wiel', n. Enmity ; malevolence. 

IL'LY, adv. In an ill or evil manner. 
tgjf A word sometimes used, though 
improperly, for ill. 

Im'age, n. [Lat. imago.] 1. A simili- 
tude of any person or thing ; a 
likeness ; an effigy. 2. An idol. 3. 
Semblance; appearance. 4. A rep- 
resentation of any thing to the mind. 
5. ( Rhet.) A lively description. — v. 
t. [-ED ; -ing.] 1. To form an im- 
age of. 2. To represent to the men- 
tal vision. 

1M'AGE-ry, n. 1. Images in general. 

2. Unreal show. 3. Work of the im- 
agination. 4. Rhetorical decoration. 

IM-ag'i-na-ble, a. Capable of being 
imagined. 

IM-AG'I-NA-RY, a. Existing only in 
imagination or fancy. 

Syn. — Ideal; fanciful; chimericalf 
visionary; fancied; unreal. 

LM-AGa-NA'TlON, n. 1. Power to 
create or reproduce an object of sense 
previously perceived, or to recall a 
mental or spiritual state. 2. Power 
to recreate or recombine with read- 
iness, under the stimulus of excited 
feeling, for the accomplishment of an 
elevated purpose. 

Syn Fancy.— These terms are often 

confounded, but more properly apply to 



A, £ , I, 6, fj, Y, long; X, £, *, 6, 0, y, short; care, far, ask, all, WHAT ; ere, veil, term ; pique, fIrm ; s6n, 



IMAGINATIVE 



211 



IMMODESTY 



distinct exercises of the same general 
power, the plastic or creative faculty. 
Imagination is the higher exercise; it cre- 
ates by laws more closely connected with 
the reason; it has strong emotion as its 
actuating and formative cause ; it aims 
at results of a definite and weighty char- 
acter. Milton's fiery lake, the debates of 
his Pandemonium, the exquisite scenes 
of his Paradise, are all products of the 
imagination. Fane// moves on a light- 
er wing; it is governed by laws of associ- 
ation which are more remote, ind some- 
times arbitrary or capricious, it has for 
its actuating spirit feelings of a lively, 
gay, and versatile character; it seeks to 
please by unexpected combinations of 
thought, startling contrasts, flashes of 
brilliant imagery, &c. Pope's " Ripe of 
the Lock" is an exhibition of fancy, 
which has scarcely its equal in the liter- 
ature of any country. 

tM-XG'l-NA'TlvE, a. 1. Proceeding 
from, and characterized by, the im- 
agination. 2. Full of images, &c. 

Im-ag'ine, v. t. [-ed : -ing.] 1. To 
form in the mind a notion or idea of. 
2. To contrive in purpose. 3. To 
represent to one's self. 

Syx. — To fancy; conceive; appre- 
hend ; think : believe ; suppose ; deem; 
plan ; scheme ; devise : frame. 
— v.i. 1. To form conceptions. 2. 
To think ; to suppose. 

iM-Baxk'ment, n. 1. Act of sur- 
rounding with a bank. 2. Banks or 
mounds of earth. 

IM'BE-CILE (or im'be-seel')* a. [Lat. 
imbecillis, fr. in upon, and bacillum, 
a small staff.] Destitute of strength, 
either of body or of mind; decrepit. 
Syx. — Weak; debilitated; feeble; in- 
firm; impotent. 

IM'be-cil'i-ty, n. Feebleness of body 
or of miud. 
Syn*. — See Debility. 

Im-bed', v. t. To lay, as in a bed. 

■ IM-BIBE', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
imbibere ; prefix in and bibere, to 
drink.] To drink in; to absorb. 

Im'bi-bi'tion (-bish'un), n. Act of 
imbibing. 

IM-BIT'TER, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To make bitter or unhappy. 2. To 
render more violent ; to exasperate. 

Im-bod'y, o. ('. See Embody. 

IM-BOLD'.EN, V. t. See EMBOLDEN. 

IM-BOR'der. v. t. 1. To furnish or 
adorn with a border. 2. To set as in 
a border. 

IM-BO^'OM, v. t. [-ED: -TNG.] To 
hold in the bosom ; hence, to admit 
to the heart or affection. 

IM'BRI-€ATE, ) a. [Lat. imbricatus, 

IM'BRI-CA'TED, ) covered with tiles, 
imbrex, a hollow tile.] 1. Bent and 
hollowed like a gutter-tile. 2. Lying 
over each other in regular order, like 
tiles. [of the edges. 

IM'SRI-CA'TION, n. An overlapping 

IM-BROGL'IO (-brol'vo). n. [It. See 
Broil.] A complicated and embar- 
. rassing state of things. 

Iji-brown', i'. t. [-ed;-ing.] To 
make brown ; to tan. 

Im-brue', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Pre- 
fix im for in, and 0. Eng. brue, al- 
lied to brew.] To soak ; to drench in 
a fluid, as in blood. 



IM-BRUTE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
degrade to the state of a brute. — v. 
i. To sink to the state of a brute. 

IM-BUE', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
imbuere.] 1. To tinge deeply ; to dye. 
2. To cause to become penetrated. 

1M'I-ta-ble, a. 1. Capable of being 
imitated. 2. Worthy of imitation. 

IM'I-tate, r. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
imitari, imitatus.] To follow as a 
pattern or example ; to copy, in form, 
qualities, &c. ; to counterfeit. 

IM'I-TA'TION,^. 1. Act of imitating. 
2. That which is made as a copy ; 
likeness ; resemblance. 

IM'I-TA'TIVE, a. 1. Inclined to imi- 
tate ; imitating. 2. Formed after a 
model or pattern. 

lM'l-TA / TOR,n. One who imitates. 

IM-MA€'U-LATE, a. [Lat. immacula- 
tus.] 1. Spotless ; without blemish ; 
unstained. 2. Limpid ; pure. 

Im'ma-nence, In. Condition of be- 

Im'MA-NEN-CY, } ing immanent; an 
indwelling. 

Iji'ma-NE.NT, a. [Lat. immanens, re- 
maining in or near.] Inherent ; in- 
ternal or subjective. 

Im-man'u-el, n. [Heb.] God with 
us; — an appellation of the Savior. 

Im'MA-TE'ri-al, a. 1. Xot consist- 
ing of matter; incorporeal; spiritual. 
2. Of no essential consequence ; un- 
important. 

Im'MA-te'ri-al-ism, n. Doctrine that 
immaterial substances or spiritual 
beings exist or are possible. 

IM'MA-TE'RI-AL-IST, n. One who be- 
lieves in immaterialism. 

IM'ma-te'ri-al'i-ty, n. Quality of 
being immaterial. 

iM'MA-TURE^a. 1. Not mature; un- 
ripe ; not arrived at perfection or 
completion ; crude. 2. Too early ; 
premature. 

Im'ma-ture'ly, adv. Unseasonably ; 
prematurely. 

IMOIA-tu'ri-ty, n. Condition or 
quality of being immature. 

Im-meas'ur-a-ble (-muzu/ur-), a. 
Incapable of being measured ; illim- 
itable. 

IM-MEAS'UR-A-BLY, adv. To an ex- 
tent uot to be measured. 

IM-3IE'DI-ATE, a. [L. Lat. immedi- 
atus; prefix in and medius, middle.] 
1. Not separated in respect to place 
by any thing intervening ; proxi- 
mate. 2. Not deferred by an interval 
of time. 3. Acting directly. 

Im-me'di-ate-ly, adv. Without de- 
lay or intervention of any thing. 

Im-Me'di-ate-ness, n. Exemption 
from second or intervening causes. 

lM'ME-MO'Rl-AL, a. 1. Beyond mem- 
ory; out of mind. 2. (Ens- Law.) 
Previous to the reign of Richard I. 

IM-MENSE', a. [Lat. immensus ; pre- 
fix in and mensus, measured.] Un- 
limited ; unbounded ; very great. 

Syn. — Infinite: immeasurable; illim- 
itable: interminable; vast; prodigious; 
enormous; monstrous; huge. 

Im-mense'ly, adv. Without limits. 

Im-men'si-ty, n. 1. Unlimited exten- 



sion ; infinity. 2. Vastness in extent 
or bulk ; greatness. 

Im-men'su-ra-ble, a. Not to be 
measured ; immeasurable. 

IM-MERSE', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
immergere, -mersum.] 1. To plunge 
into a fluid. 2. To engage deeply; 
to involve. 

Im-mer'sion, n. 1. Act of immers- 
ing, or state of being immersed. 2. 
Disappearance of a celestial body, by 
passing either behind another, or iuio 
its shadow. 

Im-mesh', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To en- 
tangle in meshes. 

IM'me-thod'I€-al, a. Without 
method or systematic arrangement. 
Syn. — Irregular; coufuscd; disorderly. 

IM'mi-grant, n. One who removes 
into a country for the purpose of 
permanent residence. 

IM'MI-GRATE, V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. immigrare, -gralum.~\ To re- 
move into a country for the purpose 
of permanent residence. [grating. 

IM'Mi-GRA'TION, w. Act of imnri- 

Im'mi-nence, n. 1. Quality or con- 
dition of being imminent. 2. Im- 
pending evil or danger. 

IM'MI-NENT, a. [Lat. imminent, pro- 
jecting, hanging over.] Threatening 
immediately to fall or occur. 

Syn. — Impending ; threatening. — 
Imminent is the strongest; it denotes that 
something is ready to fall on the instant; 
as, in imminent danger of one's life. Im- 
pending denotes that something hangs 
suspended over us, and may so remain 
indefinitely ; as, the impending evils of 
war. Threatening supposes some danger 
in prospect, but more remote; as, threat- 
ening indications for the future. 

Im-mis'ci-bil'i-ty, n. Incapacity of 
being mixed. [being mixed. 

IM-MIS'CI-BLE, a. Not capable of 

Im-mis'sion (-mish'un), n. Act of 
sending or thrusting in. 

Btf-MlT', v. t. [-TED; -TING.] [Lat. 
immittere; in and mittere, to send.] 
To inject ; to infuse. 

IM-MIT'I-GA-BLE, a. [Lat. immiti- 
gabilis.] Not capable of being miti- 
gated. 

IM'MO-BIL'1-TY, n. [Lat. immobili- 
las.] Condition or quality of being 
immovable; fixedness. 

Im-mod'er-ate, a. Not moderate ; 
not confined to suitable limits. 

Syk. — Excessive; exorbitant; extrav- 
agant. 

Im-mod'er-ate-ly, adv. Excessive- 
ly ; unreasonably. 

Im-mod'er-ate-ness, n. Quality 
of being immoderate ; excess ; ex- 
travagance. 

IM-MOD'EST, a. 1. Not limited to 
due bounds. 2. Wanting in the re- 
serve or restraint which decorum and 
decency require. 

Sy>\— Indecorous; indelicate: shame- 
less; indecent; impure; unchaste. 

Im-mod'est-ly, adv. Without mod- 
esty ; indecently. 

Im-m'6d'est-y, 71. 1. Want of mod- 
esty. 2. Want of delicacy or decent 
reserve. 



OR, do, wolf, TOO, TOCli; URN, rue, PULL ; E,l, o, silent ; C, Gt,soft; -e, G, hard; Ag; EJ1ST; N as NG ; this. 



IMMOLATE 

Im'mo-late, v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] [Lat. 
immolare, -latum.} To sacrifice ; to 
kill, as a yictim. 

Im'mo-la'tion, n. 1. Act of immo- 
lating. 2. A sacrifice. 

Im-mor'al, a. Inconsistent with rec- 
titude ; contrary to conscience or the 
divine law. 

Syn. —Wicked ; vicious ; depraved ; 
profligate; dissolute; licentious. 

Im'mo-ral'1-TY, n. 1. Quality of be- 
ing immoral. 2. An immoral act or 
practice. 

Im-MOR'TAL, a. [Lat. immortalis.] 
1. Not mortal ; exempt from liabili- 
ty to die. 2. Connected with immor- 
tality. 3. Destined to perpetual fame. 

Syn.— Eternal; everlasting; ceaseless; 
perpetual; endless; imperishable; incor- 
ruptible; deathless. 

Im'mor-tal'i-ty, n. 1. Unending 
existence. 2. Exemption from ob- 
livion. 

Im-mor'tal-ize. v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
To render immortal. 

Im-mor'tal-ly, adv. In an immor- 
tal manner; with exemption from 
death. 

Im-moVa-bIl'i-TY, n. Condition or 
quality of being immovable. 

Im-mov'a-ble, a. Incapable of being 
moved, altered, or affected. 

iSYN. — Fixed; stable; steadfast; unal- 
terable ; unchangeable ; unimpressible. 
pi. ( Civil Law.) Lands, and things 
adherent thereto. 

Im-mov'A-bly, adv. Unalterably; 
unchangeably. 

IM-MU'NI-TY, n. [Lat. immunitas.] 

1. Exemption from any charge, duty, 
office, or tax : a particular privilege. 

2. Freedom. 

Im-mure', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] To in- 
close within walls ; to imprison. 

Im-mu'ta-bIl'i-ty, n. Quality of 
being unchangeable. 

IM-MU'TA-BLE , a. [Lat. .immutabi- 
lis.] Not mutable ; unchangeable ; 
invariable. 

Im-mu'ta-bly, adv. Unchangeably. 

IMP, n. A young or inferior devil. — 
v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. impan,im- 
pian, fr. Gr. ifufrvTeveiv, to plant in.] 
To insert as a feather into a broken 
wing ; hence, to increase ; to plume. 

Im-pagt', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
imping fre, -pactum, to push, strike 
against.] To press or drive firmly 
together. [nicated. 

IM'pact, n. Collision ; force commu- 

Im-pAir', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
in and pejorare, to make worse.] To 
make worse; to diminish in quanti- 
ty, value, excellence, or strength. 

Syn.— To diminish; decrease; injure; 
weaken ; enfeeble. 

IM-PALE', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
fix on a stake; to put to death by 
doing so. 2. To inclose, as with 
stakes. 

IM-PALE'MENT, n. Act of impaling. 

Im-paL'PA-bit/i-ty, n. Quality of 
not being palpable. 

Im-pal'pa-ble, a. Not palpable ; not 
to be felt. 



212 

Im-pal/pa-bly, adv. In a manner 
not readily felt. 

Im'pa-na'tion, n. [Lat. in and pa- 
7iis, bread.] Supposed real presence 
and union of Christ's material body 
with the bread, in the eucharist. 

IM-PAN'EL, V. t. [-ED; -ING, 137.] 
To form, as a list of jurors. 

IM-PAR'A-DISE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To put in a state of supreme felicity. 

IM-PAR'I-TY, n. Difference of degree, 
rank, excellence, number, &c. 

Im-park', v. I. [-ED; -ING.] To in- 
close for a park. 

IM-PART', V. t. [-EDJ-ING.] [Lat. 
impartire, impertire ; in and part ire, 
to part, divide.] 1. To bestow ashare 
or portion of. 2. To make known. 

Syn.— To share; yield; confer; grant; 
give; reveal; disclose; discover; divulge. 
See Communicate. 

iM-PAR'TIAL.a. Not partial; unpreju- 
diced : disinterested ; equitable ; just. 

IM-PAR'TI-AL/I-TY (-par'shi-al'I-ty or 
-par-shal'I-ty), n. Freedom from bias ; 
disinterestedness ; equitableness. 

Im-par'tial-LY, adv. In an impar- 
tial manner. [ing impartible. 

Im-part'i-bii/I-TY.h. Quality of be- 

1m-part'i-ble, a. 1. Not partible; 
indivisible. 2. Capable of being im- 
parted, [passed. 

Im-pass'A-ble, a. Incapable of being 
Syn. — Impervious ; impenetrable ; 
pathless. 

IM-PAS'SI-BIL'I-TY, n. Quality or 
condition of being impassible. 

IM-PAS'SI-BLE, a. [Lat. impassibilis.] 
Incapable of suffering. 

IM-PAS'SION (-pash'un), v. t. To 
move or affect strongly with passion. 

IM-PAS'SIONJED (-p;lsh'und), p. a. 
Actuated or agitated by passion ; 
animated ; excited. 

Im-pas'sive, a. Not susceptible of 
pain or suffering ; insensible. 

Im'pas-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of mak- 
ing into paste. 2. A combination of 
different substances by means of ce- 
ments capable of resisting fire or air. 

IM-PASTE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 
knead ; to make into paste. 2. To 
lay on colors thick and bold. 

IM-PA'TIENCE,??. 1. Want of patience. 
2. Violence of temper ; vehement 
passion. 

lM-PA'TiENT,a. 1. Not patient; not 
bearing with composure. 2. Prompt- 
ed by, or exhibiting, impatience. 

IM-PA/TIENT-LY, adv. In an impa- 
tient manner. [pawn. 

Impawn', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 

IMPEACH', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Fr. 
empccher, to prevent, bar, fr. Lat. im- 
pingere, to thrust or drive against.] 1. 
To charge, as an officer, with misbe- 
havior in office. 2. To call in ques- 
tion. 

Syn. — To accuse ; arraign ; censure ; 
criminate ; indict. See Accuse. 

IM-PEACH'MENT, n. Act of impeach- 
ing, or state of being impeached. 

IM-PEARL', V. t. [-EDJ-ING.] 1. To 
form into pearls. 2. To decorate with 
pearls. 



IMPERFECT 

Im-peg^a-bil'i-ty, n. Exemption 

from sin, error, or offense 
lM-PE€'€A-BLE, a. [Lat. impeccabi- 
w lis.] Not liable to sin ; perfect. 
Im'pe-cu'ni-os'i-ty, n. Want of 

money. 
IM/pe-€U'ni-ous, a. [Lat. in, not, 

and pccunia, money.] Not having 

money ; poor. 
IM-PEDE', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 

impedire, lit. to entangle the feet.; 

To hinder ; to obstruct. 
Im-ped'i-ment, n. That which im- 
pedes or hinders progress or motion. 

Syn. — Hindrance ; obstruction ; ob- 
stacle; difficulty. — An impediment liter- 
ally strikes against our feet, checking our 
progress, and we remove it. An obstacle 
rises up before us in our path, and we 
surmount it. A difficulty sets before us 
something hard to be done, and we en- 
counter it and overcome it. A hindrance 
holds us back for a time, but we break 
away from it. 

IM-PEL', V. t. [-LED; -LING.] [Lat 
impellere ; in and pellere, to drive. j 
To drive or urge lorward ; to incite tc. 
action in any way. 

Syn. — To instigate ; incite ; induce^ 
influence ; actuate; move. 

lM-PEL'LENT,a. Having the quality 
of impelling. — n. A force that drives 
forward. 

IM-PEND', v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
impendcre.] To hang over ; to be 
suspended above ; to be imminent. 

Im-pend'ence, ) n. State of im- 

1m-pend'en-'^y, j pending; neai 
approach. [minent. 

Im-pend'ent, a. Impending; im- 

Im-pend'ing, p. a. Hanging over; 
impendent. 

Syn. — Imminent; menacing; threat- 
ening. See Imminent. 

Im-pen'e-TRA-bTl'i-TY, n. Quality 
of being impenetrable. 

Im-p£n'e-tra-ble, a. 1. Incapable 
of being penetrated. 2. Inaccessible, 
as to knowledge, sympathy, &c. 

Im-pen'e-tra-bly, adv. In an im- 
penetrable manner. 

IM pen'I-tence, ) n. Condition of 

1m-pen'i-ten-cy, ] being impeni- 
tent ; obduracy of heart. 

Im-pen'i-tent, a. Not penitent ; not 
repenting of sin ; obdurate. — n. A 
hardened sinner. [repentance. 

Im-pen'i-tent-ly, adv. Without 

IM-PER'A-T1VE, a. [Lat. imperativus, 
fr. imperare, to command.] 1. Ex- 
pressive of command ; authoritative. 
2. Obligatory ; binding. 

IM-PER'A-TIVE-LY, adv. Authorita- 
tively 

IM/PER-CEP/Ti bIl/i-ty, 7i. State or 
quality of being imperceptible. 

IM/PER-CEP'TI-BLE, a. 1. Not per- 
ceptible ; insensible. 2. Very small' 
fine or very slow in progress. 

Im'per-cep'ti-bly, adv. So as not 
to be perceived. 

Im-per'fegt (14), a. 1. Not perfect 
or complete. 2 Wanting in some 
essential elementary organ. 3. Not 
fulfilling its design. 4. Marked by 
defects or evil. 



A, E, I, 0,tJ,Y, long; X,E,I, 6, U, Y, short J CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM ; S6N, 



IMPERFECTION 



213 



IMPOSE 



Im'PER-fec'tion, n. Quality of be- 
ing imperfect ; want of perfectiou. 

Syx. — Defect ; deficiency ; incom- 
pleteness; fault; failing; weakness; frail- 
ty; foible; blemish; vice. 

Im-per'fect-ly, adv. In an imper- 
fect manner. 

lM-PER'FO-RA-BLE,a. Incapable of 
being perforated. [or pierced. 

IM-PER'FO-RATE, a. Not perforated 

Im-pe'RI-al (89), a. [Lat. imperialts ; 
imperium, command, empire.] 1. 
Relating to an empire, or to au em- 
peror. 2. Sovereign ; supreme. — n. 
A tuft of hair on a man's lower lip. 

IM-PE'RI-AL-IST, n. A subject or sol- 
dier of an emperor, [al manner. 

Im-pe'ri-al-ly, adv. In an imperi- 

LM-PER'IL, f l. [-ED,-ING ; 0/--LED, 
-LING, 137.] To bring into peril. 

Im-pe'ri-ous (89), a. Commanding ; 
authoritative ; 'lictatorial ; haughty ; 
arrogant ; ove* bearing. 

Syx. — Domineering: ; lordly. — One 
who is imperious exercises his authority 
in a manner highly offensive for its spir- 
it and tone; one who is lordly assumes 
a lofty air in order to display his impor- 
tance ; one who is domineering gives or- 
ders in a way to make others feel their 
inferiority. 

Jm-pe'ri-oOs-ly, adv. In an impe- 
rious manner. 

Im-per'ish-a-ble, a. Not perisha- 
ble : indestructible. 

I-M-per'me-a-bIl'i-ty, n. Quality 
of being impermeable. 

lM-PER'ME-A-BLE, a. Not permea- 
ble : not permitting passage, as of a 
fluid, through its substance. 

IM-PER'SON-AL, a. Not personal; 
not representing a person ; not hav- 
ing personality. 

Jm-PER'son-al'I-TY, n. Condition or 
quality of being impersonal. 

'M-PER'SOX-AL-LY, adv. In an im- 
personal manner. 

Im-per'soxate, v. t. [-ed ; -IXG.] 
1. To ascribe the qualities of a per- 
son to : to personify. 2. To repre- 
sent the person of; to personate. 

TiM-PER'SOX-A'TlOX, n. Act of im- 
personating ; personification. 

^M'PER-SPie'U-OuS, a. Not perspic- 
uous ; obscure ; vague. 

IM-PER'TI-NENCE, ) n. 1. Quality 

IM-per'ti-nex-cy, ) of being imper- 
tinent : irrelevance. 2. Unbecoming 
conduct : rudeness ; incivility. 3. A 
thing out of place, or of no value, &c. 

IM-PER'TI-NENT (11), a. 1. Not per- 
tinent ; having no bearing on the 
subject : irrelevant. 2. Offending 
against the rules of good-breeding. 

Srx. — Officious. — A person is offi- 
cious who obtrudes his offices or assist- 
ance where they are not'needed: he is 
impertinent when he intermeddles in 
things with which he has no concern. 
The former shows a want of tact, the 
latter a want of breeding, or, more com- 
monly, a spirit of sheer impudence. 

IM-PER'TI-XEXT-LY, adv. In an im- 
pertinent manner. 

Im'per-tur/ba-bil'i-ty, n. State 
of being imperturbable ; self-posses- 
sion ; coolness. 



IM'PER-TUR'BA-BLE, a. [Lat. imper- 
turbabilis.] Incapable of being dis- 
turbed. 

Im-per'TUR-ba'tion. ». Freedom 
from agitation of mind ; calmness. 

Im-per'VI-ous, a. Not pervious; not 
admitting of entrance or passage 
through. 

Syx. — Impassible; pathless; impene- 
trable; iinperviable. 

IM-per'yi-ol'S-ey, adv. Impenetra- 
bly. 

IM-PET'U-OS'I-TY, n. 1. Quality of 
being impetuous ; fury ; violence. 2. 
Vehemence of temper. 

Im-pet'u-ous, a. [Lat. impetuosus. 
See IMPETUS.] 1. Rushing with force 
and violeuce. 2. Vehement in feel- 
ing. 

Syx.— Forcible: rapid: hasty; precip- 
itate ; furious ; boisterous ; violent ; 
fierce; passionate. 

Im-pet'tj-ous-ly, adv. In an impet- 
uous manner. 

IM'PE-Tfrs, n. [Lat., fr. imprtere, to 
rush upon, attack.] Force with 
which any body is driven or im- 
pelled ; momentum. 

IM'PHEE, n. The African sugar-cane. 

Lai-pi'e-TY, n. [Lat. impietas.] 1. 
Quality of being impious. 2. An im- 
pious act. 

Syx. — Ungodliness : irreligion ; un- 
righteousness ; sinfulness ; profaneness. 

IM-PINGE', v.i. [-ED; -IXG.] [Lat. 
impingere : in and pangere, to fix, 
strike.] To fall or dash against; to 
strike. 

bl'Pl-ous, a. [Lat. impius; r'w,not, 
and pats, pious.] 1. Not pious : ir- 
religious ; profane. 2. Proceeding 
from, or manifesting, a want of rev- 
erence for the Supreme Being. 

hl'PI-OUS-LY, adv. Profanely. 

bl'Pl-OLS-NESS, n. Impiety. 

IM-PLA'CA-Bi'i/I-TY, ». Quality of 
being implacable. 

IM-PLA'€A-BLE. a. [La.t. implacabi- 
lis.} Not placable ; incapable of be- 
ing pacified. 

Syx. — Unappeasable ; inexorable ; 
irreconcilable; unrelenting; relentless. 

IJI PLA'€A-BLY, adv. With unap- 
peasable enmity. 

IM-PLAXT', v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
set, plant, or infix, for the purpose 
of growth. 

IM/PLAX-TA'TIOX, n. Act of implant- 
ing, or state of being implanted. 

IM-PLEAD', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
sue at law. 

ill'PLE-MEXT, n. [Lat. implementum, 
fr. implere, to fill up.] An instru- 
ment or utensil as supplying a requi- 
site to an end. 

IM-ple'tion, n. 1. Act of filling; 
state of being full. 2. That which 
fills up ; filling. 

IM'PLEX, a. [Lat. implexus, infolded, 
entangled.] Intricate ; entangled ; 
complicated. 

IM'PLI-€ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. implicare, -catum : in and pli- 
care. to fold.] 1. To infold; to con- 
nect in many relations. 2. To bring 



into connection with : to show to be 
connected or concerned. 

iM'PLi-t'A'Tiox, n. 1. Act of impli- 
cating, or state of being implicated. 
2. That which is implied, but not 
expressed. [plicate. 

lM'PLI-€A'Ti'VE, a. Tending to im- 

lM-PLlC'lT, a. [Lat. implicitus.] L 
Fairly to be understood, though not 
expressed : implied. 2. Trusting to 
another, without doubting or reserve. 

IM-PL1C'IT-LY, adv. 1. Impliedly. 
2. With unreserved confidence. 

Im-plIc'it-xess, n. State of trust- 
ing without reserve. 

IM-PLPED-LY, adv. By implication. 

IM-PLORE', r. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
implorare ; in and plorare, to cry 
aloud.] To call upon, or for, in sup- 
plication ; to pray earnestly. 

Syx. — To beseech; supplicate; crave; 
entreat; beg; solicit. 

Im-ply', v. t. [-ed : -ixg, 142.] [See 
Implicate.] To contain by impli- 
cation ; to include virtually. 

Syx. — To comprise; import; denote; 
signify. See Ixvolve. 

iM-POl'gOX, v. t. To impregnate or 
affect with poison. [policy. 

IM-POL'I-CY*, ii. Inexpedience ; bad 

pl'PO-LlTE', a. Not polite ; uncivil. 

IM PO-LITE'LY, adv. In an impolite 
manner : uncivilly. 

iM'PO-LiTE'NESSjtt. Quality of being 
impolite. 

Im-p5l'i-TI€, a. Not politic ; want- 
ing in policy or prudent management. 
Syx. — Indiscreet ; incautious ; im- 
prudent: inexpedient. 

Im-pox'der-a-bil'I-ty, n. Quality 
of being imponderable. 

Im-POX'der-a-ble, a. Withou* sen- 
sible weight. 

IM'po-ros'i-ty, n. "Want of porosity. 

IM-PO'ROLS, a. Destitute of pores; 
compact. 

IM-PORT', V. t. [-ED; -IXG.] [Lat. 
importare ; in and portare, to bear.] 
1. To bring in from abroad. 2. To 
imply ; to signify. 3. To be of im- 
portance or consequence to. 

fol'PORT, n. 1. That which is brought 
in from abroad. 2. Purport ; mean- 
ing. 3. Importance ; consequence. 

Im-por'tance, ii. Quality of being 
important ; consequence ; moment. 

IM-POR'TANT, a. Possessing weight 
or consequeuce ; significant ; weighty. 

IM'POR-TA'TIOX, n. 1. Act or prac- 
tice of importing. 2. Goods intro- 
duced into a country from abroad. 

Im-port'er, n. One who imports. 

Im-port'u-xate (45), a. Pertina- 
cious in solicitation. 

Im-port'u-xate-ly, adv. In an im- 
portunate manner. 

IIU/POR-TUXE', V. t. [-ED ; -IXG. ] [L. 
Lat. importunare* from Lat. impor- 
tunus.] To request with urgency ; to 
tease. 

hl'POR-TU'XI-TY, n. Pressing solic- 
itation : urgent request. [imposed. 

IM-PO^'A-BLE, a. Capable of being 

Im-po-]E\ v. t. [-ed;-ixg.] [Lat. 
imponere, impositum; in. and po- 



OR, do, wolf, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, o, silent ; C.G, soft; €,<jr,hard; A§; EX.IST; n as NG ; THIS. 



IMPOSER 



214 



IMPROVVISATORE 



nere, to place'.]- 1. To lay as a charge, 
tax, duty, command, or the like ; to 
levy. 2. To pass oti'; toptfni;. 3. 
To lay, as the hands in confirma- 
tion or ordination. 4. To prepare for 
printing, as a form, by arranging the 
pages upon a stone, and confining 
them in the chase. 

Im-pos'er, n. One who imposes or 
• enjoins. [manding. 

Im-POs'ITJGjT?. a. Impressive; com- 

IM-POS'ING-STONE, n. A stone on 
which pages or columns of type are 
made into forms. 

Im'PO-si'tion (-zlsh'un), n. 1. Act 
of imposing. 2. That which is im- 
posed ; charge : levy ; tax. 3. A 
trick or deception. 4. Act of laying 
on the hands as a religious ceremony . 
Syx.— Sec Deception. 

IM-Pos'si-BIL'I-TY, n. 1. Quality of 
being impossible. 2. An impossible 
thing. 

Im-pos'si-BLE, a. [Lat. impossibilis ] 
Not possible ; incapable of being 
done. 
Syx.— See Impracticable. 

Im'post, re. [See Impose.] 1. A 
duty or tax on goods imported into 
a country. 2. The capital of a pil- 
lar or cornice which receives an arch. 
Syx. — Tribute; toll; excise; custom. 

Im-post'hu-mate, v. i. [See Im- 
POSTHUME.] To form an abscess. 
— v.t. [-ED; -ING.] To affect with 
an imposthume or abscess. 

Im-post'hu-ma'tion, n. 1. Act of 
forming an abscess. 2. An abscess. 

IM-p6st'hu me ,n. [A corruption of 
aposteme.] A collection of pus or 
purulent matter ; an abscess. 

IM-pos'TOR, re. [Lat., fr. imponere, 
to deceive.] One who imposes upon 
others. 

IM-p6st'ure, n. Deception practiced 
under a false or assumed character. 

Syx. — Cheat ; fraud ; trick ; imposi- 
tion; delusion. 

Im'po-tence, )re. Want of strength 

IM'PO-TEN-CY, } or power, animal, 
intellectual, or moral ; especially, 
want of procreative power. 

IM'PO-TENT, a. [Lat. impotens; in, 
not, and potens, powerful.] Want- 
ing power, strength, or vigor, wheth- 
er physical, intellectual, or moral. 

IM'PO-TENT-LY, adv. Without power. 

IM-POUND', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] To 
confine, as in a pound. 

IM-POV'ER-ISH, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Prefix im, not, and 0. Fr. povere, 
■povre, poor.] 1. To make poor. 2. To 
exhaust the fertility of. [to poverty. 

Im-pov'er-ish-ment, re. Reduction 

Im-prac'ti-ca-bil/I-ty, n. State or 
quality of being impracticable. 

Im-PRA€'ti-€A-ble, a. 1. Not prac- 
ticable; incapable of being accom- 
plished. 2. Not easily managed ; un- 
tractable. 3. Not capable of being 
easily dealt with. 4. Incapable of 
being passed or traveled. 

Syx. — Impossible ; infeasible. — A 
thing is impracticable when it cannot be 



accomplished by any human mean3 at 
present possessed; a thing is impossible [ 
when the laws of nature forbid it. The I 
navigation of a river may now be impran- i 
ticable, but not impossible, because the 
existing obstructions may yet be re- 
moved. 

Im-pra€'ti-€A-bl,Y, adv. In an im- 
practicable manner. 

IM'PRE-€ATE, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. imprecari, -catum ; mand pre- 
cari, to pray.] To call down by 
prayer, as something hurtful ; to in- 
voke, as evil. 

IM'PRE -€A'tion, re. Act of invoking 
evil on any one. 
Syn.— Malediction; curse; execration. 

Im'pre-€A-to-ry, a. Of the nature 
of imprecation. 

Im'pre-cir'ion (-sizh'un), re. Want 
of precision or exactness. 

Im-preg'na-ble, a. 1. Not to be 
taken by assault. 2. Not to be 
moved ; invincible. 

IM-PREG'NATE, v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. in and prazgnans, prxgnas, 
pregnant.] 1. To make pregnant. 
2. To render fruitful or fertile. 3. To 
infuse particles of another substance 
into. 

IM'PREG-NA'TION,*!. 1. Act of im- 
pregnating. 2. State of being impreg- 
nated. 3. Intimate mixture of parts. 

Im-press', i>. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
imprimere, impressum.] 1. To press 
in or upon ; to stamp : to imprint. 
2. To produce by pressure. 3. To 
inculcate. 4. To take by force for 
public service. 

Im'press, n. 1. A mark made by 
pressure; imprint; stamp. 2. In- 
fluence wrought on the mind. 

Im-press'I-bee, a. Yielding to an 
impression ; susceptive. 

IM-PRES'SION (-presh/un), n. 1. Act 
of impressing. 2. That which is 
produced by pressure; — as, (a.) A 
stamp or copy made by pressure ; 
mark. (6.) Sensible result of an in- 
fluence from without, (c.) An indis- 
tinct notion, remembrance, or belief. 
(d.) An edition. 

lM-PRESS'IVE,a. 1. Making, or tend- 
ing to make, an impression. 2. Ca- 
pable of being impressed ; susceptible. 

IM-press'IVE-ly, adv. In an im- 
pressive manner ; forcibly. 

Im-press'ive-ness, n. Quality of 
being impressive. 

Im-press'ment, re. Act of seizing for 
public useor service. 

Im'pri-ma'tur, n. [Lat., let it be 
printed.] A license to print a book. 

IM'PRINT, n. Name of the printer or 
publi slier of a. book , on the ti tie-page , 
with the time and place of publish- 
ment. 

IM-PRINT', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 
impress ; to stamp ; to print. 2. To 
fix indelibly, as on the memory. 

IM-PRIS'ON, V.t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To put into a prison. 2. To limit or 
restrain in any way. [liberty. 

IM-PRIS'ON-MENT, n. Restraint of 
Syx. — Incarceration ; custody ; con- 
finement; durance. 



IM-PROB/A-BIL'J-TY, n. Quality of 
being improbable ; unlikelihood. 

Im-pr6b'a-ble, a. Not probable,* 
unlikely to be true. 

Im-prob'a-bly, adv. In an improb- 
able manner. 

IM-PROB'1-TY, 7i. [Lat. improbhas.) 
Absence of probity ; want of integ- 
rity ; dishonesty. 

Im-promp'tu, adv. or a. [Lat. in 
promptu, in readiness, at hand.] Off- 
hand ; without previous study. — re. 
An extemporaneous composition. 

Im-prop'er, a. Not proper; not 
fitted to the circumstances, design, 
or end ; unfit ; indecent. 

Im-prop'er-ey, adv. In an improp- 
er manner. _ 

IM-PRO'PRI-ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. in and propriare, -atmn, to ap- 
propriate.] (Eng. Eccl. Law.) To 
place the profits of, for care and dis- 
bursement,jn the hands of a layman. 

IM-PRO'PRI-A'TION, 71. Act of put- 
ting an ecclesiastical benefice in the 
hands of a layman, or lay corpora- 
tion. 

IM'PRO-PRI'E-TY, re. 1. Unfitness or 
unsuitableness to character, time, 
place, or circumstances. 2. An un- 
suitable act or expression. 

Im-prov'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
improved. 

Im-prove', v. t. [-EDJ-ING.] [Pre- 
fix in, and 0. Fr. prover, Lat. pro- 
bare, to esteem as good ] 1. To make 
better. 2. To employ to good purpose. 
Syn. — To better; meliorate; advance; 
heighten; mend; correct; rectify. 

— v. i. 1. To grow better. 2 To 
grow worse. 3. To increase ; to be 
enhanced. 

Im-prove'ment, 7i. 1. Act of im- 
proving, or state of being improved. 
2. Practical application, as of the 
principles of a discourse. 3. That 
which improvesany thing, oris added 
byway of improving it. [foresight. 

IM-PROV'I-DENCE, n. Neglect of 

Im-prov'i-dent, a. Not provident ; 
wanting forecast. 

Im-prov'i-dent-ly, adv. Without 
foresight or forecast. 

Im-pr6v'i-sate, v. t. or *'. [-ed ■ 
-ING.] Tojmprovise. 

IM-PRO Vl-SA'TION, n. 1. Act or art oi 
making poetry, or of performing mu- 
sic extemporaneously. 2. That which 
is improvised. 

iM-PRori'i-^A-TRTcE (-cha), re. 

See IMPROVVISATRICE. 

Im-pr o Visa- TRPCE, n. See IM- 
PROVVISATRICE. 

IM'PRO-VISE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
improvisiis ; in and provisus, pro- 
vided.] 1. To speak extemporane- 
ously, esp. in verse. 2. To bring 
about without previous preparation. 

— v. i. To make verses without pre- 
vious preparation ; hence, to do any 
thing off-hand. 

Im-pr 8 v'v'i-sa-to're, n. [It. See 
Improvise.] A man who compos- 
es and sings or recites rhymes and 
short poemi extemporaneously. 



I E, i, o,v,y, long; A, E,I, 6, U, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ask, all, what; ere, veil, TEKMJ pique, fIrm; s6n, 



EMPROVVISATRICE 



215 



INAUGURATE 



lM-P ROV r'i-£A-TRl' CE (-tre'cha), 
n. [It.J A woman who composes 
and sings or recites rhymes or short 
poems extemporaneously. 

Im-PRU'dexce, n. Want of prudence; 
indiscretion ; rashness. 

IM-PRU'DENT, a. [Lat. imprudens.] 
Wanting prudence or discretion. 

Sth. — Indiscreet; injudicious; incau- 
tious; unadvised; heedless; rush. 



adv. In an irn- 

Quality of being 
want of 



Im-pru'dext-ly 
prudent manner 

Im'pu-lexce, n. 
impudent 
modesty. 

Syx. — Effrontery; sauciness.— hiipu- 
dence refers more especially to the feel- 
ings; effrontery (lit., meeting face to face) 
to some gross and public exhibition of 
shamelessness ; saucmess, to a sudden 
outbreak of impudence, especially from 
an inferior. 

lil'PU-DEXT, a. [Lat. impudens ; in, 
not, and pudens, ashamed, modest.] 
Unblushingly forward ; wanting mod- 
esty. 

Sth. — Shameless; audacious; brazen; 
bold-faced; pert; immodest; rude; sau- 
cy; impertinent; insolent. 

Im'pu-dext-ly, adv. In an impu- 
dent manner. 

Im-pucjn' (-pun'), v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. impugnare ; in and pugnare, 
to fight.] To attack by words or ar- 
j guments ; to contradict. 
I IM'pulse, n. [Lat. impulsus.] 1. 
Act of impelling. 2. Effect of an im- 
pelling force. 3. Sudden motion ex- 
citing to action: instigation. 

IM-PUL'SIOX, n. 1. Act of impelling 
or driving onward. 2. Influence act- 
ing unexpectedly or temporarily on 
the mind. 

Im-pul'sive, a. 1. Having the pow- 
er of impelling. 2. Actuated by im- 
pulse, [impulse. 

IM-pCl'sTve-LY, adv. With force ; by 
| IM-pu'xi-ty, n. [Lat. impunitas, fr. 
impunis, without punishment.] Ex- 
emption from punishment, penalty, 
injury, or loss. 

Im-pure', a. 1. Mixed with extrane- 
ous substances ; not pure; foul. 2. 
Defiled by sin ; unholy. 3. Unchaste ; 
lewd ; unclean. 4. Obscene. 

Im-pure'ly, adv. In an impure man- 
ner ; with impurity. 

IM-PU'RI-TT, n. 1. Want of purity ; 
pollution ; defilement. 2. Foul mat- 
ter, action, language, &c. 

IM-put'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
imputed; chargeable. 

Im'pu-ta'tiox, n. Act of imputing 
or charging; any thing imputed. 

iM-PUT'A-TiVE, a. Coming by impu- 
tation ; imputed. 

IM-FDTE', *. t. [-ED; -We.] [Lat. 
imputare ; in and putare, to think.] 
1. To charge ; to ascribe. 2. To 
charge to one as the author, origi- 
nator, or possessor of. 3. ( Theol.) 
To set to the account of another as 
the ground of judicial procedure. 

Im'pu-tres'ci-ble, a. Not subject 
to putrefaction or corruption. 

IN, prep. JA.-S.] Within; inside of; 



surrounded by ; not outside of ; — 
used to indicate a variety of relations. 
— adv. Not out; within; inside. 

Ix'a-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being 
unable ; lack of ability. 

Syx.— Disability ; impotence; inca- 
pacity ; incompetence ; weakness. See 
Disability. 

Ix/AC-CESS'I-BIL'I-TY, In. Quality 

IN'AC-^ESS'I-BLE-XESS, ) or state 
of being inaccessible, or not to be 
reached. 

IVA€-cess'i-BL,e, a. Not to be 
reached, obtained, or approached. 

JN r/ A€-CESS'l-BLY, adv. In an inac- 
cessible manner. 

In-ao'€U-ra-c y, n. Want of accura- 
cy or exactness. 

Syx.— Mistake : fault ; defect; error. 

lN-X-e'€U-RATE (45), a. Not accurate ; 
erroneous. 

Ix-ac'CU-RATE-ly, adv. Incorrectly. 

In-A€'tiox, n. Want of action ; idle- 
ness : rest. 

Ix-act'ive, a. 1. Not in action. 2. 
Not disposed to action or effort ; idle. 
Syx.— See Inert. 

In-aot'ive-ly, adv. Idly ; slug- 
gishly. 

In'AC-tiv'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of be- 
ing inactive ; inertness. 2. Idleness ; 
sluggishness. 

IX-AD'E-QUA-CY, n. 1. Quality of 
being inadequate ; defectiveness; in- 
equality. 2. Unjust or improper de- 
fect. 

Ix-X d'e-QUATE (45), a. Not adequate ; 
unequal to the purpose. 

Syx. — U~nequal : incommensurate; 
disproportionate; insufficient; incompe- 
tent; incapable. 

In-ad'E-QUATE-LY, adv. Not fully 
or sufficiently. 

Ix-ad'e-QUATE-xess, n. Quality of 
being inadequate : inadequacy ; in- 
equality ; incompleteness. 

Ix'adoiiVsi-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of 
being inadmissible. 

LVAD-rvris'si-BLE, a. Not proper to 
be admitted, allowed, or received. 

h'AD-VERT'EXCE, I n. 1. Quality 

Ix'ad-vert'ex-'cy, ) of being inad- 
vertent ; lack of attentiveness. 2. An 
oversight or fault, proceeding from 
negligence of thought. 

IN'AD-vert'ENT, a. Not turning the 
mind to a matter. 

Ix'ad-yert'ext-ly, adv. From 
want of attention. 

Ix-AL'IEX-A-BLE ( -iU'yen-), a. Inca- 
pable of being alienated, or trans- 
ferred to another. 

Ix-AL'IEX-A-BLY, adv. In a manner 
forbidding alienation. 

Ix-AJT-' O-RA'TA, ii. f. I [It. innamo- 

Ix-A31'0-RA'T0, ii. m. ) rata, inna- 
morato.] A lover. 

IX-AXE', a. [Lat. inanis.] Empty ; 
void of sense or intelligence. 

Ix-ax'i-mate, a. Destitute of life or 
spirit. 

Syx. — Lifeless; dead; inert; inactive; 
dull; spiritless. 

In'a-xi'tion (-nish'un), n. Empti- 
ness ; exhaustion from want of food. 



In-an'i-ty, n. 1. Void space; emp- 
tiness. 2. Deficiency of contents; 
senselessness. 

Ix-ap'pe-texce, In. 1. Want of 

Ix-ap'pe-tex-cy, ) appetence, or 
of a disposition for nutriment. 2- 
Want of inclination. 

iN-AP'PLl-eA-BiL'l-TY, n. Quality 
of being inapplicable ; unfitness. 

Ix-ap'pli-ca-ble, a. Not applica- 
ble ; not suited or suitable to the 
purpose. 

Syx. —Unsuitable ; unsuited ; un- 
adapted ; inappropriate. 

In-ap'pli-ca'tion, n. Want of ap- 
plication or attention ; negligence. 

Ix-ap'po-site, a. Not apposite; not 
suitable." 

IX'AP-pre'ci-a-ble (-prS'shl-, 92), a. 
Not appreciable ; incapable of being 
duly valued. 

Ix-aP'PRE-HEX'SI-BLE, a. Not ap- 
prehensible ; unintelligible. 

IVap-proach'A-ble, a. Not ap- 
proachable ; inaccessible. 

ix'AP-PRO'PRI-ATE, a. Unsuitable, 
as in manners, moral conduct, &c. 

Ix-apt'I-tude (53), v. Want of apt- 
itude ; unfitness ; unsuitableness. 

In-arch', v. t. [-ed; -ixg.] To 
graft by uniting, as a scion, to a 
stock, without separating it from its 
parent tree. 

Ix/AR-Tielr-LATE, a. 1. Not artic- 
ulate ; not distinct, or with distinc- 
tion of syllables. 2. (Zool.) Not 
jointed or articulated. 

In'ar-tIo'u-late-ly. adv. Net with 
distinct syllables ; indistinctly. 

IX'AR-Tk/u-LATE-XESS, \ n. Indis- 

IX'AR-TIO'U-LA'TIOX, j tinctness 
of sounds in speaking. 

Ix-AR'TI-FI'CIAL (-fish/al), a. Notar- 
tificial ; not done by art ; simple and 
natural. 

ix'AS-ML-CH', adv. Seeing that ; con- 
sidering that ; since ; — with as. 

Ix'at-tex'tiox. n. Want of atten- 
tion or consideration. 

Syx. — Inadvertence ; heedlessness ; 
thoughtlessness; neglect. — We miss see* 
ing a thing through inadvertence, when 
we do not look at it ; through inattention 
when we give no heed to it, though di- 
rectly before us. The latter is therefore 
the worse. Inadvertence may be an in- 
voluntary accident: inattention is culpa- 
ble neglect. A versatile mind is often 
inadvertent ; a careless or stupid one is 
inattentive. 
Ix'at-tex'tive, a. Not attentive ; 
not fixing the mind on an object. 

Syx. — Careless; heedless; regardless; 
thoughtless; negligent; remiss. 

Ix/AT-TEX'TiVE-LY, adv. Without 
attention ; carelessly. 

Ix-aud'i-ble, a. Not audible: inca- 
pable of being heard, [heard. 

IX-AUD'r-BLY, adv. So as not to be 

Ix-au'GU-RAL, a. Pertaining to, or 
pronounced at, an inauguration. — ■ 
n. An inaugural address. 

IN-AU'GU-RATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.\ 
[Lat. inaugurare, -ratuni, fr. pref. in, 
and augurare, to augur.] 1. To in- 
duct into office. 2. To set in motion 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TO"OK; t>RX, RUE, PULL ; E, I, o, silent ; C, G, soft; €,G,hard; A§ ; E £IST ; XosXG; THIS. 



INAUGURATION 



216 



INCLEMENT 



or action ; also, to make a public ex- 
hibition of for the first time. 

In-au'gu-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of in- 
augurating. 2. Solemn or formal 
beginning of any movement, public 
exhibition, &c. 

In'ahs-pi'cious (-pish'us), a. Not 
auspicious ; unfortunate ; unlucky. 

IN'AUS-pi'cious-ly (-pTsh/us-), adv. 
Unfortunately ; unfavorably. 

In-be'ing, n. Inherence ; inherent 
existence. [innate. 

IN'BORN, a. Implanted by nature ; 

IN-BREATHE', f. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
infuse by breathing. 

IN'BRED, a. Bred within; natural. 

IN/CA, n. A king or prince of Peru, 
before the conquest of that country 
by the Spaniards. [fine in a cage. 

IN-CAGE', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To eon- 

In-cal'cu-la-ble, a. Not capable 
of being calculated. 

In^a-les'cence, In. A growing 

In'ca-les'CEN-CY, j warm; incipi- 
ent or increasing heat. 

In'ca-les'oent, a. [Lat. incale seem, 
p. pr. of incalescere, to grow hot.] 
Growing warm ; increasing in heat. 

In'can-des'cence, n. A white heat. 

In'CAN-DES'CENT, a. [Lat. incandes- 
cens, becoming hot.] White or glow- 
ing withheat. 

IN'CAN-TA'TION, n. [Lat. incantatio. 
See Enchant.] Act of enchanting; 
enchantment. 

In-ca/pa-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of be- 
ing incapable ; incapacity ; want of 
power or qualification. 

In-ca/pa-ble, a. 1. Not large or 
wide enough to contain. 2. Want- 
ing physical strength for an effort or 
effect. 3. Mentally insufficient. 4. 
Morally weak. 5. Not in a state to 
suffer or receive. 6. Disqualified, in 
a legal sense. 

Syn.— See Incompetent. 

IN'CA-PAC'1-TATE, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To deprive of capacity or power ; to 
disqualify. 

In'ca-pacvi-ta'tion, w. Want of 
capacity; disqualification. 

IN'CA-PAC'I-TY, n. 1. Want of ca- 
pacity ; defect of intellectual power 
2. Want of legal competency. 

Syn. —Inability; incapability incom- 
petency; disqualification. 

IN-€AR'CER-ATE, V. I. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. prefix in and carcerare, to im- 
prison.] 1. To imprison. 2. To 
shut up or inclose. [ment. 

IN-CAR'^ER-A'TION, n. Imprison- 

lN-CAR'NATE,l< t. [-ED; -ING.] [L. 
Lat. inearnare, -natum.] To clothe 
with flesh. [flesh. 

In-gar'nate (45), a. Invested with 

IN'CAR-NA'TION, n. 1. Act of assum- 
ing flesh, or of taking a human body 
and the nature of man. 2. A strik- 
ingmanifestation . 

In-case', v. t. [-ed; -ING.] To in- 
close in a case. 

In-cau'tioOs. a. Not cautious ; not 
circumspect. 

Syn. — Unwary ; indiscreet ; incon- 



siderate ; imprudent ; impolitic ; care- 
less ; heedless ; thoughtless. 

lN-€AU'Tlous-LY,at/i\ In an incau- 
tious manner. 

IN'CA-VA'TION, n. [Lat. incavare, to 
make hollow.] 1. Act of making 
hollow. 2. A hollow ; excavation. 

In-cen'di-a-ri£M, n. Act or prac- 
tice of maliciously setting fire to 
buildings. 

IN-CEN'I>I-A-RY,«. 1. One who ma- 
liciously sets fire to another's build- 
ing. 2. An agitator. — a. [Lat. incen- 
diarius ; incendium , a fire.] 1 . Per- 
taining to the malicious burning of a 
dwelling. 2. Inflammatory ; seditious. 

IN'CENSE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [L. Lat. 
incensare. See supra.] To perfume 
with incense. — n. 1. Odors of 
spices and gums burned in religious 
rites. 2. The materials used for pro- 
ducing a perfume by burning. 

IN-CENSE'. v. t. [Lat. incendere, -cen- 
sum; in and candere, to glow.] To 
enkindle or inflame to violent anger. 
Syn. — To enrage : exasperate ; pro- 
voke; anger; irritate; heat; fire. 

IN-CEN'TIVE, a. [Lat. incentivus, fr. 
incintre, to set the tune.] Inciting ; 
encouraging or moving. — n. That 
which incites to determination or ac- 
tion. 

Syn. — Motive ; spur ; stimulus ; in- 
citement ; encouragement. 

IN-CEP'TION, n. [Lat. inceptio.] Be- 
ginning ; commencement. 

In-cep'tive, a. Beginning; com- 
mencing. 

In-cer'ti-tude (53), ii. Uncertainty. 

In-9ES'san-cy, n. Unintermitted 
continuance. 

IN-CES'SANT, a. [Lat. in, not, and 
cessare, to cease.] Continuing or fol- 
lowing without interruption. 

Syn. — Unceasing; uninterrupted; un- 
intermitted; ceaseless; continual ; con- 
stant; perpetual. 

In-ces'sant-ly, adv. Without ceas- 

IN'OEST, n. [Lat. incestum, fr. inces- 
tus, unchaste.] Cohabitation be- 
tween persons related within the de- 
grees wherein marriage is prohibited. 

iN-CEST'u-otrs, a. Guilty of, or in- 
volving, incest. 

In-cest'u-ous-ly, adv. In a man- 
ner to involve the crime of incest. 

INCH(66), n. [A. -S.inct.fr. l&t.uncia, 
twelfth part.] 1. Twelfth part of a 
foot. 2. A small distance or degree. 

INCH'-MEAL, n. A piece an inch 
long; a small degree. — adv. By 
small degrees. 

IN'CHO-ATE, a. [Lat. inchoatus, p. p. 
of inchoare , to begin.] Recently, or 

w just, begun ; also, incomplete. 

In'cho-a'tion, n. Commencement ; 
inception . 

In-cho'a-Tive, a. Inceptive. 

IN'ci-dence, n. 1. An accident or 
casualty.' 2. Direction in which a 
body, or a ray of light or heat, falls 
on any surface. 

IN'CI-DENT, a. [Lat. incidens, p. pr. 
of incidere, to fall into or upon.] 1. 



Falling upon, as a ray of light. 2. 
Coming or happening accidentally ; 
casual. 3. Liable to happen ; hence, 
naturally happening, —n. 1. That 
which usually takes place. 2. An 
episode or subordinate action. 

Syn. — Circumstance; event; fact; ad- 
venture; contingency^ chance; accident; 
casualty. See Cikcumstance. 

IN'CI-DENT'al, a. 1. Happening aa 
an occasional event. 2. Not necessary 
to the chief purpose ; occasional. 

Syn. — Accidental: casual; fortuitous; 
contingent. — Incidental should never 
be confounded with accidental. A meet- 
ing with a friend is accidental when it 
is simply casual or undesigned; it is in- 
cidental to a journey which brings us 
together, whether by 'design or not. A 
remark incidentally made during a con- 
versation, may be taken up by one acci- 
dentally present, and reported to our dis- 
advantage. 

— n. An incident; an occasional 
event. 

IN'ci-dent'ae-ly, adv. 1. Without 
intention ; accidentally ; casually. 2. 
Beside the main design. 

IN-CIN'ER-ATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.^ 
[Lat. ineinerare, -ratvm, from in and 
cinis, ashes.] To burn to ashes. 

In-cin'er-a'tion, n. The act of re- 
ducing to ashes by combustion. 

IN-CIP'I-ENCE, In. Beginning; com- 

IN-CIP'I-EN-CY, j mencemeut. 

IN-^IP'I-ENT, a. [Lat. incipiens, fr. 
incipere, to begin.] Beginning ; com- 
mencing, [ent manner. 

IN-C1P'I-ENT-LY, adv. In an incipi- 

In-^ire', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lac. in- 
cidere, -cisum ; in and csedere, to 
cut.] Tocut in; to carve; to engrave. 

iN-ci's'ION (-sizh'un), n. 1. Act of 
cutting into a substance. 2. A cut ; 
a gash. 

iN-^l'si'VE, a. Having the quality of 
cutting ; hence, sharp ; acute ; sar- 
castic, [tooth. 

IN-CI'SOR, n. A cutter; hence, a fore 

In-CI'SO-RY, a. Having the quality 
of cutting. [incision. 

In-cis'ure (-sizh'ijr), n. A cut;' an 

JN-CI'TANT, ii. That which incites. 

IN^'I-TA'TION, n. 1. Act of inciting; 
incitement. 2. That which incites ; 
incentive. 

IN-CITE', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. in- 
citare; in and citare, to rouse.] To 
move to action ; to stir up ; to spur 
on. 
Syn. — See Excite. 

IN-CITE'JUENT. n. 1. Act of inciting. 
2. That which incites. 

Syn. — Motive; incentive; spur} 
stimulus ; impulse ; encouragement. 

IN'CI-VIL'1-TY, n. 1. Want of civility. 
2. Any act of rudeness or ill-breeding. 

lN-cTv'!SM,n. Want of patriotism. 

IN-CLASP', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] To 
clasp : to embrace. 

In-€LEM'en-cy, n. 1. Want of clem- 
ency ; harshness : severity. 2. Storm- 
iness : severe cold. 

In-clebi'ent, a. 1. Not clement ; void 
of tenderness. 2. Physically severe ; 
stormy ; rigorously cold, &c. 



A, £, i, o,ti, y, long; A, E, I, 6, 0, y, short; care, far, ask; all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; 



son, 



INCLINABLE 



217 



INCONSISTENCY 



IN-CL, in'A-ble , a. Somowhat dis- 
posed. 

In'cli-na'tion, n. 1. Act of inclin- 
ing ; leaning. 2. ( Geom.) The angle 
made by two Hues or planes, which 
meet, or which would meet, if pro- 
duced. 3. A disposition more favor- 
able to one thing than to another. 
4. Love ; affection. 

Stn. — Bent; disposition; tendency; 
proneness; bias; propensity; preposses- 
sion; attachment. See Disposition. 

IN-€LINE', V. i. [-EDJ-ING.] [Lat. 
inclinare, fr. in and clinare, to bend, 
incline.] 1. To deviate from a line, 
direction , or course toward an objcet ; 
to lean. 2. To be disposed. — v. t. 1. 
To cause to deviate from a line, posi- 
tion, or direction. 2 To give a ten- 
dency or propension to. 3. To cause 
to stoop or bow. 

Inclined plane 
(Mech.), a plane 
that makes an ob- 
lique angle with 
the plane of the 
horizon; a sloping 
plane. AD, Inclined Plane. 

— n. An ascent or descent, as in a 
roadj a grade. 

lN-€LOSE', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
surround; to shut in. 2. To put 
within a case or envelope. 

1n-€LOS'ure (-kio'zknr), n. 1. Act 
of inclosing ; state of being inclosed. 
2. That which is inclosed. 3. That 
which incloses. 

I?f-€LUDE', r. t [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
includere, fr. mand cludere,claudere, 
to shut.] 1. To confine within ; to 
shut up. 2. To comprehend; to 
embrace. 

lN-€LU'glON, n. Act of including, or 
state_of being included. 

In-£:t,u'sive, a. 1. Inclosing; encir- 
cling. 2. Comprehending the stated 
limit_or extremes. [elude. 

iN-eLU'si'VE-LY, adv. So as to in- 

In-GOG', adv. [Coutr. fr. incognito.] 
In concealment ; in disguise. 

In-€og'i-ta-tive, a. Wanting the 
power of thought. 

In-€og'ni-to, a. or adv. [It., Sp., 
& Fr.] Unknown ; in an assumed 
character, and under an assumed ti- 
tle. — n. 1. One unknown or under 
an assumed character. 2. Assump- 
tion of a feigned character. 

iN^eo-HER'EN^E, I n. 1. Want of 

iN^eo-fiER'EN-CY, I coherence, co- 
hesion, or adherence. 2. Want of 
connection ; incongruity. 

IN'CO-HER'ENT, a. 1. Not coherent; 
wanting cohesion. 2. Incongruous ; 
inconsistent. 

In^o-HER'ent-LY, adv. In an in- 
coherent manner ; inconsistently. 

In^om-bijs'ti-bil'i-ty, n. Quality 
of being incombustible. 

iN'^OM-BiJS'Ti-Br.E, a. Not combus- 
tible ; not capable of being burned. 

Income , n. Annual gain from labor, 
business, or property of any kind ; 
revenue ; receipts. 

|n'€6m.-ING, a. Coming in ; accruing. 

IN'COM-MEN/SU-RA-BIL/I-TY (-mea'- 



shu-), n. The quality or state of be- 
ing incommensurable. 

lN'€OM-MEN'SU-RA-BLE (-men'shlj-), 
a. Having no common measure or 
standard of comparison. 

iN^eOM-MEN'SU-RATE (45), a. Not 
commensurate ; not admitting of a 
common measure. 

IN'COM-MODE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. incommodare, fr. incommodus, 
inconvenient.] To give inconvenience 
or trouble to. 

Syn.— To annoy ; disturb ; trouble ; 
molest; inconvenience; disquiet; vex. 

lN/€OM-MO'DI-oiJS (77), a. Tending 
to incommode ; not affording ease or 
advantage ; giving trouble. 

IN'COM-MO'DI-OUS-LY, adv. Incon- 
veniently^ unsuitably. 

In^om-mVni-ca-bii/i-ty, n. Qual- 
ity of being incommunicable. 

IN^OM-MU'NI-GA-BLE, a. Not com- 
municable ; incapable of being im- 
parted to_ others. 

IN^OM-MU'NI-GA-BLY, adv. In a 
manner not to be communicated. 

lN / €OM-MU'Ni--eA-TivE, a. Not dis- 
posed to hold conversation or inter- 
course with ; unsocial. 

In'com-mut/a-bil'i-ty, n. Quality 
of being mcommutable. 

IN'com-mut'A-ele, a. Not cominut- 
able ; not capable of being exchanged 
with another. 

In-€OM'pa-ra-ble, a. Not compar- 
able ; admitting of no comparison 
with others ; matchless. 

In-g6m'pa-RA-bl,y, adv. Beyond 
comparison; without competition. 

lN/€OM-PAS'SION-ATE (-pash'un-), a. 
Not compassionate ; void of compas- 
sion or pity. 

In'com-pat/i-bie'i-ty, n. Quality of 
being incompatible ; inconsistency. 

In^om-pat'1-ble, a. Not compati- 
ble; irreconcilably opposed. 

Syn. — Inconsistent ; incongruous ; 
dissimilar; irreconcilable; discordant; 
repugnant; contradictory. See Incon- 
sistent. 

In^om-pat'i-bey, adv. Inconsist- 
ently ; incongruously. 

In-gom'pe-tence. I n. 1. Want of 

lN-€OM'PE-TEN-CY, ) sufficient pow- 
er, either physical, intellectual, or 
moral. 2. Want of legal fitness. 

In-€om'PE-tent, a. Not competent ; 
wanting in adequate strength, power, 
capacity, means, qualiiications, &c. 

Syn. — Incapable. — Incompetent is a 
relative term, denoting a want of the 
requisite qualifications for performing a 
given act, service, &c; incapable is ab- 
solute in its meaning, denoting want of 
power, either natural or moral. We 
6peak of a man as incompetent to a cer- 
tain task, of an incompetent judge, &c. 
We say of an idiot, that he is incapable 
of learning to read; and of a man dis- 
tinguished for his honor, that he is inca- 
pable of a mean action. 

In-€OM'pe-tent-ly, adv. Inade- 
quately ; not_suitably. 

IN'€OM-plete', a. Not complete ; 
unfinished : imperfect ; defective. 

iN^eoM-PLETE'NESs, n. An unfin- 
ished state ; imperfectness. 



IN'COM-PLI'ANCE, n. 1. Unyielding 
temper or constitution. 2. Refusal 
or failure to comply. [simple. 

IlN'cOM-Pog'iTE, n. Not composite; 

iN-eOMyPRE-HEN/SI-BlL/I-TY,?!. The 
quality of being incomprehensible 
inconceivableness. 

iN-COM'PRE-HEN'SI-BLE, a. Not 
comprehensible ; inconceivable. 

iN-eOM'PRE-HEN'SI-BLY, adv. S« 

as not to be intelligible. 

In^om-press/i-bil'i-ty, n. Qual- 
ity of being incompressible. 

iN^eoM-PRESs'l-BLE, a. Not com- 
pressiblej resisting compression. 

iN^ON-CEAL'A-BLEja. Notconceal- 
able ; not to be hid. 

IN'CON-CEIV'A-Bil/I-TY, n. Incon- 
ceivableness. 

IN'CON-^EIV'A-BLE, a. Incapablo 
of being conceived by the mind ; in- 
comprehensible. 

In/€ON-CEIV'A-BLE-NESS, n. Qual- 
ity of being inconceivable. 

iN^ON-CElv'A-BLYjadt'. In a man- 
ner beyond comprehension. 

In^on-glu's'ive, a. Not conclusive ; 
not settling a doubtful question. 

IN^ON-CLU'SIVE-LY, adv. In an in- 
conclusive manner. 

In'con-glu'sive-ness, n. Quality 
of being inconclusive. 

In-€6n'GRU-ENCE, n. Want of con- 
gruence or agreement. [consistent. 

In-€on'gru-ent, a. Unsuitable ; in- 

In^on-gru'1-ty, ». Want of con- 
gruity ; u'iisuitableness of one thing 
to another ; inconsistency ; impro- 
priety. 

In-g6n/GRU-OIJS, a. Not congruous ; 
not reciprocally agreeing. 

Syn. —Inconsistent; unsuitable; un- 
suited; inappropriate; unfit; improper. 
See Incos sistent. 

In-€on'gru-ous-ly, adv. Unsuit- 
ably. 

In-€6n'se-Quent,«. 1. Not follow- 
ing from the premises ; illogical. 2. 
Inconsistent. 

IN-GON'SE-QUEN'TIAL (-kwen'shal), 
a. 1. Not regularly following from 
the premises. 2. Of little moment. 

IN'GON-SID'ER-A-BLE, a. Unworthy 
of consideration ; unimportant ; 
trivial. 

IN^ON-sId'ER-ate. a. Not consid- 
erate ; not attending to the circum- 
stances which regard safety or pro- 
priety. 

Syn. — Thoughtless ; inattentive ; in- 
advertent; heedless; negligent; improv- 
ident; careless ; imprudent; indiscreet; 
incautious; injudicious; rash; hasty. 

IN'CON-SID'ER-ATE-LY, adv. With- 
out due regard to consequences. 

IN'CON-SID'ER-ATE-NESS, n. Want 
of due regard to consequences. 

iN^eON-SlD'ER-A'TION, n. Want of 
due consideration. 

In'CON-sTst'en^e, ) n. 1. Quality 

iN^eoN-siST'EN-^Y, I of being in- 
consistent ; such contrariety between 
two things that both can not exist or 
be true together. 2. Unsteadiness ; 
changeableness. 



I 



6r,do,wqlf, TOO, took; fjRN.RUE, PyLL; E, I, O, silent ; C,G,sq/*; €,&,hard; A§; E£IST ; n as NG ; THIS. 



INCONSISTENT 



218 



INCUMBENT 



Jn'con-sist'ENT, a. Not consistent; 
at variance, especially as regards 
, character, sentiment, or action. 

Syn.— Incompatible ; incongruous ; 
discordant; contradictory.— Things are 
incongruous when they are not suited to 
each other, so that their union is unbe- 
coming; inconsistent when they are op- 
posed to each other, so as to render it 
improper or wrong; incompatible when 
tliey can not. co-exist, and it is therefore 
impossible to unite them. Habitual lev- 
ity of mind is incongruous with the pro- 
fession of a clergyman; it is inconsistent 
with his ordination vows; it is incompat- 
ible with his permanent usefulness. 

In'con-sist'ent-ly, adv. In an in- 
consistent manner. 

In'con-sol'a-ble. a. Not consola- 
ble ; not to be consoled. 

In'CON-soi/a-BLY, adv. So as not 
to admit of consolation. 

In-con'so-nance, ) n. Want of con- 

In-€5n'so-nan-'cy, ) souance or 
harmony. 

iN'€ON-SPl€'U-oiJS, a. Not conspic- 
uous ; hardly discernible. 

In-€on'stan-cy, n. Want of con- 
stancy ; mutability ; fickleness. 

lN-€ON'STANT, a. Subject to change 
of opinion, inclination, or purpose. 

Syn. — Mutable ; fickle; volatile; un- 
steady; unstable. 

lN-€ON'STANT-LY, adv. In an in- 
constant manner. [able. 

lN'CON-SUM'A-BLE, a. Not consum- 

IN^ON-TEST'A-BJLE, a. Not contest- 
able ; too clear to be controverted. 

Syn.— Incontrovertible; indisputable; 
irrefragable ; undeniable ; unquestiona- 
ble; indubitable. 

In^on-test'a-bly, adv. Indisput- 
ably ; incontrovertibly. 

IN'con-tig'u-oCs, a. Not contig- 
uous ; separate. 

iN-eoN'Ti-NENCE, \ n. Quality of 

In-€6n'ti-nen-cy, ) being inconti- 
nent; want of restraint of the pas- 
sions or appetites. 

lN-€ON'Tl-NENT,a. Not continent; 
not restraining the passions or appe- 
tites, particularly tne sexual appetite. 
— n. One who is unchaste. 

In-con'ti-nent-ly, adv. 1. With- 
out due restraint ; unchastely. 2. 
Immediately ; at once. 

lN'€ON-TROL'LA-BLE, a. Not con- 
trollable ; uncontrollable. 

lN-€ON'TRO-VERT'I-ELE, a. Too 
clear or certain to admit of dispute. 

In-con'tro-vLrt'i-bly, adv. Be- 
yond dispute. 

In'con-ven'ience, ) n. 1. Want 

In'oon-VEN'ien-cy, ) of conven- 
ience. 2. That which gives trouble 
or uneasiness. 

Syn. — Incommodiousness: disadvan- 
tage; disquiet; uneasiness; disturbance; 
annoyance; molestation; trouble. 

iN'eON-VEN'iENCE, r. t. To occa- 
sion inconvenieuce to ; to incom- 
mode. 

In'con-ven'ient, a. 1. Unfit: in- 
expedient. 2. Giving trouble or un- 
easiness ; disadvantageous ; inoppor- 
tune. 

Jn'con-ven'ient-LY, adv. Unsuit- 



ably ; incommodiously ; unseasona- 

„ bly. 

IN'con-vert'I-bil'i-ty, n. Not ca- 
pable of being converted into some- 
thing else. 

IN'con-vert'I-ble , a. Not convert- 
ible ; not capable of beiug changed 
into something else. 

in'con-vin'ci-ble, a. Incapable of 
being convinced. 

IN-COR'PO-RATE. V. t. [-ED ; -1NG.] 
[Lat. incorporare, -ratwn, fr. ?n,not, 
and corpus, body.] 1. To combine, 
as different ingredients, into one 
mass. 2. To form into a legal body, 
or body politic. — v.i. To unite so 
as to make a. part of another body. 

In-oor'po-ra'tion.m. 1. Act of in- 
corporating, or state of being incor- 
porated. 2. Formation of a legal or 
politicalbody. 

In'cor-po're-al (89), a. Not corpo- 
real ; not consisting of matter. 

Syn. — Immaterial ; unsubstantial ; 

w bodiless; spiritual. 

In'€OR-p5're-al-ly, adv. Without 
body ; immaterially. 

iN'eoR-RE^T', a. 1. Not correct ; 
not according to a model, or to es- 
tablished rules. 2. Not in accord- 
ance with the truth or with morality. 
Syn. — Inaccurate; erroneous; wrong. 

iN'eOR-RECT'LY, adv. Inaccurately. 

lN'COR-RECT'NESS, n. Want of con- 
formity to truth or to a standard ; 
inaccuracy. 

In-oor'ri-gi-bil'i-ty, n. Quality 
of being incorrigible. . 

lN-€OR'RI-Gl-BLE, a. Incapable of 
being corrected or amended. 

In-€6r'ri-gi-ble-ness, n. Incorri- 
gibility. 

In-€6r'ri-GI-BLY, adv. In an in- 
corrigible manner. 

IN'cor-rOpt', a. 1. Not affected with 
corruption or decay. 2. Not defiled 
or depraved ; pure ; untainted. 

lN'COR-RUPT'i-Bi'L'i-TY, n. Incapa- 
bility of corruption. 

In^or-rupt'i-ble, a. 1. Incapable 
of corruption or decay. 2. Inllexi- 
bly just and upright. 

In'oor-rDpt'i-ble-ness, n. Qual- 
ity of being incorruptible, or not 
liable to decay. 

iN/eoR-Rfip'TlON, n. Absence of, or 
exemption from, corruption. 

In/cor-rupt'ness,?*. 1. Exemption 
from decay or corruption. 2. Pu- 
rity of mind or manners ; integrity. 

IN-€RAS'SATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. incrassare, -satum, fr. in and 
crassus, thick.] To make thick or 
thicker ; to thicken. — v. i. To be- 
come thick or thicker. 

In-gras'sate, )a. Made thick or 

In-€RAS'sa-ted, ) fat; thickened; 
inspissated. 

In'cras-sa'tion, n. Act of thicken- 
ing, or becoming thick ; inspissation. 

iN-CR.Xs'SA-Ti'VE, a. Having the 
qualitv of thickening. 

Increase', v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
increscere. fr. in and crescere, to grow.] 
To become greater in bulk, quantity, 



number, degree, value, intensity, au 
thority, reputation, &c-; to grow; 
to augment. 

Syn. — Enlarge. — Enlarge implies a 
widening of extent; increase an acces- 
sion in point of size, number, strength, 
&c. A kingdom is enlarged by con- 
quest, and the mind by knowledge; a 
man has enlarged views, plans, pros- 
pects, &c. Riches, wisdom, appetite, &c. 
are increase^ 

— v. t. To make greater in bulk, 
quantity, or amount ; to improve in 
quality. 

In-crease', or Increase (115), n. 
1. A growing larger in size, extent, 
quantity, &c. 2. That which re- 
sults from growth. 3. Progeny ; 
issue ; offspring. 

Syn. — Augmentation ; enlargement; 
extension ; growth ; increment; addi- 
tion; accession. 

iN-eREDa-BlE'I-TY, n. Quality of 
being incredible, or surpassing belief 

In-cred'i-ble, a. Not credible ; im- 
possible to be believed. [ity. 

IN-€RED'I-BLE-NESS, n. Incredibil- 

In-cred'i-bly, adv. In a manner to 
precludc_belief. 

In'ore-du'li-ty, n. Quality of be- 
ing incredulous ; indisposition to be- 
lieve. 

In-cred'u-lous (77), a. Not credu- 
lous ; indisposed to believe ; skep- 
tical, [lity. 

In-€red'u-lous-ness, ii. Incredu- 

1N'€RE-MENT, n. [Lat. incrementum.] 

1. Increase ; augmentation. 2. Mat- 
ter added ; increase ; produce. 

IN-CRES'^ENT, a. Increasing ; grow- 
ing; augmenting. 

lN-€RtjST', V. t. [-ED J -ING.] To 
cover with a crust. 

IN'CRUS-TA'TION, n. 1. Act of in- 
crusting, or state of being incrusted. 

2. A crust or coat on the surface of 
a body^ 

In'€U-bate, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
incubate, -batvm, to lie on.] To sit, 
as on eggs for hatching. 

iN'fU-BA'TlON, n. Act of sitting on 
eggs for the purpose of hatching 
young. 

JN'€U-bus, n.; Eng.pl. In'cu-bCs- 
es; Lat.pl. in'cu-b T. [Lat.] The 
nightmare ; hence, any oppressive or 
stupefying influence. 

In-€Dl'cate, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
inculcare, -catum, to tread on.] To 
impress by frequent admonitions. 

lN'CUL-eA'TiON, «. Act of impress- 
ing by repeated admonitions. 

In-€ljl'pa-ble, a. Without fault. 

iN-eOL'PATE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [L. 
Lat. inculpare, -patum, fr. in and 
ndpa, fault.] To blame ; to censure; 
to criminate. [crimination. 

In'cul-pa'tion, n. Blame; censure; 

lN-€iJL'PA-TO-RY,a. Imputing blame 
or guilt. 

IN-€UM'BEN-CY, n. 1. State of being 
incumbent. 2. That which is in- 
cumbent. 3. That which is imposed, 
as a rule or a duty. 4. State of hold- 
ing a benefice, or office. 

lN-€tJM'BENT, a. [Lat. incumbers, 



I, E, I, 6, U, Y, long; A,£,I,6, tJ, y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, fIrm; SON, 



INCUR 



219 



INDICATION 



p. pr. of incumbere, to lie down 
upon.] 1. Lying or resting upon. 
2. Lying or resting, as duty. — n. 
One who is in present possession of 
a benefice, or any office. 

In-cOr', c. t. [-RED ; -RING.] [Lat. in- 
currere, to run into or toward.] To 
meet or fall in with, as something 
from which inconvenience or harm is 
to be apprehended. [incurable. 

In-cur'a-bil'i-ty, n. State of being 

1n-€UR'a-ble, a. Not curable; in- 
capable of being cured or remedied. 

Syx.— Irremediable ; remediless; ir- 
recoverable; irretrievable. 
— ». A sick person who can not be 
cured. 

In-€UR'a-bly,«u/i\ So as to be in- 
curable. 

In-cu'ri-ous, a. Not curious ; desti- 
tute of curiosity ; uninquisitive. 

In-cOr'SION, n. [Lat. incursio.] Act 
of entering into a territory with hos- 
tile intention. 
Syx.— Invasion; inroad; raid; foray. 

In-€Or'SIVE, a. Making an incursion. 

IN-€URV'ATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. incurvare, -valum.] To bend ; 
to crook. [upward. 

In-cOrv'ate, a. Curved inward or 

iN^euR-VA'Tlox, n. Act of bending 
or state of being bent ; curvature. 

IN-CURVE,' V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
bend ; to make crooked. [ature. 

iN-efjRY'l-TV, n. Crookedness : curv- 

lN-DEBT'ED (-dat'-), a. 1. Placed in 
debt; being under obligation. 2. 
Obliged by something received ; held 
to pay. 

In-debt'ed-ness (-det'-), n. State 
of being indebted. 

IN-DE'CEN-CY, n. 1. Want of de- 
cency. 2. An indecent word, act, or 
the like. 

Sth. — Indelicacy; indecorum; im- 
modesty; impurity; obscenity. 

In-d£'cent, a. Not decent; unfit 
to be seen or heard. 

Syx. — Unbecoming; indecorous: in- 
delicate ; unseemly ; immodest ; gross ; 
shameful; impure; unchaste; obscene. 

IN-DE'CENT-LY, adv. In a manner 
to offend delicacy. [evergreen. 

IN'de-CID'U-oDs, a. Not deciduous ; 

IN'DE-CI'PHER-A-BLE, a. Incapable 
of being decipheied. 

In'de-cIs'ion (-slzh'un), n. "Want 
of decision : irresolution. 

In'de-cI'sive, a. 1. Not decisive; 
not bringing to a final close. 2. 
Wavering : hesitating. 

iN'DE-cI'sivE-NESs, n. State of be- 
ing indecisive. 

IN'de-glin'a-ble, a. Not varied by 
termination*. 

In'de-ghn'a-bly, adv. Without 
variation of termination. 

In'DE-CO'ROI'S, or iN-DEC'O-ROUS, 
a. Not decorous ; violating good 
manners. 

Syx. — Unbecoming: unseemly; rude; 
coarse; impolite; uncivil. 

In'DE-CO'ROUS-LY, Or IN-DEC'O- 

roCs-ly, adv. In an unbecoming 
manner. 



IN'de-cS'rum, n. Want of decorum ; 
impropriety of behavior. 

IN-DEED', adv. In reality; in fact; 
— sometimes used interjectionally. 

IN'de-fat'i-GA-ble, a. Incapable 
of being fatigued. 

Syx.— Unwearied ; untiring; perse- 
vering; assiduous. 

IN'DE-FAT'I-GA-BLE-NESS, 71. Un- 
weuriedness. 

IN'DE-FAT'1-GA-BLY, adv. Without 
yielding to fatigue. 

IN/DE-FEA'SI-BIE'1-TY, n. Quality 
of being indefeasible. 

IN'de-fea'si-ble, a. Not to be de- 
feated : incapable of being made void. 

IN'de-fect'1-ble, a. Not liable to 
defect, failure, or decay. 

In'de-fen'si-ble, a. Not capable 
of being defended, maintained, or 
justified. [fense. 

IVde-fen'sTve, a. Having no de- 

IN'de-fjn'a-ble, a. Incapable of 
being defined. 

IN-DEF'I-NITE, a. 1. Not defined or 
limited. 2. Having no determined 
or certain limits. 

IN-DEF'I-NITE-LY, adv. In an indef- 
inite manner ; not precisely. 

IN-DEF'I-NJTE-NESS, n. Quality of 
being undefined, or not precise and 
certain. 

IN/de-hi's'cence, n. Property of 
not opening at maturity. 

IN'de-his'cent. a. Not opening 
spontaneously at maturity. 

In-del'i-bil'i-ty, ?i. Quality of 
being indelible. 

IN-DEL'I-BEE, a. [Lat. indelebilis ; 
in, not, and delebilis, capable of be- 
ing destroyed.] Not to be blotted 
out ; incapable of being effaced. 

In-del'1-bly, adv. In a manner not 
to be effaced. 

In-del'i-ca-cy, n. Want of deli- 
cacy ; coarseness of manners or lan- 
guage. 

IN-DEL'I-€ATE (45), a. Not delicate; 
offensive to good manners, or. to pu- 
rity of mind. 

Syx. — Indecorous; unbecoming; un- 
seemly; rude ; coarse ; broad; impolite; 
gross; indecent. 

In-del'i-cate-ly, adv. In an in- 
delicate manner. 

IN-DEM'NI-FI-GA'TION, 11. 1. Act of 
indemnifying; reimbursement of 
loss. 2. That which indemnifies. 

IN-DEM'NI-FY, V.t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] 
[L. Lat., fr. ?>i,not,and damnificare, 
fr. damnum, damage, loss.] 1. To 
secure against future loss. 2. To 
reimburse. 

IN-DEM'NI-TY, 71. [Lat. indemnitas, 
fr. indemnis, uninjured.] 1. Ex- 
emption from loss or damage, past 
or to come. 2. Compensation or re- 
muneration for loss or injury. 

IN-DENT', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
?7i and dens, tooth.] 1. To cut into 
points ; to notch. 2. To bind out 
by indenture. 3. (Print.) To begin 
further in from the margin than the 
rest of aparagraph. 

In'den-ta'tion, it. 1. Act of in- 



denting ; a notch ; a cut in the mar- 
gin. 2. A recess or depression. 

In-dent'ure (53), 7i. An agreement 
in writing between two or more par- 
ties, whereof each party has usually 
a part. 

In'de-pend'ence, ri. State or qual- 
ity of being independent ; exemption 
from reliance on others, or control 
from them. 

IN'DE-pene'ent, a. 1. Not depend- 
ent ; not subject to the control of 
others. 2. Affording a comfortable 
livelihood. 3. Not subject to bias or 
influence. 4. Prce; easy; bold. 5. 
Belonging or pertaining to the Inde- 
pendents. — 7i. One who believes 
that an organized church is complete 
in itself, and independent of all ec- 
clesiastical authority. [control. 

IN'DE-PEND'ENT-LY, adv. Without 

IVde-scrTb'a-ble, a. Incapable of 
being described. 

In'de-sert', 7i. Want of merit. 

In'de-strCCti-bil'i-ty, 7i. Qual- 
ity of being indestructible. 

In'e-e-struc'ti-ble, a. Not de- 
structible ; incapable cf decomposi- 
tion. 

IN'DE-tEr'MI-NA-BLE, a. Impossi- 
ble to be determined, or fixed. 

IN'de-TER'MI-nate (45), a. Not de- 
terminate : not fixed ; uncertain. 

IN'DE-TER'MI-NATE-LY, adv. In- 
definitely : not with precise limits. 

IN'DE-TER'MI-NA'TION, 71. 1. Want 
of determination ; an unsettled state, 
as of the mind. 2. Want of fixed or 
stated direction. [tion ; impiety. 

In'de-vo'tion, n. Want of devo- 

IN'DE-VOUT', a. Not devout. 

In'dex, n. ,• .ETig-. pl. in'dex-es, ; Lat 
pl. iN'Dl-pES. [Lat.] 1. That 
which points out, or indicates ; a 
pointer or a hand that directs to any 
thing. 2. Any table for facilitating 
reference in a book. 3. The fore 
finger. 4. (Aritk. & Alg.) An ex- 
ponent. [In this sense, the pl. is in- 
dices.]— v.t. [-ED; -ING.] To pro- 
vide with an index. 

IN'DIA-MAN (ind'ya-or In'di-a-, 150), 
7i . A large sh'n employed in the In- 
dia trade. 

In'dian (md'yan or hVdi-an), a. Per- 
tainingto the Indies. East or West, or 
to the aborigines of America. — n. 1. 
A native or inhabitant of the Indies. 
2. One of the aboriginal inhabitants 
of America. 

Indian ink, a substance from China, 
used for water colors. It consists ©f 
lamp-black and animal glue. 

In'dia Rub'ber (Ind'ya or In'di-a). 
See Caoutchouc. 

IN'DI-CANT, a. Serving to point out, 
as a remedy. — n. That which in- 
dicates or points out. 

IN'DI-CATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
indicare, -catum, fr. in and dicare, to 
proclaim.] 1. To point out; t» 
show. 2. {Med.) To manifest by 
symptoms ; to point to as the proper 
remedies. 

In'di-ca'tion, 7i. 1. Act of indi- 



\ 



6r, do, "\yolf,too, TOOK ; URN, RUE, PULL; £, I, o, silent ; c,G,sq/i; €, G, hard ; AS ; EjIST ; jf as NG ; THIS. 



INDICATIVE 



220 



INDOMITABLE 



eating. 2. That which serves to indi- 
cate ; mark ; token ; sigu ; symptom. 

In-dTc'a-tive, a. Pointing out: 
bringing to notice ; giving intimation 
or knowledge of something not visi- 
ble or obvious. 

Indicative mode (Gram.), that mode 
of the verb which indicates, that is, 
which affirms or denies. 

In-dic'a-t1've-ly, adv. In a man- 
ner to indicate. 

iN'Di-eA'TOR, n. One who, or that 

„ which, shows or points out. 

In'di-ca-to-ry, a. Serving to show 

IN-dict' (in-dlt/), v. t. f-ED ; -ing.] 
[Lat. indicere, indictum, to proclaim ; 
in and dicer e, to say, speak.] To 
charge with a crime, in due form of 
law, by the finding of a grand jury. 

IN-DICT'A-BLE (-dlt/a-bl), a. Sub- 
ject to indictment. [diets. 

In-dict'er (-dit/-), n. One who in- 

IN-DIC'TION, n. [See supra.] A cycle 
of fifteen years, instituted by Con- 
stantine the Great. 

IN-DIC'TIVE, a. Proclaimed. 

In-dict'ment (-dit'-), n. A formal 
charge of a crime preferred to a court 
by a grand jury under oath ; hence, 
an accusation in general. 

In-dif'fer-ence, n. 1. Quality of 
being indifferent, or not making or 
measuring a difference. 2. Medioc- 
rity. 3. Impartiality. 4. A state 
of the mind when it feels no anxiety 
or interest. 

Syn.— Carelessness; negligence; un- 
concern; apathy; insensibility. 

In-dif'fer-ent, a. 1. Not making 
a difference; of no account. 2. Pass- 
able ; mediocre. 3. Impartial ; un- 
biased. 4. Feeling no interest, anx- 
iety, or care, respecting any thing. 

IN-DIF'FER-ENT-LY, adv. In an in- 
different manner. 

In'di-gence, )n. Want of means 

In'di-gen-cy, J of comfortable sub- 
sistence. 

Syn.— Poverty; want; need; pauper- 
ism. —Poverty is generic, denoting a de- 
ficiency in the means of living; indi- 
gence is stronger, implying an absence 
of the necessaries of life. Both express 
permanent states. Want and need are 
applied usually to states which are tem- 
porary or occasional, as want of clothing, 
need of fuel; but are sometimes used in 
a more abstract tense, as a state of want 
or of need, being then identical with 
poverty. 

IN-dig'e-NOUS, a. [Lat. indigenvs.] 
Native ; born or originating in , as in 
a country. 

IN'DI-GENT, a. [Lat. indigens, p. pr. 
of indigere, to stand in need of.] 
Destitute of means of comfortable 
subsistence ; needy ; poor. 

IN'di-gEst'eo, a. 1. Not digested; 
crude. 2. Not regularly disposed 
and arranged. 

In'di-gest'i-ble, a. Not digestible. 

IN'di-ges'tion (-jest'yun), (66), n. 
Want of due digestion ; dyspepsia. 

IN-DIG'NANT, a. [Lat. indignans.] 
Affected with anger and scorn or 
contempt. [nant manner. 

IN-DIG'NANT-LY, adv. In an indig- 



IN/dig-na'tion, n. A strong disap- 
probation of what is flagitious in 
character or conduct ; anger mingled 
with contempt, disgust, or abhor- 
rence. 

Syn. — Anger ; ire ; wrath ; resent- 
ment; fury ; rage. See Anger. 

In-dig'ni-ty, n. Unmerited con- 
temptuous treatment ; contumely ; 
injury with insult. 

IN'DI-GO, n. [Lat. indicum, indigo, 
from India.] A blue coloring matter 
from certain plants. 

In'di-re€T\ a. 1. Not direct; not 
straight. 2. By remote means. 3. 
Unfair ; dishonest. [tices. 

iN'DI-REC'TiON, it. Dishonest prac- 

In'di-rect'ly, adv. In an indirect 
manner. 

iN'ms-CERN'I-BLE (-diz-zcrn'-), a. 
Incapable of being discerned. 

IN/DIS-CERP'TI-BIL'I-TY, ii. Inca- 
pacity of dissolution. 

In'dis-cerp'ti-ble, a. Incapable 
of being destroyed by dissolution. 

IN'DIS-COV'ER-A-BLE, a. Incapable 
of being discovered. 

In'dis-greet', a. Not discreet; 
wanting in discretion. 

Syn. — Imprudent ; injudicious ; in- 
considerate ; rash ; hasty ; heedless. 

IN'DIS-CREET'LY, adv. Not dis- 
creetly ; inconsiderately, [separated. 

In'dis-crete', a. Not discrete or 

In'dis-cre'tion (-kresh'un), n. 1. 
Want of discretion ; imprudence. 
2. Indiscreet act or behavior. 

In'dis-crim'I-nate, a. Wanting dis- 
crimination ; not making any dis- 
tinction. 

In'dis-crIm'i-nate-ly, adv. With- 
out distinction^ in confusion. 

iVdis-€RIM/i-na'tion, 11. Want of 
discrimination or distinction. 

In'dis-pen'sa-ble, a. Not dispen- 
sable ; impossible to be spared. 

IN'DIS-PEN'SA-BLE-NESS, 11. State 
or quality of being indispensable. 

IN'DIS-PEN'SA-BLY, adv. Necessarily. 

IN'DIS-POSE',!'. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To render unfit; to disqualify. 2. 
To make somewhat ill. 3. To disin- 
cline. 

iVdis-pos'ed-ness, n. Condition 
or quality of being indisposed. 

In-dis'po-si'tion (-zlsh'un), n. 1. 
Condition'of wanting adaptation. 2. 
Slight disorder of the body. 3. Dis- 
inclination ; aversion. 

In-dis'pu-ta-ble, a. Not disputa- 
ble ; too evident to admit of dispute. 
Syn.— Incontestible; unquestionable; 
incontrovertible; undeniable; irrefraga- 
ble; indubitable; certain; positive. 

IN-DIS'PU-TA-BLE-NESS, 11. State or 
quality of being indisputable. 

In-uis'pu-ta-bey, adv. Without dis- 
pute; unquestionably. 

In-dis'so-lu-bil'i-ty, n. 1. Qual- 
ity of being indissoluble. 2. Per- 
petuity of union or binding force. 

In-dis'so-lu-ble, a. 1. Not capable 
of being dissolved or melted. 2. 
Perpetually binding. 

In-dis'so-lu-blyt, adv. In a man- 



ner resisting separation 
rably. 



msepa- 



In'dis-tinct', a. 1. Not distinct or I 
distinguishable. 2. Obscure to the " 
mind ; confused. 

Syn.— Undefined; undistinguishable; 
obscure; indefinite; vague; uncertain. 

IN'DIS-TINC'TION, n. 1. Want of 
distinction ; confusion. 2. Equality 
of rank or condition. 

In'dis-tinct'ly, adv. In an indis- 
tinct manner ; not clearly. 

In'dis-tingt'ness, 11. Want of dis- 
tinctness, [be distinguished. 

In'dis-tIn'GUISH-a-ble, a. Not to 

IN-DITE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING] [Cf. 

Indict.] 1. To direct what is to be 
uttered or written. 2. To compose ; 
to write. 

IN-D1TE'MENT, n. Act of inditing. 

IN'b-i-vid'u-al, a. [Lat. individuus, 
fr. in, not, and dividuus, divisible.] 
1. Not divided, or not to be divided ; 
single. 2. Pertaining to one only ; 
hence, distinctive. — n. A single 
person, animal, or thing. 

iN/Di-viD'u-AL-isM, n. 1. Quality 
of being individual. 2. Excessive re- 
gard to one's personal interest. 

iVdi-vid/u-al/i-ty, 11. .1. Separate 
or distinct nature or existence. 2. 
Distinctive character. 

IN'DI-VID'U-AL-JZE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To select or mark as an individual. 

IN'DI-VID'U-AL-LY, adv. 1. Sepa- 
rately. 2. Inseparably ; incommu- 
nicably. 

In'dI-vi's/i-bYl'i-ty, n. State or 
property of being indivisible. 

iN'Di-vts'l-BLE, a. 1. Not divisible ; 
not separable into parts. 2. Not ca- 
pable of exact division ; incommen- 
surable. — n. 1. That which is indi- 
visible. 2. (Geom.) One of the ele- 
ments or principles, supposed to be 
infinitely small, into which a body 
or figure may be resolved ; an in- 
finitesimal. 

IN'di-vis'i-bly, adv. So as not to be 
capable of division. 

In-doc'i-ble, a. Incapable of being 
taught, or not easily instructed ; in- 
tractable, [intractable. 

In-doc'ile, a. Not teachable ; dull; 

IN/DO-CIL/I-TY, n. Dullness of in- 
tellect : intractableness. 

IN-DOC'TRI-NATE, V. t. [-ED ; -INC.] 
To instruct in the rudiments or prin- 
ciples of learning. 

IN-DOC'TRI-NA'TION, n. Act of in- 
doctrinating ; information. 

IN'DO-LENCE, 1 n. [Lat. indolentia, 

IN'DO-LEN-CY, f fr. in , not, and do- 
lere, to feel pain.] Habitual idle- 
ness ; laziness. 

In'do-lent, a. Habitually idle. 

Indolent tumor (Med.), a tumor caus- 
ing little or no pain. 

Syn. — Idle ; lazy ; sluggish ; listless; 
inactive. See Idle. 

In'DO-lent-LY, adv. In an indolent 
manner ; lazily. 

In-dom'i-ta-ble, a. [Lat. in and 
domitare, to tame.] Not to be sub- 
dued ; invincible. 



A, E, I, 0,U, Y,long; A,E,f,6, 0, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TlRMj PIQUE, FIRM ; SON, 



INDORSABLE 



221 



INEXCUSABLEXESS 



In-d6r'sa-BLE, a. Capable of being 
indorsed. 

lN-DORSE',r. t. [-ed; -IN©.] [Lat. in 
and dorsum, the back.] 1. To write 
one's name upon the back of, as a 
note, draft, &c, for the purpose of 
securing the payment of it. 2. To 
give one's support to ; to sanction. 

In'dor-see', n. One to whom a note 
or bill is assigned by indorsement. 

In-dorse'ment, 7i. 1. A writing 
on the back of a note, bill, or the 
like. 2. Sanction or support given. 

In-du'bi-oC's, a. Not dubious or 
doubtful ; certain. 

In-du'bi-ta-ble, a. Not dubitable ; 
too plain to admit of doubt. 

Syx.— -Unquestionable ; evident! in- 
controvertible ; incontestable; undenia- 
ble; irrefragable. 

In-du'bi-ta-bly, adv. Undoubted- 
ly ; unquestionably. 

IN-DUCE', V. t. [-EDJ-ING.] [Lat. 
inducere, fr. in and ducere, to lead.] 
1. To lead in ; to introduce. 2. To pre- 
vail on ; to influence. 3. To cause 
by mere proximity. 

Svx. — To move; instigate; urge; im- 
pel; incite; press; effect; cause. 

In-duce'.ment, n. That which in- 
duces or leads on to action. 

Syx. — Motive ; reason ; incitement ; 
influence. 

In-du'ci-ble, a. Capable of being 
induced. 

iN-DiieT', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
inducere, inductum. See Induce.] 
1. To bring in ; to introduce. 2. To 
introduce, as to a benefice or office. 

In-du"€'tile, a. Not ductile; inca- 
pable of being extended by drawing. 

In-DU€'tion, n. 1. Act of induct- 
ing or bringing in ; introduction. 2. 
Act of reasoning from a part to a 
whole, or from particulars to gen- 
erals. 3. Formal introduction of a 
person into an office. 4. Property 
by which one body, having electrical, 
galvanic, or magnetic polarity, causes 
it in another body without direct 
contact. 

Syx. — Deduction. — In induction we 
observe a sufficient number of individ- 
ual facts, and, on the ground of analog v, 
extend what is true of them to others of 
the same class, thus arriving at general 
principles or laws. This is the kind of 
reasoning in physical science. Iu de- 
duction we begin with a general truth, 
and seek to connect it with some indi- 
vidual case by means of a middle term, 
or class of objects, known to be equally 
connected with both. Thus we bring 
down the general into the individual 
affirming of the latter the distinctive 
qualities of the former. This is the svl- 
logistic method. By induction Franklin 
established the identity of lightning and 
electricity; bv deduction he inferred that 
dwellings might be protected by light- 
ning-rods. 

In-dD€'tion-al, a. Pertaining to 
induction. 

Ijv-dO€T'ive, a. 1. Leading or draw- 
ing. 2. Proceeding or derived by in- 
duction. 3. Operating by. or facili- 
tatiner, induction. 

In-duct'ive-ly, adv. By induction. 



IX-DtrcT'OR, n. One who inducts an- 
other into office. 

In-due', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
induere.] 1. To put on, as clothes. 
2. To invest; hence, to endow; to 
supply. 

IN-DULGE', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
indulgere, fr. in and dulcis, sweet, 
kind.] 1. To yield to the desire of. 
2. To grant a3 by favor. 

Syx. — To gratify ; humor ; cherish ; 
foster; harbor; allow; favor. See Grat- 
ify. 

— v. i. To practice a forbidden or 
questionable act without restraint. 

IN-dOl'gence, In. 1. Forbearance 

IN-DUI/GEN-CY, J of restraint or 
control. 2. Favor granted ; liberal- 
ity. 3. {Rom. Cath. Church.) Re- 
mission of the punishment due to 
sins, granted by the pope or church. 

IN-DUL'GENT, a. Prone to indulge 
or humor. 

IN-DIjL'GENT-LY, adv. With indul- 
gence ; mildly ; favorabty. 

IN'DU-RATE, V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
indurare, -atum, fr. in and durare, to 
harden.] To grow hard; to harden. 

— v. t. 1. To make hard. 2. To 
render obdurate. 

IN'du-rate, a. 1. Hardened; not 
soft. 2. Unfeeling; obdurate. 

In/du-ra'tion,?!. 1. Act or process 
of hardening. 2. Obduracy ; stiff- 
ness. 

In-dDs'tri-al, a. Pertaining to, or 
consisting in, industry. 

In-dus'tri-oDs, a. 1. Given to in- 
dustry. 2. Diligent in a particular 
pursuit. 

In-dDs'tri-ous-EY, adv. Diligently. 

IN'DUS-TRY, n. [Lat. industrial Ha- 
bitual diligence in any employment, 
either bodily or mental. 
Syx.— See Diligexce. 

In-dwell'ING, 7i. Residence in the 
heart or soul ; interior abode. 

IN-E'BRI-ANT, a. Intoxicating. 

IN-E'BRI-ATE, v. t. [-E D ; -ING.] 
[Lat. inebriare, -atum ; in, used inten- 
sively, and ebriare, to make drunk.] 
To make drunk ; to intoxicate. — v. i. 
To be or become intoxicated. 

In-e'bri-ate (45), 7i. An habitual 
drunkard ; a sot. [intoxication. 

IN-E'BRI-A'TION, n. Drunkenness ; 

IN'e-bri'e-ty, n. Drunkenness ; in- 
ebriation, [lished. 

In-ed'it-ed, a. Not edited ; unpub- 

In-ef'FA-BLE, a. Incapable of being 
expressed in words ; unspeakable ; 
unutterable. 

In-EF'ea-bly, adv. Unspeakably ; 
unutterably. [being effaced. 

Tn'ef-fate'a-BLE, a. Incapable of 

iN'EF-FEeT'lVE, a. Incapable of pro- 
ducing any effect, or the effect in- 

w tended. [the proper effect. 

IN / EF-FE€T'U-AL, a. Not producing 
Svx. — Useless ; inefficient; ineffica- 
cious; vain; fruitless; weak. 

In'EF-FECT'U-AL-LY, adv. Without 
effect : in vain. 

In-ef'fer-ves'CENT, n. Not sus- 
ceptible of effervescence. 



In-ef/fi-€A'cioOs, a. Not effica- 
cious ; not having power to produce 
the effect desired, or the proper effect. 

IN-EF'FI-€A-CY, ;i. Want of power 
to produce the desired or proper 
effect ; inefficiency. 

IN'EF-FI'C1EN-CY "(-ef-fish'en-sy), n. 
Want of power or exertion of power 
to produce the etfect ; iuefficacy. 

Lvef-fi'cieiNT (-t'lsh'ent). a. 1. Not 
efficient : inefficacious. 2. Habitual- 
ly remiss ; effecting nothing. 

In'e-las'tic. a. Wanting elasticity. 

In-el'E-gance, )n. Quality of be- 

In-el'e-gan-cy, j iug inelegant ; 
want of elegance. 

IN-El/E-GANT, a. Not elegant ; want- 
ing in any thing which correct taste 
requires. [gant manner. 

In-el'e-gant-LY, adv. In an inele- 

In-el/i-gi-b1l'i-ty, n. Incapacity 
of being elected to an office. 

In EL'I-gi-ble, a. Not eligible ; in- 
capable of being elected to an office ; 
not worthy to be chosen. 

Inept', a. [Lat. ineptus, fr. in, not, 
and aptus, apt, fit.] 1. Not apt or 
fit; unfit; unsuitable. 2. Foolish; 
silly. [being inept. 

In-ept'i-TUDE (53), n. Quality of 

In'e-qual'i-ty (-kwoFl-ty), n. 1. 
Want of equality or uniformity ; di- 
versity. 2. Want of levelness. 3. 
Disproportion to any office or pur- 
pose; inadequacy. 

In-eq'ui-ta-ble, a. Not equitable ; 
not just. 

IN-ERT' (14), a. [Lat. iners, inertis, 
unskilled, idle.] 1. Without power 
of moving itself, or of active resist- 
ance to motion impressed. 2. Indis- 
posed to exertion ; dull. 

Syx. — Inactive ; sluggish. — A man 
may be inactive from mere want of stim- 
ulus to effort, but one who is inert has 
something in his constitution or his hab- 
its which operates like a weight holding 
him back from exertion. Sluggish (from 
slug) is still stronger, implying some de- 
fect of temperament which airectly im- 
pedes action. 

IN-ER'TI-A (in-Er'shi-a), n. 1. Prop- 
erty of matter by which it tends 
when at rest to remain so , and when 
in motion to continue in motion. 2. 
Indisposition to move. [sluggishly. 

In-ert'ly, adv. Without activity ; 

IN-ERT'NESS, n. 1. Want of activity 
or exertion ; sluggishness. 2. Ab- 
sence of the power of seh-motion. 

IN-ES'TI-MA-BLE, a. Incapable of 
being estimated ; invaluable. 

IN-Es'TI-ma-BLY, adv. In a mannei 
not to be estimated. 

In-ev'I-ta-BLE, a. Incapable of be- 
ing avoided : unavoidable. 

In-ev'i-ta-ble-ness, 7i. State of 
being unavoidable. 

IN-ev'I-TA-bly, adv. Unavoidably; 
certainlv. 

IN'ex-act', a. Not exact ; not pre- 
cisely correct or true. 

In'ex-cus'a-ble, a. Not admitting 
excuse or justification. 

IN'ex-€Us'a-ble-ness, 7i. Quality 
of not being excusable. 



or, do, wolf, too, TOOK ; urn, rue, pull ; jb, I, o, silent; c, G, soft; €, g, hard; AS. ; exist ; NoiNO; this. 



INEXCUSABLY 



222 



INFILTRATE 



Fn'EX-€US'a-bly, adv. So as not to 
be excusable. [or effort. 

In'ex-ER'TION, n. Want of exertion 

In'ex-haust'ed,**. Not exhausted ; 
not emptied ; not spent. 

IN'e^-haust'i-ble, a. Incapable of 
being exhausted or emptied, [ence. 

In'ex-ist'ence, n. Want of exist- 

In / ex-ist'ent, n. Not having being ; 
not existing. 

In-ex'o-ra-bIl'i-ty, n. Quality of 
being inexorable, or unyielding to 
entreaty. 

In-Ex'o-ra-ble, a. Not to be per- 
suaded or moved by entreaty or 
prayer; unyielding; vinchangeable. 

Ln-ex'o-ra-bly, adv. So as to be 
immovable by entreaty. 

fN'EX-PE'm-ENCE, In. Want of 

In'ex-pe'di-en-cy, J fitness; im- 
propriety ; unsuitableness to the 
purpose. 

IN'ex-pe'di-ENT, a. Not expedient ; 
not tending to a good end ; hence, 
unfit; improper. 

fN'EX-PEN'stvE, a. Not expensive. 

In'ex-pe'ri-ence, n. Absence or 
want of experience. 

In'ex-pe'ri-en^ed (-pp/ri-enst), a. 
Not having experience ; unskilled. 

In'ex-pert' (14), a. Not expert ; 
without knowledge or dexterity de- 
rived from practice. 

In-ex'pi-a-ble, a. 1. Admitting of 
no atonement or satisfaction. 2. 
Implacable. 

In-ex'pi-A-bly, adv. To a degree 
that admits of no atonement. 

IN-EX'PLI-€A-BLE. a. Incapable of 
being explained or accounted for. 

In-ex'pli-ca-bly, adv. In an in- 
explicable manner. 

In'ex-press'i-ble, a. Not capable 
of expression ; not to be uttered. 

Syn.— Unspeakable; unutterable; in- 
effable; indescribable ; untold. 

In'ex-press'i-bly, adv. Unspeaka- 
bly ; unutterably. 

in'ex-press'iVE, a. Not expressing 
or tending to express ; inexpressible. 

In'ex-tinct', a. Not quenched ; not 
extinct. 

LVex-tTn'guish-A-BLE, a. Not ca- 
pable of being extinguished ; un- 
quenchable. 

Ln-ex'tri-ca-ble, a. Not capable 
of being extricated. 

In-ex'tri-ca-bly, adv. In an in- 
extricable manner. 

In-eye' (in-I'), v. t. To inoculate, as a 
tree, by insertion of a bud. 

In-fal'li-b?l'i-ty, n. Quality of 
being infallible, or exempt from error. 

tN-FAi/Ll-BLE,a. 1. Not fallible ; ex- 
empt from liability to mistake. 2. 
Not liable to fail ; certain. 

In-fal'li-BLY, adv. Certainly; un- 
failingly. 

LN'FA-MotJS, a. Having a reputation 
. of the worst kind ; held in abhorrence. 
Syn. — Detestable ; odious ; scanda- 
lous ; disgraceful; base; shameful; igno- 
minious. 

In'FA-moGs-LY, adv. In an infamous 
manner ; disgracefully. 



lN'FA-MY, n. Total loss of reputa- 
tion ; public disgrace ; loss of char- 
acter, which a convict incurs. 

IN'FAN-^Y, n. 1. State o*" being an 
infant. 2. First age of any thing. 
3. (Law.) Nonage; minority. 

In'FANT, n. [Lat. infans, fr. in, not, 
and fari, to speak.] 1. A young 
babe ; sometimes, a child several 
years of age. 2. (Law.) A minor. — 
a. Pertaining to infancy. 

In-fan'ta, n. [Sp. & Pg.] Any 
princess of the royal blood, except 
the eldest daughter when heiress ap- 
parent. [Spain and Portugal.] 

IN-FAN'TE, n. [Sp & Pg.] Any 
son of the king, except the eldest, or 
heir apparent. [Spain and Portugal.] 

In-FANT'i-^Ide, n. [Lat. infanticid- 
ium,nnd infanticida; in/ans, child, 
and csedere, to kill.] The murder or 
the murderer of a newly-born child. 

IN'FAN-TILE, or JN'FAN-TILE, ) 

IN'FAN-TINE,or IN'FAN-TINE, j °" 
Pertaining to infancy ; characteristic 
of infants or young children. 

IN'FANT-RY, n. [Sp. infant eri a, from 
infante, infant, child, servant, foot- 
soldier.] Foot-soldiers, in distinction 
from cavalry. 

IN-FAT'U-ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -TNG.] 
[Lat. infatnare, -atum ; in and fat- 
uus, foolish.] 1. To make foolish. 
2. To inspire with an extravagant or 
foolish passion. 

In FATVU-A'TION, n. 1, Act of infat- 
uating. 2. State of being infatuated ; 
folly. 

iN-FEA'si-BtL'l-TY, n. State of being 
infeasible; impracticability. 

In-fea'si-ble, a. Not capable of 
being done ; impracticable. 

IN-FE€T', V. t. [-ED ; -INC.] [Lat. 
inficere, infectum, fr. in and facere, 
to make.] 1. To taint with disease, 
or with morbid or noxious matter. 
2. To communicate bad qualities to. 
Syn. — To poison ; vitiate ; pollute. 

lN-FE€'TION, n. 1. Act of infecting. 

2. That which infects. 3. Result of 
infecting influence ; a prevailing dis- 
ease. 4. That which poisons or cor- 
rupts, by communication. 

Syn.— Contagion. — Medical writers 
in Europe do not, most of them, recog- 
nize any difference between contagion 
and infection. In America, the distinc- 
tion referred to under Contagion, is, to 
a considerable extent, admitted. In gen- 
eral literature, this distinction is well es- 
tablished. We use contagion and conta- 
qious in respect to things which spread 
by intercourse or imitation ; as, the con- 
tagious influence of example ; while we 
apply infection and infectious to a more 
hidden and diffusive power; as, the in- 
fection of vice ; the infectious influence 
of evil principles. 
lN-FE€'Tlous, a. 1. Having quali- 
ties that may infect : pestilential. 2. 
Corrupting," or tending to corrupt. 

3. Capable of being easily diffused. 
Syn.— See Contagious. 

In-fe€'TIOUS-ly, adv. By infection. 
In-fec'TIOUS-NESS, n. Quality of 

being infectious. 
lN-FE€'UND,a. Unfruitful; barren. 



fN'FE-€t)N'Dl-TY, n. Want of fecun- 
dity ; unfruitfulness ; barrenness. 

IN'FE-lIc'i-tous, a. Not felicitous; 
unhappy. 

In'fe-lic'i-TY, n. 1. Unhappiness; 
misery ; misfortune. 2. Unfortunate 
state ; unfavorableness. 

IN-FER' (14),r. t. [-RED ; -RING.] [Lat, 
inferre, from in and ferre, to carry, 
bring.] To draw or derive, as a fac* 
or consequence. [inferred. 

In-fer'a-Ble, a. Capable of being 

IN'FER-EN£E, n. 1. Act of inferring. 
2. That which is inferred. 

Syn. — Conclusion ; deduction ; conse- 
quence. —A conclusion is stronger than 
inference ; it shuts us vp to the result, 
and terminates inquiry. In a chain of 
reasoning we have many inferences, 
which lead to the ultimate conclusion. 

IN'fer-EN'tial, a. Deduced or de- 
ducible by inference. 

In-fe'RI-or (89), a. [Lat., compar. of 
inferus, that is, below, underneath.] 
Lower in place, social rank, or excel- 
lence ; subordinate. — n. One who 
is younger, or subordinate. 

In-fe'ri-or'i-TY, n. State of being 
inferior ; a lower state or condition 

IN-FER'NAL (14), a. [Lat. infernalis; 
fr. infernus, lying beneath.] 1. Per- 
taining to the lower regions, or re- 
gions of the dead. 2. Pertaining to, 
or resembling, hell ; hellish ; dia- 
bolical. 

Syn. — Devilish; satanic; fiendish. 
— n. An inhabitant of hell, or of 
the lower regions. 

In-f£r'nal-ly, adv. In an infernal 
manner. [BLE. 

In-fer'RI-ble, a. Same as Infera- 

In-f£r'tile, a. Not fertile or pro- 
ductive ; barren. [ness. 

In'fer-tIl'i-ty, n. Unproductive- 

In-fest', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
infestare, from infestus, disturbed, 
troublesome.] To disturb; to annoy; 
to harass. [molestation. 

In'fes-ta'tion,??. Act of infesting ; 

In-fes'tive, a. Having no mirth; 
dull ; cheerless. [ty ; dullness. 

In'fes-tTv'i-ty,*}. Want of festivi- 

In'fi-del, a. [Lat. infdelis, fr. prefix 
in, not, and fdelis, faithful.] Dis- 
believing the inspiration of the 
Scriptures, or the divine institution 
of Christianity. — n. A disbeliever ; 
a freethinker ; especially one who 
disbelieves in the divine origin and 
authority of Christianity. 

Syn. — Unbeliever; freethinker; deist; 
atheist; skeptic— Some have endeavored 
to widen the sense of infidel so as to em- 
brace atheism and every form of unbe- 
lief, but this has failed. A freethinker is 
now only another name for an infidel. 
An unbeliever is not necessarily a disbe- 
liever or infidel, because he may still be 
inquiring after evidence to satisfy his 
mind. 

IN'FI-DEL'I-TY, n. 1. Disbelief of the 
divine origin of Christianity ; unbe- 
lief. 2. Unfaithfulness to the mar- 
riage contract. 3. Breach of trust ; 
treachery. 

In-fil'ter, v. t. To filter or sift in. 

IN-FII/TRATE, V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To 



X, E, 1,5, u, Y,long; A,£,Y,o,U, ¥, short; cAre, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TfiRM; pique, FIRM; s6n, 



INFILTRATION 



223 



INFUSE 



enter by penetrating the pores of a 
substance. 

In'FIL-TRA'TION, n. 1. Act of infil- 
trating. 2. Substance which has 
entered the pores of a body. 

In'fi-n!te, a. 1. Unlimited or bound- 
less in time or space. 2. Without 
limit in power, capacity, or moral ex- 
cellence ; perfect. 3. Indefinitely 
large or extensive. 

Syn. — Immeasurable; illimitable; in- 
terminable; limitless; unbounded. 

Jn'FI-NITE-LY, adv. Without limit. 

IN'FI-NITE-NESS, n. State of being 
infinite ; infinity. 

In'FIN-i-tes'i-mal, a. Infinitely 
small. — n. An infinitely small 
quantity, or one less than any as- 
signable quantity. 

In-fIn'I-tive, a. Unlimited; not 
restricted. 

Infinitive mode (Gram.), that mode of 
the verb which expresses the action of 
the verb without limitation of person or 
number; as, to love. 
In-fin'i-tude (53), n. 1. Quality of 
being infinite ; infiniteness. 2. Infi- 
nite extent. 3. Boundless number. 
In-fIn'I-TY, n. [Lat. infinities, fr. in, 
not, and, finis, limit.] Unlimited ex- 
tent of time, space, or quantity. 
In-fIrm' (18), a. 1. Not firm or 
sound ; weak. 2. Weak of mind ; ir- 
resolute. 3. Not solid or stable. 

Syn. — Debilitated ; sickly ; feeble ; 
imbecile. 

In-firm'a-ry, n. A hospital, or place 
where the infirm or sick are lodged 
or nursed. 

iN-FlRM'l-TY, n. 1. State of being 
infirm ; an imperfection or weakness ; 
specifically, a disease. 2. Weakness ; 
failing ; foible. 

Syn.— Debility ; imbecility; imper- 
fection. 

In-firm'ness, n. Infirmity ; feeble- 
ness ; debility. 

IN-Flx', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. in- 
figere, -fixum, fr. in and figere, to 
fix.] 1. To fix by piercing or thrust- 
ing in. 2. To implant or fix, as 
principles. 

IN-FLAME', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
inflammare, audflammare, to flame.] 
1. To set on fire ; to kindle. 2. To 
excite, as passion or appetite. 3. To 
provoke to anger or rage. 

Syn. — To provoke; fire; irritate ; ex- 
asperate; incense; enrage ; anger. 
— v. i. To grow hot, angry, and pain 
ful. 

In-flXm'ma-bil'i-ty, n. Suscepti- 
bility of readily taking fire. 

In-flXm'MA-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing set on fire. 

IN-FLAM'MA-BLE-NESS, n. Quality 
of being inflammable. 

In'FLAM-ma'tion, n. 1. Act of in- 
inflaming. 2. State of being on fire. 
3. A redness and swelling of any part 
of an animal body, with heat, pain, 
and febrile symptoms. 4. Violent 
excitement; passion. 

In-flXm'ma-to-ry (50), a. 1. Tend- 
ing to, or showing, inflammation. 2. 



Tending to excite anger, or animosi- 
ty ; seditious. 

In-flate', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
inflate, -flatum, from in and flare, to 
blow.] 1. To swell or distend with 
air. 2. To puff up ; to elate. 3. To 
cause to become unduly expanded. 

IN-FEATE', I a. 1. Filled with air ; 

In-flat'ed, ) blown up. 2. Turgid ; 
swelling; bombastic. 

In-fla'tion, n. 1. Act of inflating. 
2. State of being inflated. 

IN-FLE€T', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
inflectere, -flexum, IV. in tmdflectere, 
to bend.] 1. To bend. 2. To vary, 
as a noun or h verb, in its termina- 
tions. 3. To modulate, as the voice. 

lN-FLE€'TION, n. 1. Act of inflect- 
ing, or state of being inflected. 2. A 
bend ; a fold. 3. Modulation of the 
voice in speaking. 4. Variation of 
nouns, &c, by declension, and of 
verbs by conjugation. 

In-fl,E€'tion-al, a. Pertaining to 
inflection. [tion. 

In-fle€T'ive, a. Capable of inflec- 

IN-FLEX'I-BIL'I-TY, n. 1. Unyield- 
ing stiffness. 2. Obstinacy of will or 
temper ; unbending pertinacity. 

IN-FLEX'I-BLE, a. 1. Not capable of 
being bent; firm. 2. Firm in pur- 
pose ; not to be changed. 3. Inca- 
pable of change. 

Syn. — Unbending ; unyielding ; rig- 
id; inexorable; pertinacious; obstinate; 
stubborn; unrelenting. 

IN-flex'I-BLY, adv. In an inflexi- 
ble manner. [TION. 

In-flex'Ion, n. Same as Inflec- 

IN-FLI€T', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
infligere, -flictum, fr. in and fligere, 
to strike.] To lay, or send, as a 
punishment, &c. ; to apply. 

In-FLI€'TION, n. 1. Act of inflicting. 
2. That which is inflicted or imposed. 

IN-FLI€T'IVE, a. Tending to inflict. 

IN'FLO-RES'CENCE, n. [Lat. inffo- 
rescens, p. pr. of inflorescere, to begin 
to blossom.] 1. The unfolding of 
blossoms. 2. Mode of flowering. 3. 
An axis on which all the buds are 
flower-buds. 

IN'FLU-ence, n. [Lat. influens, p. 
pr. of influere, to flow in.] 1. A 
flowing in or upon. 2. The bringing 
about of an effect by a gradual, un- 
observed, and easy process. 3. Pow- 
er arising from elevated station, in- 
tellect, wealth, &c. — v. t. [-ed; 
-ING.] To control or move by hid- 
den power ; to lead ; to direct. 

In'FLU-EN'TIAL, a. Exerting influ- 
ence or power by invisible operation. 

IN'FLU-EN'TIAL-LY, adv. So a8 to 
incline, move, or direct. 

In'flu-en'za, n. [It. See Influ- 
ence.] A violent form of catarrh. 

In'flux, n. [Lat. influxus.] 1. Act 
of flowing in. 2. Introduction; im- 
portation in abundance. 

IN-FOLD', v. ?{ [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
wrap up ; to inclose. 2. To embrace. 

IN-FORM', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. m- 
formare ; in and formare, to form.] 
1. To animate. 2. To make known to. 



3. To communicate a knowledge of 
facts to, by way of accusation. 

Syn.— To acquaint ; apprise; tell; 
teach ; instruct. 
— r. t. To give information. 

IN-FOR'MAL, a. Not iu the regular 
form ; hence, without ceremony. 

IN'FOR-mXl'i-ty, n. Want of regu- 
lar or customary form. 

IN-form'al-ly, adv. Without the 
usual forms. 

IN-form'ant, n. One who informs 
or gives intelligence. 

Syx. — Informer. — These two words 
should never be confounded. An in- 
former is one who, for selfish ends or 
the public good, volunteers accusations 
with a view to have others punished ; 
an informant is one who simply ac- 
quaints us with something we had not 
known before. 

IN'FOR-MA'TION, n. 1. Communi- 
cating knowledge. 2. News commu- 
nicated; intelligence; kuowledge de- 
rived from reading or instruction. 3- 
A proceeding in the nature of a pros- 
ecution for an offense against the 
government. 

In-form'er, n. One who informs ; 
esp., one who informs against anoth- 
er for the violation of some law. 
Syn. — Sec Informant. 

In-FRA€'TION. n. [Lat. infraction 
Breach ; violation ; non-observance. 

In-Fra€T'or, n. One who infringes ; 
a violator. 

IN'FRA-LAP-SA'RI-AN, n. [Lat. infra, 
below, after, and lapsus, fall.] A 
Calvinist who considers the decree of 
election as contemplating the apos- 
tasy as past, and the elect as being 
already in a fallen and guilty state. 

IN-FRAN'GI-BLE, a. Not capable of 
being broken or separated into parts. 

In-fre'quence, In. State of rarely 

In-fre'QUEN-cy, ) occurring; un- 
commonness ; rareness. 

IN-FRE'QUENT, a. Seldom happen- 
ing or occurring to notice ; unfre- 
quent ; rare ; uncommon, [quently. 

In-fre'QUENT-ly, adv. Not fre- 

In-frInge', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
infringer e, from in and frangere, to 
break.] 1. To break, as contracts. 

2. To transgress ; to neglect to fulfill 
or obey. 

IN-FRINGE'MENT, n. Breach ; viola- 
tion ; non-fulfillment. 

IN'FUN-DlB'U-LAR, ) a. [Lat. infun- 

IN/FUN-ulB'U-LATE, j d 'ibulum , 'fun- 
nel] Having the form of a funnel. 

In-fO'ri-ate, a. Enraged; mad; 
furiously angry. 

lN-FU'RI-ATE,t\ t. [-ED ; -ING.] [L. 
Lat. infuriare, -atum, fr. Lat. in and 
furia, fury.] To render furious ; to 
enrage. 

lN-FfJs'€ATE ; v. t. [Lat. infuscare, 
-catum, fr. in and fvscare, to mako 
dark.] _To darken ; to obscure. 

IN'fus-€A'TION, n. Act of darkening. 

IN-FUSE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
infundere, infusum, fr. in and fun- 
dere. to pour.] 1. To pour in, as a 
liquid. 2. To instill, as principles. 

3. To steep without boiling, for the 



i 



I 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK J URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; C,G, so/*; €, g, hard; AS; E^IST; n as NG ; THIS. 



1NFUSIBILITY 

purpose of extracting medicinal qual- 
ities. 

I^-FU'SI-BlL'I-TY, n. 1. [From in- 
fuse.] Capability of being infused, 
or poured in. 2. [Prefix ?';i,not, and 
fusibility.] Incapability of being 
fused or dissolved. 

In-fu'si-ble, a. 1. Capable of being 
infused. 2. Not fusible ; incapable 
of fusion. 

In-fu'§ion, n. 1. Act of infusing, or 
pouring in ; instillation. 2. That 
which is infused. 3. Act of steeping 
any insoluble substance in water to 
extract its virtues. 4. The liquid ob- 

w tained by this process. 

In'FU-so'RI-A, n. pi. [N. Lat. See 
INFUSE.] Microscopic animals 
found in water and other fluids. 

In'gath-er-ING, n. Act of collect- 
ing and securing the fruits of the 
earth ; harvest. [congealed. 

In-gel'A-BLE, a. Incapable of being 

IN-GEM'I-NA'TION, n. Reduplication. 

IN-GEN'ER-ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. ingenerare, -ratum.] To gen- 
erate or produce within. 

In-gen'er-ate, a. Inborn ; innate. 

In-GEN'IoDs (-jGn'yus), a. [Lat. in- 
geniosus, fr. ingenium, natural ca- 
pacity, genius.] 1. Possessed of ge- 
nius, or the faculty of invention ; 
hence, skillful or prompt to invent. 
2. Characterized by genius or inge- 
nuity. 3. Witty ; well adapted. 

IN-GEN'IOUS-LY (-jGn'yus-), adv. In 
an ingenious manner. [nuity. 

In-gen'ious-ness (-jus-), n. Inge- 

!n'ge-nu'I-ty, n. 1. Quality or pow- 
er of ready invention. 2. Curious- 
ness in design. 

Syn. — Cleverness. — Ingenuity is a 
form of genius, and cleverness, of talent. 
The former implies invention, the hitter 
a peculiar dexterity and readiness of ex- 
ecution. Sir James Mackintosh remarks, 
that the English overdo in the use of the 
words clever and cleverness, applying 
them loosely to almost every form of in- 
tellectual ability. Thus they speak of a 
clever article in a magazine ; a clever re- 
view; a clever speech in Parliament ; of 
a book very cleverly written ; of great 
cleverness in debate: and, in accordance 
with this use of language, Macaulay 
would be called a very clever writer of 
history, and Fox a very clever debater. 

IN-GEN'U-C-Os, a. [Lat. ingenuus.] 
1. Of honorable extraction. 2. No- 
ble ; generous. 3. Free from reserve, 
equivocation, or dissimulation. 

Syn. — Open; frank.— One who is 
open speaks out at once what is upper- 
most in his mind; one who is frank does 
it from a natural boldness, or dislike of 
self-restraint; one who is ingenuous is ac- 
tuated by a noble candor and love of 
truth, which makes him willing to con- 
fess his faults, and make known all his 
sentiments without reserve. 

In-GEN'u-oEjs-ly, adv. Openly ; can- 
didly. 

In-gen'u-ous-NESS, n. Openness of 
heart ; frankness ; fairness. 

IN-GES'TION (-jest'yun), n. [Lat. in- 
gestio, fr. ingerere, to place in.] Act 
of throwing into the stomach. 

Ln'gle, n. [Lat. igniculus, dim. of 
ignis, fire.] A fire or fire-place. 



224 

In-glo'ri-ous (89), a. 1. Not glori- 
ous. 2. Shameful ; disgraceful. 

IN-GLO'RI-OUS-LY, adv. In an in- 
glorious manner. 

IN'GOT, n. [L. Lat. lingotus, fr. Lat. 
lingua, a tongue.] A mass or wedge 
of gold, silver, or other metal, cast in 
a mold. 

IN-GRAFT', V. t. [-EB; -ING.] 1. To 
insert, as a scion into a tree or plant, 
for propagation ; hence, to introduce. 
2. To set or fix deeply and firmly. 

IN-GRAFT'MENT, n. 1. Act of in- 
grafting. 2. Thing ingrafted ; scion. 

IN'grain, a. Dyed in the grain; 
thoroughly inwrought, as color. 

Ingrain cuii>et, a double or two-ply 
carpet. 

IN'GRAIN, or IN-GRAIN', V. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To dye before manufact- 
ure. 2. To work into the natural 
texture. 

IN'GRATE, a. [Lat. ingratus, from?'re, 
not, and gratus, grateful.] 1. Un- 
grateful. 2. Unpleasing to the sense. 
— n._ An ungrateful person. 

IN-GRA'TI-ATE (-gra'shi-, 95), v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. in and gratia, 
favor.] To introduce or commend to 
the favor of another. 

In-grat'i-tude (53), n. Want of 
gratitude ; untbankfulness. 

IN-gre'DI-ENT (77), n. [Lat. ingre- 
diens, p. pr. of ingredi, ingressus, to 
euter.] A component part of any 
compound or mixture ; an element. 

IN'GRESS, n. [See supra.] 1. En- 
trance. 2. Power, liberty, or means, 
of entrance. 

In'gui-nae (-gwi-), a. [Lat. ivguina- 
lis.] Pertaining to the groin. 

IN-G&LF', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
swallow up in a vast gulf or whirl- 
pool; to overwhelm. 

In-gOr'GI-TATE, v. t. [Lat. ingurgi- 
tare, -tatum.] To swallow greedily. 

IN-HAB'IT, v. t. . [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
inhabitare.] To Jive or dwell in. — 
v. i. To dwell ; to live. 

IN-hab'it-A-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing inhabited. 

In-hab'it-ANCE. ) n. Condition of 

In-hab'it-an-cy, ) an inhabitant ; 
legal residence. 

In-hab'it-ant, n. One who dwells 
or resides permanently in a place. 

In-haB'IT-a/tion, n. 1. Act of in- 
habiting, or state of being inhabited. 
2. Place of dwelling. 

IN-hab'IT-a-tive-ness, n. An or- 
gan supposed to indicate the desire 
of permanence in abode. 

In/ha-la'tion, n. Act of inhaling. 

IN-HALE', V.t. [-ED: -ING.] [Lat. 
inhalare, from in and halare, to 
breathe.] To draw into the lungs. 

IN-HAL/ER, n. 1. One who inhales. 
2. An apparatus for inhaling vapor. 

In'HAR-MO'ni-oOs, a. Not harmo- 
nious ; discordant. 

In-hearse' (14), v. t. To put in a 
hearse ; to bury. 

In-here', v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
inhserere, fr. in and hserere, to stick.] 
To be permanently incorporated. 



INIQUITY 



IN-HER'ENCE, \n. State of inher- 

In-her'en-cy, ) ing ; existence in 
something. 

In-her'ent, a. 1. Existing in some- 
thing, so as to be inseparable from 
it. 2. Naturally pertaining. 

Syn. — Innate; inborn; native ; natu- 
ral; inbred; inwrought. 

In-her'ENT-ly, adv. By inherence. 

IK-HER'IT, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat 
inhered i tare, to appoint as an heir.] 
1. To take by descent from an an- 
cestor. 2. To receive by birth. 3. 
To become possessed of. — v.i. To 
take or have as an inheritance. 

IN-HER'IT-A-BLE, a. Capable of being 
inherited, or of taking by inherit- 
ance, [ance. 

IN-her'it-a-BLY, adv. By inherit- 

In-her'it-ANCE, n. 1. An estate 
which a. man has by descent as heir, 
or which he may transmit to anoth- 
er. 2. That which is or may be in- 
herited, [an heir. 

In-her'it-OR, n. One who inherits ; 

In-her'it-ress, ) n. An heiress : a 

In-her'it-rix, ) female inheritor. 

lN-HE'§lON, n. [Lat. in/iscsio.] State 
of existing, or belonging to some- 
thing; inherence. 

IN-HIB'IT, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
inhibere, inhibitum , fr. in, not, and 
habere, to have.] 1. To hinder. 2. To 
forbid. 

IN'Hl-Bt'TlON (-bish'un), n. 1. Act 
of inhibiting ; restraint. 2. Prohi- 
bition. 

In-hos'pi-ta-ble, a. Not hospita- 
ble ; not disposed to entertain stran- 
gers . [of hospitality . 

iN-HOS'Pr-TA-BLE-NESS, n. Want 

In-hos'pi-ta-bly, adv. In an inhos- 
pitable manner. 

In-hos'PI-Tal/i-ty, n. Quality of 
being inhospitable. 

IN-HU'MAN, a. I. Destitute of kind- 
ness and tenderness. 2. Character- 
ized by cruelty. 

Syn.— Cruel; unfeeling; pitiless; mer- 
ciless; savage; barbarous. 

In'hu-mXn'i-ty, n. Cruelty ; barba- 
rousness. [barously. 

IN-hu'man-ly, adv Cruelly ; bar- 

IN'HU-MA'TION, n. Act of burying. 

In-hume', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
inhumare ; humus, the ground.] To 
bury ; to inter. 

In-im'i-€AL, a. [Lat. inimicalisJ] 1. 
Unfriendly. 2. Repugnant; ad- 
verse. 

IN-iM'i-cial-LY, adv. In an inimical 
manner. [ing inimitable. 

In-im'i-ta-bIl'i-ty^. Quality of be- 

In-iM'i-ta-ble, a. Not capable of 
being imitated or copied. 

In-im'i-TA-bly, adv. In an inimita- 
ble manner. [iniquity. 

In-Tq'ui-tous, a. Characterized by 
Syn. — Wicked; nefarious.— Wicked 
is the generic term. Iniquitous is strong- 
er, denoting a violation of the rights of 
others, usually by fraud or circumven- 
tion. Nefarious is still stronger, imply- 
ing a breach of the most sacred obliga- 
tions. 

In-iQ'UI-TY, n. [Lat. iniquitas; in- 



A, E, I, 5, fj, Y, long; A,E,I, 6, iJ, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TERM ) PIQUE, FIRM J SON, 



INITIAL 



225 



INQUEST 



iauus, unjust.] 1. Want of rectitude. 
2. An act of injustice or unright- 
eousness. 

Syn. — Injustice ; unrighteousness ^ 
wickedness; sin; crime. 

IN-PTIAL (-ish/al), a. [Lat. initialis ; 
initium, beginning.] 1. Pertaining 
to the beginning. 2. Placed at the 
beginning or head. — n. First letter 
of a word. 

IN-X'TI-ATE (-ish'l-, 95), V. t. [-ED J 
-ING.] 1. To begin. 2. To instruct 
in rudiments. 3. To introduce into 
a society or organization. 

IN-PTI-A'TION (-TstPi-), n. 1. Act of 
initiating. 2. Introduction into the 
principles of any thing unknown. 

In-Pti-a-tive (-Tsb/i-),a. Serving to 
initiate. — n. An introductory step 
or movement. 

lN-pTl-A-TO-RY(-Tsh / i-), a. 1. Suit- 
able for an introduction. 2. Tending 
or serving to initiate. 

IN-JE€T', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. in- 
jicere, injectum.] To throw or dart in. 

IN-JE€'tion, n. 1. Act of injecting. 
2. That which is injected ; especially, 
liquid medicine injected into a cav- 
ity of the body. 

IN/JU-di'cious (-dish/us), a. 1. Not 
judicious. 2. Not according to sound 
judgment. 

Syx. — Indiscreet; inconsiderate; in- 
cautious; unwise; rash. 

In'JU-dPcious-ly (-dlsh / us-), adv. 
In an injudicious manner. 

In'ju-dPcious-ness (-dish'us-), n. 
Quality of being injudicious. 

lN-JUN€'TION, n. [Lat. injunctio.] 1. 
Act of enjoining. 2. An order ; a 
command. 3. A writ granted by a 
court of equity, whereby a party is 
required to do or to refrain from do- 
ing certain acts. 

IN'JURE (53), v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
■injur iari.] To do harm to; to hurt; 
to damage ; — used in a variety of 



IN-JU'ri-oBs (89), a. 1. Prejudicial 
to the rights of another. 2. Tending 
to injure ; pernicious. 

In-JU'ri-oOs-ly, adv. Hurtfully. 

In-JU'RI-ous-ness, n. Quality of be- 
ing injurious. 

IN'JU-RY, n. [Lat. injuria.] That 
which injures, or which occasions 
loss or diminution of good ; mischief; 
detriment ; damage. 

In-JUS'ti'9E, n. Violation of the 
rights of an individual; wrong. 

INK, n. [Lat. encaustum, fr. Gr. ey- 
Kavoro?, burnt in.] A fluid, used in 
writing and printing. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To black or daub with ink. 

Ink'horn, n. An inkstand ; — for- 
merly made of horn. 

Ink'i-ness, n. State or quality of 
being inky. 

INK'LING, n. [Contr. fr. inclining.] 
A hint or whisper ; an intimation. 

INK'stand, n. A vessel for holding 
ink. [ink ; black. 

INK'Y, a. Consisting of, or resembling, 

IN-LACE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
work in, as lace. 



IN'LAND, a. 1. Remote from the sea ; 
interior. 2. Domestic ; not foreign. 

In-lay', v. t. [inlaid ; inlaying.] 
To insert, as pieces of pearl, ivorj r , 
&c, in a groundwork of some other 
material. 

IN'LAY, 7i. Piecesof wood, ivory, &c, 
inlaid or prepared for inlaying. 

IN-LAY'ER, n. One who inlays. 

In'let, n. Passage or opening into 
an inclosed place. 

IN'LY, a. Internal; interior; secret. 
— adv. Internally ; secretly. 

IN'MATE, n. [Eng. inn and mate.] 
One who lives in the same house. 

IN'MOST (20), a. Deepest or furthest 
within. 

Inn, n. [A.-S. Anne, inn.] 1. A house 
for the lodging and entertainment of 
travelers. 2. A college of students of 

u law. [Eng.] 

IN'NATE, or IN-NATE', a. [Lat. in- 
nalus.] Inborn ; native ; natural. 

IN'NATE-LY, or IN-NATE'LV, adv. 
Naturally. 

lN'NATE-NESS,or IN-NATE'NESS, tl. 
Quality of being innate or inborn. 

In-nav'i-ga-ble, a. Incapable of 
being navigated. [ternal. 

In'ner, n._ Further in ; interior; in- 

IN'NER-MOST (20), Furthest inward. 

Inn'hold-er, n. A person who keeps 
an inn. 

Inn'ing, n. [Eng. in.] 1. Ingather- 
ing of grain, 2. (Cricket Playing.) 
Time or turn for using the bat. 

INN'KEEP-ER, n. An innholder. 

In'no-CENCE, n. 1. State of being 
innocent; purity of heart. 2. Igno- 
rance; imbecility. [CENCE. 

In'no-cen-^y, n. Same as Inno- 

IN'no-^ent, a. [Lat. innocens.] 1. 
Free from that which can i?3jure. 2. 
Free from guilt ; guiltless. 

Syx.— Harmless ; inoffensive ; pure, 
n. 1. One free from guilt. 2. A 
dolt. [harmlessly. 

In'no-cent-LY, adv. Without guilt ; 

lN-NO€'u-oDs, a. [Lat. innocuus.] 
Harmless ; safe ; producing no ill 
effect. [jurious effects. 

iN-Noe'TJ-ous-LY, adv. Without in- 

IN'NO-VATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
innovare, -vatum ; in and novare, 
to make new.] 1. To change by in- 
troducing something new. 2. To 
introduce as a novelty. — v.i. To 
introduce novelties. 

IN'NO-VA'TION, n. 1. Act of innovat- 
ing. 2. A change effected by inno- 
vating^ 

In'no-va'tor, n. One who innovates. 

In-nox'ioOs (-nSk'shus),**. 1. Harm- 
less in effects: innocent. 2. Free 
from crime; guiltless. 

IN'NU-EN'DO (52), n. ; pt. IN'NU-EN'- 
DOE§. [Lat., fr. innuere, to give a 
nod.] An oblique hint; a remote 
intimation or allusion. 

Syx.— Insinuation. —An innuendo 
supposes a representation so frnmed as to 
point distinctly (lit., by nodding) at 
something beyond which is injurious to 
the character, &c, of the person aimed 
at. An insinuation turns on no such 



double use of language ; but consists in 
artfully winding into the mind imputa- 
tions of an injurious nature witnout 
making any direct charge, and is there- 
fore justly regarded as one of the basest 
resorts of malice and falsehood. 

In-nu'mer-a-ble, a. Not capable of 
being numbered, for multitude. 

IN-NU'MER-A-BLE-NESS,H. State of 
being innumerable. [number. 

In-nu'mer-a-bly, adv. Without 

In'nu-trPtion (-nu-trlsh'un), n. 
Want of nutrition. 

In'nu-trPtious (-nu-tnsh'us), a. 
Not nutritious, or nourishing. 

IN/ob-sErv'ance , n. Want or neg- 
lect of observance ; negligence. 

iN'OB-SERVANT^a. Not taking no- 
tice ; heedless. 

IN-G€'U-LATE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING. J 
[Lat. inocidare, -latum, in and ocu- 
lus, an eye.] 1. To insert, as the 
bud of a tree in another tree, for the 
purpose of propagation. 2. To com- 
municate, as a disease, by inserting 
infectious matter in the skin. — v. i. 
To practice inoculation, [oculating. 

In-oc'u-la'tion, n. Act or art of in- 

1n-o'dor-o0s, a. Wanting scent. 

Lvof-fen'sive, a. 1. Giving no of- 
fense. 2. Harmless ; doing no injury. 

IN'of-fein'si've-ly, adv. Without 
giving offense. 

IN'of-fen'si've-ness, n. Quality of 
being inoffensive. 

IN'of-fPctal f-fisb/al), a. Not done 
in the usual forms or by the proper 
officer. 

In'of-fPcious (-fish/us), a. 1. Not 
civil or attentive. 2. Contrary to 
natural duty. 

In-6p'er-a-tive, a. Not operative; 
producing no effect, [unseasonable. 

In-6p / por-tune', a. Not opportune ; 

In-op'por-tune'ly, adv. Unseason- 
ably ; at an inconvenient time. 

In-op'u-lent, a. Not opulent ; not 
wealthy. [of moderation. 

IN-OR'DI-NA-^Y, n. Excess, or want 

In-6r'di-nate (45), a. Not limited 
to rules prescribed, or to usual 
bounds. 

Syn. — Irregular ; disorderly ; excess- 
ive; immoderate. 

In-or'di-nate-ly, adv. Irregular- 
ly ; immoderately. 

In-or'di-nate-ness, n. Quality of 
being inordinate; want of modera- 
tion ; inordinary. 

IVor-gan'ic, ) a. Not organic; 

iN'OR-GAN'ie-AL, ) devoid of an or- 
ganized structure ; unorganized. 

lN-OS'€U-LATE, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. in and osculari, -latum, to 
kiss.] To unite, as two vessels at 
their extremities. — v. t. 1. Tounito 
by apposition or contact. 2. To 
unite intimately. 

In-os'cu-LA'tion, n. Junction of 
different branches of tubular vessels, 
so that their contents pass from one 
to the other. 

IN'QUEST,k. [Lat. inquisita, fr. in- 
quirere. See INQUIRE.] 1. Inquiry ; 
quest. 2. Judicial inquiry. 3- A 
jury, particularly a coroner's jury. 



Ob 3 DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL J E, I, O, silent ; C, G, soft, 

15 



€. G,hard; A§ ; EJIST ; NasNG; THIS 



INQUIETUDE 



226 



INSITION 



In-QUi'e-tude (53), n. Disturbed 
state ; uneasiness of body or of mind. 

lN-QUIRE', V. i. [-EDJ-IN&.] [Lat. 
inquirere ; in and qu&rere, to seek.] 

1. To ask a question or questions. 

2. To make examination. — v. t. To 
ask about ; to make examination. 

In-QUIR'er, n. One who inquires. 

In-QUIR'y (89), n. 1. Act of inquir- 
ing. 2. Search for truth. 3. A 
question ; a query. 

IN'QUI-SI'TION (-zish'un), n. 1. In- 
quiry ; investigation. 2. Judicial 
inquiry. 3. (Rom. Cath. Church.) 
A tribunal for examining and pun- 
ishing heretics. 

IN'QUI-sPtion-al (-zish'un-), a. Re- 
lating to inquiry or inquisition. 

iN-QUJfs'l-Ti VE , a. Apt to ask ques- 
tions ; given to research. 

Syn. — Prying; curious. —Curiotis de- 
notes a feeling, and inquisitive a habit. 
We are curious when we desire to learn 
something new; we are inquisitive when 
we set ourselves to gain it by inquiry or 
research. Prying implies inquisitivencss 
when carried to an extreme, and is more 
commonly used in a bad sense, as indi- 
cating a desire to penetrate into the se- 
crets of others. 

In-QU'is/i-ti've-ly, adv. With cu- 
riosity to inquire. 

In-quis'i-tTve-ness, n. Quality of 
being inquisitive. 

IN-QUIS/I-TOR, n. (Rom. Cath. 
Church.) A member of the Court 
of Inquisition. 

In-quis/i-to'ri-al (89), a. Pertain- 
ing to the Court of Inquisition, or 
resembling its practices. 

In-raii.', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To in- 
close with rails. 

IN'road, n. A sudden or desultory 
incursion ; irruption; raid. 

iN'SA-LfJ'BRl-otJSja. Not salubrious ; 
not healthful ; unwholesome. 

In'sa-lu'bri-ty, n. Unhealthful- 
ness ; unwholesomeness. 

In-sXn'a-ble a. Not admitting of 
cure ; incurable. 

In-sane', a. 1. Unsound in mind. 
2. Used by, or appropriated to, in- 
sane persons. 

Syn. — Crazy ; distracted ; delirious ; 
demented; frantic; raving; mad. 

In-sane'ey, adv. Without reason; 
madly. 

IN-san'i-ty, n. State of being insane ; 
unsoundness of mind. 

Syn.— Lunacy; madness; derange- 
ment; alienation; aberration; mania; de- 
lirium ; fren zy ; monomania; dementia. — 
Insanity is the generic term for all such 
diseases; lunacy has now an equal extent 
of meaning, though once used to denote 
periodical insanity: madness has the 
same extent, though originally referring 
to the rage created by the disease; de- 
rangement, aberration, alienation, are 
popular terms for insanity ; delirium, ma- 
nia, and frenzy denote excited states of 
the disease; dementia denotes the loss of 
mental power by this means; monomania 
is insanity upon a single subject. 

IN-SA'TI-A-BLE (-sa'shT-, 95), a. [Lat, 
insatiabilis.] Incapable of being 
satisfied. 

IN-SA'TI-A-BLE-NESS (-Sa'shl-), n. 
Greediness that can not he satisfied 



In-sa'TI-A-BLY (-sa'shi-), adv. With 
greediness not to be satisfied. 

In-sa'ti-ate (-sa'shl-, 95), a. Not to 
be satisfied ; insatiable. 

IN'sa-tPe-ty, n. Insatiableness. 

IN'SCI-ENT (In'shl-), or iN-SCI'ENT, 
a. [Lat. insciens, -ends.] Having 
little or no knowledge ; ignorant. 

lN-S€RIBE', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
inscribere ; in and scribere, to write.] 

1. To write or engrave; to imprint. 

2. To commend by a short address. 

3. (Geom.) To draw within, as one 
figure within another. 

In-S€RIP'tion, n. 1. Act of inscrib- 
ing. 2. That which is inscribed. 3. 
An address of a book to a person. 

lN-S€R'iP'TlVE, a. Bearing inscrip- 
tion. 

In-scroll/, v. t. To write on a scroll. 

lN-s€Ry/TA-BiL'l-TY, n. Quality of 
being inscrutable. 

In-scru'ta-ble, a. 1. Unsearcha- 
ble. 2. Undiscoverable by human 
reason. 

IN-S€RU'TA-BLE-NESS, n. Quality 
of being inscrutable ; inscrutability. 

IN-S€RU'TA-BLY, adv. So ks not to 
be found out. [with a seam. 

In-seam', v. t. To impress or mark 

1N'SE€T, n. [Lat. insecium, fr. inse- 
cure, to cut in.] 1. An articulate 
animal divided into three distinct 
parts, having six legs, and never 
more than four wings. 2. Any thing 
small or contemptible. 

lN-sE€T'iLE, a. Having the nature 
of insects. [cision. 

In-sE€'tion, n. A cutting in; in- 

iN'SE-e-Tiv'o-ROUS, a. [Lat. insec- 
tum, an insect, and vorare, to de- 
vour.] Subsisting on insects. 

In'se-gure', a. 1. Not secure; not 
safe. 2. Exposed to danger or loss. 

iN'SE-eURE'LY, adv. Without secu- 
rity. 

IN'se-cu'ri-ty, n. 1. Condition of 
being insecure. 2. Want of confi- 
dence in safety. [stupid. 

In-sen'sate, a. Destitute of sense ; 

IN-SEN'SI-BJL'I-TY, n. 1. Want of 
sensibility, or the power of feeling. 
2. Want of tenderness. 

In-sen'si-ble, a. 1. Destitute of 
the power of feeling. 2. Wanting 
tenderness. 3. Progressing by im- 
perceptible degrees. 

Syn. — Im perceptible : imperceivable ; 
dull; stupid; torpid ; senseless ; unfeel- 
ing ; indifferent ; unsusceptible ; hard. 

In-sen'si-bly, adv. Imperceptibly. 

In-sen'tient, a. Not having per- 
ception. 

In-sep'a-RA-ble, a. Incapable of 
being disjoined. 

In-sEP'A-ra-ble-ness, n. Quality 
of being inseparable. 

In-sep'a-ra-bly, adv. So as to pre- 
vent separation. 

IN-SERT', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
inserere , insertum-] To bring into; 
to introduce. 

In-sert'ing, n. 1. A setting in. 2. 
Something set in, as lace, &c, into 
garments. 



lN-SER'TION,n. 1. Act of inserting. 
2. Condition of being inserted ; mode, 
place, or the like, of inserting. 3. 
That which is set in, as lace, or cam- 
brie, in narrow strips, &c. 

In'set, n. That which is set in ; an 
insertion. 

IN'SIDE, prep, ovadv. In the interior. 
— a. Interior; internal. — n. 1. 
The part within. 2. pi. Entrails; 
bowels. 

In-sid'i-ous(77), a. [Lat. insidiosus] 
1. Lying in wait. 2. Intending or 
intended to entrap. 

Syn.— Crafty: wily ; sly ; designing; 
deceitful; deceptive. 

iN-siD'i-ous-LY, adv. In an insid- 
ious manner. [treachery. 

In-sid'i-ous-ness, n. Deceitfulness ; 

In'SIGHT (Tn'slt), n. Penetrating 
discernment ; thorough knowledge. 

In-sig'ni-a, n.pl. [Lat.] Badges or 
marks of office, honor, or distinction. 

IlN'SlG-NlF'l-eANCE, ) n. 1. Want 

IN'SIG-NIF'1-GAN-CY, ) of signifi- 
cance. 2. Want' of force or effect; 
unimportance. 

In'sig-nif'i-cant,^ 1. Destitute 
of meaning. 2. Having no weight J 
or effect. 3. Without weight of 
character. 

Syn. —Unimportant; immaterial; in- 
considerable ; trivial; trifling; mean; 
contemptible. 

IN/sig-nif'j-€ANT-ly, adv. 1. With- 
out meaning 2. Without impor- 
tance. 

In'sin-cere', a. 1. Not being in 
truth what one appears to be. 2. 
Not to be relied upon. 

Syn. — Dissembling ; hollow; decep- 
tive; disingenuous. 

IN'SIN-CERE'LY, adv. Without sin- 
cerity. 

In'sin-CER'i-ty, n. Want of sin- 
cerity ; dissimulation ; deceitfulness. 

IN-SIN'U-ATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. insinuare, -atum ; in and si- 
nus, bosom.] 1. To introduce gen- 
tly. 2. To introduce artfully : to 
instill. 3. To hint. — v. i. 1. To 
creep, wind, or flow, in. 2. To in- 
gratiate one's self. 

In-sin'u-a'tion, n. 1. Act of insin- 
uating. 2. Art or power of stealing 
on the affections. 3 A hint. 

lN-siN'u-A /r rOR, n. One who insin- 
uates. 

iN-si'P'lD, a. [Lat. insipidus ; m, not, 
and sapidus, savory.] 1. Destitute 
of taste. 2. Wanting spirit or ani- 
mation. 

Syn. — Tasteless; vapid; dull ; spirit- 
less; unanimated; lifeless; flat. 

IN'SI-pid'i-ty, )n. Quality of being 

In-sip'id-ness, ) insipid; tasteless- 
ness. [manner. 

In-sip'id-ly, adv. In an insipid 

In-sist', v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
insistere.] To be persistent, urgent, 
or pressing. [on. 

IN-SIST'ent, a. Standing or resting 

IN-SI'TION (-sish'un or -sizh'un),^ 
[Lat. insitio.] Insertion of a scion 
in a stock. 



A, E, 1, 5,tJ, Y, long; A, £, I, 6, 0, ¥, short; care, far, ask; all, what ; ere, veil, TERM; pique, fIrm; s6n, 



IN SNARE 



227 



INSUBORDINATION 



IN-SNARE', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To catch in a snare. 2. To seduce 
by artifice. 

IN-SNAR'ER, n. One who insnares. 

IN'SO-BRI'E-TY, n. Intemperance. 

In'so-late, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
insolare, -latum ; in audsoi, the sun.] 
To dry, ripen, or prepare by exposure 
to the sun. 

in'so-lence, n. Pride or haughti- 
ness with contempt. 

Syx.— Insult.— Insolence is a spirit 
engendered by bloated pride or unbri- 
dled passion, an insult is a personal at- 
tack (lit., leaping or dancing upon), 
indicating scorn and triumph. The one 
leads usually to the other. 

In'so-lent, a. [Lat. insolens; in 

and salens, accustomed.] Proud and 
haughty, with contempt of others. 

Syx. — Overhearing; insulting; impu- 
dent; audacious; impertinent. 

IN'SO-LENT-LY, adv. In an insolent 
manner. 

IN'so-l ID'I-TY, n. Want of solidity ; 
weakness. [being soluble. 

IN-sol/U-bIl'I-TY, n. Quality of not 

In-sol'u-ble, a. 1. Incapable of 
being dissolved. 2. Not to be ex- 
plained. 

In-solv'a-ble, a. Not solvable ; 
not capable of solution or explication. 

In-solv'en-cy, n. Condition of one 
who is unable to pay his debts. 

In-solv'ENT. a. Not solvent; not 
having sufficient estate to pay one's 
debts. — jj. One unable to pay his 
debts. 

iN-soM'Ni-ofrs, a. Restless in sleep. 

IN'SO-M&CH', adv. To such a degree. 

lN-SPECT', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
inspicere, inspection ; in and specere, 
to look at.] To view narrowly and 
critically or officially. 

Inspec'TION, n. 1. Act of inspect- 
ing ; close survey ; official examina- 
tion. 2. Superintendence. 

In-spect'or, n. One who inspects, 
views, or oversees. 

In-spe€T'or-ate, I n. Office, resi- 

lN-SPE€T'OR-SHfp, j dence, or dis- 
trict of an inspector. 

IN-SPHERE', t\ f. [-ED; -ING.] To 
place iu a sphere. [ing inspired. 

In-spir'a-ble (89), a. Capable of be- 

IN'SPI-RA'TION, n. 1. Act of inspir- 
ing ; a breathing in ; inhalation. 2. 
Extraordinary elevation of the imag- 
ination. 3. A supernatural divine 
influence on the sacred writers. 

IN-SPIR'A-TO-RY, or IN'SPI-RA-TO- 
RY (50), a. Pertaining to inspira- 
tion. 

In-spire', v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
inspirare.] To inhale air into the 
lungs. — u. t. 1. To breathe into. 
2. To infuse by breathing. 3. To 
affect, as with a supernatural influ- 
ence. 4. To inhale. 

IN-SPIR'ER, n. One who inspires. 

IN-SPIR'IT, v. t. [-ED;-ING.] To 
infuse or excite spirit in ; to give 
new life to. 

Syn. — To enliven; invigorate; exhil- 
arate; animate; cheer; encourage 



In-spTs'sate, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
inspissare, -satum ; in and spissare, 
to thicken.] To thicken, as fluids, 
J by evaporation. 

• IN-SPIS'SATE, a. Thick; inspissated. 
IN'SPIS-SA'TION, n. Act of rendering 
1 a fluid thicker by evaporation. 
In'sta-bil/i-ty, n. Want of stabil- 
| ity or firmness in purpose. 

Syn. — Inconstancy; changeableness; 
fickleness ; wavering; unsteadiness. 
In-sta'ble, a. Mutable ; inconstant. 
j IN-STA.LL,', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [From 
in and stall.] To instate in an office, 
rank, or order, with the usual cere- 
monies. 
IN'STAL-EA'TION, n. 1. A giving pos- 
session of an office with customary 
ceremonies. 2. Act of instating an 
ordained minister in a parish. 
IN-STALl'ment, I n. Part of a sum 
j Tn-stal/ment, 1 of money paid or 

to be i a'd at a particular period. 
I In'stance, n. 1 Quality of being 
pressing. 2. Occurrence ; occasion. 
' 3. A case occurring. — v. t. [-ED; 
j u -ING.] To mention as an example. 
j IN'STANT, a. [Lat. instans, p. pr. of 
I instate, to stand upon, to press 
upon.] 1. Pressing ; urgent. 2. 
Immediate. 3. Present ; current. — 
| ri. 1. A point in duration; a mo- 
! w ment. 2._ A particular time. 

In'stan-ta'ne-ous, a. Done in an 

I instant. _ [instant. 

IN'STAN-TA'NE-OUS-LY, adv. In an 

In-stan'ter, adv. [Lat.] Imme- 

| u diately ; instantly. [delay. 

j IN'stant-ly, adv. Without the least 

Syx. — Directly ; immediately. See 

Directly. 

In-star', v. t. To set with stars 

| In-state', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 

establish, as in a rank or condition. 
: In-stau'rate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. instaurare, -ratum.] To renew 
or renovate. 
In'stau-ra'tion, 7i. Restoration of 
| a thing to its former state ; renewal. 
j In-stead', adv. 1. In the stead, 
j place, or room. 2. Equivalent to. 
i IN-STEEP', v.t. [-ED; -ING.] To 

steep or soak. 
In'step, n. [Prefix in and step.] Pro- 
jection on the upper side of the hu- 
I man foot. 

; IN'STI-GATE,7_\ t. [-ED : -ING.] [Lat. 
instigate, -gatum.] To goad or urge 
forward; to set on. 

Syx. — To stimulate; urge; spur; pro- 
voke; incite; impel; encourage. 
In'sti-ga'tion. ii. Incitement as to 

evil or wickedness. 
In'sti-ga'TOR, ii. One who instigates. 
In-stIll', I v. t. [-ED ; -ING ] [Lat. 
In-stIl', J instHlare ; in and stillare, 
to drop.] 1. To pour iu by drops. 
2. To infuse slowly. 
IN'stil-la'tion,??. Act of infusing 

by drops or by small quantities. 
IN-STINCT', a. [Lat. instinctus.] 

Urged from within ; animated. 
IN'stinct, n. Unconscious, involun- 
tary, or unreasoning prompting to 
action. 



In-stin€T'1ve, a. Prompted by in- 
stinct, [instinct, 

In-sti'N€T'Tve-L.Y, adv. liy lorce oj 

iN'STI-TUTE.t-. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
inslituere, -tutum; in and scutuere, 
to cause to stand, to set.] 1. To set 
up; to establish. 2. To originate; 
to found. 3. To begin ; to com- 
mence. 4 To invest with the spir- 
itual part of a benefice. — n 1. Es- 
tablished law ; settled order. 2. An 
institution ; a literary and philosoph* 
ical society. 3. pi. A book of ele- 
ments or principles. 

IN'STI-TU'TION, n. 1. Act of insti- 
tuting. 2. That which is instituted 
or established, as a seminary, or an 
organized society. 3. A treatise or 
text-book. 

IN'STI-TU'TION-AL, a. 1. Instituted 
by authority. 2. Elementary ; ru- 
dimental. 

IN'STI-TU'TIVE, a. 1. Having the 
power to establish. 2. Established; 
depending on institution. 

IN'STI-TU'TOR, n. One who institutes. 

IN-STRL'€T', v. t. [-EU; -ING.] [Lat. 

instrufre, instruction.] To furnish 
with requisite preparation ; spccijic- 
ally, (a.) To impart information to ; 
to teach. (6.) To furnish with direc- 
tions. 

Syx. — To direct; command. — The 
word instruct is used as a milder term for 
direct or command in issuing orders to 
officers under the government; as, the 
President has instructed ministers at for- 
eign courts so and so, 

In-STRU€'TION, n. 1. Act of in- 
structing. 2. That which instructs, 
or with which one is instructed ; 
precept ; direction ; order ; com- 
mand, [struct. 

In-strOct'i've, a. Serving to in- 

In-strU€T'ive-ly, adv. In an in- 
structive manner. 

lN-STRU€T'IVE-NESS,7l. Quality of 
being instructive. 

In-struct'or, 7i. One who instructs ; 
a teacher. [structor. 

In-struct'ress, n. A female in- 

In'stru-ment, n. [Lat. instrumen- 
tum. "See Instruct.] 1. That by 
which work is performed : imple- 
ment. 2. A contrivance, by which 
musical sounds are produced. 3. A 
legal writing or deed. 4. One who. 
or that which, is made a means. 

In/stru-IVIENT'AL, a. 1. Conducive ; 
helpful. 2. Pertaining to, or made 
by, musical instruments. 

In'stru-men-tae'i-ty, n. Quality 
or condition of being instrumental ; 

w agency. 

IN'STRU-MENT'AL-LY, adv. 1. In 
the nature of an instrument. 2. 
With instruments. 

IN'STRU-SIEN-TA'TION, 7t. 1. Agen- 
cy. 2. Manner of playing on mu- 
sical instruments. [government. 

In'sub-jec'tion, n. Disobedience to 

IN'SUB-OR'DI-NATE (45), a. Not sub- 
missive ; mutinous. 

IN'SUBOR'DI-NA'TION, n. Want of 
subordination ; disobedience. 



1 



OR, DO,WQLF, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, o, silent j C, G, soft; €,G,hard; Ag: E^IST; N as NG 



THIS. 



INSUFFERABLE 



228 



INTENT 



In-sOf'fer-a-ble,, a. 1. Incapable 
of being suffered ; insupportable ; 
intolerable. 2. Disgusting beyond 
endurance. 

In-SUF'fer-a-bly, adv. To a degree 
beyond endurance. 

Tn'suf-fI'cien-cy (-fish'en-), n. 

„ Want of sufficiency ; inadequacy. 

IN'suf-fi'cient (-iish'ent), a. 1. 
Not sufficient; inadequate to any 
need, use, or purpose. 2. Wanting 
in strength, power, ability, or skill. 

Syn.— Inadequate; unequal; incom- 
petent; unfit; incapable. 

In'SU-LAR, ) a. [Lat. insularis ; 

IN'SU-LA-RY, ) insula, island.] Be- 
longing to an isle; surrounded by 
water. [sular. 

iN/su-lXr'I-TY, n. State of being in- 

IN'SU-LATE, v. t. [-ED; -ing.] [Lat. 
insulate; insula, island.] 1. To 
place in a detached situation ; to iso- 
late. 2. To prevent the transfer to 
or from, of electricity or heat, by 
non-conductors. 

In'su-la'ted, p. a. 1. Standing by 
itself. 2. Separated from other bod- 
ies, by means of non-conductors. 

IVSU-LA'TION, n. Act of insulating, 
or state of being insulated. 

IN'su-la'tor, n. 1. One who insu- 
lates. 2. A non-conductor. 

IN'SULT, n. [Lat. insultus, fr. insilire, 
to leap upon.] Gross abuse offered 
to another. 

Syn.— Affront ; indignity; outrage. 

Sec INSOLENCE. 

In-sClt', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To treat 
with gross abuse, or insolence. — v. 
i. To behave with insolent triumph. 

In-sult'ER, n. One who insults. 

In-su'PER-a-BIL'I-TY,«. Quality of 
being insuperable. 

In-su'per-A-ble, a. Incapable of 
being overcome or surmounted. 

IN-SU'PER-A-BLE-NESS, n. Quality 
of being insuperable. 

In-sU'per-a-BLY, adv. So as not to 
be overcome. 

In'sup-POrt'A-BLE, a. Incapable 
of being supported ; insufferable. 

IiVsup-port'a-ble-Ness, n. Qual- 
ity of being insupportable. 

In'sup-port'a-bly, adv. So as not 
to be endured. 

IN'sttp-pos/A-ble, a. Incapable of 
being supposed. [pressed. 

IN'sup-press'i-BLE , a. Not to be sup- 

In-sur'A-ble (-shi]r'a-bl), a. Capa- 
ble of being insured against loss or 
damage. 

JN-SUR'ANCE (-shur/-) 3 n. Act of in- 
suring against loss or damage ; a 
contract for a stipulated considera- 
tion, to indemnify against loss by 
certain risks. 

In-sure' (-shyjr'), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
1. To make sure or secure. 2. To 
eecure against a possible loss on cer- 
tain stipulated conditions, or at a 
given rate. — v.i. To underwrite; 
to practice making insurance. 

iN-SUR'ER (-shur'-), n. One who in- 
sures', an underwriter. 

JN-SUR'GENT, a. [Lat. insurgens, p. 



pr. of insurgere, to rise up.] Insub- 
ordinate; rebellious. — n. One who 
rises in revolt against lawful author- 

„ ity. 

IN'sur-mount'a-ble, a. Incapable 
of being surmounted or overcome. 

In'sur-mount'a-bly, adv. So as 
not to be overcome. 

IN'SUR-RE€'TION, n. [Lat. insurrec- 
tion A rising against civil or politi- 
cal authority. 

Syn.— Sedition ; revolt ; rebellion. — 
Sedition is the raising of commotion in a 
state without aiming at open violence 
against the laws; insurrection is a rising 
up of individuals to prevent the execu- 
tion of law by force of arms; revolt is a 
casting off the authority of a govern- 
ment with a view to put it down by force ; 
rebellion is an extended insurrection and 
revolt. 

IN'sUR-RECJ/TlON-AL, a. Pertaining 
to, or consisting in, insurrection. 

IN'sUR-REe'TlON-A-RY, a. Rebel- 
lious ; seditious. [susceptibility. 

IN'sus-cep'ti-bil'I-TY, n. Want of 

IN'sUs-^EP'Tl-Br-E, a. Not suscep- 
tible ; not capable of being affected 
or impressed. [touched. 

IN-TACT', a. [Lat. intactus.} Un- 

In-t'agl'io (in-tal'yo), n. [It., fr. 
intagliare, to engrave.] A figure cut 
into a material, as a seal ; a gem in 
which a figure is cut. 

iN-TAN'Gl-BjfL'l-TY, n. Quality of 
being intangible. 

iN-TAN'Gl-Br.E, a. Not tangible; 
not perceptible to the touch. 

IN-TAN'GI-BLE-NESS, n. Quality of 
being intangible. 

IN'te-ger, n [Lat., entire.] A 
whole number, in contradistinction 
to a fraction. 

IN'TE-GRAL, a. 1. Complete ; whole ; 
entire; not fractional. 2. Pertain- 
ing to, or being a whole number. — 
«. A whole; an entire thing; a 
whole number. 

IN'TE-GRANT. a. Necessary to con- 
stitute an entire thing. 

IN'TE-GRATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
make entire ; to restore. [entire. 

IVte-gra'tion, n. Act of making 

IN-TEG'RI-TY, n. [Lat. integritas.] 

1. State of being entire ; wholeness. 

2. Honesty ; uprightness. 3. Unim- 
paired state ; purity. 

Syn.— Probity; honesty; uprightness; 
virtue: rectitude. 

IN-TEG'U-MENT, n. [Lat. integumen- 
tum, fr. inttgere, to cover.] That 
which naturally invests or covers 

w another thing, as the skin. 

IN'TEL-LE€T, n. [Lat. intellectus, 
fr. intelligere, to understand.] Fac- 
ulty of the soul by which it knows ; 
the power to judge and comprehend ; 
the understanding. 

IN'TEL-LEC'TION, n. Simple appre- 
hension of ideas ; intuition. 

IN/TEL-LE€T'lVE,a. 1. Having pow- 
er to understand. 2. Produced by 
the understanding. 

IN'TEL-LE€T'U-AL, a. 1. Belonging 
to, or performed by, the mind ; men- 
tal. 2. Having the power of under- 



standing. 3. Relating to the under- 
standing. 

IN'TEL-LECT'U-AL-IST, n. One wh» 
overrates the understanding. 

In-TEL'li-gence, n. [Lat. intelli- 
gently.] 1. Capacity for the higher 
functions of the intellect. 2. Infor- 
mation communicated. 3. General 
information. 

Syn. — Understanding ; intellect ; in- 
struction; advice; news. 

lN-TEL/LJ-GEN-CER,n. One who, or 
that which, sends or conveys intelli- 
gence. 

In-tel'li-gent, a. 1. Endowed with 
reason. 2. Well informed ; sensible. 

iN-TEL'LI-GEN'TIAL.a. 1. Intellec- 
tual. 2. Consisting of unbodied mind. 

In-tel'li-gent-ly, adv. In an in- 
telligent manner. 

In-tel'li-gi-bil'i-ty, n. Quality 
of being intelligible. 

IN-tee'li-gi-ble , a. Capable of be- 
ing understood or comprehended. 

Syn.— Comprehensible; perspicuous; 
plain; clear. 

In-tel'li-gi-ble-ness, n. Intelli- 
gibility, [telligible manner. 

In-tel'li-GI-bly, adv. In an in- 

IN-TEM'PER-ANCE, n. 1. Want of 
moderation or due restraint ; excess 
in any kind of action or indulgence. 
2. Habitual indulgence in drinking 
spirituous liquors. 

In-tem'PER-ate, a. 1. Indulging 
to excess any appetite or passion. 2. 
Excessive ; inordinate. 3. Addicted 
to an excessive or habitual use of 
spirituous liquors. 

In-tem'per-ate-ly, adv. Immod- 
erately ; excessively. [held. 

In-TEN'a-ble, a. Incapable of being 

IN-TEND', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.l [Lat. 
intendere ; in and tendere, to stretch.] 
To fix the mind upon, as the object 
to be effected. 

Syn.— To contemplate; meditate; 
purpose; design; mean. 

In-Tend'an-^y, n. Office, employ- 
ment, or district of an intendant. 

IN-TEND'ANT, n. A superintendent ; 
overseer. 

In-tend'ed, n. An affianced lover. 

In-ten'er-a'tion, n. Act of mak- 
ing soft or tender. 

In-tense', a. [Lat. intensus, 

stretched, tight.] 1. Strained; 
tightly drawn. 2. Extreme in de- 
gree. - [degree. 

In-tense'LY, adv. To an extreme 

In-tense'ness, n. State of being 
intense ; intensity. 

IN-TEN'SI-FY, V. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. intensus and facere, to make.] 
To render more intense. 

IN-TEN'SION, n. 1. A straining, or 
the state of being strained. 2. In- 
crease of power. 

IN-TEN'SI-TY, n. State of being in- 
tense ; intenseness ; extreme degree. 

In-ten'sIve, a. 1. Stretched, or ad- 
mitting of extension. 2. {Gram.) 
Serving to give force, [to give force. 

lN-TEN'sIVE-LY,ar7f. In a manner 

In-TENT', a. Having the mind bent 



Jl, e, i, o, v,\ r ,long; X,E, I, 6, u, Y, short; care, far, ask, all, wh^t; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 



INTENTION 



229 



INTERMARRY 



on an object ; fixed closely. — n. A 
design ; a purpose ; meaning ; aim. 

In-ten'tion, n. 1. Fixed direction 
of the mind to a particular object. 
2. Object intended. 3. State of be- 
ing strained. 

Syn. — Design; purpose; aim; intent; 
drift. See Design. 

lN-TEN'TION-AL,a. Done by inten- 
tion ; intended ; designed. 

In-TEN'TION-AL-LY, adv. With in- 
tention ; by design. [ner. 

IN-TENT'LY, adv. In an intent man- 
Syn. — Fixedly ; steadfastly; earnest- 
ly; attentively; diligently; eagerly. 

In-tEnt'ness, n. State of being in- 
tent ; close application. 

IN-TER' (14), V. t. [-RED ; -RING.] 
[ Lat . in and terra, the earth . ] To de- 
posit and cover in the earth ; to bury. 

IN-TER'€A-LAR, ( a. Inserted in 

lN-TER'€A-LA-RY , | the midst of 
others ; applied particularly to the 
odd day (Feb. 29th) inserted in leap- 
year. 

IN-TER'€A-LATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. intercalare. -latum ; inter, be- 
tween, and calare, to proclaim.] To 
insert between others, as a day in a 
calendar. 

In-ter'ca-la'tion, n. Insertion of 
any thing between others. 

In'TER-CEDE', ¥. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. intercedere; inter, between, and 
cedere, to pass.] To act between 
parties in order to effect a reconcilia- 
tion ; tointerpose ; to mediate. 

IN'TER-CED'ENT, a. Mediating. 

IN'ter-^ed'er, n. One who inter- 
cedes ; a mediator. 

In'TER-CEPT', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. intercipere, -ceptum : inter, be- 
tween, and caper e, to take.] 1. To 
take or seize by the way. 2. To ob- 
struct the progress of. 3. To inter- 
rupt communication with. 4. To 
include or comprehend between. 

IN'TER-CEP'TION, n. Act of inter- 
cepting or stopping : hindrance. 

IN'TER-CES'SION (-sesh'un), n. 1. 
Act of interceding ; mediation ; in- 
terposition between parties at va- 
riance. 2. Solicitation. 

IN'ter-ces'sor. n. A mediator. 

In'ter-ces'so-ry, a. Containing in- 
tercession ; interceding. 

IN'TER-CHANGE'. V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To put each in the place of the other ; 
to exchange. — v. i. To succeed al- 
ternately. 

1n'ter-change / , n. 1. Act of mu- 
tually changing; exchange. 2. Al- 
ternate succession. 

.Tn'ter-change/a-bil'i-ty, n. The 
state of being interchangeable. 

lN'TER-CHANGE'A-BLE.a. 1. Ad- 
mitting of exchange. 2. Following 
each other in alternate succession. 

In'ter-change'a-BLY, adv. In an 
interchangeable manner ; alternately. 

IN/ter-cIp'I-ent, a. Intercepting. 

iN'TER-eLUDE', V. t. [-ED ; -TNG.] 
[Lat. inlercludere ; inter, between, 
and dud ere, eland ere, to shut.] To 
intercept ; to interrupt. 



In/ter-€LU'§ion,7j. Interception ; a 

„ stopping. 

iN'TER-eO-LU.M'NI-A'TION, tt. The 
clear space between two columns, 
measured at the lower parts of their 
shafts. 

iN'TER-eOM'MON, V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To feed at the_saine table. 

!N'TER-eOM-MU'Nl-€ATE, V. i. To 
communicate mutually ; to hold mu- 
tual communication. 

iN'TER-COM-.MU'NI-eA'TION, n. Re- 
ciprocal communication. 

In'ter-com-mun'ion, n. Mutual 
communion. 

In'ter-€os'tal, a. [Lat. inter, be- 
tween, and costa, rib.] L3 ing between 
the ribs. _ 

lN'TER-COURSE, n. Connection by 
concurrent or reciprocal action or 
dealings between persons or nations. 
Syn.— Communication ; commerce ; 
communion; fellowship; familiarity; 
acquaintance. 

[N'TER-eiJR'RENCE, a. A passing or 
running between. 

lN'TER-€UR'RENT,a. [Lat. intercur- 
retis.] Running between or among. 

iN'TER-DieT', V.t. [-EDj -ING.] 
[Lat. interdicere, -dictum; inter, be- 
tween, and dicere, to say.] 1. To 
forbid by order or charge; to pro- 
hibit. 2. To cut off from commu- 
nion with a church. 

iN'TER-DieTV, n. A prohibition ; es- 
pecially, a prohibition of the pope. 

iN'TER-Die'TION, n. Act of inter- 
dicting ; prohibition ; inhibition. 

In'TER-dkjt'IVE, ) a. Having the 

IN'TER-di€T'o-ry, j design, power, 
or effect, to prohibit. 

IN'TER-EST, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 
excite emotion or passion in, in be- 
half of a person or thing. 2. To 
excite in behalf of another, or of 
some other object. — n . [From Lat. 
interest, it interests, is of interest.] 
1. Concern ; sympathy. 2. Excite- 
ment of feeling, especially, of grati- 
fied feeling. 3. Share ; part. 4. Ad- 
vantage. 5. Premium paid for the 
use of money. 

IN'TER-EST-ED, p. a. Having an in- 
terest ; liable to be affected. 

IN'TER-EST-ING (110), p. a. Engag- 
ing the attention or curiosity ; ex- 
citing emotions or passions. 

IN'TER-FERE', V. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. inter, between, and ferire, to 
strike.] 1. To come in collision ; to 
clash. 2. To take a part in the con- 
cerns of others. 3. To strike one 
foot against its opposite. 

Syn.— To interpose; intermeddle. 
See Interpose. 

In'ter-fer'ence, n. 1. Act or state 
of interposition. 2. Collision ; clash- 
ing. 

IN-TER'FLU-ENT, a. [Lat. interftu- 
ens.] Flowing between. 

IN'TER-FUL'GENT, a. [Lat. inter- 

„ ful<rens.~\ Shining between. 

iN'TER-FU'glON (-fu'zhun), n. A 
pouring or spreading out between. 

In'ter-Ym, n. [Lat] The mean time. 



In-TE'RI-or (89), a. [Lat.] 1. Being 
within any limits; internal; inner. 
2. Remote from the frontier or shore ; 
inland. — n. 1. Internal part; the 
inside. 2. Inland country. 

IN'TER-JA'CEN-CY, n. A region be- 
tween some other places. 

IN'TER-JA'CENT, a. [Lat. interja- 
cens.] Lying between. 

lN'TER-JECT', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. inter jicere, -jectum; inter, be- 
tween, and jacere, to throw.] To 
throw in between ; to insert. 

IN'TER-JEC'TION, n. 1. Ac" of 
throwing between. 2. A word 
thrown in to express some emotion 



IN'TER-JEC'TION-AL, a. Thrown in 
betweenother words or phrases. 

In'ter-la^e', v. t. [-ED; -ing.] To 
unite, as by lacing together ; to insert 
one thing with another. 

In ter-lXrd', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
To mix in, as fat with lean ; to di- 
versify by mixture. 

IN'TER-LAY', V. t. [-LAID ; -LAY- 
ING.] To lay or place among or be- 
tween, [serted. 

IN'ter-leaf', n. A blank leaf in- 

IN'TER-LEAVE', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To insert a blank leaf or leaves into. 

In'ter-lIne', v. t. L-ed; -ing.] To 
write between lines already written 
or printed. 

In'ter-lIn'e-al, ) a. Written or in- 

In'ter-lin'e-ar, j serted between 
other lines. 

IN'TER-LIN'E-A'TION, «. 1. Act of 
interlining. 2. A passage, word, or 
line inserted between lines. 

IN'TER-LINK', V. I. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
connect by uniting links. [tween. 

lN'TER-LO-CA'TlON, n. A placing be- 

In'TER-LO€K', f. I. [-ED; -ING.] To 
embrace, communicate with, or flow 
into one another. 

IN'TER-LO-CU'TION, n. [Lat. inter- 
locutio.] 1. Dialogue. 2. An inter- 
mediate act or decree. 

lN'TER-LO€'U-TOR, n. One who 
speaks in dialogue ; a dialogist. 

IN'ter-LO€'u-TO-RY (50), a. 1. Con- 
sisting of dialogue. 2. Not final or 
definitive. 

In'ter l5pe', v.i. [-ed;-ing.] To 
traffic without a proper license ; to 
prevent right. 

IN'TER-LOP'ER, n. One who inter- 
lopes ; one who interferes wrong- 
fully or officiously. 

IN'TER-LUDE (53), n. [Lat. inter, be- 
tween, and ludus, play.] 1. Theat- 
rical entertainment between the acts 
of a play or between the play and 
the afterpiece 2. A short piece of 
music between the parts of a hymn. 

IN'ter-lO'nar, la. Belonging to 

In'ter-lu'na-ry, ) the time when 
the moon is invisible. 

In'ter-mar'riage, n. Marriage be- 
tween two families, where each takes 
one and gives another. 

IN'TER-MAR'RY, v. t. [-ED ; -ING, 
142.] To become connected by a mar- 
riage between two of their members. 



I 



6r, do, wolf, too, took; urn, rtje, pull ; e,i, o, silent; c, G, soft; e,G,hard; a§j exist; n.-wng; this- 



INTERMEDDLE 



230 



INTERVENE 



iN'TER-MED'DLE, V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To meddle in the affairs of others. 

Syn. — To interpose ; interfere. See 
Interpose. 

In'ter-med'dler, n. One who in- 
termeddles. 

IN'TER-ME'DI-AL, ) a. [Lilt, inter- 

IN'TER-ME'DT-A-RY, ) median.] Ly- 
ing between ; intervening ; interme- 

w diate. 

IN'TER-me'di-ate, a. Lying or be- 
ing in the middle between two ex- 
tremes ; intervening. 

In'ter-me'di-ate, v. i. To inter- 
vene ; tointerpose. 

In'ter-me'dt-ate-ly, adv. By way 
of intervention. [tion. 

Jn'TER-me'di-a'TION, n Interven- 

lN'TER-ME'm-UM, n. An intervening 
agent or instrument. 

IN-TER'MENT, n. Act of depositing 
a dead body in the earth ; burial ; 
sepulture. [limit. 

In-ter'mi-na-ble, a. Admitting no 
Syn. — Boundless: endless; limitless: 
illimitable: immeasurable ; infinite; un- 
bounded; unlimited. 

In-ter'mi-na-bly, adv. Without 
end or limit. 

IN'TER-mTn'GLE, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To mingle or mix together. — v. i. 
To be mixed or incorporated. 

In'ter-mis'siON (-mrsh'un), n. [Lat. 
intermissio. See INTERMIT.] Ces- 
sation for a time. 

Syn. — Interruption; interval; pause; 
stop; rest. 

In'TER-mis'SIVE , a. Coming by fits, 
or after temporary cessations. 

IN'TER-MIT', V. t. [-TED; -TING.] 
[Lat. intermittere ; inter, between, 
and mittere, to send.] To cause to 
cease for a time. — v. i. To cease for 
a time. 

IN'TER-MIT'TENT, a. Ceasing at in- 
tervals. — n. A disease which ceases 
at certain intervals. 

IiVter-mix', v. t. To mix together. 
— v.i. [-ED ; -ING.] To be mixed 
together. 

In'ter-mIxt'ure (53), n. A mass 
formed by mixture. 

IN'ter-mon'TANE, a. [Lat. inter, 
between, and montanus, relating to 
a mountain.] Between mountains. 

IN'TER-MUN'UANE, a. [Lat. inter, 
between, and mundanus, mundane.] 
Being between worlds. 

In'ter-mu'ral, a. [Lat. intermu- 
ralis.] Lying between walls. 

IN-TER'NAL, a. [Lat. internus.] 1. 
Inward ; interior ; not external. 2. 
Pertaining to its own interests ; do- 
mestic. 

IN-TER'NAL-LY, adv. Inwardly. 

In'ter-na'tion-al (-nftsh'un-), a. 
Pertaining to the relations of two or 
more nations. 

IN'TER-NE'CINE, a. [Lat. interne- 
care, to kill.] Mutually destructive; 
deadly. [ing to kill. 

iN'TER-NE'otVE, a. Killing; tend- 

In'ter-nun'ci-o (-nfin'shi-o), n. 
[Lat. internuncius ; inter, between, 
and nuncius, messenger.] The pope's 



representative at republics and small 
courts._ [tween oceans. 

IN'TER-CVce-ajv'ic (-o'she-), a. Be- 
IN'TER-PEL-LA'TION, n. [Lat. inter- 
pellation 1. Interruption. 2. In- 
terposition ; intercession. 

IN'TER-PLEAD', V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 

To discuss first a point incidentally 
happening. 

IN'TER PLEAD'ER, n. 1. One who 
interpleads. 2. A proceeding to en- 
able a person, of whom the same 
debt, duty, or thing is claimed ad- 
versely by two or more parties, to 
compel them to litigate the right or 
title between themselves. 

IN'TER-PLEDGE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To give and take as a mutual pledge. 

IN-TER'PO-LATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. interpolare, -latum ; inter, be- 
tween, andpolire, to polish.] To in- 
sert, as spurious matter in a writing ; 
to foist in. 

In-ter'po-la'tion, n. 1. Act of 
foisting a word or passage into a 
manuscript or book. 2. A spurious 
word or passage in the genuine writ- 
ings of an author. 

iN'TER-pSg'AL, n. Act of interpos- 
ing ; interposition. 

IN'TER-POSE',?'. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
interponere ,-posituin ; inter , between, 
and ponere, to place.] 1. To place 
between. 2. To intrude, as an inter- 
ruption or inconvenience. 3. To of- 
fer, as aid or services. 

Syn.— To interfere ; intermeddle. — A 
man may often interpose with propriety 
in the concerns of others; he can never 
intermeddle without being impertinent 
or officious ; nor can he interfere without 
being liable to the same charge, unless 
he has rights which are interfered with. 

In'ter-pose', v. i. To step in be- 
tween parties at variance. [poses. 

IN'ter-pos/er, n. One who inter- 

iN'TER-PC-gl'TTON (-zish'uu), ii. 1. 
A being, placing, or coming between. 
2. Intervenient agency. 3. Media- 
tion. 4. Any thing interposed. 

IN-TER'PRET, V. t. [-EU ; -ING.] 
[Lat. interpretari.] To explain the 
meaning of; to expound. 

IN-TER'PRE-TA'TION, n. 1. Act of 
interpreting ; explanation of what is 
not obvious. 2. Meaning ; sense. 

Syn. — Exposition ; elucidation ; trans- 
lation ; version ; construction. 

IN-TER'PRE-TA'TIVE, a. 1. Fitted 
to explain. 2. Known by interpre- 
tation, [prets. 

Tn-ter'PRET-ER, n. One who inter- 

In'ter-punc'tion, n. [Lat. inter- 
pitnetio.] Punctuation. 

IN'TER-REG'NUM, ii. [Lat. inter, be- 
tween, and regnum, reign.] Time 
during which the executive branch 
of a government is for any cause 
suspended or interrupted. 

IN'TER-REX, n. [Lat. inter, between, 
and rex, king.] A regent. 

IN-TER/RO-GATE, V. t. [-ET> ; -TNG.] 
[Lat. interrogare, -galum ; inter, be- 
tween, and rogare, to ask.] To ex- 
amine by asking questions. 



Syn. — To question ; inquire ; ask. 
See Question. 
— v. i. To ask questions. 

LN-TER'ro-ga'tion, n. 1. Examina- 
tion by questions. 2. A question 
put ; an inquiry. 3. A mark [?] 
indicating a question. — a. Denot- 
ing a question ; expressed in the 
form of a question. — n. A word 

u used in asking questions. 

IN'TER-ROG'A-TIVE-LY, adv. In the 
form of a question. 

In-ter>ro-ga'tor, n. Onewhoasks 
questions ; a questioner. 

In'ter-rog'a-to-ry (50), ii. A ques- 
tion. — a. Containing or expressing 
a question. 

IN'TER-RUPT', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. interrumpere , -rvptum; inter, 
between, and rumpere, to break.] 1. 
To interfere with the current or mo- 
tion of. 2. To break the continuity 
or order of. 

lN'TER-Ri/P'TION, n. 1. Act of in- 
terrupting. 2. Obstruction caused 
by breaking in upon ; hindrance. 3. 

M Stop ; cessation ; iutermission. 

IN'TER-SGRIBE', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. interscribere ; inter, between, 
and scribere, to write.] To write be- 
tween. 

In'ter-se'CANT, a. [Lat. interse- 
cans.] Dividing into parts ; crossing. 

In'ter-sect', v. t. [Lat. intersecare , 
-sectinn ; inter, between, and secare, 
to cut.] To divide into parts. — v. i. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To meet and cross each 
other. 

IN'TER-SEG'TION, n. 1. Act of in- 
tersecting. 2. Point or line in which 
two lines or two planes cut each 
other. [space. 

IN'TER-SPACE, n. An intervening 

IN'TER-SPERSE', r. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. interspergere, -spersum ; inter, 
between, and spaigere, to scatter.] 
To scatter, or set here and there. 

IN/TER-SPER'SION, ii. Act of inter- 
spersing. 

iN'TER-STEt'LAR, ) a. Situated 

IN'ter-stel'la-ry, J among the 
stars. 

IN'TER-STICE, or TN-T£r'StI0E, M. 
[Lat. interstitivm .] An empty space 
between things closely set, or the 
parts which compose a body. 

IN'TER-STI'TIAL, (-stTsh'al), a. Per- 
taining to, or containing, interstices. 

IN/TER-TEXT'URE, n. Act of inter- 
weaving, or state of things inter- 
woven. 

lN'TER-TWINE', V. t. [-ED ; -TNG.] 
To unite by twining one with an- 
other. 

IN'TER-TWIST', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To twist one with another. 

IN'TER-VAL, n. [Lat. intervallvrn.] 
1. A space between things. 2. Space 
of time between any two events. 3. 
Difference in pitch between any two 
tones. 

IN'TER-VENE', V. i. [-ED I -ING.] 
[Lat. inlervenire ; inter, between, 
and venire, to come.] 1. To come or 
be between persons or things. 2. To 



I, E, I, Q,V,Y, long; A,E,I, 6, U, Y, short, CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM V PIQUE, FIRM; SON, 



INTERVENTION 



231 



INTRUSION 



come between events. 3. To happen 
in a way to disturb or interrupt. I 

In'ter-ven'tion, n. 1. Act of in- 
tervening ; interposition. 2. Any 
interference that may affect the in- 
terests of others. [a conference. '■ 

In'ter-view, n. A mutual view; 

In'TER-VOLVE', V. t. [-ED; -ING.j 

[Lat. inter, between, among, and 
volvere, to roll.] To involve one I 

# within another. 

JOf'TER-WEAVE'jU. t. [INTERWOVE ; ! 

interwoven; interweaving.] 1 
To weave together ; to unite in text- 
ure or construction. 

lN-T£s'TA-BLE, a. [Lat. intestabilis.] ! 
Not legally qualified to make a will. . 

[N-T£s'TA-CY, n. State of one dying 
without having made a valid will. 

IN-TES'TATE, a. [Lat. intestatus ; in, I 
not, and testari, to make a will. J 1. 
Dying without a valid will. 2. Not j 
disposed of by will. — n. One who j 
dies without making a valid will. 

IN-TES'TI-NAL, a. Pertaining to the l 
intestines of an animal body. 

iN-TEs'TiNE, a. [Lat. intestinus; in- 
tus, within.] 1. Internal; inward. 
2. Subjective. 3. Domestic, not for- 
eign. — n. pi. The canal extending 
from the right orifice of the stomach \ 
to the anus. 

IN-THRALL', f. «. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
reduce to bondage ; to enslave. 

In-thrall'ment, In. Servitude ;sla- 

1N-THRAL'MENT, (very; bondage. 

IN'TI-MA-CY, n. Close familiarity. 

IN'TI-MATE (45), a. 1. Innermost ; ; 
inward. 2. Near; close. 3. Close 
in friendship or acquaintance; fa- I 
miliar . — n. A familiar friend. 

IN'TI-MATE (45), V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 

[Lat intimare , -malum ; intimus, in- ! 
most.] To suggest obscurely or in- 
directly; to give slight notice of; to 
hint. [manner. 

IN'ti-Mate-ly, adv. In an intimate 
In'ti-ma'tion, n. Act of intimating ; 
that which is intimated ; a hint. 

IN-TIM'I-DATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 

[L. Lat. intimidate, -datum ; Lat. in 
and timidus, timid.] To make timid ; 
to inspire with fear. 

Syx.— To dishearten; dispirit; abash. 

In-tTiw'i-da'tion, n. Act of making 
timid : state of being abashed. 

IN-TIT'ULE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
entitle. 

Jn'T.O, prep. To the inside of; within ; 
— used in a variety of applications. 

In-tol'er-a-ble, «. Not tolerable ; 
not capable of being borne or en- 
dured ; insufferable. 

Xn-t5l'er-a-ble-ness, n. Quality 
of being not tolerable. 

In-tol'er-a-bly, adv. In an intol- 
erable manner. 

In-tol'er-ance, n. State of being 
intolerant ; illiberality ; bigotry. 

IN-TOL'ER-ANT, a. Not enduring 
difference of opinion or sentiment, 
especially in relation to religion. 

In-t6l/er-a'tion, n. Want of tol- 
eration ; intolerance. 



In-tomb' (-tobm/), v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To bury. 

IN'TO-NATE, V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
intonare, -natum; in and tonare, to 
thunder.] 1. To sound the tones of 
the musical scale. 2. To read in a 
musical manner. 

lN'TO-NA'TION,tt. 1. (Mus.) (a.) Act 
of sounding the tones of the musical 
scale, (b.) Peculiar quality of a voice 
or musical instrument. 2. Act or 
manner of modulating the voice 
musically. 

IN-TONE', v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
give forth a deep, protracted sound. 
— v. t. To chant. 

lN-TOX'I-€ATE,r. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [L. 
Lat. intoxicare, -catum, to drug or 
poison.] 1. To make drunk ; to inebri- 
ate. 2. To excite to a kind of delirium. 

In-tox'i-oa'tion, n. 1. State of 
being intoxicated ; act of making 
drunk. 2. Extreme elation. 

Syn.— Drunkenness; inebriety; infat- 
uation; delirium. 

IN-TRACT'A-BIL'I-TY, n. Quality of 
being intractable. 

IN-TRA€T'A-BEE, a. 1. Not tracta- 
ble, easily governed or managed. 2. 
Indisposed to be taught or disci- 
plined. 

Syx. — Stubborn; perverse; obstinate; 
cross ; unmanageable ; unruly ; head- 
strong; ungovernable; unteachable. 

IN-TRAOT'A-BLE-NESS, n. Quality of 
being not tractable. [able manner. 

IN-TRAGT'A-BLY, adv. In an intract- 

In-TRAN'SI-tive, a. Expressing an 
action that is limited to the agent, or 
that does not pass over to, or operate 
on, an object. 

In-tran'si-tive-ly, adv. Without 
an object following. 

In'trans-m'is'si-ble, a. Not capable 
of being transmitted. 

In^rans-mut'a-bil'i-ty, a. Quality 
of not being transmit table. 

IN'TRANS-MUT'A-BLE, a. Not capa- 
ble of being changed into another 
substance. 

IN-TRENCH' (66), V. t. [ED; -ING.] 
1. To surround with a trench, as in 
fortification. 2. To make hollows in 
or upon. — v. i. To encroach. 

IN-TRENCH'MENT. n. 1. Act of in- 
trenching. 2. (Mil.) A trench or 
ditch dug out for a defense ; also, a 
slight fortification. 3. Any defense 
or protection. 

IN-TREP'ID, a. [Lat. intrepidus.] 
Fearless ; bold : brave ; undaunted. 

IN'TRE-PID'I-TY, it. State or quality 
of being intrepid. 

Syx. — Courage ; heroism ; bravery ; 
fortitude; gallantry; valor. 

In-trep'id-ly, adv. In an intrepid 
manner; fearlessly. 

In'tri-€A-cy, n. State of being in- 
tricate ; complication ; complexity. 

IN'TKI-CATE, a. [Lat. intricalus, p. 
p. of intricate, fr. in and trine, hin- 
drances.] Involved ; perplexed. 

Syx. — Complex ; complicated. — A 
thing is complex when it is made up in 
parts; it is complicated when those parts 



are so many or so arranged as to make it 
difficult to grasp them : it is intricate 
(lit., having many folds) when it has 
numerous windings and confused in- 
volutions which it is hard to follow out. 
Complexity puzzles; complication con- 
founds ; intricacy bewilders. 

In'tri-€ATE-ly, adv. In an intri- 
cate manner. 

In-trigue', n. 1. A secret and com- 
plicated plot to effect some purpose. 
2. Plot of a play or romance. 3. 
Secret commerce of forbidden love; 
amour, —v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Fr. 
intriguer. See Intricate.] 1. To 
form a secret plot or scheme. 2. To 
carry on a commerce cf forbidden 
love. [intrigues. 

IN-TRIGU'ER (in-trGg'er),??. One who 

lN-TRiN'si€, a. [Lat. intrinsecus ; 
intra, within, and secus, side.] In- 
ward; internal; hence, true; genu- 
ine ; real ; essential ; inherent. 

IN-TRIN'SIC-AL-EY, adv. Internally \ 
really ; truly. 

In'tro-ces'sion (-sesh'un), n. [Lat. 
introcedere, to go in; intro, within, 
and cedere, to go.] A depression, or 
sinking of parts inward. 

IN'TRO-DUCE', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. introducere ; intro, within, and 
ducere, to lead.] 1. To lead cr bring 
in. 2. To bring to be acquainted. 3. 
To bring into notice. 4. To cause to 
exist. ; to begin. [duces. 

In'tro-du'cer, n. One who intro- 

In'tro-dOc'tion, n. 1. Act of 
bringing to notice. 2. Act of mak- 
ing persons known to each other. 3, 
Preliminary matter. 4. A formal 
and elaborate preliminary treatise. 

IN'TRO-DUC'TO-RY, a. Serving to 
introduce ; preliminary ; prefatory. 

In-tro'it, n. [Lat. introitus, from 
introire, to go into.] A vocal compo- 
sition appropriate to the opening of 
church services, or to church service 
in general. 

IN'TRO-mIs'SION (-mish'un), n. Ac- 
tion of sending or conveying in. 

IN'TRO-MIT'.V. /. [-TED; -TING, 136] 
[Lat. intro mitt er e ; intro, within, and 
mittere, to send.] 1. To send or let 
in. 2. To allow to enter. 

lN'TR.O-SPE€T', v. t. [Lat. introspi- 
cere, -spectum; intro, inward, and 
spicere, to look.] To look into or 
within. [interior. 

Tn'tro-spec'tion, ii. A view of the 

IN/TRO-SPEC'T'/VE, a. Inspecting 
within ; seeing inwardly. 

IN'TRO-VER'SION, n. Act of intro- 
verting, or state of being iutroverted. 

IN'TRO-VERT', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. intro, within, and vertere, to 
turn.] To turn inward. 

In-trude', v.i. [Lat. intrudere; in 
&nd "trud ere, to thrust.] To thrust 
one's self in ; to enter, unwelcome or 
uninvited. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To thrust in without right or wel- 
come. 2. To force or cast in. 

Syx. — To encroach; infringe; in- 
trench; trespass. 

IN-TRUD'ER, n. One who intrudes. 

IN-TRU'SION (-tru'zhun), n. Act of 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO; TO"bK ; fjRN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; c,G,5q/lt; e, H, hard; AS. ; EXIST; n as ng ; THIS. 



INTRUSIVE 



232 



INVISIBLE 



intruding ; entrance without invita- 
tion, right, or welcome. 

IN-TRU'S1VE, a. Apt to intrude ; en- 
tering without right or welcome. 

In-trust', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
deliver in trust ; to confide to the 

w care of. 

IN'TU-I'TION (-Tsh'un), n. [Lat. in- 
tueri, intuitu*, to look on.] 1. An 
act of immediate knowledge. 2. A 
truth that can not be acquired by, 
but is assumed in, experience. 

rN'TU-l'TION-AL (-Tsh'un-), a. Ob- 
tained by intuition ; intuitive. 

In-tu'i-tive (30), a. 1. Seeing clear- 
ly. 2. Knowing by intuition. 3. 
Obtained by intuition, [tive manner. 

In-tu'i-tjve-ly, adv. In an intui- 

Jn'tu-MESCE' (-rues'), v. i. [-ED; 
-ing.] [Lat. intumescere.] To expand 

. with heat ; to swell. 

lN'TU-MEs'CENOE, ii. 1. Action of 
swelling. 2. A tumid state. 

In-twJne', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
twine into, or together. 

IN-TW1ST', V.t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
twist into or together. 

IN-UM'BRATE, v. t. [Lat. inumbrare, 
-bratum ; in and umbrare, to shade.] 
To shade 

lN-UN'DATE,t'. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
inundare, -datum ; in and unda, a 
wave.] 1. To overflow ; to flood. 2. 
To fill with an overflowing abun- 
dance or superfluity. 

IN'UN-DA'TION, n. 1. Act of inun- 
dating, or state of being inundated ; 
a flood. 2. Superfluous abundance. 

In'UR-ban'I-TY, n. Want of urbanity 
or courtesy. 

IN-URE', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Prefix 
in and ure (obs.), to use.] To :tpply 
or expose in use or practice till use 
gives little or no pain or inconve- 
nience ; to habituate. — v. i. To take 
or have effect ; to serve to the use or 
benefit of. 

iN-fJRE'MENT, n. Use ,- habit. 

In-urn', v. t. 1. To bury ; to inter. 
2. To put in an urn. 

IN'U-TIL/I-TY, n. Uselessness ; un- 
profitableness. 

IN-VADE', v. t. [-ED; -TNG.] [Lat. 
invadere, invasum ; in and vadere, 
to go.] 1. To enter with hostile in- 

. tentions; to attack. 2. To infringe; 
to encroach on. 

In-vad'er, n. One who invades; 
an assailant. 

IN-VAL'ID, a. [Lat. invalidus; in, 
not, and validus, strong.] 1. Of no 
force, weight, or cogency ; weak. 2. 
Void; null. 

IN'VA-I/ID, a. Feeble; infirm. — n. 
A person who is weak and infirm. — 
v.t. To enroll on the list of inva- 
lids in the military or naval service. 

IN-VAL'I-DATE, V. t. [-ED: -ING.] 
To render invalid ; to destroy the 
validity of. 

In-val'i-da'tion, n. Act or process 
of rendering invalid. 

IN'VA-lid'I-TY, n. Want of cogency ; 
want of legal force or efficacy. 

In-vXl'U-A-BLE, a. [Prefix in, used 



intensively, and valuable.] Inesti- 
mable, [being invariable. 
IN-VA'R!-A-BH,'I-TY, n. Quality of 
In-va'RI-a-ble, a. Not given to va- 
riation ; immutable ; uualterable ; 
unchangeable. 
In-va'ri-a-ble-ness, n. Constancy 
of state, or quality ; unchangeable- 
ness. [tiou or change. 
IN-VA'RI-A-BLY, adv. Without altera- 
In-va/sion, n. [See Invade.] 1. 
Encroachment. 2. Hostile entrance 
into the possessions of another. 3. 
Approach of any thing hurtful. 
Syx. — Incursion"; irruption; inroad. 

— Invasion is generic, denoting a forci- 
ble entrance into a foreign country. Jn- 
cursion signifies a hasty and sudden in- 
vasion; irruption denotes a particularly 
violent invasion; inroad includes the 
idea of invasion with a design to occupy. 

IN-VA'SIVE, a. Tending to invade. 
In-ve€'tive, n. A harsh or re- 
proachful accusation. 

Syk.— Abuse; censure; reproach. 

— a. [Lat. invectivus. See IN- 
VEIGH.] Satirical ; abusive ; railing. 

IN-VIJIGH' (-Va'), V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 

[Lat. invehere ; in and vehere, to 

carry.] To exclaim or rail against. 
In-VEIGH'er (-va/-), n. One who 

rails ; a railer. 
In-vei'gle, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Norm. 

Fr. enveogler, to inveigle, to blind: 

Lat. ocidus, eye.] To persuade to 

something evil by flattery ; to entice ; 

to wheedle. [gliug. 

IN-VEI'GLE-MENT, n. Act of invei- 
TN-VEI'GLER, n. Oue who inveigles. 
IN-VENT', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 

invnire, -venturn, to come upon, to 

find.] 1. To discover by study or 

inquiry ; to find out. 2. To make ; 

to fabricate. 
Syn. — To contrive ; devise ; frame. 

See Discover. 
IN-vent'ful, a. Full of invention. 
IN-VEN'TION, n. 1. Act of finding 

out ; contrivance of something new. 

2. That which is invented. 3. Power 

of inventing. 
lN-VENT'iVE, a. Able to invent; 

quick at contrivance. 
In-vent'or, n. One who finds out 

something new. 
In'ven-to-ry(50), n. [See Invent.] 

Any catalogue of movables, as the 

goods of a merchant, &c. 

Syk. — List; register; roll ; schedule. 

— v. t. [-ED ; -ing, 142.] To make 
an inventory of. [vents. 

In-vent'ress, n. A woman who in- 

In-verse' (14), a. [See Invert.] 
Opposite in order or relation, or in 
nature and effect; reciprocal. 

In-verse'ly, adv. In an inverted 
order or manner. 

In-v£r'SION, n. 1. Act of inverting. 
2. A complete change of order. 

IN- VERT', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Lat. 
invertere, inversum; in and vnlere, 
to turn.] To turn upside down : to 
place in a contrary order : to reverse. 

IN-VER'TE-BRAE, a. Destitute of a 
vertebral column ; invertebrate. 



In-ver'te-Brate. n. An animal 
having no vertebral column. — a. 
Having no back-boue ; invertebral. 

In-vest', v. t. [-ED;-ING.] [Lat. 
investire; in and vestire, to clothe.] 
1. To clothe; to dress. 2. To en- 
dow ; hence, to confer. 3. To clothe, 
as with office or authority ; to grace. 
4. {Mil.) To surround; to lay siege 
to. 5. To place, as property, so that 
it will jield a profit. 

In-ves'ti-ga-bee, a. Admitting of 
being investigated. 

IN-VES'TI-GATE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. investigare, -gaium ; in and 
vtstigare, to track.] To follow up ", 
to pursue ;_to search into. 

In-ves'TI-GA'TION, n. Act of inves- 
tigating ; research; stud\ ; inquiry. 

IN-VES'TI-GA'TIVE, a. Given to in- 
vestigation ; inquisitive. 

In-ves'ti-ga'tor, n. One who 
searches diligently into a subject. 

In-vEst'i-ture (53), n. 1. Act or 
right of investing or giving posses- 
sion. 2. That with which any one 
is invested. 

In-vest'ment, v. 1. Action of in- 
vesting. 2. That with which one is 
invested; a vestment. 3. Act of be- 
sieging by an armed force. 4. The 
laying out of money in the purchase 
of property. 

IN-VET'ER-A-CY, n. Deep-rooted ob- 
stinacy of any quality or state ac- 
quired by time. 

IN-YET'ER-ATE (45), a. [Lat. invete- 
rare, -ratum, to render old; in and 
vetus, old.] 1. I irmly established; 
deep-rooted. 2. Confirmed ; habitual. 

IN-VET'ER-ATE-LY, adv. With ob- 
stinacy ; violently. 

IN-VID'I-OUS (77), a. [Lat. invidiosus ; 
invidia, envy.] Likely to incur ill- 
will or hatred, or to provoke envy ; 
hateful. [manner. 

iN-VID'I-OtJS-LY, adv. In an invidious 

lN-VID'I-OUS-NESS,}i. Quality of pro- 
voking envy or hatred. 

IN-VIG'OR-ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. in and vigor, strength, vigor.] 
To give vigor to ; to strengthen. 

IN-VIG'OR-A'TION, n. Act of invig- 
orating, or state of being invigorated. 

iN-viN'ei-BiL'i-TY, n. Quality of 
being invincible. 

In-vin'CI-ble , a. Incapable of being 
conquered or overcome ; unconquer- 
able : insuperable. 

iN-vlN'cl-ELE-NESS, n. Quality of 
being unconquerable. 

IN-VIN'CI-BLY, adv. Unconquerably. 

In-vi'o-la-bil'I-ty, n. Quality of 
being inviolable. 

In-vi'o-la-ble, a. 1. Not violablej 
not to be profaned ; sacred. 2. Not 
susceptible of injury. [lation. 

In-vI'o-la-bly, adv. Without vie- 

IN-vi'o-eate, I a. [Lat. inviola- 

In-vI'o-la'ted, ) tus ; in. not, and 
violalus, violated.] Unhurt; unin- 
jured ; unprofaned ; unpolluted. 

In-viVi-bil/i-ty, n. State of being 
invisible. [seen. 

lN-v'l'5'l-BLE, a. Incapable of being 



A, E, I, O, U, Y,long; A, £, I, 6, ij, Y, short ; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TERM ; PIQUE, FIRM; SON, 



INVISIBLY 



2b3 



IRRECLAIMABLE 



IN-Vls'l-BLY, adv. In a manner to 
escape the sight 

In'vI-ta'tion, n. Act of inviting; 
request of a person's company. 

In-vi'ta-to-ry (50), a. Using or con- 
taining invitations. 

IN-VITE', v. t. [-ed;-ING.] [Lat. 
invitare.] 1. To ask ; especially, to 
ask to an entertainment or visit. 2. 
To allure ; to tempt to come. 

Syx. — To solicit; bid; call; summon; 
attract; entice. 

— v. i. To ask or call to any thing 
pleasing. 

In'VO-€ATE. V. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Lat. 
invocare, -catum ; in and vocare, to 
call.] To invoke. 

In'VO-OA'TION, n. 1. Act of address- 
ing in prayer. 2. Form or act of 
calling upon some divinity. 3. (Law.) 
A judicial call or order. 

IN'VOICE, n. [Fr. enrols, things sent. 
See Envoy.] ( Com.) A written ac- 
count or bill of the particulars of 
merchandise sent to a purchaser, 
consignee, &c. — v.t. [-ed;-ING.] 
To make a written account of, as 
goods ; to insert in a priced list. 

IN- VOICE', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
call for or ask earnestly. 2. To ad- 
dress in prayer. 

In'vo-lu'ore, ii. [Lat., fr. involvere, 
to wrap up.] A whorl or set of bracts 
around a flower, umbel, or head. 

In-vol'un-ta-ri-ly, adv. Not by 
choice; not spontaneously. 

In-vol'UN-TA-ry, a. 1. Independent 
of will or choice. 2. Not proceeding 
from choice. 

IN'VO-LUTE, n. A curve traced by 
the end of a string wound upon an- 
other curve, or unwound from it. 

IN'VO-LUTE, ) a. [Lat. involutes. 

In'vo-lu'ted, ) See Involve.] 
Rolled inwar 1 from the edges. 

In'vo-LU'tion, n. [Lat. involutio.] 
1. Act of involving. 2. State of 
being involved. 3. Euvelope. 4. Act 
of raising a quantity to any power 
assigned. 

lN-VOLVE f , v. t. [imp. & p. p. IN- 
VOLVED ; p. pr. & vb. n INVOLV- 
ING.] [Lat. involvere, involution, 
to roll about, wrap up.] 1. To roll 
up ; to wind round. 2. To envelop. 
3. To complicate. 4. To connect by 
way of natural consequence or effect. 
5. To comprise ; to contain. 6. To 
raise to any assigned power. 

Syx. — To imply. — Imply is opposed 
to express, or set forth ; thus, an implied 
engagement is one fairly to be under- 
stood from the words used or the circum- 
stances of the ease, thousrh not set forth 
in form. Involve goes beyond the mere 
interpretation of things into their neces- 
sary relations: and hence, if one thing 
involves another, it so contains it that the 
two must go together by an indissoluble 
connection. 

In-volv'ed-ness, n. State of being 

involved. 
In-volve'ment, n. Act of involving. 
In-VUL'ner-A-bil'i-ty, n. Quality 

or state of being invulnerable. 
In-vul'NER-a-ele, a. Incapable of 



being wounded, or of receiving in- 1 
jury. [nerability. 

IN-VUL'NER-A-BLE-NESS, 11. lnvul- I 

IN-WALL', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To in- 
close with a wall. 

IN'WARD, a. Placed or being within ; 
interior. — n. That which is within; 
especially in the pi., the intestines; 
the entrails. 

IN'ward, ) adv. 1. Toward the in- 

In'wards, J side or interior. 2. Into 
the mind or thoughts. 

1N'WARD-LY, adv. 1. In the inner 
parts ; internally. 2. In the heart ; ! 
secretly. 

LN-WEAVE', V. t. [imp. INWOVE ; 
p. p. INWOVEN, INWOVE ; p. pr. 
& vb. n. INWEAVING.] To weave to- 
gether; to intermix by weaving. 

iN-WRAP'^-rap'), v. t. [-ped; -PING.] 
1. To cover by wrapping. 2. To in- 
volve in difficulty or perplexity. 

In-wreathe' (-reeth), v. t. To 
surround as with a wreath. 

In-wrought' (-rawf), a. Wrought 
or worked in among other things. 

I'O, n. ; pi. I'og. [Lat., oh! huzza!] 
An exclamation of joy or triumph ; 
— often vised interjectionally. 

I'O-dIde (49), n. A non-acid com- 
pound of iodine with a metal or 
other substance. 

I'O-DINE, n. [Gr. luS-ns, violet-like, 
fr. lov, a violet, and el8os, form.] A 
grayish or bluish-black solid from 
the ashes of sea-weed. At 347° Fah- 
renheit, it becomes a beautiful violet 
vapor. 

I-ON'l€, a. Pertaining to 
Ionia, in Greece, or to a 
dialect of the Greek lan- 
guage, used in Ionia, or 
to an order of architect- 
ure. ^^ 

I-0'TA,?2. [Gr. "Lira, the 'vj— 7 : -f 

smallest letter of the ^ — 

Greek alphabet (i).] A Ionic Order, 
tittle ; a very small quantity ; a jot. 

IP'E-€A€, ) n. [Braz.] A 

iP'E-cXe'u-AN'HA, I plant, the root 
of which is used as an emetic. 

I-ras'ci-bil'i-ty, ii. Irritability of 
temper. 

I-RAS'CI-BLE,a. [Lat. irascibilis ; ira, 
anger.] Easily provoked ; irritable. 

I-ras'CI-ble-ness, zi. Irascibility. 

I-RATE'. a. [Lat. iratus.] Angry ; 
enraged. [Recent.] 

lRE,«. [Lat. ira.] Anger; wrath. 

Ire'ful, a. Angry; wroth. 

Ir'I-DES'OENCE, n. Exhibition of 

colors like those of the rainbow. 
IR'I-DES'CENT, a. [Lat. iris, the 
rainbow.] Haviug colors like the 
rainbow. 

I-rId'I-um, n. [Lat. iris, iridis, the 
rainbow, in allusion to the irides- 
cence of some of its solutions.] A 
metallic element, the heaviest of 
known substances. 
I'RTS(89),n. [Lat. iris, Gr. ?pis, the 
rainbow.] 1. The rainbow. 2. A 
colored membrane at the anterior 
part of the eye. 3. A genus of plants. 
I'RISH (89), a. Pertaining to Ireland. 




— n. 1. pi. The natives of Ireland 
2. The language of the Irish. 

1'RISH-is.M, n. An Irish idiom. 

IRK, v. t. [A.-S. ear", lazy, timid, evil.] 
To weary; — used impersonally- 

Irk'some (18), a. 'Wearisome; tire- 
some ; giving uneasiness. 

Syx. — Tedious. — A task is irksoma 
from the kind or severity of the labor it 
involves; it is rendered tedious by the 
length of time occupied in its perform- 
ance. 

Irk'some-ly, adv. In a wearisome 
manner. 

Irk'some-ness, n. Wearisomeness. 

1'RON (I'uru), 11. [A.-S. iren, isen.] 

1. One of the most common and the 
most useful of all the metals. 2. An 
instrument made of iron. 3. pi. 
Fetters ; manacles. — a. Made of or 
like iron. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To smooth with a heated flat-iron. 

2. To fetter or handcuff. 3. To fur- 
nish or arm with iron. 

I'RON-BOUND (I'urn-), a. 1. Bound 
with iron 2. Surrounded with rocks. 

l'RON-GLAD (I'urn-), a. Protected or 
covered with iron, as a vessel. — n. A 
war-vessel haviug the parts above 
water plated with iron. 

I-RON'ie-AL, a. 1. Pertaining to, or 
containing, irony. 2. Expressing 
one thing and meaning the opposite. 

I-RON're-AL-LY. adv. By way of irony. 

I'RON-MON/GER (I'urn-), n. A dealer 
in iron wares, or hardware. 

I'RON-WOOD (I'urn-), n. A tree of 
species belonging to different genera. 

I'RON-WORK (I'urn-wfirk), n. 1. Any 
thing made of iron. 2. pi. A furnace 
where iron is smelted, or a forge, 
rolling-mill, or foundery. 

I'RON-Y (I'urn-y). a. 1. Consisting or 
partaking of iron. 2. Resembling 
iron. 

I'RON-Y (7'run-y,) n. [Gr. eipwveia, 
dissimulation.] A kind of ridicule 
which exposes the faults of others 
by seeming to adopt or approve them. 

Ir-ra'DI-ANCE, 1 ii. 1. Emission of 

Ir-ra'di-an-W, ) rays of light. 2. 
Luster ; splendor. 

IR-RA'DI-ATE (77), V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. irradiare, -alum ; in, and radi- 
are, to shine.] 1. To illuminate. 2. 
To enlighten intellectually. 3. To 
animate by heat or light. 

IR-RA'DI-ATE, a. Adorned with 
brightness, or any thing shining. 

IR-RA'DI-A'TION, n. 1. Act of emit- 
ting beams of light. 2. That which 
is irradiated ; illumination. 

IR-RA'TION-AL (-rash'un-), a. L 
Void of reason. 2. Contrary to rea» 
son. 3. Not capable of being exact* 
ly expressed by an integral number, 
or by a vulgar fraction. 

Syx. — Absurd; foolish; preposterous; 
unreasonable. 

Ir-ra'tion-al'i-ty (-rash'un-), n. 

Want of reason or understanding. 
IR-RA'tion-AL-LY (-rash'un-), adv. 

Without_reason : absurdly. 
Ir're-claim'a-ble, a. incapable oi 

being reclaimed. 



( 



or, do, wolf, too, 



URN, RUE, PULL; E, I, O, silent ; C, G, soft; €, G, hard; A£ ; EXIST ; n as NGJ THIS 



IKRECLATMABLY 



234 



ISOMERIC 



IK/RE-€LA1M'A-BLY, adv. In an ir- 
reclaimable maimer. 

iR-RBe'ON-ciL'A-BEE, a. Incapable 
of being reconciled, appeased, or 
made to harmonize. 

Syn. — Incongruous ; incompatible ; 
inconsistent. 

IR-REG'ON-CIL/A-BLE-NESS, n. Qual- 
ity of being irreconcilable. 

jR-REe'ON-clL'A-BLY. adv. In a 
manner that precludes reconciliation. 

jR'KE-€OV'ER-A-BLE (-kiiv'er-), a. 
Not capable of being recovered, re- 
stored, or remedied. 

Syn. — Irreparable ; irretrievable ; ir- 
remediable ; incurable. 

IR're-cov'er-A-bly, adv. Beyond 
recovery. [able. 

IK'RE-DEEM'A-BLE, a. Not redeem- 

IR'RE-DU'CI-BLE, a. Incapable of 
being reduced. 

Ir-REF'RA-GA-ble, a. Not refraga- 
ble ; not to be refuted^ 

IR-REF'U-TA-BLE, Or lR'RE-FUT'A- 

BLE , a. Incapable of being refuted. 

IR-REF'U-TA-BLY, or IR'RE-FUT'A- 

BLY, adv. Beyond the possibility of 

refutation. 

Ir-reg'tj-lar, a 1. Not regular; 
not according to common form or 
rules, or established principles. 2. 
Not straight. 3. Not uniform. 

Syn.— Unsystematic; eccentric ; un- 
settled ; changeable • wild. 

Ir-reg'u-lar'i-TY, n. 1. Deviation 
from established form, custom, or 
rule. 2. An act of vice. 

Ir-reg'u-lar-ly, adv. Without 
rule, method, or order. 

Ir-rel'a-tive, a. Not relative; 
without mutual relations. 

Ir-rel'e-yan-C'Y, n. Quality of not 
being applicable. 

Ir-rel'e-vant, a. Not relevant; 
not applicable or pertinent. 

lR-REL'E-VANT-LY, adv. In an ir- 
relevant manner. 

Ir're-lig'ion, n. Want of religion, 
or contempt of it. 

Syn. — Ungodliness ; worldliness ; 
wickedness ; impiety. 

Ir're-lig'ious (-lTj'us), a. 1. Impi- 
ous ; ungodly. 2. Profane; wicked. 

Ir're-lig'ioDs-ly, adv. With im- 
piety ; wickedly. 

Ir're-me'di-a-ble, a. Not to be 
remedied, cured, or corrected. 

Ir/re-me'di-a-bly, adv. In a man- 
ner or degree that precludes remedy. 

Ir/RE-MIS'si-BLE, a. Not remissible ; 

w unpardonable. [be remitted. 

IR're-mIs'si-bly, adv. So as not to 

Ir're-mov'a-ble, a. Not remova- 
ble ; immovable. 

IR-REP'A-ra-ele , a. Not reparable ; 
not capable of being recovered or re- 
gained. 

IR-REP'A-RA-BLY, adv. In an irrep- 
arable manner. 

Ir're-peal'able, a. Not capable 
of being repealed. 

Ir-REP're-iiEN'sj-BLE, a. Not rep- 
rehensible : not to be blamed. 

lR'RE-PRESs'i-BLE,a. Not capable 
of being repressed. 



IR/re-prSach'a-ble, a. Incapable 
of being justly reproached ; free from 
blame ; upright. 

IR'RE-PROACH'A-BLY, adv. So as 
not to deserve reproach ; blamelessly. 

IR'RE-PROV'A-BLE, a. Incapable of 
being justly reproved ; blameless. 

IR're-prov'a-bly, adv. So as not 
to be liable to reproof or blame. 

1r're-£IST'ance, n. Forbearance to 
resist ; passive submission. 

Ir/re-sJlst'i-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of 
being irresistible. 

Ir/re-sIst'i-ble, a. Incapable of 
being successfully resisted. 

IR'RE-SIST'I-BLE-NESS, 11. Quality 
of being irresistible. 

IR'RE-SIST'I-BLY, adv. In a manner 
not to be successfully resisted. 

Ir-res'o-lu-ble, a. Incapable of 
being dissolved. 

Ir-res'o-lute, a. Not resolute ; not 
decided ; given to doubt. 

Syn. - Wavering; vacillating; unde- 
termined ; undecided ; unsettled ; un- 
stable; unsteady. 

Ir-res/o-lute-ly, adv. Without 
resolution . 

IR-RES'O-LUTE-NESS, 11. Want of 
resolution ; irresolution. 

Ir-res/o-lu'tion,»z. Want of reso- 
lution : fluctuation of mind. 

Ir're-solv'a-ble, a. Incapable of 
being resolved. 

Ir're-spect'ive, a. Not having re- 
spect or regard. 

Ir / RE-SPE€T''1ve-LY, adv. Without 
regard to circumstances. [piration. 

Ir-res'pi-ra-ble. a. Unfit for res- 

IR'RE-SPON'SI-BIL'I-TY, 11. Want of 
responsibility. 

Ir're-spon'si-ble, a. Not respon- 
sible ; not liable or able to answer for 
consequences. [apt to retain. 

IR'RE-TEN^TIVE,?!. Not retentive or 

Ir're-triev'a-ble, a. Incapable of 
recovery or repair. 

Syn. —Irremediable ; incurable; ir- 
reparable; irrecoverable. 

IR/RE-TRIEV'A-BLY, adv. So as not 
to be retrieved ; irreparably. 

Ir-rev'er-ence, n. Absence or de- 
fect of reverence. 

IR-REV'ER-ENT, a. 1. Not reverent ; 
wanting in a due regard to the Su- 
preme Being or in respect to superi- 
ors. 2. Proceeding from irreverence. 

Ir-rev'er-ent-ly, adv. In an ir- 
reverent manner. [ing reversed. 

Ir're-vers'i-ble, a. Incapable of be- 
Syn. — Irrevocable; irrepealable sun- 
changeable. 

lR'RE-VERS'I-BLE-NESS,7i. State Or 
quality of being irreversible. 

Ir're-vers'i-bly. adv. In a man- 
ner to preclude reversal. 

Ir-rev'o-ca-bil'i-ty, n. State or 
quality of being irrevocable. 

Ir-REV'o-€A-BLE, a. Incapable of 
being revoked. 

Ir-rev'o-€A-ble-ness, n. State of 
being irrevocable. 

IR-REV'C--€A-BLY, adv. Beyond re- 
call ; in a manner precluding recall 
or reversion. 



IR'RI-GATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
irrigare, -gatvin ; in and rigare, to 
water.] 1. To water ; to wet. 2. To 
water, as land, by causing a stream 
to flovv over it. 

IR/ri-ga'tion, n. Act of watering, 
especially, of watering lands by arti- 
ficial means. 

Ir-r'ig'u-ous, a. [Lat. irriguus.] Wa- 
tered ; watery. 

IR'RI-TA-bil'i-ty, ii. Quality of be- 
ing easily irritated ; susceptibility to 
excitement. 

IR'RI-TA-BLE, a. 1. Capable of be- 
ing irritated. 2. Easily inflamed or 
exasperated. 

Ir'ri-tant,**. Irritating. — n. That 
which irritates, or in any way causes 
pain, heat, or tension. 

IR'RI-TATE,^. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
irritare, -latum.'] 1. To excite heat 
and redness in, as the skin ; to fret. 
2. To increase the action or violence 
of. 3. To excite anger in. 

Syn. — To provoke ; exasperate. — 
Whatever comes across our feelings irri- 
tates ; whatever excites anger provokes ; 
whatever raises anger to a high point 
exasperates. 

Ir/ri-ta'tion, n. Act of irritat- 
ing ; excitement of anger or passion ; 
provocation ; exasperation ; anger. 

IR'ri-ta'tive, a. Serving to excite 
or irritate. 

IR-RUP'TION, n. [Lat. irrvptio ; ir- 
rumpere, to break in.] 1. A sudden, 
violent rushing into a place. 2. A 
sudden invasion. 

Is, v. i. [A.-S. ; Lat. esse, to be.] The 
"third person singular of the verb To 
be, indicative mode, present tense. 

I'SA-GON, n. [Gr. i'cros, equal, and 
yovia, angle.] A figure whose angles 
are equal 

T's'lN-GLASS, n. [That is, iceglass, fr. 
icing, ice, and glass.] 1. A kind of 
gelatine prepared from the air-blad- 
ders of sturgeons. 2. Sheets of mica; 
— popularly so called. 

Ls'LAM, 11. [Ay. islam, obedience to 
"the will of God.] The religion of 
Mohammed ; also, the whole body of 
its professors. 

Is'LAM-l'gM. n. Mohammedanism. 

Is'LAM-lT'IG, a. Pertaining to Islam. 

ISL'AND (TPand), n. [A.-S. e aland ; e.a, 
eah, water, and land. The s is cor- 
ruptly inserted.] 1. Land wholly sur- 
rounded by water. 2. Any large, 
floating mass. 

Isl'and-er (iPand-er), n. An inhab- 
itant of an island. 

Isle (II), n. [0. Fr. isle, Lat. insula.] 
An island. [little isle. 

Tsl'et (IPet), n. [Pirn, of isle.] A 

I-SO€H'p.O-NAE, ) a. [Gr. I aoxpo vos ; 

I-so€H'ro-nous, ] lacs, equal, and 
Xpovcs, time.] Uniform in time; 
performed in equal times. 

Is'o-late, v. t. [-ED : -ING.] [It. 
isolare, fr. lat. insula, island.] To 
placeby itself: to insulate. 

IVo-la'tion, n. State of being iso- 
lated. 

I'SO-MER're, a. [Gr. Icros, equal, and 



A, E, i,o,u, Y,long; A,E,I, 6, U, ¥, short; CARE, FAR, Ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son. 



ISOMERISM 



235 



JACOBINICAL 



txepos, part.] Having the quality of 
isomerism. 

I-s6m'er-ism, n. (Chcm.) An iden- 
tity of elements and of atomic pro- 
portions, with a difference in the 
amount combined in the compound 
molecule, and of its essential quali- 
ties. 

I'SO-MET'RIC, I a. [Gr. icros, equal, 

I'SO-met'ric-AL, f and p.ijpov, meas- 
ure.] Pertaining to, or characterized 
by, equality of measure. 

I'SOS'CE-LES, a. [Gr. icrocrxeATjs : icros, 
equal, and o-Ke'Aos,leg.] Having only 
two sides that are equal; — said of a 
triangle. 

I'SO-thErm, n. [Gr. icros, equal, and 
Bepu-q, heat.] An imaginary line over 
the earth's surface passing through 
points having the same mean annual 
temperature. 

I'SO-THERM'AL, a. Having the na- 
ture of an isotherm ; illustrating the 
distribution of temperature by means 
of isotherms. 

1s_'ra-el-Ite (44), n. -A descendant 
of Israel or Jacob ; a Jew. 

Is/ra-el-it'I€, la. Pertaining to 

Is/ra-el-it'ish, J Israel; Jewish; 
Hebrew. 

Is'sy-A-BLE (Ish'shu-). a. Leading to, 
producing, or relating to, an issue. 

is'SUE (Isli'shu), n. [Fr., from 0. Fr. 
issir, to go out, from Lat. exire.] 1. 
Act of passing or flowing out ; egress. 
2.* Act of sending out ; delivery. 3. 
That which passes, flows, or is sent 
out ; ultimate result or end ; off- 
spring ; produce ; profit. 4. A flux 



or running. 5. An artificial ulcer. 
6. (Law.) A single material point 
presented for determination. 7. Any 
point made in debate or controversy. 
— v.i. [-EU| -ING.] 1. To pass, 
flow, or rush out. 2. To proceed, as 
from a source ; to spring. 3. To end ; 
to result ; to terminate. — v. t. 1. To 
put into circulation. 2. To deliver 
for use. 

ISTH'MUS (is'mus or ist'mus, 100), n. 
[Lat. isthmus, Gr. to-0/u.os.] A nar- 
row strip of land by which a penin- 
sula is united to the main land. 

IT, pron. [0. Eng. hit, A.-S. hit, Skr. 
it.] An impersonal or neuter demon- 
strative pronoun, corresponding to 
the masculine he and the feminine 
she, and having the same plural. 

I-TAL'IAN (l-tal'yan), a. Pertaining 
to Italy , its inhabitants, or their lan- 
guage. — n. 1. A native of Italy. 2. 
The language used by the Italians. 

I-TAL'IAN-IZE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 

To make Italian. 

I-TAL'I€ (110), a. Relating to Italy, 
or to a kind of type in which the 
letters do not stand upright but slope 
from right to left. — n. A letter or 
character such as the letters in which, 
this clause is printed. 

I-TAL'I-CIZE. v. t. [-ED;-ING.] To 
write or print in Italic characters. 

ITCH, n.~ [A.-S. girtha.] 1. A cuta- 
neous disease attended with severe 
itching. 2. The sensation occasioned 
by the disease. 3. A constant irri- 
tating desire. — v.i. [-ED; -ING.] 
1. To feel uneasiness in the skin, 



which inclines one to scratch the 
part. 2. To have a constant desire. 

I'TEM, adv. [Lat.] Also ; at the 
same time. — n. An article ; a sep- 
arate particular in an account. — 
v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] To make a 
memorandum of. 

IT'ER-ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat 
iterare, -ratum ; iteriim, again.] Ttf 

v doa second time ; to repeat. 

IT'ER-A'TION, n. Repetition. 

IT'ER-A-TIVE, a. Repeating, [ating. 

I-TJN'ER-A-OY, n. Practice of itiner- 

I-TIN'ER-ANT, a. [L. Lat. itinerant, p. 
pr. of itinerare, to make a journey.] 
Traveling about a country ; wander- 
ing. — n. One who travels from place 
to place, particularly a preacher; 
one who is unsettled. 

I-TIN'ER-A-RY, n. Aq account of 
travels, or a register of places and 
distances. — a. Traveling. 

I-TIN'ER-ATE, V. i [-ED; -ING.] 
[See ITINERANT.] To travel from 
place to place, for the purpose of 
preaching, lecturing &c. 

It-self', pron. The neuter recipro- 
cal pronoun. 

I'VO-RY, n. [Lat. ebur, eboris, ivory, 
Skr. ibha, elephant.] 1. The sub- 
stance constituting the tusks of the 
elephant. 2. The tusks themselves. 
3. Any substance resembling ivory. 

I'vo-ry-bla€K, 7i. A black powder, 
made by charring bones. 

Pvo-RY-tvpe, n. A photographic 
picture taken upon a surface like 
that of ivory. 

Pvy.w. [A.-S. ife-] A climbing plant. 



J (jit) is the tenth letter, and seventh 
consonant of the English alphabet. 
The letter i was written formerly in 
words where j is now used. See 
Prin. of Pron. § 77. 

JAB'BER, v. i. [-EU; -ING.] [Allied 
to gibbrr and gabble.] To talk rap- 
idly or iodistinctly. — n. Rapid and 
indistinct talk. 

JAB'BER-ER, n. One who jabbers. 

Ja'cinth, 11. Same as Hyacinth. 

Jack, n. [Of. Fr. Jacques, James.] 1. 
A nickname of John. 2. A playing- 
card bearing the figure 
of a servant. 3. A sea- 
faring man. 4- An in- 
strument that supplies 
the place of a bo/. 5. 
A portable machine, va- 
riously coustructed, for 
raising great weights 
through a small space. 
6. An\ r appendage to a 
machine, rendering con- 
venient service. 7- The 
male of certain animals. 
8. A small flag containing only the 
union. 






A foppish, im- 



American Jack. English Jack. 

Jack-at-aU-trades, one who can turn 
his hand to an y kind of business.— Jack- 
at-a-pinch, one who receives unexpected 
calls to do any thing. — Jack-uith-a- 
lantern, a meteor that appears in low, 
moist lands. 

Jack-'-a-dan'dy, 

pertinent fellow. 
JXcK'AL,n. [Per. 
shagcil, shigal.] 
A nocturnal car- 
nivorous animal 
of India and Per- 
sia, allied to the 
wolf. 




Jackdaw. 




Jackal. 



Jack/A-LENT, n. [For Jack of Lent.] 
1. A sort of puppet, formerly thrown 
at in Lent. 2. Hence, a boy, in ridi- 
cule. 

J.ack'A-NAPES, n. [Eng. jack and 



ape.] 1. A monkey ; an ape. 2. A 
coxcomb. [2. A blockhead. 

Jack'ass ± v?. 1. The male of the ass. 

Jack'-boots, n. pi. Large boots 
reaching above the knee. 

Jack/daw, n. A 
small bird allied 
to the crows. 

Jack/et, n. [Fr. 

jar/uette.] A short, 

close garment, 

extending down- 

I ward tothe hips. 

Jack'knife (-nlf), n. A large clasp- 
knife forthe pocket. [work. 

Jack'-plane, n. A plane for coarse 

Jack'-SCREW (-skrij), n. A machine 
for raising heavy weights through a 
smail distance. 

Jac'c-bin, n. [From the place of 
meeting, a monastery of the monks 
called Jacobines.] One of a society 
of violent revolutionists in France, 
during the revolution of 1789. Hence, 
a factious demagogue. 

JXc'o-BlN'IC, 1 a. Relating to. or 

Jac'o-bin'ic-AL, I like, the Jacobins; 
holding revolutionary principles. 



I 



6r,do,wolf,too 3 took ; URN, RUE, pull ; E,i, O, silent ; C", G, soft ; €, g, herd ; as;; exist; n. as NG ; THIS- 



JACOBINISM 



236 



JEST 






JX-e'O-BiN-l^M, n. Violent and fac- 

i tious opposition to legitimate gov- 
ernment. 

JXCO-BITE, n. [Lat. Jacobus, James.] 
(Eng. Hist.) A partisan or adherent 
of James the Second. 

JaCo-BIT-ism, n. The principles of 
the adherents of James the Second. 

JX€'0-NET,n. A thin cotton fabric. 

«€'U-LATE,l'. I. [-ED;-1NG.] [Lat. 
jaculari, -latus ; jaculum, dart, jave- 
lin.] To throw out ; to dart. 

Ja<VU-la'tion, n. Action of darting. 

Ja€'U-LA-TO-RY, a. Throwing out 
suddenly ; suddenly thrown out. 

J5.de, n. 1. A mean or poor horse. 
2. A mean woman ; a wench. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] To tire out; to ex- 
haust by excessive labor. 

Syn. — To fatigue; tire; weary. — Fa- 
tigue is the generic term ; tire, denotes 
fatigue which wastes the strength ; 
weary implies that a person is worn out 
by exertion ; jade refers to the weariness 
created by along and steady repetition 
of the same act or effort. 

Jad'ish, a. 1. Vicious. 2. Unchaste. 

Jag, n. 1. A small load, as of hay. 2. 
[W. gag, cleft, chink.] A notch ; a 
ragged protuberance. — v. t. [-ged ; 
-GING, 136.] To cut into notches; 
to notch. [or teeth. 

Jag'ged (60), p. a. Having notches 

Jag'Sed-ness, n. State of being 
jagged ; unevenness. 

Jag/u-ar', n. 
[Braz. jagoara.] 
A carnivorous 
animal often 
called the Amer- 
ican tiger. 

Jail, n. [Fr. 
geole.} A prison ; a place for the con- 
Jinement of debtors and criminals. 

JAIL'-BIRD, n. A prisoner ; one who 
has been confined in prison. 

JAII/ER J n. The keeper of a jail. 

JAIL'-FE / VEB. n. A dangerous fever 
of the typhoid character, generated 
in jails. 

JXl/AP, n. [From Jalapa, in Mexico.] 
The root of a certain plant, used in 
powder as a cathartic. 

Jam, n. [Cf. Ar. jamad, ice. jelly.] 
1. A crowd, or the pressure from a 
srowd. 2. A conserve of fruit boiled 
with sugar and water. — v. t. 
J -MED ; -mtng.] To press ; to crowd. 

JaMB (jam), n. [0. Fr. gambe, from 
Celt, cam, bent, crooked.] Side- 

_ piece of a door, a fire-place, &c. 

JAN'GLE, v. i. [-ED: -ING.] [L. Ger. 
& D. jangelen, janken , to whimper, 
chide, quarrel.] 1. To sound harsh- 
ly or discordantly. 2. To wrangle. 

— v. t. To en use to sound harshlv. 

— n. Discordant sound; conten- 
tion. 

Jan'I-TOR, n. [Lat., from janua, a 
door.] A door-keeper : a porter. 

Jan'I-ZA-RY, n. [Turk, yent-ishcri, 
new troops.] A soldier of a privileged 
military class in Turkey. [senists. 

, - AN'SEN-IsM, n. Doctrine of the Jan- 

JAN'SEN-IST, n. A follower of Jansen, 
a, Roman Catholic bishop who re- 




Jaguar. 



ceived certain views of grace similar 
to those taught by Calvin. 

JXn'U-A-ry, n. [Lat. Januarius, fr. 
Janus, an old Italian deity.] The 
first month of the year. 

JA-PAN', n. 1. Work varnished and 
figured in the manner of the natives 
of Japan. 2. The peculiar varnish 
used in japanning. — v. t. [-NED ; 
-ning.] To cover with a hard brill- 
iant varnish. 

Jap'a-nese' (91), a. Pertaining to 
Japan. — n. ; pi. jap'a-nese'. 1. 
A native, or the people, of Japan. 2. 
The language of the people. 

JAR, v.i, [-red; -ring.] [Allied to 

0. H. Ger. kerran, to chatter, croak.] 

1. To vibrate harshly or discordant- 
ly. 2. To clash ; to interfere. — v. t. 
To cause to tremble ; to shake. — n. 

1. A vibration or shaking. 2. Clash 
of interest or opinion ; discord. 3. 
[Ar. jarrahjar, ewer.] A vessel with 
a large belly and broad mouth. 

Jar'gon, n. [Fr.] 1. Confused talk; 
gibberish. 2. Slang. 

J as/mine, or Jas'mine, n. [Fr. Ar. 
jasaman, jasmin.} A climbing plant, 
bearing fragrant flowers. 

Jas'PER, ii. [Gr. tao-Tri?, from Heb. 
yashpheh.] An impure variety of 
quartz, of red, yellow, and other dull 
colors. 

JAUN'DICE (jfhVdis), n. [Fr.jaunisse, 
fv.jaune, yellow.] A disease, char- 
acterized by yellowness of the eyes, 
skin, and urine. 

Jaun'd'iVed (jan'dist). n. 1. Affected 
with the jaundice. 2. Prejudiced. 

JXunt, v. i. [-ED ; -ING. J To ram- 
ble here and there; to stroll. — n. 
An excursion ; a short journey 

Jaunt'1-ly, adv. In a jaunty manner. 

Jaun'ty, a. [-ER ; -est, 147.] Airy; 
showy ; finical ; fantastical. 

Jave'lin (jav'lin), n. [M. H. Ger. 
gabilGt, Ir. gabhla. _--- *-, 
spear lance.] A 
sort of spear. 

Jaw, n. [A modif. of chaw.] 1. The 
bone in which the teeth are fixed. 

2. Scolding. [Low.] — v.i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To scold; to clamor. — v.t. 
To abuse by scolding. 

JAY, n. [0. Fr. gaijaie.} 1. A Eu- 
ropean bird, of red -brown color 
above, and a faint yellow below. 2. 
A common American bird, having 
the feathers of a brilliant sky-blue. 

JEAL'oDs, a. [Gr. £ryAos, zeal, jeal- 
ousy.] 1. Filled with anxious appre- 
hension. 2. Suspiciously vigilant. 

3. Pained by suspicions of preference 
given to another. 

Syn. — Suspicious. — Suspicions is the 
wider term. We suspect a person when 
we distrust his honesty and imagine he 
has some had design. We are jealous 
when we suspect ltim of aiming to de- 
prive us of what is our own, and what 
we dearly prize. Iago began by awak- 
ening the suspicions of Othello, and eon- 
verted them at last into the deadliest 
jealous?/. 

JEAL'ofts-LY, adv. With jealousy. 
JEAL/oOs-Y, ii. Quality of being jeal- 



ous ; painful apprehension of rival- 
ship. 

JeAn (jan), n. A twilled cotton cloth. 

Jeer, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Perh. a 
modif. of cheer, in an ironical sense.] 
To make a mock of some thing or 
person. 

Syn. — To sneer; scoff; gibe; mock. 
— 1\ t. To treat with scoffs or deris- 
ion ; to deride: to flout. — n. A 
scoff: taunt; gibe; mockery. 

Je-ho'vah, n. [Heb. haicah, to be.] 
A Scripture name of God. 

JE-JUNE', a. [La.t.jejunus.] 1. Hun- 
gry ; starving. 2. Empty : void of 
interest ; barren. [ren manner. 

Je-june'LY, adv. In a jejune, bar- 

Je-june'ness (109), 11. Quality of 
being jejune ; want of interest. 

JEL'Ll£U(jePlid),a. Brought to the 
consistence of jelly. 

JEE'LY, n. [Fr. gelee, from geler, to 
freeze.] 1. A stiffened solution of 
gelatine or gum, &c. 2. Inspissated 
juice of fruits. 

Jen'net, n. A small Spanish horse. 
See Genet. 

JEN'ny, n. [A corruption of gin, for 
engine.] A machine for spinning. 

JEOP'ARD, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
put in danger. 
Syn.— To hazard; risk; peril ; endanger. 

JEOP'ARD-IZE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To jeopard. [Illegitimate.] 

Jeop'ard-oOs, a. Exposed to dan- 
ger; perilous; hazardous. 

JEOP'ARD-Y, n. [Fr. jeu parti, an 
even game ; afterward confounded 
with jeu perdu, a lost game.] Ex- 
posure to death, loss, or injury. 

Syn.— Danger ; peril ; hazard ; risk. 
See Danger. 

J£r'BO-A, or 
Jer-BO'A, n. 
A small, jump- 
ing, rodent ani- 
mal. 

jer'e-mi'ad, 

Jer'e-mi'ade, 
n. [From Jere- 
miah, author of the book of " Lam- 
entations."] A doleful stoi-y or 
complaint. 

Jerk (14), v. t. [-ee;-ing.] 1. To 
give a sudden pull, twitch, thrust, 
or push. 2. To cut into thin slices, 
and dry in the sun. — n. 1. A short, 
sudden thrust, or twitch. 2. Un- 
steady motion. 

JER'KIN, n. [Dim. of D. jink, afrock.] 
A jacket : a kind of short coat. 

JEr'sey, n. [From the island of the 
same name.] Finest part of wool. 

Je-ru'sa-lem Ar'ti-choke. [Je- 
rusalem is here a corruption of It. 
girasdle, sunflower.] A plant, the 
roots of which are used as food, and 
the leaves given to cattle. 

Jfiss, n. [L. Lat. jactus, a jess.] A 
short strap tied round the legs of a 
hawk, to fasten it. to the wrist. 

Jes'sa-mIne, n. A plar.t ; jasmine. 

JEST, n. [0. Eng. jest and gest, deed, 
tale.] 1. Something done or said in 




Jerboa. 



£ 1 ,0,u, Y,l n ng; A, £,1,6,0-, ¥, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TERM; p'IQUE, fIrm ; s6n, 



JESTER 



237 



JOLT 



order to amuse. 2. Object of sport ; 
a laughing-stock. 

Syn. — Joke; fun; sport; raillery. 
— v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To make 
merriment, by word or actions. 

Syn. — To joke ; sport ; rally. — One 
jests in order to make others laugh; one 
jokes to please himself. A jest is always 
at the expense of another, and is often 
ill-natured; ajoke is a sportive sally de- 
signed to promote good humor without 
wounding the feelings of its object. 

Jest'er, n. One given to jesting. 

jES_'U-IT,n. 1. (Rom. Cath. Church.) 
One of a religious order founded by 
Loyola, under the title of The Socie- 
ty of Jesus. 2. A crafty person ; — 
an opprobrious use of the word. 

Jesuits' - bark, Peruvian bark ; — so 
called because its medicinal properties 
were first made known by Jesuit mis- 
sionaries. 

Jes'U -1t'I€, ) a. 1 Pertaining; to 

Jes'U-it'io-al, f the Jesuits. 2.De- 
sfgning ; cunning ; — an offensive 
sense. [ical manner. 

Jes/U-IT'I€-AL-LY, adv. Inajesuit- 

JES'U-IT-Ysm, n. 1. Principles and 
practices of the Jesuits. 2. Cunning; 
deceit; an offensive use of the word. 

JET, n. 1, [Gr. nerpa yayyrJTis , fr. 
Tayai, or Tdyyai, a town and river 
in Lycia.] A variety of lignite, of a 
black color. 2. [L&t.jactus, a throw- 
ing.] A sudden rush, as of water 
from a pipe ; that which issues in a 
jet.— v. i. [-TED ; -ting.] To shoot 
or stand out ; to project ; to jut. 

Jet-d^eaW (zha/d6'). n. [Fr., a 
throw of water.] A stream of water 
spouting from a fountain. 

JET'SAM, I n. [Fr. jeter, jetter, to 

Jet'SOn, J throw.] 1. A throwing 
of goods overboard, in order to light- 
en a ship and preserve her. 2. The 
goods thus thrown away, which re- 
main under water. 

jET'TY,n. [0. Fr. jelte, from jeter, 
jetter, to throw.] A kind of pier, 
mostly constructed of timber. — a. 
Made of jet, or black as jet. 

JEW (jii or ju), n. [From Judea.] A 
Hebrew, or Israelite. 

JEWEL (jQ'el or jij'el), n. [L. Lat. 
jocale, for gaudiale, as if from Lat. 
jocare, to jest, play.] 1. A precious 
stone ; a gem. 2. Any precious 
thing, — v. t. [-ED, -ING ; or -LED, 
-LING, 137.] 1. To adorn with 
jewels. 2. To provide with a jewel. 

JEW'EL-ER, )». One who deals in 

JEW'EL-LER, ) jewels. 

Jew'el-ler-y, n. See Jewelry. 

JeWEL-RY, n. Jewels in general. 

Jew'ess, n. A Hebrew woman. 

JEWISH (ju'ish or jy/ish), a. Per- 
taining to the Jews. 

JEWRY (ju'ry" or ju/r^), n. Judea ; 
also a district inhabited ty Jews. 

JEWS'-HARP (juz'- or juz'-), n. A 
small musical instrument, held be- 
tween the teeth. 

jEZ'E-BEL,n. [From Jezebel, wife of 
Ahab.] An impudent, vicious woman. 

JlB, n. 1. Foremost sail of a ship. 2. 
Projecting beam of a crane 



JlB'-BdbM, n. A spar run out from 
the end of the bowsprit, and serving 
as a continuation of it. 

Jibe, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To shift 
from one side of a vessel to the other, 
as a sail. — v. i. To agree; to har- 
monize. [Low.] 

JlF'FY,«. A moment ; an instant. 

JIG, n. [0. Fr. gigue, gige,& string- 
instrument. See Gig.] 1. A light, 
brisk musical movement. 2. A frol- 
icsome, quick dance. 3. A trick. 

Jig'ger, n. 1. A troublesome insect. 
2. A small tackle, consisting of a 
double and single block and the fall. 

Jill, n. [Equiv. to Gill.] A young 
woman ; — in contempt. 

JIlt, n. [Contr. from Scot, jillet, a 
giddy girl, dim. of jill.] A coquette ; 
aflirt. — v. t. [-ed;-ing.] To en- 
courage, and then frustrate the hopes 
of, as of a lover. [glars. 

Jim'my, n. A short bar used by bur- 

JImp, a. Neat ; elegant of shape. 

Jin'gle (jing'gl), v. i. [See Chink.] 
To sound with a fine, sharp rattle ; 
to clink — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
cause to give a sharp sound, as 
pieces of metal. — n. 1. A rattling 
or clinking sound. 2. Correspond- 
ence of sound in rhymes. 

JOB, n. [A modif. of chop, to cut in- 
to small pieces.] 1. Any piece of 
work. 2. An undertaking with a 
view to profit. — v. t. [-BE D ; -BING.] 

1. To hire by the job. 2. To do by 
separate portions. 3. To buy and 
sell as a broker. 

Job'ber, n. 1. A worker by the job. 

2. One who purchases goods from 
importers and sells to retailers. 3. 
One who turns official actions to pri • 
vate advantage. 

Job'bing-house, n. A mercantile 
establishment which purchases from 
importers and sells to retailers. 

Jock'ey, n. [Dim. of Jock, Scot. 
dim. of John.] 1. A man who rides 
horses in a race. 2. A dealer in 
horses. 3. One who cheats in trade. 
— v.t. [-ED;-ING.] To trick. 

J6ck_'e Y-fgM, n. Practice of jockeys. 

Jo-€OSE', a. [Lat. jocosus, fr. jocus, 
joke.] 1. Given to jokes and jestings. 
2. Containing a joke. 

Syn. — Jocular; facetious; witty; mer- 
ry; pleasant; waggish; sportive. 

JO-€6se'ly, adv In jest; for sport. 

Joc'U-LAR, a. [Lat. jocularis; from 
joculus, dim. of jocus, joke.] 1. 
Given to jesting ; jocose. 2. Con- 
taining jokqs ; sportive. [ing. 

JO€'U-LAR'I-TY, n. Merriment ; jest- 

Jo€'U-LAR-LY,cu/t>. In jest; for sport. 

Joe'UND, a. [Lat. jocundus ; jocus, a 
jest.] Merry ; gay ; airy ; lively ; 
sportive. 

Jo-€tJN'Di-TY, n. State of being 
merry ; gayety. 

Joc'UND-LY, adv. Merrily ; gay ly. 

Joe'UND -ness, n. Jocundity. 

Jog, v. t. [-ged ; -ging.] [Allied to 
shock.] To push or shake with the 
elbow or hand. — v.i. 1. To move 
by jogs, as on a slow trot. 2. To 



travel heavily or slowly. — n. A 

shake ; a push to awaken attention. 

Jog-trot, a slow, regular pace. 

JOG'GLE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Dim. 

of jog.] To shake slightly ; to jostle. 

— v. i. To shake or totter. 
Jo-han'ne§, n. A Portuguese gold 

coin worth eight dollars. 

JOHN Do'ry. [From Fr. jaune doree, 
golden yellow.] A small golden-col- 
ored sea-fish. 

J6hn'ny-€AKE, n. A cake made of 
the meal of Indian corn, mixed with 
water. [Amer.] 

Join (38), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
jungere, to yoke.] 1. To bring to- 
gether literally or figuratively. 2. To 
be or become connected with. 

Syn. — To add ; annex ; unite ; con- 
nect ; combine ; consociate. 

— v. i. To be contiguous, close, or 
in contact ; to unite. [junction. 

JoiN'DER, n. Act of joining; con- 

JoiN'ER, n. A mechauic who does 
the nicer wood-work in buildings. 

JoiN'ER-Y, n. Art or work of a joiner. 

JOINT, n. 1. Place or part in which 
two things are joined ; junction. 2. 
Space between two joints. — a. 1. 
Joined; united. 2. Shared among 
more than one. — v. t. [-ed; 
-ING.] 1. To unite by a joint oi 
joints. 2. To provide with a joint ot 
joints. 3. To separate the joints of 
to disjoint. [by a joiner. 

JoiNT'ER, n. The longest plane used 

JOINT'LY, adv. Together; unitedly. 

Joint'ress, n. A woman who nas a 
jointure. [pany. 

Joint'-stock, n. Stock held in com- 

Joint'-stool, n. A stool consisting 
of parts inserted in each other. 

JOINT'URE (53), n. [Lat. junctura.] 
An estate settled on a wife , which she 
is to enjoy after her husband's de- 
cease, and in satisfaction of dower. 

— v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] To settle a 
jointure on. 

Joist, n. [L. Lat. gistum. equiv. to 
Lat. jacitum, p. p. of jarere, to lie.] 
A small piece of timber used in build- 
ing. — v.t. [-edj-ing.] To fit or 
furnish with joists. 

Joke, n. [Lat. jocus.] 1. A jest; a 
witticism. 2. What is not actually 
meant. — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
make merry with : to banter. — v. i. 
_To do something for sport. 

Jok'ER, n. A jester ; a merry fellow. 

JoL'Ll-FI-^A'TION, n. [Eng. jolly 
and Lat. facere , to make.] Noisy fes- 
tivity and merriment. 

J6l'LI-ly, adv. With noisy mirth. 

Jol'li-ness, ) n. Noisy mirth ; fes- 

Jol'li-ty, ) tivity ; hilarity. 

Jol'ly, a. [-ER; -est, 142] [0. 
Fr. joli, jolif, joyful, merry, from 
Qoth.jiuleis, Eng. yule. See YULE.J 
1. Full of life and mirth ; jovial ; 
joyous ; merry. 2. Expressing mirth, 
or inspiring it. 3. Handsome ; plump. 

Jol'ly-boat, n. [A corruption of 
yawl boat.] A small boat belonging 
to a ship. 

JOLT (20), v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Cf. 0. 



OR, do, WOLF, TOO, T6"bKj URN, RUE, pull ; E, I, o, silent ; q,Gt,soft; €,G,hard; as; ejist; 



as ng ; THIS- 



JOLT-HEAD 



238 



JUJUBE 



Eng. jolle, to beat.] To shake with 
short, abrupt risings and fallings. 

— v. t. To shake with sudden jerks. 

— n. A shake by a sudden jerk. 
JOLT'-head, n. A great head; a 

dunce ; a blockhead. 

Jon'quil, I n. [Lat. juncus, a 

Jon'quille, J rush, because it has 
rush -like leaves.] A bulbous plant, 
allied to the daffodil. 

Joss'-STiCK (109), n. [Chinese joss, 
deity.] A small cylinder of gum 
mixed with the dust of odoriferous 
woods. 

JOS'TLE (JOS'1), V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To run against and shake. 

JSt, n. [Gr. iwra, the letter i, Heb. 
yod.] An iota ; least quantity as- 
signable. — V. t. [-TED ; -TING.] To 
set down ; to make a memorandum of. 

Jounce, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] To jolt; 
to shake ; especially, by rough rid- 
ing. — n. A jolt ; a shake. 

JoOR'NAL,n. [L. Lat. journale, from 
Lat. diurnalis, diurnal, from dies, a 
day.] 1. An account of daily trans- 
actions and events; specifically, (a.) 
An account book for daily entries. 
(6.) A paper published daily ; also, a 
periodical publication giving the pro- 
ceedings of societies, &c. 2. Por- 
tion of a shaft which turns in some 
other piece, or in a journal-box. 

Jour'nal-box, n. Part of a ma- 
chine in which the journal of a shaft 
or axle bears and moves. 

JotJR'NAL-IsM, n. 1. The keeping of 
a journal. 2. The profession of ed- 
iting, or writing for, journals. 

c our'nal-ist, n. 1. Writer of a di- 
ary. 2. Conductor of, or contrib- 
utor to, a public journal. 
/OUR'NAL-IZE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To enter in a journal an account of. 

JOUR'NEY, n. [Fr. journce, a day, a 
day : s work or journey.] Travel from 
one place to another ; passage ; voy- 
age. 

Syn. — Tour ; excursion ; pilgrimage. 

— The word journe ii suggests the idea of 
a somewhat prolonged traveling for a 
specific object, leading a person to pass 
directly from one point to another. In 
a tour, we take a round-about course 
from place to place, more commonly for 
pleasure, though sometimes on business. 
An excursion is never on business, but 
always for pleasure, health, &c. In. a 
pilgrimage, we travel to a place hallowed 
Dy our religious affections, or by some 
train of sacred or tender associations. 

— v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To travel from 
place to place. 

JofJR'NEY-MAN (150), n. A mechan- 
ic hired to work for another. 

Jour'ney-work (-wQrk), n. Work 
done for hire by a mechanic. 

Joust, n. A mock fight on horseback. 

J6 ; VI-AL, a. [Lat. Jovialis, because 
the planet Jupiter was thought to 
make those who were born under it 
joyful.] Gay ; merry ; joyous; jolly. 

Jo'VI-Xl'i-TY. n. Quality of being 
jovial : jovialness. 

Jo'vi-al-ly, adv. Merrily ; gayly. 

JO'VI-AL-NESS, n. Noisy mirth ; gay- 
ety. 



J6'VI~AL-TY, n. Merriment ; joviality. 

JOWL, n. [Fr. gueule, mouth, jaws ; 
Lat. gula, throat.] The cheek. 

Cheek by jowl, with the cheeks close 
_together. 

Jowi/er, or Jowl'er, n. A hunt- 
ing-dog, or other dog. 

JOY, n. [0. ~Fr.joye, fr. Lat. gaudi- 
um.] 1. Emotion excited by the ac- 
quisition or expectation of good. 2. 
Cause of happiness. 

Syn. — Gladness ; pleasure ; delight ; 
happiness; exultation; transport; felici- 
ty ; ecstasy ; rapture ; bliss ; gayety. 
— v.i. [-ED; -ING.] To rejoice; to 
be glad ; to exult. 

JOY'FUL, a. Full of joy ; very glad ; 
gay ; exulting ; joyous. 

JOY'7UL-LY, adv. With jov ; gladly. 

JOY'FUL-NESS, n. Great gladness. 

Joy'less, a. 1. Wanting joy. 2. Giv- 
ing no joy. 

Joy/jless-ly, adv. Without joy. 

JOY'LESS-ness, n. State of being 
joyless. 

JOY'ous, a. Full of joy ; joyful. 

SYN. — Merry; li"ely; blithe ; gleeful; 
gay; glad : mirthful ; sportive ; festive ; 
happy; blissful; charming; delightful. 

JOY'ofis-LY, adv. With joy or glad- 
ness, [ous. 

joy'oOs-ness, n. State of being joy- 

JU'BI-LANT, a. [Lat. jvbilans.] Re- 
joicing ; shouting with joy. 

Ju'BI-la'TION, n. Act of declaring 
triumph. 

JU'BI-lee, n. [Heb. yObel, blast of a 
trumpet, and the grand sabbatical 
year, announced by sound of trum- 
pet.] 1. A church solemnity cele- 
brated at stated intervals. 2. A sea- 
sonof great public festivity and joy. 

Ju-DA'I€, la. [See JEW.] Per- 

Ju-DA're-AL, ) taining to the Jews. 

JU'da-ism (44), n. 1. Religious doc- 
trines and rites of the Jews. 2. 
Conformity to Jewish rites and cer- 
emonies. 

JU'DA-IZE, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] To 
conform to the religious doctrines 
and rites of the Jews. 

Judge, n. [Lat. judex, fr. jus, law, 
right.] 1. A civil officer authorized 
to hear and determine causes. 2. The 
Supreme Being. 3. One who has 
skill to decide on the merits of a 
question. 4. (Jewish Hist.) A chief 
magistrate. 

Judge-Advocate (Mil.), a person ap- 
pointed to act as public prosecutor at a 
court-martial. 

Syn. — Umpire; arbitrator; referee.— 
A judge, in the legal sense, is a magis- 
trate appointed to determine questions 
of law. An umpire is a person selected 
to decide between two or more who con- 
tend for a prize. An arbitrator is one 
chosen to allot to two contestants their 
portion of a claim, usually on grounds 
of equity and common sense. A referee 
is one to whom a case is referred for final 
adjustment. 

— v.i. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To hear 
and determine, as in causes on trial ; 
to pass sentence. 2. To assume au- 
thority to try any thing and pass 
judgment on it. 3. To form an opin- 
ion ; to determine ; to distinguish. — 



v.t. 1. To hear and determine, as 
a case before a court. 2. To exam- 
ine and pass sentence on. 3. To 
think ; to reckon. 

JOdge'ship, n. The office of a judge. 

JUDG'MENT, n. 1. Act of judging. 
2. Opinion ; notion. 3. Facility in 
judging; taste. 4. Faculty of com- 
paring objects of any kind, and dis- 
cerning their relations, &c. ; result 
of the act thus performed. 5. Sen- 
tence of the law, pronounced by a 
court or judge. 6. A calamity re- 
garded as sent by God. 7. Final 
punishment of the wicked. 

JudG'ment-seat, n. Seat on which 
judges sit in court. [judge. 

Ju'di-ca'tive, a. Having power to 

JU'DI-GA-TO-RY (50), a. Dispensing 
justice. — n. A court of justice; a 
tribunal. 

JU'DI-eA-TURE (53), n. 1. Power of 
distributing justice. 2. A court of 
justice. 

JU-DI'CIAL (-dish/al), a. [l&t. judi- 
cialis.] 1. Pertaining to courts of 
justice. 2. Proceeding from a court 
of justice. 3. Established bv statute. 

Ju-di'cial-ly (-dish'al-), adv. 1. In 
the forms of legal justice. 2. By 
way of penalty. 

Ju-dPci-a-RY (-dish/]-, 44, 95), a. Per- 
taining to the courts of justice. — n. 
Judges taken collectively. 

Ju-Di'cious (-dish'us), a. Possessed 
of, or according to, sound judgment. 
Syn. — Prudent; rational; wise; skill- 
ful; discerning; sagacious. 

JU-Di'ciotrs-LY (-dish'us-), adv. In 
a judicious manner ; with good judg- 
ment. 

JU-Di'cious-NESS_(-dIsh'us-),?i. Qual- 
ity of being judicious. 

Jug, n. [A.-S. ceac, basin, cup, pitch- 
er.] 1. A large earthen or stone 
bottle. 2. A pitcher; a ewer. [Evg.] 
— v.t. To commit to jail ; to impris- 
on. [Low.] 

JUG'GLE.t'.i. [-ED;-ING.] [Lat. joc- 
ular i , to jest.] 1. To play tricks by 
sleight of hand. 2. To practice arti- 
fice. — v. t. To deceive by trick or 
artifice. — n. 1. A trick of legerde- 
main. 2. An imposture. 

JCg'gler,w. One who practices or 
exhibits tricks by sleight of hand ; a 
cheat ; a deceiver. [ery. 

JfiG'GLER-Y, n. Legerdemain ; trick- 

Jfj'GU-LAR, a. [Lat. jugulum, collar- 
bone, throat.] Pertaining to the 
neck or throat. — n. One of the 
large veins by which the blood is re- 
turned from the head to the heart. 

Juice,tc. [Lat. jus.] Watery part 
of vegetables ; also, the fluid part 
of animal substances. [dry. 

Juice'eess, a. Destitute of juice; 

Jui'CI-ness, n. State of being juicy ; 
succulence. 

JUI'C Y, a. [-ER ; -EST, 142.] Abounding 
with juice ; moist ; succulent. 

Ju'JUBE, n. [Gr. £'£W>ov, Ar. zivztof, 
zufayzaf.] Fruit of a plant, having 
a sweet, granular pulp. 
Jujube paste, gum arabic sweetened. 



A, E, I, o, €, Y,long; i,E,J, 6, 0, y, short; CARE, FAR, ask, all, what ; ERE, VglL, TERM; PIQUE, firm; s6n. 



JULEP 



239 



JUXTAPOSITION 



JC'LEP, n. [Per. julab, jullab, fr. gu- 
lab, rose-water and julep.] 1. A 
sweet drink. 2. A spirituous bever- 
age, with sugar, ice, and sprigs of 
mint. 

JCi/lAN (jul'yan), a. Belonging to, 
or derived from, Julius Cresar. 

Julian year, the year of 365 days, 6 
hours. 

Ju-ly', n. The seventh month of the 
year ; — named from Julius Caesar. 

Jum'ble,^. t. [-ed; -IN&.] [Prob.fr. 
Lat. annulare, to heap.] To mix in 
a confused mass. — v. i. To mix or 
unite in a confused manner. — n. 1. 
Confused mixture ; orderless mass or 

* collection. 2. A small, sweet cake. 

Jump, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] To skip; 
to spring ; to bound. — v. t. To pass 
by a leap ; to skip over. — n. Act 
of jumping ; a leap ; a spring. 

JtJMP'ER, n. 1. One who jumps. 2. 
A rude kind of sleigh. 

J&MP'-SEAT, n. A carriage with a 
movable seat. 

Jung'tion, n. [Lat. junctio.] 1. Act 
of joining, or state of being joined ; 
union. 2. Place or point of union, 
especially of two lines of railway. 

JtJNCT'URE (53), n. [Lat. junctura.] 
1. Joint or articulation. 2. A point 
of time ; an exigency ; an emergency. 

JUNE, n. [Lat. Junius, fr. Juno.] The 
sixth month of the year. 

JlJN'GLE (jiing'gl), n. [Hind, jangal.] 
Land mostly covered with forest- 
trees, brush-wood, &c. 

JUN'IOR, a. [Lat., fr. juvenis, young.] 
1. Younger. 2. Belonging to a youn- 
ger person, or to a junior. — n. 1. A 
younger person. 2. One of a lower 
standing ; esp.,one in the third year 
of his course in an American college. 

Ju'NI-PER, n. [Lat. juniperus. See 
Geneva.] An evergreen coniferous 
shrub or tree. 

Junk, n. 
[Lat. jun- 
cus, a bul- 
rush, of 
which 
ropes were 
made in 
early 
ages.] 1. 
Pieces of 
old cable 
or cord- 
age. 2. A Junk, 
ship used in China. 3. A thick 
piece. [See Chunk.] 4. Hard salted 
beef supplied to ships. 

Junk'et, n. [Lat. juncata, cream- 
cheese.] 1. A sweetmeat. 2. A stolen 
entertainment. — v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] 




1. To make a private entertainment. 

2. IV feast ; to banquet. 
JUNK'ET-ING, n. A private feast. 
JUN'TA,w. [Sp., from Lat. junctus, 

joined.] A grand council of state in 
Spain . 

Jun'to, n. ;pl. JUN'tos. [See supra.] 
A faction ; a cabal. 

JU'PI-TER, 7i. [Lat.] 1. (Rom. Myth.) 
The supreme deity. 2. The largest 
of the planets. 

JU-RID'IC, ) a. [Lat. juridicus, fr. 

JU-rId'I€-al, ) jus, juris, right, 
law, and dicare, to pronounce.] 1. 
Pertaining to a judge. 2. Used in 
courts of law. 

Ju-rid'I€-al-ly, adv. According to 
forms of law. 

JU'Rls-eoN'sULT (110), n. [Lat.y?*- 
Hsconsultus.] A man learned in the 
law ; a jurist ; a counselor. 

JtJ'RIS-Die'TlON, n. [Lat. jurisdic- 
tio ; jus, right, law, and dicare, to 
pronounce.] 1. Legal power or au- 
thority. 2. Power of governing or 
legislating. 3. Limit within wnich 
power may be exercised. 

Jfj/Ris-PRU'BENCE, n. [Lat. juris- 
prudentia; jus, right, law, and pru- 
dentia, a foreseeing, knowledge.] 
Science of law ; knowledge of the 
laws, customs, &c. [law. 

Ju'ris-pru'dent, n. One skilled in 

Ju/ris-pru-den'tial, a. Pertaining 
to jurisprudence. 

Ju'RlST(89), n. One versed in the law. 

Ju'ROR, n. [Lat. jurator, a sworn 
witness or magistrate.] One who 
_serves on a jury. 

JU'RY (89), n. 1. (Law.) A body of 
men, selected and sworn to inquire 
into any matter of fact, and to de- 
clare the truth of it on the evidence 
given them. 2. A committee for ad- 
judging prizes at a public exhibition. 

JU'RY-MAN (150), n. One who serves 
as a juror. 

JU'RY-MAST, n. [Probably for in- 
jury-mast.] A temporary mast. 

JtJST, a. [Lat. Justus; jus, right, 
law.] 1. Rendering to each oue his 
due. 2. Conformed to fact, to a 
proper standard, to reasonable ex- 
pectations, &c. 

SYK". — Equitable ; upright; honest; 
true; fair: 'impartial ; proper; exact ; 
normal: orderly; regular; tasteful. 

— adv. Precisely; exactly; nearly. 

— n. A mock encounter on horse- 
back; a tilt. — v. i. [0. Fr. juster, 
jouster, fr. Lat. juxta, near to, L. 
Lat. juxtare, to approach.] To en- 
gage in a mock fight on horseback. 

JUS'TICE,n. [Lat. justitia.] 1. Qual- 
, ity of being just ; the rendering to 



every one his due. 2. Conformity to 
truth and reality. 3. Just treat- 
ment. 4. Equity ; justness. 5. A 
person commissioned to hold courts. 

Syn. — Equity ; law. — Justice and equi- 
ty axe. the same; but human laws, though 
designed to secure justice, are of neces- 
sity imperfect, and hence what is strictly 
legal is at times far from being equitable 
or just. 

JOs'tice-ship, n. Office or dignity 
of a justice. [or justice. 

JUS-TX'ci-a-ry (-tish'T-), n. A judge 

JUS'TI-FPA-BLE, a. Capable of being 
proved to be just. 

Jus'ti-fPa-ble-ness, n. Quality 
of being justifiable. [justified. 

Jus'ti-fpa-bly, adv. So as to be 

Jus'Tl-Fl-eA'TlON, n. 1. Act of jus- 
tify ing ; vindication ; defense. 2. 
State of being justified. 3. ( Theol.) 
The treating of sinful man as though 
he were just. [defensory. 

JUs'Tl-Fl-eA<"ro-RY, a. Yindicatory ; 

Jus'TI-FPer, n. One who justifies. 

JUS'TI-FY, V. t. [-ED; -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. justijicare ; Justus, just, and 
facere, to make.] 1. To prove or 
show to be just. 2. To pronounce 
free from guilt or blame. 3. ( Theol.) 
To treat as just, though guilty and 
deserving punishment. 

Syx. — To defend ; maintain ; vindi- 
cate ; excuse : exculpate ; absolve. 

JUS'TLE (jus'l), v. i. [Dim. of just, 
v. i.] To run or strike against; to 
encounter. — v.t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
push ; to force by rushing against. 

JUST'LY, adv. Fairly ; exactly. 

Just'ness, n. Quality of being just ; 
justice; reasonableness; equity. 

JUT, v. ?'. [-TED ; -TING.] [A different 
spelling of jet.] To shoot forward; 
to project beyond the main body. — 
n. A shooting forward ; a projection. 

JUTE, n. A substance resembling 
hemp, used in the manufacture of 
mats, coarse carpets, &c. 

JUT'TY, n. [See Jettee.] A pier 
or mole. [young. 

Ju've-nes'^ence, n. A growing 

JU'VE-NES'^ENT, a. [Lat. juvenes- 
cens; juvenis, young.] Becoming 
young. 

JU'VE-NJfLE. a. [Lat. juvenilis. 1. 
Young ; youthful. 2. Pertaining or 
suited to youth. — n. A young per- 
son or youth. 

Ju'VE-NtLE-NESs, \ n. Youthfulness ; 

JtJ/VE-N'iL'l-TY, ] youthful age. 

JtJx'TA-POg'lT, v.t. [Lat. juxta, near, 
and Eng. posit.] [-ed; -ING.] To 
place in close connection. 

JOx'ta-po-§i'tion {-zTsh'un), n. A 
placing or being placed in nearness. 



6r, do, wolf, too, XOOR; URN, rue, pull; e,I, o, silent; c, G, soft; €,Q,hard; Ag ; exist; nosNg; this. 



K 



240 



KEY 



K 




Kangaroo. 



K(ka) is the eleventh letter and | 
eighth consonant of the English 
alphabet. See Prin. of Pron., § 78. 

Kale,h. [A.-S. cal. See COLE.] A 
kind of cabbage. 

Ka-lei'do-scope, n. [Gr. koAos, 
beautiful. eiSos, form, and o-nonelv, 
to look carefully.] An optical instru- 
ment which exhibits an endless va- 
riety of beautiful colors and sym- 
metrical forms. 

KAL'ENDS, n. See CALENDS. 

KA'LI, n* [Ar. qali.] A plant, the 
ashes of which are used in making 
glass. 

Kal'mi-a, n. [Named in honor of 
Peter Kalm.] An evergreen shrub, 
having showy flowers; — sometimes 
called laurel. 

Kam'sin, n. [Ar. khamsin; khams&n, 
fifty, because it blows for about fifty 
days.] A hot southerly wind in 
Egypt. 

KXn'ga-roo',m. 
An ani mal 
found in Aus- 
tralia and the 
neighboring isl- 
ands. The long 
hind legs ena- 
ble it to make 
enormous bounds. 

Ka'O-lin, ) n. [Chin.] A kind of 

Ka'o-l'ine,) clay for making por- 
celain. 

Ka'TY-did, n. [From the noise it 
makes.] An insect of a pale-green 
color, allied to the grasshoppers. 

KEB'LAH,»i. [Ar. kiblah, any thing 
opposite.] The point toward which 
Mohammedans turn in prayer, being 
the direction of the temple at Mecca. 

Keck, v.i. [-ed; -ing.] To heave 
the stomach ; to retch. — n. A heav- 
ing of the stomach. 

KfiCK'LE (kek'l), v. t. [ -ED; -ING.] 
To wind old rope round, as a cable, 
to preserve its surface. 

Keck'sy, n. [Allied to Lat. cicuta.] 
Dry stalk of the hemlock, &c. 

Kedge, n. A small anchor to keep 
a ship steady. — v. t. [-ED : -ING.] 
[Scot, kedge, cadge, to toss about, to 
move quickly.] To warp, as a ship ; 
to move by means of a kedge. 

KEEL,n. [A.-S. ceol.] 1. 
Principal timber in a 
ship, extending from 
stem to stern at the 
bottom. 2. The two 
lowest petals of the 
corolla of a papiliona- Keel ( 2 )- 
ceous flower inclosing the stamens 
and pistil. — v. i. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To plow with a keel ; to navigate. 2. 
To turn up the keel ; to show the 
bottom. _ 

Keel'-boat, n. A large, covered 
boat, with a keel, but no sails. 




KEEL'ER, n. A shallow tub for va- 
rious uses. 

Keel'haul, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
haul under the keel of a ship, as a 
punishment. 

Keel'son (kel'sun), n. [From keel.] 
A piece of timber laid on the middle 
of the floor timbers over the keel. 

Keen, a. [-ER ; -est.] [A.-S. cine, 
cen.] 1. Eager ; vehement. 2. Sharp ; 
having a fine edge. 3. Piercing; pen- 
etrating. 4. Bitter ; acrimonious. 
5. Acute of mind. 

Keen'LY, adv. In a keen manner ; 
sharply ; eagerly. 

Keen'ness (109), n. Quality of being 
keen ; eagerness ; sharpness. 

Keep, v. t. [kept ; keeping.] [A.- 
S. cepan, to intercept.] 1. To cause 
to remain within one's control. 2. 
To maintain unchanged. 3. To take 
care of. 4. To conduct ; to manage. 
5. To entertain. 6. To have and 
maintain, as an assistant or a serv- 
ant. 7. To adhere to ; to practice or 
perform. 8. To remain in ; hence, to 
haunt ; to frequent. 9. To celebrate. 
Syn. — To retain; preserve. — Keep is 
the generic term, and is often used where 
retain or preserve would too much 
restrict the meaning; as, to keep silence, 
&c. Retain denotes that we keep or hold 
things, as against influences which might 
deprive us of them, or reasons which 
might lead us to give them up; as, to re- 
tain vivacity in old age; to retain coun- 
sel in a lawsuit; to retain one's servant 
after a reverse of fortune. Preserve de- 
notes that we keep a thing against agen- 
cies which might lead to its being de- 
stroyed or broken in upon ; as, to preserve 
one's health amid many exposures, to 
preserve appearances, &c. 

— v. i. 1. To remain in any state ; 

2. To last ; to endure. 3. To dwell. 

— n. The strongest and securest 
part of a castle ; the donjon. 

Keep'er, n. One who keeps, pre- 
serves, or guards ; one who remains. 

Keep'ing, n. 1. A holding ; restraint ; 
custody. 2. Maintenance ; support. 

3. Just proportion ; congruity. 
Keep'ing-room, n. A common par- 
lor or fitting-room. 

KEEP'SAKE,a. A token of friendship. 

KEEVE, n. [A.-S. cyf, fr. Lat. cupa, 
tub, cask.] A large vessel for fer- 
menting liquors. — v. t. To set in a 
keeve for fermentation. 

Keg, n. [See Cag.] A small cask. 

Kelp, n. The calcined ashes of sea- 
weed, or the sea-weed itself. 

Kelp'Ie, I n. An imaginary spirit of 

Kelp'y, ) the waters, in the form 
of a horse. [Scot.] 

Kelt, n. Same as CELT. 

Kel'TER, n. [Written also kilter.] 
[Gael, cealtair, clothes, cause or 
matter.] Regular order or condition. 

Ken, v. t. [-ned ; -ning.] [A.-S. 
cunnan, Goth, kitnnan, kannjan.] 
1. To know ; to understand. 2. To 



recognize ; to descry. — n. View ; espe- 
cially , reach of sight or knowledge. 

Ken'nel, n. [Fr. chenil, fr. Lat. ca- 
ms, dog.] 1. A house for dogs. 2. 
A pack of hounds. 3. Hole of a fox 
or otlier beast. — v. ?'. [-ED, -ING ; 
or -LED, -LING, 137.] To lodge ; to 
lie ; — as a dog or a fox. — v. t. To 
keep or confine in a kenuel. 

KEN'TLE, n. [Eng. quintal.] A hun- 
dred pounds ; a quintal. 

Kent'ledge, n. [D. kant, edge, 
corner, and the termination ledge.] 
Pigs of iron for ballast laid on the 
floor of a ship. 

Kept, imp. & p. p. of Keep. 

KEr'CHief, n. [0. Fr. couvrechief, 
couvrechef; couvrir, to cover, and 
chief, chef, the head.] A square of 
fine linen used by women to cover 
the head. 

Kerf (14), n. [A.-S. cyrf, a cutting 
off.] The notch or slit made in wood 
by cutting or sawing. 

KER'MEg, n. [Ar., fr. Skr. krimidja, 
engendered by a worm.] The dried 
bodies of a species of insect; a red 
coloring matter. 

Kermes mineral, a brilliant red sul- 
phuret of mercury, in the state of fine 
powder. 

Kern, n. 1. [Ir. cearn, a man.] An 
idle person or vagabond. 2. [A.-S. 
cweorn.] A hand-mill. 3. That part 
of a type which hangs over the body. 

KtR'NEL, n. [A.-S. cyrnel, a little 
corn, allied to Eng. corn.] 1. Any 
thing included in a shell, husk, or 
integument. 2. A nucleus ; central 
part of any thing. 

Ker'o-sene, n. [Gr. KTjpos, wax, with 
termination ene, as in camphene.] 
An oil from bituminous coal, used 
for illumination. 

Ker'§EY, n. [D. karsai.] A coarse, 
woolen cloth, usually ribbed. 

Ker'sey-mere, n. A thin woolen 
cloth, woven from the finest wool ; 
cassimere. 

Ketch, n. [Fr caiche, quaiche, D. 
kits.] A two-masted vessel from one 
hundred to two hundred and fifty 
tons burden. [UP. 

Ketch'UP, n. A sauce. SeeCATCH- 

Ket'tle, n. [A.-S. cetel, cytel ; Lat. 
catillvs, dim. of catinus, bowl.] A 
metallic vessel for heating water, &c. 

KET'TLE-DRUM,n. A 
drum made of a cop- 
per vessel, usually 
hemispherical, cov- 
ered with parchment. 

Key, n. [A.-S. cag, 
cage.] 1. That which 
fastens, as a piece of Kettle-drum, 
wood in the frame of 
a building. 2. An instrument which 
serves to shut or open a lock. 3. An 
instrument used by being inserted 




1, e, l, 5,u, Y,long\ AjEjS.o.u.y, short; care, far, ask; all, what; ere, veil, t£rm; pique, fIrm; son. 



KEYAGE 



241 



KNAP 



and turned. 4. That which servos 
to unlock a .secret ; a solution ; an 
explanation. 5. That which serves 
to lock up and make fast. 6. (Mus. ) 
(a.) A lever in an instrument struck 
or pressed by the fingers in playing . 
(b.) Key-note. 7. [h'v. quay, quai, 
of Celtic origin.] An island rising 
little above the surface. 8. A quay. 

— i-.it. [-ed; -ing.] To fasten 
with keys. 

Key'age (45), n. Money paid for the 

use of a key or quay. 
Key'-boabd, n. The whole range of 

the keys of an organ or piuno-forte. 
KEYED (keed), a. 1. Furnished with 

keys. 2. Set to a key, as a tune. 
Key'-hole, n. A hole in a door or 

lock, for receiving a key. 
Ke iT'-NOTE , n. The first tone of the 

scale inwhich a piece is written. 
KEY'-STONE, n. The wedge-shaped 

stone on the top of an arch which 

binds the work. 
KHAN (kawn or kan), n. [Turk, khan.] 

A prince or king ; — so called among 

the Tartars, &c. 
Khan, n. [Per., house, teut, inn.] An 

Eastern inn or caravansary. 
KlBE, n. [W. cib, a vessel, shell, 

husk.] An ulcerated chilblain, as in 

the heels. 
Kick, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [TV. eicraw,fr. 

cic, foot.] To strike, thrust, or hit 

violently with the foot. — v. i. 1. To 

practice striking with the foot. 2. 

To thrust out the foot with violence ; 

to manifest opposition. 3. To recoil. 

— n. A blow with the foot or feet. 
Kid, n. [Icel. kidh, 0. H. Gar. tciz, 

kizzi.] 1. A young goat. 2. A bun- 
dle of furze. 

KlD'NAP, V. t. [-ED, -ING \ or -PED, 

-PING, 187.] [Prov. Eng. k'd, child, 
and nap, to seize.] To stem and carry 
away or secrete, as a humau being. 

Ki'D'NAP-ER, )n. One who steals a 

Kid'nap-per, ) human being. 

K/D'NEY, n. [Prob. from A.-S. quidh, 
Goth, qvithus, belly, womb, and 
Eng. nigh.] 1. One of two oblong, 
flattened glands, constituting the se- 
cretory organs of the urine. 2. Hab- 
it ; disposition; sort; kind. 

Kil/DER-KIN, n. A small barrel. 

Kile, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
cwellen, cwelian. SeeQUELL.] To 
deprive of life, in any manner ; to 
put to death. 

Syn.— To murder; assassinate ; slay. 

— To kill does not necessarily mean any 
more than to deprive of life. A man may 
kill another by accident or in self-de- 
fense, without the imputation of guilt. 
To murder is to kill with malicious fore- 
thought and intention. Toassassinate 
is to murder suddenly and by stealth. 

KlLL'ER, n. One who kills. 
Kil'li-ki-nick: , ;;. See Kinni- 

kinic. 
KlLN(kil), n. [A.-S. cyln, TV cyl.] 1. 

A large stove or oven, for hardening, 

burning, or drying any thing. 2. A 

pile of brick for burning. 
KlLN'-DRY (Wtt'-)i V. t. [-DRIED ; 

-drying.] To dry in a kiln. 



KILT, n. [Jr. cealt, clothes, kilt.] A 
kind of short petticoat. [Scotland.] 

KlM'BO, a. [Celt, cam, crooked, and 
Eng. bow, to bend.j Crooked. 

KIN, n. [A.-S. cyn, cynd.] 1. Rela- 
tionship ; consanguinity. 2. Rela- 
tives ; kindred.— a. Of the same 
nature ; kindred ; akin 

Kind (72), n. 1. Race ; genus ; generic 
class. 2. Sort ; manner ; character. 
— a. [-ER; -EST.] [A.-S. cynde, 
gecynde, natural. See Kind and 
Kin, n.] Disposed to do good to 
others. 

Syn.— Obliging; benevolent; benign; 
gracious; generous; indulgent; humane. 

Kin'der-GAR'TEN, n. [(ier. kinder, 
children, and garten, garden : — 
children's garden.] A school for 
young children, in which play or 
active exercise is combined with 
study , and especial attention is paid 
to object-teaching. 

KlN'DLE (kln'dl), v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Icel. kinda, to kindle.] 1 To set 
on fire ; to light. 2. To exasperate ; 
to rouse ; to provoke. — v. i. 1. To 
take fire. 2. To begin to be excited. 

KTn'dler, n. One that kindles. 

KInd'li-ness, n. Quality of being 
kindly ; benignity. 

KlND'LY, a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] 1. 
Sympathetic ; congenial : hence, be- 
nevolent ; gracious. 2. Favorable; 
gentle, —adv. With good will. 

KInd'ness, n. 1. Good will ; benevo- 
lence. 2. A kind act. 

KIN'DRED, n. [0. Eng. kinrede, from 
A.-S. cynn, offspring, and term, rse- 
den, orig. a state or condition.] 1. 
Consanguinity; kin. 2. Relatives by 
blood. — a. Related; congenial. 

KINE, n.; pi. of Cow. 

KING, n. [A.-S. cyng, cynig.] 1. A 
sovereign. 2. Chief piece in chess. 

King'dom, n. [Eng. king, and the 
termination dom.] 1. Royal author- 
ity. 2. Territory or dominion of a 
king. 3. An extensive scientific di- 
vision ; a department. 

KlNG'FlSH-ER, ru 
A bird that lives 
on fish, which it 
takes by darting 
down on its prey 
in the water. 

KlNG'LY,a. [-ER; g( 
-EST, 142.] 1. ^ 
Monarchical; Kingfisher, 
royal. 2. Relat- 
ing to, or becoming, a king. 

Syx. — Regal. — Kingly is Saxon, and 
refers especially to the character of a 
king; regal is "Latin, and now relates 
more to his office. 

KIng'-post, n. A beam in a roof, 
rising from the tie-beam to the ridge. 

King's' e'vil (C'vl), n. A disease of 
the scrofulous kind, which was for- 
merly thought to be healed by the 
touch of a king. 

Kink, n. [D. kink, a bend.] A self- 
formed twist in a rope or thread. — 
v.i. [-ed; -ing.] To twist spon- 
taneously. 




KlN/NI-KI-NIC', n. [Indian ] Bark 
and leaves of red sumac or the red 
willow, prepared for smoking. 

Kl'NO, n. An astringent vegetable ex- 
tract^ 

Klxs'FOLK(-fok), n. Kindred; per- 
sons of the same family. 

Ki'n'ship, n. Relationship; consan. 
guinity. 

Kins/man (150), n. A man of tho 
same race or family. 

Ki'Ns'woM-AN (150), n. A woman of 
the same race or family ; a female re- 
lation. 

Kip'per, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To cure, 
as fish, by means of salt and pepper, 
and by hanging up. — n. 1. A salm- 
on in the state of spawning. 2. A 
salmon split open, salted, and dried 
or smoked. 

KlP'-SKlN, n. Leather prepared from 
the skin of young cattle. 

Kirk (18), n. [A.-S. circe.] 1. A 
church. [Scot.] 2. The established 
church in Scotland. 

Kir'tle, n. [A.-S. cyrlel.] An upper 
garment; a short jacket. 

Kiss, v. t. or i. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
cyssan.] To salute with the lips. — 
n. 1. A salute with the lips. 2. A 
small piece of confectionery. 

KtT, n. [D. kit, a large bottle.] 1. A 
vessel of various kinds and uses. 2. 
That which contains a necessary out- 
fit ; hence, a whole outfit. 3. A 
small violin. 

KlTCH'EN (58), n. [Lat. coquina, fr. 
coquere, to cook.] A room or place 
for cooking. 

Kitch'en-gar'den (-gar'dn), n. A 
garden for raising vegetables for the 
table. 

Kite, n. [A.-S. cita, 
cyta.] 1. A rapa- 
cious bird of the 
hawk kind. 2. 
A light wooden 
frame covered 
with paper, for Kite, 

flying. — v. i. To 

raise money, or sustain one's credit, 
by the use of mercantile paper which 
is fictitious. 

Kith, n. [A.-S. cydh.] Acquaint- 
ance. 

Kith and kin, intimate acquaintance 
and relationship. 

KIt'ten, n. [Dim. of cat.] A young 
cat; the young of the cat. — v. i. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To bring forth young, 
as a cat. 

Knab (nab), v. t. [-BED ; -BING] To 
seize with the teeth ; to lay hold of; 
to nab. [ Vulgar.] 

Knack (nak), n. 1. A toy. 2. Dexter- 
ity ; adroitness. 

Knag (nag), n. [Tr. cnag, peg, knob.] 
1. A knot in wood. 2. A peg. 3. A 
shoot of a deer s horn. 

KnXg'gy (nag'gy), a. Knotty ; rough 
with knots. 

Knap (nap), n. [A.-S. encip.] A pro- 
tuberance : a knob or button. — v. t. 
[-ped ; -PING.] 1. To bite off. 2. 
To snap. 




I 



or, do, WOLF, TOO, TOOK; urn, RUE, PULL ; E, I, o, silent ; C, G, soft; €,G,hard; A§; exist; n as NG 
16 



THIS. 



KNAPSACK 



242 



LABEL 




Knap's ack (nup'sak), n. 
fD. knapzak, fr. knappen, 
to eat.] A leather bag, 
for food and clothing, 
borne on the back by sol- 
diers, &c. 

KNAR (nar), I n. [0. D. Knapsack. 

KNARL (narl), ) knorre ; Ger. knorre, 
kn orren . ] A knot in wood . 

Knarlbd (narld), a. See Gnarled. 

Knave (nav), n. [A.-S. cnafa, a boy, 
young man, servant, rogue.] 1. A 
dishonest person ; a rascal ; a villain. 
2. A playing-card with the figure of 
a servant or soldier. 

Knav'ER-y (nav'er-y), n. Petty vil- 
lainy ; fraud ; trickery. 

Knav'ish (nav'ish), a. Like a knave ; 
villainous. [honestly . 

KNAV'ISH-LY (nav'ish-ly), adv. Dis- 

Knav'ish-ness (nav'ish-nes), n. 
Quality or habit of knavery ; dis- 
honesty. 

Knead (need), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[A.-S. C7iedan.] To work and press 
into a mass, as bread or paste. 

KNEE (nee), n. [A.-S. kneo, knedw.] 
1. Joint connecting the two princi- 
pal parts of the leg. 2. A piece of 
timber somewhat in the shape ol the 
knee when bent. 

Knee'-deep (nee'deep), a. Rising or 
sunk to the knees. 

Knee '-HIGH (nee'hi), a. Reaching 
upward to the knees. 

Kneel (neel), v. i. [KNELT or 
kneeled; kneeling.] To bend 
the knee ; to fall on the knees. 

KNEE'-PAN (nee/-), n. A flattened 
round bone on the front of the knee- 
joint. 

Knell (nel), n. [A.-S. cnyll.] Stroke 
of a bell, rung at a funeral, &c. ; 
hence, a death-signal. — v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To sound as a knell. 

Knew (nu), imp. of Know. 

Knick'knack (nik'nak), n. A trifle 
or toy ; a gewgaw. 

Knife (nlf), n. [A.-S. cnlf.] An 
edged instrument for cutting. 

Knight (nit), n [A.-S. cniht,cneoht.] 
1. A military attendant. 2. One ad- 
mitted, in feudal times, to a certain 
military rank. 3. One on whom 
knighthood is conferred, entitling 
him to be addressed as Sin 4. A 
piece used in chess. — v.. i. [-ED; 
-ING.] To dub or create a knight. 

KNIGHT'-ER'RANT (nit-), n. A knight 
who traveled in search of adventure. 

Knight'-er'rant-ry (nit-), n. Prac- 
tice of wandering in quest of adven- 
tures. 



Knight 'hood (nit'-), n. Character, 
dignity, or condition of a knight. 

KNIGIIT'LY (nlt'ly), a. Pertaining to, 
or becoming, a knight — adv. In a 
manner becoming a knight. 

Knit (nit), v. t. [knit ov knitted ; 
KNITTING.] [A.-S. cnytan, cnyttan.] 

1. To form, by continued interloop- 
ing of yarn or thread, by means of 
needles. 2. To join ; to unite ; to 
connect. 3. To draw together ; to 
contract. — v. i. 1. To unite any 
thing by making knots. 2. To be 
united closely. [knits. 

Knit'ter (nlt'ter), n. One who 

Knit'ting (nit'ting), n. The work 
of a knitter. 

Knit'ting-nee'dle (nit'ting-), n. 
Along needle used for knitting. 

Knives, (nlvz), n. ; pi. of Knife. 

Knob (nob), n. [A modif. of knop.] 
A hard protuberance ; a bunch ; 
a round ball at the end of any thing. 

Knob'BI-ness (nSb'bl-), n. Quality 
of having knobs or protuberances. 

Knob'by (nob'by), a. Full of knobs. 

Knock (nok), v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [A.- 
S. cnocian.] 1. To strike with some- 
thing hard or heavy. 2. To clash. 
— v. t. 1. To strike; to drive against. 

2. To strike for admittance, as a 
door. — n. A stroke with something 
thick or heavy ; a rap. 

Knock'er (nok'er), n. One who 
knocks ; specifically , a kind of ham- 
mer to rap on a door. 

Knock'-kneed (nSk'need), a. Hav- 
ing the legs bent inward, so that the 
knees touch. 

Knoll (n51), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
cnyllan, cnellan. See KNELL.] To 
ring, as a bell ; to knell. — v. i. To 
sound, as a bell ; to knell. — n. [A.- 
S. cnoll.] A little round hill or ele- 
vation of earth. 

Knop (n5p), n. [A.-S. cnsep, cnsspp.] 

1. A knob ; a button. 2. (Arch.) A 
bunch of flowers or leaves. 

Knot (not), n. [A.-S. cnot, allied to 
Lat. nodus.] 1. A complication of 
cords, formed by tying or knitting. 

2. Bond of union. 3. A difficulty ; a 
perplexity. 4. Joint of a plant. 5. 
(Naut.) A division of the log -line, 
serving to measure the rate of the 
vessel's motion. — v. t. [-ted; 
-TING.] 1. To form a knot. 2. To 
unite closely. 3. To entangle ; to per- 
plex. — v. i. To form knots or joints. 

Knot'ted (not'ted), a. Full of knots 
Knot'ti-ness (not'tl-nes), n. 1. 
Quality of being knotty. 2. Difficul- 
ty of solution ; intricacy. 



KNOT'TY (not'-), a. [-EK ; EST, 142.] 
1. Having many knots. 2. Hard ; 
rugged. 3. Difficult ; intricate. 

Knout (nowt or udbt), n. [Russ. 
knut.] An instrument of punish- 
ment in Russia, with which stripes 
are inflicted on the bareback. — u. 
t ._ To punish with the knout. 

Know (no), v. t. [knew ; known; 
knowing.] [A.-S. cnawan, allied 
to Lat. gnoscere, noscere.] 1. To per- 
ceive or apprehend clearly. 2. To 
possess experience of. 3. To recog- 
nize. 4. To countenance ; to ap- 
prove. 6. To have sexual commerce 
with. — v.i. To have knowledge; 
to possess information. 

Know'a-ble (no'a-bl), a. Capable 
of being known. 

Knowing (no'ing), p. a. Skillful; 
well-informed ; intelligent. 

Know'ing-ly (no'kig-ly), adv. In- 
telligently. 

Knowl'edge (noPej, 39), n. [Know 
and the termination ledge.] 1. Act 
of knowing. 2. That which is 
known ; a cognition. 3. Learning ; 
scholarship. 4. Practical skill. 5. 
Information ; cognizance. 6. Sexu- 
alintercourse. 

Known (non). p.p. from Know. 

Knuck'le (utik'l), a. [A.-S. cmicl.] 
1. Joint of a finger. 2. Knee-joint 
of a calf. — v.i. [-ED ; -ing.] To 
submit in contest. 

fBS* This use is derived from the old 
custom of striking the under side of a 
table when defeated in argument. 

KNURL (nfirl), n. A knot; a hard 
substance. 

Knurl'y (nurPy),a. [-ER;-EST,142. 
[Cf. Gnarly.] Full of knots : 
hard. 

Ko'ran (89), n. [See Alcoran.1 
The sacred writings of the Moham- 
medans. 

Kraal, or Kraal (kral or krawl), n. 
[D.] A collection of huts; sometimes 
a single hut. [South Africa.] 

KRA'KEN. n. [0. Sw. krake, trunk or 
stem of a tree.] A fabled sea animal 
of enormous size. 

Kre'o-sote, n. See Creosote. 

Ky'an-ize, v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [From 
Kyan, the inventor.] To render 
proof against decay, as wood, by the 
use of corrosive sublimate, &c. 

Kyr'I-O-LOG'IG, ( a. [Gr. Kvpco- 

Kyr'i-o-log'ic-al, J AoyiKos, speak- 
ing or describing literally or proper- 
ly.] Denoting objects by means of 
conventional signs or alphabetical 
characters. 



L(el}, the twelfth letter of the Eng- 
lish alphabet, has only one sound, 
as in loll See Prin. ofPron., §79. 
Lof a house, a wing, or part attached 



to the main building, giving the build- 
ing the shape of the letter L. 

L&,interj. [See Lo.] Look; behold. 

LA'bel, n. [Lat. labellum , dim. of la- 



brum, lip, margin.] A slip of paper, 
&c, affixed to any thing, denoting 
its contents, ownership, &c. — v. t. 
(137). To affix a label to. 



I. E, I, o,v,Y, long; X,fi,I, 6, fl,¥, short; cAre, far, Ask, all, what ; ere, veil, T^rm; pique, firm; s6n, 



LABIAL 



243 



LAKE 



La/BI-AL, a. [Lat. labium, lip.] Per- 
taining to, or uttered with, the lips. 

— n. A letter representing a sound 
Jormed chiefly with the lips. 

La'bi-o-dent'al, a. [Lat. labium, 
lip, and dens, tooth.] Pronounced 
by the co-operation of the lips and 
teeth, as /and v. 

La'bor, n. [Lat.] 1. Physical toil ; 
bodily exertion. 2. Intellectual ex- 
ertion. 3. That which requires hard 
work for its accomplishment. 4. 
Pangs and efforts of childbirth. 

Syx. — Work ; toil ; task ; exertion ; 
pains; travail. 

— v. i. [-ed;-ing.] 1. Towork; 
to toil. 2. To exert one's powers of 
mind. 3. To be in travail. 4. To 
pitch and roll heavily, as a ship. — 
v. t. To work at ; to form with toil, 
exertion, or care. 

LXb'o-ra-to-ry (50), n. [Lat. labo- 
rare, to labor.] 1. A place for oper- 
ations and experiments in chemistry, 
pyrotechny, &c. 2. A workshop. 

LA'BOR£D, a. Bearing marks of con- 
straint in execution. 

LA'BOR-ER, n. One who labors in a 
toilsome occupation. 

LA-bo'ri-ous (89), a. 1. Requiring 
or employing labor ; toilsome ; tire- 
some. 2. Diligent ; industrious. 

La-bo'ri-ous-ly, adv. With labor or 
difficulty. 

La-bo'ri-o&s-ness, n. 1. Quality of 
being laborious ; toilsomeness. 2. 
Diligence ; assiduity. 

LXb'y-rinth, n. [Gr. Aa(9v'piv0o?.] 

1. A place full of winding passages. 

2. Any thing extremely intricate. 

Syx.— Maze.— A labyrinth among the 
a icients was a building constructed with 
a multitude of winding passages, so that 
a person could hardly avoid being lost. 
Hence, figuratively, the word denotes 
any thing extremely intricate, as the 
labyrinth of the human heart. Maze (Jit., 
whirlpool) denotes the perplexity and 
confusion in which the mind is thrown 
by unexpected or inexplicable events; 
as, a maze of thought. 

LXb'Y-RINTTI'I-an, a. Winding ; in- 
tricate. 

LXb'y-rI'nth'ine, a. Pertaining to, 
or like, a labyrinth. 

La€, n. 1. [Per. laic, Skr. Ictkscha.] A 
resinous substance produced by an 
insect, mainly upon the banyan tree. 
~2. [Hind, lak, lakh, laksh, Skr. lak- 
s.'ia.] One hundred thousand ; — as, 
a lac of rupees. [East Indies.] 

LACE, n. [Lat. laqueus, noose.] 1. 
A string or cord. 2. A fabric of fine 
threads interwoven in a net. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. To fasten with a 
lace or string. 2. To adorn or deck 
with lace. 

LXC'ER-ATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING] 

[Lat. lacerare, -ratum; lacer, man- 
gled.] To tear ; to rend ; to injure. 

LXc'er-a'tion, n. 1. Act of tearing. 
2. Breach made by tearing, [erate. 

TAC'ER-A'TIVE, a. Tending to lac- 

LX^H'ES, n. [0. & Norm. Fr. lach- 
es.se, ff. Lat. laxus, loose.] (Law.) 
Negligence ; remissness. 



LX€H'RY-\iAL,a. 1. Secreting tears. 

2. Pertaining to, or conveying, tears. 
LA€H'RY-MA-TO-RY, n. [Lat. lacry- 

ma,a. tear.] A vessel found in sep- 

ulchers of the ancients, supposed to 

have held the tears of a deceased 

person's friends. 
LXch'ry-mose', a. Generating or 

shedding tears. 
Lading, n. 1. A fastening with a 

string or chord through eyelet-holes. 

2. A chord used in drawing tight or 

fastening. 
LXCK, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [0. Sw. 

lacka, to fail, lack.] To be destitute 

of; to be in need of; to want. — v. i. 

1. To be in want. 2. To be wanting. 

— n. Want; failure. — n. See LAC. 
LXck'A-DAI'sI€-AL, I a. Affectedly 
LXck/a-dai'sy, ) pensive. 
LXck'A-day', interj. [Abbrev. from 

alack-a-day.] Alas! — an expres- 
sion of sorrow and regret. 

LXck'er, n. See Lacquer. 

LXck/EY, n. [Goth, laikan, to run, 
jump.] An attending servant; a 
footman. — v. t. To attend as a 
lackey. [or brightness. 

LXck'lOs-ter, a. Wanting luster 

La-con'ic, a. Expressing much in 
few words. 

Sy.n. — Concise. — The term laconic 
is derived from the Lacones, or Spartans, 
who affected to give short, pithy answers. 
Laconic, then, implies few words; con- 
cise, only the necessary words. A work 
may be a long one, and yet the language 
be 'concise ; a reply can not be long and 
yet laconic. Laconic carries with it the 
idea of incivility or affectation; concise 
is a term of unmixed praise. 

— n. 1. A concise, sententious meth- 
od of speaking ; laconicism. 2. A con- 
cise phrase or expression. [cisely. 

La-con'i-cal-ly, adv. Briefly ; con- 

LA-CON'I-CISM, In. 1. A laconic 

LXc'o-NisMr J style. 2. A brief, 
sententious phrase. 

LXc'quer (lXk/er),n. [SeeLAc] A 
yellowish varnish, made of shell-lac 
and alcohol. - v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
varnish with lacquer. 

Lac-ta'tion, n. Act of giving suck, 
or time of suckling. 

LXc'TE-AL, a. [See infra.] 1. Per- 
taining to milk ; milky. 2. Convey- 
ing chyle. — n. An absorbent ves- 
sel, that conveys chyle from the in- 
testines to the thoracic duct. 

LXc'TE-AN, I a. [Lat. lacteus, from 

LXc'TE-ous, I lac, milk.] 1. Milky ; 
consisting of milk. 2. Conveying 
chyle. 

LAC-TES'CENCE, n. 1. Tendency to 
milk ; milkiuess. 2. Milky juice of 
a plant. 

LA€-TES'CENT, a. [Lat. lartescens, 
turning to milk.] 1. Producing milk 
or white juice. 2. Abounding with 
a thick, colored juice. 

LXc'TlC, a. Pertaining to milk; pro- 
cured from sour milk. 

LAC-TOM'E-TER, n. [Lat. lac, lactis, 
milk, and Gr. /xeVpov, measure.] 1. 
An instrument for ascertaining the 
proportion of cream in milk. 2. A 



kind of hydrometer for ascertaining 
the specific gravity of milk. 

LA-eus'TRAL, ) a. [Lat. lacus, lake.] 

La-cDs'trIne, J Pertaining to lakes 
or swamps. 

Lad, h. [A.-S. leod.] A young man, 
or boy ; a stripling. 

LXd'DER, n. [A.-S. Madder.] A 
frame of wood, rope, &c. with rounds 
forming steps. 

Lade, v. t. [imp. laded; p. ja. 
laded or laden; p. pr. & vb. n. 
LADING.] [A.-S. hladan. Cf. Load.] 
1. To load ; to freight. 2. To throw 
in or out with a ladle. 

Lad'ing, n. That which lades; a 
load or cargo ; freight ; burden. 

LA'DLE,n. [A.-S. hlddle, fr. hladan, 
to load.] 1. A cup with a long han- 
dle. 2. Float of a mill-wheel. 3. 
An instrument for drawing the 
charge of a cannon. 

La-drone', n. [Sp., fr. Lat. latro, 
servant, robber.] A pirate; hence, 
a, rascal. 

LA'DY, n. [A.-S. hlsefdige ; i. e. hlaf- 
iveardige, bread-keeper.] 1. A woman 
of social distinction or position, or 
of gentle or refined manners. 2. A 
wife. 

Our Lady, the Virgin Mary. 

La'dy-day, n. Day of the annunci- 
ation to the Virgin Mary, March 25. 

La'dy-LOVE, n. A sweetheart. 

La'dy-ship, n. Rank or position of a 
lady ; — given as a title. 

LXG, a. [Ir. lag, weak, feeble, faint 
Cf. Low.] Slow; tardy.— n. 1. One 
who lags. 2. Fag-end : rump ; low 
est class, —v. i. [-GED ; -GING. 
To walk or move slowly ; to stay be 
hind. 

Syx. — To loiter; linger; saunter; de 
lay. See Loiter. 

La'ger-BEER, n. [Ger. lager, bed 
storehouse, and bier, beer.] A Ger- 
man beer ; — stored for some months 
before use. 

LXg'gard, a. [Eng. lag.] Sluggish 
backward. — n. One who lags ; a 
loiterer. 

Lag'ger, n. A loiterer ; an idler. 

LA-GO ON', n. [Lat. laguna, from Gr. 
Aa»co5, hole, pit.] A marsh , shallow 
pond, or lake ; especially, a lake in a 
coral island. 

LA'IC. a. [Gr. Aa'tKos, from Acuk, the 
people.] Belonging to a layman or 
the laity. — «. A layman. 

LA'ie-AL, n. Sameas laic. See LAIC. 

Laid, imp. & p. p. of Lay. 

Laid paper, writing paper having C 
ribbed surface, as if inlaid with lines. 

Lain, p. p. of Lie. 

LAIR,n. [Ger. lager, couch, lair.] L 
Bed or couch of a wild beast. 2. 
Any resting-place. 

Laird, a. [Contr. from A -S. hlaford. 
See LORD.] 1. A lord. [Scot.] 2. 
A landholder under the degree of a 
knight or squire. [Scot.] 

La'i-ty, n. [See LAY, a.] The peo- 
ple, as distinguished from the clergy. 

Lake, n. 1. [Lat. lacus, A.-S. lac] A 



or, DO, -\vqlf, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, o, silent ; C, G, soft ;€,&, hard; Ag; EXIST; n as NG ; THIS- 



LAKELET 



244 



LANGUIDNESS 



/ 



large collection of water contained 
in a cavity or hollow. 2. [See Lac] 
A deep-red coloring matter. 

Lake 'LET, n. A little lake. 

La'ma, n. [Thibetan llama, chief, 
high priest,] A superior •, the name 
of a Buddhist priest in Thibet, &c. 

Lamb (lam), n. [A.-S.] The young 
of the sheep kind. 

Lamb of God (Script.), Jesus Christ, 
who was typified by the paschal lamb. 

LAM'BENT,a, [Lat. lambens, licking.] 
1. Playing on the surface. 2. Twink- 
ling or gleaming. 

Lamb'kin (lam'kin), n. A small lamb. 

Lamb"s/-W6ol, (lamz'-), n. 1. Wool 
of lambs. 2. [From the resemblance 
of the pulp to the wool of a lamb.] 
Ale mixed with the pulp of roasted 
jtpples. 

Lame, a. [-ER;-est.] [A.-S. lam.] 
1. Disabled in a limb, or otherwise 
injured. 2. Imperfect. 3. Hobbling ; 
not smooth. — v. t. [-ED ; -INS.] To 
make lame ; to cripple ; to render 
imperfect and unsound. 

LXm'EL-LAR, a. [Lat. lamella, dim. 
of lamina, plate, layer.] Composed 
of, or disposed in, thin plates, lay- 
ers, or scales. 

Lam'EL-LATE, ) a. Composed of, 

Lam'el-LA'ted, ) or covered with, 
thin plates or scales. 

LamE'LY, adv. 1. In a lame or dis- 
abled manner. 2. Weakly ; unstead- 
ily, [lame. 

Lame'NESS, n. Condition of being 

La-MENT', v. i. [Lat. lamentari.] 1. 
To weep ; to mourn. 2. To feel deep 
sorrow. — v. t. [-Ed; -ing.] To 
mourn for ; to deplore ; to bewail. — 
n. Grief expressed in complaints or 
cries ; lamentation. 

Lam'ent-a-Ble, a. 1. Fitted to 
awaken lament ; pitiable. 2. Miser- 
able ; pitiful ; low. 

LXm'ENT-A-BLY, adv. 1. With sor- 
row. 2. Pitifully ; despicably. 

LXM'EN-TA'TION, n. Act of bewail- 
ing ; expression of sorrow. 

LA-MENT'ER, n. One who laments. 

Ll.Mn-NA,n.;pl.L&M'I-NJE. [Lat.] 
1. A thin plate or scale. 2. (Anat.) 
A bone, or part of a bone, resem- 
bling a thin plate. 3. (Bot.) The 
blade of a leaf. 

LXm'i-NA-BLE, a. Capable of being 
formed into laminae. [layers. 

LXm'I-NAR, a. Consisting of thin 

LXM'I-NATE, la. Consisting of 

LXm'i-na'ted, ) plates, scales, or 
layers, one over another. 

LAM'MAS, n. [A.-S. hlammesse, hlaf- 
msesse, loaf-mass, bread-feast.] First 
dav of August. 

Lam'MER-geTr, ) n. [Ger. Vdm- 

LXm'MER-GEY'ER, J mergeier ; lam- 
mer, lambs, and geier, vulture.] A 
vulture of the Eastern hemisphere, 
having the neck covered with feath- 
ers. 

LXMP, n. [Gr. Aanurds, torch, from 
Aaju.7reiv, to shine.] A vessel for the 
combustion of inflammable liquids, 
for producing artificial light. 



4 



LXMP'-BLACK, n. A fine soot from 
the smoke of resinous substances. 

LXm'peji-eel,m. Same as Lamprey. 

Lam-poon', n. [0. Fr. tampon, a 
drinking song, fr. lampons, let us 
drink.] A personal satire in writing. 

Stn.— Satire. — The appropriate ob- 
ject of satire is found in the vices and 
follies of the times. It is usually general, 
and designed to expose and reform. A 
lampoon is a bitter personal satire, dicta- 
ted by malignant feelings, and intended 
only to distress and degrade. Most of 
the pieces published by Pope under the 
name of satires were a siring of lam- 
poons. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To abuse in 
written satire. 

Syn. — To libel; defame; slander. 

Lam-poo N'er, n. Writer of a lampoon 

LAm'PREY, n. [Lat. lampetra ; lam- 
bere, to lick, and petra, rock.] An 
eel-like fish, having a round, suck- 
jng mouth. 

La'na-ry, n. [Lat lanaria; lana, 
wool.] A store-place for wool. 

LA'NATE, la. 1. Woolly. 2. Cov- 

La'na-ted, ( ered with a substance 
like curled hairs. 

LAN^E, n. [Lat. lancea, of 
Celtic origin.] 1. A spear. 
2. A soldier armed with a 
spear ; a lancer. — v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] 1. To pierce with 
a lance. 2. To open with a 
lancet. 3. To throw, as a 
lance. 

Lan'CE-O-LATE, ) a. [Lat. 

Lan'(,e-o-la'ted, I lan- 
ceolatus ; lanceola, a little T 
lance.] Oblong and gradu- ^ ances - 
ally tapering toward the outer ex- 
tremity. 

Lan'CER, n. One who carries a lance. 

Lancet, n. [Dim. of lance.] 1. A 
surgical instrument, sharp-pointed 
and two-edged. 2. A high and nar- 
row window. 

Lanch,v.(. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. Zan- 
ceare, to wield the lance.] 1. To 
throw, as a lance ; to dart. 2. To 
pierce with, or as with, a lance. 

LXn'ci-NATE, v. t. [-ED; -ing.] [Lat. 
lancinare, -natum.] To tear; to 

LXnd, n. [A.-S.] 1. Earth, or the 
solid matter which constitutes the 
globe. 2. Any portion of the solid 
surface of the globe. 3. Ground ; 
soil. — v.t. [-ed; -ing.] To set 
on shore ; to disembark. — v. ?'. To 
go on shore ; to disembark. 

LXn'dam-mXn, n. [Ger. landamt- 
mann, land-bailiff.] A chief magis- 
trate in some of the Swiss cantons. 

LXn'dau, n. A kind of coach or 
carriage whose top may be thrown 
back ; — from Landau, in Germany. 

LXnd'ed, a. 1. Having an estate in 
land. 2. Consisting in real estate. 

LXnd'fall, n. 1. A sudden trans- 
ference of property in land by the 
death of its owner. 2. First land 
discovered after a voyage. 

LXnd'-FORCE, n. A military force 
serving on land. 



LXnd'gkave, n. [Ger. landgraf , 
land, land, and graf, earl.] A Ger- 
man nobleman of a rank correspond- 
ing to that of an earl in England 

LXnd'-hold'er, a. A holder or own- 
er of land. 

Land'ing, n. I. Act of, or place for, 
going or setting on shore. 2. Broad, 
level part of a staircase. 

LXnd'la-dy, n. 1. A woman who 
has tenants holding from her. 2. 
Mistress of an inn or lodging-house. 

Land'lock, v. t. To inclose by land. 

LXnd'lord, n. 1. An owner of land 
or houses having tenants under him. 
2. Master of an inn or lodging- 
house. 

LXnd'lub-ber, n. One who passes 
his life on land ; — so called by sea- 
men in contempt. 

LXnd'man (150), n. A man who lives 
or serves on Jand. 

LXnd'mark, n. 1. A mark to desig- 
nate the boundary of land. 2. Any 
elevated object on land serving as a 
guide to seamen. 

LXnd'-6f / fjce, n. A government 
office in which business respecting 
the public land is transacted. 

LXND's-GAPE, n. [A.-S. landscipe; 
land, land, and scipe, equiv. to Eng. 
ship.] 1. A portion of land which 
the eye can take in at once. 2. A 
picture exhibiting such a view. 

LXnd'-slide, ) n. A portion of land 

LXnd'-slIp, j sliding down from 
a mountain. 

LXnds'man (150), n. One who lives 
on the land ; — opposed to seaman. 

LXnd'-tXx, n. A tax on land and 
buildings. 

LXnd'ward, adv. Toward the land. 

Lane, n. [D. laan.] 1. A narrow or 
private passage. 2. A passage be- 
tween lines of people on each side. 

LXn'grage, ) n. Shot used at sea for 

LXn ; grel, ) tearing sails and rig- 
ging. It consists of pieces of old iron 
fastened together. 

LXn'guage (45), n. [L. Lat. langa' 
giitm, fr. Lat. lingva, tongue.] 1. 
Human speech. 2. Expression of 
ideas by signs, writing, &c. 3. Forms 
of speech peculiar to a nation. 4. 
Ideas associated with inanimate ob- 
jects. 

Sytt.— Speech ; tongue ; idiom ; dia- 
lect. —Language is generic, denoting any 
mode of conveying ideas, as the language 
of the deaf and dumb, &c ; speech is the 
language of articulate sounds; tongue is 
the Saxon ter for the language of a par- 
ticular people; as, the English tongue. 
Ldiom denotes the forms of construction 
peculiar to a language; dialects are va- 
rieties of expression which spring up in 
different parts of a country, or in differ- 
ent professions, &c. 

LXn'GUID, a. [Lat. languidvs.] 1. 
Indisposed to exertion. 2. Promot- 
ing or indicating weakness. 

Syn. — Feeble ; weak; faint ; weary. 

LXn'GUID-ly, adv. Weakly ; feebly. 

LXn'guid-ness, n. 1. Weakness from 
exhaustion of strength. 2. Slug- 
gishness ; languor. 



JL,e,i, 5,tJ, Y,tongvX,E,i, 6,U,Y,.sAor*,-cARE,FAR,AsK, all, what; ere, veil, TERM ; pique, fIrm; s6n, 



LANGUISH 



245 



LASTING 



LAN'GUISH, V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To become languid or weak. 2. To 
suffer, as from heat or drought. 3. 
To grow dull. 4. To look with soft- 
ness or tenderness. 

Syn. — To pine; wither; fade; droop. 

LXn'guish-ment, n. 1. State of lan- 
guishing. 2. Softness of mien. 

Lan'GUOR (lang'gwur), n. [Lat.] 1. 
Lassitude of body. 2. Dullness of 
the intellectual faculty. 

Syn. — Feebleness ,- weakness ; faint- 
ness; weariness; heaviness; lassitude. 

LiN'lAED (lan/yard), n. See Lan- 
yard. 

La'NI-A-RY. a. [Lat. laniarius;lanius, 
butcher.] Lacerating or tearing. 

La-nif'ER-ous, a. [Lat. lanifcr ; 
lana, wool, and ferre, to bear.] Pro- 
ducing wool. 

La-nig'er-OUS, a. [Lat. laniger ; 
lana, wool, and gerere, to bear.] 
Bearing wool. 

Lank, a. [-er ; -est.] [A.-S. hlanc] 

1. Loose, and easily yielding to press- 
ure. 2. Weak and slender ; slim. 

Lank'ness, n. Condition of being 
lank ; flabbiness. [slim. 

Lank'y, a. Somewhat lank ; slender ; 

Lan'tern, n. [Lat. lanterna.] 1. 
Something inclosing and protecting 
a light. 2. A little dome over the 
roof of a building to give light. 

Dark lantern, a lantern which may be 
closed so as to conceal the light. 

La-nu'gi-nose', ) a. [Lat. lanugi- 

La-nu'gi-nous, j nosus, fr. lana, 
wool.] Covered with fine, soft hair ; 
downy. 

Lan'yard, n. [Fr. laniere, thong.] 
A short piece of rope or line for fas- 
tening something ia ships. 

Lap, n. [A.-S. Iseppa, lappa.] 1. The 
loose part of a coat. 2. Part of the 
clothiug that lies on the knees when 
one sits down ; that part of the body 
thus covered. 3. That part of one 
body which lies upon another ; an 
edge; a border or hem. — v. t. 
[-PED; -PING.] 1. To bend and lay 
over or on. 2. I'o lick up. — v. i. 1. 
To be spread or laid on or over. 2. 
[A.-S. lap tan t lappian.] To drink by 
licking. [the lap. 

Lap'-d5g, n. A small dog fondled in 

La-pel', n. [Eng. lap.] That part of 
a coat which laps over the facing. 

Lap'ful, n. As much as the lap can 
contain. 

Lap'1-da-RY (44), n. [Lat. lapidarius, 
fr. lapis, stone.] 1. An artificer who 
cuts and poiishes precious stones. 

2. A dealer in precious stones. — a. 
Relating to the art of cutting stones. 

Lap/I-des'CENCE,?!. 1. A harden- 
ing into a stony substance. 2. A 
stony concretion. 

LXp/l-DES'CENT,a. [Lat. lapidescens, 
becoming stone.] Growing or turn- 
ing to stone. 

Lap'I-dTf'IO, ) a. [Lat. lapis, la- 

Lap'i-dif'io-al, } pidis, stone, and 
facere, to make.] Converting into 
stone. 



La-pid'i-fi-ca'tion, n. Operation 
of converting into a stony substance. 

LA-PID'I-FY, V. t. [-ED; -1NG, 142.] 
To form into stone. — v. i. To be- 
come stone or stony. 

Lap'i-dxst, n. A lapidary. 

Lap'per, n. 1. One who wraps or 
folds. 2. One who takes up with his 
tongue. 

Lap'pet, n. [Dim. of lap.] Part of a 
garment that hangs loose, [falling. 

Laps'a-BLE , a. Capable of lapsing or 

Lapse, n. [Lat. lapsus.] 1. A glid- 
ing, slipping, or gradual falling. 2. 
An error; a failing in duty. 3. 
Omission of a patron to present a 
clerk to a benefice within six months 
after it becomes void. — v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To pass slowly or silently. 
2. To commit a fault by inadvert- 
ence or mistake. 3. To pass from 
one proprietor to another, by the 
negligence or failure of some one. 

LAP'SID-ED (lop'sid-ed), a. Having 
one side heavier than the other, as a 
ship. _ 

Lap'stone, n. A stone on which 
shoemakers beat leather. 

Lap'-streak, a. Made with boards 
whose edges lap one over another. 

Lar, n.; pi. LA'REg. [Lat.] A 
household deity among the ancient 
Romans. 

Lar'BOARD (-burd), n. [Lar seems 
to be contracted from lower, i. e., 
humbler in rank.] Left-hand side of 
a ship facing tae head : port. 

Lar'ce-NY, n. [troin obs. lalroriny, 
from Lat. tatrb, a robber.] Unlaw- 
ful taking of things with intent to 
deprive theowner of the same ; theft. 

Larch, n. [Gr. 
Aapi£.] A conif- 
erous tree, hav- 
ing deciduous 




Larch. 



Lard, n. [Lat. lar- 
dum.] The fat 
of swine. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To smear or mix 
with lard ; to 
grease. 2. To fat- 
ten ; to enrich. 3. 
To interlard. 

Lard'er, n. A room where meat, 
&c.,_is kept; a pantry. 

La'res, n. pi. See LAR. 

Large, a. [-er;-est.] [Lat. lar gus.] 
Having great size; specifically, (a.) 
Wide, extensive, broad, (b.) Abun- 
dant; plentiful; numerous; popu- 
lous, (c.) Bulky; huge (</.) Dif- 
fuse, (e.) Liberal; comprehensive. 
(/.) Generous; noble. 

Syn. — Big ; capacious ; ample ; co- 
pious; diffusive. 

Large'ly, adv. In a large, abun- 
dant, or copious manner ; amply. 

Large'ness, n. State or quality of 
being large. 

Syn. — Bigness ; magnitude : bulk ; 
greatness; extent; generosity; liberality. 

Lar'gess, n. [Fr. largesse, fr. large.] 
A present ; a gift. 



LARGHETTO (lar-I^t'to), a. [It, 
dim. of iurgo, large.] (Mus.) Some- 
what slowly. 

Lar' go, a. '[It., broad, large.] (Mus.\ 
Slowly. 

Lar'i-at, n. [Sp. lariata.] Thelasso. 

Lark, n. [A.-S. Idwerce, lawerc] 1. 
A small singing-bird. 2. A frolic ; a 
jolly time. [Colloq.] — v.i. [-ED; 
-ING.] 1 To catch larks. 2. To 
make sport ; to frolic. [Colloq.] 

LXrk'spur, n. A plant with showy 
flowers. 

Lar'rup, v. t. To beat or flog. 

Lar'UM,«. [Abbrev. of alarum.] Any 
thing used forgiving an alarm. 

Lar'va, n. ; pi. lar'VjE. [Lat. ghost, 
mask.] An insect in the first stage 
after leaving the egg ; a caterpillar, 
grub, or maggot. [Larva. 

Larve, n.; pi. larves. Same as 

Lar'yn-ge'al, or La-ryn'ge-al, ) 

LAR'YN-GE'AN, or LA-RV r N'GE-AN, ) 
a. Pertaining to the larynx. 

Lar'ynx, n. [Gr. \dpvyt-] Upper 
part of the windpipe, constituting 
the organ of voice. 

Las'car, or Las-car', n. [Hind. 
lashkar.] A native sailor, employed 
in European vessels. [East Indies.] 

LAS-CiV'l-ous, a. [Lat. lasciv ia, wan- 
tonness.] 1. Loose; lewd; lustful. 

2. Tending to produce lewd emotions. 
Las-civ'i-ous-ly, adv. In a lasciv- 
ious manner. 

LAS-cfv'l-ous-NESS,n. State or qual- 
ity of being lascivious. 

Lash, n. [Ger. lasclie, latchet ; Icel. 
laska, to tear.] 1. Thong of a whip ; 
a cord. 2. A stroke with a whip or 
any thing similar. 3. A stroke of 
satire, — v.t. [-ed ; -ING.] 1. To 
strike with a lash ; to scourge. 2- 
To satirize. 3. To tie or bind with a 
cord. — v. i. To ply the whip ; to 
make a severe attack. 

Lass, n. [Contracted for laddess, f. 
of lad.] A young woman ; a girl. 

Las'si-tude (53), n. [Lat. lassitudo, 
fr. lassus, faint.] Languor of body 
or mind ; weakness ; weariness. 

Las'so, n. ; pi. LAS'sos. [Sp. lazo, 
fr. Lat. laqueus.] A ^rope or cord 
with a noose, used for catching wild 
horses, &c. 

Last (6), a. [Contr. fr. latest.] 1. 
Following all the rest ; final ; hind- 
most. 2. Next before the present. 

3. Utmost. 4. Most unlikely. — adv. 

1. The last time. 2. In conclusion. 
3. After all others, —v.i . [-ED; 
-ING.] [A.-S. leestan, to perform, 
follow.] 1. To continue ; to endure. 

2. To remain unimpaired; to hold 
out. — a. 1. [A.-S. hlsest, fr. hla- 
dan, to lade.] A certain weight or 
measure, generally estimated at 4000 
lbs. 2. Burden of a ship. 3. [A.-S. 
last, leest. See Last. v. i.] A mold 
made of wood, on which shoes are 
formed. 

Last'ing, p. a. Of long continuance. 

Syn. — Durable ; permanent. — Last- 
ing is more commonly applied to things 
abstract, which from their very nature 



or, do, wolf, TOO, TOOK ; URN, RUE, PULL ; E,l, o, silent ; 9,G, soft; €,ti,hard; A§ ; EJIST; NasNG; THIS- 



LASTINGLY 



246 



LAWLESSLY 



endure ; as, a lasting remembrance, ef- 
fect, &c. Permanent applies chiefly to 
things established, and designed to re- 
main unchanged; as, a permanent situa- 
tion, a permanent change, &c. Durable 
is applied to material substances or fab- 
rics, so far as they resist agencies which 
tend to destroy them ; as, a durable foun- 
dation, &c. 

— n. A species of Tery durable 
woolen stuff. 

3Last'ing-ly, adv. Durably. 

Last'ly, adv. 1. In conclusion. 2. 
At last; finally. 

Latch, n. [Cf. Latchet.] A small 
catch to fasten a door. — v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] To catch or fasten by means 
of a latch. 

Latch'et, n. [Dim. of latch.] The 
^tring that fastens a shoe. 

Late, a. [compare. LATER, or LAT- 
TER ; superl. latter, or last.] 
[A.-S. lat.] 1. Coming after others ; 
slow; tardy. 2. Far advanced. 3. 
Deceased; out of office 4. Recent. 

— adv. 1. After the usual or ap- 
pointed time. 2. Not long ago. 3. 
Far in the night, day, week, &c. 

Late'ly, adv. Not long ago ; re- 
cently. 

Late'ness, n. 1. State of being late 
or tardy. 2. Time far advanced. ' 

La/tent, a. [Lat. latens, lying bid.] 
Not visible or apparent ; hid ; con- 
cealed ; secret. 

Lat'er-AL, a. [Lat. lateralis ; latus, 
side.] Proceeding from, attached to, 
or directed to, the side. 

Lat'er-al-ly, adv. 1. By the side; 
sidewise. 2. In the direction of the 
side. 

Lath, n. ; pi. laths (lathz). [A.-S. 
lattu.] A narrow slip of wood to 
support plastering, &c. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To cover or line with laths. 

Lathe, n. [Allied to lath.] A ma- 
chine-tool for turning or shaping ar- 
ticles. 

Lath'er (99), v. i. [-ed;-ing.] To 
form a foam with water and soap. — 
v. I. To spread over with lather. — 
n. [A.-S. kadhor, leadhur, niter.] I. 
Foam made by soap and water. 2. 
Froth from profuse sweat, as of a 
horse. [slender. 

LATH'Y, a. Thin as a lath ; long and 

LAT'IN, a. Pertaining to the Latins, 
a people in Italy, or to their lan- 
guage ; Roman. — n. The language 
of the ancient Romans. 

Lat'in-iswi, n. A Latin idiom. 

Lat'in-ist, n. One skilled in Latin. 

La-tin'1-ty, n. The Latin tongue, 
style, or idiom, or the use thereof. 

Lat'in-ize, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] To 
turn or translate into Latin. 

Lat'ish, a. Somewhat late. 

Lat'i-tat, n. [Lat., he lies hid.] 
A writ by which a person was sum- 
moned into the King's Tench, to an- 
swer, as supposing he lay concealed. 

LAT'l-TUDE (53). n. [Lat. lat itvdo ; 
latus, broad.] 1. Extent from side 
to side ; breadth ; width. 2. Room ; 
space.- 3. Extent of signification, ap- 
plication, deviation, &c. 4. Angular 



distance of a heavenly body from the 
ecliptic. 5. Distance of any place 
from the equator. 

Lat'i-tud'i-nal, a. In the direc- 
tion of latitude. 

LAT'I-tud'i-na'ri-an, a. Lax in re- 
ligious principles or views. — n. One 
who indulges freedom in thinking ; 
one who departs from strict ortho- 
doxy. 

LAT'i-TUE^l-NA'Rl-AN-lgM, n. Free- 
dom of opinion in matters pertain- 
ing to religious belief. 

LA'TRI-A, or La-tri'a, n. [Gr. Aa- 
ipeia, from \arpeveiv, to serve.] The 
highest kind of worship, or that paid 
to God. 

Lat'ten, n. [It. latla, tin-plate.] 
Sheet tin ; also, iron plate, covered 
with tin. 

Lat'ter, a. 1. More late or recent. 
2. Mentioned the last of two. 3. 
Modern. 4. Last ; latest ; final. 

Lat'ter-ly, adv. In time not long 
past ; lately. 

Lat'tIce, n. [Fr. lattis, lath-work, 
fr. latte, lath.] Net-work made by 
crossing laths, rods, or bars. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To form into, or fur- 
nish with, a lattice. 

Laud, n. [Lat. laus, laudis.] 1. 
Praise; commendation. 2. Music or 
singing in honor of any one. — v. I. 
[-ED; -ING.] To praise in words 
alone, or with words and singing. 

LAUD'A-BLE, a. Praiseworthy ; com- 
mendable, [ness. 

Laud'a-ble-ness, n. Praiseworthi- 

LAUB'A -BLY, adv. In a manner de- 
serving praise. 

Lau'da-num, n. [Lat. ladaniim, a 
certain resinous juice.] Tincture of 
opium. [dation. 

LAU-DA'TION, n. Praise ; commen- 

Laud'A-to-ry, a. Containing or ex- 
pressing praise. — n. That which 
contains praise. 

Laugh (laf), v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
hleahhan.] 1. To express merriment 
visibly and audibly. 2. To appear 
gay. — v. t. 1. To express by laugh- 
ing. 2. To ridicule. — n. An ex- 
pression of mirth peculiar to the 
human species. 

Laugh'a-Ble (lafa-bl), a. Fitted to 
excite laughter. 

Syn. — Droll; ludicrous; comical. See 
Ludicrous. 

Laugh'a-bly (laf-), adv. In a man- 
ner to excite laughter. 

LAUGH'ER(laf / er),H. One who laughs. 

Laugh'ing-gas (lafing-), n. Nitrous 
oxide ; — so called from the laughter 
it often produces when inhaled. 

Laugh'ing-stock. (lafing-), n. An 
object of ridicule. 

Laugh'ter (lafter), n. A peculiar 
movement of the muscles of the face, 
usually attended by a sonorous and 
interrupted expulsion of air. 

Launch (66), v.t. [-ed;-ing.1 [Cf. 
LANCH.] 1. To cause to slide from 
the land into the water. 2. To throw, 
as a spear. — v. i. 1. To go forth, as 
a ship into the water. 2. To expati- 



ate in language. — n. 1. The slid- 
ing of a ship from the land into the 
water. 2. Largest boat belonging to 
a ship. 

Laun'der-er (lan'der-er), n. A man 
who follows the business of washing 
clothes. [woman. 

Laun'dress (lan'dres), n. A washer- 

Laun'dry (lan'dry), n. [0. Eng. lav- 
en dry, from Lat. lavare, to wash.] 
A place where clothes are washed. 

LAJT'RE-ATE, a. [Lat. lavrealus ; lau- 
rea, laurel-tree.] Decked or invested 
with laurel. 

Poet laureate, an officer of the king's 
household; a royal poet. [Eng.] 

Lau're-ate-ship, n. Office of a lau- 
reate. 

Lau'rel, n. [Lat. lavrus.] An ever- 
green shrub, having aromatic leaves. 
Academic honors were formerly indi- 
cated by a crown of laurel. 

LA'VA, or La'va, n. [It., fr. lavare, to 
wash.] Melted rock ejected by a vol- 
cano. 

Lav'a-to-RY, n. [Lat. lavatorium.] 
1. A place for washing. 2. A wash 
or lotion for a diseased part. 

Lave, v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] [Lat. la- 
vare.] To wash; to bathe. — v.i. 
To wash one's self. 

Lav'en-der, ii. [L. Lat. lavendula.] 
An aromatic plant. 

La'ver, 11. [Lat. lavare, to wash.] A 
vessel for washing. 

Lav'ish, n. [Eng. lave (obs.), to throw 
out, from Lat. levare, to raise.] 1- 
Expending or bestowing profusely or 
excessively. 2. Wild ; unrestrained. 
Syn. — Profuse ; prodigal ; wasteful; 
extravagant. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To expend 
with profusion. 2. To expend prod- 
igally : to squander. [pense. 

LaV'ISH-LY, adv. With profuse ex- 

Lav'ish-ment, ) n. Profusion ; prodi- 

Lav'ish-ness, ) gality. 

Law, n. [A.-S. legu, lag, lah, fr. the 
root of lay.] 1. A rule of order or 
conduct. 2. The appointed rules of 
a community or state. 3. (Nature.) 
The regular method by which cer- 
tain phenomena or effects follow cer- 
tain conditions or causes, &c. : hence, 
any force, tendency, propension, or 
instinct. 4. Established usage; a 
principle or maxim of science or art. 
5. The Jewish or Mosaic code ; hence, 
the Old Testament. 6. Litigation. 
7. Legal science ; jurisprudence. 

Syn.— Statute; common law; regula- 
tion; edict; decree. 

Lawful, a. 1. Agreeable to law; 
conformable to law ; competent ; le- 
gal. 2. Constituted by law. 

Law'ful-ly, adv. In accordance 
with law ; legally. 

LaWful-ness, ii. Quality of being 
conformable to law ; legality. 

LaWgiv-er, n. One who makes a 
law ; a legislator. 

Lawless, a. 1. Not restrained by 
law. 2. Contrary to, or unauthorized 
by, law. [manner. 

LaWless-LY, adv. In a lawless 



X, E, I, O, U, Y, long; A, E, I, 6, fj, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM ; SCN, 



LAWLESSNESS 



247 



LEARNING 



XiAWTiESS-NESS, n. Quality or state 
of being lawless. 

LAWN, n. 1. [W. llan, an open, clear 
place.] An open space covered with 
grass, generally in front of or around 
a mansion. 2. [From Fr. liuon, lawn.] 
A sort of fine lineu or cambric. 

LAWN'Y, a. 1. Level, as a plain; like 
a lawn. 2. Mide of lawn. 

Law'suit, n. A process in law to re- 
cover a supposed right ; an action. 

La\V'YER,«. One versed in the laws, 
or a practitioner of law. 

Lax, a. [-ER; -EST.] [Lit. laxus.] 
1. Not tense; flabby; soft. 2. Of 
loose textnre. 3. E isy or indulgent 
in principle-! o^ discipline. 4. Hav- 
ing too 'requent discharged. 

Lax'a-tive, a. Ilaviug the quality 
of loosening the intestines. — n. A 
gentle purgative. 

Lax'I-ty, n. Quality of being lax; 
slackness ; looseness ; openness. 

Lax'NESS, n. same as Laxity. 

Lay, imp. of Lie. 

Lay. v. t. [laid ; laying.] [A.-S. lec- 
gan.] 1. To cause to lie flat ; to put 
down; to establish. 2. To place in or- 
der. 3. To prepare ; to make re;idy. 
4. To spread on a surface. 5. To 
calm ; to allay. 6. To wager ; to 
stake ; to hazard. 7. To bring forth, 
aseggs. 8. To apply. 9. To impose, 
S3 a burden. — o. /'. To bring or 
produce eggs. — n. 1. A stratum ; a 
layer. 2. [A.-S. ley, leg'i, fr. W. Uais, 
sound, voice.] A song. 3. A species of 
narrative poetry. — a. [See LAIC] 
Pertaining to the laity •, not clerical. 

Lay figure, a figure made of wood or 
cork, in imitatiou of the human body, 
used by artists. 

Lay'er (4), n. 1. One who, or that 
which, lays. 2. That which is laid; 
as, (a.) A stratum ; a course, as of 
bricks, &c. (6.) A shoot of a plant, 
laid under ground for growth. 

LAY/MAN (150), n. One of tin- people, 
in distinction from the clergy ; some- 
times, a man who does not belong to 
^rae of the other learned professions. 

La'ZAR,«. [From Lazarus. See Luke, 
xvi.] A person infected with a pes- 
tilential disease. 

Laz'a-ret', ) n. A pest-house for 

LXz'A-RET'TO, 1 diseased persons. 

LA'ZAR-HOUSE . /?.. A lazaretto ; also, 
.a hospital for quarantine. 

Laze, i\ i. [See Lazy.] To live in 
idleness. 

LA'ZI-LY, adv. In a lazy nrinner. 

La'ZI-NESS, n. State or quality of 
being lazy ; habitual sloth. 

La'zy, a. [-ER; -est, 142.] [0 II 
Ger. laz, weary, lazy, fr. lazan. to 
leave, cease.] 1. Naturally or habit- 
ually slothful. 2. Moving slowly ; 
sluggish. 
Sy.v. — Idle ; indolent; slothful. 

Laz'ZA-ro'nI.h.;^. [It.] (Naples.) 
The po >r who live by begginsr, or 
who have no permanent habitation. 

LEA, n. [A.-S. leag, leah.] A mea- 
dow ; a field. 



Leach, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [See in- 
fra.] To wash, as ashes, by causing 
water to pass through them. — v. i. 
To pass through by percolation. — 
n. [A.-S. Uak. See Lye.] Wood- 
ashes, through which water passes, 
and thus imbibes the alkali 

LEAD (led), n. [A.-S] 1. A well- 
known metal. 2. An article made 
of lead; as, (a.) A plummet, (b.) 
A thin plate of type-metal, to sepa- 
rate lines in printing, (r. ) A small 
cylinder of plumbago in pern iis ('/.)j 
(pi.) Sheets of lead used as a cover- 
ing for roofs; hence, a roof so cov-; 
ered.— v. t. [-ed; -ing] 1. To: 
cover with lead. 2. To widen, as the 
space between lines, by inserting 
leads. 

Lead, o. t. [led; leading.] [A.- 
S. Isedati ] 1. To show the way to ; 
to conduct or guide. 2. To guide by 
the hand, as a child or animal. 3. 
To govern. 4. To precede. 5. To! 
pass ; to spend. 6. To cause to 
spend. — v. i. 1. To go before and 
show the way. 2. To conduct. 3. 
To put forth, or exercise, an influ-j 
ence. — n Precedence; guidance. | 

LEAD'EDtled'ed),/;. a. 1. Fitted with 
lead , set in lead. 2. Separated by 
leads, as the lines of a page. 

Lead'en (led'n), a. 1. Made of lead. 
2. Heavy; dull. 

Lead'er, n. One who, or that which, 
leads or conducts ; a guide ; a con- 
ductor; a chief; the principal edito- 
rial article in a newspaper. 

Lead'er-ship, n. Command ; guid- 
ance ; lead. 

Lead'ing-^ p. a. Chief ; principal ; 
most influential. 

Lead'ing, n. Lead, or sheets or ar- 
ticles of lead collectively. 

Lead'ing-strings_, n. pi. Strings 
by which children are supported 
when beginning to walk. 

Lead'-pen'^il, n. An instrument 
for drawing, made of black lead. 

Leaf (149), n. [A.-S. leaf, Icel. laitf, 
Goth, laufs.] 1. One of the princi- 
pal parts or organs of vegetation. 2. 
Something which folds, bends over, 
or otherwise resembles a leaf; as, (a.) 
A part of a book containing two 
pages, (b.) A side, or part, as of fold- 
ing-doors, a table, &c. (c.) Avery 
thin plate, as of gold. — v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To shoot out leaves. [Hage. 

Leaf'age, n. Leaves collectively ; fo- 

Leaf'-br'idge, n. A drawbridge 
Jiaving a platform on each side. 

Leaf'-bld, n. Rudiment of a young 
branch, or a growing point covered 
with rudimentary leaves. [leaves. 

Le af'i-ness, n. State of being full of 

L.:af'less, a. Destitute of leaves. 

.. af'let, n. 1. A little leaf. 2. 
One of the divisions of a compound 
leaf. [of leaves. 

Leaf'y, a. [-ER ; -EST, 142.] Full 

League, n. [Lai. ligare, to bind.] 
1. A combination of two or more 
parties for promoting their mutual 
interest ; alliance ; coalition. 2. A 



national compact. 3. [Low Lat. lega, 
of Celtic origin.] A measure of dis 
tance, equal to three geographical 
miles, — v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
unite in a confederacy ; to confed- 
erate, [ate. 

LEAG'UER (leeg'er,) n. A confeder- 

Leak, n. 1. A crack or hole, that 
permits a fluid to -jnter or escape. 
2. The oozing of a fluid through a 
crack, or hole. — v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] 
[Icel. Icka, to drop ; A.-S. leccan, to 
wet.] To let any liquor in or out 
through a hole or crevice. 

LEAK/AGE, n. 1. A leaking; quan- 
tity that enters or issues by leaking. 
2. Allowance for the leaking of cask?. 

Leak'i-ness, n. State of being leaky. 

Leak'y, a. [-er; -est, 142.] 1. Per- 
mitting a fluid to leak in or out. 2. 
_Apt to disclose secrets ; tattling. 

Lean, v. i. [leaned, sometimes 
LEANT, LEANING.] [A.-S. hlinian, 
linian.] 1. To deviate from a per- 
pendicular position. 2. To incline 
in opinion or desire. 3. To bend. — 
v. t. To cause to lean ; to support or 
rest. — a. [-ER ; -EST.] [A.-S. liene.] 

1. Wanting in flesh. 2. Deficient in 
good qualities ; bare ; barren. 3. 
Barren of thoughts. 

Syx. — Slender; spare; thin; meager; 
lank; gaunt; jejune. 

— n. That part of flesh which con- 
sists of muscle alone. 

Lean'ness (109), n. Condition of 
being lean ; hence, poverty ; want. 

Lean'-to, n. A building whose raft- 
ers lean against another building 
or against a wall. 

Leap, v. i. [leaped, rarely leapt ; 
LEAPING.] [A.-S. hleapan.] 1. To 
spring from the ground ; to jump ; 
to vault. 2. To make a sudden 
jump; to bound. 3. To manifest 
joy or vivacity. — v. t. 1. To pass 
over by leaping. 2. To copulate 
■with. — n. 1. Act of leaping. 2- 
^pace passed by leaping. 

Leap'-frog, n. A play among boys. 

Leap'-year, n. Bissextile; every 
fourth year, which gives to February 
29 days. 

LEARN (14). V. t. [LEARNED, or 

learnt ;'learning.] [A.-S. leor- 
nian, liornian.] 1. To acquire new 
ideas from or concerning. 2. To 
acquire skill in any thing. 

Stx. — To tench ; instruct: inform. — 
Zeani originally had the sense of teach. 
This usage lias now passed away. To 
learn is to receive, and to teach is to give 
instruction, lie who is taught learns, 
not lie who teaches. 

— v. i. 1. To receive information. 

2. To gain or receive knowledge. 
LEarn'ed (60), a. 1. Yersedin litera- 
ture and science. 2. Well acquaint- 
ed with arts; skillful. 3. Containing 
or exhibiting learning. 

Learn'ed-ly, adv. With learning. 

LEarn'er, n. One who learns, or is 
disposed to learn. 

LEARN'ING (lem'ing), n. 1. Knowl- 
edge received by instruction or 



I 



OR, DO, WC-LF, TOO, took; URN, rue, PULL; E, I, O, silent : $,Gr,soft; €,g, hard; A§; EXIST; Na-sNG; this. 



LEASE 



248 



LEGITIMATE 



2. Knowledge acquired by 
experience or observation. 

Syn. — Literature ; erudition ; lore ; 
scholarship: science ; letters. See Lit- 
erature. 

Lease, n. 1. A letting of lands or 
tenements to another for hire. 2. 
Contract for such letting. 3. Any 
tenure by grant or permission. — v. 
t. [-ED; -ING.] [Fr. laisser, to 
leave, transmit, from Lat. laxare, to 
loose.] To grant temporary posses- 
sion of to another, for rent ; to let. 

Lease'hold, a. Held by lease. — n. 
A tenure held by lease. 

LEASH, n. [Lat. laxa (sc. rest is), a 
rope.] 1. A thong of leather, or long 
line. 2. (Sporting.) A brace and a 
half; three creatures. 3. A band to 
tie any thing. 

Least, a. [A.-S. last, latest, super!, 
of lassa, compar. of lyte.l, little.] 1. 
Smallest ; little beyond others. 2. 
Of the smallest worth or importance. 

— adv. In the smallest or lowest 
degree. 

LEAYH'ER,*?. [A.-S. ledhe r.] 1. Skin 
• of an animal dressed for use. 2. 
Dressed hides collectively. 

Leath'er-bress'er, n. One who 
dresses leather; one who prepares 
hides for use. [leather. 

Leath'ern, a. Made or consisting of 

Leat-h'er-y, a. Resembling leather ; 
_tough. 

LEAVE, n. [A.-S. leaf.] 1. Liberty 
granted ; allowance. 2. A formal 
parting of friends ; farewell. 

Syn. — Liberty; permission; license. — 
Leave denotes that he who obtains it 
may decide whether to use it or not; lib- 
erty, that all obstructions in the way of 
his using it are removed and set aside. 
Permission implies a formal consent 
given by one who had the right to refuse 
it. License denotes that this consent ex- 
tends to a mode of acting for which spe- 
cial permission is required. 

— V. t. [LEFT ; LEAVING.] 1. To 
depart from. 2. To forsake ; to aban- 
don ; to relinquish. 3. To suffer to 
remain. 4. lo give by will; to be- 
queath. 5. To intrust. 6. To refer. 
7. To cease from ; to forbear. 

Syn. — Toquit; commit; give; desist. 

— v. i. 1. To cease; to desist. 2. 
[Eng. leaf.] To put forth leaves. 

LEav'-EN, n. [Fr. levain, fr. lever, to 
raise.] 1. A mass of sour dough for 
producing fermentation in a larger 
quantity. 2. Any thing which makes 
a general change in the mass. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To excite fermenta- 
tion in. 2. To taint ; to imbue. 

Leav'jejv-ing, n. That which leav- 
ens or makes light. [offal. 

LEAV'INGg, n. pi. Things left ; refuse ; 

LECH'ER, ii. [0. Fr. leckrrre, lecheur.] 
A man given to lewdness. — r. ?'. 
[-ED ; -ing.] To practice lewdness ; 
to indulge lust. 

Lech'er-oiis, a. Lustful; lewd. 

LECH'ER-OUS-EY, ativ. Lustfully ; 
Jewdly. [lust. 

LECH'ER-Y, n. Free indulgence of 

LEC'TION, n. [Lat. lectio, from legere, 



to read.] A difference in copies of a 
manuscript or book. 
Lec'tion-A-ry, n. The Roman Cath- 
olic service-book. 
Lect'URE (lekVyur, 53), n. [L. Lat. 
ledum, from legere, to read.] 1. A 
formal discourse on any subject. 2. 
A formal reproof. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] 1. To instruct by discourses. 
2. To instruct authoritatively ; to re- 
prove. — v. i. 1. To read or deliver 
a formal discourse. 2. To praetice 
reading lectures for instruction. 

LE€T'UR-ER, n. One who reads or 
pronounces lectures. [urer. 

Lect'ure-shTp, 11. Office of a lect- 

Lec'TURN, ii. [Lat. lectrinum, lert- 
rum,fv. legere, to read.] A reading- 
desk, in churches. 

Led, imp. & p. p. of Lead. 

Ledge, n. [A.-S. bicgan, liagan, to 
lie.] 1. A shelf, or that which re- 
sembles one. 2. A ridge of rocks 
near the surface of the sea. 3. A 
small molding. 

Ledg'er, n. [A.-S. leger, a lying 
down, a couch.] A book in which a 
summary of accounts is laid up or 
preserved. _ [line. 

Ledg'er-line, n. See Leger- 

Lee, n. 1. (pi. Leer.) [Lat. levare, 
to lift up, raise.] Sediment, d-egs. 
2. [A.-S. hleo, hleow, shelter, refuge.] 
A place defended from the wind ; 
hence, side toward which the wind 
blows. — a. Pertaining to the side 
opposite to that against which the 
wind blows. 

Leech, n. [A.-S. Isece, Irce, physician, 
leech.] 1. A doctor of medicine ; a 
physician. 2. An aquatic sucking 
worm ; a blood-sucker. — v. t. 1. To 
heal. 2. To bleed by the use of leeches. 

LEEK,n. [A.-S. ledc.] A plant hav- 
ing succulent and edible ieaves. 

Leer, v. i. [-ED; -ing.] To look 
obliquely. — n. [A.-S. hleor, hlear, 
cheek, face.] 1. An oblique view. 
2. An affected cast of countenance. 

Lees,?/. See Lee. 

Lee'ward (or hVard), a. Pertaining 
to, or in the direction of, the part 
toward which the wind blows. — adv. 
Toward the lee. 

Lee'way, n. Lateral movement of a 
ship to the leeward of her course. 

Left, imp. & p. p. of Leave. — a. 
[Prob. allied to 0. Sax. ICf weak, in- 
firm.] On the side of the part opposed 
to the right of the body. — n. 1. Side 
opposite to the right. 2. (Legisla- 
tive Bodies.) Left side of the speak- 
er's chair, where the opposition usu- 
ally sits. 

Left'-hand'ed, a. Having the left 
hand more strong and dexterous 
than the right. 

Leg, 7i. [Icel. leggr.] 1. Limb of an 
animal supporting the body. 2. 
That which resembles a leg in form 
or use. 

Leg'A-cy, n. [Lat. legatum ; legare, 
to bequeath as a legacy.] A gift, by 
will, of personal property ; a bequest. 

Le'GAL, a. [Lat. legalis ; lex, law.] 



1. According to, or relating to, law 

2. Lawful, permitted by law. 3. Ac- 
cording to the Mosaic dispensation. 

LE-GAL'I-TY, n. State of being legal: 
conformity to law. 

LE'GAL-IZE v.t. [-ED; -ING] To 
make lawful. [lawfully. 

LE'GAL-LY, adv. According to law ; 

LEg'ATE. n. [Lat. legatus, fr. legare, 
to .-end with a commission.] An em- 
bassador or envoy. 

Leg'A-tee', n. One to whom a leg' 
acy is bequeathed 

Leg''ate-suip, ii. Offi>e of a legate. 

LEG'A-T)NE,«. Pertaining to a legate. 

Le-ga'tion,«. 1 The sending forth 
of a legate. 2. An envoy, and the 
pei sons associated with him. 3. Of- 
ficial lesidence of a diplomatic min- 
ister eta fonign court. [a hg«cy. 

LeG'A-TOR', n One who bequeathes 

Leg'-BAIL, n. Flight. [Colioq.] 

To give ley-bail, to escape from cus- 
tody and run away. 

Le'gend. or LEg'end, n. [Fr. ; Lat. 
legmdus, to be read, fr. legere, to 
read.] 1. A register of the lives of 
saints. 2. Any remarkable story 
handed down from earh times ; or, 
less exactly, any story. 3. A motto 
iuscribed. 

Leg'end-A-ry (110), a. Consisting 
of legends: strame; fabulous. 

Leg'er-de-main', n. [Fr. leger, 
light, nimble, de, of, and main, 
hand.] A trick pei formed with 
adroitness; sleight of hand 

Leg'erLIne. (Mus.) A lii:e added 
above or below the staff to extend its 
compass. [in composition. 

Legged (60), a. Having legs ; — used 

Leg'gin, ) n. A cover for the 

LEG'GING, i leg, [being legible. 

Leg'I-B1L'I-TY,»?. Quality orstat'eof 

LEG'I-BLE, a. [Lat. legibitis, from 
legere, to read.] Capable of being 
read, discovered, or understood. 

LEG'I-BEY, a^r. So as to be read. 

LE'GION (le'jun), n. [Lat. legio, fr. 
legere, to collect.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) 
A body of infantry, consisting of 
from three to live thousand men 2. 
A military force. 3. A multitude. 

Le'gion-a-ry, a. Relating to, or 
consisting of, a legion, or legion--. 

LEG'IS-LATE, '('.?'. [-ED; -ING ] [Lit. 
lex, legis, law, and ferre, laivm, to 
bear, propose.] To enact laws. 

LEG'IS-LA'TION, n. Act of legislat- 
ing, or enacting laws. 

Leg'is-LA'ti ve , a. Pertaining to the 

enactment of laws. 
Leg'is-L-A/tor, n. A lawgiver; one 
who makes laws for a state. 

Leg'js-eat'ure (-lat/yur, 53), n. The 
body of men iu a state that make 
and repeal the laws. 
Le-git'i-MA-cy, ii. 1. Accordance 
with law. 2. Lawfulness of birth. 
3. Genuineness, or reality. 4. Log- 
ical validity. 
Le-git'i-mate (45). a. 1. Accordant 
with law. 2. Lawfully begotten. 3. 
Genuine ; real. 4. Following by 
logical or natural sequence. 



A., E, i, o,v,Y, long; A,E,I, 6, 0, 



CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TiRM J PIQUE, FlSEIj £CI!, 



LEGITIMATE 



249 



LEVEL 



GE-GPT'I-MATE, v. t. f-ED ; -ING.] 
[L. Lat. legitimare , -matum , fr. Lat. 
lex, law] 1. To make lawful ; to 
legalize. 2. To render legitimate. 

Le-git'i-mate-ly, adv. Lawfully; 
genuinely. 

Le-GI't'i-ma'tion, n. Act of render- 
ing legitimate. 

Le-git'i-jvia-tist, n. Same as Le- 
gitimist. 

Le-git'i-mist, n. An adherent of 
divine or hereditary rights. 

Leg'ume, or Le-gume', n. [Lat. 
legmnen.] 1. A pod splitting into 
two valves. 2. pi. Fruit of plants 
of the pea kind ; pulse. 

Le-gu'.mi-nous, a. Pertaining to, or 
consisting of, pulse. 

LEI'SURE (15'zhur).n. [Fr. ;Lat. Ucere, 
to be permitted.] 1. Freedom from 
occupation or business ; vacant time. 
2. Convenient opportunity. 

Lei'sure-LY (15'zhur-), a. Deliberate ; 
slow. — adv. In a deliberate man- 
ner ; slowly. 

Lem'ma. n.; Lat. pi. lem'ma-ta ,• 
Eng.pl. LEM'M.vs [Or. Arj/u.ju.a, any 
thing received, an assumption.] An 
auxiliary proposition demonstrated 
for use in the demonstration of some 
other proposition. 

LEM'ON, n. [Turk. Ihnhn, Ar. laim- 
ton.] 1. A roundish acid fruit re- 
sembling the orange. 2. The tree 
that produces lemons. 

Lem'on-ade', v. Lemon-juice and 
water sweetened. 

Lend, v. t. [lent ; lending.] [A.- 
S. Isenan.] 1. To grant for tempo- 
rary use ; to loan. 2. To afford ; to 
furnish. 3. To let for hire or com- 
pensation. 

Lend'er, n. One who lends ; espe- 
cially, one who makes a business of 
lending money. 

Length, n. [A.-S. lengdh, fr. lang, 
long.] 1. Longest measure of any ob- 
ject. 2. A superficial measure. 3. A 
determined portion of time ; long con- 
tinuance. 4. Detail or amplification. 

Lengthen, v. t. [-eo; -ing.] 1. 
To extend in length ; to make longer. 
2. To protract. 3. To draw out iu 
pronunciation. — v. i. To grow 
longer. [of the length. 

Le.\gth'whe, adv. In the direction 

LENGTH'Y, a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] Ha v- 
iug length ; very long ; prolix. 

Le'NI-ENCE, )n. Lenity; clemen- 

Le'ni-en-CY, / cy. 

Le'NI-ENT, a. [Lat. leniens, soften- 
ing, fr. lenis, soft.] 1. Softeniug; 
mitigating. 2. Mild ; clement ; mer- 
ciful. — n. That which assuages ; 
an emollient. 

Le'ni-ent-ly, adv. In a lenient 
manner. 

Len'i-tive, a. Softening or mitigat- 
ing pain; emollient. — n. A medi- 
cine or application that eases pain. 

Len'I-ty, n. [Lat. lenitas; lenis, soft, 
mild.] Mildness of temper ; gentle- 
ness of treatment. 

Syn. — Gentleness: kindness: tender- 
ness ; softness ; humanity : clemency. 





Lens, n. [Lat. lens, 
lentil, on account 
of the resemblance 
of shape.] A glass 
with two opposite 

. regular surfaces, 
used for magnifying 
objects, or other- 
wise modifying vis- 
ion. 

LENT, n. [A.-S. leng- 
ten,tencten, perh.fr. 
lencgan, to lengthen, 
because .at tliis season 
lengthen.] A fast of forty days, be- 
ginning with Ash Wednesday and 
continuing tiu Easter. 

L£NT'£N, a. Pertaining to Lent ; 
used in Lent ; hence, spare, plain. 

LEN-Tl€'U-LAR, a. [Lat. lenticularis. 
See LENS.] 1. Resembling a lentil 
in size or form 2. Having the form 
of a double convex lens. 

LEN'TIL, n. [Lat. lenticula, dim. of 
lens, lentil.] A leguminous weed, 
the seed of which is used for food. 

Lfo-NlNE,a. [Lat. leoninus; leo, 
lion.] Belonging to, or like, a lion. 

LEOP'ARD (lt-p'- 
ard), n. [Gr. 
AeoxrapSo? , from 
AeW, lion, and 
7rap6os, pard.] A 
carnivorous 
mammal of a yel- Leopard, 

low color, with black spots along the 
back and sides. 

LEP'ER, n. [Gr. AeVpa, leprosy, fr. 
Aen-pos, scaly.] A person affected 
with leprosy. 

LEP'o-RlNE,or Lep'o-rine, a. [Lat. 
leporinus; lepus, hare.] Pertaining 
to, or like, a hare. 

Lep'ro-sy, n. [See Leper.] A cu- 
taneous disease with scaly spots, 
usually of a white color. 

LfiP'ROtrs, a. Infected with leprosy. 

Le'sion, n. [Lat. Isesio, fr. Izdere, to 
hurt.] A hurt : an injury ; a wound. 

Less, a. [A.-S. lassa, m., lasse, Land 
neut., for lasra, lasre.] Smaller; not 
so great. — adv. Not so much; in 
a smaller degree. — n. 1. A smaller 
portion. 2. The inferior or younger. 

Les-see', n. One to whom a lease is 
given. 

Less'en, v. t. 1. To make less or 
smaller in bulk, size, quantity, num- 
ber, &c. 2. To diminish in quality 
or degree. 3. To reduce indiguity. 
Syx. — To abate; decrease ; lower ; 
impair; degrade. 

— v.i. [-ED; -ING.] To become 
less ; to be diminished ; to decrease. 

LESS'ER, a. [A.-S. Idssa, lasse, for 
lasra, lasre. See Less, a.] Less; 
smaller. 

LES'SON(leVn), n. [Fr. le$on, Lat. lec- 
tio.] 1. Any thing' read or recited to a 
teacher. 2. That which is learned. 
S. A portion of Scripture read in di- 
vine service. 4. Reproof; rebuke. 

Les'sor, n. One who leases. 

LEST, conj. [A.-S. last, leastly. See 
Least.] That not ; for fear that. 



LET, V. t. ]. [LET; LETTING.] [A.-S. 
Imtun.] To give leave; to withhold 
restraint ; to permit ; to allow ; to 
suffer. 2. To grant use for a com- 
pensation ; to lease. 3. [A.-S. let ian, 
lettan, fr. lat, late.] To retard ; to 
hinder. — n. A hindrance; impedi- 
ment; delay. 

Letch, v. t. See Leach. 

Le'THAL, a. [Lat. lethalis; lethum, 
death] Deadly; fatal. 

Le-thar'gic, I a. 1. Given to 

LE-THXr'GI€-AL, J lethargy ; drow- 
sy. 2. Pertaining to lethargy. 

LETH'AR-GY,?!. [Gr. kriOapyCa ; A.17- 
flapyos, iorgetful.] 1. Morbid drow- 
siness. 2. Dullness ; inaction. 

Le'THE, n. [Gr. At?0t>, lorgetfulness.] 
1. ( Gr. Myth.) One of the rivers of 
hell, which caused forgetfulness to 
those who drank of it. 2. Oblivion ; 
a draught of oblivion. [ness. 

Le-the'an, a. Inducing forgetful- 

LE-THlF'ER-OUS, a. [Lat. let/lifer; 
lethum, death, and ferre, to bear.] 
Deadly ; bringing destruction. 

LET'TER, n. [Lat. liltera, litera.] 1. 
An alphabetic character. 2. A writ- 
ten message ; an epistle. 3. The 
literal statement. 4. A printing 
type, or type collectively. 5. pi. 
Learning; erudition. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To impress or form letters on. 

Let'terbd, a. 1. Educated. 2. Be- 
longing to learning. 3. Furnished 
or marked with letters. 

LET'TER-ING, n. 1. Act of impress- 
ing letters. 2. The letters impressed. 

Let'ter-press, n. Print; reading 
matter, in distinction from plates or 
engravings. 

LET'TUCE (let/tis), n. [Lat. lactuca, 
fr. lar, milk, on account of its milky 
juice.] A plant, the leaves of which 
are used as salad. 

Le'vant, a. Eastern. 

Le-vant', n. [Fr. levant, from lever, 
to raise.] The countries which are 
washed by the eastern part of the 
Mediterranean. 

Le-vant'er, n. A strong easterly 
wind in the Mediterranean. _ 

Le-vant'ine, or Lev'ant-ine, a. 
Pertaining or belongiug to the Le- 
vant. — n. 1. A native of the Le- 
vant. 2. A kind of silk cloth. 

Lev'ee, n. [Fr. levee, from lever, to 
raise.] 1. A morning assembly of 
visitors ; also, a miscellaneous gath- 
ering of guests, usually in the even- 
ing. 2. A bank along a river, to 
prevent inundation. 

LEVEL, a. 1. Even ; fiat. 2. HorU 
zontal. 3. Even with anything else. 
4. Equal in rank or degree. — v. t. 
[-ED.-ING; or -LED. -LING, 137.] L 
To make even. 2. To make horizon- 
tal. 3. To reduce or bring to the 
same height with something else ; to 
lay flat. 4. To reduce to equality of 
condition. 5. To point, in taking 
aim. — 71. [A.-S. Isefel, fr. Lat. li- 
bella, dim. of libra, balance, level.] 
1. A line or plane, everywhere par- 
allel to the surface of still water. 2. 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK ; fjRN, RUE, PULL ; e, I, G, cilent ; C, G, soft; €, 5, hard ; A£ ; EXIST ; N 05 NG ; THIS. 



LEVELER 



200 



LIBRATIO^ 




A smooth or a horizontal line or sur- 
face. 3. Equal elevation with some- 
thing else. 4. Line of direction in 
which a weapon is aimed. 5. An in- 
strument by which to find a hori- 
zontal line. 6. Rule ; plan ; scheme 

LEv'EL-ER, In. 1. One who levels. 2. 

Lev'el-ler,) One who would destroy 
distinctions, and reduce to equality. 

LEVELING, hi. 1. Reduction of 

Lev'EL-LING, ) uneven surfaces to a 
level. 2. Operation of ascertaining 
the differences of level between differ- 
ent points of the earth's surface in- 
cluded in a survey. 

Lfi'VER, or 

Lev'er, n. 
[Fr. levier, fr. 
lever, to raise] 
A bar used to 
exert a press- 
ure, or sustain Lever. 
a weight, at one point of its length. 

LEV'er-age (110), n. Mechanical 
advantage gained by the use of a 
lever. 

LE-vi'A-THAN, n. [Heb. livyathan.) 
A large sea-animal, described in Job 
xli. and thought to be the whale. 

Lev'I-gate, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
levigare, -gatum; levis, smooth.] 1. 
To grind to a fine powder. 2. To 
polish. [of levigating. 

LEV'I-GA'TION, n. Act or operation 

Le'VITE, n. {Jewish Hist.) One of 
the tribe of Levi employed in duties 
connected with the temple. [vites. 

LE-VIT'I€-AL, a. Relating to the Le- 
Levitical degrees, degreesof relation- 
ship within which marriage is forbidden. 

Lev'I-ty, n. [Lat. levitas; levis, 
light in weight.] 1. "Want of weight 
in a body ; lightness. 2. Buoyancy ; 
hence, frivolity ; vanity. 3. Want 
of seriousness. 

Syn. — Inconstancy; thoughtlessness; 
unsteadiness ; ineonsideration ; volatil- 
ity; flightincss. — Levitt/, volatility, and 
flightincss relate to outward conduct. 
Levity springs from a lightness of mind 
which produces a disregard of the pro- 
prieties of time and place. Volatility 
is a degree of levity which causes the 
thoughts to fly from one object to anoth- 
er, without resting on any for a moment. 
F7ightinei*s is volatility carried to an ex- 
treme which often betrays its subject 
into gross impropriety or'wcakness. 

LEVY, v,. t. [-ed : -ing, 142.] [Fr. 
lever.] 1. To raise; to collect; — 
said of troops. 2. To raise or collect 
by assessment. — n. 1. Act of levy- 
ing or taking by authority or force 
for public service, as troops, taxes, 
&c. 2. That which is levied. 3. A 
small coin, or its value, being 12£ 
cents. [Local. Amer.] 

JLewd (lud), a. [-ER; -EST.] [A.-S. 
Iseived, lewd, belonging to the laity.] 
1. Eager for sexual indulgence. 2. 
Proceeding from unlawful lust. 

Syn. — Lustful ; libidinous; licen- 
tious ; profligate ; dissolute ; sensual ; 
unchaste ; lascivious ; lecherous. 

Lewdly (lud'ly), adv. Lustfully. 
LEWD'NESS (lud'nes), n. Unlawful 
indulgence of lust ; iasciviousness. 




Lewis (H'h), I n. An 
LEW'is-son, ) iron 

clamp do*e-tailed into 

a large stone to lift it 

by- 

LEx'l€-AL,a. Pertain- 
ing to a lexicon, or to 
lexicography. 

LEX'I-COG'RA-PHER, 

n. [Gr. Ae£i/co-ypa</>os ; I-ewis. 
ke^tKov, dictionary, and ■ypa^eiv, to 
write.] Author or compiler of a dic- 
tionary. 

Lex'I-€o-graph'I€, ) a. Pertain- 

LEX'I-^o-GRAPH'ie-AL, ] ing to lex- 
icography. 

LEX'I-€OG'ra phy, n. Art of com- 
posing dictionaries. 

LEX'I-eoL'O-GY, n. [Gr.Ae|tKos, re- 
lating to words, and Aoyos, discourse.] 
Science of the derivation and signifi- 
cation of words. 

Lex'I-€ON, n. [Gr. Ke^Kov (sc. j3t/3Ai- 
6v ), fr. Ae'£i?, speech.] A dictionary ; 
a word-book. 

Ley'den-jar ) (li'dn- or la/dn-), 

Lev'den-phi'al J n. A glass jar 
used to accumulate electricity ; — in- 
vented iu Leyien. 

LPA-BIL'I-TY, n. 1. State of being 
liable or bound ; responsibility. 2. 
Tendency. 3. pi. That which one is 
imder obligation to pay ; debts. 

Ll'A-BLE, a. [From Lat. ligare, to 
bind.] 1 Obliged in law or equity ; 
answerable. 2. Exposed; — used 
with reference to evils. 

Syn. — Subject.— Liable denotes some- 
thing external which may befall us ; sub- 
ject refers to evils which arise chiefly 
from internal necessity, and are likely to 
do so. Hence the former applies more 
to what is accidental, the latter to things 
from which we often or inevitably suffer. 

Liaison (le'a zong'), n. • [Fr., from 
Lat. ligare, to bind.] A secret, illicit, 
intimacy between a man and woman. 

Ll'AR, n. [Eng. lie .] One who know- 
ingly utters falsehood ; one who lies. 

Ll-BA'TION, n. [Lat. libatio; libare, to 
pour out as an offering.] An offer- 
ing of wiue in honor of some deity. 

Ll'BEL, n. [Lat. libellvs; dim. of liber, 
a book ; libellus famosus, a defama- 
tory book or pamphlet.] 1. A pub- 
lished defamation. 2. A written 
d> claration by a plaintiff of his cause 
of action, and of the relief he seeks. 
— V.t. [-ED, -ING ; or -LED, -LING, 
137] 1 To defame, or expose to pub- 
lic contempt. 2. To proceed against by 
filing a libel, as against a ship or 
goods. 

Li'bel-ANT, { n. One who insti- 

Li'bel-lant, ) tures a suit in an ec- 
clesiastical or admiralty court. 

Ll'BKL-ER, IB. One who libels or 

Ll'BEL LEU, ) delames. 

Li'bel-oDs, (a. Relating to a libel ; 

Ll'BEL Lous. ( def marory. 

Lis ER-AL, a. [Lat. liberalis ; liber, 
free ] 1. Bestowing with a free 
hand. 2. Not narrow or contracted 
in mind ; catholic. 3. Bestowed 
with a free hand ; not confined or re- 
stricted. 4. Not bound by established 



tenets in politics or religion ,• evinc- 
ing, or caused by, such a spirit. 

Syn.— Generous. — Liberal is free- 
born, and ger.erous is high-born. ' The 
former is opposed to the ordinary feel- 
ings of a servile state, and implies large- 
ness of spirit in giving, judging, acting, 
&c. The latter expresses that nobleness 
of soul which is peculiarly appropriate 
to those of high rank — a spirit that goes 
out of self, and finds its enjoyment in 
consulting the feelings and happiness of 
others. Generosity is measured by the 
extent of the sacrifices it makes ; liberal- 
ity, by the warmth of feeling which it 
manifests. 

— n. One who advocates greater free- 
dom, especially in politics or religion. 

LIb'ER-AL-IS_M, n. Liberal principles 
or feelings. 

Lib^er-ae'i-ty, n. 1. Munificence ; 
bounty. 2. A donation ; a gratuity. 
3. Largeness of mind ; candor ; im- 
partiality._ 

Lib'er-al-ize, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To render liberal ; to free from nar- 
row views or prejudices. 

LiB'ER-AL-LY, adv. In a liberal man- 
ner: generously; freely. 

LlB'ER-ATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
liberare, -ratwn ; liber, free] To re- 
lease from restraint or bondage. 

Lib'er-a'tion, n. Act cf delivering, 
or state of being delivered, from re- 
straint. 

LlB'ER-A/TOR, n. One who liberates. 

Lib'er-tine, ii. [Lat. I ibcrtinus ; li- 
ber, free.] One who leads a disso- 
lute, licentious life ; a rake ; a deb- 
auchee. — a. Dissolute; licentious. 

LlB'ER-TIN-l^M, 11. Conduct of a lib- 
ertine ; debauchery ; licentiousness. 

LlB'ER-TY, n. [Lat. libertas; liber, 
free.] 1. Ability to do as one pleases ; 
freedom from restraint. 2. Per- 
mission granted ; leave. 3. Privilege ; 
immunity. 4. Place within which 
certain privileges are enjoyed. [Eng.] 

Syn. — Freedom. — Liberty and free- 
dom, though often interchanged, are dis- 
tinctin someoftheirapplications. Liberty 
has reference to previous restraint, free- 
dom to the simple, spontaneous exercise 
of our powers. A slave is set at liberty; 
his master had always been in a state of 
freedom. A prisoner under trial may 
ask liberty (exemption from restraint) 
to speak his sentiments with freedom 
(the spontaneous and bold utterance of 
his feelings). 

Li-B'id'i-nous, a. [Lat. libidinosus ; 
libido, pleasure, lust.] Eager for 
sexual indulgence. 

Syn.— Lewd : lustful ; lascivious ; li- 
centious ; lecherous. 

LT'BRA,n. [Lat.] The balance ; the 
_seventh igu iu the zodiac. 

Ll-BRA'RI-AN, n. [Lat. librarivs, 
bookseiier, liber, book.] One who 
has the care of a library. 

LI'BRA-RY, n. [Lat. librarivm, book- 
case.] 1. A collection of books. 2. 
An edifice or r.n apartment for a col- 
lection of books. 

Ll'BEATE, v. I. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
librare, -bratuvi ; libra, a balance.] 
To poise ; to balance. — v. i. To os- 
cillate ; to be poised. 

LT-BRA'TION, n. 1. Act of balancing ; 



A, E, I, O, U, Y, long; A, B, I, 5, U, Y, Short; CARE, EAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TlRM ; PIQUE, FIRM; SON, 



LIB11AT0RY 



251 



LIGHT-INFAXTRY 



equipoise. 2. {Astron.) A real or ap- 
parent libratory motion, like that of 
3 balance. 

Li'BRA-TO-RY (50), a. Balancing ; 
moving like a balance. 

LI-BRET'TO, n. ; pi. LI-ERET'TOS. 
[It.] A book containing the words 
of an opera, or the words themselves. 

ZiCE, n. ; pi. of Louse. 

Ll'CENSE, n. [Lat. licentia, fr. licere, 
to be permitted.] 1. Authority 
given to do or forbear any act. 2. 
Document by which a permission is 
conferred. 3. Excess of liberty : ex- 
orbitant freedom. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] 1. To permit by grant of au- 
thority. 2. To tolerate; to permit. 

Ll'CEN-SEE', 7i. One to whom a li- 
cense is given. [mission. 

Ll'CENS-ER, n. One who grants per- 

Ll-CEN'TI-ATE (95), >i. One who has 
a license to exercise a profession. 

Ll-rEN'TIOUS, a. 1. Using license ; in- 
dulging excessive freedom. 2. Unre- 
strained by law or morality ; disso- 
lute. 

Li-cen'tioos-ly, adv. In a licen- 
tious manner : dissolutely. 

Li-cen'tioCs-ness, n. State of be- 
ing licentious ; dissoluteness. 

Ll'CHEN (ll'ken or llch'en), n. [Gr. 
KeiXW-} 1- A cellular, flowerless 
plant. 2. A cutaneous eruption. 

LICK, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. lic- 
cian.] 1. To draw the tongue over. 

2. To lop ; to take in by the tongue. 

3. To Hog; to beat; to whip. — n. 
1. A blow ; a stroke. {Colloq.) 2. 
A place where salt is deposited from 
springs, resorted to by animals. 
[Western Slates.] 

Lick'er-ish. a. [Cf. Lecher.] 1. 
Dainty. 2. Eager to swallow or 
taste. 3. Tempting the appetite. 

LtCK'ING, n. A flogging or castiga- 
Jion. [Low.] [site. [Loiv.] 

Lick'-spit'TLE, 11. An abject para- 

Lle^O-RiCE, n. [Gr. y\vKvppi£a ; y\v- 
tus, sweet, and pi£a, root.] A plant 
the root of which abounds with a 
sweet juice, from which a dark-col- 
ored extract is obtained. 

Ll€'TOR, n. [Lat.] (Rom. Antiq.) An 
officer who bore an ax and fasces. 

Lid, n. [A.-S. /did, hlldan, to cover.] 
1. A cover of a vessel or box. 2. 
Cover of the eye ; eyelid. 

Lie, n. 1. An intentional violation of 
truth. 2. Any thing which mis- 
leads or disappoints. 

Syx. — Untruth; falsehood. —A man 
may state what is untrue from igno-ance 
or misconception; hut to say lie lirs is 
to charge him with the highest dishonor. 
Hence, the word untruth is sometimes 
used as a softened expression when we 
do not wish to m ike the charge of lying 
in the grossest form. 

—ft. i. 1. [LIED ; LYING.] [0. 

Eng. lee, A.-S. leogan.] To utter 
falsehood with an intention to de- 
ceive. 2. [lay; lain; lying.] 
[A.-S. lirgan, ligean, liggan, Goth. 
lignn, Icel. liggia.] To be in a hori 
zontal position, or nearly so. 3. To 
be situated. 4. To remain. 5. To 



belong ; to consist. 6. To lodge ; to 
sleep. 7. To De capable of being 
maintained. 

Syn. — To lay. — Lay is a transitive 
verb, and has for its preterit laid ; as, he 
told me to lay it down, and I laid it 
down. Lie is intransitive, and has for 
its preterit lay; as, he told me to lie 
down, and I lay down. Some persons 
blunder by using laid for the preterit of 
lie ; as, he told me to lie down, and I laid 
down. So persons often say, the ship 
laid at anchor; they laid by "during the 
storm ; the book laid on the shelf, &c. 
It is only necessary to remember, in all 
such cases, that laid is the preterit of lay, 
and not of lie. 

Lief, adv. [A.-S. le.6f, dear. See 
Love.] Gladly; willingly; freely; 
— used in the phrase, " had as lief.''' 

Liege, a. [Prob. fr. Ger. ledig, free 
from bonds.] 1. Bound by a feudal 
tenure; subject. 2. Sovereign. — n. 
1. One who owes allegiance ; a vas- 
sal. 2. A lord or superior. 

Ll'EN (Ic'erx or IVeu), n. [Lat. liga- 
mtn; Ugare, to bind.] A legal 
claim ; a charge on property to satis- 
fy _some debt. 

Lieu(1u),m. [Fr.,fr.Lat. locus, place.] 
Room ; stead. 

Lieu-ten'an-cy (lu- or lef-), n. Of- 
fice or commission of a lieutenant. 

LIEU-TEN'ANT (la- or lef-), n. [Fr., 
fr. lieu, place, and tenant, holding.] 
1. An officer who supplies the place j 
of a superior in his absence. 2. (a.) 
A commissioned officer in the army, 
next below a captain. (b.) A com- 
missioned officer in the navy, next 
below a commander. 

Lieu-ten'ANT-SHIP (1Q- or lef-), n. 
The same as LIEUTENANCY. 

Lieve. a. Same as Lief. 

Life, n.; pi. lives. [A.-S. Uf. See 
Live.] 1. Animate existence; vi- 
tality. 2. Present state of existence. 
3. Manner of living ; conduct. 4. 
Animation ; vivacity. 5. A human 
being. 6. Biographical narration. 
7. Happiness in the favor of God. 

LlFE'-ELOOD (-blud), n. 1. The 
blood necessary to life. 2. That which 
jrives strength and energy. 

LlFE'-BOAT, n. A boat constructed 
lor preserving lives in cases of ship- 
wreck or other disaster. 

Life'-es-TATE', n. An estate dur- 
ing the life of the possessor. 

LlFE'-GUARD, n. A body-guard. 

Life'less, a. 1. Dead ; deprived or 
destitute of life. 2. Destitute of 
power, vigor, or spirit. 

Syx.— Dead : inanimate ; dull. — In 
a moral sense, lifeless denotes a want of 
vital energy ; inanimate, a want of ex- 
pression as to any feeling that may be 
possessed; dull implies a torpor of soul 
which checks r.ll mental activity; dead 
supposes a destitution of feeling. 

Life'less-LY, adv. Tn a lifeless 
manner. 

LlFE'-PRE-SERV'ER, it. An appara- 
tus for preserving life in cases of 
shipwreck. 

LlFE'-TlME, n. Duration of life. 

Lift, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [0. H. 
Ger. luflan, fr. Goth. Ivftus, air.] 1. ! 



To raise ; to elevate. 2. To exalt; 
to improve in estimation or rank. 
3. To elate. 4. To remove by steal- 
ing. — v. i. 1. To try to raise some- 
thing heav v. 2. To rise ; to seem to 
rise— n. 1. Act of lifting. 2. That 
which is to be lifted. 3. Assistance 
in lifting. 4. An elevator ; a lifter. 

LlG'A-MENT, n. [Lat. ligamentum ; 
Ugare, to bind.] 1. Any thing that 
ties or unites ; a bond. 2. A strong 
substance, serving to bind one bone 
to another. 

LlG'A-MENT'AL, ) a. Of the nature 

Li'g'a-ment'ous, j of, or compos- 
ing, a ligament. 

Ll-GA'TION, n. [Lat. ligatto.] 1. 
Act of binding, or state of being 
bound. 2. Bond; ligature. 

LlG'A-TURE (53), n. [Lat. iigatura; 
Ugare, to bind.] 1. A band or band- 
age. 2. Act of binding. 3. State of 
being bound. 4. A line connecting 
notes. 5. A type consisting of two 
_or more letters united. 

LIGHT (lit), n. [A.-S. leoht,lyht.] 1. 
That agent or force by the action of 
which objects are rendered visible. 
2. That which gives light, or renders 
objects distinct, as the sun, a candle, 
&c. 3. Enlightenment ; instruction ; 
information. 4. Point of view, or 
position in which any thing is seen. 
5. One who is noteworthy. — a. 1. 
[-er; -est.] Not dark or obscure ; 
bright. 2. White or whitish. 3. [A.- 
S. liht. leoht, lehl.] Having little 
weight; not heavy. 4. Easy to be 
lifted or performed, &c. 5. Active ; 
nimble. 6. Slight ; trifling. 7. Not 
violent; moderate. 8. Inconsiderate; 
volatile. 9. Trifling ; gay ; airy. 10. 
"Wanton ; uuchaste. — v.t. [-ED 
(sometimes, but less properly, lit) ; 
-ING.] 1. To set fire to ; to kindle. 
2. To give light to 3. To attend or 
conduct with a light. — v. i. [A.-S. 
llhtan, to raise, lighten, aliktan, to 
leap out.] 1. To happen to find ; to 
fall. 2. To stoop from flight. 3. To 
_alight. 

Lighten (hVn), v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] 
1. To burst forth or dart, as light- 
ning; to flash. 2. To grow lighter. 
— v. t. 1. To make light or clear ; 
to illuminate ; to enlighten. 2. To 
illuminate with knowledge. 3. To free 
from trouble and fill witli joy. 4. [A.- 
S. lihtan, to lift, gelihtan, to allevi- 
ate.] To make lighter, or less heavy. 
5. To make less burdensome or afflict- 
ive. 6. To cheer ; to exhilarate. 

Light'er (llt'er), n. 1. One who 
lights. 2. A large, open boat or 
barge, used in lightening or unload- 
ing ships. 

Light'er-MAN (\\V . 150), n. A man 
who manages a lighter ; a boatman. 

LlGHT'-HEAD'ED (lit'-), a. 1. Dizzy; 
delirious. 2. Thoughtless ; volatile. 

Light'-house (lit'-), n. A tower 
with a powerful light at top, to serve 
as a guide to mariners at night. 

LlGHT'-IN'FANT-RY (lit'-), n. Troops 
trained for rapid evolutions. 



OR, do, wolf, too, TOOK; urn, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; C, G, soft; €,Gr,hard; A§ ; EX.IST ; N as NG ; T21S- 



LIGHTLY 



252 



LINIMENT 



LlGHT'LY (llt/ly), adv. 1. With little 
weight. 2. Without deep impression. 
3. Without reason, or for reasons of 
little weight. 4. Nimbly ; with agil- 
ity. 5. With levity ; without heed. 

Light'ness (lhVnes), n. 1. Want of 
weight. 2. Inconstancy ; unsteadi- 
ness. 3. Levity ; lewdness. 4. Agil- 
ity ; nimbleness. 

LlGHT'NING (llt'ning), n. [For light- 
ening, fr. lighten.] A discharge of 
atmospheric electricity, accompanied 
by a flash of light. 

LIght'ning-Rod (lit'-), n. A metallic 
rod erected to protect buildings from 
lightning. 

Lights (lits), n. pi. [From their light- 
ness.] Lungs of brute animals. 

LlGHT'SOME (llt'sum), a. Luminous. 

Lig'ne-ous, a. [Lat. ligneus, from lig- 
num, wood.] Made of, or resembling, 
wood ; woody. 

LiG'NI-FORM, a. [Lat. lignum, wood, 
and forma, form.] Resembling wood. 

LIg'NI-FY, V. t. [-ED; -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. lignum, wood, and facere, to 
make.] To change into wood. — v. i. 
To become wood. 

Lig'nine, n. An essential constit- 
uent of the woody fiber in plants. 

LiG'NITE, n. Mineral coal retaining 
the texture of the original wood. 

Lig'num- VV TjK, n. [Lat. , wood of 
life] A tree and its very hard wood, 
which is used for various purposes. 

Like, a. [-er ; -est.] [A.-S. lie, 
gellc, fr. lie, body, kind, form.] 1. 
Equal in quantity, quality, or degree. 
2. Nearly equal ; similar. — Had like, 
had nearly ; came little short of. — 
n. 1. A counterpart ; an exact copy. 
2. A liking; inclination. — adv. 1. 
In a like manner. 2. In a manner 
becoming. 3. Likely ; probably. — 
v. t. [-ED; -TNG.] To be pleased 
with in a moderate degree ; to enjoy. 
— v. i. 1. To be pleased; to choose. 
2. To come near. 

Like 'li-hood, n. Appearance of 
_truth or reality ; probability. 

LlKE'LY,a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] [That 
is, like-like.] 1. Worthy of belief; 
probable. 2. Having or giving rea- 
son to expect. 3. Of honorable or 
excellent qualities. 

Lik'.en, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To rep- 
resent as similar ; to compare 

LlKE'NESS, a. 1. State of being like ; 
resemblance. 2. A portrait of a per- 
son ; a copy or counterpart. 

Like'wtje, conj. In like manner; 
also ; moreover ; too. 

Lik'ing. n. 1. Inclination; pleas- 
ure. 2. Appetency. 

Ll'LAC, n. [Turk, leilak.] A well- 
known flowering shrub. 

LhVi-pu'tian, a. 1. Pertaining to 
the imaginary island of Liliput de- 
scribed by Swift, or to its pigmy in- 
habitants. 2. Hence, diminutive ; 
dwarfed. [plant and its flower. 

LlL'Y, n. [Lat. lilivm.] A bulbous 

LiMB(llm), n. [A.-S. Urn.'] 1. An ex- 
tremity of the bodv. 2. Branch of 
a tree. 3. Any thing regarded as a 




Limber. 



part or member of something else. 
4. Border or edge of the disk of the 
sun or moon. 

Syn. — Member. — A member of the 
body is any part capable of performing 
a distinct office, as the eye, ear, &c; a 
limb (as shown above) is one of the ex- 
tremities ; hence the term is restricted 
to the legs and arms. So, in reference to 
public bodies, we speak of their ■members, 
though an attorney is sometimes sport- 
ively called a "■limb of the law." 
— v.t. 1. To supply with limbs. 2. 
To tear off the limbs of. 

Lim'ber, a. [Eng. limp, a.] Easily 
bent ; flexible ; pliant. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To attach to a limber. — n. 
Forward part of a 
gun-carriage, to 
which the horses 
are attached. 

Lim'bo, n. [Lat. 
Urn bus, border, 
edge.] 1. (Scho- 
lastic Theol.) A region bordering on 
hell. 2. Any place of restraint or 
confinement. 

Lime, n. 1. [A.-S. Ihn.] A viscous 
substance for catching birds. 2. The 
white substance obtained from lime- 
stone, &c, by heat. 3. The linden- 
tree. [See Linden.] 4. [Per. limn.] 
A fruit allied to the lemon. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. To smear with a 
viscous substance. 2. To entangle ; 
to insnare. 3. To manure with lime. 
4. To cement. 

LlME'Kl'LN (llm/kll), n. A kiin in 
which limestone or shells are burnt 
to make lime. 

Lime 'stone, n. A kind of stone 
from which lime is obtained. 

LIM'IT, n. [Lat. limes, limit-is.] 1. 
Bound, border, or edge. 2. A dis- 
tinguishing characteristic. 3. A de- 
terminate quantity, to which a varia- 
ble one continually approaches, but 
can never go beyond it. 

Syx. — Boundary. — A limit is a pre- 
scribed termination; a boundar;/ is some- 
thing which binds or hems us in. " Prov- 
idence," says Johnson, "has fixed the 
limits of'human enjoyment by immova- 
ble boundaries." 



— v. I. [-ed; 

bounds to. 2. 

certain bounds, i 
Lm'IT-A-BLE, a. 

limited. 
Li'M'IT-A-RY, a. 



-ING.] 1. To set 

To confine within 

5. To define exactly. 

Capable of being 

1. Placed at the 
2. 



limit or boundary, as a guard 
Confined within limits. 

LiM/lT-A'TION, n. 1. Act of bound- 
ing. 2. Condition of being limited. 
3. Hence, restraining conditions ; de- 
fining circumstances. 

LlM'IT-ED, a. Narrow; circumscribed. 

Lim'it-less, a. Having no limits ; 
boundless. 

LiMN (lim), v..t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Fr. en- 
luminer, to illuminate.] To draw or 
paint; especially, to paint in water- 
colors. 

LfM'NER, n. One who limns ; a por- 
trait or miniature painter. 

Limp, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Allied to A.- 
S. lam, lame.] To halt; to walk 



lamely, — n. A halt; act of limp, 
ing. — a. Lacking stiffness ; flexible. 

LlM'PET, n. [Gr. AeTras, AeirraSos.] 
A certain univalve shell ; also, a cer- 
tain fresh-water mollusk. 

LlM'PlD, a. [Lat. limpidus.] Clear 
and transparent, or nearly so. 

Lim-pid'I-ty, ) n. State or quality 

LlM'PID-NESS, ) of being limpid. 

LiM'Y, a. Covered with, containing, 
or resembling, lime. 

LlNCH'PlN, n. [A.-S. lynis, axle-tree.] 
A pin to keep a wheel from sliding 
off the axle-tree. 

LIN'DEN, n. [A.-S. lind.] 1. A hand- 
some tree, common in Europe. 2. In 
An: erica, the bass-wood. 

Line, n. [Lat. lined, a linen thread, 
string, line.] 1. A slender cord. 2. 
An extended stroke. 3. Exterior 
limit of a figure : contour ; outline. 
4. A row ; a continued series. 5. A 
short letter ; a note. 6. Course of 
conduct, thought, or occupation. 7. 
An established arrangement for for- 
warding merchandise. 8. The equa- 
tor. 9. Regular infantry of an army. 
10. Twelfth of an inch. —v. t. [-ed; 
-ing.] 1. To mark out or cover with 
lines. 2. To cover the inside of. 

LI'n'e-age, n. [Lat. Iwea, line.] 
Race ; progeny ; descendants. 

LTn'e-AL (124), a. [Lat. linealis ; linen, 
line.] 1. Composed of lines. 2. De- 
scending in a direct line from an an- 
cestor ; hereditary. 

Lin'e-AL-ly, adv. In a direct line. 

LlN'E-A-MENT, n. [Lat. lineamen- 
tam ; tinea, line.] The outline; 
feature ; form. 

LlN'E-AR, a. [Lat. linearis.] Per- 
taining to a line ; consisting of lines ; 
in a straight dheetion. 

LlN'EN, n. [A.-S. I'm, flax, line n, made 
of flax.] 1. Thread or cloth made 
of flax or hemp. 2. Under-clothing. 
_ — a. Made of, or resembling, linen. 

LiN'ER,n. A vessel belonging to a 
regular line of packets. 

LlNG,n. [From A.-S. lang, long.] A 
marine fish, something like the cod. 

LlN/GER, V. i. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. 
lengra, compar. of lang, long.] 1. 
To delay ; to loiter. 2. To be in 
suspense ; to hesitate. 3. To remain 
long in any state. 

Syx. — To lag; saunter; tarry; stop. 

Lin'GeR-ING, n. Tardiness; protrac- 
tion . — a. Protracted. 

LlN'GO, n. [Lat. lingua, tongue, 
speech.] Language; speech. 

LlN/GUA-DENT'AL, a. [Lat. lingua, 
tongue, and dens, tooth.] Formed 
by the tongue and the teeth or gum. 

LiN'GUAL (ling'gsval), a. [Lat. lingua, 
tongue.] Pertaining to the tongue. 

Lin'guist (ling/gwist), n. One skilled 
in languages. 

Lin-GuTst'I€, a. Relating to linguis- 
tics, or to the affinities of languages. 

LlN-GUisT'l€S, n. sing. The science 
of languages. 

LlN'I-MENT, n. [Lat. linimenturn ; 
linire, to besmear.] A species of soft 
ointment. 



A, £, l, o,fj, y, long; A. fi. I, 6, 0, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK; ALL, what; ERE, VEIL, t£rm; PIQUE, FIRM; son, 



LINING 



253 



LITTER 



LINING, n. Inner covering of any 
thing. 

Link, n. [Icel. hleckr, chain, Ger. 
lenken, to bend.] 1. A siugle ring 
of a chain. 2. Any thing like a link. 
3. Any constituent part of a con- 
nected series. 4. Length of one 
joint of Gunter's chain, being 7.92 
inches. 5. [Allied to Gr. Avxvos, light, 
lamp.] A torch made of tow and 
pitch. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
complicate. 2. To connect by means 
of something intervening. 

Link'BOY, n. A boy who carried a 
link or torch to light passengers. 

LlN-N^E'AN, I a. Kelating to Linna> 

Lin-ne'an, ) us, the celebrated nat- 
uralist, or to his system of botany. 

LlN'NET, n. [Lat. linum, flax, on the 
seeds of which it feeds.] A small 
European singing-bird. 

LlN'SEED, n. [Eng. line, lint, flax, 
and seed.] Flax-seed. 

LiN'SEY-w r obL/SEY, n. 1. Made of 
linen and wool. 2. Stuff made of 
linen and wool mixed. 

LlN'STO€K, n. [Ger. lunt en stock.] A 
staff to hold a lighted match in fir- 
ing cannon. 

Lint, 11. [A.-S. linet, flax, hemp.] 1. 
Flax. 2. Linen raveled, or scraped 
for dressing wounds and sores. 

LlN'TEE, n. [Lat. lintellus, from Lat. 
limen, threshold.] A horizontal 
piece over a door, window, &c. 

Ll'ON,ra. [Gr. AeW.] 

1. A carnivorous 
mammal found in 
Asia, and all over 
Africa. 2. A sign 
in the zodiac. 3. 
An object of inter- 
est and curiosity. Lion. 

Li'on-ess, 11. A female lion. 
Li'on-ize, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 

treat as a lion, or object of interest. 
LIP, n. [A.-S. lippa, allied to Lat. 

labium.] 1. The exterior of the 

mouth. 2. The edge of any thing. 

-v. t. [-ped ; -ping.] To touch 

with the lips ; hence, to kiss. 
LIp'O-gram, n. [Gr. kelireiv, to omit, 

and ypdnna, letter.] A writing in 

which a particular letter is wholly 

omitted. 
Ll-POTH'Y-MY, n. [Gr. KinoOvixla..] 

A fainting ; a swoon. 
LIp'pi-ttIde (53), n. [Lat. lippitudo.] 

SorenesB of eyes. 
Ll-QUA'TION, n. 1. Act of melting. 

2. Capacity of being melted. 3. Pro- 
cess of separating an easily fusible 
metal from one less fusible. 

LIq'ue-fag'tion, n. 1. Operation 
of melting or dissolving, &c. 2. 
State of being melted 

LIq'ue-fi'a-bee, a. Capable of be- 
ing melted. 

Liq'ue-fy (-we-), v. t. [-ed; -ing, 
142.] [Lat. liquefacere ; liquere, to 
be liquid, and facere, to make.] To 
melt ; to dissolve ; to melt by heat 
alone. — v. i. To become liquid. 

Ll-QUES'CEN-CY, ». Aptness to melt. 

Ll-QUES'^ENT, a. [Lat. liquescens, 




becoming liquid.] Tending to be- 
come liquid. 

LIQ'UID (Hk'widj, a. [Lat. liquid us ; 
liquere, to bo fluid.] h Having liq- 
uidity. 2. Flowing smoothly or 
easily. 3. Pronounced without jar 
or harshness. — n. 1. A fluid not 
aeriform. 2. A letter which has a 
smooth, flowing sound, as /, m, n, r. 

LlQ'UI-DATE,7j.*. [-ED;-1NG.] [LOW 
Lat. liquidate, 'datum.] 1. To make 
liquid. 2. To settle ; to pay. 

LiQ'Ul-DA'TlON, n. Act of liquidat- 
ing, or settling and adjusting debts. 

Ll-QUip'I-TY,ra. State of being liquid ; 
fluidity ; agreeableness of sound. 

LlQ'UOR (llk'ur), n. [Lat.] 1. Any 
liquid substai-cc. 2. Alcoholic or 
spirituous fluid. 

Li'Q'uoR-i^E (lik'ur-), n. See LICOR- 
ICE. 

Lisp, v. 7. [-ED; -ing.] [A.-S. ivlisp, 
stammering, lisping.] 1. To give 5 
the sound of th. 2. To speak imper- 
fectly. — v. t. To pronounce with a 
lisp. — 7i. Habit or act of lisping. 

List, n. [A.-S. list, 0. H. Ger. 1'isla.] 
1. Outer edge or selvage of cloth. 2. 
A limit or boundary. 3. A roll or 
catalogue, that is, a row or line. 4. 
(Arch.) A little square molding. 5. 
[L. Lat. Heine, fr. Lat. licium, thread.] 
A line inclosing a field of combat. 
6. An inclination to one side. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To cover with a 
fist. 2. To enroll; to enlist. 3. To 
listen to. — v.i. 1. To enlist. 2. 
[A.-S. lystan, lustan. See LUST.] 
To lean ; hence, to desire. 3. [See 
Listen.] To hearken ; to listen. 

List'.en (ITs'n), v. i. [-ed; -ing.] 
[A.-S. hlystan.] 1. To attend closely 
so as to hear ; to hearken. 2. To 
obey. [ens. 

LKst'£N-er (Hs'n-), n. One who list- 

LisT'L,Ess, a. Not listening or attend- 
ing ; indifferent to what is passing. 

LlST'EESS-LY, adv. Without atten- 
tion ; heedlessly. [what is passing. 

LlST'LESS-NESS, n. Indifference to 

LlT'A-NY, n. [Gr. AiTaveux; Airavev- 
eii>, to pray.] A solemn form of sup- 
plications for mercy and deliverance. 

LlT'ER-AL, a. [Lat. literalis ; litera, 
a letter.] 1. According to the let- 
ter; not figurative. 2. Following 
the exact words ; not free. 3. Con- 
sisting of, or expressed by, letters. 

LlT'ER-AL-LsM, n. A mode of inter- 
preting literally. 

Lit'er-al-ist, n. One who adheres 
to the letter or exact word. 

LlT'ER-AL-LY, adv. 1. According to 
the primary import. 2. Word by 
word. 

LlT'ER-A-RY (44), a. [Lat. literarius.] 
Pertaining to, or acquainted with, 
literature. 

LlT'ER-ATE, a. Learned; lettered. 

LiT'ER-A'Tl.n. pi. [Lat.] Learned 
men ; men of erudition. 

LiT'ER-A' TIM, adv. [Low Lat.] Let- 
ter for letter. 

LlT'ER-A-TURE (53), n. [Lat. litera- 
tura; litera, a letter.] 1. Learning ; 



acquaintance with letters or books. 
2. Literary productions collectively, 
o. Writings distinguished for beauty 
of sty le or expression, as poetry, es- 
says, or history. 

Syx. — Science; learning ; erudition; 
belles-lettres. See Sciesce. — A man 
of literature is one who is versed in the 
oellen-letlres ; a man of learning excels 
in what is taught in the schools, and has 
a wide extent of knowledge, especially 
in respect to the past; a man of erudv 
lion is one who is skilled in the more rec- 
ondite branches of learned inquiry. 

LlTH'ARGE, 71. [Gr. Aiflapyvpos; \C- 
0os, stone, and apyupos, silver. 1 Pro- 
toxide of lead, produced by exposing 
melted lead to a current of air. 

LlT-HE,a. [A.-S. lidhe.] Pliant ; flexi- 
ble ; limber. 

Litme'ness, n. State of being lithe- 

LiT«E's6lviE,a. Pliant ; limber. 

LiTii'ie, a. [Gr. Ai0ik6s ; A<.0os, stone.] 
Relating to the stone in the bladder. 

LlTH'O-GRAPII, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Gr. Ai'0os, stone, and ypd<f>eiv, to 
write ] To trace on stone, and trans- 
fer to paper by printing. — n. A 
print from a drawing on stone. 

Li-th6g'ra-pher, ii. One who prac- 
tices lithography. 

Lith'o-graph'ic, 1 a. Relating to 

Lith'o-grXph'ic-al, j lithography. 

Li-THOG'RA-PHY, n. Art by which 
prints are obtained by a chemical 
process, from designs made on stone. 

Li-tii6l'o-gy, n. [Gr. Ai'0o?, stone, 
and Aoyos, discourse.] 1. The science 
which treats of rocks. 2. A treatise 
on stones found in the body. 

Li-tiiot'o-mi'st, n. One who cuts 
for the stone in the bladder. 

Li-tii6t'o-my, n. [Gr. Ai0oTop.ux ; 
Ai'0o?, stone, and top-tj, a cutting.] 
Operation, art, or practice of cutting 
for the stone in the bladder. 

LIth'o-trip/sy, n. [Gr. Ai'0o?, stone, 
rpti/'t?, a rubbing.] Operation of tri- 
turating the stone in the bladder. 

LI-THOT'RI-TY, 7i. [Gr. Ai'0os, stone, 
and Lat. terere, tritum, to grind.] 
Operation of breaking a stone in the 
bladder into small pieces. 

LIt'i-gant, a. Disposed to litigate ; 
engaged in a lawsuit. — n. One en- 
gagedin a lawsuit. 

Lit'i-gate, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
litigare, -gatum; lis, contest, and 
agere, to carry on.] To contest in 
law. — v. t. To carry on a suit by 
judicial process. 

Lit'i-ga'tion, 7i. A suit at law. 

Ll-TIG'ioDs (-tj'us), a. Contentious; 
fond of litigation. 

Li-tig'ious-ness (-tij'us-), n. Dispo- 
sition to engage in lawsuits. 

LlT'MUS, 7t. [H. Ger. lackmus; lack, 
lacker, and mus, pap.] A purple dye, 
which turns blue with alkalies and 
red with acids. 

LlT'TER, n. [Low. Lat. lectaria ; Lat. 
lectus, couch.] 1. A bed that may 
be easily carried about. 2. A coarse 
bed of straw or hay for animals ; al- 
so, a covering of straw for plants. 3. 
A confused mass of objects little val- 



or, DOjWQL^TOOjTCTbK; URN, rue, pull ; e,i,o, silent; q, 6, soft; €,&,hard; as_ ; exist; ^ as ng; this. 



LITTERATEUR 



254 



LOCATION 



ued; rubbish. 4. The number of pigs 
or kittens, &c, boru at once. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ing.] 1. To put into a disor- 
dered condition. 2. lo give birth to. 

Litterateur (15-ta/ra-tfir'), n. 
[Fr.] A literary man. 

LlT'TLE, a. [less; LEAST.] [A.-S. 
lytel, UteL] 1. Small in size or ex- 
tent ; diminutive. 2. Brief; short. 
3. Small in quantity or amount. 4. 
insignificant ; contemptible. 5. 
Slight ; inconsiderable. — n. A small 
quantity, amount, or space. — adv. 
In a small quantity or degree ; not 
much. 

Lit'TLE-ness, n. State or quality of 
being little. 

IA't'TO-ral, a. [Lat. littoralis, fr. lit- 
tus, the sea-shore.] Belonging to a 
shore, as of the sea. 

Ll-TfjR'Gl€, 1 a. Pertaining to a 

Ll-TUR'GI€-AL, ) liturgy. 

LlT'UR-GY, n. [Gr. AetTovpyCa, public 
worship ; Aeiros, public, and epyeiv, 
to work.] Established formulas or 
entire ritual for public worship. 

Live (liv), v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
libban, lifian.] 1. To have life. 2. 
To pass one's life or time as to hab- 
its or constitution. 3. To abide; to 
reside. 4. To remain ; to last. 5. 
To feed ; to subsist. 6. To acquire 
a livelihood. — v.t. 1. To spend, as 
one's life. 2. To act habitually in 
conformity to. 

LIVE, a. 1. Having life. 2. Full of 
earnestness ; active ; wide awake. 3. 
Ignited. 

Live'li-hood, n. Means of living. 

Live'li-ness, n. State of being lively. 

2. Effervescence, as of liquors. 
Syx. — Sprightliness; gayety; anima- 
tion ; vivacity; smartness ; briskness ; 
activity. — Liveliness is an habitual feel- 
ing of life and interest ; gayety refers 
more to a temporary excitement of the 
animal spirits ; animation implies a 
warmth of emotion and a. corresponding 
vividness of expressing it, awakened by 
the presence of something which strong- 
ly affects the mind; vivacity is a feeling 
between liveliness and animation, hav- 
ing the permanency of the one, and, to 
some extent, the warmth of the other. 

Live'long, a. Long in passing. 
Live'ly, a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] 1. 

Endowed -with or manifesting life ; 

living. 2. Brisk ; vivacious ; active. 

3. Gay ; animated. 4. Representing 
' life ; life-like. 5. Bright ; vivid ; 

glowing. — adv. With strong re- 
semblance of life. 

Liv'ER, n. 1. One who lives. 2. A 
resident. 3. An eater or provider of 
food, &c. 4. [A.-S. lifer.] The larg- 
est gland of the body. It secretes 
the bile. 

LIv'er-wort (-wfirt), n. A plant 
between the lichens and mosses, 
found in moist places, on rocks, &c. 

LIv'ER-Y, n. [0. Fr. livree, a thing 
delivered, a gift of clothes : livrer, to 
deliver.] 1. Act of delivering pos- 
session of lands or tenements. 2. 
That which is delivered out statedly 
or formally, as clothing, food, &c. ; 
esp. the peculiar dress of the serv- 



ants of a nobleman or gentleman ; 

also, the whole body of those wear- 
ing such a dress. 
Liv'er-y-man (150), n. 1. One who 

wears a livery. 2. A freeman of the 

city in London. 
Liv'ER- Y-STA'BLE, n. A stable where 

horses are kept for hire, and where 

stabling is provided. See Livery, 

No. 2. 
LlVlD, a. [Lat. lividus.] Black and 

blue ; discolored, as flesh, by a bruise. 
Living, a. 1. Having life; active; 

lively. 2. Continually flowing. 3. 

Solid or unquarried, as rock. 4. 

Producing action "and vigor. — n. 

1. Means of subsistence ; livelihood. 

2. Benefice of a clergyman. 3. One 
who is alive, or those who are alive. 

Li'vre (17'ver or le'vr), n. [Fr.] A 
French money equal to 18^ cents ; — 
not now in use. 

Lix-iv'l-AL, a. [Lat. lixivius ; lix, 
ashes, lye.] 1. Obtained from, or 
resembling lye. 2. Containing, or 
having the qualities of, the alkaline 
salts from the ashes of wood. 

LlX-IVl-ATE, V. t. [-EDJ-ING.] To 
leach . 

Lix-i v'i-ate , a. Pertaining to lye. 

Lix-iv'i-UM, n. [Lat.] Water im- 
pregnated with 
alkaline salts 
from wood ash- 
es ; lye. 

Liz'ard, n. [Lat. 
lacerta.] A four- 
footed reptile, 
having an elon- 
gate, round body 
a very long, round tail, and a free 
tongue. 

Llama (la/rna or W- 
ma), n. [Peruv.] A 
ruminating mam- 
mal found in 
South America, 
and allied to the 
camel. 

Lo, interj. [A.-S. Llama. 

let.] Look; see; behold. 

Load, n. [See Lade.] 1. A burden ; 
a weight. 2. Quantity which one 
can carry ; contents of a cart, vessel, 
&c. ; hence, a heavy burden. 3. That 
which oppresses or grieves the mind 
or spirits. 

Syn.— Burden; lading; weight; cargo. 

— v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To lay a 
burden on ; to lade ; to freight. 2. 
To encumber ; to bestow in abun- 
dance. 3. To charge, as a gun. 

Load'star, n. [A.-S. ladu, lad, 
course, a leading.] The star that 
leads; the polestar. [Written also 
lodestar.] 

Load'stone, n. A piece of magnetic 
iron ore possessing polarity. [Writ- 
ten also lodeslone.] 

Loaf (149), n. [A.-S. hlaf, laf.] A 
large regularly-shaped mass, as of 
bread or sugar. — v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] 
To spend time in idleness ; to loiter. 

— v. t. To waste lazily. 
LSaf'er, n. [Ger. laufer, fr. laufen, 




Lizard. 




lofen, to run.] An idle man ; a va- 
grant. 

Loam, n. [A.-S. lam.] A rich friable 
soil; — v.t [-ED;-ing.] To cover 
with loam. 

LOAM'Y, a. Consisting of, or like, 
loam. 

Loan, n. [A.-S. ten, fr. liken, to lend.] 

1. Act of lending. 2. That which is 
lent. 3. A permission to use. — v.L 
[-EDJ-ING.] To lend. 

Loath, a. [A.-S. ladk, hostile, odi- 
ous.] Unwilling ; reluctant. See 
Loth. 

Loathe, d. «. [-ed;-ing.] 1. To 
have a great disgust of the appetite 
for. 2. To dislike greatly. 

Syjt.— To abhor; detest; abominate. 
See Detest. 

Loath'ful, a. 1. Full of loathing. 

2. Exciting loathing ; disgusting. 

LOATH'ING, n. Extreme disgust. 

Loath'some (lotb/sum), a. 1. Excit- 
ing great disgust. 2. Exciting ha- 
tred or abhorrence ; odious. 

Loath'sOme'ness, n. Quality of ex- 
citing great disgust or abhorrence. 

Loaves (lovz), n. ; pi. of Loaf. 

Lob'by, n. [Low Lat. lobia, lobbia, a 
covered portico ; Ger. laitbe, arbor, 
bower.] 1. An inclosed place com- 
municating with an apartment ; also, 
a small waiting-room. 2. The men 
who frequent such a place in a hall 
of legislation for the sake of business 
with the legislators. — v. i. [-ed; 
-ing, 142.] To solicit members of a 
legislature in the lobby or elsewhere, 
jvith a view to influence their votes. 

Lobe, n. [Gr. Ao/36s.] Any division 
of a somewhat rounded form. 

Lob ed, a. Having lobes. 

Lo-be'li-a, n. [From Lobel, botan- 
ist to James I.] A plant used in 
medicine as an emetic, &c. 

L6b'lol-ly, n. Water-gruel, or 
spoon-meat ; — so called by seamen. 

L6b'LOL-ly-BOY, n. A surgeon's at- 
tendant on shipboard. 

Lob'ster, n. [Prob. corrupted from 
Lat. locusta, locusta marina, a ma- 
rine shell-fish.] A large, long-tailed 
crustacean, used for food. 

LoB'ULE,n. A small lobe. 

Lo'€AL,a. [Lat. localis; locus, place.] 
Pertaining or confined to a particu- 
lar spot, place, or district. 

L5'GAL-isM, n. State of being local. 

Lo-€AL'l-TY, n. 1. Existence in a 
place. 2. Position ; situation. 3. 
Limitation to a place. 

L5'€AL-IZE, V. t. [-ED; -TNG.] To 
jBx in, or assign to, a definite place. 

Lo'€AL-LY, adv. As to place. 

LO'€ATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat 
locare, -catum ; locus, place.] 1. To 
place ; to set in a particular spot. 2. 
To designate the place of. 3. To se- 
lect or determine the bounds of. 

Lo-CA'TION (110), n. 1. The act of 
placing. 2. Place where something is 
located. 3. A tract of land designated 
in place. 4. Identification of a place 
or site, according to the description 
given in a plan, map, &c. 



A, E, I, o, ti } Y,long; X,£, 1,6,15,^, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, TfiRMj pique, fIrm ; s6n, 



LOCATIVE 



255 



LONG-PRIMER 



Lo'eA-TiVE, a. {Gram.) Indicating 
place, or the place where, or wherein. 

Lo€H (16k), n. [Gael. See LAKE.] A 
lake ; a bay. [Scot.] 

Lock, n. [A.-S. loc, inclosure, fasten- 
ing of a door.] 1. A fastening, as 
for a door, a lid, &c. 2. A state of 
being fixed. 3. A place which is 
locked up. 4. Works which confine 
the water in a canal. 5. Part of a 
fire-arm. 6. A tuft of hair; a flock. 
— v.t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To fasten 
with a lock. 2. To fasten so as to 
impede motion. 3. To shut up or 
confine. 4. To close fast. 5. To en- 
circle or inclose. 6. To furnish with 
locks, as a canal. — v. i. 1. To be- 
come fast. 2. To unite closely by 
mutual insertion. 

Lock'age, n. 1. Materials for locks 
in a canal. 2. Toll for passing locks. 
3. Amount of elevation and descent 
made by locks. 

Locked'- jaw (15kt/-), n. A violent 
contraction of the muscles of the 
jaw, suspending its motion. 

LoCK'ER, n. A close place, that may 
be closed with a lock. 

LoCK'ET, n. [Dim. of loch.] 1. A catch 
to fasten a necklace, &c. 2. A little 
gold case worn as an ornament. 

Lock'-JAW, n. See Locked-jaw. 

Lock'-smith, n. A maker or mend- 
er of locks. 

Lock'-up, n. A place where arrested 
j)ersons_are temporarily confioed. 

Lo'CO-MO'TION, n. [Lat. locus, place, 
and motio, motion.] Act or power 
of moving from place to place. 

Lo'co-mo'tive (110), a. 1. Chang- 
ing place, or able to change place. 
2. Occupied in producing motion. 

LO'CO-MO'TIVE, \n. A 

Lo'go-mo'tive-en'g'ine, ) wheel- 
carriage supporting and driven by a 
steam-engine. 

Lo'€UST,n.[Lat. 
locusta.] A 

jumpiog insect, 
closely resem- 
bling the grass- 
jiopper. 

LO'€UST-TREE, 
n. A large 
North American tree, producing 
jvhite, fragrant flowers. 

Lode, n. [A.-S. lad, ladu, course, 
Ixdan, to lead.] 1. A metallic vein, 
or any regular vein or course. 2. A 
_cut or reach of water. 

Lode'star, n. See Loadstar. 

Lode'stone, n. See Loadstone. 

Lodge, v. t. [-ed; -ing] [See in- 
fra.] 1. To lay or deposit for keep- 
ing. 2. To throw in ; to place. 3. 
To fix in the memory. 4. To furnish 
with a temporary habitation ; to 
harbor. — v. i. 1. To reside; to 
dwell. 2. To dwell for a time. — n. 
[0. H. Ger. lauba, N. H. Ger. laube, 
arbor, bower.] 1. A place in which 
one may find shelter. 2. House of 
the gate-keeper on a gentleman's es- 
tate. 3. A secret association ; also, 
the place in which they assemble. 



Locust. 




Lodg'er, n. One who lives at board, 
I or in a hired room. 
IL6dg'ing,w. 1. A place of rest for 
a night, or of residence for a time. 
2. Harbor ; cover. 
! Lodgement I 139), n. l.Actoflodg- 

Lodge'MENT (ing, or state of being 
lodged. 2. A lodging-place ; room. 3. 
Occupation and intrenchment of a 
position, by a besieging party. 

Loft (21), n. [Allied to lift.] 1. Floor 
or space under a roof. 2. A gallery 
in a church, hall, &c. 3. A room 
placed above another. 

LoFT'l-LY, adv. In a lofty manner 
or position. 

L6ft'i-ness,m. 1. Elevation; height. 
2. Grandeur ; sublimity. 3- Haugh- 
tiness ; arrogance. 

Loft'Y, a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] [A.-S. 
loftsn, airy, high.] 1. Lifted high 
up ; towering. 2. Elevated in char- 
acter, rank, or style. 3. Character- 
ized by pride. 
j Log, n. [Cf. clog and 
j D. log, heavy.] 1. A 
bulky piece or stick of 
wood. 2. An appa-_ 
ratus for measuring T ~ . J , 
the rate of a ship'? ^^ass!' 
motion. 3. The record 
of the rate of a ship's velocity. 

Log'A-RITHM, n. [Gr. Aoyos, word, 
account, proportion, and dpt.0p.6s, 
number.] The exponent of a power 
to which another given invariable 
number must be raised in order to 
produce that given number. 

LoG'A-rith'mic, ) a. Pertaining 

Log'a-rith'mig-al, J to, or con- 
sisting of, logarithms. 

Log'-bo'ok, n. A book in which is 
entered the daily progress of a ship 
at sea, as indicated by the log, with 
notes on the weather, &c. 

Log'-cAb'IN, n. A log-house. 

Log'ger-head, n. [From log and 
head.] 1. A blockhead ; a dunce. 
2. A spherical mass of iron used to 
heat tar. 

To be at loggerheads, to be at strife. 

LoG'I€, n. [Gr. XoyiK-q (sc. t£x v i) ; 
fr. Aoyos, speech, reason.] Science 
of the laws according to which the 
process of pure thinking should be 
conducted. 

L6G'l€-AL, a. 1. Pertaining to logic ; 
used in logic. 2. According to the 
rules of logic. 3. Skilled in logic. 

L6G'l€-AL-LY, adv. In a logical 
manner. [in logic. 

Lo-Gi'ciAN (-jTsh'an), n. One skilled 

Log'-LINE, n. A line about 150 fath- 
oms in length, used for ascertaining 
the speed of a vessel. 

Log'man (150), n. One who cuts and 
conveys logs to a mill. [Amer.] 

LO-GOM'A-€HY, n. [Gr. Koyo^axia, 
fr. Aoyo?, word, and /u-a^T), fight.] A 
war of words. 

Log'O-type, n. [Gr. Xoyo?, word, 
and tvVo?, type.] A type, containing 
two or_more letters ; as, se, f, ffl. 

Log'-roll, v. i. 1. To assist in roll- 
ing and collecting logs for burning. 



2. To help another in consideration 
of help from him in return, especially 
in matters of legislative action. 

LoG'WOOU, n. [From being imported 
in logs.] The heart-wood of a South 
American tree, used in red dyes. 

LOIN, n. [Lat. lumbus] 1. Part of 
an animal just above the hip-bone, 
on either side. 2. pi. A correspond' 
ing part of the human body ; reins. 

Loi'ter, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [0. EL 
Ger. lotar.] To be slow in moving; 
to be dilatory. 

Syn. — To linger; lag; saunter. — Loi- 
ter and lag have a bad sense, denoting 
that a person is dilator// through lazi- 
ness, or remains be hind while others are 
advancing. One may lingo- or lengthen 
out his time or stay from a regret to leave 
scenes which had been dear to him. To 
saunter is the act of a mere idler, who 
moves about carelessly with no definite 
end or object. 

Loi'ter-er, n. One who loiters. 

L6ll,-u. i. [-ed;-ING.] [Icel. lolla.] 
1. To act lazily ; hence, to lie at 
ease. 2. To hang extended from the 
mouth, as the tongue. — v. t. To 
_thrust out, as the tongue. 

LONE, a. [Abbrev. fr. alone.] 1. Hav- 
ingno company ; solitary; single. 2. 
Unmarried, or in widowhood. 

Lone'li-ness, n. 1. Condition of 
Jaeing lonely. 2. Love of retirement. 

LONE'LY, a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] 1. Se- 
questered from company or neigh- 
bors. 2. Alone, or in want of com- 
pany. 

Stn. — Solitary; lone; lonesome ; re- 
tired ; unfrequented ; secluded. 

L5ne's6me, a. [-er; -EST.] 1. Se- 
cluded from society ; solitary. 2. 
Depressed by solitude ; lonelv. 

Long (21), a. "[-er ; -est (82).] [A.-S.] 

1. Drawn out in a hue ; protracted. 

2. Extended in time. 3. Far away ; 
distant. 4. Dilatory. 5. Continued 
through a considerable time, or to a 
great length. — adv. 1. To a great 
extent in space or time. 2. At a point 
of duration far distant. 3. Through 
the whole extent. — v.i. [-ED;-ING.] 
[A.-S. langian, to stretch out the 
mind after, to crave.] 1. To desire 
earnestly. 2. To have an eager or 
craving appetite. 

L6nge, n. [Abbreviated from al- 
longe.] A thrust. See Lunge. 

LON-GEV'I-TY, n. Length or dura- 
tion of life ; esp., great length of life. 

Long'ING, n. Eager desire ; craving. 

LoNG'iSH^a. Somewhat long. 

Lon'gi-tude (53), n. [Lat. longitu- 
do, fr. longus, long.] 1. Length. 2. 
Portion of the equator between the 
meridian of a given place, and the 
meridian of some other given place. 

Lon'gi-tud'I-nal, a. 1. Relating to 
longitude. 2. Running lengthwise. 

LON'GI-TUD'1-NAL-LY, adv. In tho 
direction of length. 

Long'-meas/ure (-mezh'ur), n. A 
measure of length. 

Long'-prIm'er, n. A kind of type 
between small pica and bourgeois. 

This type is long-primer. 



OR, do, WOLF, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL ; E , I, o, silent ; C,G, soft; c,g, hard; A§ ; exist; n as Ng; this. 



LONGSIIORE-MAN 



256 



LOVE 



Lon&'shore-man, n. [Abbrev. fr. 
along shore man.] A laborer em- 
ployed about the wharves of a sea- 
port in loading vessels, &c. 

L6NG'-siGiiT / Ei>(-sIt'-), a, 1. Able to 
see to a great distance ; hence, saga- 
cious. 2. Able to see objects distinct- 
ly at a distance, but not close at hand. 

Long'-suf'fer-ance, «. Forbear- 
ance to punish. 

Long'-suf'fer-ing, a. Patient; 
not easily provoked. — n. Long en- 
durance ; patience of offense. 

Long'-wind'ed, a. Tedious in argu- 
ment, or narration ; prolix. 

Lob, n. [Prob. fr. Fr. ^/(pronounced 
Id), lot, prize.] A game at cards. — 
v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To beat by 
winning every trick in the game. 

LooF,orLoOF, n. [Also written luff.] 
[Allied to A.-S. lyft, Goth, luftus, 
the air.] After-part of a ship's bow. 

Look (27), v. i. [-ed;-ing.] [A.-S. 
lOcian.] 1. To direct the eye toward 
an object. 2. To consider. 3. To wait 
for expectantly. 4. To penetrate ; to 
solve. 5. To watch ; to observe nar- 
rowly ; to scrutinize. 6. To seem ; to 
appear. 7. To face ; to front. — v. t. 

1. To subdue or influence by looks 
or presence. 2. To manifest by a look. 

— n. 1. Cast of countenance; aspect. 

2. Act of looking. 3. View ; watch. 
Lo'ok/ing-glAss, n. A glass which 

reflects images ; a mirror. 

Lo"bK'OUT. n. 1. A careful looking 
for any object or event. 2. Place 
from which observation is made. 3. 
One engaged in watching. 

Loom, m. [A.-S. lima.] A frame or 
machine in which a weaver forms 
cloth, —v.i. [-EDJ-ING.] [A.-S. 
leomian, to shine.] To appear above 
the surface, or to appear indistinctly 
and larger than the reality, as a dis- 
tant object. 

LOON, n. 1. [A.-S. lun, poor, needy.] 
A sorry fellow ; a rascal. 2. [Icel. 
lomr, Ger. lomme.] A swimming 
and diving bird, of the arctic regions. 

Loop, n. [Ir. & Gael, lub, luba, loop, 
noose, fold.] 1. A doubling of a 
string. 2. A small, narrow opening. 

— v. t. [-ed; -ING.] To fasten or 
ornament, by means of loops. 

Loop'-hole, n. 1. A small opening 
in the walls of a fortification, or in 
the bulk-head of a ship. 2. A hole 
that gives the means of escape. 

Loose, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
Icsan, lysan.] 1. To untie or un- 
bind ; to relieve. 2. To release from 
any thing obligatory ; to absolve. 3. 
To relax ; to loosen. 4. To undo ; to 
unlock, — v. i. To set sail. — a. 
[-ER ; -EST.] [Allied to lose.] 1. 
Unbound; untied. 2. Not tighter 
close. 3. Not close or compact. 4. 
Not concise or precise; vague. 5. 
Not strict or rigid. 6. Having lax 
bowels. 7. Dissolute ; unchaste. 

LCOSE'LY, adv. 1. In a loose man- 
ner ; not firmly. 2. Wantonly ; un- 
chastely ; negligently. 

Loos'£N, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [A.-S. 



lesan, lysun. See Loose, v. t.] To 
make loose ; to free from restraint ; 
to relax. — v. i. To become loose. 

Loose'ness, n. State of being loose. 

LOOT, n. [Hind.] Act of plundering 
in a conquered city ; also, plunder. 

LOP, v. t. [-PEDJ-PING.] [D. lubben, 
to cut, geld.] 1. To cut off, as the 
top of any thing. 2. To cut partly 
off and bend down, — n. That which 
is cut off, as from trees. 

LoP'FER, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [0. II. 
Ger. liber en, to curdle.] To turn 
sourand coagulate, as milk. 

Lop'sid-ed, a. Heavier on one side 
than the other, as a ship. 

Lo-QUA'CIODs, a. [Lat. loquax, lo- 
quacis, fr. login', to speak.] 1. Given 
to continual talking. 2. Speaking ; 
noisy. 
Syic.— See Garrulous. 

Lo-QU.Xc'l-TY, n. Habit or practice 
of talking continually or excessively. 
Syn. — Talkativeness; garrulity. 

LORD, n. [A.-S. hl&ford, lb) ford, i. e., 
bread-keeper ; hlaf, bread, loaf, and 
weardian, to take care of.] 1. A mas- 
ter ; a ruler ; a governor. 2. A no- 
bleman of any rank above that of a 
baronet ; also a bishop, if a member 
of Parliament. [Eng.] 3. A title be- 
stowed on the persons above named. 
4. A husband. 5. The Supreme Being. 
— v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To play the 
lord ; to domineer. 

Lord'li-ness, a. 1. Dignity ; high 
station. 2. Pride; haughtiness. 

Lord'ling, n. A little or petty lord. 

Lord'ly, a. [-ER; -est, 142.] 1. 
Becoming a lord ; relating to a lord. 
2. Proud ; haughty ; imperious. 

Syn. — Overbearing; tyrannical; des- 
potic; domineering; arrogant; insolent. 

Lord'shIp, n. 1. State of being a 
lord ; hence, a title applied to a lord. 

2. Territory of a lord ; a manor. 3. 
Dominion ; power ; arthority. 

LORE, n. [A.-S. lar ; Iseran, to teach.] 
Knowledge gained from reading or 
study ; learning. 

Lorgnette (lorn-yef), n. [Fr.] 
An opera- glass. 

LOR'I-CATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
loricate, -catum ; lorica, a leather 
cuirass.] 1. To plate over. 2. To 
cover with a fire-proof coating, as a 
chemical vessel. 

LORN, a. [A.-S. loren, p.p. of ledsan, 
to lose.] Forsaken ; lonely. 

Lo§e (lobz), v. t. [lost ; losing.] 
[A.-S. ledsan.] 1. To part with or to 
be deprived of; to forfeit. 2. To 
throw away ; to waste ; to squander. 

3. To miss, so as not to be able to 
find. 4. To perplex or bewilder. 5. 
To ruin ; to destroy. 6. To fail to 
obtain. — v. i. 1. To forfeit any 
thing in contest. 2. To suffer loss 
by comparison. 

Los'ER, n. One who loses. • 

Loss (21), n. [A.-S. los. See Lose.] 
1. Act of losing ; failure ; destruc- 
tion ; privation. 2. State of having 
lost. 3. That which is lost ; waste. 



Syn. — Detriment; injury; damage. 

Lost (21), a. 1. Unintentionally rid 
of; missing. 2. Forfeited. 3. No 
longer held or possessed. 4. Thrown 
away; wasted; squandered. 5. Be- 
wildered ; perplexed. 6. Ruined or 
destroyed. 7. Hardened beyond re- 
covery. 8. Not visible. 

Lot, n. [A.-S. Mot, lot.] 1. Chance; 
accident ; hazard ; fortune. 2. A 
contrivance to determine a question 
by chance. 3. That which falls to 
one by chance. 4. A distinct parcel ; 
a separate part. 5. A quantity or 
large number. [Colloq.] 6. Any 
distinct portion of land. [Amer.] — 
v. t. [-TED; -TING.] 1. To allot; to 
assign. 2. To separate ; to assort. 

Loth, a. [See Loathe.] 1. Hating; 
jietesting. 2. Unwilling ; reluctant. 

LO'TION, n. [Lat. lotio, fr. lavare, lo- 
tum, to wash.] 1. A washing, es- 
pecially of the skin. 2. A liquid 
preparation for the skin. 

LOT'TER-Y, n. [See LOT.] A distri- 
bution of prizes by lot or chance. 

Lo'TUS, n. [Lat. lotus, Gr. Awrds.] 1. 
A plant of several genera. 2. An or- 
namen t in the form of the Egyptian 
water-lily. 

Loud, a. [-er; -est.] [A.-S. hMd.] 
1. Making a great sound. 2. Clam- 
orous ; boisterous. 3. Emphatical ; 
impressive. — adv. With loudness ; 
loudly. [noisily. 

LouD'LY, adv. In a loud manner ; 

Loud'ness, n. Great sound or noise. 

Lough (15k), n. [Celt, loch, llwch] 
A loch. See Loch. 

Louis-&or (lob'e-d5r / ), n. [Fr., a 
Louis of gold.] An old French gold 
coin, equal to about $4.84. 

Lounge, v.i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
longe, for a long ^time ; hence, 0. 
Eng-. lungis, a slow, heavy fellow.] 
1. To spend time lazily. 2. To re- 
cline at ease; to loll. — n. 1. An 
idle gait or stroll. 2. Act of reclin- 
ing at ease. 3. A place for lounging. 
4. A sort of couch. [loiters. 

Loun'ger, n. An idler; one who 

LOUSE (150), n. [A.-S. /fts,fr. Goth. 
liusan, to devour.] A parasitic in- 
sect, having a sucking mouth. 

Loug'Y, a. Swarming with flee ; in- 
fested with lice. 

Lout, n. A mean, awkward fellow. 

LOU'VER ) (louver), n. [Fr. Pouvert, 

Lou'VRE j the opening.] An open- 
ing in the roof of ancient buildings 
for the escape of smoke, &c. 

Louver window, an opening in a stee- 
ple, crossed by a series of sloping boards. 

L6v'A-BLE, a. Worthy of love ; ami- 
able. 

L6VAGE, n. [From Fr. liveche, fr. 
Lat. ligusticum , a plant of Liguria.] 
A plant, sometimes used in medicine. 

L6VE (luv), n. [A.-S. lufe, lufu.] 1. 
Devotion or attachment to another, 
esp., to one of the opposite sex ; af- 
fection. 2. Courtship. 3. Object of 
affection. 4. Benevolence ; kindness •, 
charity. — v. t. [-ED; -ing.] [A.-S. 
lufian.] 1. To be pleased or delighted 



I, E, I, O, U, ¥,long; X,K,I,6,U,Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM; SON, 



LOVE-FEAST 



257 



LUMINOSITY 



with : to be fond of; to like. 2. To 
bave benevolence or good-will toward. 
8. To delight ia with pre-eminent af- 
fection. — v. i. To delight; to take 
pleasure.; to be in love. 

LOVE '-feast, n. A religious festival 
of the Methodists, &c. 

L6ve'-knot (l&Vnot), n. An intri- 
cate kind of knot; — emblematical 
of love. [ing love - 

L6ve'-let / ter, jt. A letter profess- 

L6ve'ei-ness, n. State of being 
lovely ; amiableness. [love. 

LovE'-lorn, a. Forsaken by one*s 

L6ve'ly, a. [-ER; -est, 142.] Fit- 
ted to excite, or worthy of, love. 

SYH.— Amial)le; pleasin-r; charming; 
delectable; delightful; ench inting. 

Lov'ER, n. 1. One who loves. 2. One 
in love with a person of the opposite 
sex. 3. One who likes. [love. 

L6vE'-sTfcK, a. Languishing with 

Lov'ING-kind'ness, n. Tender re- 
gard ; mercy ; favor. 

Low (15), a. [-ER; -EST.] [Allied to 
lie.] 1. Occupying an inferior posi- 
tion. 2. Not rising to the usual 
height. 3. Deep. 4. Below the usu- 
al rate, amount, or value. 5. De- 
pressed in the scale of sounds ; grave. 

6. Not very distant from the equator. 

7. Depressed ; dejected. 8. Humble 
in rank. 9. Vulgar ; base ; dishon- 
orable. 10. Feeble ; weak. 11. Im- 
poverished. 12. Moderate ; reason- 
able. — adv. 1. In a low position or 
manner. 2. Cheaply. 3. Humbly ; 
meanly. 4. With a depressed voice. 5. 
In a state of subjection, poverty, or 
disgrace, — v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [A.-S. 
hlowan.] To bellow as an ox or cow. 

Lower,!', t. [-ed; -ing.] [Eng. 
lower, compar. of low.] 1. To cause 
to descend ; to let down. 2. To bring 
down ; to humble. 3. To reduce in 
value, amount, &c. — v. i. To fall ; 
to grow less ; to diminish. 

Lower, v. i. [-ed;-ing.] [N. H. 
Ger. lauem, to lurk.] 1. To be 
clouded ; to threaten a storm. 2. 
To look sullen. 

LoWER-€ASE, a. (Print.) Pertain- 
ing to the lower case ; — used to de- 
note the small letters in distinction 
Jrom capitals. 

LoWer-most, a. Lowest, [gloomy. 

LoWer-y (lou'er-y), a. Cloudy ; 

Lowland, n. A low or level coun- 
try, [ly; humility. 

Low'li-NESS, n. State of being low- 

LOWLY, a. [-ER ; -EST, 142.] 1. 
Not high or elevated. 2. Mean ; low. 
3. Humble. 4. Meek; free from 
pride. — adv. 1. Humbly ; meekly. 
2. Meanly. [ing low. 

Lo Wness, n. State or quality of be- 

LoW-press'URE, a. Exerting a press- 
ure of less than fifty pounds to the 
square inch. [pressed. 

LoW-spir'it-ed, a. Dejected ; de- 

L6x'0-drom'I€S, n. sing. [Gr. Ko£6\, 
slanting, and 8p<Vos, course.] Art 
or method of oblique sailing by the 
rhumb line. 

Loy'al, a. [Lat. legalis ; lex, legis, 



law.] 1. Faithful to the sovereign 
or the lawful government. 2. Faith- 
ful to a lover or friend. 

LOY'al-Tst, n. One who is loyal. 

Loy'al-ly, adv. In a loyal manner. 

LOY'AL-TY, n. State or quality of 
being loyal ; fidelity to a superior, or 
to duty, love, &c. 

Loz'enGe, n. [Prob. from /v 
Gr. Ao£o9, oblique, and <Z^> 
Lat. angulus.] 1. A rhomb, j oz . 

2. A small cake of sugar, enge (1.). 
&c, often medicated. 

Lub'ber, n. A heavy, clumsy fellow ; 
a clown. [sy. 

Lub'ber-ly, a. Like a lubber ; clum- 

Lu'bri-€ANT, n. That which lubri- 
cates. 

LU'BRl-CATE, v. t. [Lat. lubricare, 
-catum.] To make smooth or slip- 
pery, [eating. 

Lu'bri-ca'tion, n. Act of lubri- 

Lu-BR'fc'I-TY, n. 1. Slipperiness. 2. 
Aptness to glide over any thing. 3. 
Instability. 4. Lasciviousness. 

Lu'BRI-cous, a. 1. Smooth; slip- 
pery. 2. Wavering. 

LfJ'CENT, a. [Lat. lucens, shining ; 
lux, light.] Shining ; bright. 

Lu'cern, n. [Fr. luzerne. of Celtic 
origin.] A leguminous plant culti- 
vated for fodder. 

Lu-cer'nal, a. [Lat. lucerna, lamp.] 
_Of, or pertaining to, a lamp. 

Lu'CID, a. [Lat. lucidity; lux, light.] 

1. Shining ; bright. 2. Clear ; trans- 
parent. 3. Easily understood. 

Sv>*. —Luminous; sane ; reasonable. 
See Luminous. 

Lu'cid-ness, n. State of being lucid. 

Lu'^i-fer, n. [Lat., light-bringing, 
the morning star.] 1. The planet 
Tenus, when morning star. 2. Satan. 

3. A match tipped with a combusti- 
ble substance, and ignited by friction. 

Ltf'CI-FORM, a. [Lat. lux, lucis, light, 
and for m a, form.] Having the form 
of light ; resembling light. 

LOCK, n. [Icel. lukka, N. H. Ger. 
gl&ck.] 1. That which happens to a 
person ; chance ; hap ; fate ; fortune. 

2. Good fortune. 
LUCK'1-LY, adv. By good fortune. 
LiJCK'I-NESS, n. 1. Quality of being 

fortunate. 2- A favorable issue or 
event. [fortunate. 

Luck'less, a. Without luck : un- 

Llck'y, a. [-ER ; -EST, 142.] 1. 
Favored by luck ; fortunate. 2. Pro- 
ducing good by chance. 

Syx.— Successful ; fortunate; pros- 
perous; auspicious. 

Lu'€RA-tive. a. [Lat. lucrativus.] 
Gainful ; profitable. 

Lu'€RE (lu'ker), n. [Lat. lucrum.] 
Gain in money or goods ; profit. 

LU'CU-BRATE, V. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. lucubrare, -bratvm, lux, light.] 
To study by candle-light or a lamp. 

Lu'cu-bra'tion, n. 1. Nocturnal 
study. 2. That which is composed 
by night. 

LU'CU-LENT. a. [Lat. luculentm, from 
lux, light.] 1. Clear; transparent. 2. 
Evident. 



LfJ'Dl-€ROUS, a. [Lat. ludricus ; ludus, 
play, sport.] Adapted to raise laugh- 
ter, without scorn or contempt. 

Sy>\ — Laughable ; ridiculous. — We 
speak of a thing as ludicrous when it 
tends to produce laughter; as laughable 
when the impression is stronger, result- 
ing in a hearty laugh; as rirfirulous when 
contempt is more or less mingled with 
the merriment created. 

LO'di-croCs-ly, adv. In a ludicrous 
manner. 

Lu'di-€RoOs-NEss, n. Quality or 
state of being ludicrous. 

Li)FF, v. i. [-ED;-ing.] [D. loeven.i 
To turn the head of a ship toward 
the wind ; to sail nearer the wind. — 
n. [See Loof.] 1. Side of a ship 
toward the wind. 2. Act of sailing 
close to the wind. 

LOG, v. t. [-GED ; -GING.] [A.-S. luc- 
can, to pluck out.] 1. To haul; to 
drag. 2. To convey with labor. — n. 
Any thing drawn with difficulty ; 
also, the effort of drawing or carry- 
ing any thing heavy. 

LOg'gaGe, n. [From lug.] 1. A trav- 
eler's trunks, &c. 2. Something of 
more weight than value. 

LtJG'SER, n. A small vessel with three 
masts and a running bowsprit. 

Lu-gu'bri-oDs, a. [Lat. lugubris.] 
Mournful ; indicating sorrow. 

Luke'warm, a. [A.-S. wLtc, warm, 
remiss.] 1. Moderately warm ; tepid. 

2. Not zealous ; indifferent, [ence. 
Luke'\varm-ly, adv. With indiffer- 
Luke'warm-ness, n. State of being 

lukewarm ; indifference. 

LULL, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Ger. hdlen, 
to cry like a cat, sing badly.] To 
soothe to sleep ; to quiet. — v. i. To 
become gradually calm ; to subside. 
— n. 1. Power of soothing. 2. A 
season of temporary quiet after a 
storm. 

Luxl'a-by, n. [From lull.] A song 
to quiet babes. [bago. 

LUM-BAG'I-NOUS, a. Relating to lum- 

Lum-ba'go, n. [0. Lat., from lum- 
bus, loin.] Rheumatic pain in the 
loins and small of the back. 

LOm'bar, a. [Lat. lumbus, loin.] Per- 
taining to the loins. 

LDm'ber, n. [Prob. from Lombard, 
the Lombards being the pawnbrokers 
of the middle ages.] 1. Any thing 
useless and cumbrous ; things thrown 
aside as useless. 2. Timber sawed 
or split for use. [Amer.] — v. t. [-ed; 
-ING.] 1. To heap together in disor- 
der. 2. To fill with lumber. — v. i. 
1. To move heavily. 2. To rumble. 

3. To cut lumber in the forest, and 
prepare it for market. [Amer.] 

LtJM-BRl€-AL, a. [Lat. lumbricus, & 
worm.] Resembling a worm. 

Lu'mi-na-ry, u. [Lat. luminar, lumi- 
naris, a light.] 1. Any orb or body 
that gives light. 2. One that illus- 
trates any subject, 'or enlighten* 
mankind. 

Lu'Ml-NlF'ER-OUs, a. [Lat. lumen, 
light, and ferre, to produce.] Pro- 
ducing light. [luminous. 

Lu'MI-nos'I-TY, n. Quality of being 



6r,do,WQLF, TOO, TOOK,- URN, RUE, PULL; E, Z, O, silent; C, &,sofl; €,G,hard; AS,; EXIST; N. as NG ; THIS. 
17 



LUMINOUS 



258 



LYNCH-LAW 



Lu'MI-NOis, a. [Lat. luminosus.] 1. 
Shiuing; emitting light. 2. Bright. 
3. Clear, as if illuminated. 

Syn. — Lucid. — A thing is lucid when 
pervaded by li«ht, as a lucid stream ; it 
is luminous when it sends forth light to 
surrounding objects, as, a luminous body. 
Hence, we speak of an argument as lu- 
cid, when it is remarkably clear, and as 
luminous, when it pours upon a subject 
. the mingled light of reasoning and illus- 
tration. 

LtJ'Ml-NOUS-LY, adv. In a luminous 
manner. [clearness. 

Lu'mi-noDs-ness, n. Brightness; 

LUMP, n. [Allied to clump.] 1. A 
small shapeless mass of matter. 2. 
A mass of things thrown together 
without order or distinction. — v. t. 
[-ed; -ing.] 1. To throw into a 
mass. 2. To take in the gross. 

LiJMP'lSll, a. 1. Bulky ; gross. 2. 
Dull ; stupid. [of lumps. 

Lump'y, a. [-ER ; -EST, 142.] Full 

Lu'na-cy,w. [See Lunatic] A spe- 
cies of insanity, formerly supposed 
to be influenced by the changes of 
the moon. 
Syn.— Insanity ; derangement; mania. 

LtJ'NAR, a. [Lat. lunar is; luna, the 
moon.] 1. Pertaining to the moon. 

2. Resembling the moon ; orbed. 

3. Measured by the revolutions of 
the moon. 

Lunar caustic, fused nitrate of silver ; — 
bo named because silver was called luna 
by the old chemists. — Lunar month, the 
time in which the moon completes a rev- 
olution about the earth. — Lunar year, 
the period of twelve lunar months, or 
854 days, 8 hours, 48 minutes, and 34.28 
seconds. 

Lu'nate, ) a. Having a form like 

Lu'na-te d, J that of the half-moon. 

Lu'NA-Ti'c, a. [Lat. lunaticus ; luna, 
, the moon.] Affected by lunacy ; 
moon-struck; insane. — n. A per- 
son affected by lunacy ; a madman. 

Lu-nA'tion, n. Time from one new 
moon to the next. 

Lunch (66), n. [Prov. Eng. , a large 
lump of bread, nunc, a thick lump.] 

1. A slight repast between breakfast 
and dinner. 2. A place for taking 
a luncheon. — v. i. [-ED; -ing.] 
To take a lunch. 

LUNCH'EON (lttnch'un), n. [From 
lunch.] A portion of food taken at 
any time except at a regular meal. 

LU-NETTE', n. [Fr., from Lat. luna, 
the moon.] 1. A detached bastion. 

2. An aperture for admitting light 
into a concave ceiling. 

LUNG, n. [A.-S. lunge.] One of the 
j two organs of respiration in an air- 
breathing animal. 

LUNGE, «. A sudden push or thrust. 

Lu'ni-form, a. [Lat. luna, moon, 
and forma, shape.] Resembling the 
moon in shape. 

Lu'ni-so'lar, a. [Lat. luna, moon, 
and sol, sun.] Resulting from the 
united action of the sun and moon. 

Lu'NU-LAR, a. Crescent-shaped. 

Lu'PINE, n. [From Lat. lupus, wolf, 
because it eagerly penetrates into the 
soil.] A leguminous plant. 



A place in 
[Prob. a cor- 



LU'PU-LINE, n. [L. Lat. lupulus, dim. 
of Lat. lupus, hops.] Bitter princi- 
ple or line yellow powder of hops. 

LURCH, n. [W. llerch, a frisking, a 
lurking.] A sudden roll of a ship to 
one side. — v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To lie in ambush ; to lurk. 2. To 
roll suddenly to one side, as a ship. 

LURE, n. [M. H. Ger. header, lure, de- 
coy.] - 1. An object held out to call 
a hawk. 2. Any enticement, —v. t. 
[-ed ; -ing.] To entice ; to attract. 

Lu'rid (89), n. [Lat. luridus.] Ghast- 
ly pale ; gloomy. 

Lurk,*-, i. [-ed;-ing.] [See Lurch, 
n.] 1. To lie hid; to lie in wait. 2. 
To keep out of sight. 

LURK/ING-PLACE, n. 
which one lurks. 

Lus'ciotis (lush'us), a. 
ruption of luxurious.] 1. Sweet ; de- 
licious. 2. So sweet or rich as to cloy. 

Lus'cious-LY (lushes-), adv. In a 
luscious manner. 

Lush, a. [Prob. an abbrev. of lus- 
cious.] Full of juice or succulence. 

LOST, n. [A.-S. ; Icel. Uosta, to strike, 
beat.] 1. Longing desire. 2. Car- 
nal appetite; concupiscence. — v.i. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To desire eagerly ; 
to long, especially for the gratifica- 
tion of carnal appetite. 2. To have 
irregular desires. 

Lus'ter, ) n. [Lat. lustrum, a puri- 

LOs'TRE, ) ficatory sacrifice, fr. lu- 
cere, to be light, to shine.] 1. Bril- 
liancy ; splendor ; brightness. 2. 
Renown; distinction. 3. A candle- 
stick with pendants of cut glass. 

LtJST'FUL, a. 1. Having lust. 2. In- 
citing to lust. [ner. 

LUST'FUL-LY, adv. In a lustful man- 

Lust'ful-ness, n. State of being 
lustful. 

Lus'Tl-LY, adv. In a lusty manner. 

LUS'TI-NESS, n. State of being lusty. 

Lus'tral, a. [See Luster.] Used 
in, or pertaining to, purification. 

Lus-tra'tion, n. Act of purifying. 

Lus'TRING, n. [Eng. luster, lustre, 
q. v.] A species of glossy silk cloth. 

Lus'TROUS, a. Bright ; shining. 

LUS'TRUM, n. [Lat., a purification of 
the whole Roman people once in five 
years ] The space of five years. 

Lus'TY,ra. [-ER; -est, 142.] [From 
lust.] 1. Exhibiting vigor ; able of 
body. 2. Bulky; large. 

Lut'an-ist, n. One who plays on the 
lute. 

Lu-TA'Rl-OUS, a. [Lat. lutarius ; lu- 
tum,mu(L.] Pertaining to, or of the 
color of, mud. 

Lu-ta'tion, n. Act or method of 
luting vessels. 

Lute, n. 1. [Ar. 
qpfid; al, the, and 
'(W, wood, branch, 
' staff, lute.] (Mus.) 
A stringed instru- 
ment formerly 
much in use. 2. 
[Lat. lutum, mud.] 
A composition of 
clay for making Lute 




the joints air-tight when exposed to 

heat. — v.t. [-ED; -ing.] To coat 

with lute. 
Lu'ther-an, a. Pertaining to Luther, 

the reformer. — n. A disqiple or fol- 

Jower of Luther. 
LU'THERN, n. [From Lat. lucerna, 

lamp.] A kind of window in the rooi" 

of a building ; a dormer. 
Lut'ing, n. See Lute. 
Lux'ate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 

luxare, -atvm ; luxus, dislocated-! 

To put out of joint ; to dislocate. 
Lux-a'tion, n. 1. Act of luxating or 

putting out of joint. 2. That which 

is luxated. 
Lux-u'ri-ance ) (lugz- or luks-), n. 
LUX-U'RI-AN-CY ) State of being lux- 
uriant ; rank growth ; exuberance. 
Lux-u'ri-ant (lugz- or luks-), a. 

1. Exuberant in growth. 2. Being 
in gjeat abundance. 

Lux-U'RI-ANT-LY (lugz- or luks-), 
adv_. Very abundantly ; exuberantly. 

Lux-u'ri-ate (lugz- or luks-), v. ?. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To grow exuberant- 
ly. 2. To feed or live luxuriously. 3. 
To indulge to excess. 

Lux-u'RI-ous (lugz- or luks-), a. 1. 
Given cr administering to luxury. 

2. Furnished with luxuries. 3. Soft- 
ening by pleasure. 

Lux-u'Ri-otis-LY (lugz or luks-), adv. 
In a luxurious manner, 

LUX-U'RI-OUS-NESS (lugz- or luks-),n. 
State of being luxurious. 

Lt'JX'u-RY (luk'shu-), n. [Lat. luxuria.] 
1. Excess in eating or drinking, or in 
costly dress and equipage. 2. Any 
thing delightful to the senses; a 
dainty. 

Syx. — Voluptuousness ; epicurism ;. 
effeminacy ; sensuality; delicacy. 

Ly-ce'um (118), n. [Lat., fr. Gr. Av- 
ksiov, so named after the temple of 
Apollo Av/ceio?.] 1. A place in 
Greece, where Aristotle taught phi- 
losophy. 2. A house or apartment, 
appropriated to instruction by lec- 
tures or disquisitions. 3. A higher 
school in Europe. 4. A literary as- 
sociation. 

Lyd'I-an, a. Pertaining to one of the 
ancient Greek modes or keys, the 
music in which was of a soft, pathet- 
ic character. 

Lye, n. [A.-S. leak, Iscg.] Water im- 
pregnated with alkaline salt imbibed 
from wood-ashes. 

Lymph, «. [Lat. lympha.] 1. A pure,: 
transparent fluid. 2. A colorless 
fluid in animal bodies. 

Lym-phat'ic, a. 1. Pertaining to, 
containing, or conveying lymph. 2. 
Frantic. — n. A vein-like vessel in 
vertebrate animals, containing % 
transparent fluid. 

Lynch, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To inflict 
punishment 'on without the forms of 
law. [Amer.] 

Lynch'-law, n. [Said to be derived, 
fr. a Virginia farmer, named Lynch.] 
The practice of punishing men for 
crimes, by private unauthorized per- 
sons, without a legal trial. 



A, e, I, 5,u, Y,long; X,£ ? J>6, u, y, short; care, far, Ask, all, what; ere, VEIL, x£rm; pique, firm; s6n, 



LYNX 



259 



MAGI 



Lynx, n. [Lat. 
lynx, Gr. Av'yf.] 
An animal of sev- 
eral species, much 
resembling the 
common cat, but 
having longer 
ears and a shorter 




Lynx. 



tail. It prowls about at night, and 
is commonly thought to be very 
aharp-sighted- 



L'YRE, 7i. [Lat. lyra, Gr. Av'pa. 
A stringed instrument 
of music; a kind of 
harp much used by the 
ancients as an accom- 
paniment to poetry. 
2. One of the constel- 
lations. 

Lyre'-bIrd,ti. An Aus- 
tralian bird. The male 
is remarkable for hav- Lyre. 




ing his sixteen tail-feathers arranged 
in the form of a lyre. 

Lyr'I€, I a. 1. Pertaining to a 

Lyr'ic-al, J lyre. 2. Fitted to be 
sung to the lyre; hence, also, appro- 
priate for song. 

Lyr'I€, ti. 1. A lyric poem ; a song. 2. 
A verse of the kind usually employed 
in lyric poetry ; — chiefly in the plu- 
ral, [harporlyro. 

Ly'RIST, n. One who plays on tho 



M. 



M(ern), is the thirteenth letter of 
the English alphabet, and rep- 
resents a labial articulation. See 
Prin. of Pron., § SO.— {Print.) A 
square quadrat, taken as the unit 
of measurement in ascertaining the 
amount of type in any work. [Writ- 
ten also e?n.] 

MAC-XD'AM-IZE. V. t. [-ED: -ING.] 
[From Mae Adam, the inventor.] To 
cover, as a road, with small, broken 
stones. 

Mac'a-ro'nj, n. [Prov. It., from Gr. 
(laKapia, bliss, also, a very dainty 
food] 1. An edible paste, made into 
long, slender tubes. 2. A medley. 
3. A fop ; an exquisite. 

Mac a-ron'ic, a. 1. Relating to, or 
like, a macaroni ; empty ; trifling : 
vain : affected. 2. Consisting of a 
medley of Latin and vernacular 
words. 

Ma-caw; n. [The 

native name.] A 
tropical American, 
large and very 
showy bird." allied 
to the parrots. 

Mac'€A-boy, n. 
[Called after a dis- 
trict in the Island 
of Martinique.] 
Rose-flavored snuff. 

Mace, n. 1. [0. Fr.] 

or club. 2. A scepter. 3. A rod 
used in billiards. 4. [Gr. p.cucep.] 
The aromatic second coat covering 
the nutmeg. 

MXc'er-ate.v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
macerare, -ratum, from macer, lean.] 
To soften and separate by steeping, 
or by digestion, so as almost to dis- 
solve. 

Mac'er-a'tion, n. Act of softening 
and almost_ dissolving by steeping. 

MXch'i-a-vel'ian ( -vSl'.van ), a. Po- 
litically cunning, like Mackiavel, an 
Italian writer ; craftv. 

MXCH'I-A-VEL'I-AN-ISM, ) n. Politi- 

Mach'i-a-vel-Ism, ~ j cal cun- 
ning and artifice. 

3IXch'i-nal (mak'-), a. [See Ma- 
chine.^ Pertaining to machines. 

MA-eH'I-NATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 

[See Machine.] To form, as a plot 
or a scheme, 




Macaw. 
A heavy staff 



Mackerel. 



Ofc, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK; fjRN, RUE, PULL ; 



i MXCH'I-NA'TION, n. A hostile or 
f treacherous scheme formed with de- 
I liberation and cunning. 
| Ma-chine' (-sheen'), n. [Lat. machi- 
na, machine, device.] 1. Any body 
or assemblage of bodies, esp. a com- 
plex construction, used to transmit 
and modify force and motion ; an 
engine. 2. Supernatural agency in 
a poem. 

Ma-chin'er-y (ma-sheeu'er-y"), v. 1. 
Machines collectively. 2. Working 
parts of a machine. 3. Means and 

- appliances by which any thing is 
kept in action. 4. Extraordinary or 
supernatural agency in a poem or 
fictitious work. 

Ma-chin'ist (nia-sheenlst), n. A con- 
structor of machines and engines. 

Mack'er-el, n. 
[0. Fr. maque- 
rel.] A marine 
fish, spotted with 
blue, and largely 
used for food. 

Mack'in t -tosh, n. [From the invent- 
or.] A water-proof outer garment. 

Mack-LE (mak'l), n. [Lat. macula, 
a spot, stain.] (Print.) A blur caus- 
ing a part of the impression to ap- 
pear double. 

JlA€'RO-€OSM, Or MA'€EO-€OPM,fl. 
[Gr. /u.cucpo?, great, and koct/aos, the 
world.] The great world; the uni- 
verse; — opposed to microcosm^, or 
i the little world constituted by man. 

Ma-crom'E-ter, n. [Gr. p.axp6s, 
I long, and piTpov, measure.] An in- 
strument for measuring inaccessible 
objects by means of two reflectors 
on a common sextant. 

Ma€'V-LA, n. ; pi. JUA€'V-LJS. [Lat.] 
A spot, as on the skin, or on the sun. 

MXc'U-LATE, v. t. [Lat. mandate, 
< macidatum. See supra.] To spot ; 
to sfeiinj to blur. 

Mac u-la'tion, n. The act of spot- 
ting ; a spot ; a blemish ; a stain. 

Mad, a. [-der: -dest.] [A.-S. pe- 
rn <ed ; Goth, gamdids, weak, brok- 
en.] 1. Disordered in intellect ; 
crazy. 2. Excited with passionate 
desire or with wrath ; enraged. 3. 
Proceeding from, or indicating, mad- 
ness. — v. t. [-DED ; -DING.] To 
make mad 



M.\D'AM,n. The same as MADAME. 

Madame (ma-dim 7 ), n.; pi. mes- 
DAMES (ma-dim'). [Fr. ma, my, 
and dame, dame.] A form of address 
to a lady , especially an elderly or a 
married lady. [son. 

Mad'cap, n. A rash, hot-headed per- 

MXD'DBN, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
make mad ; to craze ; to enrage. — 
v. i. To become mad. 

Mad'DER, ?i. [A.-S. mdddre.] A cer- 
| tain plant, the root of which is much 
! used in dying red. 

Mad'e-fy, v. t. [-ED : -ING, 142.] 

[Lat. madere, to be wet, and f'acere, 

to make.] To make wet ; to moisten. 

| Ma-dei'ra (-de 7 - or -da'-), n. A rich 

wine made in Madeira. 

Mademoiselle (mad'mwa-zeP), 

I 71. ;pl. MESDEMOTSELLES(mM'- 
mwa-zel'). [Fr., Irom ma, my, and 
demoiselle, young lady.] Young 
woman ; miss ; — used in address. 

Mad'-house, 7i. A house where in- 
sane persons are confined. 

MAd'ly, rt'/f. 1. In a mad manner ; 
rashly ; wildly. 2. With extreme 
folly. [person. 

Mad'aian (150), n. A lunatic or crazy 

MXd'ness, 7i. Condition of being 
mad ; disorder of intellect. 

Syx. —Insanity ; distraction ; delir- 
ium; craziuess; lunacy; rage; fury. 

Ma-don'na, n. [It., my lady.] 1. 
Madam ; my lady. 2. A picture of 
the Yirgiu Mary. 

Mad'ri-gal, n. [Gr. ixdvSpa. stall. 
herd of cattle.] A little amorous 
poem, called also ajjastoral poem. 

MXg'a-zixe' (ruag'a-zeen'), n. [Ar. 
makhzan, a storehouse, granary, or 
cellar.] 1. A storehouse ; esp. one for 
military stores. 2. Place where the 
powder is kept in a fortification or 
ship. 3. A miscellaneous pamphlet 
periodically published. 

Mag'da-LEN, ti,. [From Mary Mag- 
dalene. See Luke vii. 36.] A re- 
formed prostitute. 

Mag'got, n. [Allied to A.-S. mad- 
', ha, madhu, earth-worm.] 1. A grub; 
i a worm. 2. A whim. 

Mag'got-y, a. 1. Full of maggots. 
j 2_. Capricious; whimsical. 

Ma'gi, n. pi. [Lat., pi. of Magus.] 
Holy men or sages of the East. 



, /, o, silent ; C, G, soft; €, 5, hard; As.; EXIST ; N as KG; 



THIS. 



MAGIAN 



260 



MAINTENANCE 



Ma'G[-AN, a. Pertaining to the Magi. 
— n. One of the Magi. 

MAG'IC, n. [Gr. fjiayiKTJ (sc. renvn). 
See MAGI.] Science or practice of 
evoking spirits or educing the occult 
powers of nature, and performing 
things wonderful by their aid. 

Syn. — Sorcery ; witchcraft ; necro- 
mancy; conjuration; enchantment. 

IfAG'lc, \a. Relating to magic; 

MAG'I€-AL, ) done by enchantment. 

14ag'I€-al-LY, adv. By the arts of 
magic. 

Ma-gi'CIAN (-jish'an), n. One skilled 
in magic ; a necromancer. 

Mag'iste'ri-al, a. [Lat. magiste- 
rius ; magister, master.] Pertaining 
or appropriate to a master ; authori- 
tative ; imperious. 

Syn. — Dogmatical ; arrogant. — One 
who is magisterial, assumes the air of a 
master toward his pupils ; one who is 
dogmatical lays down his positions in a 
tone of authority or dictation; one who 
is arrogant insults others by an undue 
assumption of superiority. 

MXg'is-te'ri-al-ly, adv. With the 
air of a master. 

Mag'is-tra-cy, n. 1. Office or dig- 
nity of a magistrate. 2. Body of 
magistrates. 

Mag'is-TRATE, n. [Lat. magistra- 
te; magister, master, chief.] A 
person clothed with power as a pub- 
lic civil power. 

Mag'nA -Gh'ar'TA (k'ar'ta). [Lat., 
great charter.] The great charter 
of English rights, obtained by the 
barons from King John, A. r>. 1215. 

Mag'NA-nim'i-TY, n. Greatness of 
mind ; elevation or dignity of soul. 

Syn. — Generosity. — In generosity 
there is more of heart ; in magnanimity 
more of soul. The former is the virtue 
of an individual, the latter of one who is 
elevated by station or influence. Mag- 
nanimity is shown not only by giving, 
but by enduring. 

Mag-nan't-moOs, a. [Lat . magnan- 
imus ; magnus, great, and animus, 
mind.] 1. Great of mind ; of lofty 
spirit. 2. Liberal and honorable. 

MAG-NAN'l-MOfJs-LY, adv. In a 
magnanimous manner. 

MXg'nate, n. [From Lat. magnus, 
great.] A noble or grandee ; a per- 
son of distinction. 

Mag-ne'§i-a (-ne'zhi-a. or -ne'zha), n. 
[Gr. Ai'0os Mayvr/Siog, the magnet, 
also a mineral that looked like sil- 
ver.] An earth ; the oxide of mag- 
nesium. 

Carbonate of magnesia, a white pul- 
verulent earth used as a mild cathartic. 

Mag-ne'§ian, a . Pertaining to, con- 
taining, or resembling, magnesia. 

Mag-ne'§i-Ujvi (-zhi-um), n. The me- 
tallic base of magnesia. 

MAg'net, n. [Gr. Ai'0o? Mayi/7?T7j?, 
i. e., Magnesian stone, fr. Magnesia, 
in Thessaly.] 1. The loadstone ; an 
iron ore, which attracts iron, and, 
when freely suspended, points to the 
poles. 2. Magnetized steel or iron. 

Mag-NET'i€, ) a. Relating to, or 

Mag-net'ic-al, J possessing the 
properties of, the magnet. 



Mag-net'I€S, n. sing. Science of 
magnetism. 

MAG'NET-isM, n. 1. The force in na- 
ture which" gives rise to the phenom- 
ena exhibited by the loadstone, &c. 
2. Science which treats of magnetic 
phenomena. 3. Power of attraction. 
Animal magnetism. See Mesmerism. 

MXg'NET-IZE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To communicate magnetic proper- 
ties to. 2. To attract as if by a 
magnet. — v. i. To acquire mag- 
netic properties. 

MAG'NET-O-E-LEe-TRfC'I-TY, 71. 
Electricity evolved by the action of 
magnets. 

MAG'NET-OM'E-TER, rt. [Gr. ixayvq- 
ttjs, magnet, and juerpov, measure.] 
An instrument for measuring any of 
the terrestrial magnetic elements. 

Mag-nif'I€, )a. [Lat. magnifi- 

MAG-NlF're-AL, ) cus; magnus, great, 
and facere, to make.] Grand ; splen- 
did ; illustrious. 

Ma g-nif'i-€a t, n . [Lat. , it magni- 
fies.] The song of the Virgin Mary, 
Luhft i. 46. 

Mag-nif'i-cence, n. Quality of be- 
ing magnificent ; pomp. 

MAG-NiF'l-CENT,rr. 1. Grand in ap- 
pearance. 2. Exhibiting grandeur. 
Syn.— Splendid; pompous: gorgeous; 
brilliant; imposing. 

Mag-nif'i-cent-ly, adv. In a mag- 
nificent manner. 

MAG'NI-FI'ER, n. 1. One who mag- 
nifies. 2. An optical instrument, 
which increases the apparent magni- 
tude of bodies. 

MXg'ni-fy, v. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. magnificare ; magnus, great, 
and facere, to make.] 1. To make 
great or greater. 2. To increase the 
power or glory of; to sound the 
praises of. 

Syn. — To enlarge; amplify; aug- 
ment; exaggerate; exalt; extol; praise. 

Mag-nIl'o-QUENCE, n. Bombast. 

Mag-nil'o-quent, a. [Lat. mag- 
nus, great, and loquens, speaking.] 
Speaking loftily ; bombastic. 

MXg'NI-TUDE, n. [Lat. magnitudo; 
magnus, great.] 1. Extent of di- 
mensions ; bulk ; size. 2. Greatness ; 
grandeur. 3. Importance. 

Mag-no'li-a, n. [Named after Pierre 
Magnol.] A tree having large fra- 
grant flowers, found in the southern 
States. 

Mag'pie, n. [From Mag, or Meg, 
equiv. to Margaret, and pie.] A 
noisy bird, allied to the crow, but 
smaller, and snowy white below. 

Ma-hog'a-NY, n. [The native South 
American name.] A tree of tropical 
America and its hard reddish-brown 
wood. 

Ma-hom'ed-an, ) n. See Moham- 

Ma-hom'et-an, j MEDAN. 

Mafd, n. [A.-S. mdgedh, m'dgdh, 
magden. mseden.] 1. A virgin ; a 
maiden. 2. A female servant. 

Maid'en (mad'n), n. [See supra.] 1. 
A maid. 2. An instrument for be- 



female ser- 
vant, 
a spot, a 




Chain- 
mail. 



heading criminals. — a. 1. Pertain 
ing to a young unmarried woman. 2 
Fresh ; new ; pure ; virgin 

Maid'bn-head, » n. 1. State of be 

M Aid'£N-h6od, J ing a maid ; vir 
ginity. 2. Freshness ; purit> . 

Maid'jEN-ly, a. Becoming a maid; 
gentle ; modest. 

Maid'-serv'ant, n. A 

Mai'HEM, n. See MAIM. 

MAIL, n. [Lat. macula 
mesh.] 1. De- 
fensive armor 
composed of steel 
rings or plates. 

2. Armor ; de- 
fensive covering. 

3. [0. H. Ger. 
malaha, malha, wallet.] A bag for 
letters and papers. 4. Contents of 
such a bag. 5. One who, or the car- 
riage which, conveys the mail. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ing.] 1. To put a coat of 
mail upon. 2. To prepare for trans- 
mission by the mail ; to post. 

Mail/a-ble, a. Proper to be admit- 
ted into the mail. 

Mail'-coach, n. A coach that con- 
veys the public mails. 

Maim, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [L. Lat. 
mahamiare, prob. of Celtic origin.] 

1. To deprive of the use of a limb. 

2. To deprive of a necessary part. 
Syn.— To mutilate ; mangle; crip- 
ple; disable. 

— n. 1. Privation of the use of a 
limb. 2. Any mutilation or injury. 

Main, n. [A.-S. mdgen, magn, from 
magan, to be able. See May.] 1. 
Strength ; force ; might. 2. Chief 
or principal part; specifically, (a.) 
The ocean, as distinguished from a 
bay, gulf, &c. (b.) The continent, 
as distinguished from an island, (c.) 
A principal pipe leading from a reser- 
voir. — a. 1. Mighty ; powerful ; vast. 
2. First in size, rank, importance, &c. 
Syn. — Principal; chief; leading; car- 
dinal; capital. 

Main'-deck, n. Deck next below 
the spar deck in frigates. 

Main'-lXnd, n. The continent ; — 
opposed to island. 

MAIN'LY, adv. 1. Chiefly; princi- 
pally. 2. Greatly ; mightily. 

Main'MAST, n. The principal mast 
in a vessel. [a ship. 

Main'sail, n. The principal sail in 

MAIN'SPRING, n. The moving spring 
of a watch or clock ; hence, the 
most powerful motive. 

Main'-stay, n. Main support ; prin- 
cipal dependence. 

Main-tain', ^. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Fr. 
maintenir ; warn, hand, and tenir, 
to hold.] 1. To hold in any partic- 
ular state ; to keep up. 2. To keep 
possession of. 3. To continue, 4. 
To bear the expense of. 5. To sup- 
port by assertion or argument. 

Main-tXin'a-ble, a. Capable of 
being maintained. 

Main'te-nance, n. 1. Sustenance; 
support; defense. 2. Means of sus- 



X, E, I, O, U, Y, long; I, E, I, 6, U, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, T£RM ; PIQUE, FIRM; S6jf, 



MAINTOP 



261 



MALVERSATION 



Main'top, n. Top of the mainmast 
of a ship or brig. 

Maize, n. [From mahiz or mahis, 
the native name in Hayti.] A plant 
and its fruit, indigenous to America; 
Indian corn. 

MA-JES'Tie, a. Possessing or exhibit- 
ing majesty ; of imposing grandeur. 

Stk. — August; splendid; grand; sub- 
lime; magnificent; imperial; regal; roy- 
al; pompous; stately; lofty; dignified. 

Ma-jes'tic-al-ly, adv. With maj- 
esty. 

Maj'es-ty, n. [Lat. majestas.fr. 0. 
Lat. majus, great.] 1. Grandeur; 
exalted dignity. 2. Title of a king or 
queen [in this sense taking a pi.]. 

Ma'JOR, a. [Lat. compar. of magnus, 
great.] 1. Greater in number, quan- 
tity, or extent. 2. More important. 

— n. 1. (Mil.) An officer next in 
rank above a captain. 2. A person 
of full age. 3. That premise which 
forms the predicate of the conclu- 
sion in a syllogism. 

Ma/JOR-do'mo, 7i. [Lat. major, 
greater, and domus, house.] A stew- 
ard. [AL. 
Ma'jor-gen'er-al, n. See Gener- 
MA-JOR'I-TY, n. [L. Lat. majoritas.] 
1. Rank of a major. 2. Condition of 
being of age to manage one's own 
concerns. 8. More than half. 

Syn. — Plurality. — In elections, he 
has a plurality who has more votes than 
any other candidate ; he has a majority 
wlio has more than half the votes given 
for all the candidates. 

Make, c. t. [made; making.] [A.- 
S. macian.] 1. To cause to exist ; 
to produce ; to frame ; to fashion ; 
to create ; hence, to construct ; to 
effect ; to do ; to gain . 2. To cause 
to be or become. 3. To esteem, or 
represent. 4. To require; to com- 
pel. 5. To compose ; to constitute ; 
to form. 6. To reach or arrive at. 

— v. i. 1. To tend ; to proceed ; to 
move. 2. Hence, to contribute ; to 
have effect. 3. To increase ; to ac- 
crue. — n. Structure ; texture ; con- 
struction ; shape; form. [tense. 

Make'-be-lieve', n. A mere pre- 

Mak'er, n. One who makes, forms, 
shapes, or molds; a manufacturer ; 
often, specifically, the Creator. 

Make'-shIft, n. A temporary ex- 
pedient. 

Make'-weight (-wat), n. That 
which is thrown into a scale to make 
weight. 

MAL'A-CHITE (49), n. [Gr. M-oAaxrj, 
a mallow ; — from its resembling the 
green color of the leaf.] Native car- 
bonate of copper. 

cIXl'A-COL'O-GV, n. [Gr. p.a\aic6<;, 
soft, and Koyos, discourse.] The 
science which relates to the struct- 
ure and habits of mollusks. 

Mal/ad-min-is-tra'tion, n. Bad 
management of business. 

MXl'a-droit', a. [Fr.] Clumsy; 
awkward ; unskillful. 

MXl'a-dy, n. [Fr. maladie, fr. Lat. 
male aptus, ill-fitted, i. e., indis- 



.] 1. A lingering or deep-seat- 
ed disease or sickness. 2. A moral 
defect or disorder. 

Syn. — Disorder: distemper; sickness, 
ailment; disease; illness. See Disease. 

MXl'A-pert', a. [0. Fr. ill, bad, and 
apert, open, intelligent.] Saucy ; 
forward. — n. A pert, saucy person. 

MXL-AP'RO-POS' (mal-ap'ro-po'), adv. 
[Fr. mal a propos.] Unseasonably ; 
unsuitably. 

Ma-la'ri-a, n. [It., fr. mala aria, 
bad air.] Air tainted by deleterious 
emanations from organic matter. 

Ma-la'ri-ous, a. Pertaining to, or 
infected by, malaria. 

MXl-con'for-ma'tion, n. Imper- 
fect formation ; ill form . 

Mal'€ON-tent', n. A discontented 
subject of government. — a. Discon- 
tented with the government. 

MALE, a. [Fr. male, fr. Lat. masculus, 
male, masculine.] Relating to the 
sex that begets young; masculine. 
— n. An animal of the male sex. 

MXl'e-dic'tion, n. Denunciation 
of evil ; declaration of a wish of evil. 
Syn. — Curse ; imprecation ; execra- 
tion. — Malediction is the most general 
term, denoting bitter reproach or wishes 
and predictions of evil. Curse implies 
the desire or threat of evil, declared upon 
oath or in the most solemn manner. 
Imprecation is literally the praying 
down of evil upon a person. Execration 
is literally a putting under the ban of 
excommunication, a curse which ex- 
cludes from the kingdom of God. 

MXl'E-FAC'TOR. n. [Lat., fr. male- 
facere, to do evil.] One who com- 
mits a crime. 

Ma-lEv'o-lence, n. Quality of be- 
ing malevolent. See Malice. 

Ma-LEV'O-LENT, a. [Lat. malevo- 
lens ; male, ill, and volens, disposed.] 
Wishing evil ; disposed to injure 
others. 

Syn. — Evil-minded ; resentful; mali- 
cious; malignant; rancorous. 

MA-LEV'o-LENT-LY,adu. In a ma- 
levolent manner. 

MAL-FEA'£ANOE, n. [Fr. malfais- 
ance. See Malefactor.] Evil 
conduct ; illegal deed. 

Mal'for-ma'tion, ■>,. Irregular for- 
mation or structure. 

Mal'ICE, n. [Lat. malitia; malus, 
bad, ill.] Unprovoked malignity or 
spite. 

Syx. — Malevolence : malignity. — 
There is the same difference between 
malevolence and malice as between icish- 
es and intentions. A malevolent man de- 
sires to see others unhappy, and rejoices 
when they are so ; a malicious man is 
habitually bent upon injuring others 
without cause. Malignity jcoes further; 
it is not only bent on evil, but loves it 
for its own sake. 

Ma-li'cious (-lTsh'us), a. 1. Indulg- 
ing or exercising malice. 2. Pro- 
ceeding from hatred or malice. 

Ma-li'cioOs-ly (-llsh' us-), adv. With 
malice, enmity, or ill-will. 

MA-LIGN' (-lin ; ), a. [Lat. malignus, 
for maligenus, of a bad kind or na- 
ture.] 1. Having a very evil dispo- 
sition ; malignant; malicious. 2. 



Unfavorable; pernicious. — v. t 
[-ED ; -ING.] To traduce ; to vilify. 

Ma-lig'nan-9Y, n. 1. Extreme ma- 
levolence ; malice. 2. Virulence ; 
tendency to mortification. 

Ma-lIg'nant, a. [Lat. malignans, 
doing maliciously.] 1. Disposed to 
do harm, or cause distress. 2. Per- 
nicious ; heinous. 3. Tending to 
produce death. 

Syx.— Malicious ; malevolent; bitten 
rancorous: spiteful; resentful; envious; 
malign. See Malicious. 

Ma-lig'nant-ly, adv. With extreme 
malevolence. 

Ma-lign'er (ma-lin'er), n. One who 
maligns ; a traducer ; a defamer. 

MA-LIG'NI-TY, n. 1. Extreme malev- 
olence ; virulent enmity. 2. Deadly 
quality. 

MA-lin'ger, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Fr. 
malingre, sickly, weakly.] To feign 
illness or to protract disease, in order 
to avoid duty. 

Mal'i-§on (-zn), n. [0. Fr., contract- 
ed fr. malediction.] Malediction. 

MALL (mawl), n. [Lat. malleus.] A 
large wooden beetle ; a maul. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To beat with a mall ; 
to maul. 

Mall (mal), n. [Orig. a walk where 
they played with malls and balls.] 
A level, shaded public walk. 

Mal'LARD, n. [Fr. malart, fr. male, 
male, and the termination art, ard.\ 
The common duck in its wild state. 

Mal'le-a-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of 
being malleable. 

Mal'le-a-ble, a. [From Low Lat. 
malleare.] Capable of being drawn 
out andextended by beating. 

MXl'le-ate, v.t. [-ed;-ing.] [L. 
Lat. malleare, -atum ; Lat. malleus, 
a hammer.] To draw into a plate or 
leaf by beating. 

Mal'le-a'tion, n. Act of beating 
into a plate or leaf. 

Mal'let, n. [Fr. maillet. See MALL.] 
A wooden hammer for driving the 
chisel. 

Mal'low, >n. [A.-S. meahve, malu, 

Mal'lows, J from Lat. malva.] A 
plant of the genus Malva. 

Malm'sey, (mam'zy), n. [0. Eng. 
malvesie, from Malvasia, in the 
Morea.] A sort of grape; also, a 
kind of sweet wine. 

Mal-prac'tice, n. Professional mis- 
conduct of a physician. 

Malt, it. [A.-S. meltan, to melt, 
cook.] Barley, or other grain, steeped 
in water till it germinates, and then 
dried in a kiln. It is used in brew- 
ing. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To make 
into malt. — v. i. To become malt 

Malt'MAN (149), n. A man whoso 
occupation is to make malt. 

Mal-treat', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
treat iJl_; to abuse. [abuse. 

Mal-TREAT'MENT, »?. Ill treatment; 

Malt'ster, n. A maltman. 

Mal'ver-sa'tion, n. [Lat. male, ill, 
and versatio, from versari , to move 
about, to occupy one's self.] Cor- 
ruption or extortion in office. 



6»,DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PI/LL ; E, I, O, silent : C,G,io//!; €,G,kard; A£j EXIST; N n S NG ; THIS. 



MAMALUKE 



262 



MANKIND 



MXm'a-luke, ) n. [Ar. mamluk, a 

Mam'e-luke, J purchased slave or a 
captive.] One of the former mount- 
ed soldiery of Egypt. 

Mam-ma', n. Mother; — a word of 
tenderness and familiarity, used 
chiefly by young children. 

Mam'MAL,«. [Lat. mammalis, belong- 
ing to the breast; mamma, breast.] 
An animal of the highest class of 
vertebrates, characterized by the fe- 
male suckling its young. 

t&AM-MA'hl-A, n. pi. [See supra.} A 
class of animals, compi-ehending the 
mammals. 

Mam'MA-ry, a. Pertaining to the 
breasts or pap?. 

Mam'mi-f£r, n. [Lat. mamma, the 
breast, and fern, to bear.] A mam- 
mal. 

Mam-mif'er-ot):;, a. Having breasts ; 
nourishing the young by suckling. 

Mam'mil-LA-Ry'. a. [Lat. mammilla, 
dim. of mamma, breast, pap.] Per- 
taining to the paps. 

ALXm'mon, n. [Chald. mammon, 
treasury.] Riches ; wealth ; also, the 
god of riches. 

Mam'MOTH, n. [Russ. mamont. from 
Tartar mamma, the earth, because 
it was thought that this animal 
worked its way in the earth like a 
mole.] An extinct elephant. — a. 
Very large ; gigantic. 

Man, n' ; pi. MEN. [A.-S. mann,man ; 
Skr. man, to think.] 1. A human 
being. 2. An adult male person. 3. 
The human race; sometimes, the 
male part of the race. 4. One of 
manly strength or virtue. 5. A male 
attendant. 6. A husband. 7. A 
piece with which a game is played. — 
Man-of-war, a first-class ship of war. 

— v.t. [-NED; -NING.] 1. To sup- 
ply with men. 2. To furnish with 
strength for action ; to fortify. 

Man'A-€LE, n. [Lat. manicula ; ma- 
nus, hand.] A handcuff ; a shackle. 

— v.t. [-ED; -ING.] To put hand- 
cuffs on ; to shackle. 

Man'age, f. (. [-ed;-ing.] [From 
Lat. mnnsio, habitation.] 1. To have 
under control and direction. 2. To 
guide by careful or delicate treat- 
ment. 3. To train, as a horse. — v. i. 
To conduct affairs. 

Man'age-a-ble,m. 1. Capable of be- 
ing managed. 2. Easily made sub- 
servient to one's views or designs. 

Man'age -me nt, 37. 1. Act or man- 
ner of treating, directing, or carry- 
ing on. 2. Cunning practice. 3. 
Board of managers. 

..^ISn'A-ger, n. 1. One who manages ; 
a conductor or director. 2. A good 
economist. 

MANCH / i-NEEL'(mantch / -), n. [From 
Lat. malum Matianum, a kind of 
apple, because its fruit resembles an 
apple.] A poisonous tree of the 
West Tndies. 

Nan-da'MVS, n. [Lat., we com- 
mand.] A writ from a superior court, 
commanding the performance of 
some specified duty. 



Man/da-r'in', n. [Skr. mantrin, a 
counselor.] A Chinese public officer. 

MAN'DA-TA-RY, n. [Lat. mandata- 
rius ; niandatum, a charge.] One to 
whom a command or charge is given. 

Man'date, n. An official or author- 
itative command. {command. 

Man'da-to-ry (50) 

Man'di-BLE, n. [Lat. mandibulum 
mandere, to chew.] The lower jaw 
of vertebrates ; — also applied to des- 
ignate both jaws of birds, and the 
upper pair in invertebrates. 

Man-dib'ij-lar, a. Belonging to the 
jaw, or mandible. 

Man'DRAKE. n. [Gr. p.av8pay6pa<;.] 
A low plant, having a fleshy root, 
often forked. 

Man'drel, n. [Gr. fidvSpa, an in- 
closed space.] 1. A bar of metal in- 
serted in the work to hold it as in a 
lathe. 2. The spindle which carries 
the center-chuck of a lathe. 

Mane,??. [0. II. Ger. mana.] The 
long hair on the neck of some quad- 
rupeds. 

MA-NgGE' (ma-nazhO, »• [Fr. manege, 
fr. L. Lat. managium , management.] 
1. Art of horsemanship, or of train- 
ing horses. 2. A school for teach- 
ing horsemanship, &c. 

Ma'ne$, n. pi. [Lat., fr. 0. Lat. ma- 
ntis, good.] {Rom. Myth.) Souls of 
the departed. 

Ma-neuJver, In. [Fr. manauv^e, 

Ma-nceu'vre, ) L. Lat. manopera, 
lit. hand-work.] 1. An evolution, or 
change of position, among troops or 
ships. 2. Adroit proceeding ; strata- 
gem. — v. i. [-ED ; -ING .] 1. To make 
an evolution. 2. To manage with 
address. — v. t. To change the posi- 
tions of, as troops or ships. 

Ma-netj'ver-er, ) n. One who ma- 

Ma-nceu'vrer, ) neuvers. 

MAN'FUL,a. Showing manliness, or 
manly spirit. [uer. 

M.\N'FUL-LY, adv. In a manful man- 

Man'GA-nese', n. [Corrupt, fr. Lat. 
magnes, magnet, because of its re- 
semblance to the magnet.] A very 
hard metal of a dusky white color. 

MANGE, n. [Fr. manger, to eat.] The 
itch in cattle, dogs, &c. 

MAN/G-EL-WUR/Zi'L (mang / gl-wu'r / - 
zl), n. [From Ger. mangold, beet, 
mangold wvrzel, beet-root.] A plant 
of the ordinary beet kind. 

MAN'GER, n. [Fr. mangeoire, from 
manger, to eat.] A trough or box in 
which fodder is put for cattle. 

Man'gi-ness, n. Condition of being 
mangy ; scabbiness. 

Man'gle, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [A.-S. 
be-mancian, to maim.] 1. To hack, 
as flesh ; to lacerate ; to mutilate. 2. 
To take by piecemeal. 3. To smooth 
with a mangle, as linen. — n. [Gr. 
\xdyyavov, axis of a pulley.] A roll- 
ing-press for smoothing linen. 

Man'go, n. [Malay, mangga.yl. The 
fruit of a tree, of the East Indies, 
often pickled. 2. A green musk- 
melon pickled. 

Man'grove, n. [Malay, manggi- 



manggi.] A tropical tree, forming 
dense forests. 

MAN'GY, a. f-ER; -EST, 142.] In- 
fected with the mange; scabby. 

Man'hood, n. [Eng. man, and suffix 
hood.] 1. State of being man. 2. 
Manly quality ; courage ; resolution. 
Containing a | Ma'ni-A, n. [Gr. pavia..] 1. Violent 
derangement of mind ; madness. 2. 
Excessive or unreasonable desire. 

MA'NI-A€,a. Raving with madness; 
mad. — n. One raving with mad- 
ness; a madman. [ness. 

Ma-ni'ag-al, a. Affected with mad- 

MAN'i-€Hii'AJV,a. Pertaining to the 
Manicliees. 

Man'i-chl'AN, ) n. A follower of 

Man'i-cuee, j Manes, a Persian, 
who held that there are two supreme 
principles — light, author of all good, 
and darkness, author of all evil. 

Man'i-fest, a. [Lat. manifesivs.] 
Clearly viable to the eye ; obvious to 
the understanding. 

Syn. — Cler.r; evident; plain; obvious. 

— What is clear can be seen in all its 
bearings; what is plain can be seen by 
any man without study or reflection; 
what is obvious lies directly in our way, 
and must be seen by every one; what is 
evident, is seen forcib y, and leaves no 
hesitation on the mind; what is manifest 
is evident in a very high desrree, striking 
upon the mind at once with overpower- 
ing conviction. 

— n. An invoice of a ship's cargo, to 
be exhibited at the custom-house. — 
v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To show plainly. 
2. To exhibit prepared invoices of, at 
the custom-house. 

Man'i-fes-ta'tion, n. Act of man- 
ifesting or disclosing; exhibition; 
display; revelation. [dently. 

Man'I-fest-ly, adv. Clearly; evi- 

Man/i-fes'to, n. ; pi. man'i-fes'- 
TOES. A public declaration, usually 
of a sovereign or ruler, showing his 
intentions. 

Man'i-fold, a. [Eng. many and 
fold.] 1. Various in kind or qual- 
ity ; numerous. 2. Exhibited at di- 
vers times or in various ways. 

Man'I-KIN, n. [Eng. man and dim. 
suffix kin.] An artificial preparation 
exhibiting the different parts of the 
human body. 

MA'NI-6-e,n. [Btslz. mandioca.] l.The 
plant from which cassava and tapioca 
are prepared. 2. The cassava itself. 

Man'i-ple, n. [Lat. manipuhis, 
maniplus, a handful.] 1. A hand- 
ful. 2. A small band of soldiers. 3. 
A kind of scarf worn by Roman 
Catholic priests. 

Ma-nip'tj-lar, a. Pertaining to the 
maniple, or company. 

Ma-n1p'u-late, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[L. Lat. manipulate, -latum, to lead 
by the hand.] To treat, work, or op- 
erate with_tbe hands. 

Ma-nip'u-la'tion, n. Act of manip- 
ulating ; nse of the hands in an ar- 
tistic or skillful manner, [nipulates. 

Ma-nip'tj-la'tor, n. One who ma- 

MAN-KIND' (72), n. 1. The human 
race ; man. 2. Men as distinguished 
from women. 



A, e, I, b,v,\,long; A.,%,1, O, II, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, what; ere. veil, TERM ; pique, firm; son. 



MANLINESS 



263 



MARINE 



MXn'li-ness, n. Quality of being 
manly. 

MXn'ly, a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] [From 
man and ly.] Having qualities be- 
coming a man ; firm ; brave ; un- 
daunted ; dignified ; noble ; stately. 

Syx. — Manful. —Manful refers to vig- 
or and resolution as attributes of our 
race, and is opposed to weak or coward- 
ly; manly has reference to maturity of 
yearc or elevation of spirit, and is op- 
posed to puerile or mean. Hence we 
speak of a manful endurance of evil, and 
of manly conduct or deportment. 

MXn'-mid'wife, n. A man who 
practices obstetrics. 

MXn'NA, n. [Heb. man, gift, manan, 
to bestow.] 1. A substance miracu- 
lously furnished as food for the Is- 
raelites in the wilderness. 2. A sweet- 
ish secretion from many trees. 

MAN'NER, n. [Lat. manarius, from 
manus, tbe hand.] 1. Mode of ac- 
tion. 2. Characteristic mode of act- 
ing ; habitual style ; behavior ; de- 
portment ; habit. 3. Certain degree 
or measure. 4. Sort ; kind ; style. 
Syn. — See Method. 

MXn'ner-ism, n. Adherence to a pe- 
culiar style or manner, [mannerism. 

MXn'NER-IST, n. One addicted to 

MXn'ner-ly, a. Showing good man- 
ners ; civil ; respectful. [line. 

MXn'NISH, a. Like a man ; mascu- 

Ma-nceu'vre, n. See Maneuver. 

Man-of-war', n. A government 
vessel employed in war. 

Man'OR, n. [0. Fr. manoir, maner, 
habitation, fr. Lat. manrre, to stay, 
dwell.] The land belonging to a lord 
or nobleman. 

Man'or-house, n. The houSe be- 
longing to a manor. [a manor. < 

MA-NO'RI-AL J89), a. Pertaining to 

MXn'sard-roof, n. [So called from 
its inventor.] A kind of roof formed 
with an upper and under set of raf- 
ters. See Roof. 

MXnse, n. [Low Lat. mansa. Cf. 
Mansion.] 1. A house ; especially, 
a parsonage-house. 2. A farm. 

MXn'SION, n. [Lat. mansio, a re- 
maining, a dwelling, from manere, 
mansum, to stay, dwell.] A house ; 
esp., one of some size or pretension. 

MXn'slaugh-ter (-slaw-ter),n. The 
unlawful killing of a man without 
malice. 

MXN'TJEL (man'tl), n. The work, or a 
narrow shelf, over the fire-place. 

MXn'TEL-et, n. [Fr. mantelet, dim. 
of 0. Fr. mantel. See MANTLE.] A 
small cloak worn by women. 

Man'tel-piece, \ 

Man'tel-she'lf, J n. See Mantel. 

Man't el-tree, ) 

Man-til'la, n. [See Mantle.] A 
lady's" cloak of silk or velvet. 

Man'TLE (man'tl), n. [Lat. mantel- 
lum, mantelum.] 1. A loose gar- 
ment to be worn over others ; hence, 
a concealing envelope. 2. A mantel. 

- [See Mantel. ] — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
To cover or envelop ; to cloak ; to 
hide. — v- i. 1. To rise and spread ; 



to expand. 2. To become covered 
on the surface. 
MXn'tle-piece, ) m . m „ . , ~ 

MAN'TLE-SHELF, i n \±™Z^ 

MXn'tle-tree,'S Mantel. 

MXn'tu-a (man'tu-a or man'tQ), n. 
[Either fr. Fr. manteau, or fr. Man- 
tua, in Italy. See Mantle.] A 
woman's gown or dress. 

Man'tua-mak'er (uian'tu-mak'er), 
n. A ladies' dressmaker. 

Man'u-al, a. [Lat. manvalis ; manvs, 
the hand.] 1. Pertaining to, or per- 
formed by, the hand. 2. Used or 
made by hand. — n. 1. A small 
book, such as may be conveniently 
handled. 2. Service-book of the Ro- 
man Catholic church. 3. Key-board 
of an organ or harmonium. 

MXn'u-fac'to-RY, «. [Lat. manus, 
the hand, and factorium, a place 
where something is made, from fac- 
tor, a maker, from facere, factum, to 
make.] A house or place where any 
thing is manufactured ; a factory. 

MXn'u-fact'ure (53), n. [Lat. ma- 
nus, the hand, and factura,a mak- 
ing.] 1. Operation of making any 
wares, by the hands, by art, or ma- 
chinery. 2. Any thing made from 
raw materials. — v. t. [-ed ; -ING]. 
1. To make or fabricate from raw 
materials. 2. To work into suitable 
forms for use. [manufactures. 

Man'u-fa€T'ur-er, n. One who 

MXn'u-mis'sion (-rnisli/un), n. Act 
of manumitting. 

MXx'U-MIT' (110), v. t. [-ted; 
-TING.] [Lat. manumitte're ; manus, 
the hand, and mittere, to send off.] 
To release from slavery. 

MA-NURE', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Contr. 
fr. manoeuvre.] To enrich by appli- 
cation of a fertilizing substance. — 
n. Any fertilizing substance. 

Man'u-SCRIPT, a. Written with the 
hand; not printed. — n. [Lat. ma- 
nus, the hand, and scriber'e, scrlp- 
tum, to write.] A book or paper 
written with the hand. 

Man'y (men/y), a. [more ; MOST.] 
[A.-S. manig, menig.] Comprising 
a great number of individuals. 

Sy>\ — Numerous ; frequent ; mani- 
fold; various; divers; sundry. 
— n. A great number ; a crowd. 

Map, n. [Lat. mappa, napkin, signal- 
cloth.] A delineation of the surface 
of the earth, or of any part of it ; a 
chart, — r.t. [-fed ; -ping.] To 
delineate, as the figure of any por- 
tion of land. [species. 

MA'PLE , n. A genus of tree of several 

MAX, v.t. [-red: -king.] [A.-S. 
merran, to obstruct, dissipate.] 1. 
To injure by making defective : to 
damage ; to hurt. 2. To impair the 
good looks of; to disfigure. — n. A 
blemish made by bruising, scratch- 
ing, &c. ; an injury. 

MXr'a-natii'a, or Mar-a-na'tha, 
n. [Syriac] The Lord comes, or 
has come, — a word used in anathe- 
matizing persons. 

MAR'AS-eH'i'NO (-kS'no), n. [It., 



marasca, a sour cherry.] A delicate 
spirit distilled from cherries. 

MA-RAg'M US, n. [Gr. ju.apa.07u.6s.] 
A wasting of flesh without apparent 
disease; atrophy. 

MA-RA.UD', v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Fr. ma- 
rauder, fr. maraud, rascal, Lat. male 
ruptus, badly broken, debauched.] 
To rove in quest of plunder. 

Ma-raud'er, n. A rover in quest 
of booty or plunder. 

MAR'BLE, n. [Gr. p.app:apo?, fr. pap- 
ixaipeiv, to sparkle ] 1. Calcareous 
stone, of a compact texture. 2. A 
thing made of, or resembling, mar- 
ble ; esp., a little ball used as a play- 
thing by children. — v.t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To stain or vein like marble. 

Marc, n. [Fr.] Refuse matter from 
the pressure of grapes, &c. 

MAR-CES'CENT, a. [Lat. marcescens, 
withering.] Drooping; fading. 

March, n. 1. [Fr. ; Lat. Martins, be- 
longing to Mars, the god of war.] 
Third month of the year. 2. Mili- 
tary progress. 3. Measured and reg' 
ular advance, as of soldiers. 4. A 
piece of music to march by. 5. Dis- 
tance passed over. G. [A.-S. mearc, 
mark, boundary ; allied to Lat. mar- 
go, margin. See Mark.] Frontier 
of a territory ; a confine. — v. i. 
[-ED ; -ING.] [Orig., to go to the 
boundary to defend it. See MARCH, 
«.] 1. To move by steps and in or- 
der, as soldiers. 2. To walk in a de- 
liberate or stately manner. — v.t. 
To cause to move in military array. 

Mar'CHION-ess (-shun-'l, n. [L. Lat. 
marchionissa, fr. marchio. marquis ] 
Wife or widow of a marquis. 

Mar'cid, a. [Lat. marcidus.] Pin- 
ing ; wasted away ; lean. 

MAR-CID'I-TY, n. Great leanness. 

Mare, n. [A.-S. mere, from mear, 
mearh, horse.] Female of the horse. 
JIa-re's nest, any thing very absurd or 
ludicrous, or a hoax. 

Mare'schal (mar'shal), it. [0. Fr.] 
A marshal. 

Marge, n. A margin. 

Mar'GIN, n. [Lat. margo, marginis.] 
1. Border; edge; verge. 2. The 
part of a page at the edge left un- 
covered in writing or printing. 3. 
Difference between the price and sale 
of an article, or between actual and 
estimated cost. — v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
1. To furnish with a margin ; to bor- 
der ; to leave room to be filled up by 
anticipated profits. 2. To enter in 
the margin of a page. 

Mar'gin-al, a. 1. Pertaining to a 
margin. 2. Inserted in the margin. 

Mar'grave, 11. [Ger. markgraf, i. c., 
lord chief justice of the march. Soo 
MARCH.] A German nobleman of 
a rank equivalent to that of an En- 
glish marquis. [grave. 

Mar'gra-vine, n. Wife of a mar- 

Mar'I-GOLD, n. [From Mary and 
gold.] A plant with a yellow flower. 

MA-RINE', a. [Lat. marinus ; mare, 
the sea.] Pertaining to the sea, or 
to naval affairs ; naval ; nautical. — 



OR, do, wolf, too, TOOK; URN, rue, pull ; E, I, o, silent ; c,G,soft; c,g, hard; as; exist; nojng; this. 



MARINER 



264 



MARTYROLOGY 



n. 1. A soldier serving on ship- 
board. 2. Naval economy ; the col- 
lective shipping of a country. 

Mar'I-ner, n. A seaman or sailor. 

Ma'ri-ol'a-try, n. [Gr. Mapla, Ma- 
ry, and \arpeCa, worship.] Worship 
of the Virgin Mary. 

Mar'i-tal, a. [Lat. maritalis ; ma- 
rtins, a married man.] Pertaining 
to a husband. 

Mar'I-tiivie , a. [Lat. maritimus ; 
ware, the sea.] 1. Bordering on, or 
connected with, the sea. 2. Relat- 
ing to navigation. 

S vk. — Marine. — Maritime denotes 
primarily, " bordering on the sea," as a 
maritime town, coast, nation, &c, and 
secondarily, "belonging to those who 
border on the sea, as maritime laws, 
rights, pursuits, &c. Marine denotes, 
primarily. " of or pertaining to the sea," 
as a marine shell, marine productions, 
&c; and secondarily, "transacted at 
sea," as marine service ; or " doing duty 
on the sea," as marine forces, &c. 

Mar'JO-RAM, n. [L. Lat. majoraca, 
fr. Gr. a<j.dpaKov.] A plant of sev- 
eral species, one of which is very 
aromatic and fragrant. 

Mark, n. [A.-S. mearc] 1. A line, 
point, or figure, made on any thing ; 
a trace. 2. A significative token. 3. 
Distinguished pre-eminence. 4. A 
character made, instead of signature, 
by one who can not write. 5. A thing 
aimed at. 6. A characteristic or es- 
sential attribute. 

Syx. — Impress; impression ; stamp; 
vestige; characteristic; token; badge. 

— r."*. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To make 
a visible sign upon. 2. To give at- 
tention to ; to remark. — v.i. To 
take particular notice ; to note. 

Mark'er,«. One who marks. 

Mar'KET, n. [Lat. mercatus; merx, 
intrcis, merchandise.] 1. A public 
place where provisions or cattle are 
exposed to sale. 2. A town, region, 
&c, where there is a demand for an 
article ; hence, demand and sale, or 
exchange, —v. i. [-ed;-!NG.] To 
buy or sell ; to make bargains. 

20 ar'ket-a-ble , a. Fit to be offered 
for sale ; salable. [well. 

Marks'man (149), n. One who shoots 

Marl, n. [L. Lat. margila, W. marl.] 
A mixed earthy substance, consisting 
of carbonate of lime, clay, and sili- 
cious sand. — v. t. [-ed: -ing.] To 
overspread or manure with marl. 

Marl-A'ceous, a. ltesemblingmarl, 
or partaking of its qualities. 

MAR'LINE, n. [Of uncertain deriva- 
tion.] A small line composed of two 
strands, a little twisted, used for 
winding round cables, &c. — v. t. To 
wind marline around. 

Mar'line-spIke, n. A tool to 
separate the strands of a 
rope, in splicing. 

Marl/y, a. [-er ; -EST, 142. 
Consisting of, or resembling 
or abounding with, marl. 

MAR'MA-LABE, n. [Gr. p.e\i- Mar- 
p.r,\ov, a sweet apple ; (i&i, J"jjj- 
honey, p.f\\ov, apple.] A 



pastry preserve made of the pulp of 
any of the tinner fruits, as the 
quince, pear, &c. 

Mar-mo're-al I (124), a. [Lat. mar- 

MAR-MO'RE-AN J moreus ; marmor, 
marble.] Of, or like, marble. 

MAR'MO-gET', re. [Fr. vtarmouset, an 
ugly little boy.] A small monkey, 
much resembling a squirrel. 

Mar'MOT, n. [Lat. mus montanus, 
i. e., mountain-mouse.] A rodent, 
of about the size of the rabbit. 

MA-EOON', n. [From Sp. cimarron, 
wild, unruly.] A fugitive slave liv- 
ing on the mountains in the West 
Indies, —v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] To put 
ashore on a desolate isle, for some 
crime. — a. [Fr. marron, chestnut- 
colored.] Brownish-crimson. — re. A 
brownish-crimson or claret, color. 

Mar'plot, re. One who officiously 
interferes, and so mars or defeats a 
design. 

Marque (mark), n. [See Mark.] A 
license to pass the limits of a juris- 
diction, and make repiisals. 

Letters of marque, a license to make 
reprisals at sea on the subjects of another 
government. 

MAR-QUEE' (-kG'), n. A large field- 
tent. 

MAR'QUEss(-kwess),7i. See Marquis. 

MaR'QUET-RY (-ket-), re. [Fr. viar- 
quetfrie, fr. marque, mark, sign.] 
Work inlaid with different pieces of 
colored wood, shells, &c. 

MAR'Qurs (-kwis), n. [Fr., fr. Ger. 
mark, bound, march.] A nobleman, 
of a rank next below that of duke. 

Mar'QUIR-ATE, n. Dignity or lord- 
ship of a marquis. 

Mar'riage (m'ar'rij), n. Act of mar- 
rying, or state of being married. 

Syx. — Matrimony; wedlock. — Mar- 
riageis properly the*ae< which unitesthe 
two parties, and matrimony the state in- 
to which they enter. Marriage is, how- 
ever, often used for the state as well as 
the act. 

Mar'riaGe-a-ble (-rij-), a. Of an 
age suitable for marriage. 

MXR'Rr^D, a. Formed by marriage ; 
conjugal ; connubial. 

Mar'ROW, n. [A.-S. mearg, mearh.] 

1. A soft substance in the cavities 
of bones. 2. Essence ; best part. 

Mar'ROW-BONE, re. 1. A bone con- 
taining marrow. 2. pi. [Marybones, 
in allusion to the genuflections made 
to the Yirgin Mary.] The knees. 

Mar'row-fat, n. A rich kind of pea. 

MAR'ROW- Y , a. Full of marrow. 

Mar'ry, v. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] [Lat. 
maritare ; maritus, husband.] 1. 
To unite in matrimony. 2. To give 
away as wife. 3. To take for hus- 
band or wife. — v. i. To enter into 
the conjugal state. 

Mars, n. 1. (Myth.) The god of war. 

2. One of the planets. 

Marsh, n. [A.-S. mersc, fr. mere, 
mare, sea, lake.] Low land, often 
covered with water ; fen ; morass. 

MXr'SHAL, re. [0. H. Ger. marah- 
scalc; marah, horse, and scale, serv- 
ant.] An officer of high rank, 



charged with the arrangement of 
ceremonies, the conduct of opera- 
tions, &c. ; specifically, (a.) (France.) 
The highest military officer (b.) A 
kind of sheriff, whose duty it is to 
execute the process of the courts of 
the United States.— v. t. [-ED, 
-ING; or -LED, -LING, 13 '.] 1. Tc 
dispose in order; to arrange suitably. 
2. To lead as a harbinger. 

Mar'siial-shIp, n. Office of a mar- 
shal, [mon in marshes. 

MARSH'-MtL'LOW, n. A plant eom- 

Marsh'Y, a. Resembling, or pertain- 
ing to, a marsh ; boggy ; fenny. 

MAR-SU'PI-AL, a. [Gr. jtx.apawtor, 
pouch, bag.] Having, or pertaining 
to, a pouch for carrying the imma- 
ture young, or to animals so fur- 
nished. — 11. One of the marsupial 
animals. 

Mar-su'PI-ATE, a. Related to the 
marsupial animals ; furnished with 
a pouch for the young. 

Mart,ji. [Contracted from market.] 
A market. 

Mar-tel'lo Tow'er. [It. martello, 
hammer.] A round tower on the 
sea-coast, with a gun on the sum- 
mit. 

Mar'ten (58), n. 1. See Martin. 
2. [A.-S. meardh.] A carnivorous 
animal allied to the weasel. 

Mar'tial (miir'shal), a. [Lat. mar- 
tialis; Mars, god of war.] 1. Per- 
taining to war ; military. 2. Given 
to war ; brave. 3. Belonging to war 
or to an army and navy. 

Martial law, an arbitrary kind of law, 
extending to matters of civil as well as 
of criminal jurisdiction. It is quite dis- 
tinegfrom military law. 

Syx.— Warlike. —Martial refers more 
to war in action, its array, its attendants, 
&c, as, martial music, a martial appear- 
ance, martial array, courts-??) artial, &c. 
Warlike describes the feeling or temper 
which leads to war, and the adjuncts 
connected with it, as, a warlike nation, 
ivarlike preparations, a warlike attitude 
of things, &c. 

Mar'TIN, n. A bird of the swallow 
kind. 

MAR'TIN-ET', «. [From an officer of 
that name in the Fr. army under 
Louis XIV.] A strict disciplinarian. 

Mar'TIN-GAL, \ ii. [Fr. martin- 

MAR'TIN-GALE, j gale, It. martin- 
gala, a sort of hose.] A strap pass- 
ing between a horse's fore legs, and 
ending in two rings, through which 
the reins pass. [Nov. 11. 

Mar'tin-mas, re. Feast of St. Martin, 

Mar'TYE, n. [Lat. martyr, Gr. p.dp- 
rup, a witness who testifies with his 
blood.] 1. One who suffers death for 
the truth of the gospel. 2. Onewha 
sacrifices his life, or whatever is of 
great value to him, for the sake of 
any cause. — v.t. [-ed;-ing.] 1. 
To put to death for adhering to what 
one believes to be the truth. 2. To 
torment ; to torture. 

Mar'tyr-dom, n. Condition or death 
of a martyr. [of martyrs. 

MXr'tyr-ol'o-gIst, re. An historian 

Mar'tyr-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. p-dprvp, 



A, £, I, 5,U, \,long; A,E,I, C,tj, Y, Short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHATJERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM; SON, 



MAKVEL 



265 



MATERIAL 



martyr, and Aoyos, discourse.] A his- 
tory of martyrs, with their suffer- 
ings ; a register of martyrs. 

Mar'VEL, re. [Lat. mirabiiia, won- 
derful things.] That which arrests 
the attention, and causes surprise. 

Stn. — Wonder; admiration; aston- 
ishment; miracle; prodigy. 
— V.f. [-ED,-ING; or -LED, -LING, 
137.] To be struck with astonishment. 

Mar'vel-oCs, la. 1. Exciting won- 

Mar'vel-lous, I der or surprise; 
prodigious. 2.- Surpassing belief. 

Syk. — Wonderful ; astonishing; sur- 
prising; incredible. — We speak of a 
thing as wonderful when it awakens our 
surprise and admiration; as marvelous 
when it is so much out of the ordinary 
course of things as to seem nearly or 
quite incredible. The victories of Napo- 
leon were wonderful; the sleight-of-hand 
tricks which are sometimes exhibited are 
so marvelous that they would appear in- 
credible if not publicly performed. 

Mar'vel-ous-ly, ) adv . Inamar- 

Mar'vel-loOs-ly, J velous manner. 

Mas'€U-line, a. [Lat. mascvlinus ; 
masculus, male, manly.] 1. Of the 
male sex. 2. Having the qualities 
of a man ; not feminine or effemi- 
. nate. 3. Having inflections pertain- 
ing especially to male beings. 

Mash, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Ger. 
meiscken, maischen.] To crush by 
beating or pressure. — n. 1. A mix- 
ture of ingredients, beaten together 
promiscuously. 2. (Breiving.) A 
mixture of ground malt and warm 
water. 

Mask, n. [At. mashharat. buffoon, 
pleasantry, any thing ridiculous.] 1. 
A cover or disguise for the lace. 2. 
A pretext or subterfuge >. A fes- 
tive entertainment in whicii all wear 
masks. 4. A kind of dramatic per- 
formance in which the actors are 
masked, -^v.t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. 
To conceal with a mask. 2. To dis- 
guise ; to hide. — v. i. 1. To revel. 
2. To be disguised in any way. 

MAsk'er, n. One who wears a mask. 

MA'SON (ma'sn), n. [From Lat. ma- 
teria, wall.] 1. A man who lays 
bricks and Ptones in structures of 
any kind. 2. A Freemason. 

Ma-s6n'I€, a. Pertaining to Free- 
masons. 

Ma'son-ry, n. 1. Art, occupation, or 
work, of a mason. 2. The craft or 
mysteries of Freemasons. 

MASQUE (mask), n. A mask ; a mas- 
querade. 

MXs'quer-Ade' (mas'ker-ad'), n. 
[See Mask.] 1. A festive assembly 
of persons wearing masks. 2. In- 
tentional disguise. — v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To assemble in masks. 2. 
To go in disguise. 

Mass, n. [Lat. massa ; Ger. masse, 
allied to Gr. ju.d£a, a barley-cake.] 1. 
A great quantity collected ; a heap ; 
an assemblage. 2. Bulk ; magni- 
tude. 3. Principal part ; main body. 
4. Quantity of matter which a body 
contains. 5- [L. Lat. missa, fr, Lat. 
mittere, to dismiss, because it was 



celebrated after the catechumens 
were dismissed.] The communion 
service in Roman Catholic churches. 

The masses, people in general. 
— v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] To form into 
a mass ; to assemble. 

MAs'sa-€RE (-ker), n. [Prov. Ger. 
metzgern, to kill cattle.] Cold- 
blooded destruction of life. 

Syn. — Butchery ; carnage. —Massa- 
cre denoted originally the killing of vic- 
tims for sacrifice, and now denotes the 
promiscuous slaughter of many without 
restraint or remorse. Butcher// refers to 
cold-blooded cruelty in slaughtering, as 
if brute beasts. Carnage refers to the 
heaped-up bodies of the slain. 
—v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] To murder 
with circumstances of cruelty ; to 
butcher ; to slaughter. 

MAss'i-ness,«. State of being massy. 

MAss'iye , a. Forming a mass ; 
weighty ; heavy ; massy, [massive. 

MAss'ive-ness, n. Quality of being 

MAss'-MEET'ING, n. A large assem- 
bly to be addressed on some public 
occasion. [Amer.] 

MAss'Y,a. [-ER; -est, 142.] Con- 
sisting of a mass ; weighty ; ponder- 
ous ; bulky and heavy. 

MAsT, n. 1. [A.-S. mast.] An upright 
pole or timber in a boat or vessel, to 
sustain the sails, rigging, &c. 2. [A.- 
S. mast, fr. Goth, matan, to nourish. 
Cf. MEAT.] Fruit of the oak, beech, 
&c. ; nuts; acorns. — v. t. [-ed; 
-ing.] To furnish with a mast or 
masts. [or masts. 

MAst'ed, a. Furnished with a mast 

MAs'TER, n. [Lat. magister.] 1. A 
superior ; a chief ; — used as a title 
of respectful address ; also applied 
familiarly to an inferior or a boy. 2. 
A ruler, governor, director, manager, 
or possessor, specifically, (a.) A 
teacher ; an instructor, (b.) An offi- 
cer on a ship of war, who takes rank 
immediately after the lieutenants. — 
v. t. [-ED; p. pr. & vb. n. MAS- 
TERING.] 1. To become the mas- 
ter of; to conquer. 2. To become 
an adept in. 

MAs'ter-key, n. A key that opens 
many locks; hence, a clew to lead 
out of many difficulties. 

MAs'ter-ly, a. 1. Indicating thor- 
ough knowledge or superior skill. 2. 
Imperious. [formance. 

MAs'ter-piece, n. A capital per- 

MAs'TER-STROKE, rt. Capital per- 
formance ; a masterly achievement. 

MAs'TER-Y, n. 1. Act of mastering. 
2. Supremacy. 3. Superiority in 
competition ; pre-eminence. 4. Vic- 
tory in war. 5. Eminent skill. 

Mas'TI€, n. [Gr. /uao-TixTj, from \i.a- 
uaa-Qai, to chew, because used for 
chewing.] 1. A low, shrubby tree, 
producing a valuable resin. 2. The 
resin itself. 3. A kind of cement for 
plastering walls, &c. 

MXs'TI-€ATE,r. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
masticare , -catum.] To grind with 
the teeth ; to chew. 

Mas'ti-^a'tion, n. Act of masti- 
cating or chewing. 




Mastiff. 

[Low 
A large and strong 




Mastodon. 



MXs'TI-€A-TO-RY 
(50), a. Adapted 
to perform the 
office of chewing 
food. — n. A sub- 
stance to be 
chewed. 

MAs'tiff, n. ,• pi. mAs'tiffs. 
Lat. mastivus.] 
variety of dog. 

Mas'to-don, n. 
[Gr. jaaoTos, the 
breast of a wom- 
an, and oSovs, 
oSoVtos, a tooth ; 
— from conical 
projections on 
its molar teeth.] 
An extinct mammal resembling the 
elephant, but larger. 

MXs'TOID, a. [Gr. /xcuTToeiSijs ; patr- 
tos, breast of a woman, and etSos, 
form, shape.] Resembling the nip- 
ple or breast. 

MAs'TUR-BA'TlON, n. [Lat. manus, 
hand, and stuprare, to defile.] Self- 
pollution. 

Mat, n. [Lat. matta, a rush mat.] 1. 
A texture of rushes or husks, &c, to 
be laid on a floor. 2. Any similar 
fabric ; any thing growing thickly. — 
v. t. [-TED ; -TING.] 1. To cover ,with 
mats. 2. To interweave like a mat. 

Mat'a-dore', n. [Sp. matador, a 
murderer, fr. Lat. mactare, to kill.] 

1. One of the three principal cards in 
omber and quadrille. 2. A man ap- 
pointed to kill the bull in bull -fights. 

MATCH, n. 1. [From Lat. myxus, Gr. 
/u.vfa, a lamp-nozzle.] A combusti- 
ble substance for lighting a fire, &c. 

2. [A.-S. maca. See MAKE.] An 
equal ; a mate ; a companion. 3. A 
bringing together of two parties for 
a union, a trial of skill or force, or a 
contest ; specifically, a marriage. 4. 
A candidate for matrimony. — v. t 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To be a match for ; 
to rival successfully. 2. To bring a 
match, or equal, against. 3. To 
make equal or proportionate. — v. i. 
1. To be united in marriage. 2. To 
tally ; to correspond. 

Match'LESS, a. Having no equal. 

Match'lock, n. The lock of a mus- 
ket fired by a match ; hence, the 
musket itself. 

Match'-mak'er, n. One who con- 
trives a union by marriage. 

MATE, n. [Icel. mati.] 1. Compan- 
ion. 2. A husband or wife. 3. Sec- 
ond officer in a merchant-vessel. 4. 
A suitable companion; a match.--* 
v. t. [-ED; -ing.] 1. To match; 
to marry, 2. To compete with. 

Mate'less, a. Having no mate. 

Ma-te'ri-al (89), a. 1. Consisting 
of matter; physical. 2. Pertaining 
to, or affecting, the physical nature. 

3. Of solid or weighty character ; of 
consequence. 4. Pertaining to the 
matter, as opposed to the form, of a 
thing. 

Syx. — Corporeal; bodily. Important; 
weighty; momentous; essential. 



dR, do, wqlf, too, iook; urn, rue, PULL ; E, I, o, silent ; c,G, soft,- e,&,hard; As; exist; NasNG; THIS. 



MATERIALISM 



266 



MAY-FLOWER 



— n. The substance or matter of 
which any thing is made. 

MA-TE'Rl-AL-igM, re. The doctrine 
of the materialists. 

Ma-te'ri-al-Ist, n. One who main- 
tains that the soul is the result of a 
particular organization of matter. 

Ma-te'ri-al-ist'i*;, 1 a. Per- 

MA-TE'KI-AL-IST'Le-AL, J taining 
to materialism or materialists. 

jilA-TE'Ri-AL'i-TY, n. 1. Material 
existence. 2. Importance. 

Ma-te'ri-al-Ize, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
1. To reduce to a state of matter ; to 
regard as matter. 2. To occupy with 
material interests solely. 

Ma-te'ri-al-ly, adv. 1. In the state 
of matter. 2. In its essence. 3. In 
an important manner or degree. 

Ma-te'ri-a Med'i-€A. [Lat.] 1. 
All substances used as curative 
agents in medicine. 2. That branch 
of medical science which treats of 
the nature and properties of the sub- 
stances used for the cure of diseases. 

Materiel (ma-ta're-Sl'), re. [Fr. 
See Matter.] That in a complex 
system which constitutes the mate- 
rials, or instruments employed. 

MA-TER'NAL, a. [Lat. matermcs ; ma- 
ter, mother.] Pertaining to, or be- 
coming, a mother ; motherly. 

Ma-ter'ni-ty, n. State or relation 
of a mother. 

MATH/E-MAT'IC, )a. [Gr.iJ.a0r)- 

Matii'e-mat'I€-al,) fxaTLKos, be- 
longing to learning, esp. to mathe- 
matics, fr. ^avQavciv , to learn.] 1. 
Pertainiug to mathematics. 2. Theo- 
retically precise. 

Math'e-mat'ic-al-ly, adv. Accord- 
ing to the laws of mathematics. 

Math'e-ma-ti'cian (-tlsh/an), re. 
One versed in mathematics. 

Math'e-mat'KJS, n. sing. [Gr. fj.a.8- 
rjixaTiKri (sc. eTrto-TTj/arj ), science.] That 
science, or class of sciences, which 
treats of quantities or magnitudes. 

Mat'IN, a. Pertaining to, or used in, 
the morning. — n. [Lat. matvtinwn, 
the morning.] 1. Morning worship 
or service. 2. Time of morning service. 

Ma TiNEE(m&t'z-xrk f ), n. [Fr. , fr. ma- 
tin. See Matin.] A musical enter- 
tainment in the early part of the day. 

Mat'rass, n. [0. Fr. matras, large 
arrow ; — from its narrow, longneck.] 
A chemical vessel formerly in use. 

Ma'trice, or Mat'rice, re. Same as 
Matrix. [matricide. 

Mat'ri-CPdal, a. Pertaining to 

Mat'ri-cide, n. [Lat. matricidium 
audmatricida ; mater, mother, and 
aedere, to slay.] The killing or the 
killer of a mother. 

jilA-TRI€'U-LATE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. matricula, a public register.] 
To admit to membership, especially 
in a college or university. 

Ma-tric'u-la'tion, re. Act of reg- 
istering a name, and admitting to 
membership. 

Mat'ri-mo'ni-al, a. Pertaining to, 
or derived from, marriage. 

Mat'RI-MO-ny, n. [Lat. matrimo- 



nium ; mater, mother.] Union of man 
and woman as husband and wife. 
Syn.— See Marriage. 

Ma'TRIX, re. ; pi. MAT'RI-CE§. [Lat., 
fr. mater, mother.] 1. The womb. 
2. A moid. 3. The earthy sub- 
stance in which ores or crystalline 
minerals are found. 4. (Dyeing.) 
The five simple colors, black, white, 
blue, red, and yellow. 

MA'TRON, re. [Lat. matrona; mater, 
mother.] 1. An elderly woman ; the 
female head of a household. 2. A 
nurse in a hospital. 

Mat'ron-age, n. State of a matron. 

Mat'RON-AL, or Ma'TRON-AL, a. Re- 
lating to a matron ; grave ; motherly. 

MA'tron-ly, a. Like, or befitting, a 
matron ; grave ; sedate. 

Mat'TER, re. [Lat. materia, fr. mater, 
mother.] 1. That of which all exist- 
ent bodies are composed ; body ; sub- 
stance. 2. Material; also, material or 
substantial part of any thing. 3. 
That with regard to which any thing 
takes place. 4. Concern ; affair ; busi- 
ness. 5. Importance ; moment. 6. In- 
definite amount, quantity, or portion. 
7. Pus. 8. That which is permanent; 

— opposed to form. — v.i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To be of importance. 2. 
To form pus ; to maturate. 

Mat'ter-of-fa€T' (-ov-), a. Ad- 
hering to facts ; not imaginative. 

Mat'ting, n. 1. Mats collectively. 
2. Materials for mats. 

Mat'tock, n. [A.-S. 
ma/toc] A kind of 
pick-ax, having the 
iron ends broad in- 
stead of pointed. 

MAT'TRESS, re. [Ar. Mattock. 
mathrah, somethiug 
thrown under, fr. tharaha, to throw.] 
A bed stuffed and quilted. 

Mat'u-RATE, v. t. [-EB ; -ING.] [Lat. 
maturare , -atum ; m aturus , ripe .] 1. 
To bring to ripeness or maturity. . 2. 
To promote the perfect suppuration 
of. — v. i. To suppurate perfectly. 

Mat'u-ra'tion, re. 1. Process of 
coming to maturity. 2. Suppuration. 

MAT'U-RA'TIVE, a. 1. Ripening. 2. 
Conducing to perfect suppuration. 

Ma-ture', a. [-er ; -est.] [Lat. 
maturus.] 1. Brought to complete- 
ness or perfection of growth. 2. 
Completely worked out. 3. Come 
to suppuration. 

Syn. — Ripe. — Both mature and ripe 
describe fullness of growth. _ Mature 
brings to view the process ; ripe, indicates 
the result. We speak of a thing as ma- 
ture when thinking of the successive 
stages through which it has passed ; as 
ripe, when our attention is directed to 
its ends or tises. 

— v.i. [-ed; -ING.] 1. To bring to 
perfection ; to ripen. 2. To make 
fit or ready for a special use. — v. i. 
1. To become ripe or perfect. 2. To 
become due, as a note. 

Ma-ture'ly, adv. In a mature man- 
ner ; with ripeness ; completely. 

Mat'U-REs'CENT, a. [Lat. matures- 
cens.] Approaching to maturity. 




MA-TU'Ri-TY,n. 1. State of being ma- 
ture ; ripeness. 2. Termination ol 
the period a note has to run. 

MAt'u-TI'NAL, a. [Lat. matutinalis \ 
Pertaining to the morning ; early. 

MAUD'LIN, a. [Contr. fr. Magdalen, 
who is painted with eyes swelled and 
red with weeping.] 1. Drunk ; fud- 
dled. 2. Sickly sentimental. 

MAU'GER, I prep. [0. Fr. mavgrc, 

MAU'GRE, J Lat. male gratum , some- 
thing not agreeable.] In spite of; 
notwithstanding. • 

Maul, n. [See Mall.] A heavy 
wooden hammer. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To beat with a heavy stick! 

MauL'-STJCK, re. [Ger. maler-stock ; 
maler, a painter, and stack, stick.] 
The stick used by painters to keep 
the hand steady. 

Maund, or Maund, 1 v. i. [Fi. 

MXund'er, or Maund'er, J men- 
dier, to beg.] To mutter ; to mur- 
mur ; to beg 

Maun'dy-Thurs'day, n. [0. Eng. 
maund, a basket, because on that 
day alms were* given by the king from 
baskets to poor persons.] The Thurs- 
day next_before Good Friday. 

Mau'so-le'an, a. Pertaining to a 
mausoleum. 

Mau'so-le'UM (124), n. [Lat. Mau- 
soleum, fr. the stately tomb of Mau- 
sohis, king of Caria.] A magnificent 
tomb or sepulchral monument. 

Maw, ii. [A.-S. maga.] The stomach 
of a beast, or, in contempt, of a man. 

Mawk'ish, a. [See Maggot.] Apt 
to cause satiety or loathing. 

Maw'-worm (-wurm), re. An intes- 
tinal worm. 

Max'il-lar, 1 a. [Lat. maxillaris ; 

Max'IL-LA-ry, I maxilla, jawbone.] 
Pertaining to the upper jaw. 

Max'IM, ii. [Lat. maxima (sc. senten- 
tia), greatest or most important sen- 
timent.] A condensed proposition 
of important practical truth. 

Syn.— Axiom ; aphorism ; apothegm; 
adage; proverb; saying. 

Max'i-mum, n. ; pi. MA"X f I-MA. 
[Lat., from maximus, the greatest.] 
The greatest quantity or value at- 
tainable in a given case. 

May, v. [imp. might.] [A.-S. ma- 
gan, to be able.] An auxiliary verb 
expressing, (a.) Ability or competen- 
cy, (b.) Moral power, liberty, or per- 
mission, (c.) Contingency or liability. 
(d. ) Modesty , courtesy, or concession. 
(e.) Desire or wish. — re. 1. [A.-S. 
mag.] Early part of life. 2. Flowers 
of the hawthorn ; — because they 
bloom in tbe last of May, old style. 
3. [Named for the goddess Maia.] 
Fifth month of the year. — v. i. To 
gather flowers on May morning. 

May'-ap'ple, n. The fruit of the 
mandrake, a drastic American plant. 

May'-BUG, n. A kind of beetle; a 
cockchafer. 

May'-day, n. The first day of May. 

May'-flow'er, n. A flower that ap- 
pears in May : in Eng. the hawthorn ; 
in New Eng. , the trailing arbutus. 



A, E, I, 0,U, Y, long; A,E,I, 6, U, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TlRM: PIQUE, FIRM; S6N. 



MAYHEM 



267 



MEDICINE 



MAY'HEM.n. (Law.) The maiming 
of a person by depriving him of the 
use of any of his members which are 
necessary for defense. 

MAY'OR (colloq. mar), n. [Lat. major, 
greater, higher.] Chief magistrate 
of a city or borough. 

Ma.Y'or-al-ty (colloq. mur'al-ty), n. 
Office of a maj'or. 

MAY'OR-ESS (colloq. nmr'es), n. TTife 
of a mayor. [in May. 

May'-POLE, n. A pole to dance round 

MAY'-QUEEN, n. A young woman 
crowned with flowers as queen at 
the celebration of May-day. 

MAZE, n. [A.-S. mase, whirl pool, gulf.] 

1. A confusing network of paths or 
passages. 2. Confusion of thought. 
— v.t. [-ed;-1ng.] To confound 
with intricacy ; to bewilder. 

MA'ZY, a. Perplexed with turns and 
windings ; intricate ; perplexing. 

Me, pron.pers. [A.-S., allied to Lat. 
me. Gr. jue, Skr. ma.] Objective case 
ofi. 

Mead, n. [A.-S. medu, medo, allied 
to Skr. madhu, honey.] A drink 
made of honey and water ; also, of a 
sirup of sarsaparilla and water. 

Mead,_ ) n. [A.-S. msed, inddu, 

MEAD'OW, ) meadu.] A tract of 
low or level grass land. 

Mead'ow-y, a. Pertaining to, or 
consisting of, meadow. 

Mea'ger, ) a. [A.-S. mager, Lat. ma- 

MEA'GRE, ) cer.] 1. Ilaving little 
flesh ; thin ; lean. 2. Defective in 
quantity, or poor in quality. 

Mea'ger-ly, \ adv. In a meager 

Mea'gre-ly, ) manner ; poorly. 

Mea'ger-NESS, I n. Quality of being 

Mea'gre-ness, ) meager; leanness; 
poorness; barrenness; scantiness. 

Meal, n. 1. [A.-S. mxel.] A portion 
of food taken at one time ; a repast. 

2. [A.-S. melu, from Goth, malan, to 
grind in a mill.] Flour, especially of 
a coarser kind, as of maize. 

Meal'-TIME, ». Usual time of eat- 
ing meals. [mealy. 

Meal/i-ness, n. Quality of being 

Meal'y, a. [-er; -est, 142.] 1. Hav- 
ing the qualities of meal; soft; 
smooth. 2. Like meal ; dry and fri- 
able. 3. Covered with meal, or with 
something like it. 

Meal'y-mouthed, a. Unwilling to 
tell the truth in plain language. 

Mean, a. [-er ; -est.] [A.-S. man, 
msene, gemsene, allied to Lat. com- 
munis.] 1. Destitute of distinction. 
2. Wanting dignity of mind. 3. Of 
little value or account. 

Syn. — Base; ignoble; abject; vile. 
(Lat. medianns, fr. medius, middle.] 
4. Middle ; intervening. 5. Interme- 
diate in excellence of n.ny kind ; aver- 
age. — n. 1. Middle point, place, rate, 
or degree ; medium. 2. A quantity ; 
having an intermediate value be- 
tween several others ; average. 3. 
Intermediate agency or measure ; in- 
strument. [See Means.] 4. ^.Re- 
sources ; property, revenue, &c. — 
V.t. [MEANT ; MEANING.] [A.-S. 



mxnan.] 1. To have in view ; to in- 
tend. 2. To purpose; to design. 3. 
To signify ; to denote. 
Me-Xn'DER, n. [From Mseander, a 
river in Phrygia, proverbial for its 
windings.] 1. A winding course. 2. 
An intricate or tortuous movement. 

— v. i. [-EDJ-1NG.] To wind or 
turn in a course or passage. — v. t. 
To wind, turn, or flow round. 

Mean'ing, n. 1. That which is 
meant ; intent ; purpose ; aim. 2. 
Signification; sense. 

Mean'ly, adv. In a mean manner ; 
dishonorably and unworthily. 

Mean'ness (109), n. Quality of be- 
ing mean ; poorness ; lowness ; hu- 
mility ; baseness ; sordidness. 

Means, n. pi. but usually employed 
with a singular attribute or predi- 
cate. See Mean, n., 3. 

Meant (ment), imp. & p. p. of Mean. 

Mean'time, i adv. In the inter- 

Mean'while, J vening time. 

Mea'sl.es_ (me'zlz), n. pi. [D. maze- 
len^Gev. masern, pi., fr. mase, masel, 
maser, a speck, spot.] A contagious 
febrile and eruptive disorder. 

MEA'gLY (me'zly), a. Infected with 
measles. 

MEAS/UR-A-BLE (mezh'yur-), a. 1. 
Capable of being measured. 2. Mod- 
erate L 

MEA§'UR-A-BLY(mezh / y]]r-), adv. To 
a limited extent ; moderately. 

Meas'ure (mezh'yyjr), n. [Lat. men- 
sura, fr. metiri, to measure.] 1. Di- 
mensions reckoned according to 
some standard. 2. Limit ; allotted 
share. 3. Moderation ; due restraint. 
4. A rule by which any thing is ad- 
justed or judged. 5. An instrument 
to measure size or quantity. 6. A 
stated or limited quantity or amount. 
7. Undefined quantity or degree. 8. 
Regulated division or movement ; as, 
(a.) A grave, solemn style of dance. 
(b.) That division of the time by 
which music is regulated. (c.) Me- 
ter; rhythm. 9. An act or proceed- 
ing designed for the accomplishment 
of an object. 10. pi. Beds or strata. 

— v. t. [-ED;-1NG.] 1. To take the 
dimensions of; hence, to estimate. 
2. To pass through or over. 3. To 
adjust; to proportion. 4. To allot 
by measure. — v. i. To have a cer- 
tain length, breadth, or thickness. 

MEAs'URE-L,ESS(mezh / vur-), a. With- 
out measure ; boundless ; endless. 

MEAS'URE-MENT (mezh'yiir-ment), 
n. 1. Act of measuring ; mensura- 
tion. 2. The area. [measures. 

MEAS'UR-ER(mc'-zh / yi}r-),tt. One who 

Meat, n. [A.-S. mate, mete.] 1. Food 
in general. 2. The flesh of animals 
used as food. 

Me-chXn'ic, n. A workman or labor- 
er other than agricultural. 

Syn. — Artificer; artisan; operative* 

Me-€Han'I-G, I a. [Lat. mechani- 

ME-€HAN'Le-AL, ) CUS, fr. Gr. /W-Jxa- 
vrj, a machine.] 1. Pertaining to 
mechanics, mechanism, or machine- 
ry. 2. Done as if by a machine. 3. 



Relating to those who live by hand 
labor. 4. Made by mechanical means. 

Me-€HAN'I€-al-ly, adv. In a me- 
chanical manner. 

Mech/a-nPcian (-nTsh'an), n. One 
skilled in mechanics. 

Me-€HAN'ics, n. sing. That science 
which treats of the action of forcer 
on bodies. 

MEeH'A-NlgM, n. Construction of r- 
machine ; parts of a machine. 

Mech'A-inist, n. A maker of ma- 
chines ; one skilled in mechanics. 

MED'AL, n. [From Lat. metallum, 
metal.] A coin intended as a me» 
mento of any event or person, [als. 

Med'al-ist, )n. One skilled in 

Med'al-list, J medals. 

ME-DALL'ION, n. A large antique 
medal, or any thing resembling one. 

Med'dle, v. i. [-ed; -ING.] [D. 
middelen, to mediate, from middel, 
means.] To interpose officiously. 

MED'DLER, n. One who meddles. 

Med'dle-some, a. Given to med- 
dling ; officious. 

Me'di-te'val (110), a. [Lat. medi- 
us, middle, and xvuin, age.] Relate 
ing to the middle ages. 

Me'di-AL (110), a. [Lat. medialis ; 
medius, middle.] Pertaining to an 
average ; mean. 

Me'DI-an, a. [Lat. medianus.] Run- 
ning through the middle. 

Me'di-ate, v. i. [-ed; -tng.] To 
interpose between parties, as the 
equal friend of each. — v. I. To ef- 
fect by mediation. 

Me'DI-ATE, a. [Lat. mediate, -atus, 
to halve.] 1. Middle; intervening. 
2. Acting by means. [cause. 

Me'di-ate-ly, adv. By a secondary 

Me'DI-A'TION, n. 1. Act of mediat- 
ing ; interposition; intervention. 2. 
Agency between parties at variance, 
with a view to reconcile them. 

Me'di-a'tor, ii. One who mediates 
or interposes to reconcile. Christ is 
called the Mediator. 

Syn.— Intercessor; advocate; propiti- 
ator; interceder; arbitrator; umpire. 

Me'di-a-to'ri-al, a. Belonging to 
a mediator. [mediator. 

Me'di-a/tor-shIp, n. Office of a 

MED'I-€A-BLE, a. [Lat. medicabilis ; 
medicari, to heal.] Capable of being 
cured. 

MED'I€-AL, a. [Lat. medicus, fr. me-, 
deri, to heal.] 1. Pertaining to med- 
icine or medical science. 2. Tending 
to cure ; medicinal. 

Med'i-€A-ment, ii. [Lat. medica- 
mentum.] A healing application. 

MED'I-€ATE, V. t. [-EDJ-ING.] 1. 
To tincture with any thing medici- 
nal. 2. To heal ; to cure. 

Med'i-ca/tton, ii. Act of medicating. 

ME D'l- € A'TI VE , a. Tending to cure. 

Me-dTc'I-NAL, a. Ilaving the prop- 
erty of healing or of mitigating dis- 
ease. 

Me-dic'i-nae-ly, adv. With me- 
dicinal qualities. 

MED'i-CjNE (rolloq. med'sin or med'- 
sn), n. [Lat. medicinus, medical.) 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TO~OIt ; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; C, G,soft; €, S, Aan/; A£; EJCIST ; N as NG; THIS. 



MEDIEVAL 



268 



MEMORY 



1. Any substance administered in 
the treatment of disease. 2. The 
science which relates to the cure or 
alleviation of disease. 

Me'di-e'val, a. See Mediaeval. 

Me'di-o'cre (-ker), a. [Lit. medio- 
cris ; medius, middle.] Qi a middle 
quality ; indifferent. 

Me'di-o€'ri-ty, n. Quality of being 
mediocre ; moderate degree. 

Med'i-tate, v. i. L-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. mtditari, -tatus.] To dwell on 
any thing in thought. 

Syn.— To contemplate; to intend; to 
muse; to think; to cogitate; to study. 
— v'.t. To plan ; to contrive. 

MEd'i-ta'tion, n. Close or contin- 
ued thought; contemplation. 

Med'i-ta'tTve, a. Addicted to med- 
itation. 

MEDa-TER-RA'NE-AN(124),a. [Lat. 
mediterraneus ; medius, middle, and 
terra, land.] Inclosed with land, or 
nearly so. 

Me'di-Bm, n. ; Lat. pi. ME f DI-A, Eng. 
pi. ME'Dl-tJMS. [Lat., the middle.] 
1. Intervening body or quantity ; 
specifically , (a.) Middle place or de- 
gree ; mean, (b.) The mean or mid- 
dle term of a syllogism. 2. Instru- 
mentality of communication ; agen- 
cy of transmission. 

Med'ley, n. [0 Fr. meslec, medlee, 
mellee, fr. L. Lat. misculare, to mix.] 

1. A mixture ; a jumble. 2. A musi- 
cal miscellany. 

Me-dul'lar, ) a. [Lat. medidla- 

Med'UL-LA-RY, I ris ; medulla, mar- 
row.] Consisting of, or resembling, 
marrow. [recompense. 

Meed, n. [A.-S. med.] Reward; 

Meek, a. [-er ; -est.] [Icel. miiikr, 
mild, soft.] 1. Not easily provoked 
or irritated. 2. Submissive to the 
divine will. 

Syn. — Gentle ; mild ; soft ; yielding; 
pacific; humble. See Gentle. 

Meek'lv, adv. In a meek manner ; 
mildly; gently. [tleness. 

Meek'ness, n. Forbearance ; gen- 

Meer'schaum (meer'shawm), n. 
[Ger., lit. sea-foam.] 1. A fine white 
clay, which when first taken out, 
makes lather like soap. 2. A tobac- 
co-pipe made of this mineral, or of 
some substance resembling it. 

Meet, v. t. [met ; meeting.] [A.- 
S. mctan.] 1. To come in contact 
with; to fall in with. 2. To en- 
counter. 3. To light on; to find. — 
v. i. To come together ; to assem- 
ble ; to converge. — a. [A.-S. gemet, 
with prefix ge, from m&tan, to meet, 
find.] Adapted; fit; suitable. 

MEET'ING, n. 1. A coming together. 

2. A congregation ; a collection of 
people. 3. A religious assembly. 

Syn. — Conference ; company ; audi- 
tory; junction; confluence. 

Meet'ing-house, n. A «place of 
worship ; in Eng. , one for dissenters. 

MEET'LY, adv. Fitly ; suitably. 

Meet'ness, n. Fitness; propriety. 

MEG'A-LO-SAUR'. > n. [Gr. /ae'yas, 

MEG'A-LO-SAU'RUS, ] /xeyaArj, great, 



and o-avpo?, lizard.] A gigantic sau- 
rian or lizard, now extinct. 

MEG'AVrHE'RI-UM, n. [Gr. ixeyas, 
great, dtfpCov, beast.] An extinct and 
gigantic quadruped allied to the sloth. 

ME'GRIM, n. [Fr. migraine, for hemi- 
craine, Gr. iixiicpavia, rjfii, half, and 
KpavLov. skull.] 1. A vehement pain 
in one side of the head. 2. A whim ; 
a freak. [ancholy. 

Mel'an-€Hol'I€, a. Depressed ; mel- 

MEL/AN-CHOL-Y, n. [Gr /oieAayxoAia, 
fr. /ue'Aas, black, and x ^ 1 ?' bile.] A 
gloomy state of mind ; depression or 
dejection of spirits. — a. 1. Depressed 
in spirits. 2. Causing dejection. 

Syn.— Gloomy; sad ; dispirited; un- 
happy; disconsolate; doleful. 

MELANGE (ma-lSngzh'), n. [Fr., fr. 
mcler, to mix.] A mixture; medley. 

MELEE (ma-ld'), «. [Fr., fr. mcler, 
to mix.] A hand-to-hand conflict. 

MEL/IOR-ATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. meliorare , -ratitm ; melior, bet- 
ter.] To make better ; to improve. 
— v. i. To grow better. 

Mel/ior-a'tion, n. Act of melior- 
ating ; improvement. 

MEL-LiF'ER-ofJS, a. [Lat. mellifer ; 
mel, mellis, honey, and ferre, to 
bear.] Producing honey. 

Mel-LiF'LU-EN^E. n. A sweet, 
smooth flow. [lifluous. 

Mel-li'f'lu-ent, a. Smooth ; mel- 

Mel-lYf'LU-oDs, a. [Lat. melliflu- 
us; mel, honey, and fiuere, to flow.] 
Flowing as with honey ; smooth ; 
sweetly flowing. 

Mel/low, a. [-er ; -est.] [Cf. 
A.-S. milisc, milsc, sweet, ripe.] 1. 
Soft ; not hard, har^h, tough, or un- 
yielding. 2. AV'ell-matured ; genial ; 
jovial. 3. Slightly intoxicating. — 
v.t. [-ed; -ING.] To make mel- 
low ; to soften by ripeness or age. — 
v. i. To become soft or ripened. 

Mel'l5w-ness, n. Quality of being 
mellow. 

MEL/o-eo-TQN' ) (-tcTon'), n. [Sp. 

MEL'O-eo-TOON'j melocoton; Lat. 
malum cotonium, or cotoneum, or 
Cydonium, a quince or quince-ap- 
ple.]^ A quince ; also, a large peach. 

Me-lo'de-ON, 37. [Gr. /ue'Aos, a song, 
and wSelov, odeon.] 1. A reed in- 
strument, furnished with a key- 
board, and bellows. 2. A music hall. 

ME-LO'Dl-otis (77), a. Containing 
melody ; agreeable to the ears. 

Me-lo'di-oOs-LY, adv. Musically. 

MEL'o-dist, n. A composer or singer 
of melodies. 

MEL'O-DIZE, V. t. [-EDJ-ING.] To 
make melodious. 

MEL/o-DRA'MA, n. [Gr. /u.e'A.os, song, 
6pa/j.a, drama.] A dramatic perform- 
ance in which songs are intermixed, 
and startling effects are sought. 

M£l'o-dra-mat'I€, a. Pertaining 
to melodrama; done for effect merely. 

Mel'o-drame, n. Same as Melo- 
drama. 

MEL'O-DY, n. [Gr. jxeAwSia, a sing- 
ing, a choral song, fr. /xe'Aos, song, 
tune, and oiSrj, aotjrj, song.] 1. A 



rhythmical succession of single tones, 

so related as to form a musical whole. 

2. Air or tune of a musical piece. 

See Harmony. 
Mel/ON, n. [Lat. melo, for melopepo, 

an apple-shaped melon.] Acucurbi- 

taceous plant and its edible fruit. 
ME 1 ,?, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [A.-S. 

meltan.] 1. To make liquid by heat. 

2. To soften by kindly influence. 
Syn. — To liquefy ; dissolve ; fuse; 

thaw; mollify; soften; subdue. 

— v. i. 1. To become liquid ; to dis- 
solve. 2. To be softened to love, 
pity, or tenderness, &c. 

MEM'BER, n. [Lat. membrvm.] 1. A 
vital organ of an animal body ; a 
limb. 2. A part of a whole ; an in- 
dependent constituent of a body. 

Mem'ber-ship, n. State of being a 
member. 

MEM'BRANE , n. [Lat. membrana, fr. 
Lat. membriim, member.] A thin, 
extended tissue covering some part 
of the body. 

Mem'bra-na/ceous, ) a. Belonging 

MEM-BRA'NE-otis, j to, or like, 
a membrane ; consisting of mem- 
branes. 

MEM'BRA-NIF'ER-OUS, a. [Lat. 

membrana, membrane, and ferr e, to 
bear.] Producing membranes. 

MEM'bra-nous, a. Relating to, con- 
sisting of, or like, membranes. 

Me-men'to, n.; pi. me-men'to§. 
[Lat., remember.] A hint to awaken 
memory ; a souvenir. 

Mem'oir (mem'wor or mS'mwor), n. 
[Lat. memoria, memory.] 1. A 
memorial account ; a kind of famil- 
iar history. 2. A biography. 3. Jour- 
nals and proceedings of a society. 

Mem' o-ra-bil' i-a, n.pl. [Lat.,fr. 
' memorabilis , memorable.] Things 
worthy of remembrance or record. 

MEM'O-RA-BLE, a. [Lat. memorabi- 
lis, fr. memorare, to bring to remem- 
brance.] Worthy to be remembered. 
Syn. — Illustrious; celebrated; distin- 
guished; remarkable; famous. 

MEM'O-RA-BLY, adv. In a memora- 
ble manner. 

MEm'o-ran'dum, n. ; Eng.pl. MEM'- 

O-KAN'DUMS, Lat. pi. MEM'O- 
RAN'DA. [Lat.] A record of some- 
thing which it is desired to remem- 
ber^ 
Me-MO'ri-AL, 11. 1. Preservative of 
memory. 2. Contained in memory. 

— a. 1. Any thing intended to pre- 
serve the memory of a person, an 
occurrence, &c. 2. A Avritten repre- 
sentation of facts. 

Me-mo'ri-al-Ist, n. One who writes 

or presents a memorial. 
ME-MO'RI-AL-IZE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.1 

To petition by memorial. 

MEM'O-RIZE, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To cause to be remembered ; esp., to 
record. 2. To commit to memory. 

MEM'O-RY, n. [Lat. memoria, from 
memor, mindful.] 1. Faculty of the 
mind by which it retains the knowl- 
edge of previous thoughts or events. 
2. Time within which past events 



A, E, l,o, u, Y.long; A,E,¥,6,tf, V, short; cAre, far, Ask, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, veil, t£rM; pique, firm; s6n, 



MEN 



269 



MERRIMENT 



am be remembered. 8. State of be-, 
ing remembered. 

Syn. — Remembrance ; recollection ; 
reminiscence.— Memory is generic, de- 
noting the power by which we reproduce 
past impressions. Remembrance is an 
exercise of that power when things oc- 
cur spontaneously to our thoughts. In 
recollection, we make a distinct effort to 
collect again, or call back, what we know 
has been formerly in the mind. Remin- 
iscence is intermediate between remem- 
brance and recollection, being a con- 
scious process of recalling past occur- 
rences, but without that distinct refer- 
ence to particular things which charac- 
terizes recollection. 

MEN, n.; pi. of Man. 

Men'ace, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
threaten. — n. [From Lat. mina- 
cix, for mince.] Show of a disposi- 
tion or intention to inflict an evil ; a 
threat. 

Men-Xg'e-rie (men-azh'e-rT-), n. [Fr. 
menagerie.] 1. A place where ani- 
mals are kept and trained. 2. An 
exhibition of wild or exotic animals. 

Mend, v. t. [-ed : -ing.] [Abbrev. 
fr. amend.] 1. To repair. 2. To 
alter for the better ; to set right. 3. 
To quicken. 4. To help ; to further. 
— v. t. To become improved. 

Men-da'cioOs, a. [Lat. mendax, 
mendacis.] Lying ; false. 

Men-da^'i-ty, n. 1. A habit of ly- 
ing. 2. A falsehood ; a lie. 

Men'di-oan-cy, n. Beggary. 

Men'di-€ANT, a. [Lat. mendicans, 
begging.] 1. Begging; poor. 2. 
Practicing beggary. — n. A beggar. 

Men-dic'i-TY, n. State of begging ; 
life of a beggar. 

Men-ha'D£N, n. A salt-water fish. 

ME'NI-AE, a. [0. Fr. meignial, from 
meignee, maisnie, family, house- 
hold.] 1. Performing servile offices. 
2. Servile; low; mean. — n. 1. A 
domestic servant. 2. One of a ser- 
vile disposition. 

Me-nI's'€Us, n. [Gr. ^vCo-ko^, dim. 
of /X7JVT7, moon.] A lens convex on 
one side and concave on the other. 

Men'1-ver, n. [0. Fr. menuver, a 
grayish fur, from menu, small, and 
voir, a kind of fur.] A small ani- 
mal in Russia, or its fine white fur. 

Men's AL., a. [Lat. mensis, month.] 
monthly. 

M£x'SE£, n. pi. [Lat.. months.] A 
periodic flow of blood from the mu- 
cous coat of the uterus. 

Men'stru-al, a. Recurring once a 
month : "monthly. 

Men'stru-ant, a. Subject to month- 
ly flowing. 

Men'stru-ate, «. i. [-ed; -ing.] 
To discharge the menses. 

Men'stru-a'tion, n. 1. Discharge 
of the menses. 2. State or the pe- 
riod of menstruating. 

Men'strtj-oCs, a. [Lat. menstmus, 
fr. mensis, month.] Having or per- 
taining to the monthly flow. 

MEN'STRU-UM, n. ; Eng. pi. MEN'- 
STRU-ttMS ; Lat. pi. MEN'STRV-A. 
[See"supra.] Any fluid which dis- 
solves a solid body ; a solvent. 



Men'su-RA-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of 
being mensurable. 

Men'su-ra-ble (-shu-), a. [Lat. 
jnensvrabilis, fr. mensurare , to meas- 
ure.] Capable of being measured. 

Men'su-ra'tion (-shu-), n. Act, 
process, or art, of measuring. 

MEN'TAL, a. [Lat. mentalis, from 
mens, the mind.] Pertaining to the 
mind ; intellectual. [tellectually. 

MEN'TAL-EY, adv. In the mind : in- 

Men'TION, n. [Lat. mentio, from 
meminisse, to remember.] A cur- 
sory speaking of any thing. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To direct attention to 
by a simple reference : to name. 

MEN'TION-A-BLE, a. Capable of be- 
ing mentioned. 

Men'TOR, n. [From Mentor, coun- 
selor of Telemachus.] A wise and 
faithful counsellor. 

ME-PIliT'I€, )«. [Lat. mephiti- 

Me-PHIT'ic-AL. J cus.] Offensive 
to the smell ; foul ; noxious. 

ME-PHI'TIS, 1 n. [Lat. mephitis.] 

Meph'i-tism, ) Offensive or nox- 
ious exhalations from decomposing 
substances. 

MER'€AN-TlLE, a. [Lat. mercans, 
mercantis. trafficking.] Pertaining 
to merchants, or their business. 

Stk. — Commercial.— Commercial is 
the wider term, being sometimes used to 
embrace mercantile. In their stricter 
use, commercial relates to the shipping, 
freighting, forwarding, and other busi- 
ness connected with the commerce of a 
country (whether external or internal), 
that is, the exchange of commodities; 
while mercantile applies to the sale of 
merchandise and goods when brought 
to market. 

M£R'CE-NA-RY (44), a. [Lat. merce- 
narius; merces, wages.] 1. Serving 
for pay. 2. Moved by considera- 
tions of profit. 

Sr>'. — Paid; hired ; hireling ; venal; 
sordid; selfish. 

— n. A hireling ; especially, a sol- 
dier hired into foreign service. 

Mer'CER, n. [Lat. merx, mercis, 
merchandise.] One who deals in 
silks and woolen cloths. [mercers. 

Mer'CER-Y, n. Trade or goods of 

Mer'chan-dise, n. [See Mer- 
chant.] 1." Trade; traffic; com- 
merce. 2. Wares; goods; commod- 
ities. — v. i. [-ED; -ING.] To trade; 
to carry on commerce. 

Mer'CHANT, n. [Lat. mercans, p. 
pr. of mercari, to trade.] One who 
carries on trade, especially on a large 
scale ; a trader. — a. Pertaining to, 
or employed in, trade. 

Mer'CHANT-A-BLE, a. Fit for mar- 
ket, or to be bought and sold. 

Mer'CHANT-MAN (150), n. A trad- 
ing vessel. 

MER'Cl-FUL,a. 1. Having or exer- 
cising mercy. 2. Unwilling to give 
pain. [manner. 

Mer'ci-FUL-LY,o^'. In a merciful 

MER'91-FUL-NESS, n. Quality of be- 
ing merciful ; readiness to forgive. 

Mer'CI-LESS, a. De s titute of mercy. 

MER'91-LESS-LY, adv. In a merci- 
less manner. 



MER-cC'RI-AL, a. 1. Active; spright. 
ly : full of vigor. 2. Pertaining to, 
containing, or consisting of, mercury. 

MER-CC'RI-AL-TZE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To affect with mercury ; to expose to 
the vapor of mercury. 

MER'€U-RY, n. [Lat. Mercurius.] 1. 
(Rom. Myth.) The messenger and 
interpreter of the gods. 2. A silvery 
metal, liquid at common tempera- 
tures ; quicksilver. 3. A prepara- 
tion of mercury, used in medicine. 
4. One of the planets. 6. A messen- 
ger; also, a newspaper. 6. A plant 
of several kinds. 

MfiR'CY, 71. [Lat. merees, mercedis, 
pay, reward, L. Lat. pity.] 1. Dis- 
position to overlook injuries, or to 
treat an offender better than he de- 
serves. 2. Act or exercise of mercy. 
Syx. — Clemencv; tenderness ; pity 1 
compassion. See Grace. 

Mer'CY-seaT, n. The covering of 
the ark, among the Jews. 

MERE, a. [-EST.] [A.-S. msere, Lat 
merus.] 1. Pure; absolute. 2. Only 
this, and nothing else ; simple. — n 
[A.-S. mere, mare.] 1. A pool or 
lake. 2. [A.-S. msere.] Aboundarj. 

Mere'LY, adv. 1. Purely; absolute- 
ly ; utterly. 2. Simply ; barely ; 
solely. 

MER'E-TRl'CIofJs (-trlsh'us), a. [Lat. 
meretricius ; meretrix,& prostitute.] 
Resembling the arts of a harlot ; 
tawdry ; showy ; gaudv. 

Merge (14), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
mergere .] To immerse ; to sink. — 
v.i. To be sunk or swallowed up. 

Me-rId'i-an (77), n. 1. Noon. 2. 
The highest point, as of success ; 
culmination. 3. A great circle of 
the sphere passing through the poles 
of the heavens and the zenith of the 
spectator. 4. A great circle on the 
earth, passing through the poles and 
any given place. — a. [Lat. meridi- 
anus ; meridies, noon.] Pertaining 
to mid-day, or to the highest point. 

Me-rId'I-ON-ae, a. Pertaining to the 
meridian. 

Me-RI'NO (-reV-),n. [Sp. merino, mov- 
ing from pasture to pasture.] 1. A 
variety of sheep of very fine wool. 
2. A thin fabric, of merino wool. 

Mer'IT, n. [Lat. meritum.] 1. Qual- 
ity of deserving well or ill ; desert. 
2. Excellence entitling to honor or 
reward; worth. 3. Reward deserved. 
— v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To earn ; tc be 
entitled to ; to deserve. 

MER'l-TO'Rl-oC's, a. Deserving of re- 
ward or honor ; valuable. 

MER'LON, n. [Lat. marus, for mums, 
wall, dim. moerulus.] Part of a par- 
apet lying between two embrasures. 

MER'MAID, n. [Fr. mer, Lat. mare, 
the sea, ana Eng. maid.] A fabled 
sea animal, the upper part like that 
of a woman, and the lower like a fish. 

Mer'MAN (150), n. A fabled sea-man, 
with the tail of a fish instead of legs. 

MER'RI-LY, adv. In a merry manner. 

MER'Rl-MENT, n. Gayety, w'ith laugh- 
ter or noise ; noisy sport. 



OR, do, wolf, TOO, TOOK; urn, RUE, PUL.L ; E,I, O, silent , C, G, soft; €,&,hard; A3.; EXIST; N. as NG ; THIS. 



MERRY 



270 



METHOD 



MfiR'RY.a. [-er; -est, 142.] [A.-S. 
merh, mirig.] 1. Brisk; lively. 2. 
Noisily gay. 3. Causing laughter or 
mirth. 

Syn. — Blithe; lively; sprightly; viva- 
cious; joyous; mirthful; jocund. 

Mer'ry-an'DREW, n. [From An- 
drew Borde, a physician iu the time 
of Henry VIII.] A buffoon ; a zany. 

Mer'ry-mak'ing, n. A meeting for 
mirth. 

Mer'ry-thought (-thawt), n. The 
forked bone of a fowl's breast ; a 
wish-bone. 

ME-SEEMg', v.impers. [-ED.] It seems 
to me. [the mesentery. 

Mes'en-TER'I€, a. Pertaining to 

Mes'en-ter'y, or Mes'en-te'ry, 
n. [Gr. fjLeaevripiov ; p.ecros, middle, 
and evrepov, intestine.] A membrane 
which keeps the intestines, &c, in a 
proper position. 

Mesh, n. [A.-S. masc] Space in- 
closed between the knots of a net. 
v.t. [-ed; -ing.] To catch in a 
mesh. 

Mes'lin, n. The same as maslin. 
See Maslin. [merism. 

Mes-mer'ig, a. Pertaining to mes- 

MES'MER-i'sM, n. [From Mesmer, 
who first'brought it into notice.] 
Art of inducing an abnormal state 
of the nervous system. 

Mes/mer-Ize, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
bring into a state of mesmeric sleep. 

Mes/mer-iz'er, n. One who prac- 
tices mesmerism. 

Mesne (meen), a. [Norm. Fr., mid- 
dle. Cf. Mean, a.] {Law.) Middle; 
intervening. 

Mess, n. [A.-S. mese, myse, Goth. 
vies, a table, mats, food.] 1. A dish, 
or quantity of food. 2. A number 
of persons who eat together. 3. A 
medley ; a mixed mass. — v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To eat in company. — v.t. 
To supply with a mess. 

Mes'sage, n. [L. Lat. messagium, 
fr. Lat. mittere, to send.] 1. A no- 
tice or communication from one per- 
son to another. 2. An official com- 
munication delivered by a messenger. 

MEs'sen-gep . n. [0. Eng. messa- 
ger.] One who bears a message. 
Syn. — Carrier ; courier ; harbinger. 

MES-sT'AH, n. [Keb.mashiah, anoint- 
ed.] Christ, the anointed; the Sa- 
vior ._ 

Mes-si'ah-ship, n. Character, or of- 
fice of the Savior. 

Mes'si-an'ig, a. Relating to the 
Messiah. 

Mes-si'as, n. The Messiah. 
Mes'sieurs (rnesh'yerz), n. pi. 
[Fr. ; pi. of monsieur.] Sirs, gen- 
tlemen ; — abbrev. to Messrs., and 
used as the pi. of Mr. 

Mess'mate, n. One who eats ordi- 
narily at the same table. 

Mes'suaGe (meVswej), n. [Low Lat. 
messuagiurn, mansionaticum, from 
Lat. mansio, a dwelling.] A dwell- 
ing-house, with the adjacent build- 
ings and lands. 



Mes-TEE', n. Offspring of a white 
person and a quadroon. 

Mes-t'i'zo, n. [Sp., fr. Lat. mixtus, 
mixed.] Child of a Spaniard or Cre- 
ole and a native Indian. 

Met, imp. & p.p. of Meet. 

MET'A-OAR'PUS, n. [Gr. fj.eTaKapni.ov ; 
nerd, beyond, between, and Kapnos, 
wrist.] Part of the hand between 
the wrist and the fingers. 

Met'al (met'al or met'l), n. [Lat. 
metallum, Gr. p.era\\ov.] A sub- 
stance having a peculiar luster, a 
good conductor of heat and electric- 
ity, and usually solid at ordinary 
temperatures. 

Me-tal'lig, a. Pertaining to, or 
resembling, metal. 

MeT'al-lif'er-oDs, a. [Lat. metal- 
lier ; metallum, metal, and ferre, to 
bear.] Producing metals. 

Me-tal, 'LI-FORM. a. Having the 
form of metals ; like metal. 

Met'al-line, a. Pertaining to, or 
consisting of, metal. 

Met'al-list, n. A worker, or one 
skilled, in metals. 

Met'al-lize, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
give its proper metallic properties to. 

MET'AL-LOID, n. [Gr. peraWov, 
metal, and el5o?, form.] The metal- 
lic base of a fixed alkali, or alkaline 
earth. — a. Like metal. 

Met'al-LUR'gig, ) a. Pertain- 

Met'al-lOr'gig-al, J ing to met- 
allurgy, [metallurgy. 

Met'al-LUR'GIST, n. One skilled in 

Met'AL-lOr'GY, n. [Gr. p-erakkovp- 
•yo?, working metals ; perakkov, met- 
al, and epyeiv, to work.] Operation 
of obtaining metals from their ores. 

MET'A-M6R'PHI€,a. [See METAMOR- 
PHOSIS.] 1. Changeable; variable. 
2. Pertaining to changes which min- 
erals or rocks may have undergone 
since their deposition. 

MET'A-MOR'PHlgM, n. State or qual- 
ity of being metamorphic. 

MET'A-MOR'PHOSE,-!'. t. [-EDJ-ING.] 
To change into a different form ; to 
transform. — n. Same as Meta- 
morphosis. 

MET'A-MOR'PHO-Sts,?!. ,• pi. MET'A- 
MOR'PHO-SE§. [Gr. p.eTap.6p<f)<joo-i<; ; 
(xera, beyond, over, and popfyr), 
form.] Change of form or shape ; 
transformation. 

MET'A-PHOR, n. [Gr. p.eTa<£opa, fr 
/mera^epetv, to carry over, to trans- 
fer.] A word expressing similitude 
without the signs of comparison. 

Met'a-phor'k, ) a. Pertaining 

Met'a-phor'ic-al, j to, or com- 
prising, a metaphor ; figurative. 

Met'a-phor'I€-al-ly, adv. Not 
literally ; figuratively. 

MET'A-PHRAgE, n. [Gr. /uera^pao-is ; 
p.erd, beyond, and 4>pacri?, a speak- 
ing.] A literal or verbal translation. 

Met'a-phrast'I€, ) a. Close, or 

Met'a-phrast'ig-al, J literal, in 
translation. 

Met'a-phys/IG, ) a. Pertaining 

MET/A-PHYs'ie-AL, J to, or accord- 
ing to, metaphysics. 



Met'a-phy-sI'cian (-zisn'an), /«. 
One who is versed in metaphysics. 

MET'A-PHYS/IGS, n. sing. [Gr. /uera 
Ta (pvaiKa, after physics ; — so called 
by Aristotle, who considered physics 
to be the first in the order of studies, 
and the science of mind to be the 
second.] 1. Science of being, as such ; 
philosophy in general. 2. Scientific 
knowledge of mental phenomena; 
mental philosophy 

MEt'A-PLASM, n. [Gv.p.€Tankacrp.6<;; 
peTaTrKdcrcreiv, to transform.] A 
change in a word by augmentation, 
diminution, or insertion, of a sylla- 
ble or letter. 

Met'A-Tar'sus, n. [Gr. fiera, be- 
yond, after, and rapaos, flat of the 
foot.] Part of the loot between the 
ankle and the toes. 

Me-tath'e-sis, n. ; pi. me-tath'e~ 
SE§. [Gr. /ue-rafleo-is, fr. p.eTa.Ti0eVai, 
to transpose.] Transposition of the 
letters or syllables of a word. 

Mete, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S.me- 
tan.] To measure. — n. Measure; 
limit ; boundary; — chiefly in the pi. 

Me-temp'sY-gho'SIS, n. [Gr. p:e- 
rep-tyvxtoo-is ; p-erd, beyond, over, ev, 
in, and ^vxn, life, soul.] The pass- 
ing of the soul after death into some 
other body ; transmigration. 

ME'TE-OR, n. [Gr. ptTewpa, things in 
the air ; p.erd, beyond, and eoipa, 
aiupa, a being suspended in the air.] 
1. Any phenomenon. 2. A transient 
fiery or luminous body, seen in the 
atmosphere. 

Me'te-or'ig, a. Pertaining to, or 
proceeding from, a meteor. 

Me'te-or-IteJ49), n. A meteorolite. 

Me'te-or'o-lite (49), n. [Gr. p.e- 
Tecopos, high in air, and Atflos, stone.] 
A. meteoric stone ; an aerolite. 

Me'te-6r'o-l6g'ic, ) a. Relat- 

Me'TE-or'o-log'ig-AL, j ing to 
the atmosphere and its phenomena. 

Me'te-or-ol'o-gist, n. One skilled 
in meteorology. 

ME'TE-OR-OL'O-GY, n. [Gr. p.erewp- 
okoyia ; p-eretopa, meteor, and Aoyos, 
discourse.] Science which treats of 
the atmosphere and its phenomena. 

Me'TER, n. [Eng. mete.] One who, 
or that which, metes or measures; 
specifically, (a.) An instrument for 
measuring the consumption of gas. 
(b.) An instrument for measuring the 
consumption of water, (r.) A licensed 
measurer of coals before they are de- 
livered out for sale. 

Me'ter, I n. [Lat. metrum, fr. the 

ME'TRE, ) root met in metiri, to 
measure.] Rhythmical arrangement 
of syllables into verses, stanzas, &c; 
rhythm ; measure ; verse. 

Me-theg'lin, n. [W. meddyglyn; 
medd, mead, and llyn, liquor, juice.J 
A liquor made of honey and water 
boiled and fermented. 

Me-thinks', v. impers. [ME- 
THOUGHT.] It seems to me ; I 
think- [Rare, except in poetry.] 

, METH'OD, n. [Gr. puffloSos ; p-erd, 

| after, oSos, way.] 1. Regular mode 



A, E, I, 5, V, Y, long; X, £, I, 6, U~, ¥, short; CARE, FAR, ASK; ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TERM J PIQUE, FIRM ; SON, 



METHODIC 



271 



MIGRATORY 



or manner of doing an)- thing. 2. Or- 
derly arrangement or classification. 

Syn. — Mode; manner. —Method im- 
plies arrangement: mode, mere action or 
existence. An instructor may adopt a 
good method of leaching to write; the 
scholar may acquire a bad mode of hold- 
ing his pen ; the manner in which he is 
corrected will greatly affect his success 
or failure. 

Me-th6d'I€, ) a. Arranged in 

Me-thod'I€-al, ) convenient or- 
der ; regular. 

Me-tii6d'I€-al-ly, adv. In a»me- 
thodical manner. 

Meth'od-ism, n. Doctrines and wor- 
ship of the Methodists. 

Meth'od-Tst, n. One of a sect of 
Christians, founded by John Wesley. 

Meth'od-IST'IC, a. Resembling the 
Methodists, or partaking of their 
strictness^ 

Meth'od-ize, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
To arrange in a convenient manner. 

Me-thotjght' (me-thawf), imp. of 
Met kinks. 

MET'O-NYM/re, ) a. Used by way 

MET'o-NYM'fe-AL, ) of metonymy. 

Me-ton'y-my, or Met'o-nym'y, n. 
[Gr. (jLeTbivvfi-ia. ; /u.eTa, indicating 
change, and 6vop.a, name.] A trope 
in which one word is put for another, 
as table for provisions. 

MET'O-PE, n. [Gr. ixzioirq ; ju.era, with, 
between, and 07r»?,hole, open space.] 
The space between the triglyphs of 
the Doric frieze. 

Me'tre,«. See Meter, [volumes. 

MET'RIC, a. Noting a measurement of 

MET'RI€-AL, a. [Gr. /aerpi/cos, from 
HeTpov, measure.] 1. Pertaining to 
measure. 2. Consisting of verses 
poetically measured. 3. Employed 
in,o. obtained by, measurement. 

Met'ric Sys'tem. See Metric Sys- 
tem, p. 534. 

Me-TROP'O-LIS, n. [Gr. /uTjTpoVoAis ; 
fjuq-rvp, mother, and ttoAis, city.] The 
mother city ; the chief city. 

Met'ro-pSi/I-tan, a. Belonging to 
a metropolis. — n. 1. The bishop 
who presides over the other bishops 
of a province. 2. (Lat. Church.) An 
archbishop. 

Met'tle (met'tl), n. [Eng. metal, 
used in a tropical sense.] 1. Ele- 
ment ; material. 2. Constitutional 
ardor. 

Met'tled, a. High-spirited ; full of 
fire or vigor. 

Met'tle-some (met'tl-sum), a. Full 
of spirit; easily excited ; fiery. 

Met'tle-some'-ness, n. State of 
being mettlesome. 

Mew, n. 1. [A.-S. m&w.] A sea- 
fowl ; a gull. 2. [Fr. mue, change 
of feathers, scales, &c, time when, 
or place where, the change occurs, 
fr. muer, Lat. mutare, to change.] 
A cage for hawks while mewing : 
hence, a place of confinement. 3. 
A stable. 4. The cry of a cat. 
— v. t. [-ED;-ING.] 1. [From Lat. 
mutare, to change.] To shed or 
cast; to molt its feathers. 2. To 
shut up; to confine. — v. i. 1. To 



cast the feathers ; to molt. 2. [An 
onomatopoeia.] To cry as a cat. 

Mewl, v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] [Fr. miau- 
ler.] To cry from uneasiness, as a 
child ; to squall. 

Mews, n.; pi. mews'es.. 1. sing. 
An inclosed space ; an inclosure. 2. 
pi. See MEW. 

Mez'zo-tint Hmed'zo- or meV- 

MEZ'zo-tIn'TO ) zo-), n. [It., fr. 
mezzo, half, and tinto, tint.] A man- 
ner of engraving on copper, in imita- 
tion of painting in India ink. 

Ml'ASM, n. Same as MlASMA. 

Mi-as'ma, n. ; pi. MI-AS/MA-TA. [Gr. 
(jLiao-fia, defilement.] Infection float- 
ing in the air ; deadly exhalation. 

Mi-as/mal, a. Containing miasma; 
miasmatic. 

MI'as-mat'ic:, )a. Pertainingto, 

Ml'Ag-MAT'lc-AL, ) or partaking of 
the qualities of, miasma. 

Ml'-eA, n. [Lat. mica, crumb, parti- 
cle.] A mineral capable of being 
cleaved into plates of extreme thin- 
ness, [like, mica. 

Ml-€A'CEotfs, a. Pertaining to, or 

Mice, n.; pi. of Mouse. 

M'i€H'AEL-MAS (146), n. Feast of St. 
Michael, celebrated September 29th. 

MIck'LE (mik'l), a. [A.-S. micel,my- 
cel. Cf.JVluCH.] Much ; great. 

MI'€RO-€0£M, n. [Gr. /oukpok6o>ios ; 
/ouKpos, little, and koo-juos, the world.] 
1. A little world. 2. Hence, man, as 
an epitome of the universe. 

Ml'CRO-cos/Mre, la. Relating to 

Mi'eRO-c6s/MI€-AL, J the micro- 
cosm. 

Mi-€r6g'ra-phy, n. [Gr. fn/cpo?, 
little, and ypcufjeiv, to describe.] De- 
scription of microscopic objects. 

MI-CROM'E-TER, n. [Gr. ixLKpo?, 
small, and p-irpov, measure.] An in- 
strument to measure very small dis- 
tances. 

Ml'€RO-PHONE, n. [Gr. p-ucpos, small, 
and (putvr), sound.] An instrument 
for intensifying feeble sounds. 

Ml'€RO-s€'OPE, n. [Gr. /u.i*pos, small, 
anonelv, to view.] An optical instru- 
ment for vfewing minute objects 

M1'€RO-s€6p'I€, I a. Pertaining 

Mi'CRO-seop'ie-AL, ) to the micro- 
scope ; very minute. 

Mi-€r6s'€0-py, n. Use of the micro- 
scope. 

Mid, a. [midst or midmost.] [A.-S. 
midd, Goth, midja, allied to Lat. 
medius.] Middle ; intervening. 

Mid'day, a. Pertaining to noon ; me- 
ridional . — n . Noon . 

MID'DLE (mid'dl), a. [A.-S. See MID ] 
1. Equally distant from the ex- 
tremes ; mean ; mid. 2. Intermedi- 
ate ; intervening. — n. Point equal- 
ly distant from the extremities; 
midst; central portion. 
Syk.— See Minsx. 

MtD'DLE-AGED (-ajd, 60), a. Being 
midway between youth and age. 

MId'dle-mAn (150), n. An agent 
between two parties ; a broker. 

MId'dle-MOST, a. In, or nearest to, 
the middle. 



MID'dling, a. Of middle rar.k or 

quality ; moderate : ordinary. 
Midge, n. [A.-S. mygge, mycg.] A 

very delicate fly. 
MlD'LAND, a. 1. Being in the interior 

country. 2. Surrounded by the land. 
MJD'NlSHT (-nit), n. Twelve o"clocK 

at night. — a. Being in the middle 

}f the night ; hence, very dark. 
MId'rib, n. A continuation of tho 

petiole, extending from the base to 

the apex of the laminae of a leaf. 
MlD'RlFF, n. [A.-S. midhrif; midd, 

mid, middle, and hrif, bowels.] The 

diaphragm. 
MId'ship-man(150),ti. A naval cadet 

in a ship of war. [ship. 

Mid'ships, adv. In the middle of a 
MIDST, n. [Contr. fr. middesl, superl. 

of mid.] Interior or central part; 

the middle.- 

Syn. — Middle. —Midst is the super- 
lative of mid (middle), denoting the very 
center, and hence implies surrounded 
by, involved in, in the thickest of: as, in 
the midst of a forest. Middle has no 
such intensive sense, and is often applied 
to extent in only one direction ; as, the 
middle of the street, &c. Midst is very 
frequently used abstractly or figurative- 
ly; as, in "the midst of afflictions ; middle 
is never thus used with propriety. We 
cannot say in the middle of my contem- 
plations on that subject, but in the 
midst. 

— adv. In the middle. [stice. 
MTd'SUM-MER, n. The summer sc^ 
Mid'way, n. The middle of the way. 

— adv. Half-way. 

MYd'WI FE (149), n. [A.-S. mid, with 
and wif, woman.] A woman that 
assists in childbirth. 

Mid'wife-ry, or Mi'd'wIfe-ry, n. 
Art or practice of assisting women in 
childbirth ; obstetrics. 

Mid'win-ter, n. The middle of win- 
ter ; also, the middle of severe winter 
weather, — usually, much later. 

MIEN, n. [Fr. mine.] External ap- 
pearance : carriage ; bearing. 

MIff, n. [Prov. Ger. muff, sulkiness.] 
A slight degree of resentment. 

Might (mlt), imp. of May. —n. [A.- 
S. meaht, miht. See MAY.] Force 
or power of any kind, whether of 
body or mind. 

MIght'I-ly (mlt'i-ly), adv. 1. Pow- 
erfully. 2. Greatly ; very much. 

MighT'i-ness (mlt/i-nes), n. 1. Pow- 
er ; greatness. 2. Excellence ; — used 
as a title of dignity. 

Might'y (mTt'y), a. 1. Possessing 
might ; forcible ; strong. 2. Very 
great : remarkable for size, effect, or 
qualities. 3. Very excellent ; great; 
fine. [ Colloq.] — adv. In a greai 
degree; very. [Colloq.] 

MlGN'ON-ETTE' (min'yon-ef) n. [Fr 5 
dim. of mignon, darling.] An arjs 
nualllowering plant. 

MT'GRATE, V. i. [-ED-. -ING.] [Lat 
migrare. -gratnm.] To change one's 
place of residence ; to pass to anoth- 
er climate, as birds. 

Ml-GRA'TION, n. Act of migrating. 

Mi'gra-to-RY (50), a. Removing 
from one state or country to another. 



OR, do, WQLF, TOO, TOOK; fjRN, RyE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; 9,G,so/i; e,&,hard; AS; EJ1ST ■ jfasNG; THIS. 



MILAGE 



272 



MINGLE 






MlL'AGE , n. Same as MILEAGE. 

MIlch (66), a. [See Milk.] Giving 
inilk ; — applied only to beasts. 

MILD, a. [-ER; -EST.] [A.-S.] 1. 
Gentle in temper or disposition. 2, 
Not showing severity or harshness. 
3. Not acrid, pungent, or corrosive, 
&c. 4. Not violent or intense. 

MlL'DEW(mIl'du),n. [A.-S mildeaiv.] 
A thin, whitish coating, consisting 
of minute fungi. — v. t. [-EDJ-ING.] 
To taint with mildew. — V. i. To be- 
come tainted with mildew, [gently. 

MlLD'LY, adv. In a mild manner ; 

MlLD'NESS, n. 1. Quality of being 
mild ; tenderness. 2. Temperate- 
ness ; pleasant condition. 

Mile, n. [Lat. millia, pi. of mille, a 
thousand (paces).] A measure of 
distance, being equivalent to 320 
rods, or 5280 feet. 

Mile 'age , n. An allowance for trav- 
eling, as so much by the mile. 

MlLE'-POsT, I n. A post or stone to 

MlLE'-sTONE, J mark the distance 
of a mile. 

MIl'ia-ry (mil'ya-ry), a. [Lat. mil- 
iarius; milium, millet.] Resembling 
millet seeds. 

Ml L'l-TANT, a. [Lat. militans, fight- 
ing.] Engaged in warfare ; serving as 
a soldier. [manner. 

MIl'i-TA-ri-ly, adv. In a military 

Mil'I-TA-ry, a. [Lat. militarist 
miles, soldier.] 1. Pertaining to sol- 
diers, to arms, or to war. 2. Warlike ; 
becoming a soldier. — n. Soldiery; 
militia ; the army. 

MlL'I-TATE, v. i. [-EDJ-ING.] To 
stand opposed ; to contend. 

Ml-Ll'TIA (mi-lish'a), n. [Lat., from 
miles, soldier.] Body of soldiers en- 
rolled for discipline, but engaged in 
actual service only in emergencies. 

MI-lI'tia-man (mHish'a-,l),n. One 
who belongs to the militia. 

Milk, a. [A.-S. miluc, mile] 1. A 
white fluid secreted by female mam- 
mals for the nourishment of their 
young. 2. White juice of certain 
plants.— v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 
draw milk from. 2. To draw from 
the breasts. 3. To supply with milk. 

MIlk'er, n. One who milks ; also, 
one who gives milk. [of milk. 

Milk'i-ness, n. Qualities like those 

MlLK'MAlD, n. A woman that milks 
or is employed in the dairy. 

Milk'sop, n. A soft, effeminate man. 

Milk'TOOTH (150), n. 1. The fore 
tooth of a foal. 2. One of the first 
set of teeth of a child. 

MIlk'y, a. Relating to, made of, or 
resembling, milk. 

Milky way (Astron.), a broad, irregu- 
lar, luminous zone in the heavens, sup- 
posed to be the blended lij;ht of innu- 
merable fixed stars i the galaxy. 

MILL, n. 1. [Lat. mills, a thousand.] 
An imaginary money, the tenth of a 
cent, or the thousandth of a dollar. 
2. [U. S.] [A.-S. mylen.] An en- 
gine or machine for grinding any 
substance. 3. A machine. 
I®- In modern usage, the term mill 



includes various other machines or com- 
binations of machines, tor transform- 
ing some raw material by mechanical 
processes into a state or Condition for use. 

4. The building where grinding or 
some manufacture is carried on. 5. 
A pugilistic encounter. [ Cant.] — v. 
t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To grind ; to com- 
minute. 2. To shape or finish by 
passing through a machine. 8. To 
full, as cloth. 4. To beat severely 
with the fists, as if in a fulling-mill. 

MiLL'-DXM, n. A dam to raise run- 
ning water to a height sufficient to 
turn a mill-wheel. 

Mil'LE-na'ri-an, a. Consisting of a 
thousand years ; pertaining to the 
millennium. — n. One who believes 
in a millennium. 

MlL'LE-NA-RY, n. [Lat. millenaries ; 
mille, a thousand.] The space of a 
thousand years. [millenium. 

MlL-LEN'NI- AL , a. Pertaining to the 

MIL-LEN'NI-AL-IST, n. One who be- 
lieves that Christ will reign person- 
ally on earth a thousand years. 

MlL-LEN'Ni-fJM, n. [Lat. mille, a 
thousand, and annus, a year.] The 
thousand years, during which period 
Satan will be bound, and holiness 
become triumphant throughout the 
world. See Rev. xx. 

Mil'le-POre, n. [Lat. mille, a thou- 
sand, porus, pore.] A species of coral, 
with Very minute cells on the surface. 

Mill'ER, n. 1. One who attends a 
grist-mill. 2. A moth. 

Mil-Les'i-mal, a. [Lat. millesimius.] 
Thousandth. 

Mil'LET, m. [Lat. milium.] 1. An 
endogenous plant, and its grain. 2. 
A hardy grass. 

MIl'LI-NER, n. [Orig. a Milaner, or 
inhabitant of Milan.] One who 
makes and sells head-dresses, bon- 
nets, &c, for women. 

MIl'Li-ner'y, n. The articles made 
or sold by milliners. 

MIll'ioN (mll'yun), n. [L. Lat. mill- 
io, fr. Lat. mille, a thousand.] The 
number of ten hundred thousand ; 
1,000,000. 

MIll'ion-aire', n. One whose wealth 
is counted by millions ; a very rich 
person. [a million. 

MIll'iONTH, a. Constituting one of 

MIll'-race, n. A canal to convey 
water to a mill-wheel. 

Mill'stone, n. A stone used for 
grinding grain. 

Mill'-tail, n. The current of water 
flowing from a water-wheel. 

MIlt, n. [A.-S. milte.] 1. The spleen. 
2. [See Milk.] The spermatic glands, 
or the sperm of the male fish. 

Mime, n. [Lat. mimus.] 1. A kind 
of farce, among the ancients. 2. An 
actor in such representations. 

Mi-met'I€, la. Apt to imitate; 

MI-M£T'I€-AL, ) < given to aping or 
mimicry ; imitative. 

MM'I€, \a. [Gr. /xi/iaucos, fr. fit- 

MlM'I€-AL, I jul€io-0<u, to imitate.] 
1. Inclined to imitate ; imitative. 2. 
Formed in imitation. 



MlM'I€, n. 1. One who mimics. 2. 
A mean or servile imitator. — v t, 
[-ED; -ING, 185.] To imitate for 
sport ; to ridicule by imitation. 
Syn. — To ape t counterfeit ; mock. 

MtM'lCK-ER, n. One who mimics. 

M1m'I€-ry, n. Act of one who mimics. 

MiN'A-RET, n. [Ar. manarat, lamp, 
lantern, turret.] A slender, lofty 
turret on Mohammedan mosques. 

MlN'A-TO-RY (50), a. [Lat. minato- 
rius.] Threatening; menacing. 

MINCE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. 
minsian, fr. minn, minor, weak.] 1. 
To cut into very small pieces; to 
hash. 2. To clip, as words, or ex- 
pressions. — v. i. 1. To walk with 
short steps, or affected nicety. 2. To 
speak softly, or with affected nicety. 

MlNCE'-PiE, n. A pie made with 
minced meat, &c. [manner. 

MIn'cing-ly, adv. In a mincing 

MIND, n. [A.-S. mynd.] 1. The in- 
tellectual faculty in man ; the under- 
standing ; also, the spiritual nature ; 
the soul. 2. Opinion; sentiment; 
judgment. 8. Choice ; inclination ; 
desire. 4. Memory ; remembrance. 
— 1\ t. [-ED ; -ING.] To attend to ; 
to fix the thoughts on. 

Syn. — To notice; mark; note; regard; 
observe; obey. 

— v. i. To be inclined, or disposed; 
to incline. 

Mind'ed, a. Disposed; inclined. 
Mind'ful, a. Attentive; observant. 
Mind'ful,-LY, adv. Attentively. 
MIne, a. [A.-S. min.] Belonging to 

me; my. — n. [See infra.] 1. A 

subterranean cavity or passage ; esp. 

one from which minerals are dug. 

2. A source of wealth or other good. 

— v. i. 1. To dig a mine. 2. To 
form a burrow or lodge in the earth. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. m inare, 
to drive.] To dig away the founda- 
tion of; to sap ; to undermine ; to 
ruin or destroy slowly. 

MIn'er, n. One who mines ; a digger 
of mines. 

MIn'er-al, n. [L. Lat. mmerale. See 
MINE, «.] Any inorganic substance 
having a definite chemical composi- 
tion. — a. 1. Pertaining to, or con- 
sisting of, minerals. 2. Impregnated 
with minerals. [minerals. 

MIn'er- al-Ist,^ n. One versed in 

MIn'er-al-I-za'tion, n. Process of 
mineralizing. 

MlN'ER-AL-IZE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To make mineral ; to communicate 
the properties of a mineral to. — v. i. 
To go on an excursion for minerals. 

MlN'ER-AL-lZ'ER, n. A substance 
which mineralizes another, or com- 
bines with it in an ore. 

MIn'ER-AL-og'ig-al, a. Pertaining 
to mineralogy. [mineralogy. 

MiN'ER-XL'O-GlsT, n. One versed in 

Min'ER-Xl'o-Gy, n. [From mineral, 
and Gr. Aoyos, discourse.] The sci- 
ence of mineral substances. 

MlN'E-VER, n. See MENIVER. 

MIn'gle, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [A.-S. 
mengan.] To unite in one body ; to 



A, E, I, 5, U, Y, long; X, £, I, 6, U, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TERM ; PIQUE, FIRM; S6N, 



MINIATURE 



273 



MISCARRY 



fclend ; to mix. — v. i. To be mixed ; 
to be united. 

MiN'I-A-TURE (mhVT-at-yur or mnV- 
it-yur, 53), n. [From Lat. miniare, 
to tinge with vermilion.] A painting 
on a reduced scale ; hence, greatly 
diminished style or form. — a. On a 
small scale. 

MiN'I-KiN, a. Small; diminutive. — 
n. [Dim. of minion.] A darling. 

MlN'IM, n. [Lat. minimus, the least, 
smallest.] 1. Any thing very minute. 
2. A single drop. 3. A half note, 
equal to two quarter notes. 

MlNM-MIZE, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
reduce to the smallest part or pro- 
portion possible. 

MiN'i-mum, n.;pl. MtN'l-MA. [Lat. 
See supra.] Least quantity assigna- 
ble in a given case ; hence, a trine. 

MlN'ION(-yun), n. [0. H. Ger. minni, 
minnia, affection.] 1. A favori+3; 
particularly one who gains favors by 
mean adulation. 2. A small kind of 
printing type. 

U^"" This type is minion. 

MIn'is-ter, n. [Lafc.,fr. minus, less.] 
1. A servant; a subordinate.. 2. One 
to whom is intrusted the direction 
of affairs of state. 3. Representative 
of a government at a foreign court. 
4. One who serves at the altar ; pas- 
torof a church. — v. t. [-ed ; -ing.J 
To furnish ; to afford ; to supply. 

Min'IS-te'ri-al, (89), a. 1. Pertain- 
ing to ministry, and executive offi- 
cers. 2. Pertaining to a minister. 

Syn.— Official; clerical; priestly; sa- 
cerdotal; ecclesiastical. 

Min'is-trant, a. Performing service 
as a minister. 

Min'is-tra'tion, n. 1. Ministry ; 
agency. 2. Ecclesiastical function. 

Mxn'is-try, n. [See Minister.] 1. 
Act of ministering ; ministration ; 
agency. 2. Office or duties of a min- 
ister. 3. A body of ministers ; the 
clergy ; ministers of state. 

Min'i-ver, n. Same as Me NEVER. 

Mink, n. A carnivorous quadruped 
of the weasel tribe. 

Min^ne-sing'er, n. [0. H. Ger. 
minni, love, singen, to sing.] One 
of a class of Germau poets and musi- 
cians of the 12th and 14th centuries. 

MlN'NOW(mIn / no), n. [Prob. fromFr. 
menu, little, small.] A very small 
fresh-water fish. 

Ml'NOR, a. [Lat.] 1. Inferior in bulk, 
degree, importance, &c. ; less ; small- 
er. 2. Lower by a semitone. — n. 1. 
A person of either sex under age^ 2. 
(Logic.) The minor term, that is, the 
subject of the conclusion; also, the 
minor premise. 3. A Minorite. 

Mi'nor-Ite, n. A Franciscan friar. 

Mi-NOR'i-TYT, n. 1. State of being a 
minor. 2. The smaller number. 

MiN'O-TAUR, n. [Gr. Mu>wTavpos, fr. 
MiVcos, Minos, and Tavpos, a bull.] 
A fabled monster, half man and half 
bull. 

MLn'ster, «. [A.-S., fr. Lat. monas- 
terium.] A church to which a mom 



astery is or has been attached ; some- 
times, a cathedral church. 

MlN'STREL., n. [L. Lat. ministerialis, 
servant, workman. See Ministry.] 
A bard ; a singer and a harper. 

M'lN'STREL-SY, n. 1. A collective 
body of minstrels. 2. A collective 
body of songs. 

Mint, n. 1. [A.-S. mynet, coin, Lat. 
moneta, from Moneta, a surname of 
Juno, in whose temple at Rome mon- 
ey was coined.] The place where 
money is coined. 2. [A.-S. minle, fr. 
Lat. mentha.] An aromatic plant 
of various species. — v. t. [-ed; 
-IN&.] 1- To make by stamping, as 
money ; to coin. 2. To invent ; to 
forge ; to fabricate ; to fashion. 

Mint'age,w. 1. That which is coined. 
2. Duty paid to the mint for coining. 

MlN'u-END, n. [Lat. minuendus, to 
be diminished.] A number from 
which another is to be subtracted. 

MlN'U-iiT, n. [Fr. menuet, fr. menu, 
small, on account of the small steps.] 
A slow, graceful dance. 

MI'nus, a. [Lat.] Less ; also, requir- 
ing to be subtracted. 

Mi-nute', a. [Lat. minutus, p. p. of 
minuere, to lessen.] 1. Very small ; 
slight. 2. Attentive to small things. 

Syn. — Little ; diminutive ; circum- 
stantial ; particular. A circumstantial 
account embraces all the leading events; 
a particular account goes further, and 
includes each event and movement, 
though of but little importance ; a mi- 
nute account goes further still, and omits 
nothing as to person, time, place, ad- 
juncts, &c. 

Min'ute (mm/it), n. [Lat. minutum, 
i. e., a small portion. See supra.] 1. 
Sixty seconds. 2. Sixtieth part of a 
degree. 3. A note or memorandum 
in writing. — v. t. . [-ED ; -ING.] 
To make a note of; to jot down. 

MlN'UTE-BObK. (min'it-, 27), n. A 
book of short hints. 

MIn'ute-gun (mm/it-), n. A gun 
discharged every minute, as a signal. 

MiN-UTE-HAND^mln/it-), n. The hand 
that points to the minutes on a clock 
or watch. 

Mi-nute'ly, adv. In a minute man- 
ner ; exactly. [minute. 

Min'ute-ly (min/it-ly), adv. Every 

MlN'UTE-MAN (min/it-, 150), n. A 
man ready to march at a moment's 
notice. 

Mi-nute'ness, n. 1. Quality of be- 
ing minute. 2. Critical exactness. 

Ml-NV'Ti-JE (-nu'shi-, 95), n. pi. 
[Lat.] Minute particulars. 

Minx, n. [Contr. fr. miniken.] A 
pert, wanton girl. 

Mir'a €L,E (mir'a-kl), n. [Lat. mir- 
aculum ; mirari, to wonder.] 1. A 
wonder or wonderful thing. 2. A 
supernatural event. 

MI-RAe'lKLOiJS, a. 1. Performed su- 
pernaturally. 2. Extraordinarily 
wonderful. 

MI-ra€'u-lous-ly, adv. In a mi- 
raculous manner ; wonderfully. 

Mi'-RAGE'fmi-razh 7 ), n. [Fr. se mirer, 
to reflect.] An optical illusion caus 



ing remote objects to be Been double, 
or to appear as if suspended in the 
air. 

MiRE, n. [A.-S. myre.] Earth wet 
and soft; deep mud. — v.t. [-ed; 
-ING.] 1. To plunge and fix in mire. 
2. To soil with mud. 

Mir'i-ness, n. State of being miry. 

MiRK'Y, a. See MURKY. 

MlR'ROR, n. [Fr. miroir.] 1. A look- 
ing-glass. 2. A pattern ; an exem- 
plar.— v.t. [-ED; -ing.] To re- 
flect, as in a mirror. 

Mirth, n. [A.-S.mirdh. See Merry.] 
High excitement of pleasurable feel- 
ings in company ; noisy gayety. 

Syn. — Merriment; joyousness; glad- 
ness; fun; frolic ; glee; hilarity; festiv- 
ity; jollity. See Gladness. 

Mirth'ful, a. Full of mirth ; merry. 

MiRTH'FVJ>LY, adv. In a mirthful 
manner. 

MIrtii'FUL-NESS, n. State of mirth. 

MlRTH'LESS, a. Without mirth. 

MlR'Y, a. Full of, or consisting of, 
mire. 

Mis-ac'CEP-TA'tion, n. Under- 
standing in a wrong sense. [dent. 

Mis'ad-vent'ure, n. Unlucky acci- 

Mis'al-lege' (-al-lej'), v. t. To state 
erroneously. 

M'is'AE-Li'AN^E, ?t. Improper asso- 
ciation ; a degrading connection by 
marriage. 

Mis'AN-THROPE, In. [Qv. fja<rdu- 

MlS-AN'THRO-PlST, ) 0pco7ro? ; p.1- 
o-eiv, to hate, and avOporiro<;, a man.] 
A hater of mankind. 

MIs'an-throp'ic, ) a. Hating 

Mis'an-throp'ig-al, ) mankind. 

Mis-an'thro-py, n. Hatred or dis- 
like to mankind. [plication. 

Mis-AP'PLJ-CA'TION, n. A wrong ap- 

Mis'ap-ply', v. t. [-ed; -ing, 142.] 
To apply wrongly. 

MlS-AP'PRE-HEND', V. t. [-ED; 

-ING.] To take in a wrong sense. 

Mis-AP'PRE-HEN'siON, n. A wrong 
apprehension of one's meaning or of 
a fact. 

Syn. — Misconception ; misunder- 
standing; mistake. 

Mis'ap-pro'pri-a'tion, n. "Wrong 
appropriation. [ill. 

Mis'be-€6me' (-kQmO, v. t. To suit 

Mis / be-g6t't j en,t7. a. Unlawfully 
or irregularly begotten. 

MIs'be-have', v. i. [-ed; -ing.] To 
behave ill or improperly . 

Mis'BE-HAV'lOR, n. Improper, or un- 
civil behavior ; ill-conduct. 

Mis'BE-LIEF', n. Erroneous belief. 

Mls'BE-LlEV'ER,'n. One who holds 
a false belief. 

MIS-€Xl/€U-LATE, V.t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To calculate erroneously. 

Mis-gXl/cu-la'tion, ». Erroneous 
calculation. 

Mis-€ALL/ (mis-kawl'), v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To call by a wrong name. 

Mis-car'riage (mis-kar'ry, 45), n. 
1. Unfortunate event of an under- 
taking ; failure. 2. Improper behav- 
ior. 3. Premature birth. 

MlS-€AR'RY, V. I. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] 



I 



OR, »o, wolf, too, to>»k; Orn, rue, pyLL ; £, I, o.silentj q,&,soft; c, g, hard; A§; exist; nasNQ; this. 
18 



MISCEGENATION 



274 



OSPRONOUNCE 



1. To fail of the intended effect. 2. 
To fail to reach its destination. 3. 
To bring forth young before the 
proper time. 

MIs'CE-ge-na'TION, n. [Lat. mis- 
cere, to mix, and genere, to beget.] 
Amalgamation of races. 

MTs'cel-la'ne-ous, a. [Lat. mis- 
cellaneus, from miscellus, mixed.] 
Mixed ; consisting of several kinds. 

Mis'cel-la-ny(44), n. 1. A mixt- 
ure ; a medley. 2. A collection of 
compositions on various subjects. 

Mis-CHANCE', n. Ill fortune. 

Syn. — Calamity; misfortune; misad- 
venture; mishap; infelicity; disaster. 

Mis-charge', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
mistake in charging, as an account. 
— n. A mistake in charging. 

TllS'CHiEF, n. [0. Fr. mesckef; mes, 
and chef, properly, ill end.] 1. Evil 
produced or effected ; often, trivial 
evil or vexation. 2. Cause of trouble 
or vexation. 

Syn. — Damage ; harm . — Damage is 
an injury which diminishes the value of 
a thing; harm is an injury which causes 
trouble or inconvenience ; miscltiefis an 
injury which disturbs the order and con- 
sistency of things. We often suffer dam- 
age or harm from accident, or from the 
course of Providence, but mischief al- 
ways springs from the perversity or 
folly of man. 

MIs'chief-mak'er, n. One who 
makes mischief. 

Mis'chiev-ous, a. 1. Making mis- 
chief. 2. Inclined to do harm. 

MIs'CHiEV-ofts-LY, adv. In a mis- 
chievous manner. 

Mis'chiev-oOs-ness, «. Quality of 
being mischievous. 

Mis-choose', v. t. [-chose ; -chos- 
en ; -choosing.] To choose wrong- 
ly, [tion. 

Mis'CI-TA'TION, n. Erroneous quota- 

Mis-^Ite', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
cite erroneously. 

Mis-CLAIM', n. A mistaken claim. 

Mis-^OM'PU-TA'TION, n. Erroneous 
computation. 

Mis'CON-ceit', n. Misconception. 

MiVcon-^eive', v. t. or i. [-ed; 
-ing.] To conceive or interpret 
wrongly. 

Syn. — To misapprehend ; misunder- 
stand; misjudge; mistake.' 

JHs'CON-cep'tion, n. Erroneous 
conception ; wrong notion or under- 
standing of a thing. 

Mis-€6n'duct, n. Wrong conduct ; 
ill-behavior. 

MlS'CON-DUCT', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To conduct amiss ; to mismanage. 

Mis'CON-ject'ure (53), n. A wrong 
conjecture. — v. t. or i. To guess 
wrongly. [terpretation. 

MIs'CON-STRUC'TlON, n. Wrong in- 

Mis-con'strue, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To interpret erroneously. 

Mls-€OUNT', v. t. or i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To mistake in counting. — n. An 
erroneous counting. 

VlIs'CRE-ANT, n. [0. Fr. mescreant, 
lit., wrongly believing.] 1. An infi- 
del ; a misbeliever. 2. A vile wretch. 



Mis-date , n. A wrong date. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To date erroneously. 

Mis-deed', n. An evil deed; a wick- 
ed action. 

Mis-deem', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
judge erroneously ; to misjudge. 

Mis' DE-MEAN', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
behave ill. 

MIs'de-mean'OR, n. 1. Ill behav- 
ior. 2. Any crime less than a felony. 
Syn.— Misdeed; misconduct; misbe- 
havior; fault; trespass; transgression. 

MlS'DI-RECT', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 

To give a wrong direction to. 2. To 
direct to a wrong person or place. 
MIs'di-rec'tion, n. Act of direct- 
ing wrongly. 
MlS-DO', V. t. [-DID ; -DONE ; -DO- 
ING.'] To do wrongly 
Mis-do'er (-doo'er), n. One who 

misdoes ; a wrong-doer. 
Mis-do'ing (-dob'ing), n. A wrong 

done ; a fault or crime ; an offense. 

Mis'em-ploy', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 

employ to no purpose, or to a bad 

purpose. [ment. 

Mis'EM-PLOY'MENT, n. Ill employ- 

Mis-en'try, n. An erroneous entry 

or charge. 
Mi'ser, n. [Lat. miser, wretched.] 
An extremely covetous person ; a 
niggard. 
Mis'ER-A-BLE, a. [Lat. miserabilis ; 
miser, wretched.] 1. Very unhappy ; 
wretched. 2. Causing misery. 3. 
Worthless ; despicable. 
Syn. — Abject; forlorn ; pitiable. 
Mis'er-a-kly, adv. In a miserable 

manner._ 
Mis'E-RE're, n. [Lat., have mer- 
cy.] The 51st psalm, which com- 
mences with this word. 
Ml'£ER-LY,a. Very covetous. 
Mi's/ER-Y, n. [Lat. miseria, from mi- 
ser, wretched.] 1. Great unhappi- 
ness ; extreme pain of body or mind. 
2. Natural evils which are the cause 
of misery. 

Syn.— Wretchedness ; anguish ; dis- 
tress; calamity; misfortune. 
Mis-fea'sance, n. [0. Fr. mes, 
wrong, and faisance, deed.] ( Law.) 
A trespass ; a wrong done. 
Mis-fort'une, n. Ill fortune; ill 

luck ; an evil accident. 
Mis-give', v. t. [-gave ; -given ; 
-GIVING.] To fill with doubt and 
apprehension. [dence ; distrust. 

MlS-SIv'ING, n. A failing of confi- 
Mis-got'tjsn, a. Unjustly obtained. 
MlS-GOV'ERN, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 

govern ill. 
Mis-gov'ern-ment, n. 1. Ill ad- 
ministration of public or private 
affairs. 2. Irregularity ; disorder. 
Mis-guid'ANCE, n. Wrong direction 

or guidance. 
Mis-guide' (72), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 

To direct ill ; to lead into error. 
Mis-hap', n. Ill chance ; evil acci- 
dent ; ill luck. 
MlS'IM-PROVE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To use for a bad purpose ; to abuse ; 
to misuse. [employment. 

Mls'IM-PROVE'MENT, n. Ill use or 



Mts'IN-FORM', V. t. 1-ED ; -ING ] To 
give erroneous information to. 

Mis-In'for-ma'tion, n. Wrong in- 
formation . 

MlS'IN-TfiR'PRET, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To interpret erroneously ; to under- 
stand or to explain amiss. 

Mls'lN-TER'PRE-TA'TlON,n. A mis- 
taken interpretation. 

MIS-JUDGE', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
mistake in judging of. — v.i. To 
err in judgment ; to form false opin- 
ions or notions. 

Mis-jOdg'ment, n. A wrong or un- 
just jletermination. 

Mis-lay', v. t. [-laid; -laying.] 1. 
To lay in a wrong place. 2. To lay 
in a place not recollected ; to lose. 

Mis'le (miz'l), v. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[From mist; prop, mistle.] To rain 
in very fine drops, like a thick mist. 
— n. A fine rain ; a thick luist. 

Mis-lead', v. t. [-led ; -lead- 
ing.] To lead astray ; to deceive. 

Syn. — To delude. — To mislead is to 
lead astray in any manner: to delude is 
to do it by exciting the imagination. 
The former does not of necessity imply 
any bad design; but the latter always 
supposes more or less of conscious in- 
tention. 

Mis'le-toe, n. See Mistletoe. 
Mls/LY (mlz'ly), a. Raining in very 

small drops. 
MlS-MAN'AGE, V. ?'. [-ED ; -ING.] To 

behave or manage ill. — v. t. To 
manage ill ; to administer improp- 
erly. 

Mis-mXn'age-ment, n. Ill or im- 
proper management. 

Mis-MAN'A-GER, n. One who man- 
ages ill. 

Mi'S-MATCH', V. t. [-ed; -ING.] To 
match unsuitably. 

Mis-name', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
call by the wrong name. 

MlS-NO'MER, n. [0. Fr. mes, amiss 
wrong, and nommer, to name.] 1 
A misnaming. 2. A wrong or inap 
plicable name or title. 

Ml-SOG'A-Mi'ST, 11. [Gr. fiio-oyafxos ; 
ixio-elv, to hate, and yd/xos, marriage.] 
A hater of marriage. 

Mi-sog'A-MY, n. Hatred of marriage. 

Ml-SOG'Y-NIST, 11. [Gr. /Luo-oyw77s ; 
fiia-elv, to hate, and yvvrj, woman.] 
A woman-hater. [sex. 

Ml-SOG'Y-NY, n. Hatred of the female 

Mis'per-suade' (-swid / ), v. t. To 
persuade amiss. 

MlS'PER-SUA'slON (-swa/zhun), n. A 
false persuasion. 

Mis-pick'.el (-pYk'1), n. [Ger.] Ar- 
senical iron pyrites. 

Mis-place', v. t. [-ed.; -ing.] To 
put in a wrong place. 

Mis-print', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
mistake in printing; to print wrong. 
— n. A mistake or error in printing. 

Mis-PRis'ion (mis-prlzh'un), n. [Low 
Lat. mtsprisio , Fr. mepris, contempt.] 
Neglect; contempt ; as, misprision of 
treason or felony, a neglect of trea- 
son or felony, by not revealing it, 
when one has a bare knowledge of it. 

MlS'PRO-NOUNCE',?;. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 



\ £ , I, 6, U, Y, long; X " y , 6, U, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, XfiRM } PIQUE, ?lfRM ; SON, 



MISPRONUNCIATION 



275 



MOAT 



To pronounce erroneously. — v. i. 
To pronounce incorrectly. 

MiS'PRO-NUN'CI-A'TION (-shl-a'- 

shun), n. Wrong or improper pro- 
nunciation, [quotation. 

MTs'QUO-TA'TION, n. An erroneous 

HlS-QUOTE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING ] To 
quote erroneously. [cital. 

Mis're-CIT'AL, n. An inaccurate re- 

MIS'RE-MEM'BER, V. t. [-ED : -ING.] 
To mistake iu remembering. 

MIS'RE-PORT', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
report erroneously. — n. An errone- 
ous report. 

MlS-REP'RE-SENT', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To represent falsely or incorrectly. 

Mis-REP'RE-sent-a'tion, n. False 
or erroneous representation ; an in- 
correct account. 

Mis-rule', n. 1. Disorder; confusion; 
tumult from insubordination. 2. 
Unjust domination. 

Miss. n. 1. [Contr. from mistress.] 
Young woman or girl ; — a title of 
address to an unmarried woman. 2. 
Loss ; want ; felt absence. 3. Mis- 
take; error. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.J I 
[A.-S. missian.] 1. To fail of hitting j 
or reaching, or finding. 2. To do 
without ; to forego. 3. To omit; to 
pass by. 4. To feel the want of. — 
v. i. 1. To fail to hit. 2. Not to 
succeed. 3. To mistake. 

Mis'sal, n. [L. Lat. missale, from 
missa, mass. See Mass.] The Ro- 
man Catholic mass-book. 

Mis-send', v. t. To send amiss. 

Mis-shape', v. t. [-ed (p. p. also 
-EN) : -ing.] To shape ill ; to deform. 

MTs'sile, a. [Lat. missilis,fv. miture , 
mission, to send, throw.] Capable 
of being thrown. — n. A weapon I 
thrown, or intended to be thrown. 

Mis'siON (mTsh'un), n. [Lat. inissio, \ 
fr. mittere, to send.] 1. A sending, 
or being sent ; commission. 2. Duty 
on which one is sent. 3. Persons 
sent ; delegation. 4. A station of 
missionaries. 

MTs'sion-a-ry (mish'un-), n. One 
sent ; — especially to propagate relig- 
ion. — a. Pertaining to missions. 

Mls'SIVE, a. [Lat. mittere, missum, 
to send.] 1. Intended to be sent. 2. 
Intended to be thrown or hurled. — 
n. That which is sent ; a message. 

Mis-spell', v. t. [-ed (or mis- 
spelt); -ING.] To spell wrong; to 
write or utter with wrong letters. 

Mis-spend', v. t. [-spent; -spend- 
ing.^ To spend amiss ; to squander. 

Mis-state', r. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
state wrongly ; to falsify. 

Mis-state'ment, n. An incorrect 
statement. [step. 

Mis-step' (109), n. A wrong or false 

Mist, ». [A.-S. mist, Icel. mistr.] 1. 
Fog. 2. Coarse, watery vapor, ap- 
proaching the form of rain. 3. Any 
thing which dims or darkens. — v. t. 
To cloud : to cover with mist. — v. i. 
[-ED; -ING.] To rain in very fine 
drops. [taken. 

Mis-tak'a-BLE, a. Liable to be mis- 

MlS-TAKE', V. t. [-TOOK ; -TAKEN ; 



-TAKING.] 1. To take wrongly ; to 
misunderstand. 2. To substitute 
erroneously, as a thought or thiug. 

— v.i. To err in opinion or judg- 
ment. — n 1. A taking or appre- 
hending wrongly. 2. A fault in opiu- 
ion, judgment, or conduct. 

Mis-TAK'JEN (-tik'n), p. a. 1. Guilty 
of a mistake ; in error. 2. Errone- 
ous ; incorrect ; wrong. 

Mis-teach', v. t. [-taught; 
-TEACHING.] To teach wrongly. 

Mis-tell', v. t. [-told; -tell- 
ing.] To tell erroneously. 

Mis'ter, n. [Contr. fr. Lat. magister.] 
Sir ; master ; — abbreviated Mr. 

Mis-time', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
time wrongly ; not to adapt to the 
time. — v. i. To neglect the proper 
time. 

MiST'i-NESS, n. State of being misty. 

Mis'TLE (miz'l), v. i. [Lug. mist.] 
To fall in very fine drops, as rain. 

M'iVtle-toe (miz'l-), u. [A.-S. mis- 
telta.] A parasitic evergreen plant, 
bearing a glutinous fruit. 

MlS'TRANS-LATE', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To translate erroneously. 

Mis'Trans-la'TION, n. An erroneous 
translation. 

MIs'tress, n. [0. Eng. tnaistress. 
See Master.] 1. The female head 
of a family, a school, &c. 2. A 
woman well skilled in any thing. 3. 
A sweetheart. 4. A paramour. 5. 
Madam ; — a title of address, now 
superseded by the abbreviated form 
Missis, written Mrs. 

Mis-trust', n. "Want of confidence. 

— v.t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To regard 
with jealousy or suspicion ; to sus- 
pect ; to doubt. 2. To surmise. 

Mis-TRL"ST'FVL,a. Suspicious ; want- 
ing confidence. [tune wrong. 

MlS-TUNE', fi. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 

Mi'ST'Y, a. [-ER ; -EST, 142.] 1. Over- 
spread with mist. 2. Obscured as if 
by mist. 

MlS-UN'DER-STAND', V. t. [-STOOD: 
-STANDING.] To misconceive; to 
take in a wrong sense. 

Mis-Dn'der-stand'ing, n. 1. Mis- 
take of meaning ; error ; misconcep- 
tion. 2. Disagreement; difference; 
slight quarrel. 

Mis-us'age, n. Ill usage; abuse. 

Mis-u|e', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 1. To 
treat or use improperly. 2. To treat 
ill. 

Mis-USE', n. 1. Wrong application or 
use ; misapplication. 2. Morally 
wrong use ; abuse. 

MlTE, n. [A.-S. mite.] 1. Anything 
very small. 2 A minute spider. 3. 
The smallest coin of the Hebrews. 

MI'ter,)h. [Gr. 

Ml'TRE, J f^iTpa, 
head-band.] 1. 
A head covering, 
worn by bishops, 
cardinals, &c. 2. 
The joint formed 
by the ends of 
two pieces, each 
cut off at an an- 




Miter. 



gle of 45°.— r. i. [-ed ; -ing.] To 

meet and match together, as two 

pieces of molding, each cut at an 

augle of 45°.— v. t. 1. To adorn 

with a miter. 2. To unite at an angle 

of 45°. [alleviated. 

MiT'I-GA-BLE, a. Capable of being 

MlT'I-GANT. a. Tending l o mitigate. 

MIT^I-GATE, v. t. [-eu;-ing.] [Lat. 

mitigate, -gatum, from mitts, miid J 

1. To alleviate, as suffering. 2. To 

soften in severity or harshness. 3. 

To reduce in amount, as a penalty. 

Svx. — To assuage.— He who miti- 
gates relaxes in respect to harshness; he 
who assuages actively lessens the pain 
of others. We mitigate by being less se- 
vere ; we assuage by being positively 
kind. A judge mitigates a sentence; 
friends ussuage our afflictions. 

MlT'1-GA.'TION, n. Act of mitigating, 
or state of being mitigated. 

Syn. — Alleviation; abatement; relief. 

MTT'I-GA'TIVE, a. Tending to miti- 
gate. _ [which, mitigates. 

M'l'T'l-GA'TOR, it. One who. or that 

Mitrailleuse (me'tra'yuhz'), n. 
[Fr., from mi trail ler, to fire grape- 
shot.] A machine-gun for rapid 
firing. 

Ml'TRE, n. & v. See MITER. 

.Mitt, n. [Abbrev. from mitten.] A 
mitten ; also, a thin, fingerless cover 
for the wrist and hand. 

MiT'TEN (58), n. [Ir. & Gael, mutan, 
from, math, the hand.] A cover for 
the hand, without fingers. 

Mit'ti-mus,ii. [Lat., we send.] A 
warrant of commitment to prison. 

Mix, v. t. [-ed: -ing.] [A.-S. mis. 
can.] 1. To ifnite ; to blend. 2. To 
join ; to associate. 3. To produce 
by stirring ingredients together ; to 
mingle. — v. i. 1. To become blend- 
ed. 2. To be joined ; to associate. 

Mlx'Tl-LlN'E-AL, ) a. [Lat. mixtus, 

Mix/Ti-LiN'E-AR, ( mixed, and Eng. 
lineal, linear.] Containing, or con- 
sisting of, straight and curved lines. 

MIXT'URE, n. [Lat. mixtura; mis- 
cere, mixtum, to mix.] 1. Art of 
mixing, or state of being mixed. 2. 
That which is mixed. 3. An ingre- 
dient entering into a mixed mass. 

Syx. — Union ; association ; admixt- 
ure; intermixture; medley. 

MlZ'ZEN (miz'zn), a. [It. mezzana, 
fr. mezzo, middle.] Nearest the 
stern. — n. The hindmost of tho 
fore and aft sails of a vessel. 

Miz'zle, p. i. See Misle. 

Mne-mon'I€ I (ne-), a. [Gr. ju.kjj- 

MNE-MON'IC-AL ) (xoviKos, fr. /nvrj- 
fxrj, memory.] Assisting the memory. 

M\E-MON'l€S (ne-), n. sing. A sys- 
tem of rules to assist the memory. 

Moan, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
marnan.] To bewail ; to lament. — 
v. i. To make a low, dull sound of 
grief or pain. — n. 1. A low, dull 
sound, as of grief. 

Moat, ». [0 Fr. mote, hill, dike, 
bank ] A deep trench round the 
rampart of a castle or other fortified 
place ; a ditch. 



OR,DO,WQLF, TO~0, TOOK 5 URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; C, G, soft; -G, 6, hard; AS;; EJIST j NasKG; THIS. 



MOB 



276 



MOLESTATION 



MoB, n. [Lat. mobile vulgus, the mov- 
able common people.] A disorderly 
and tumultuous crowd. 

Syn.— Populace.— Populace signifies 
the lower orders of the people taken col- 
lectively ; a mob is a riotous assembly of 
persons. A mob may be gathered and 
dispersed in an hour; the populace is a 
permanent portion of society. 

— v. t. [-bed; -BiNG.] To attack 
in a disorderly crowd. 

JfOB'-eXp, n. A head-dress, tying un- 
der the chin by a very broad band. 

Mo'BlLE, a. [Lat. mobilis, fr. movere, 
to move.] Capable of being excited. 

Mo-BIL'I-TY, n. 1. Susceptibility of 
being moved. 2. Activity. 3. Fickle- 
ness. 

MOB'I-LIZE, V. t. [-EDJ-ING.] To 
call into active service, as troops. 

Mob-o€'ra-cy, n. [Eng. mob, and 
Gr. Kparelv, to rule.] Rule of the mob. 

Mo€'€A-s/N, n. [Indian.] 1. A shoe 
of soft leather, without a sole. 2. A 
poisonous water serpent. 

Mock, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Gr. juw- 

k$v.] 1. To imitate in contempt or 

derision. 2. To treat with scorn. 3. 

To disappoint the hopes of. 

Syn.— To deride ; ridicule; jeer. 

— v. i. To make sport in contempt 
or in jest. — n. Ridicule ; derision ; 
mockery . — a. Imitating reality, 
but not real ; false. 

MocK'ER, n. One who mocks. 

Mock'er-y, n. 1. Act of mocking or 
deriding. 2. Derision ; ridicule. 3. 
Subject of laughter ; sport. 4. Vain 
imitation or effort. 

Mock'ing-bird, n. A singing-bird 
that imitates the notes of other birds 

Mo'DAL, a. Pertaining to a mode or 
mood ; consisting in mode or form 
only. 

Mo-dXl'I-TY, n. Quality of being 
modal, or being in form only. 

Mode, n. [Lat. modus, measure, man- 
ner.] 1. Manner of existing. 2. 
Prevailing popular custom. 3. Va- 
riety ; gradation ; degree. 4. Con- 
dition, or state of being. 5. A dif- 
ference of form in the inflection of a 
verb; mood. 6. (Mus.) Arrange- 
ment of the intervals in a scale. 

Syn.— Method; manner; form; fash- 
ion; way; style. 

Mod'el (61), n. [Lat. modulus, dim. 
of modus. See supra.] 1. Stand- 
ard. 2. Pattern ; example. 3. Some- 
thing to be copied. 4. A represen- 
tation; a fac-simile. — v. t. [-ED, 
-ING; or -led, -ling, 137.] To plan 
or form after a pattern. 

MOD'EL-ER, i ~ , , , 

MOD'EL-LER, } H - 0ae Wh ° m0del9 - 
Mod'el-ing, 1 n. Act or art of mak- 
Mod'el-ling, 1 ing a model from 
which a work of art is to be executed. 
Mod'er-ate (45), a. Kept within 

due bounds. 
MOD'ER-XTE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
moderate ; -ratum, fr. modus. See 
Mode.] To restrain from excess; 
to keep within bounds ; to allay ; to 
repress ; to temper ; to qualify. — 



v. i. To become less violent, severe, 
rigorous, or intense. 

Mod'er-ate-ly, adv. In a moder- 
ate manner or degree. 

Mod'er-A'tion, n. 1. Act of mod- 
erating. 2. State of being moder- 
ate ; freedom from excess. 3. Calm- 
ness of mind ; equanimity. 

Mod'ER-a'tor, n. 1. One who mod- 
erates or restrains. 2. One who pre- 
sides over a meeting. 

Mod'ern, a. [Lat. mod emus ; modo, 
just now.] Relating to the present 
time, or time not long past. 

Syn. — Recent; new; novel; late.— 
Modern is opposed to ancient; recent, to 
what has been past for no considerable 
length of time; as, modern civilization, 
improvements, &c. ; recent advices, in- 
telligence, &c. 

— n. A person of modern times. 

MoD'ERN-i'sM, n. Modern practice; 
a thing of recent date. 

MOD'ERN-IZE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
cause to conform to recent or pres- 
ent usage or taste. 

MoD'EST,a. [Lat. modestus, fr. mo- 
dus, measure.] 1. Restrained with- 
in limits of propriety. 2. Free from 
familiarity or indecency 3. Evincing 
modesty in the actor or author. 

Syn. —Reserved; unobtrusive; bash- 
ful; shy; chaste. 

Mod'est-ly, adv. In a modest 
manner. 

M6d'est-y, n. 1. Absence of self- 
confidence, arrogance, and presump- 
tion. 2. Purity of manners. 

MoD'l-eUM,n. [Lat.] A small quan- 
tity, [being modified. 

Mod'i-fi'A-ble, a. Admitting of 

Mod'i-fi-ca'tion, n. 1. Act of mod- 
ifying. 2. Particular form or man- 
ner. 

MoD'I-r5, «. «. [-ED; -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. modificare , fr. modus, meas- 
ure, and facere, to make.] To change 
the form or external qualities of; to 
vary. [fashionable. 

Mod'isti, a. According to the mode ; 

Mod'ist, n. One who follows the 
mode. 

MOD'U-LATE (77), V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. modulari ; -latus, fr. modulus, 
a small measure, melody.] To vary 
or inflect in a natural, customary, or 
musical manner. 

Mod'U-la'tion, n. 1. Act of modu- 
lating. 2. Sound modulated; mel- 
ody. 3. (Mus.) A change or pass- 
ing from one key to another. 

Mod'ULE, n. [Lat. modulus.] A 
model or representation [lian race. 

Mo-GUL', n. A person of the Mongo- 
Great Mogul, the former emperor of 
Delhi. 

Mo'hair, n. [Prob. of oriental ori- 
gin.] The long, silky hair of the 
Angora goat, or the fabric made 
from it. 

Mo-hXm'med-an, a. Pertaining to 
Mohammed or his religion. — n. A 
follower of Mohammed. 

Mo-ham'MED-an-'ism, I n. The re- 

Mo-ham'med-i§m," ( ligion or 
doctrines of Mohammed; Islamism. 



Moi'DORE, n. [From Pg. moeda 
d^ouro, lit. coin of gold. J A gold 
coin of Portugal, valued at about $Q. 

Moi'E-TY (or maw'e-ty), n. [Fr. mou 
tie, Lat. medietas.] A half. 

Moil, t. ?'. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. molirf, 
to struggle.] To work with painful 
effort ; to toil ; to drudge. 

Moist, a. [0. Fr. moiste, prob. from 
Lat. humectus.] Moderately wet; 
damp ; humid. 

MoisT'JBN(mois / n),'u. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To make damp ; to wet slightly. 

MoiST'NESS,«. Quality of being moist. 

Moist'ure, n. 1. Moderate wetness. 
2. That which moistens. 

Mo'lar, n. A grinding or a double 
tooth. — a. [Lat. molaris, fr. mola, 
mill.] Having power to grind. 

Mo-LAS'SES, n. sing. [Fr. melasse, 
fr. Lat. mellaceus, honey-like.] The 
syrup which drains from sugar in 
manufacturing it. 

Mold, ) n. 1. [A.-S. molde.] Fine, 

Mould, J soft earth. 2. Matter of 
which any thing is formed. 3. A 
substance like down on bodies that 
lie long in the damp. 4. [Lat. mod- 
ulus. See Model.] Matrix. 5. 
Any thing to regulate the size, form, 
&c. 6. Cast; form; shape. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ing.] 1. To cause to con- 
tract mold. 2. To cover with mold 
or soil. 3. To shape ; to model ; to 
fashion. — v. i. To gather mold. 

MOLD'A-BLE, \a. Capable of being 

Mould'a-ble, j molded or formed. 

Mold'er, ) n. One who, or that 

Mould'er, ) which, molds. — v. i. 
[See Mold.] 1. To turn to dust ; 
to crumble ; to perish. 2. To waste 
away. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To turn 
to dust ; to waste. 

Mold'i-ness, \n. State of being 

Mould'I-ness, j moldy. 

MOLD'ING, ) n. 1. Any thing cast. 

MSuld'ing, j 2. A projection be- 
yond a wall, column, &c. 

Mold'y, la. [-ER ; -EST, 142.] 

M5uld'y, J Over -grown or filled 
with mold. 

Mole, n. 1. [A.-S. mal.] A small 
permanent protuberance on the 
body. 2. [Lat. mola.] A mass of 
fleshy matter in the uterus. 3. [Lat. 
moles.] A massive work of stones 
to defend a port from the violence 
of the sea. 4. [From its burrowing 
into the mold, or ground.] A small, 
insect-eating mammal, with minute 
eyes and very soft fur. 

Mo-LE€'u-LAR,a. Belonging to, or 
consisting of, molecules. 

M6l'e-€ULE, n. [Dim. of Lat. moles, 
a mass.] One of the invisible par- 
ticles supposed to constitute matter. 

Mole'-hill, n. A little elevation 
thrown up by moles under ground. 

Mo-LEST', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
molestare, fr. molestus, troublesome.] 
To trouble ; to render uneasy. 

Syn. — To disturb; incommode; in- 
convenience; annoy; vex; tease. 

Mol'ES-TA'TION, n. Act of molest- 
ing, or state of being molested. 



A, E, I, 5, U, Y, long; X, £, I, 6, 0, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TlSM j PIQUE, FIRM ; S6N, 



MOLLIENT 



277 



MONOPTOTE 



M&L'LI-ENT (or mol'yent), a. [Lat. 
moUien.-J Assuaging ; emollient. 

Mol'li-fi'a-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing mollified. 

Mol'li-fi-ca'TION, n. Act of molli- 
fying 5 mitigation. 

Mol'LI-fv, v. t. [-ED; -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. mollificare ; mollis, soft, and 
facere, to make.] 1. To make soft. 
2. To assuage, as pain. 3- To ap- 
pease ; to pacify. 

Mol-i.0s'€AN, n. A mollusk. 

Mol-lOs'€AN, ) a. Relating to, or re- 

Mol-lDs'coCs, J sembling, mollusks. 

Mol'LUSK, n. [Lat. molluscus, soft.] 
An invertebrate animal, having a 
soft, fleshy body. 

Molt (20), 1 v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] Prov. 

MOULT, ) Ger. mutern, mvlern, 
Fr. muer. See Mew.] To shed or 
cast the hair, feathers, skin. &c. 

M5lt'en (molt'n, 20), p. a. Melted. 

Mo-LYB'DATE, n. A compound of 
molybdic acid with a base. 

MOL'YB-DE'NA, ft. [Gr. fxoAv/SSaiva, 
fr. p.6Av/35os, lead.] An ore of a dark 
lead color ; sulphuret of molybde- 
num. 

Mo-lyb'de-NOUS, a. Pertaining to 
molybdena. 

Mol'YB-dk'num, n. [See Molyb- 
dena.] A rare metal. 

Mo'mext, n. [Lat. momentum.'] 1. 
A minute portion of time ; an in- 
stant. 2. Impulsive power ; mo- 
mentum. 3. Importance in influ- 
ence or effect. 4. Essential element. 
S yx. — Instant. — A moment allows of 
a beginning and end; an instant is' indi- 
visible. The latter, therefore, expresses 
more brevity and urgency than the for- 
mer. "Do it this instant" requires the 
utmost haste; "Doit this moment" ad- 
mits of no hesitation or delay. 

Mo'mext-a-ri-ly, adv. Every mo- 
ment. 

Mo'ment-a-ry (44), a. Done in a 
moment : continuing only a moment. 

Mo'MENT-LY, adv. 1. For amoment. 
2. Every moment. 

Mo-ment'OUS, a. Of moment ; im- 
portant. 

Mo-ment'oOs-ness, n. State of be- 
ing of great importance. 

MO-MEN'TUM, 7i. .- Lai pi. MO-M&N'- 
TA ; Eilg. pi. JIO-MES'TUMS. [Lat.] 
1. The quantity of motion in amov- 
ing body ; velocity ; impetus. 2. Es- 
sential or constituent element. 

*16n'a-€HAL, a. [Gr. -i.ova.x6s, a 
monk.] Pertaining to monks or a 
monastic life. 

Mon'a-chism, n. System and influ- 
ences of a monastic life. 

MSn'AD, n. [Gr. /utovas, /aovaSo?, uni- 
ty, unit.] An ultimate atom, or 
simple, unextended point. 

Mo-N\D'l€, ) a. Relating to mo- 

Mo-NAD'ie-AL. ) nads; having the 
nature of a monad. 

MoN'AR€H. n. [Gt. tx6vapxos;n6vo<;, 
alone, and apxew, to rule.] A sole 
ruler ; an autocrat : a sovereign ; an 
emperor, king, prince, or chief. 

Mo-naroh'al. a. Pertaining to a 
monarch ; sovereign ; regal. 



Mo-nXr€H'i-al, ) a. 1. Tested in 

MO-narch'ic, [ a single ruler. 

Mo-nar€H'I€-al, ) 2. Pertaining to 
monarchy or a monarch. 

M6n'AR€H-ism, 7i. Principles of 
monarchy ; preference of mouarchy. 

MoN'AR€H-tsT, «. An advocate of 
monarchy. 

M6n'AR€H-y, n. 1. A government in 
which the supreme power is in the 
hands of a monarch. 2. Territory 
ruled over by a monarch. 

Mon'as-tl'rl-al, a. Pertaining to 
I a monastery. 

Mon'as-ter'y (colloq. mon/as-tr? ), 
ft. [Gr. fxova.o~rripi.ov , fr. fxovao"rr)p, 
a solitary, a monk.] A house of re- 
ligious retirement for monks. 

Mo-nas'ti€, n. A monk. 
! Mo-N.Xs'TI€, 1 a. 1. Pertaining to 
j Mo-NAS'TI€?-AL, J monasteries, or 
to monks and nuns. 2. Secluded 
from temporal concerns. 

Mo-nas'ti-cism, 7i. Monkish life. 

Mon'day, n. [A.-S. mdnandag, day of 
the moon.] Second day of the week. 

M6n'e-TA-ry (mQn'e-ter-y),a. Per- 
taining to money : pecuniary. 

MoN'EY (mtin'y, 148), n. [0. Fr. 
moneie, Lat. moneta. See Mint.] 
1. Coin; cash. 2. Any currency- 
employed in buying and selling. 

Mon'ey-bro'ker, 7i. A broker who 
deals in money. 

M6N'E\\ED (m'un'id), a. 1. Rich in 
I money. 2. Consisting in money. 
[ M6n'ey-er. n. An authorized man- 
| ufacturer of coin. [ey. 

MON'EY-LESS, a. Destitute of mon- 
| MON'EY-OR'DER, n. An order for a 
sum of money deposited at ODe post- 
office, on some other office where the 
payment is to hernade. 

Mon'ger (mfing'ger), tj. [A.-S. 77?a7t- 
gtre, fr. rnangian, to trade.] A trad- 
er; a dealer. 

MON'GREL (mting'grel), a. [See MIN- 
GLE.] Of a mixed breed; hybrid. 
— n . An animal of a mixed breed. 

Mo-NI'TION (-nish'un), n. [Lat. mo- 
nitio; monere, to warn.] 1. Admo- 
nition ; warning. 2. Information ; 
notice. [tion ; admonitory. 

MoN'1-TlVE, a. Conveying admoni- 

Mon'i-tor, n. [Lat.] 1. One who 
admonishes. 2. A pupil selected to 
look to the scholars in the absence 
of an instructor, or to instruct a di- 
vision or class. 3. A kind of turret- 
ed iron-clad war-vessel. 

Mon'i-to'ri-al, a. 1. Pertaining to 
a monitor. 2. Conducted, taught, 
or communicated by monitors. 

M6n'I-TO-RY, a. Giving admonition. 

, MONK(munk),7i. [Gr. fxovaxos, from 
fxoi/os, alone.] One of a religious 

. community inhabiting a monastery. 

| Monk'er-y, 77. Monastic life. 

Monk'EY (munk'y, 148), ft. [Cf. 0. 
It. monicchio, a little ape.] 1. A four- 
footed mammal with a prehensile 
tail ; esp., a long-tailed individual of 
this sort. 2. Weight of a pile-driver. 

Monk'ey-Jack'et, tj. A long, tail- 
less, close-fitting jacket. 



Monk'ey-wrench (-rfinch), n. A 
wrench or spanner having a movable 
jaw. [to monks. 

Monk'ish, a. Like a monk ; relating 
I M6iVO-€HRO-MAT'l€, a. Consisting 
j of one color. 

M6n'o-€HROME. n. [Gt.llovos, single, 
and xpw/xa, color.] A painting with 
a single color. 

Mo-NO€'u-LAR, ) a. [Gr. fxovo?, sin- 

Mo-noc'u-lous, I gle. and Lat. oc- 
ulus, eye.] 1. Having one eye only. 

2. Adapted to be used with only one 
eye. 

Mon'o-dIst, n. One who writes a 
monody. 

M6n'o-dy, n. [Gr. -LovtoSCa, fr. llovos, 
single, and uJSjj, song.] A mourn- 
ful poem , by a single mourner. 

Mo-nog'a-mIst, 71. One who disal- 
lows second marriages. 

Mo-nog'A-MY, 7i. [Gr. /xoi/os, single, 
and ya/nos, marriage.] A marriage 
to one wife only. 

Mon'o-GrXm, 7i. [Gr. fxoVos, single, 
and ypdfxfj.a, letter.] A character 
or cipher composed of two or more 
letters interwoven. 

Mon'o-GRAPH, it. [Gr. -LOVO-, single, 
ypa^Tj, a writing.] A written account 
of a single thing, or class of things. 

Mon'O-grXph'IC, J a. Pertain- 

M6n'o-graph'I€-al, J ing to a 
monograph. 

Mo-NOG'RA-PHY, 7t. 1. An outline 
drawing: a sketch. 2. A monograph. 

Mon'o-LITH, 7i. [Gr. nocoAtflo? ; /u.6- 
ros, single, and Ai'flos, stone.] A col- 
umn consisting of a single stone. 

MoN'o-LOGUE, 7i. [Gr. -i6vo<;, alone, 
and Aoyo?, speech.] A soliloquy. 

Mon'o-.ma'NI-a, n. [Gr. fiovos, sin- 
gle, fxavia, madness.] Derangement 
of a single faculty of the mind, or with 
regard to a particular subject only. 

Mon'o-MA'NI-ac, 71. A person affect- 
ed by monomania. — a. Affected 
with monomania. 

Mo-no'mi-AL, 7i. [Gr. /aoVos, alone, 
and vo/u.77, distribution.] A single al- 
gebraic expression. 

Mon'O-PET'A-loOs, a. [Gr. /xovos, 
alone, and TreVaAov. flower-leaf.] 
Having only one petal, or the corol- 
la in one piece. 

Mon'OPH-THONG (mon'of-thong or 
mo-nop'thong), 7t. [Gr. ixovo<;, alone, 
and <fj0oyyo<r, sound.] A single tin- 
compounded vowel sound. 

Mon'OPH-thon'GAL (-of- or -op-), a. 
Consisting of a monophthong. 

Mo-nop'o-list, ) n. One wh<? 

Mo-nop'o-liz'er, ) monopolizes. 

Mo-nop'o-lize, v. t. [-ED: -ing| 
i 1. To purchase or obtain possession 
| of the whole of. 2. To obtain by 
| any means the exclusive right of, 
esp. the right of trading to any place. 

3. To engross or obtain the whole of. 
Mo-nop'O-LY, 7i. [Gr. jAovorruiAiov ; 

| jliovos, alone, and -rn>kelv, to sell.] 
i Sole permission and power of dealing 
j in any goods, or with a particular 
i country or place, 
i Mon'op-tote, or Mo-nop'tote, tj. 



I 



Ok.. 7>Q, wqlf, too- TOOK; URN. rue, PULL: E, I, O, silent ; $,G,soft; €,5.Iiard; A§; EJIST; tf as NG ; THIS. 



i 



MONOSTICH 



278 



MORE 



[Gr. novoTTTioros.] A noun having 
only one case. 

MoN'o-STICH (-stlk), n. [Gr. fiovocr- 
tixov ; ij.6vos, single, and arixoi, 
verse.] A composition consisting of 
one verse only. 

Mon'o-svl-lab'h;, a. Consisting of 
one syllable, or of words of one sylla- 
ble. 

JdON'O-SYL'LA-BLE, n. [Gr. jluh'O- 

, <rvAAa/3os ; jaovos, single, ervAAa/SiJ, 

' syllable.] A word of one syllable. 

BIon'o-the'ISM, n. [Gr. /noVos. alone, 
only, and ©eo?, God.] Doctrine that 
there is but one God. 

Mon'o-THE'ist, n. One who believes 
there is but one God. 

MON'O-TONE, n. [See MONOTONY.] 
A single unvaried tone or sound. 

Mo-n6t'o-no0s, a. Uttered in one 
unvarying tone ; continued with dull 
uniformity. 

RIo-not'o-NY, n. [Gr. /xovoTo»/ia,from 
Ijlovos, alone, single, and toVo?, tone.] 
Absence of variety , as in speaking or 
singing. 

Monsieur (mo-seer' or mos-yfir'), 
n.; pi. MESSIEURS (mes-seer'). 
[Fr. mon, my, and sieur, lord.] 1. 
Sir, or mister. 2. A Frenchman ; — 
in contempt. 

MON-SOON', n. [Ar. mausim,n, time, 
a season.] A periodical wind in the 
Indian Ocean. 

MoN'STER.n. [Lat. monstrum, from 
monslrare, to show, point out.] 
Something of unnatural size, shape, 
or quality ; a prodigy. 

Mon-str6s'i-ty, n. 1. State of be- 
ing monstrous. 2. An unnatural 
production. 

MON'STROUS, a. 1. Deviating great- 
ly from the natural form ; abnormal. 
2. Enormous ; extraordinary ; mar- 
velous. 3. Horrible ; dreadful. 

Mon'strous-ly, adv. 1. Shocking- 
ly ; terribly. 2. To a great degree. 

MON-TAN'IC, a. [Lat. mons, montis, 
mountain.] Pertaining to, or consist- 
ing in, mountains. 

Month (munth), n. [A.-S. monadh, 
mondh, fr. mOna, the moon.] One 
of the twelve portions into which the 
year is divided. 

Month'ly (mBnth / ly), a. 1. Con- 
tinued a month, or performed in a 
month. 2. Happening once a month. 
— n. A publication appearing once 
a month. — adv. Once a month. 

M5n'u-ment, n. [Lat. monumentum, 
from monerr, to remind.] 1. Any 
thing intended to remind or give no- 
tice. 2. A building, pillar, stone, or 
the like, erected to preserve the re- 
membrance of a person or thing. 

Syn. — Memorial ; remembrance : 
cenotaph; tomb. 

Jloiv'u-MENT'AL, a. 1. Pertaining 
to, or inscribed on, a monument. 2. 
Memorial. 

Mood, n. 1. [Lat. modps.) Manner; 
style; mode; logical form; musical 
style ; grammatical form ; manner of 
action or being. 2. [A.-S. mdd.] 
Temper or temporary state of mind. 



MOOD'I-LY, adv. In a moody man- 
ner, [moody. 

Mood'i-ness, n. Quality of being 

Mood'y, a. [-ER; -est, 142.] [A.-S. 
mOdig.] 1. Indulging moods, or 
varying and capricious frame of mind. 
2. Out of humor; peevish; angry. 

Syn. — Gloomy. — Moody agrees with 
gloomy in being an unhappy state, but 
differs from itin expressing a wide range 
of fitful emotions, such as discontent, 
ill-humor, peevishness, anger, &c. 

MOON, n. [A.-S. mona, allied to Gr. 
/U.1JJ/7J.] 1. The earth's satellite. 2. 
Any secondary planet or satellite. 3. 
A month ; a complete revolution of 
the moon. [the moon. 

Moon'beam, n A ray of light from 

MooN'-EY£D(-Id).a. 1. Havingeyes 
affected by the moon. 2. Purblind. 

Moon'light (-lit), n. The light af- 
forded by the moon. — a. Illumi- 
nated by the moon. 

Moon'SHINE, n. 1. Light of the 
moon. 2. Show without substance. 

Moon'-strOck, a. Affected by the 
moon ; lunatic. 

Moon'y, a. 1. Relating to, or like, 
the moon. 2. Bearing a crescent. 

Moor, n. 1. [A.-S. mGr, waste land.] 
An extensive waste covered with 
heath ; a heath ; a fen. 2. [Gr. 
MaOpo?.] A native of the northern 
coastof Africa. — v. t. [-ED; -ing.] 
[A.-S. merran, to hinder.] To secure, 
as a ship, by cables and anchors. 

Moor' age, n. A place for mooring. 

MOOR'ING, n. 1. Act of securing a 
ship, by means of anchors, &c. 2. 
That which serves to confine a ship 
to a place. 3. pi Place or condition 
of a ship thus confined. 

MooR'isH,a. 1. Marshy ; fenny. 2. 
Pertaining to the Moors. 

Moor'-land, n. 1. A marsh. 2. A 
cold, hilly, boggy land. 

Moose, n. [In- 
dian.] An animal 
of the deer kind. 
The males have 
antlers. 

Moose'-deer, n. 
The elk. See Elk. 

MOCT, f. «. [-ED; 
-ING.] [A.-S. mo- 
tian, to dispute, 
fr. mdt, a meeting.] To debate ; to 
discuss, esp. in a mock court. — v. i. 
To argue or plead on a supposed 
cause. — a. Undecided; debatable. 

— n. A discussion or debate. 
Mo"ot'-€ASE, n. A case, or question, 

to be debated. [mooted. 

Mo~ot'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
Moot'-court, n. A court for the 
purpose of arguing or trying feigned 
cases. [CASE. 

Moot'-point, «. Same as Moot- 
Mop, n. [W. mop, mopa.] An in- 
strument made of cloth, &c. with a 
handle, — used for washing floors. 

— v.t. [-PED; -PING.] To wipe 
with a_mop. 

Mop'-board, n. A narrow board 
nailed against the wall of a room 
next to the floor. 




Moose. 



M6pe, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Cf. D. 
moppen, to pout.] To be very stu- 
pid ; to be dull. — v.t. To make 
spiritless or stupid. — «. A dull, 
stupid person. 

Mop'ish. a. Dull ; spiritless ; dejected. 

Mop'ish-ness, h. Dullness ; stupid- 
ity ; dejection. 

Mop'pet, n. [Eng. mop.] A rag 
baby ; also, in fondness, a little girl. 

Mop'sey, n. 1. A moppet. 2. A 
slatternly woman. 

Mo-raine', n. [Fr.] A line of rocks 
and gravel along the sides of gla- 
ciers. 

MOR'AL,ffl, [Lat. moralis ; mos, mo- 
ris, manner, habit.] 1. Pertaining 
to those intentions and actions of 
which right and wrong are predica- 
ted. 2. Conformed to rules of right ; 
virtuous. 3. Subject to the moral 
law. 4. Probable. — n. 1. Man- 
ners ; conduct ; behavior ; — usually 
in the pi. 2. Meaning or significance 

. of a fable, &c. 

Mor'al-Ist, n. One who teaches or 
practices morality. 

Mo-ral'i-ty, n. 1. Conformity to 
the true moral standard or rule. 2. 
Doctrine or system of moral duties ; 
ethics. 3. Practice of the moral and 
social duties. 

MOR'AL-IZE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
apply to a moral purpose ; to explain 
in a moral sense. — v. i. To make 
moral reflections. 

Mor'al-jz'er, n. One who moralizes. 

Mor'al-ly, ac/r. 1. In a moralsense. 
2. Virtuously ; honestly. 3. Prob- 
ably. 

Mo-rass', n. [0. Gcr. morasz.] A 
tract of soft, wet ground ; a marsh. 

Mo-RA'VI-AN, n. One of a religious 
sect called the United Brethren. 

Mor'bid, a. [Lat. morbidus, fr. mor- 
bus, disease.] Not sound and health- 
ful. 

Syn. — Diseased; sickly; sick. —Mor- 
bid is sometimes used interchangeably 
with diseased, but is commonly applied, 
in a somewhat technical sense, to cases 
of a prolonged nature; as, a morbid con- 
dition of the nervous system, a morbid 
sensibility, &c. 

Mor'bid-ly, adv. In a morbid or 
diseased manner. 

Mor-bTf'ic, 1 a. [Lat. morbus, 

MoR-BlF'IC-AL, ) disease, and/acere, 
to make.] Tending to produce disease. 

MOR-BOSE', o. Unsound; unhealthy. 

MORCEAU (mor-so'), n. [Fr. ; Lat. 
morsits, a bite.] A bit ; a morsel. 

MOR-DA'CIotis, a. [Lat. mordax, 
mordacis, fr. mordere, to bite.] 1. 
Given to biting. 2. Sarcastic ; se- 
vere, [quality. 

Mor-dac'i-TY, n. Biting or sarcastic 

M6r'DANT,o. [Fr., p. pr. of mordre, 
to bite.] 1. Biting ; caustic. 2. 
Serving to fix colors. — n. Any sub- 
stance serving to give fixity to dyes. 

MORE, n. Greater quantity, amount, 
or number.— a., comp. [A.-S. warn.] 
Greater in any way ; superior. — adv. 
l.In a greater quantity or degree; 
rather. 2. In addition ; further. 



A, E, I, O, U, Y, ZongV A, E,I, 6, C, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, T£RM; flQUE, FIRM ; SON, 



MOREEN 



279 



MOTION 



Mo-reen', n. [Cf. Mohair.] A 
stoutwoolen stuff. 

More-o'ver, ad v. Beyond what has 
been said ; further ; also ; likewise. 
Syk. — Besides. 

Mo-RESQUE' (-resk'), n. [Fr., from It. 
Mora, a Moor.] A species of orna- 
mentation used by the Moors to en- 
rich flat surfaces ; arabesque. 

i&lOR'GA-NAT'ie, a. [From L. Lat. 
morganalica, a morning gift, dowry 
paid on the morning before or after 
marriage.] Pertaining to a marriage 
between a man of superior and a 
woman of inferior rank, in which 
neither the latter nor her children 
can enjoy the rank or inherit the 
possessions of her husband. 

MoR'I-BtJND, a. [Lat. moribundus ; 
morin, to die.] At the point of 
death ; dying. 

M6'Rl-ON, n. [Fr.] An open helmet 
without visor or beaver. 

Moe'jion, n. One of a sect in the 
United States, followers of one Jo- 
seph Smith, who claim to have found 
an addition to the Bible, called the 
Book of Mormon. [Mormons. 

Mor'mon-ism, n. Doctrine of the 

MOR'MON-ITE, n. A Mormon. 

Morn, ?i. [A.-S. morn, morgen.] 1. 
Morning. 2. Following day ; morrow. 

Morn'ING, n. 1. Early part of the 
day. 2. First or early part. — a. 
Pertaining to, or being in, the early 
part of the day. 

Morn'ing-glo'ry, «. A climbing 
plant, having funneL-shaped flowers. 

Mo-RO€'€0, n. A fine kind of leather, 
from goatskin, tanned with sumach; 
— first prepared by the Moors. 

Mo-rose', a. [Lat. morosus, fr. mos, 

manner, habit] Of a sour temper. 

Stn.— Sullen: gruff: severe; austere; 

gloomy ; splenetic ; crabbed ; crusty ; 

churlish; surly. 

Mo-rose'ly, adv. Sourly ; with sul- 
len austerity. 

Mo-rose'ness, n. Sourness of tem- 
per ; sullenness. 

M6r'PHI-a, ) n. [Gr. Mop^ev?, god 

Mor'PHINE,} of dreams or sleep.] 
A vegetable alkaloid from opium. 

Mor'ris, n. [Fr. moresque.] 1. A 
Moorish dance, usually performed 
with castanets, by a single person. 2. 
A game played on a board by two 
persons, with nine pieces each. 

Mor'row, n. [0. Eng. morwe, mor- 
toening. See MORN] 1. Morning. 
2. The next following day. 3. The 
day following the present ; to-mor- 
row, [rus. 

Morse, n. [Lapp, morsk.] The wal- 

Mor'sel, n. [0. Fr. morsel. See 
Morceau.] 1. A bite ; a mouth- 
ful. 2. A small quantity ; a frag- 
ment. 

Mort, n. [Fr. mort, death.] A note or 
tune sounded at the death of game. 

MOR'TAL, a. [Lat. mortalis ; mors, 
death.] 1. Subject to death. 2. 
Causing death. 3. Affecting as if 
with power to kill ; extreme. 4. Hu- 
man. — it. A human being; man. 




Mor-tXl'I-ty n. 1. Quality of be- 
ing mortal. 2. Death ; destruction. 
3. Whole number of deaths in a 
given time or community. 4. The 
human race. 

M6r'tal-ly, adv. 1. In a mortal 
manner ; irrecoverably. 2. In the 
highest possible degree. 

Mor'tar, n. 1. 
[Lat. mortarium.] 
A vessel in which 
substances 
pounded. 2. A 
short piece of ord- Mortar, 

nance, for throwing bombs, shells, 
&c. 3. [Lat. mortarium.] A mixt- 
ure of lime and sand with water, 
used as a cement. 

Mort'GAGE (mor'gej), n. [Fr. mort- 
gage ; mort, dead, and gage, pledge.] 
1. A conveyance of property, on 
condition, as security for the pay- 
ment of a debt, and to become void 
upon payment. 2. State of being 
pledged. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To grant or convey, as property, for 
the security of a debt. 2. To pledge. 

Mort'GA-gee' (mor'ga-jee'), n. One 
to whom a mortgage is given. 

Mortgage -or' (mor'IJej-or'), ) n. 

Mort'GA-ger (mor'ga-jer), j One 
who conveys property conditionally 
as security fr r debt. 

Mor'ti-fi-ca'tion, n. 1. Act of 
mortifying, or the condition of being 
mortified. 2. That which mortifies. 

MOR'TI-FV.r. t. [-ED; -ing, 142.] 
[Lat. mortificare ; mors, death, and 
facere, to make.] 1. To destroy the 
organic texture and vital functions 
of. . 2. To deaden by religious dis- 
cipline, as the carnal affections ; to 
abase. 3. To vex, chagrin, or hu- 
miliate. — v.-i. 1 To lose vitality, 
as flesh. 2. To practice penance 
from religious motives. 3. To be 
subdued. 

Mortise (mor'tis), n. [Fr. 
mortaisr.] A cavity cut 
to receive a tenon. — i«. t. 
[■ED ; -ing.] 1. To make 
amortise in. 2. To join 
by a tenon and mortise. 

MORT'MAIN, n. [Fr. mort, 
mortt, dead, and main, 

hand.] Possession oflandsj 

or tenements in dead Mortise 
hands, or hands that can and Tenon, 
not alienate. 

Mort'u-A-RY, a. [Lat. mortuarius ; 
mortuus, dead.] Belonging to buri- 
als. — n. A customary gift to the 
minister of a parish on the death of 
a parishioner. 

Mo-sa'I€, n. [Late Gr. fx.ovcraLK.6v, fr. 
Moucretos, belonging to the Muses.] 
Inlaid work of pieces of colored stone, 
&c, to imitate painting. — a. 1. 
Tarieg:ited : tessellated : also, com- 
posed of various materials. 2. Per- 
taining to Moses. 

Mos'lem, ?i [Ar., a true believer, 
fr. satama, to submit to God.] An 
orthodox Mohammedan. 

Mosque (mosk), n. [Ar. masjid, fr. 




sajada, to bow, adore.] A Moham- 
medan place of worship. 

Mos-QUI'TO (mus-kG'to) n. ; pi. MOS- 
QU'i'TOESj. [Sp., from Lat. mu+ea, 
fly.] A small blood-sucking insect. 

Moss (21), n. 1. [A.-S. meds, Icel. 
most, allied to Lat. muscus.] A 
cryptogamous plant of a cellular 
structure, with leaves and a distinct 
root. 2. [0. H. Ger. mos.] A bog. 

— v.t. [-ED; -ING] To cover with 
moss. [grown with moss. 

M6ss'i-NES_s, 7i. State of being over- 

Moss'-troop'er, n. [From moss, a 

bog, and trooper.] A marauder of 

the border country between England 

and Scotland. [with moss. 

Moss'Y, a. [-ER ; -EST.] Overgrown 

MOST (20), a. ; superl. of More. [A.-S. 

m&st.] Consisting of the greatest 

number or quantity ; greatest. 

EST" Most is used as a noun, the words 
part, quantity, &c, being omitted. 

— adv. In the greatest degree. 
Most'LY, adv. For the greatest part ; 

chiefly ; in the main. 

Mote, 7i. [A.-S. mot.] A small par- 
ticle ; a spot. — v. Old form of Must. 

Mo-TET', 7i. [It. mottetto, dim. of 
motto, word, device.] A musical 
composition adapted to sacred words. 

Moth (21), n. ,• pi. Moths. [A.-S. 
modhdhe..] Alepidopterousinsectof 
nocturnal habits. [does cloth. 

Moth'-eat, v. t. To eat, as a mota 

MOTH'ER (niufh'er), n. 1. [A.-S. 
mGdor.] A female parent ; esp. one 
of the human race. 2. Source of 
birth or origin. 3. [Allied to mud.] 
A thick, slimy substance in vinegar. 

— a. Received by birth ; native ; nat- 
ural. — v.i. To become concreted, 
as the thick matter of liquors. 

Moth'ER-HO'od, >i. State of being 
a mother. 

Moth'er-IN-law/. 7i. Mother of 
one's husband or wife. [mother. 

M6th'ER-eess, a. Destitute of a 

M6th'er-LY (math'er-ly), a. Per- 
taining to, or becoming, a mother ; 
tender ; parental. 

Syx. — Maternal. — Motherly, being 
Saxon, is the more familiar word of the 
two when both have the same meaning. 
Besides this, maternal is confined to the 
feelings of a mother toward her ou-n 
children, whereas motherly (mother-like) 
has a secondary sense, as in the expres- 
sion motherly care, &c., denoting a care 
like that of a mother for her offspring. 

Moth'er-of-PEARL'. 71. Thehard, 
brilliant liuing of several kinds of 
shells ; nacre. [mon sense 

Moth'er-wi't, n. Native wit ; com- 

MoTU'Y,a. [-ER; -est, 142.] Full 
of moths ; eaten by moths. 

Mo'TION, 7i. [Lat motio,fr.movere, 
molum, to move.] 1. Act or process 
of changing place. 2. Manner of 
moving; gait. 3. Power of moving. 
4. Movement of the mind, will, or 
passions. 5. A proposition made in 
a deliberative assembly. — v. i- 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To make a signif- 
icant movement or gesture. 2. To 
offer a proposition. 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TO~OK. ; URN, RUE, PULL ; E,I, O, silent ; C, G, soft; <;, G, hard; As; exist ; N as NG ; TH^S. 



MOTIONLESS 



280 



MULCH 



Mo'TION-LESS, a. Being at rest. 

Mo'TIVE, a. [Lat. movere, motum, to 
move.] Having power to move, or 
tending to move. — n. That which 
incites to action ; any thing moving 
the will. 

Stn. — Incentive ; inducement; rea- 
son.— J/ofrVe is the word ordinarily 
used in speaking of, that which deter- 
mines the choice. We call it an induce- 
ment when it is attractive in its nature, 
leading us forward by an appeal to our 
natural desires for good. We call it a 
reason when it is more immediately ad- 
dressed to the intellect in the form of 
argument. 

Mo-Tlv'l-TY, n. Power of producing 
motion. 

Mot'ley, a. [W. mudliw, a chang- 
ing color.] 1. Variegated in color; 
dappled. 2. Heterogeneously made 
up. 

Mo'TOR, n. [Lat., from movere, to 
move.] A source or originator of 
mechanical power, &c. 

Mot'tle, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [From 
motley.'] To mark with spots of dif- 
ferent color. 

MOT'TO, n.; pi. MOT'TOES. [It.] 
An apposite sentence or phrase pre- 
fixed to an essay, poern, &c. 

Mould, Mould'er, Mould'y, &c. 
See Mold, Molder, Moldy, &c. 

Mottlt, v. & n. See MOLT. 

MOUND, n. [A.-S. munrl, protection.] 
An artificial hill ; a raised bank ; a 
rampart. — v. t. [-ed;-ing.] To 
fortify with a mound. 

Mount, »?. [A.-S. mont, Lat. mons.] 
A mass of earth or rock, rising above 
the surrounding land ; a mountain. 
—v.i. [-ed;-ing.] 1. To rise on 
high ; to go up. 2. To get on horse- 
back. 3. To amount. — v.t. 1. To 
get upon ; to ascend ; to climb. 2. 
To put on horseback. 3. To put on 
any thing that sustains and fits for 
use ; also, to prepare for being worn . 

MOUNT'AIN (42), n. [Lat. mons,mon- 
tis.] A large mass of earth and rock, 
rising above the common level. — a. 
Pertaining to a mountain ; vast ; 
huge. 

Mount' ain-eer', n. An inhabitant 
of a mountain. [tains. 

Mount'aIn-oxjs, a. Pull of moun- 

Mount'e-Bank, n. [It. montimban- 
co ; montare, to mount, in, in, on, 
and banco, bench.] 1. An itinerant 
quack-doctor. 2. Any boastful and 
false pretender ; a charlatan. 

Mounting, n. 1. Act of preparing 
for use, or embellishing. 2. That by 
which any thing is prepared for use, 
or set off; embellishment. 

Mourn, r. *'. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
murnan.] To express grief or sor- 
row. — v. t. 1. To grieve for. 2. To 
utter in a sorrowful manner. 

Syx. — To lament ; bewail ; deplore. 

MOURN'ER, n. One who mourns. 

MouRN'FUL, a. 1. Full of sorrow; 
expressing, or intended to express, 
sorrow. 2. Causing sorrow. 

Syn. — Sorrowful; sad; doleful; afflic- 
tive; grievous; calamitous. 



Mourn'ful-ly, adv. In a manner 
expressive of sorrow. 

Mourn'ful-ness, n. Sorrow ; grief. 

Mourn'ing, n. 1. Act of sorrowing. 
2. Dress worn by mourners. 

Mouse (150), n. [A.-S. rriUs, pi. mys, 
Skr. mftshika, fr. mush, to steal.] A 
well-known small quadruped. 

Mouse (91), v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
catch mice. 

Mous'er, n. A cat that catches mice. 

Mouse '-trap, n. A trap for catch- 
ing mice. 

Mo us- tap he', n. Sec Mustache . 

Mouth, n. ; pi. Mouths. [A.-S. 
m&dh.] 1. Aperture between the lips, 
or the cavity within them. 2. Any 
opening ; orifice ; aperture. 3- A prin- 
cipal speaker. 4. A wry face; a 
grimace. 

Mouth, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To 
chew ; to devour. 2. To utter with 
a voice affectedly big or swelling. — 
v. i. To vociferate ; to rant. 

Mouth-ful(155), n. ' As much as the 
mouth contains at once. 

Mouth'-piece,^. 1. Piece of a wind 
instrument to which the mouth is ap- 
plied. 2. One who speaks for another. 

Mov'A-BLE, a. 1. Capable of beiug 
moved ; susceptible of motion ; not 
fixed. 2. Changing from one time 
to another. — n. An article of goods ; 
generally, in the pi., goods ; wares. 

Move (mo~ov), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. movere.] 1. To alter the posi- 
tion of; to set in motion. 2. To affect, 
as the mind, will, or passions. 3. To 
excite to tenderness or compassion. 
4. To offer publicly for consideration 
and determination. — v. i. 1. To 
change place ; to go, in any manner. 
2. To change residence. 3. To bring 
forward a motion. — n. Act of mov- 
ing ; a movement. 

Move 'me NT, n. 1. Act of moving ; 
change of place. 2. Mental action ; 
emotion. 3. Manner of moving. 4. 
That which imparts motion. 

Mov'ing, p. a. 1. Changing place or 
posture ; causing motion. 2. Touch- 
ing ; pathetic. 

Mow (mou), n. [A.-S.muwa.] A pile 
of hay in a barn. — v. t. To pile and 
stow away in a barn. 

M5w(mo), v. t. [-ed; -ED or -N; 
-ing.] [A.-S. maivan.] 1. To cut 
with a scythe. 2. To cut the grass 
from. 3. To cut down indiscriminate- 
ly. — v.i. To cut grass. 

Movv'ER (mo'er), n. One who mows. 

Mox'A, n. [Prob. an oriental word.] 
A soft, woolly substance burnt on 
the skin to produce an ulcer. 

Much, a. [more ; most.] [0. Eng. 
moche, A.-S. mucel, myeel. See 
Mickle.] Great in quantity ; Jong 
induration; abundant. — n. 1'. A 
great quantity. 2. A thing uncom- 
mon or wonderful. — adv. 1. To a 
great degree ; greatly. 2. Often, or 
long. 

Mu'cid, a. [Ls.t.mucidus.] Musty; 
slimy. 

Mu'CI-LAGE, n. [Lat. muccilago , fr . 



mucus, slime.] 1. One of the prox- 
imate elements of vegetables. 2. An 
aqueous solution of gum. 

Mu'ci-lag'i-noOs, a. 1. Moist, soft, 
and slimy. 2. Pertaining to, or se- 
creting, mucilage. 

Muck, n. [A.-S. mix, meox.] 1. 
Dung in a moist state. 2. Decaying 
vegetable matter. 3. Something 
mean or filthy. — v.t. To manure 
with muck. 

MCck'-worm (-wiirm), n. 1. A worm 
that lives in muck. 2. A miser. 

Mu'COUS, a. [Lat. mvrosus.] Per- 
taining to, or like, mucus ; slimy. 

Mu'CRO-NATE, I a. [Lat. mvcrona- 

Mu'cro-na'ted, ) tus, fr. mvcro, a 
sharp point.] Terminating abrupt- 
ly, or in short, spinous processes. 

Mu'CU-LENT, a. [Lat. mvculentus.~\ 
Slimy ; moist and viscous. 

Mu'CUS,n. [Lat.] A viscid fluid se- 
creted by the mucous membrane. 

Mud, ii. [L. Ger. mvdde.] Earth wet, 
soft, and adhesive. — v. t. To make 
foul with dirt; to muddy. [ner. 

Mud'di-ly, adv. In a muddy man- 

MOd'di-ness, n. Condition or qual- 
ity of being muddy. 

MOd'dle, n. A state of being tur- 
bid ; hence, intellectual dullness. — 
v.t. [-ed;-ing.] 1. To make tur- 
bid, or muddy. 2. To stupefy. 

Mud'dy, a. [-ER; -est, 142.] [From 
mud.] 1. Besmeared with rrud. 2. 
Containing, or consisting of, mud. 
3. Dull; stupid. — v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] 
To i>Jl with mud ; to dirty. 

MCd'-sill , n. Lowest sill of a struct- 
ure, usually imbedded in the soil. 

MU-EZ'ZIN, n. [Ar., from azzana, to 
inform.] A Mohammedan crier of 
the hour of prayer. 

Muff, n. [Icel. mvffa.] A warm 
cover for receiving the hands. 

Muf'FIN, n. [From EDg. mvff.] A 
light, spongy cake. 

MUF'FLE, v. t. [-EDJ-ING.] [Prov. 
Ger. muffeln, fr. mvff, muff.] 1. To 
wrap up in something that conceals. 
2. To wrap with something that 
dulls or renders sound inaudible. — 
n. [L. Lat. mvff'ula, muff, fr. the 
resemblance of its form.] A vessel 
for purifying gold and silver. 

Muf'fler, n. A wrapper for the face, 
head, or neck. 

MiTF'Tl (147), n. [Ar.] An official 
expounder of Mohammedan law in 
Turkey. 

MtJG,_n. [Ir. mugan.] A kind of cup 

Mug'gy, a. [-er ; -est, 142.] [Icel. 
mvgga, mist.] Moist or damp and 
close. 

MU-LAT'TO, n.; pi. MU-LAT'TOE§. 
[Sp. midato, from Lat. midus, mule.] 
Offspring of a negress by a white man, 
or of a white woman by a negro. 

MuL'BER-RV, 11. [A S.mur, murbe. 
r\e, from Lat. morirm, mulberry.] 
Berry or fruit of a tree ; also, the tree 
itself. 

Mulch (66), n. [Allied to mtdl.] 
Half-rotten straw, &c, strown over 
the roots of plants to protect from 



i, £, r- ">, u, \,long; k, E,i, 6,u, y, short ; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, t£rm; pique, firm; s6n. 



MULCT 



281 



MUSEUM 



heat or cold. —r. t. [-ed; -ING.] 

To protect with mulch. 
MDl€T, n. [Lat. mulcta.] A fine; a 

pecuniary penalty. — v. I. [-ED ; 

-ING.] To punish by a fine ; to fine. 
Mule, n. [Lat. mulus, A.-S. mill.] 

1. A quadruped of a mongrel breed. 

2. A plant of a mongrel kind : a hy- 
brid, [mules. 

Mu'le-teer', n. One who drives 

Mui/ISH, a. Like a mule ; sullen. 

Mull, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Either 
from Lat. mollire, to soften, or from 
W. mwll, warm, or allied to Goth. 
milith, honey.] 1. To heat, sweeten, 
and enrich with spices. 2. To dispir- 
it or deaden. — n. [Perh. contr. fr. 
mossul, muslin.] A thin, soft kind 
of muslin. 

MOl'lein, I n. [Fr. molene, fr. mol, 

MOl'len, ) soft.] A plant growing 
in roads, &c. 

MULL'ER, n. [Cf. Lat. molere, to 
grind.] A stone to grind pigments. 

MOl'let, n. [Lat. muUus.} A fish 
which roots in the sand like a hog. 

MULL'ION, n. [Perh. fr. Fr. moider, 
to mold.] A sleader bar between the 
lights of windows, screens, &c. 

MULT-AN'GU-LAR, a. [Lat. multus, 
many, and angulus, angle.] Having 
many angles ; polygonal. 

Mul'ti-fa'ri-ous, a. [Lat. mult if a- 
rius ; mi(!(/w,much,maiiy.] Having 
multiplicity : of various kinds. 

MUL'Ti-FA'RI-OUS-LY, arfv. With 
great multiplicity and diversity. 

M&L'ti-fold, a. [Lat multus, many, 
and Eng. fold.] Manifold. 

MUL'TI-FORM, a. [Lat. multiformis ; 
multus, much, many, and forma, 
shape.] Having many forms, shapes, 
or appearances. 

Mul'ti-form'i-ty, n. Diversity of 
forms or appearauces. 

Mul'ti-lat'er-al, a. [Lat. multus, 
much, many, and latus,lateris, side.] 
Having many sides. 

Mul-til'o-quence, n. [Lat. multus, 
much, many, and loquens, speaking.] 
Use of many words. 

Mul-t'i'p'a-ROUS, a. [Lat. multus, 
much, many, and parere, to bear.] 
Producing many at a birth. 

MUL-TIP'AR-TJTE, a. [Lat. multipar- 
titus ; multus, much, many, and par- 
titus, divided] Divided into many- 
parts. 

Mu'L'Tl-PLE, ». [L. Lat. multiplies.] 
A quantity containing another a cer- 
tain number of times without a re- 
mainder. _ 

Mul'ti-pli'a-ble, ) a. Capable of 

MtJI/Tl-PLI-CA-BLE, j being multi- 
plied. 

MOl'ti-pli-oand', n. [Lat. multi- 
plicandus, to be multiplied.] The 
number to be multiplied by another. 

MUL'TI-PLI-€ATE, or MUL-TIP'LI- 
€ATE , a. Consisting of many ; mul- 
tifold. 

Mul'ti-pli-oa'tion, n. Act of mul- 
tiplying ; increasing number. 

Mul'ti-PLI-ca'tor, n. The number 
by which another is multiplied. 



MCl'ti-plYc'i-ty, n. A state of being 
multiple, manifold, or various. 

Mul'ti-pli'er, n. One who, or that 
which, multiplies. 

MDl'ti-ply (54), v. t. [-ed; -ing, 
142.] [Lat. multiplex ; multus, much, 
and plicare, to fold.] 1. To increase 
in number. 2. To add to itself any 
given number as many times as there 
are units in any other given num- 
ber. — v. i. To become numerous. 

MUL'TI-TUDE (53), n. [Lat. mullitu- 
do ; multus, much, many.] 1. State 
of being many. 2. A great number 
of individuals. 

MUL'TI-TU'DI-NA-RY, \ a. Consist- 

Mul'TI-tu'di-nous, ) ingofamul- 
titude ; manifold. 

Mul'ti-vXlve, n. A mollusk which 
has a shell of many valves. 

Mul'ti-valve, I a. [Lat: mul- 

Mul'ti-valv'u-lar, ) tus, much, 
many, and valva, valve.] Having 
many valves. 

Mum, a. [Cf. Mumble.] Silent ; not 
speaking. — interj. Be silent ; hush. 
— n. [From Chr. Mumm<>, who first 
brewed it.] A sort of strong beer. 

MOm'ble, v. i. or t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[D. mompe.len, mommelen. Cf. 
Mump.] 1. To speak with the lips 
closed ; to mutter. 2. To eat with 
the lips closed. 

MDm'bler, n. One who mumbles. 

M0MM, f. t. [-ED ; -INS.] [N. II. 
Ger. mummen.] To sport in a mask 
or disguise ; to mask. 

MtJM'MER, n. A masker ; a buffoon. 

MOm'mer-y, n. 1. Masking ; diver- 
sion ; buffoonery. 2. Farcical show. 

MUM'MI-FI-OA'TION, n. Act of mak- 
ing into a mummy. 

MlJM'MI-FY, V. t. [-ED; -ING, 142.] 
[Eng. mummy, and Lat. facere, to 
make.] To embalm as a mummy. 

MtJM'MY, n. [Per. mumiija, fr. mum , 
mom, wax.] A dead body embalmed 
and dried, or otherwise preserved. 

Mump, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Icel. 
mumpa, to take into the mouth.] 1. 
To nibble. 2. To talk imperfectly. 

MiJMP'ER, n. A beggar. 

Mump'ish, a. Dull: sullen; sour. 

Mumps, n.pl. [Prov. Eng. mump, to 
be sulky.] A peculiar inflammation 
of the parotid glands. 

Munch, v. t. [-ed; -tng.] [Fr. 
manger, to eat.] To chew without 
opening the mouth. 

MDn'DANE, a. [Lat. mundanus; fr. 
mundus, the world.] Belonging to 
the world ; worldly. 

MUN'DI-Fr-CA'TION, n. [Lat. mundi- 
ficare, to make clean.] Act of cleans- 
ing from dross, &c. 

MOn'go, n. A fibrous material ob- 
tained by deviling fine woolen rags. 

MU-NIC'I-PAL, a. [Lat municipalis ; 
municipium, a free town.] 1. Per- 
taining to a corporation or city. 2. 
Pertaining to a state, kingdom, or 
nation. [district. 

• Mu-Nicvi-PAL'I-TY, n. A municipal 

Mu-NIF'1-CEKCE, n. Quality of being 
| munificent ; great liberality. 



MU-NlF'I-CENT, a. [Lat. munificus; 
munus, gift, and facere, to make. J 
Very liberal in giving or bestowing. 

Syn. — Beneficent; bounteous; boun- 
tiful ; liberal: generous. 

MU'NI-MENT, n. [Lat. munimentum; 
munire, to fortify.] 1. A place or 
means of defense. 2. A record ; title- 
deeds. 

Mu-nT'tion (-nlsh'un), n. [Lat. mn- 
nitio ; munire, to fortify.] Materi- 
als used iu war ; military stores. 

Mu'ral, a. [Lat. mural is ; murits, 
wall ] Pertaining to a wall. 

MOr'der, n. [A.-S. mordhur, allied 
to Lat. mors, death.] Act of killing 
a human being with malice afore- 
thought. — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. 
To kill with premeditated malice. 2. 
To put an end to. [der. 

Mur'der-er, ii. One guilty of mur- 

Mur'der-ess, n. A woman who com- 
mits murder. 

MOr'der-ous, a. 1. Guilty of, con- 
sisting in, or accompanied with, mur- 
der. 2. Premeditating murder. 

Mur'der-ous-ly, adv. In a mur- 
derous manner. 

MU'RI-ATE, n. [From Lat. muria.] 
A compound formed by the union of 
muriatic acid with a base. 

Mu'Rl-AT'ie, a. Pertaining to, or ob- 
tained from, sea-salt. 

MOrk'y, a. [-ER : -est, 142.] [A.-S. 
myrc] Dark ; obscure ; gloomy. 

Mur'mur, 11. [Lat.] 1. A low, con- 
fused, and indistinct sound. 2. A 
half-suppressed complaint. — v. i. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. To make a low, 
continued noise, like the hum of 
bees, or a stream of water. 2. To 
utter complaints in a low, half-artic- 
ulated voice; to grumble. 

Mur'miir-ER. 11. One who murmurs. 

Mur'raI'n (42), n. [Lat. mori, to die.] 
An infectious disease among cattle. 

Mus'CA-DlNE (or -din), n. [At. mus- 
kat, nutmeg, fr. musk, misk, musk.] 
1. A rich, spicy grape, or a wine 
made from it 2. A fragrant pear. 

Mus'CLE (inuVsl), 11. [Lat. muscidus, 
dim. of mus, a mouse.] 1. A fleshy 
organ of motion in animal bodies. 2. 
A bivalvular shell-fish. 

MDs'OO-VA'DO, a. [Sp. mascabado, 
fr. mascabar. to lessen, impair.] Re- 
lating to unrefined or raw sugar. 

MDs'€U-LAR, a. 1. Pertaining to a 
muscle, or constituting a muscle or 
muscles. 2. Well furnished with 
muscles ; brawny ; powerful. 

Mus'€U-lar'i-ty, ii. State of being 
muscular. 

Muse, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [0. II. Ger. 
mozon, muozon, to be idle.] 1. To 
think closely, or in silence. 2. To 
be absent-minded. 

Syx. — To ponder ; consider j medi- 
tate; ruminate. 

— v. t. To think on ; to meditate 
on. — n. 1. Deep thought; hence, 
sometimes, absence of mind. 2. [Gr 
(jLovo-a.] One of the nine goddesses 
who presided over the liberal arts. 

MU-se"um(]24),h. [Lat. museum, Gr. 



OR, DO, w 



olFjTOOjTO'ok; urn, Rue, pull; e, I, o, silent ; c % ,b,soft; €,ti,kard, as; ^xist; nosng; this- 



MUSH 



282 



MYSTERIOUS 



fiova-etov, temple of the Muses.] A col- 
lection of curiosities, or works of art. 

Mush,m. [0. 11. Ger. notes, muas, 
pap.] Indian meal boiled in water. 

M&sh'room, n. [Fr. mousseron, fr. 
mousse, moss, because it grows in 
it.] 1. One of a large class of crypto- 
gamic plants, esp. such species as 
are used as food. 2. An upstart. 

£&J'SI€, n. [Gr. /u-overtKiJ, (sc. tc'xvtj), 
any art over which the Muses pre- 
sided, esp. music] 1. A succession 
of sounds so modulated as to please 
the ear. 2. Science of harnionical 
sounds. 3. Art of combining sounds 
in a manner to please the ear. 

JI0'si€-AL, a. 1. Relating to music. 
2. "Producing music. 3. Pleasing to 
the ear ; melodious ; harmonious. 

Mu'sie-AL-LY, ado. In a musical 
manner. [in music. 

Mu-s_PciAN (-zish'an), n. One skilled 

Musk, n. [Ar. musk, misk, fr. Skr. 
mushfca, testicle.] A strong-scented 
substance from a bag behind the na- 
vel of a kind of deer. 

Mus'KET, n. [L. Lat. musche.ta, mus- 
chetta.] A kind of fire-arm. 

MDs'ket-eer/, n. A soldier armed 
with a musket. 

Mus'KET-OON', n. A short musket. 

MiJS'KET-RY, n. Muskets in general 
or collectively. [musky. 

MDsk'i-ness, n. Quality of being 

Musk'-mel/on, v. A species of mel- 
on of a musky fragrance. 

Musk'-ox, n. A 
bovine ruminant 
inhabiting the 
country about 
Hudson's Bay. 

MUSK'-RAT,». A 

rodent animal, 
allied to the bea- 
ver, but about 
the size of a cat, 
having a strong, musky smell. 

Musk'y, a. Having the odor of musk ; 
fragrant. 

Mug'LIN, ii. [From Mossottl. where it 
was first manufactured.] A thin cot- 
ton cloth of any kiud ; especially, a 
kind of cotton gauze. 

Muxlin de laine [Fr. mousseline de laine, 
woolen muslin], a woolen fabric of light 
texture, also, a fabric of cotton and wool. 

MOs'QUASH, n. [Indian.] Same as 
Musk-rat. [quito. 

MUS-QUI'to (-ke'to), n. See Mos- 

MDs'ROLE, n. [Fr. muserolle, from 
museau, a muzzle.] The nose-band 
of a bridle. 

Muss, n. [0. Fr. mousche.] A con- 
fused struggle. 

Mus's^L, n. [Written also muscle.] 
A marine bivalve shell-fish. 

Mus'SUE-MAN (150), n. [Ar. mos- 
Wamna, pi. of moslem, m it slim. See 
Moslem.] A follower of Moham- 
med ; a Moslem. 

MUS'SUL-MAN'ISH, a. Mohammedan. 

MUST, v. i. or auxiliary. [0. Sax. 
mCste.] 1. To be obliged. 2. To be 
necessary or essential. — n. [Lat. 
mustum (sc vinum); mustus, new, 







Musk-ox. 



fresh.] New wine unfermented. — 
v. i. [Cf. Moist.] To grow moldy 
and sour. 

Mus-TA9HE'(-tash') ; pi. MUS-TXCH'- 
ES. [Gr. ju.vcrra£, upper lip.] That 
part of the beard growing on the 
upper lip. [prairies. 

MEjs'tang, n. The wild horse of the 

Mus'TARD, n. [From Lat. mustum, 
must, because mixed with it.] A 
plant and its pungent seeds. 

Mus-tee', n. [Cf. Mestizo.] Child 
of a white person and a quadroon. 

MOs'TER, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
monstrare, to show.] 1. To assem- 
ble for parade, inspection, &c. 2. 
To get together. — v. i. To come to- 
gether as parts of a force or body. — 
n. 1. An assembling of troops. 2. 
Assemblage and display ; gathering. 

Mus'ter-roll, n. A register of 
troops. [musty. 

Must'I-ness, n. Quality of being 

Must'y, a. [-ER ; -EST, 142.] 1. 
Moldy ; sour ; fetid. 2. Spoiled by 
age. [inconstancy. 

Mu/ta-b'1e'i-TY, n. Changeableuess ; 

Mu'TA-BLE, a. [Lat. mutabilis; mu- 
tare, to change.] 1. Subject to 
change. 2. Inconstant. 

Syx. — Changeable ; unstable ; un- 
steady ; unsettled ; wavering ; variable ; 
irresolute; fickle. 

Mu'ta-ble-ness, n. Quality of be- 
ing mutable; mutability. 

Mu-TA'TlON, it. 1. Act or process of 
changing. 2. Change ; alteration. 

Mute, a. [Lnt. mutus.] 1. Uttering 
no sound. 2. Incapable of speaking. 
3. Unpronounced ; also, produced by 
complete closure of the mouth-or- 
gans. 

Syn. — Silent; dumb. — One is silent 
vrhodoes not speak; one is dumb who com 
not, for want of the proper organs, as a 
child born dumb, a dumb beast, &c.; one 
is mute who is held back from speaking 
by some special cause, as, he was mute 
through fear, mute astonishment, &c. 

— n. 1. One who is silent or speech- 
less, from whatever cause ; specifical- 
ly, a dumb attendant of a seraglio. 
2. A silent letter. 3. An element 
of speech formed by a complete clos- 
ure of the mouth-organs ; as p, b, t. 

— v. i. [Fr. mutir.] To eject the 
contents of the bowels, as birds. 

Mute'LY, adv. Without uttering 
words or sounds. [ing ; silence. 

Mute'ness, ii. Forbearance of speak - 

MU'TI-LATE,f. t. [-ed;-inG.] [Lat. 
mutilare, -latum, from mutilus, 
maimed.] 1. To cut off a limb or es- 
sential part of ; to maim ; to cripple. 
2. To deform in any way. 

Mu'Tl-LA'TroN, ii. Act of mutilating, 
or state of being mutilated. 

Mu'TI-LA'TOR,^. One who mutilates. 

Mu'TI-NEER', ii. One guilty of mu- 
tiny, [turbulent. 

Mu'fl-NOUS, a. Disposed to mutiny ; 

Mu'Tl-NY, n. [From L. Lat. movita, 
fr. movere, to move.] Insurrection 
against constituted authority, esp. 
military or naval authority. — v. i. 
[-ED; -ING, 142.] To rise against 



lawful authority, especially in milk 
tary and naval service. 

MUT'TER,t>. i. or*, [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
muttire.) To speak low and indis* 
tinctly ; to grumble ; to murmur. 

Mut'ton (mfit'tn), n. [Fr. mouton, 
fr. Lat. mutilus, mutilated.] Flesh 
of sheep, raw or dressed. 

Mut'ton-chop,«. A rib of mutton 
for broiling, having the bone chopped 
at the small end. 

Mut'u-AL, a. [Lat. mutuus, fr. mu- 
tate, to change.] Reciprocally act- 
ing, related, or given and received. 

Syn. — Reciprocal : common.— Com- 
mon is applied to that which belongs 
alike, or in common, to the parties con- 
cerned; as, our common country, a com- 
vton friend. Mutual implies an inter- 
change of the thing spoken of between 
the parties; as, wmfi/o/iViendship. Hence, 
to speak of "a mutual friend " (as if a 
friend could be interchanged), is a gross 
error; while it is proper to speak of hav- 
ing a mutual desire to promote the inter- 
ests of a common friend. 

MUT'u-AL'I-TYjtt. Reciprocation; in- 
terchange, [ner. 

Mut'u-al-ly, adv. In a mutual man- 

Mut'ule, n. [Lat. mu- 
tulus.] A projecting 
block, worked under 
the corona of the Doric Mutu le. 
cornice, in the same situation as the 
modillion of the Corinthian order. 

Muz'ZLE,n [L. Lat. musellvs.] 1. 
Mouth and nose of an animal. 2. 
Mouth of a thing. 3. A fastening 
for the mouth to stop biting. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ing.] To bind the mouth of 
so as to prevent biting or eating. 

My (35), a. [See Mine.] Belonging 
to me. 

Myn-heer'. n. [D., my lord or mas- 
ter.] Sir ; Mr. ; — among the Dutch ; 
hence, a Dutchman. 

My-6l'o-gy, ii. [Gr. fjiv<;, muscle, 
and \6yos, discourse.] A description 
of the muscles. 

MY'OPE, n. [Gr. fivui\p : ixveiv, to shut 
the eyes.] A short-sighted person. 

My'o-PY, n. Short-sightedness. 

MYR'I-AD, n. [Gr. /ixypids, /uvptdSos, 
fr. /avpto?, numberless.] 1. Number 
of ten thousand. 2. An immense 
number. 

Myr'i-a-pod, n. [Gr. ju.vpioi, ten 
thousand, and irovs, 7rofios, foot.] 
An air-breathing, verr orm ani- 
mal, having many jointed legs._ 

MyR'I-O-RA'MA, or MYR'I-O-RA'MA, 
n. [Gr. pvptos, numberless, and 
bpafxa, a sight.] A picture made up 
of several smaller pictures, which 
admit of very many combinations. 

Myr'mi-don (mer'-), n. [Gr. Mvpjui- 
Soves, pi.] A soldier of a rough or 
desperate character. 

Myrrh (nicr), n. [Lat. myrrha, Heb. 
mDr, fr. mar, bitter.] A transparent 
aromatic gum-resin. 

Myr'TLE (moVtl), n. [Gr. /otvpro?, 
fr. Per. murd.] A genus of plants 
of several species. [emphasis. 

MY-SEEF', pmv . I or me ; — used for 

Mys-te'ri-oOs, a. Difficult or im- 
possible to understand. 



A, E,I, 0,V,Y, long; A,E,I,6, tl, ¥, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, T£RM J PIQUE, FIRM j SON, 



MYSTERIOUSLY 



283 



NASTINESS 



Mys-t£'ri-oOs-ly, adv. In a mys- 
terious manner. 
MYS'TER-Y,n. [Gr. /u.vorijpuH', from 
ixveii>, to shut the eyes.] 1. A pro- 
found secret ; that which is beyond 
human comprehension until ex- 
plained. 2. A trade ; any mechan- 
ical occupation. 3. A kind of rude 
religious drama. [ticism. 

Mfs'Tic, n. One who holds to mys- 
Mys'TI€, ) a. [See supra.] 1. Re- 
Mvs'ti€-al, I mote from human 
comprehension ; obscure. 2. Involv- 
ing some secret meaning ; allegorical, 



M¥s'Tl€-AL-LY,adt>. With a secret 
meaning. 

Mys'ti-<,:Ism, n. 1. Obscurity of doc- 
trine. 2. Doctriue of the Mystics, 
who maintain that they have direct 
intercoursewith the divine Spirit. 

Mys'ti-fi-ca'tion, n. Act of in- 
volving in mystery. 

Mys'ti-fv, v. t. [-ED; -ING, 142.] 
[Gr. ju.vcn->7s, and Lat. facer e, to 
make.] To involve in mystery ; to 
perplex purposely. 

MfTH, n. [Gr. ^v0o?.] A fabulous 
statement or narrative. 



MyTH'I€, la. Relating to myths; 

MYth'I€-al, J described in a myth; 
of the nature of a myth ; fabulous ; 
imaginary. 

Myth'o-l'66'ic, \a. Relating to 

Myth'o-LOG'I€-AL, ) mythology ; 
fabulous. 

M¥-thol'o-gIst, n. One versed in 
mythology. 

My-THOL'O-GY, n. [Gr. nvOoXoyCa; 
(xvdos, fable, and Aoyos, discourse.] 
1. The science that treats of myths ; 
a treatise on myths. 2. A collect- 
ive body of myths. 



N. 



~VT (en) is the fourteenth letter of the 

±S English alphabet, and the 
eleventh consonant. See Prin. of 
Pron., §§81-83. 

Nab, v. Y [-bed; -bing.] [Ger. 
knappen.] To catch suddenly. 

NA'BOB, n. [Hind, nawwab, fr. Ar. 
nkba, to take one's turn.] 1. A dep- 
uty or viceroy in India. 2. A very 
rich man. 

Na'€RE (na'ker), n. [Sp. nacar, fr. 
Ar. nakir, hollowed.] Mother-of- 
pearl, [nacre. 

NA'€RE-OUS, a. Consisting of, or like, 

Na'DIR, «. [Ar. nadir, opposite.] 
That point of the heavens directly 
opposite to the zenith. 

NAG, n. [D. negge, allied to A.-S. 
hnxgan, to neigh.] A pony ; any 
horse. 

NA'IAD (nix'yad), n. [Gr. vai'as, fr. va- 
eiv, to flow.] A female deity, fabled 
to preside over rivers and springs. 

NAIL, n. [A.-S. ndgel.] 1. Horny scale 
at the end of the fingers and toes. 
2. Claw or talon of a bird, &c. 3. A 
metal pin to fasten boards, &e. 4. 
Two inches and a quarter. — v. t. 
[-ED; -1NG.] 1. To fasten with a 
nail or nails. 2. To fix ; to catch. 

Nail/er-y, n. A manufactory where 
nails are made. 

Naive (nii/rtv'), a. [Fr. naif naive, 
fr. Lat. natirus, natural.] Having 
native or unaffected simplicity ; in- 
genuous, [tive simplicity. 

Naivete (na/ev'tii'), n. [Fr.] Na- 

NA'KEU (60), a. [A.-S. naced.] 1. 
Having no clothes on ; uncovered ; 
bare ; nude. 2. Open to view. 3. 
Without addition, exaggeration, ex- 
cuses, &c. 4. Destitute, unaided. 
5. Mere ; simple. 

Na'ked-ly, adv. In a naked man- 
ner ; barely. [naked. 

Na'ked-ness, n. Condition of being 

KAM'BY-PAM'BV, a. [Vrom Ambrose 
Phillips, an English poet.] Weakly 
and affectedlv sentimental. 

NAME,?i. [A~.-S.nama.] 1. Title by 

which any person or thing is known. 

2. Reputation ; exalted reputation. 

Syn.— Appellation ; title ; denomina- 



tion ; epithet. — Name is generic, denot- 
ing that combination of sounds or letters 
by which a person or thing is known 
and distinguished. Appellation denotes, 
properly, a descriptive term, used by way 
of marking some individual peculiarity 
or characteristic; as, Charles the Bold. 
A title is a term employed to point out 
one's rank, office, &c; as, the Duke of 
Bedford. Dznominatioti is to particular 
bodies what appellation is to individ- 
uals; thus, the church of Christ is di- 
vided into different denominations, as, 
Episcopalians, Presbyterians, &c. 

— v. t. [-ed;-ing.] 1. To give an 
appellation to. 2. To mention by 
name. 3. To designate. 

Syjt . — To denominate ; style ; term. 

Name'less, a. Without a name. 

NAME'LY, adv. To wit ; that is to say. 

Name'sake, n. One that has the 
same name as another. 

Nan-keen', n. [Originally manufact- 
ured at Nankin.] A species of stout 
yellowish cotton cloth. 

NXp, v. i. [-PED ; -PING.] [A.-S. 
hnappian.] To have a short sleep ; 
to doze. — n. [A.-S. hnoppa.] Wool- 
ly surface, as of felt, &c. 

Nape, n. [Cf. A.-S. map, a top.] 
Back part of the neck. 

Naph'tha (nap'tha, or naftha), n. 
[Syr. naphtha, Ar. nqflh, fr. nafa- 
tha, to boil.] A volatile, bituminous 
liquid, very inflammable, occurring 
in nature ; rock-oil. 

Nap'KIN, n. [Dim. of Fr. nappe, a 
table-cloth, fr. Lat. mappa, napkin.] 
A cloth for wiping the mouth. 

Nap'pi-ness, n. Quality of being 
nappy. 

Nap'py, a. [From nap.] 1. Incliued 
to sleep ; sleepy. 2. Tending to 
cause sleepiness. 3. Downy ; shaggy. 

Nar-€6t'I€, ) a. [Gr. vapKwri- 

NAR-€OT'I€-AL, ) K05, fr. vapnovp, 
to benumb.] 1. Producing sleep. 2. 
Producing stupor and convulsions. 

Nar-«6t'I€, n. A medicine which 
relieves pain, and produces sleep, 
and sometimes stupor, oreven death. 

Nar'€0-tine, n. An alkaloid ob- 
tained from opium. 

NARD, n. [Gr. vapSos, fr. Skr. nalada, 
fr. nala, perfume, and da, giving.] 



An aromatic plant, or an unguent 
prepared from the plant. 

Nar-rate', or Nar'rate, v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. narrare, narra- 
tum.]_ To tell, rehearse, or recite. 

Nar-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of relating 
the particulars of an event ; recital ; 
rehearsal. 2. That which is related. 

NAR'RA-TivE,a. 1. Giving a partic- 
ular account. 2. Inclined to relate 
stories. — n. The recital of a story. 

Nar-ra'tor, n. One who narrates. 

Nar'row, a. [-ER; -EST.] [A.-S. 
nearu, nearo.] 1. Of little breadth. 

2. Of little extent ; circumscribed. 

3. Contracted in mind, disposition, 
views, feelings, &c. 4. Within a 
small distance ; near; hence, involv- 
ing serious exposure. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To lessen the breadth of. 
2. To make less liberal ; to limit. — 
v. i. _To become less broad. 

Nar'eow-ly, adv. With little 
breadth ; closely ; carefully ; barely ; 
merely. [mean-spirited. 

Nar'row-mInd/ed, a. Illiberal ; 

Nar'row-ness, 11. Quality of being 
narrow ; penuriousncss ; illiberality. 

Nar'rows,)!.^, A narrow passage 
through "a mountain, or a narrow 
channel between one body of water 
and another ; a strait. 

Nar'wal, ) n. 

Nar'whal, J [Icel. 
ndhvalr, fr. Icel. 
hvalr, Eng. whale, Narwhal, 

and Icel, ndr, net, corpse, on account 
of its whitish skin.] A cetaceous 
mammal. The male has a long, 
twisted tusk, projecting from the 
upper jaw. 

Na'sal, a. [Lat. nasits, the nosc.J 
Pertaining to, or spoken through, 
the nose. — n. An elementary sound 
uttered through the nose, or through 
both the nose and mouth. 

Na-sal'i-ty, n. State or quality of 
being nasal. 

NXs'CENT, a. [Lat. nascens.] Begin- 
ning to exist or to grow. 

NAs'TI-LY. adv. Filthily; dirtily. 

Nas'ti-ness, n. Quality of being 
nasty ; extreme filthiness ; obscenity. 



OR, do, wolf, too, took; Urn, rue, pyLL ; e, I, o, silent ; c, G, soft; €,G,hard; Ag ; exist; NasNG; this. 



NASTURTIUM 

Nas-tur'tium, n. [Lat.] A genus 
of plants, with yellow flowers. 

Nas'ty, a. [-er ; -est, 142.] [Prob. 
allied to Ger. nasz, wet.] 1. Offen- 
sively filthy. 2. Indecent; indeli- 
cate ; obscene. 

Syn. — Wet; filthy; foul; dirty.— Any 
thins nasty is wet or damp, and disgusts 
by its stickiness or odor. Not so with 
filthy and foul, which imply only that a 
thing is filled or covered with offensive 
matter, as filthy clothing, foul vapors, 
&c. The English have a peculiar use of 
this word, calling a rain in fine drops a 
nasty rain, a day of such rain a nasty 
day, a sky which' portends it a naUy sky, 
thus retaining the original sense of wet 
as the leading idea. 

NA'TAL,a. [Lat. natalis, from natus, 
p. p. of nasci, to be born.] Relating 
to one : s birth. 

NX'TANT, a. [Lat. natans, swimming.] 
Floating on the surface of water, as 
the leaf of an aquatic plant. 

NA'TA-TO-RY, a. [Lat. natatorhcs ; 
natare, to swim.] Enabling to swim. 

Na'TION,w. [Lat. natio.] A body of 
people under the same government, 
and generally of the same origin and 
language. 
Syn. — See People. 

NX'tion-al (nttsh/un-), a. 1. Per- 
taining to a nation ; public ; general. 
2. Attached to one ! s own country. 

Na'tion-al-ism (nash'un-), a. State 
of being national. 

Na'tion-al/i-ty (nSsh'un-), n. 1. 
Quality of being national. 2. Na- 
tional character. 3. A race or peo- 
ple ; a nation. 

NX'tion-al-Ize (nSsh'un-), v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To make national. 

NX'TION-AL-LY (mlsh'un-), adv. In 
a national manner. 

Na'tIve, a. [Lat. nativvs ; nasci, na- 
tus, to be born.] 1. Pertaining to 
one ! s birth. 2. Born with one : indig- 
enous. 3. Produced by nature ; un- 
artificial. 

Syn. — Natural ; natal. — Natural re- 
fers to the nature of a thing: native to 
one's birth or origin, as a native coun- 
try, language, &c; natal to the circum- 
stances of one's birth, as a natal day or 
star. Native talent is that which is in- 
born ; natural talent is that which springs 
from the structure of the mind. 

— n. One born in a place or country. 

Na-tIv'i-ty, n. 1. Birth. 2. Time, 
place, or circumstances of birth. 

NXt'ty, a. [Allied to neat.] Neat ; 
fine ; spruce. 

NXt'u-ral(86),«. [See Nature.] 1. 
Pertaining to the constitution of a 
thing. 2. Conformed to the order 
or laws of nature ; regular. 3. Hav- 
ing to do with the existing system of 
things. 4. Conformed to truth or 
reality. 5. Illegitimate. 6. Pertain- 
ing to the animal nature merely. 7. 
Pertaining to a key which has nei- 
ther a flat nor a sharp for its signa- 
ture. — n. 1. An idiot 2. (Mus.) 
A character [thus, $3] used to re- 
move the effect of a preceding sharp 
or flat. 

NAT'U-RAL-Yrm, n. 1. Mere state of 



284 

nature. 2. Denial of a supernatural 
agency in the miracles and revela- 
tions of God. 

NXt'U-ral-ist, n. One who studies 
natural history or physics. 

NAT'u-ral-i-za'tion, n. Invest- 
ment of an alien with the rights and 
privileges of a citizen. 

NAT'U-RAL-IZE, <•. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 

1. To make natural or easy and fa- 
miliar. 2. To confer the rights and 
privileges of a citizen on. 3. To ac- 
custom ; to habituate. 

Nat'U-RAL-LY, adv. 1. Accordingto 
nature. 2. Without art or affecta- 
tion, [natural. 

Nat'u-RAL-ness, n. State of being 

NAT'URE (53), n. [Lat. natura; natus, 
born.] 1. Native character. 2. Kind; 
sort; species. 3. Established course 
of things. 4. The creation ; the uni- 
verse. 5. The agencies which carry 
on the processes of the creation. 6. 
Adherence to what is natural. 7. 
Nakedness. 

Naught (nawt, 75), n. [A.-S. n&itht, 
fr. ne, not, and auht. aught.] Noth- 
ing. — adv. In no degree. — a. 1. 
Worthless; bad. 2. Vile ; naughty. 

NAUGHT'I-LY (nawt'I-ly), adv. In a 
naughty manner ; wickedly ; cor- 
ruptly. 

Naught'i-ness (nawt'i-) n. Quality 
of being naughty. 

NAUGHT'Y (nawt'y) a. [-ER ; -EST, 
142.] 1. Corrupt ; wicked. [ Obs.] 

2. Mischievous. 

Nau'se-a (naw'she-a), n. [Lat., from 
Gr. vavs, ship.] Seasickness, or any 
similar sickness ; qualm. 

Nau'se-ate (-she-), v. i. To become 
squeamish; to feel disgust. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To affect with nausea. 

Nau'seous (naw'shus), a. Causing, 
or fitted to cause, nausea, [manner. 

Nau'seous-ey, adv. In a loathsome 

NAU'SEOUS-NESS, n. Loathsomeness. 

NAU'TI€-AL, a. [Gr. vo.vtik.6s, from 
va.Cs, ship.] Pertaining to seamen, 
or to navigation. 

Syn.— Naval; marine; maritime. See 
Naval. 

Nau'ti-lus, n. [Gr. 
vavTtAos, a seaman.] 
A small cephalopo- 
dous mollusk, having 
the mouth surround- 
ed by numerous small 
tentacles. 

Na'vae, a. [Lat. nava- 
lis ; navis, ship, Gr. 
vavs.] Pertaining to, 
or consisting of, ships. 

Syn.— Nautical; marine; maritime.— 
Navalis applied to ships or a navy ; nau- 
tical, to seamen and the art of naviga- 
tion. Hence, we speak of a naval, as 
opposed to a military, engagement; na- 
val equipments or stores, a naval tri- 
umph, a naval officer, &c, and of nauti- 
cal pursuits or instruction, &c. 

NAVE, n. 1. [A.-S. nafu.] The hub 
or centre piece of timber or part of a 
wheel. 2. [From Lat. navis, ship.] 
Middle or body of a church. 

Na'V.EL, (na'vl), n. [A.-S. nafola, na 




Nautilus. 



NEBULA 

f&a. Cf. supra.] A depression 
the center of the abdomen. 

NA-vl€'u-LAR, a. 1. Relating to small 
ships or boats. 2. Shaped like a 
boat. [being navigable. 

NXv'i-ga-bIl'i-ty, n. Condition of 

N A v'i-ga-ble , a. Admitting of be- 
ing navigated. 

NXv'i-ga-ble-ness, n. Navigability. 

NXv'I-GATE, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
navigare, -gatum ; navis, ship, and 
agere, to move.] To go in a vessel or 
ship ; to sail. — v. t. 1. To pass over 
in ships. 2. To steer. 

Nav'I-ga'tion, n. 1. Act of navi- 
gating. 2. Method of determining a 
ship's position, course, &c. 3. Ves- 
sels ; shipping. 

Nav'i-ga'tor, n. One who is skill- 
ful in the art of navigation. 

NXv'VY, n. [From navigator.] A la- 
borer on canals, docks, or railroads. 

NA'VY, n. [Lat. navis, ship.] 1. A 
fleet of ships. 2. Ships of war, col- 
lectively. 3. Officers and men of the 
war-vessels of a nation. 

Nay, adv. [A.-S. na.] 1. No. 2. Not 
only so. — n. Denial ; refusal. 

NXz'a-rene.', n. An inhabitant of 
Nazareth ; one of the early converts 
to Christianity. 

NXz'A-rIte, n. A Jew bound by a 
vow to extraordinary devotion and 
purity of life. 

Neap, n. [Cf. Neb.] 1. Tongue or 
pole of a cart, &c. 2. A prop for 
the front Of a cart, &c. — a. [A.-S. 
nep, neap. Cf. A.-S. hnipan , hnipian, 
to cast down, fall.] Low. 

Ne'A-POL'I-TAN, a. [Gr. Nea7roAi?, 
(i. e., New-town), Naples.] Pertain- 
ing to Naples. 

NEAR, a. [-ER;-EST.] [A.-S. nedra, 
compar. of neah, nigh.] 1. Not far 
distant, in place, time, or degree : 
closely connected. 2. Next to the 
driver of a team. 3. Immediate ; di- 
rect. 4. Parsimonious. — adv. 1. 
At a little distance only. 2. Almost. 
— v.t. [-ed;-ing.] To approach; 
to come nearer. — r. i. To draw 
near. — prep. Close by ; not far from. 

Near'ly, adv. 1. At no great dis- 
tance. 2. Closely. 3. Intimately. 
4. Almost. 

Near'ness, n. 1. Closeness. 2. Close 
alliance by blood. 3. Intimacy. 

Near'-sight'ed (-sit/), a. Seeing at 
small distance only. 

Neat, n. [A.-S. neat.] Cattle of the 
bovine genus, as bulls, oxen, and 
cows. — a. 1. Belonging to the bo- 
vine genus. 2. [-ER : -EST.] [Lat. 
nitidus.] Free from that which soils 
or defiles ; clean. 3. Pleasing with 
simplicity. 4. Good in its kind. 5. 
Adroit. 6. With all deductions made; 
net. [care of cattle. 

Neat'-h£rd, n. One who has the 

Neat'ly, adv. With neatness. 

Neat'ness, n. State of being neat. 

NEB, n. [A.-S. nebb, head, face ; Icel. 
nebbi, beak : nose.] The nose; snout; 
beak of a bird ; nib, as of a pen. 

NEB'U-lA, n. ; pi. NEB'u-LjE. [Lat. 



A, E, 1, o,u, Y, long; X,E,I, 6, u, y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK; ALL, what; ERE, veil, term; pique, Firm: son, 



NEBULAR 



285 



NEOLOGISTICAL 



mist, cloutf.] A faint, misty appear- 
ance among the stars, composed of 
innumerable stars. 

Neb'U-lar, a. Pertaining to nebulae. 

Neb'U-LOS'1-TY, n. State of being 
nebulous. [a nebula. 

Neb'u-lous, a. Pertaining to, or like 

Ne^'es-sa-ri-ly, adv. By necessity; 
unavoidably. 

Ne_9'es-sa-ry (44), a. [Lat. necessa- 
rius, from necesse, unavoidable] 1. 
Such as must be ; inevitable. 2. Req- 
uisite ; essential. 3. Involuntary. 
— n. 1. A thing indispensable; — 
chiefly in the pi. 2. A privy. 

Ne-^Es/si-ta'RI-AN, ix. One who 
maintains the doctrine of philo- 
sophical necessity in human voli- 
tions and all events. 

NE-^ES'SI-TATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. necessitare, necessitaturn, to 
force.] 1. To make necessary or in- 
dispensable. 2. To force ; to compel. 

Ne-^es'si-TOUS, a. Tery needy or in- 
digent. 

Ne-9Es'3I-TY, n. [Lat. necessitas. See 
Necessary.] 1. Quality of being 
necessary. 2. Indigence ; want. 3. 
That which is necessary : — chiefly 
in the pi. 4. Irresistible force ; fate. 

NECK, n. [A.-S. hnecca.] 1. Part of 
an animal's body, connecting the 
head and the trunk. 2. Any part 
corresponding to a neck; especially, 
a narrow connecting tract of land. 

Neck/€L6th, n. A piece of cloth 
worn on the neck. 

NECK/ER-CHIEF, n. [For neck-ker- 
chief, 146.] A kerchief to be worn 
around the neck. 

NEck'LaCE (45), n. A string of beads, 
&c, worn upon the neck. 

Neck'-tie, n. A neck -kerchief. 

NE€'RO-e6G'I€, ) a. Relating to | 

Nec'RO-log'ig-AL, j an account 
of deaths. 

NE-€ROL'o-GY,n. [Gr. ve*pds, dead, 
and Aoyos, discourse.] A register of 
deaths. 

Nec'ro-mXn'CER, n. One who prac- 
tices necromancy : a sorcerer. 

NEe'RO-MAN'CY, n. [Gr. v«po/u.av- 
reta ; veicpos, a dead body, and fiac- 
Teia, divination.] Art of revealing 
future events by means of a pretend- 
ed communication with the dead ; 
conjuration. 

Nec'RO-mXn'tic, ) a. Pertaining 

Nec'ro-mXn'tic-al., ) to, or per- 
formed by, necromancy. 

Ne-crop'o-lis, n. [Gr. veKpoTToAis ; 
ve»cp6s, dead, and iroAis, city.] A 
city of the dead ; a cemetery. 

NE€'TAR,n. [Gr. veKTap.] The drink 
of the gods ; hence, any delicious 
beverage. 

NE€-TA'RE-AL, ) a. Relating to, con- 

Ne€-ta.'re-an, J sisting of, or re- 

Ne€-ta're-oDs, ) sembling, nectar. 

Neg'tar-Ine, n. A kind of peach. 

NE€'tar-ous, a. Sweet as nectar; 
nectareous. 

Ne€'ta-ry, n. [From nectar.] The 
honey-gland of a flower. 

Need,ti. [A.-S. nedd, ned.] 1. State 



of urgent want. 2. Poverty ; indi- 
gence. 

Syn. — Necessity . — Neceseitt/iB strong- 
er than nee/I ; it places us under positive 
compulsion. We are frequently under 
the necessity of going without that of 
which we stand very greatly in need. 

-—«.*. [-ED ; -ING.] To be in want 
of; to lack. —v. i. To be wanted; 
to be necessary. 

NEED'FLL, a. 1. Needy. 2. Requisite. 

Need'ful-ly, adv. Necessarily. 

Need'i-LY, adv. In a needy condi- 
tion or manner. [digence. 

NEED'I-NESS, n. "Want ; poverty ; in- 

Nee'DLE, n. [A.-S. nsedl, nidi; 0. 
H. Ger. nhjan, to sew.] 1. A small 
instrument of steel ; — used in sew- 
ing. 2. A magnetized bar of steel 
in a compass, placed so as to turn 
freely toward the magnetic poles of 
the earth. 3. A pointed crystal, &c. 

NEE'DLE-FUL (155), n. As much 
thread as is put at once into a 
needle. 

NEE'DLE-GUN, n. A fire-arm loaded 
at the breech, and exploded by means 
of a slender pin, or needle. 

Need'eess, a. 1. Having no need. 
2. Unnecessary. 

Need'less-ly, adv. Unnecessarily. 

Nee'dle-wqm'an (150), n. A seam- 
stress. 

Need§, adv. [Orig. genitive of need, 
used as an adv.] Necessarily. 

NEED'Y, a. [-ER ; -EST, 142.] Indi- 
gent ; necessitous. [never. 

NE'ER (nar), adv. A contraction of 

Ne-fa'ri-oOs, a. [Lat. nefarius ; 
nefas, impious.] Wicked in the ex- 
treme ; atrociously villainous. 
Syx.— See Iniquitous. 

Ne-fa'rt-oDs-ey, adv. With extreme 
wickedness. 

Ne-ga'tion, n. [Lat. negatio ; ne- 
gare, to say no.] 1. Act of denying; 
denial. 2. Statement of what a thing 
is not. or has not, &c. 

Neg'a-t?ve, a. 1. Implying denial 
or absence. 2. Having the power of 
stopping or restraining. — n. 1. A 
proposition by which something is 
denied or forbidden. 2. A word that 
denies. 3. Veto. 4. A photograph- 
ic picture upon glass which reverses 
the natural lights and shades. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. To disprove. 2. To 
refuse to enact or sanction. 

Neg'a-tive-ly, adv. In a negative 
manner or form. 

Neg-LE€T', v. t. [-ED; -ING] [Lat. 
negligere, neglectum ; nee, not., and 
legere, to gather.] 1. To suffer to 
pass unimproved, unheeded, undone, 
&c. ; to omit. 2. To slight. 

St:*. — To overlook; disregard; diseB- 
teem; contemn. 

— n. 1. Omission of proper atten- 
tion. 2. State of being disregarded. 
Syn. — Negligence : inattention ; dis- 
regard; disesteem; slight: indifference. 

Neg-l£€T'FUL, a. 1. Heedless ; care- 
less ; inattentive. 2. Treating with 
slight. [lectful manner. 

Neg-LE€T'FUL-LY, adv. In a neg- 



N£g'LI-Gence,«. 1. Quality of be- 
ing negligent : habitual neglect. 2. 
A negligent act. 

Syx. — Neglect. — Xegligence is the 
habit, and neglect the act of leaving 
things undone. The one naturally leads 
to the other. Segligent men are neglect- 
ful of their duties. 

Neg'LI-GENT, a. [Lat. negligens, 
neglecting.] Apt to neglect; cus- 
tomarily neglectful. 

Neg'LI-GENT-ly, adv. In a negli- 
gent^ manner. 

NE-GO'TI-A-BTL'I-TY (-go'shl-), n. 
Quality of being negotiable. 

Ne-go'TI-a-ble (-go'sh!-), a. Capa- 
ble of being negotiated. 

Ne-go'ti-ate (-go'sh!-, 95), v. i. 
[Lat. negotiari, -atus; ntgotium, 
business.] 1. To transact business. 
2. To treat with respecting peace or 
commerce. — v.t. [-ED;-ing.] 1. 
To settle by dealing and manage- 
ment. 2. To sell ; to pass. 

Ne-go'ti-a'tion (-shT-a'shun), n. 
Act of negotiating ; transaction of 
business. [who negotiates. 

Ne-go'ti-A'tor (-shi-a'tor), n. One 

Ne'gress, n. A black woman ; a fe- 
male negro. 

Ne'gro, n.; pi. ne'groes. [Sp., 
fr. Lat. niger, black.] A black man ; 
an African by birth, or the descend- 
ant of one. 

Ne'GUS, n. A liquor made of wine, 
water, sugar, nutmeg, and lemon- 
juice ; — named from Col. Negus. 

Neigh (na.), v. i. [-ed ; -ING.] [A.-S. 
hnsgan.] To cry as a horse. — n. 
The natural crj T of a horse. 

Neigh'BOR (na'bur), n. [A.-S. nedh- 
bhr; nedJi, nigh, &xidgebhr, a dwell- 
er.] 1. A person who lives near one. 
2. One of the human race ; a fellow- 
being. — o. Near to another ; ad- 
joining; next. — b.I. [-ED; -ING.] 
To adjoin ; to be near to. 

Neigh'bor-hood (na/bur-), n. 1. 
Quality of being a neighbor. 2. An 
adjoining district or its inhabitants. 

Syx. —Vicinity. — These words differ 
in degree. Vicinity does not denote so 
close a connection as neighborhood. A 
neighborhood ia a more immediate vi- 
cinity. 

Neigh'BOR-ing (na'bur-ing), a. Liy- 
ing or being near. 

Neigh'BOR-ly (na/bur-). a. 1. So- 
cial ; friendly. 2. Cultivating fa- 
miliar intercourse. 

Nei'ther (neither or ni'ther. The 
former mode is preferable, and more 
usual), pron. or pronominal adjec- 
tive. [A.-S. nadher.] Not either; 
not the one or the other. — conj. 
Not either. [ology. 

NE'o-LO&'i€-AL,a. Pertaining to ne- 

Ne-6l'o-gIsm, n. 1. Introduction 
of new words or new doctrines. 2. 
A new word, expression, or doctrine. 

Ne-6l'o-gYst, n. One who holds 
doctrines subversive of supernatural 
religion. 

NE-OL'o-GlST'ie, ) a. Pertaining 

Ne-6l'o-gist'I€-al, J to neology ; 
neological. 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; 9, G, soft; €,&, hard; AJ; EJUT; JJ«NG; THIS. 



NEOLOGY 



286 



NICKNAME 



Ne-ol'O-gy, n. [Gr. veos, new, and 
Adyos, word, discourse.] 1. Intro- 
duction of new words. 2. New doc- 
trines, especially in theology. 

Ne'o-phyte, n. [Gr. veo^Wos, lit. 
newly planted.] 1. A new convert. 
2. A novice ; a tyro. 

Ne'0-t£r'I€, ) a. [Gr. vewrept- 

Ne'o-TER'KJ-AL, J Kos-] Recent in 
origin. 

NE-PEN'THE, ) n. [Gr. n77rev0ijs, re- 

Ne-pEn'thes, ) moving all sorrow.] 
A drug used" by the ancients to re- 
lieve pain. 

Neph'ew (nef'yn, 85), n. [A.-S. nefa, 
allied to Lat. nepos.] Son of a 
brother or sister. 

03*- The English pronounce this word 
nSv'yu. 

Ne-phrit'k:, \ a. [Gr. ve^pm/cos ; 

Ne-PHRIT'I€-AL, ) vefoos, kidney.] 
Pertaining to the kidneys. 

Ne-phrit'I€, n. A medicine for cur- 
ing diseases of the kidneys. 

NEP'o-TtsM (110), n. [Lat. nepos, 
nephew.] Favoritism to nephews 
and other relations. 

NEPT'UNE (30), n. 1. The god of the 
sea. 2. A large planet distant from 
the sun about 2,850,000,000 miles. 

Nep-tu'ni-AN, a. Pertaining to the 
ocean. 

Nep-tu'ni-an, ) n. One who holds 

NEpt'u-nist, J that the solid parts 
of the globe were formed from aque- 
ous solution. 

Ne're-id, n. (Myth.) A sea-nymph. 

NERVE (14), n. [Lat. nervus, Gr. 
veupov.] 1. Physical force or steadi- 
ness; also, self-command. 2. One 
of the bundles of fibres which estab- 
lish a communication between the 
parts of the body and the brain . — 
v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To give strength 
or vigor to. 

Nerve 'less, a. Destitute of strength ; 
wanting vigor. 

Nerv'Ine, a. Quieting nervous ex- 
citement. — n. A medicine that acts 
upon the nerves. 

Nerv'ous, a. 1. Possessing nerve ; 
strong ; vigorous. 2. Possessing or 
manifesting mental vigor. 3. Relat- 
ing to, or seated in, the nerves. 4. 
Having weak nerves ; easily agitated. 

NErv'oOs-ly, adv. In a nervous 
manner. 

NERv'ous-NESS,n. Quality of being 
nervous. 

NES'CIENCE (nesh'ens, 95), n. [Lat. 
nescientia ; ne, not, and sciens, know- 
ing.] Want of knowledge ; ignorance. 

NEST,n. [A.-S.] 1. Retreat of a bird 
for laying eggs. 2. Place where the 
eggs of other animals are laid. 3. A 
snug abode. 4. A collection of boxes, 
cases, or the like, of graduated size. 

NEST'-EGG, n. An egg left in the 
nest, to prevent the hen from for- 
saking it. 

NfisT'LE (ngs'l), v.i. [-ed; -ing.] 

1. To lie close and snug, as a bird. 

2. To move about in one's seat. — 
v. t. 1. To house. 2. To cherish. 

NEST'LING (nesting), n. A young 



bird in the nest, or just taken from 
the nest. 

NET,?!. [A.-S. nett.] 1. An instru- 
ment of mesh-work for catchiug 
game. 2. A cunning device ; a 
snare. — v. t. [-TED; -TING] 1. 
To make into net-work. 2. To take 
in a net. 8. To produce as clear 
profit- — v. ?'. To form net- work. — 
a. [Cf. NEAT.] Clear of all charges 
and deductions, &c. 

Neth'er, a L [A.-S. nidhera.] Lower. 

NETH'ER-MOST, a. Lowest. 

NET'TING, n. A piece of net-work. 

NET'TLE (net'tl), 11. [A.-S. netele.) 
A plant covered with minute sharp 
and brittle hairs containing a poison. 
— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To fret or 
sting ; to irritate or vex. [ease. 

Net'TLE-rash, n. An eruptive dis- 

NeT'-WORK (-wiirk), n. A fabric of 
threads, crossing each other at cer- 
tain intervals. 

NeU-RAL'GI-A, n. [Gr. ;'evpov, nerve, 
and aAyos, pain.] A painful disease 
which seems to be seated in a nerve. 

NEU-RAL'Gl€,a. Pertaining to neu- 
ralgia. 

NEU-ROL'o-GY,n. [Gr. vevpov, nerve, 
and Ao-yos, discourse.] Doctrine of 
the nerves. 

Neu-rot'1€, a. [Gr. vevpov, nerve.] 
1. Relating to, or seated in, the 
nerves. 2. Useful in disorders of 
the nerves. 

Neu'TER, a. [Lat.] 1. Of neither 
side; neutral. 2. (Gram.) (a.) Of 
neither gender, (b.) Neither active 
nor passive. — n. 1. One who takes 
no part in a contest ; a neutral. 2. 
The working bee. 

Neu'TRAL, a. 1. Not engaged on 
either side. 2. Of medium quality. 
— n. One that takes no part in a 
contest between others. [neutral. 

Neu'trai/i-TY, n. State of being 

NEU'TRAL-I-ZA'TION, n. 1. Act of 
neutralizing. 2. State of being neu- 
tralized. 

NEU'TRAL-IZE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
1. To render neutral. 2. To destroy 
the effect or peculiar properties of. 

Neu'TRAE-iz'ER, a. One who, or 
that which, neutralizes. 

Neu'tral-ly, adv. In a neutral 
manner ; indifferently. 

NEVER, adv. [A.-S. nsefre ; ne, not, 
and sefre, ever.] 1. Not ever ; not 
at any time. 2. In no degree. 3. Not. 

Nev'er-the-less',, adv. Not the 
less ; notwithstanding. 

New (nu), a. [-er ; -est.] [A.-S. 
niwe, neowe.] 1. Of late origin. 2. 
Recently invented, discovered, or es- 
tablished as true. 3. Starting anew. 
4. Unaccustomed; unfamiliar. 5. 
Fresh from any thing. 
Syn.— See Novel. 

New'EL, n. [Lat. nucalis, like a nut.] 
The upright post about which the 
steps of a circular staircase wind. 

New-fan'gl.ED (nu-fang'gld), a. 
New-made ; novel. 

NEW-FASH'lONfiU (nG-faWund), a. 
Lately come into fashion 



A, E, I, O, V,Y,long; .i,fi,X, 6, U, ¥, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ,' ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM; 



NEW'LY, adv. Freshly ; recently. 

New-mod'EL, v.t. To give a new 
form to. [being new. 

NEWNESS, n. State or quality of 

NEW§, n. [From new ; pi. in form, 
but united with a verb in the sing.] 
Recent account ; fresh information. 
SYN. — Tidings ; intelligence ; infor- 
mation; advice. See Tidings. 

News'PA-PER (nuz'-), n. A publie 
print that circulates news, advertise- 
ments, &c. 

NEWT (nut), n. [0. Eng. ewt, evet. 
See EFT.] A small lizard. 

NEXT, a. ; superl. of nigh. [A.-S., 
nezta, nyxta, nesta, nyhsta.] Near- 
est in place, time, degree, quality, or 
relation. — adv. At the time or turn 
immediately succeeding. 

NIB, n. [See Neb.] Something small 
and pointed, as the bill of a bird, or 
the point of a pen. — v. I. To fur- 
nish with a nib. 

NtB'BLE, v. I. [-ED; -ING.] [From 
nib.] To eat slowly or in small bits. 

— v. i. To bite a little at a time. — 
n. A little bite, or seizing to bite. 

NiB'BLER, n. One that nibbles. 

NIce, a. [-er;-est.] [Lat. nescivs, 
ignorant, A.-S. hnesce, nesc, soft, ten- 
der.] 1. Pleasing to the senses. 2. 
Wrought or made by a skillful work- 
man ; refined. 3. Showing delicacy 
or refinement. 4. Hard to please or 
satisfy. 5. Scrupulously cautious. 

Syn.— Pleasing.— Nice implies a union 
of delicacy and exactness. In nice food, 
cookery, taste, &c, delicacy predomi- 
nates ; in nice discrimination, manage- 
ment.workmanship, anice point to man- 
age, &c, exactness predominates. Of late 
a new sense has been introfliiced, which 
excludes them both, namely, pleasing; 
as, a nice girl, a nice excursion, &c. 

NlCE'LY, adv. 1. In a nice manner ; 

delicately ; accurately ; exactly. 2. 

Well ; cleverly. 
Nl'CENE, or Nl-CENE', a. Relating 

to Nice, in Asia Minor, where the 

Nicene creed was composed, A.D. 325. 
NlCE'NESS, n. Quality of being nice. 
Nl^'E-TY, n. 1. Quality of being nice ; 

delicacy ; daintiness. 2. A delicacy ; 

— especially in the plural. 

NICHE (nlch), n. [It. nicchia, fr. nic- 
chio, shell-fish.] A recess within the 
thickness of a wall, for a statue, &c. 

NICK, n. 1. [A modif. of nock.] A notch 
cut into something ; hence, a score 
for an account. 2. [Icel. hnickia, 
to seize and carry off.] A hit ; the 
exact point of time. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] 1. To cut in nicks or notches; 
to notch. 2. To suit or fit into, as 
one notch into another. 3. To hit; 
to strike at the precise point or time 
4. Hence, to cozen ; to defeat. 

NlCK'EL, n. [Ger. nickel, fr. kvpfer- 
nickrt, copper nickel, copper of Nick 
or Nicholas.] A grayish-white met- 
al used in various alloys. 

NICK'NACK, n. [See KNICKKNACK.J 
A small thing ; a trifle ; — chiefly in 
the plural. 

NIck'name, n. [Pern. fr. O. Eng. 
neke-name, eke-name, surname.] A 

S6lf, 



NICOTIAN 



287 



NODULE 



name given in contempt or familiar- 
ity.— v.t. [-edj-ing.) To give 
a name of reproach or familiarity to. 

NI-co'tian, a. [Fr. Nicot, who in- 
troduced it into France.] Pertaining 
to, or denoting, tobacco. 

NICTATE, V. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
nictare. -to turn.] To wink. 

Nic-ta'tion, n. Act of winking. 

NIc'ti-tate, v. i. [See Nictate.] 
To wink. 

NIc'ti-ta'tion, re. Act of winking 

NlD'I-FI-CATE, V. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. nid'Jicare, -catum ; nidus, nest, 
and facer e, to make.] To make a 
nest. 

NId'I-FI-CA'TION, n. Act of building 
a nest, and hatching and feeding of 
young._ [ing in the nest. 

Nf d'u-la'tion, re. Time of remain- 

NI'_DUS,n. [Lat.] A nest. 

Niece, n. [Lat. neptis, a grand- 
daughter.] Daughter cf a brother 
or sister. 

NIg'gard, re. [Icel. hn'dggr, econom- 
ical.] A person meanly close and 
covetous ; a miser. — n. Meanly cov- 
etous ; miserly. [niggardly. 

NIg'gard-li-NESS, re. State of being 

NIg'gard-ly, a. Meanly covetous ; 
sordidly parsiraon'ous. 

Nig'ger, n. A negro ; —in derision. 

Nigh (ni), a. [-er ; -est.] [A.-S. 
nedh, ndh.) 1. Not distant; near. 
2. Closely allied. — adv. 1. In a sit- 
uation near. 2. Almost; nearly. — 
prep. Near to. 

NIGHT (nit), n. [A.-S. neaht, niht, 
allied to Lat. nox.] 1. Time from 
sunset to sunrise. 2. In figurative 
uses, (a.) Obscurity, (b.) Ignorance. 
_(c.) Adversity, (d.) Death. 

Night-cap (nit'-), re. A cap worn in 
bed. [day ; evening. 

Night'-fall (nit'-), re. Close of the 

Night'-gown (nhV-), re. A loose 
gown used for undress. 

Night'in-gale (nlt'in-gal, 45), re. 
[A.-S. nihtegale, fr. 
niht, night, and ga- 
lan, to sing] A 
small bird that sings 
_sweetly at night. 

Night'ly (nit'ly), a 
Done by night or' 
every night. — adv. 
1. By night ; in the 
night. 2. Every 
night. 

Night'mare (nit'-), n. [See Mare.] 
A sensation in sleep as of a weight on 
the chest. 

Night'-soil (nit'-), re. The contents 
of privies, carried away by night. 

Night'walk-er (nlt'wawk-er), re. 1. 
One who walks in his sleep. 2. A 
prostitute. 

Night'-watch (nlt/wotch), re. 1. 
A period in the night. 2. A guard 
to afford protection in the night. 

Nl-GRES'CENT, a. [Lat. nigrescens.] 
Changing to a black color. 

Ni'hil-Ism, n. [Lat. nihil, nihilum, 
nothing.] 1. Nothingness. 2. Doc- 
trine that nothing can be known. 




Nightingale. 



NT-hYl'i-ty, m. Nothingness ; a state 
of being nothing. 

NIll, t\ t. To be unwilling. 

NIm'ble, a. "[-ER ; -EST.] [A.-S. 
ncmol, numol, capable, catching.] 
Light and quick in motion. 

BTS. — Agile; quick; active; brisk. 

NIm'ble-Ness, n. Quickness ; celer- 
ity ; speed; agility. 

NIm'bly, adv. With agility. 

NlM'BUS, re. [Lat.] 1. A circle of 
rays around the heads of saints, 
&c. ; a halo. 2. A rain-cloud. 

NIn'com-poop, n. [A corruption of 
Lat. non compos.] A silly fool. 

Nine, a. & n. [A.-S. ntgon, nigan.] 
One more than eight. 

Niive'fence (152), re. A silver coin of 
the value of nine pence, or, in New 
England, 12£ cents. 

Nine'-pins, re. A play with nine 
pins, at which a ball is rolled. 

NlNE'TEEN, a. & re. Nine and ten. 

Nineteenth, a. & re. Noting nine- 
teen. 

Nine'ti-eth, a. & re. Ordinal of 
ninety. 

NiNE'TY, a. & n. Nine times ten. 

NlN'NY, re. [Cf. It. ninno, ninna, a 
baby.] A fool ; a simpleton. 

NINTH, a. Ordinal of nine. 

Nip, v. t. [-fed ; -ping.] [A.-S. hni- 
pan, to bend or cast down.] 1. To in- 
close and compress tightly ; to pinch. 
2. To remove by pinching, biting, 
&c. 3. To blast, as by frost. — n. 1. 
A seizing or closing in upon ; a pinch. 
2. A cutting off the end. 3. Destruc- 
tion by frost. 

NlP'PER§, n. pi. 
Small pincers for 
holding, break- 
ing, or cutting. 

NIP'PLE, n. [Al- -NiPPers. 

lied to nibble.] 1. A teat; a pap. 2. 
Any small projection in which there 
is an orifice. 

Nl'SAN, n. [Heb. nis&n.] A month 
of the Jewish calendar, answering to 
the month of April. 

Nl'SI PRI'US. [Lat., unless before.] 
A term of court, held generally by a. 
single judge, with a jury. 

NlT,n. [A.-S. hnitii.] Egg of a louse, 
or other small insect. 

Ni'ter, I n. [Gr. virpov.] A white, 

Ni'tre,) crystalline salt; nitrate 
of potassa ; salt-peter. 

NI'trate (45), n A salt formed by 
the union of nitiio acid with a base. 

Nl'TRic,_a. Containing nitrogen. 

NI'TRI-FY, V. t. [-ED; -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. nitrum, niter, and facere, to 
make.] To convert into niter. 

Nl'TRO-GEN, n. [Gr. vi-rpov, and 
yeveiv, yevecrdai, to produce.] A gas- 
eous element, without taste, odor, or 
color, forming nearly four fifths of 
common air. 

Nl-TROG'E-NOOs, a. Pertaining to, 
or containing, nitrogen. 

Nl'TRO-GLYC'ER-lNE, rt. (Chem.) 
A powerful explosive compound 
formed of nitric and sulphuric 
acids mixed with glycerine. 



NT'TROirs, ) a. Pertaining to, contain- 

Nl'TRY, ) ing, or resembling niter 

Nl'T'TY, o. Abounding with i;its. 

Niv'E-ous. a. [Lat. nivens.] Snowy; 
resembliug snow. 

NO, adv. [A.-S. wet.] Nay ; — a word 
of denial or refusal. — a. Not any ; 
not one ; none. — n. {//I. noes.) 1 
A denial. 2. A negative vote. 

No-bil'i-ty, n. [Lat. nobilitas.] L 
Quality of being noble ; as, (a.\ 
Dignity ; elevation ; superiority ot 
mind. (6.) Nobie birth ; distinction 
by rank. 2. The peerage. 

No'ble, a. [-er ; -est.] [Lat. no- 
bilis ; noscere, to know.] 1. Possess- 
ing eminence, elevation, or dignity, 
&c. 2. Grand ; magnificent : splendid. 
3. Of aristocratic or patrician family. 
sys. — Honorable; elevated; exalted; 
illustrious; renowned; generous; free. 
— re. I. A nobleman; a peer. 2. 
An old English gold coin, worth 
about $1.61. 

No'ble-MAN (150), n. One of the 
nobility ; a peer. 

No'ble-ness, n. Nobility ; elevation 
of mind or of station . 

No-bless', or No'bless, I re. [See 

NO-BLESSE', or NO'BLESSE, j NO- 
BLE.] The nobility. 

No'bly, orft. 1. Of noble extraction. 
2. With greatness of soul. 3. Mag- 
nificently. 

No'b6d-y,m. No person ; no one. 

No'CENT, a. [Lat. nocens, hurting.] 
Doing hurt ; hurtful ; mischievous. 

Noc-tAm'bu-lIst, n. [Lat. nox, 
noctis, night, and ambulare, to walk.] 
One who walks in his sleep. 

NOC-TIV'A-GANT, a. [Lat. nox, noc- 
tis, night, and vagans, wandering.] 
Wandering in the night. 

NoCTURN, n. [Let. nocturnus, be- 
longing to the night.] An act of re- 
ligious service by night. 

Noc-tOr'nal, a. Pertaining to, or 
done or occurring at, night. 

Nod, v. i. [Prob. allied to Lat. «w- 
tare.] 1. To bend the upper part, 
with a quick motion. 2. To make a 
slight bow. 3. To be drowsy. — v. t. 
[-DED; -DING.] 1. To incline or 
bend, as the head. 2. To signify by 
a nod. — n. 1. A bending forward 
of the top of any thing. 2. A quick, 
downward or forward bow. 

Nod'AL, a. Relating to a node. 

Nod'dle, n. [Prob. fr. nod, as it is 
the nodding part of the body.] The 
head ; — used jocosely. 

Nod'dy, n. [Prob. from nod.] A 
simpleton ; a fool. 

Node, n. [Lat. nodus. 
1. A knot ; a knob. 2. 
One of the two points 
where the orbit of a ]Sode * 
planet intersects the ecliptic, u 
Joint of a stem. 4. The oval figuvO 
formed by the folding of a curvO 
upon itself. 

No-dose', a. Having knots or swell., 
ing joints. [a nodute. 

Nod'u-lar, a. Being in the form of 

Nod'ULE (77), n. [Lat. nodulus, dim. 



vQy 



OR, 



DO WOLF, TOO, TOOK; Orn, RUE, PI/LL ; E, I, o, silent ; C,G, soft; €,G,Aard/ AS; E^IST J N. as NG; THIS. 



NOGGIN 



288 



'NORMAL 



of nodus, knot.] A rounded mass 
of irregular shape. [wooden cup. 

Nog'gin, n. [Ir. noigin.] A small 

Noi^e, n. [0. Fr. noise, strife, noise, 
from Lat. noxa, hurt, injury.] 1. 
Sound of any kind. 2. Over-loud, 
confused, or senseless sound. 3. Fre- 
quent talk. — v. i. To sound loud. 
r-v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To spread by 
rumor or report. 

Noise'less, a. Making no noise. 

Nois/I-LY, adv. With noise or clamor. 

Noig'l-NESS, n. State of being noisy. 

Noi'SOME (uoi'sum), a. [Lat. noxa, 
injurious, and the Eng. termination 
some.] 1. Injurious to health ; un- 
wholesome. 2. Offensive to the smell 
or other senses. 

Syn. — Noxious. — A thing which is 
noxious inflicts evil direct]}', as a noxious 
plant, noxious practices, &c; £. tiling 
which is noisome operates with a remoter 
influence, as noisome vapors, a noisome 
pestilence, &c , and has the additional 
sense of disgusting. 

Noi'some-ly (noi'sum-), adv. With 
a fetid stench. 

Noi'some-ness, n. Unwholesome- 
ness ; offensiveness to the smell. 

Noig'Y. a. [-er; -EST, 142.] Mak- 
ing a noise ; clamorous ; boisterous. 

Nol'le Pr&s'e-quF. [Lat., to be 
unwilling to prosecute.] A formal 
discontinuance of a prosecution. 

NoM'AD, n. [Or. voju-as, vo/u.a6os, pas- 
turing, roaming; vofios, a pasture.] 
One of a tribe that wanders from 
place to place for game or pasture. 

No-mad'io, a. Wandering ; moving 
from place to place. 

Nom'bles (num'blz), n. pi. [Fr., fr. 
Lat. lumbulus, dim. of lumbus, a 
loin.] Entrails of a deer. 

No'MEN-eLA'TOR, n. [Lat., fr. no- 
me», name, and calare, to call.] One 
who gives names to things. 

No'men-clat'ure (53), n. System 
of technical names in any branch of 
science ; terminology. 

Nom'I-NAL, a. [Lat. nominalis ; no- 
men, a name.] 1. Pertaining to a 
name. 2. Existing in name only. 

NoM'l-NAL-IgM, n. Principles of the 
nominalists. 

Nom'I-nal-Ist, n. One of a sect of 
philosophers who held that general 
conceptions exist in name only. 

Nom/i-nal-ly, adv. In name only. 

N6m'i-nate,-d. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
nominare, -naium.] 1. To nf.me. 
2. To appoint; also, to propose by 
name, as a candidate. 

Nom'i-na'tion, n. Act or power 
of nominating ; state of being nom- 
inated. 

N6m'i-na-t1ve, a. Naming; desig- 
nating ; — said of the first case of a 
noun. — n. Case in which the sub- 
ject of a verb stands. [nates. 

Nom'i-na'TOR, n. One who nomi- 

NSm/i-nee', n. One who has been 
proposed for an office. 

Non'age, n. [Prefix non, not, and 
age.] Time of life before one be- 
comes of age ; minority. 

Non'a-ge-na'ri-an, n. [Lat. nona- 



genarius ; nonageni, ninety each.] 

One who is ninety years old. 
Non'a-gon, n. [Lat. nonus, the ninth, 

and Gr. yu>via, angle.] A polygon 

having nine sides and nine angles. 
Non'-at-tend'ance, n. A failure 

to attend. 
Nonce, n. [A corruption of then 

once.] The present occasion. 
Nonchalance (nong'shii/longss'), 

n. [Fr.] Indifference ; coolness. 
Nonchalant (nong'sha'long'), a. 

[Fr.] Indifferent ; careless ; cool. 
NON-€OM-MlS'SION.ED ( -mlsh'und), 

a. Not having a commission. 

Non-commissioned officer {Mil. fy Na- 
val), an officer of a grade below a war- 
rant officer, as a corporal, a gunner's 
mate, &c. 

Non'-com-mIT'tal, n. A state of 
not being pledged to any course. 

Non €&M f POS, ) [Lat.] 

Non r&ar'pos Men'tis. ) Not of 
sound mind ; hence, an idiot ; a lu- 
natic. 

Non'-€ON-€Ur', v. i. To dissent or 
refuse to concur. [to concur. 

N6n / -€ON-€UR'renge, n. A refusal 

Non'-con-duct'or, n. A substance 
which transmits another substance 
or fluid with difficulty or not at all. 

N6n'-€ON-e6rm'ist, n. One who 
does not conform to an established 
church. 

Non'-con-FORM'i-TY, n. Neglect of 
conformity ; in England, refusal to 
unite with the established church. 

Non'-CON-TENT', n. (British House 
of Lords.) One who gives a negative 
vote. 

N6n'de-S€RIpt, a. [Lat. non, not, 
and descriptus, described.] Not hith- 
erto described ; novel; odd. — n. A 
thing not yet described ; something 
abnormal. 

N6ne (nun or non, 20), a. & pron. 
[A.-S. nan; ne, not, and an, one.] 1. 
No one ; not any thing ; — frequent- 
ly used as a pi. 2. No ; not any. 

Non-en'ti-ty, n. 1. Non-existence. 
2. A thing not existing. 

None§, n. pi. [Lat. nonss; nonus, 
the ninth.] (Roman Calendar.) The 
5th day of January , February , April, 
June, August, September, Novem- 
ber, and December, and the 7th of 
the other months. 

Non'-es-sen'tial, n. A thing not 
essential. [its equal. 

None'sOch, n. A thing that has not 

Non'-ejc-Ist'ENCE, n. Absence of 
existence; nonentity. 

N6n/-ful-fill'ment, n. Neglect or 
failure to fulfill. 

No-nIll/ion (-niFyun), n. [Lat. no- 
nus, ninth, and Eng. million.] Ac- 
cording to the Fr. notation, a thou- 
sand octillions; according to the 
Eng. notation, a million octillions. 

Non-ju'ror, or Non'-ju-ror, n. 
One who refused to swear allegiance 
to William and Mary; a Jacobite. 

NoN'-OB-gERVANGE, n. Neglect 
or failure to observe. 

Non'pa-REIL' (-pa-rel'),a. [Fr.,from 



non, not, and pareil, equal.] Hav- 
ing no equal ; peerless. — n. 1. 
Something of unequaled excellence. 
2. A printing tjpe like that here 
used. [ment. 

Non-pay'ment, n. Neglect of pay- 

Non'plus, n. [Lat. non, not, and 
plus, more.] Insuperable difficulty ; 
puzzle. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
puzzle ; to confound. 

Non-res/i-dence,ti. Neglect of re- 
siding at the place where one is sta- 
tioned. 

Non-res'i-dent, a. Not residing in 
a particular place. — n . One who does 
not reside in a particular place ; es- 
pecially, a clergyman who lives away 
from his cure. 

Non'-re-sTst'ANCE, 7t. Passive obe- 
dience. 

Non'-re-sIst'ANT, a. Making no re- 
sistance. — n. One who maintains 
that no resistance should be made 
to constituted authority. 

Non'sense, 7i. 1. That which has 
no sense. 2. Trifles ; things of no 
importance. 

Non-sens'ic-AL, a. Unmeaning; 
foolish. [meaning. 

Non-sens'I€-al-ly, adv. Without 

Non Seq'ui-tur (sek'wT-). [Lat., 
it does not follow] An inference 
not following from the premises. 

Non'suit, n. A neglect or failure by 
the plaintiff to follow up his suit. — 
v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To adjudge or 
record, as having dropped his suit. 

NoN-ug'ER, n. 1. Failure to use. 2. 
Neglect or omission to use an ease- 
ment or other right. 

Noo'dle, n. [Cf. Noddle and Nod- 
dy.] A simpleton. 

Nook (27), n. [Cf. 0. Eng. nock, a 
notch.] A corner ; a recess ; a se- 
cluded retreat. 

Noon, n. [Lat. nona (sc. hora), the 
ninth hour (i. e., 3 o'clock, P. M.), 
which was the dinner-hour among 
the Romans.] The middle of the 
day ; twelve o'clock. 

Noon'day, n. Midday ; twelve o'clock 
in the day. — a. Pertaining to mid- 
day, [noon. 

Noon'ING, n. Repose, or a repast, at 

No"on'tide, n. Midday ; noon. — a. 
Pertaining to noon. 

Nbt>SE (or nobz), n. [Cf. Ir. nas, band 
or tie.] A running knot, which binds 
the closer the more it is drawn. 

Noose, v. i. [-ed ; -hsg.] To tie 
or catch in a noose. [dian fig. 

No'PAL, n. [Mexican nopalli.] In- 

Nor, coTy. [Contr. fr. A.-S. n&dhor. 
See OR.] A negative connective or 
particle, following neither or not. 

NOr'MAL, a. [Lat. normalis ; norma, 
rule, pattern.] According to an es- 
tablished rule, or principle; con- 
formed to a type or regular form. 

Normal school, one whose methods of 
instruction are designed to serve as a 
model for imitation. 

Syn. — Regular ; ordinary. — Regular 
and. ordinary are popular terms of well- 
known signification ; normal has now a 
more specific sense, arising out of its use 



A, E, I, O t V,Y,long; A,E } I, 6, 0, Y, Short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, V£1L, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM; S6N, 



NORMAN 



289 



NOVITIATE 



in science. A thing is nor,nal, or in its 
normal state, when strictly conformed to 
those principles of its constitution which 
make it what it is. It is abnormal when 
it departs from those principles. 

Nor'man, n. A native of Normandy. 
— a. Pertaining to Normandy, or to 
the Normans. 

Norse , a. Pertaining to ancient Scan- 
dinavia. — n. [Icel. Norvegr, Nor- 
way.] Language of ancient Scandi- 
navia. 

Norse'MAN (150), re. An inhabitant 
of ancient Scandinavia. 

NORTH, n. [A.-S. nordh.] Direction 
opposite to the south. — a. Lying 
toward, or situated at, the north. 

North-East', n. A point between, 
and equally distant from, the north 
and east. — a. Pertaining to, or pro- 
ceeding from, the north-east. 

North-east'er-ly, a. Toward, or 
from, the north-east. 

NoRTH-EAST'ERN,a. Pertaining to, 
or being in, the north-east. 

NORTH'ER, re. A wind or gale from 
the north. 

North'er-ly, a. 1. Being toward 
the north ; northern. 2. From the 
north. — adv. 1. Toward or from 
the north. 2. In a northern direc- 
tion. 

North'ern, a. Being in, or near to, 
or toward, the north. 

North/ern-er, re. A native or resi- 
dent in the north. 

North'ing, re. Distance northward 
from any point of departure. 

NORTH'MAN (150), re. One of the in- 
habitants of the north of Europe. 

North' ward, a. Being toward the 
north ; northern. 

North'ward, ) adv. Toward the 

N6rth'ward§, ) north ; in a north- 
erly direction. 

North-west', re. Point between, 
and equally distant from, the north 
and west. — a. 1. Pertaining to, be- 
ing in the direction of, or being in, 
the north-west. 2. Proceeding from 
the north-west. 

N6rth-west'er-ly, a. Toward, or 
from, the north-west. 

North- west'ern, a. Pertaining to, 
or being in, the north-west. 

Nor-we'gi-an, a. Pertaining to Nor- 
way. — n. A native of Norway. 

N5§E, re. [A.-S. nosu, nasu.] 1. The 
prominent part of the face, which is 
the organ, of smell. 2. Power of 
smelling; scent. 3. A projecting 
vent ; a nozzle. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
1. To smell ; to scent. 2. To oppose 
to the face. — v.i. To pry officiously 
into what does not concern one. 

No.se'gay, re. A bunch of flowers ; 
a'boquet. 

Nos'O-log'IC-AL, a. Pertaining to 
nosology. [in nosology. 

No-soi/o-GlST, n. One who is versed 

No-SOL'o-GY,re. [Gr. i/oo-o?, disease, 
and Aoyo?, discourse.] 1. A system- 
atic classification of diseases. 2. That 
branch of medical science which 
treats of the classification of diseases. 

Nos'TRIL, re. [0. Eng. nosethril, A.- 



S. nasthyrl, fr. nosu, nose, and thyrl, 
a hole.] One of the two channels 
through the nose. 

Nos'trum, n. [Lat., ours, our own.] 
A quack or patent medicine. 

Not, ««/f. [Contr. from naught.] A 
word that expresses negation, denial, 
or refusal. 

NOT'A-BiL'l-TY.re. 1. Quality of be- 
ing notable. 2. A notable person or 
thing. 

N6t'A-BLE, a. [Lat. notabilis ; no- 
tare, to mark.] 1. Plain ; evident. 
2. Worthy of notice ; noticed or dis- 
tinguished. — re. A person of dis- 
tinction. 

Not'a-ble, a. Distinguished for good 
management ; actively industrious. 

Not'a-bly, adv. In a notable man- 
ner ; memorably. 

Not'a-bly, adv. With bustling ac- 
tivity, [done by, a notary. 

No-ta'ri-al, a. Pertaining to, or 

No'TA-RY, re. [Lat. notarius ; nota, 
mark, letter.] A public officer who 
attests deeds and other writings. 

No-TA'TlON, n. [Lat. notatio.] Act, 
practice, or method of recording any 
thing, esp. numbers or quantities, 
by marks, figures, or characters. 

Notch, re. [0. Eng. nock.] 1. A 
nick ; an indentation. 2. A deep, 
narrow pass or defile. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To cut in small hollows. 

NOTE, n. [Lat. nota; noscere,notum, 
to know.] 1. A mark or token ; a 
visible sign. 2. A mark, or sign, to 
call attention, to point out some- 
thing, &c. 3. A memorandum ; a 
minute. 4. pi. A writing intended 
to be spoken from. 6. Au annota- 
tion ; a comment. 6. A short letter. 
7. A paper acknowledging a debt, and 
promising payment. 8. A musical 
sound, or acharacter representing it. 
9. Observation. .; notice. 10. Repu- 
tation; distinction. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To observe; to heed. 2. 
To record in writing. 3. To denote. 

Note'-book, re. A book in which 
memorandums or notes are written. 

Not'ed, a. Well known by reputation. 

Not'ED-LY, adv. With observation. 

NOTE'WOR-THY (-wiir'thy), a. Wor- 
thy of observation or notice. 

NOTH'ING (nuth/ing or noth'ing), re. 
[No and thing.] 1. Not any thing ; 
no thing. 2. Non-existence ; non- 
entity. 3. A trifle. — adv. In no 
degree ; not at all. 

Noth'ing-ness (nuth / ing- or noth'- 
ing-), re. 1. Non-existence. 2. A 
thing of no value. 

No'tice, re. [Lat. notitia; noscere, 
notum, to know.] 1. Act of noting 
or observing. 2. Intelligence ; in- 
timation. 3. A writing containing 
information. 4. Respectful treat- 
ment.— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
pay attention to. 2. To remark up- 
on : to make observations on. 3. To 
treat with attention and civilities. 
Syx. — To perceive ; see ; note ; heed. 

N5'TlCE-A-BLE,a. Capable of being 
observed ; worthy of observation. 



No'ti-fi-ca'tion, re. I. Act of noti- 
fying. 2. Notice given. 3. An ad- 
vertisement, citation, &c. 

No'Tl-FY,i<.*. [-ed;-ing,142.] [Lat. 
notijicare; notus, known, and facere, 
to make.] 1. To declare ; to publish. 
2. To give notice to. 

No'tion, re. [Lat. notio.] 1. Any 
mental apprehension : idea ; concep- 
tion. 2. Judgment; opinion. 3. A 
small article ; — chiefly in the pi. 

No'tion-al, a. 1. Existing in idea 
only ; visionary ; imaginary. 2. Given 
to visionary expectations. 

No'tion-al-ly, adv. In conception ; 
not in reality. 

No'to-rI'e-ty, n. 1. Condition of 
being notorious. 2. Knowledge by 
people in general. 

NO-TO'RI-OUS, a. [Lat. notorius; no- 
tare, to mark.] Generally known and 
talked of, — usually, to disadvantage. 

NO-TO'RI-OUS-LY, adv. In a noto- 
rious manner ; publicly ; openly. 

No-to'ri-oDs-ness, re. Notoriety. 

Not'WITH-stand'ing, prep. With- 
out opposition from ; in spite of. 
Kg*" Commonly classed as an adv. ot 
conj., but really the p. pr. of withstand, 
with not prefixed. 

Nought (nawt), re. See Naught. 

Noun, re. [0. Fr., from Lat. nomen, 
name.] The name of a creature or 
thing, existing in fact or in thought. 

NotJR'ISH (n«r'ish),r. t. [-EDj-ING.] 

1. To feed and cause to grow. 2. To 
encourage. 3. To comfort. 

Nour'ish-er (nur'ish-er), re. Ona 
who, or that which, nourishes. 

Nour'ish-ment, re. 1. Act of nour- 
ishing, or state of being nourished. 

2. That which serves to nourish. 
Syx. —Nutriment; food; sustenance. 

Nov'EL, a. [Lat. novellus, dim. of 
novus, new.] Of recent origin or in- 
troduction ; hence, unusual ; strange. 
Syx. — New. — Every thing at its first 
occurrence is new ; a thing is novel when 
it is so much out of the ordinary course 
of things as to strike us with surprise. 
We have daily new inventions, but a 
novel one supposes some very peculiar 
means of attaining its end. 
— n. A fictitious tale in prose. 

Nov'EL-ETTE', re. [Fr.] A small 
novel. [or of novels. 

Nov'el-Tst, n. A writer of a novel, 

Nov'el-TY, re. 1. Quality of being 
novel ; newness ; recentness. 2. A 
new or strange thing. 

No-VEM'ber, re. [Lat., from novem, 
nine, it being the ninth month of 
the old Roman year.] The eleventh 
month of the year. 

Nov'E-NA-RY (110), a. [Lat. novena- 
riu.% ; novem, nine.] Pertaining to 
the number nine. 

No-ven'ni-al, a. [Lat. novennis, of 
nine years ; novem, nine, and annus, 
year ] Done every ninth year. 

Nov'IcE, re. [Lat. novicius,novitius, 
new ; novus, new.] 1. A beginner. 
2. One newly received into a church. 

No-vi'TI-ATE (-vlsh'i-, 95), re. 1. 
State of being a novice. 2. A pro- 
bationer ; a novice. 



6r, do, wolf, too, took; urn, rue, pull; e,i, o , silent ; c, G, so/*; €,&,/utrd; Ag; ejist 



as NG ; THIS. 



NOW 



290 



NUZZLE 



Now, adv. [A.-S.nft.] 1. At the 
present time. 2. Things being as 
they are. 
Now and then, occasionally; at intervals. 

Now'A-DAYg, adv. At the present 
period. 

No'WAY, ) adv. In no manner or 

No'WAYg, ) degree ; not at all. 

No'where, adv. Not in any place 
or state. 

No'wise, adv. Not in any manner. 

Nox'ious (nSk'shus), a. [Lat. noxi- 
us; noxa, harm.] Productive of in- 
jury or evil consequences ; baneful. 
Syn.— Hurtful; injurious; pernicious. 

Nox'ious-LY (nok'shus-), adv. Hurt- 
fully ; perniciously. 

Nox'ious-NESS (nok/shus-), n. Hurt- 
fulness ; perniciousness. [cordial. 

No'YAU (no'yo), n. [Fr.] A rich 

Noz'ZLE (noz'zl), n. [From nose.] 
Nose ; snout ; any projecting vent. 

Nu'€LE-ATE, v. t. [Lat. nucleare, 
-atum.] To gather, as about a nu- 
cleus L 

Nu-€LE'i-form, a. [Lat. nucleus, 
and forma.] Formed like a kernel. 

Nu'€LE-US, n. ; Eng. pi. NU'-GLE-US- 
ES, Lat. pi. nu'€LE-T. [Lat.,fr. 
nux, nucis, nut.] 1. A kernel ; 
hence, a central mass or point about 
■which matter is gathered. 2. Cen- 
tralpart of the body of a comet. 

Nu-da'tion, n. [Lat. nudatio ; nudus , 
naked.] Act of making bare. 

Nude, a. [Lat. nudus.] 1. Bare; 
naked. 2. Of no force ; void. 

Nudge, v. t. [Cf. Prov. Germ. Tcnut- 
schen, to squeeze, pinch.] To touch 
gently, as with the elbow, in order 
to call attention or convey intima- 
tion. — n. A gentle push, as with 
the elbow. 

Nu'di-ty, n. 1. Quality or condition 
of being nude ; nakedness. 2. Na- 
ked part ; undraped portion. 

Nu'ga-to-ry (50), a. [Lat. nugato- 
rius ; nugx, jests, trifles.] Trifling ; 
vain; futile. 

Nug'get, n. [Prob. fr. nigot, an old 
inversion of ingot.] A lump, espe- 
cially of a precious metal. 

Nui'SANCE (nu'sans), n. [0. Eng. noy- 
sance, fr. Lat. nocereJ] That which 
annoys or gives trouble and vexation. 

Null, a. [Lat. nullus, not any; ne, 
not, and ullus, any.] Of no legal 
force ; invalid ; void ; nugatory. 

Nul'li-fi-€A'tion, n. Act of nul- 
lifying ; a rendering void and of no 
legal effect. 

Nul'li-fFer, n. One who nullifies, 
or holdsto a right of doing so. 

NUL'LI-FY, v. t. [-ED; -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. nullifir.are ; nullus, none, and 
facere, to make.] To make void ; to 
render iuvalid. 

N0l'li-ty, n. 1. Quality of being 
null or void. 2. Any thing void, or 
of no efficacy. 

NUMB (ntim), a. [0. Eng. num., dull, 
stupid; A.-S. numen, taken, seized.] 
Enfeebled in, or destitute of, the 
power of sensation and motion. 



Syn.— Torpid; paralyzed; benumbed. 
— v. t. [-ed;-1ng.] To make tor- 
pid; to benumb. 
Num'BER, n. [Lat. numerus.] 1. A 
single unit, or two or more units. 2. 
A multitude. 3. Numerousness. 4. 
Poetry ; verse. 5. Distinction of ob- 
jects, as one, or more than one. 6. 
Numerical value. — v. t. [-ED;-ING.] 

1. To ascertain the units of. 2. To 
reckou as one of a multitude. 3. To 
amount to. 

Syn. — To count ; enumerate ; calcu- 
late; tell. 

NOm'ber-less, a. Not admitting of 
being counted ; innumerable. 

NOm'bers, n. Fourth book of the 
Pentateuch. 

Numb'ness (nfim'-), n. Condition of 
being numb. [numbered. 

Nu'mer-a-ble, a. Capable of being 

Nu'mer-al, a. Pertaining to, or ex- 
pressing, number. — n. A figure or 
character used to express a number. 

Nu'mer-al-ly, adv. According to 
number. [tain number. 

Nu'mer-a-ry, a. Belonging to a cer- 

Nu'mer-ate, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[Lat. numerare, -atum.] To divide 
off and read according to the rules 
of numeration. 

Nu'mer-a'tion, n. 1. Act or art of 
numbering. 2. Act or art of reading 
numbers, esp. by the Arabic method. 

Nu'mer-a'tor, n. The term in a 
fraction which shows how many 
parts are taken ; the number above 
the line in a vulgar fraction. 

Nu-mer'ic, ) a. Belonging to 

Nu-MER'I€-al, j number ; expressed 
by number. 

Nu-MER'I€-AL-LY, adv. With re- 
spect to numbers. 

Nu'MER-ous, a. 1. Being many. 2. 
Rhythmical ; musical. 

Nu'mer-ous-ly, adv. In or with 
great number. 

Nu/Mig-MAT're, ) a. [Lat. nu- 

Nu'Mls-MAT'l-e-AL, ] misma, &com.] 
Pertaining to coins or medals. 

Nij/]\iis-mat'I€S, n. sing. Science of 
coins" and medals. 

NtJM'MA-RY, ) a. Lat. nummulari- 

NOm/mu-lar, J us ;nummus, a coin.] 
Pertaining to coin or money. 

NtJM'SKULL (146), n. [From numb and 
skull.] A dunce ; a dolt. 

NiJN, n. [Coptic vane, nanu, good, 
beautiful.] A woman devoted to a 
religious life, who lives in a cloister. 

NUN'ci-o (nun'shl-o, 95), n. [Lat. 
nuncius, messenger.] An embassador 
from the pope to an emperor or king. 

NUN-€U'PA-TlVE or NtJN^CU-PA'- 
TlVE, a. [From Lat. nuncupare, to 
dedicate.] 1. Publicly declaratory. 

2. Oral ; not written. 
NUN-OU'PA-TO-RY or NtjN'CU-PA- 

to-ry. «. Same as Nuncupative. 
NOn'DI-NAL, a. [Lat. nundinalis, fr. 

nundinw, market-day.] Pertaining 

to a fair, or to a market-day. 
NUN'NER-Y, n. A cloister in which 

nuns reside. 
Syn.— See Cloister. 



NUP'TIAL, a. [L. nuptialis ; nubert^ 
to marry.] 1. Pertaining to mar- 
riage ; done at a wedding. 2 Con- 
stituting marriage. — n. pi. Mar- 
riage ; wedding. 

Nurse, n. [A.-S. norice, rr. Lat. ma. 
trix, nurse.] One who tends a child, 
or the sick ; one who suckles an in- 
fant not her own. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To nourish ; to foster ; to 
suckle ; to tend, as a sick person. 

NURS'ER-Y, n. 1. An apartment ap- 
propriated to the care of children. 2 
A plantation of young trees. 3. That 
which forms and educates. 

Nurs'ling, n. [From nurts and ter- 
mination ling.] One who is nursed. 

NURT'URE (53), n. [0. Eng. nouriture. 
See NOURISH.] 1. Act of nourish- 
ing ; education ; instruction. 2. 
Food ; diet. —v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] 1. 
To feed. 2. To bring or train up. 

Syn.— To nourish; cherish; educate; 
tend. — Nourish denotes to supply with 
.food, or cause to grow ; as, to nourish a 
plant, to nourish rebellion. To nurture 
is to train up with a fostering care, like 
that of a mother ; as, to nurture into 
strength, to nurture in sound principles. 
To cherish is to hold and treat as dear ; 
as, to cherish hopes or affections. 

Nut, n. [A.-S. hnutu, hnut.] 1. Fruit 

consisting of a shell and ker- A ^ 

nel. 2. A small block con- Ag\ 
taining a concave screw. — ^BBW 
v. i. [-TED ; -TING.] To Nut. 
gather nuts. 

Nu'tant, a. [Lat. nutans.] Nodding. 

Nu-TA'TION, n. [Lat. nutatio, a nod- 
ding.] A vibratory motion of the 
earth's axis. 

NuT'-eRACK/ER, n. An instrument 
for cracking nuts. [the oak. 

Nut'-gall, n. An excrescence of 

Nut'meg, n. [L. Lat. mix muscata, 
from Lat. muscus, musk.] The aro- 
matic kernel of the fruit of an East 
Indian tree. 

Nu'TRI-A, n. [Sp. nutria, lutria, lutra, 
otter, fr. Lat. lutra.] Fur of a rodent 
quadruped resembling the beaver. 

Nu'TRI-MENT, n. [Lat. nutrimen- 
tum.] 1. That which nourishes ; 
food ; aliment. 2. That which pro- 
motes enlargement or improvement. 

Nu'TRl-MENT'AL, a. Having the 
qualities of food ; alimental. 

Nu-TRf'TlON (-trlsh / un), n. [L. Lat. 
nutritio.] 1. Act or process of pro- 
moting the growth. 2. That which 
nourishes ; nutriment. 

NU-TRI'TIOUS (-tr'ish'us), a. Nour- 
ishing ; promoting growth. 

Nu'tri-tive, a. Having the quality 
of nourishing. 

NU'TRI-tive-ness, n. Quality of be- 
ing nutritive. 

Nut'shell, n. Shell in which the 
kernel of a nut is inclosed. 

Ntfx roM'i-eA. [N. Lat., fr. nux, a 
nut, and vomicus, from vomere, t© 
vomit.] The poisonous seed of an 
East Indian tree. 

Nuz'zle, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Prob. 
a corruption of nestle.] To nestle. — 
v. i. [From nozzle.] 1. To work 



A, E, I,0,U. 



Y,long; AjE^OjUjYjSAort; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, T£RM j PIQUE, FIRM; SON, 



NYMPH 



291 



OBLITERATE 



with the nose. 2. To hide the head 
in the mother's bosom ; to nestle. 
Nymph, n. [Gr. vv^-n.] 1. A god- 
dess of the mountains, forests, mead- 
ows, or waters. 2. A lovely girl. 



Nymph, \ 
Nym'pha, ! 

a chrysalis 
Nymph'al, 

nyniphean 



ti. [See supra.] An in- 
sect in the pupa state ; 

a. Relating to nymphs ; 



Nymph-£'AN, a. Pertaining to, or 

appropriate to, nymphs ; inhabited 

by n\mphs. 

Nymph'-like, 1 a. Resembling or be- 

Nymph'LY, j coming to nymph* 



0. 



0(5), is the fifteenth letter, and the 
fourth vowel, in the alphabet. 
See Prin. of Pron. §§ 19-25, 50. 51. 
— interj . An exclamation used in 
calling or addressing a person ; — 
also as expressive of pain, grief, sur- 

_ prise, desire, &c. 

Oaf, n. [0. Eng. auf, aulf, A.-S. self. 
See EEF.] 1. A changeling; a fool- 
ish child left by fairies in place of 

_ another. 2. A blockhead. 

Oaf'ish, a. Like an oaf ; stupid ; dull. 

Oak, n. [A.-S. etc.] A valuable tree, 

_ or its wood. 

Oak'-ap'PLE, n. A spongy excres- 

_ cence on oak leaves. &c. 

Oak/en (58), a. Made of oak. 

Oak'ling, n. A young oak. 

Oak'UJI, n. [A.-S. acumba, cvmba, 
tow.] Old ropes untwisted and pulled 
into loose hemp. 

OAR, n. [A.-S. ar.~\ An instrument 
for rowing boats. — v. i. To row. — 
f. t. To impel by rowing. 

Oars'MAN (150), n. One who rows. 

Oar'"V, a. Having the form or use of 

_ an oar. 

O'A-sis, or 0-A'sis, n.; pi. o'a-ses, 
or O-A'SES. [Lat. oasis, Copt, oua/'ie, 
ouahsoi.] """ A fertile place in a desert. 

Oast, n. [Cf. Gael, ath.] A kiln to 

_ dry hops or malt. 

Oat, n. .• chiefly in pi. [A.-S. ata,ate.] 

_ A well-known plant and its seed. 

Oat'jen (ot'n). a. 1. Pertaining to 

_ oats. 2. Made of oat-meal. 

Oatb, n.. pi. Oaths. [A.-S adh.] A 
solemn ora blasphemous affirmation, 

_ with an appeal to God for its truth. 

Oat'-meae, n. Meal made of oats. 

Ob'du-ra-cy, or OB-du'ra-cy, n. 
Invincible hardness ofheart. 

Ob'du-rate, or Ob-du'rate (117), 
a. [Lat. obiuratus.] 1. Harsh; rug- 
ged. 2. Hardened in feelings. 

Syx. — Hardened; callous. — Callous 
denotes a deadening of the sensibilities; 
as, a callous conscience. Hardened im- 
plies a general and settled disregard for 
the claims of interest, duty, and sympa- 
thy; as, hardened in vice. Obdurate 
rises still higher, and implies an active 
resistance of the heart and will against 
the pleadings of compassion and hu- 
manity. 

Ob'du-rate -ly, orOB-Du'RATE-LY, 
_ adv. With obstinate impenitence. 
O'be-ah, n. A species of negro witch- 
craft, [what is required. 
0-<BE'Dl-ENCE, n. Compliance with 
0-BE'Dl-ENT,a. [Lat. obediens, obey- 
ing.] Submissive to authority ; will- 
ing to obey- 




O-BE'DI-ENT-LY, adv. In an obe- 1 
dient manner. 

O-bei'sance, or O-bei'sance, n. A 
bow ; a courtesy. 

O-BEI'SANT, or O-Bgl'SANT, a. [Fr. | 
obeissant, obeying.] Reverent ; sub 
missive. 

OB'E-LISK, n. [Gr. 6/3e- 
At'o-KO?, dim. of ojSeAd?, 
a spit.] 1. A four-sided 
pillar. 2. A reference- 
mark [thus, t], called 
also a dagger. 

0-BESE', a. [Lat. obesus, 
fr. prefix ob, and edere, 
esum, to eat.] Excess- 
ively corpulent ; fat. 

O-BESE'NESS. I n. Ex- Obelisk 

O-BES'1-TY, J cessive fatness. 

0-BEY' (o-ba'), v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
| [Lat. obedire..] 1. To comply with > 
the orders of. 2. To jield to the 
impulse, power, or operation of. 
I OB-F0s'€ATE,r. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. j 
obfuscare, -catiim ; prefix ob and/ws- 1 
care, to make dark.] To darken ; to 
I obscure : to confuse. [confusing. 

Ob'FUS-CA'TION, n. A darkening or 

O'BlT, or OB'IT, n. [Lat. obitus.] 1. 
Death. 2. Funeral solemnities. 

0-BlT'U-AL, a. Pertaining to the days 
i of funeral solemnities. 

0-BlT'U-A-RY (44), a. Relating to the f 
j decease of a person. — n. A brief bi- 
ographical notice of the death of a 
j person. 

OB'JE€T, v. 1. That with which the 

j mind is occupied in the act of know- j 

ing. 2. End ; aim ; motive ; final \ 

I cause. 8- That toward which an 

I activity is directed. 

Ob-ject', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. j 
objicere, -jtctum ; prefix ob and ja- j 
cere, to throw.] To present or offer 
in opposition. — v. i. To make op- 
position in words or argument. 

Ob-JE€'tion,?i. 1. Act of objecting. 
2. Adverse reason or argument. 

Ob-jeo'TION-a-ble, a. Justly liable 
to objections. 

Ob-JEGT'ive, a. 1. Pertaining to an 
object. 2. Outward ; external ; ex- 
trinsic. 3. Designating the case which 
follows a transitive verb or a preposi- j 
tion. 

Syx. — Subjective. — Objective is ap- | 
plied to thing's which are exterior to the | 
mind, and objects of its attention; sub- j 
jectire, to the operations of the mind 
itself. Hence, an objective motive is j 
some outward thing awakening desire: a 
subjective motive is some internal feel- i 
ing or propensity. 



— n. 1. The objective case. 2. 01k 
ject-glass of a microscope. 

Ob-ject'IVE-LY, adv. 1. In an ob- 
jective manner. 2. In the state of 
an object. 

0b-JE€T'OR. n. One who objects. 

OB-JUR'GATE, r. t. (-ED: -ING.] 
[Lat. objurgare^ -gatum ; prefix ob 
and jurgare, to quarrel.] To chide. 

OBOUR-GA'TION, r. Reproof; chid- 
ing._ 

Ob-late', a. [Lat. offerre, oblatus, to 
bring forward.] Flattened at the poles. 

OB-LA'TION, n. (Lat. oblatio.] An 
offering ; a sacrifice. 

OB'LI-GATE, V.t. [-ED: -ING.] [Lat. 
obligare, -gatum ; prefix ob and li- 
gare, to bind.] 1. To bring under 
obligation. 2. To bind to an act of 

^ duty or courtesy. 

UB'li-ga'tion, n. 1. Binding power 
of a vow, promise, oath, or law. &c. 
2. Any act by which one becomes 
bound to do something to or for an- 
other, or to forbear something. 3. 
A bond with a condition annexed. 

UB'LI-GA-TO-RY (50), a. Binding in 
lawor conscience. 

0-BLIGE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 
constrain by physical, moral, or le- 
gal force. 2. To do a favor to ; to 

^ accommodate. 

Ob'li-gee', n. The one to whom 
another is bound. 

0-bli'ging, a. Having the disposi- 
tion to oblige. 

Syn. — Civil; complaisant: courteous; 
kind. — One is kind who desires to see 
others happy: one is complaisant who 
endeavors to make them so in social in- 
tercourse by rttentions calculated to 
please; one who is obliging performs 
some actual service, or has the disposi- 
tion to do so. 

0-BLl'GlNG-LY,arfi\ With civility. 

OB'LI-GOR', ». One who binds him- 
self, or gives his bond to another. 

Ob-lique' (ob-leek' or ob-Hk'). a. 
[Lat. obliqmcs.] 1. Not perpendicu- 
lar : slanting. 2. Indirect; obscure; 
underhand. 

Oblique case (Gram.), any case excepj 
the nominative. 

Ob-lique'ly (ob-leek'- or ob-lIk'-), 
adv. Not directlv. 

Ob-liqtje'ness (ob-leek'- or ob-Hk'-^ 
n. Obliquity. 

OB-LIQ'UI-TY (-mVwi-),n. 1. Devia- 
tion from a right line. 2. Deviation 
from moral rectitude. 

Ob-lIt'er-ate, V. t. [-ED: -ING.] 
[Lat. obliterare, -ratum ; prefix ob 
and litera, letter.] 1. To erase or 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TO©& j £rn, RUE, PUXL ; E, I, o, silent ; C, G, soft; .., g, hard; Ag; EXIST; n as NG ; this. 



OBLITERATION 



292 



OBVERSE 



blot out ; to efface. 2. To destroy 
by time. _ [extinction. 

Db-liT'er-a'TION, n. Act of effacing ; 

Ob-liv'i-on, n. [Lat. oblivic] 1. 
Forgetfulness. 2. An amnesty, or 
general pardon. 

Ob-liv'i-ous, a. 1. Causing forget- 
fulness. 2. Forgetful. 

Cb'LONG, a. [Lat. oblongus; ob, 
against, and longus, long] Longer 
than broad. — n. A figure which is 
longer than it is broad. 

Gb'long-ly, adv. In an oblong form. 

t)B'LO-QUY, n. [Lat. cbloquimn ; ob- 
loqui, to speak against.] Censorious 
speech ; reproachful language. 

Syn.— Censure ; contumely ; calum- 
ny: slander; detraction. 

Ob-nox'ious (-nok'shus), a. [Lat. 
obnoxius.] 1. Reprehensible ; blame- 
worthy. 2. Odious ; hateful. 3. 
Liable ; exposed. 

Ob-nox'ioOs-LY (-nok'shus-), adv 

_ In an obnoxious manner. 

O'BO-E, n. [It. See HAUTBOY.] A 
wind instrument sounded by means 
of a reed ; a hautboy. 

Cb'OLE , n. A weight of 10 or 12 grains. 

OB'O-lOs, n. [Gr. 6/3oA.6s.] An an- 
cient silver coin worth about 3 cents. 

OB-O'VATE, a. [Lat. ob and ovatus, 

egg-shaped.] Ovate with the narrow 

end downward. 

'Ob-scene', a. [Lat. obscemts.] 1. 

Grossly indelicate and disgusting. 

2. Inauspicious. [A Latinism.) 
Syn. — Impure; immodest; indecent. 

Ob-scene'ly, adv. Impurely ; un- 
chastely. 

Ob-scen'i-TY, n. The quality of 
presenting what is offensive to chas- 
tity or purity of mind. 

OB'SCU-RA'TION, n. 1. Act of ob- 
scuring. 2. State of being obscured. 

Ob-scure', a. [-ER; -EST.] [Lat. 
obscurus.] 1. Imperfectly illumi- 
nated. 2. Remote from observation. 

3. Unknown ; humble. 4. Not easily 
understood. — v. t. [-EB ; -ing.] 
To render obscure ; to darken ; to 
make less intelligible, [ly ; darkly. 

ftB-SCURE'LY, adv. Imperfectly ; diin- 

Ob-scu'ri-TY, n. State or quality of 
being obscure; unintelligibleness. 
Syn. — See Darkness. 

Ob'SE-€RATE,v. t. [-EU; -ING.] [Lat. 
obsecrare, -cratum ; pref. ob and sa- 
crare, to declare sacred.] To beseech. 

Ob-se'QUI-oOs, a. [Lat. obsequiosus.] 
Servilely or meanly condescendiDg ; 
compliant to excess. 

Syn. — Yielding: attentive.— In many 
cases, a man may be attentive or yielding 
in a high degree without any sacrifice of 
his dignity; but he who is obsequious 
seeks to curry favor by excessive and 
mean compliance for some selfish end. 

©B-se'QUI-oOs-ly, adv. With prompt 
compliance. 

Ob-se'qui-OUS-ness, n. Ready obe- 
dience ; servile submission. 

5b'SE-QUY, n. ; pi. OB'SE-QUIE§. 
[Lat. obsequium, compliance.] A 
funeral rite or solemnity ; — chiefly 
in the plural. 



Ob-serv'A-BLE, a. Worthy or ca- 
pable of being observed ; remark- 
able, [able manner. 
Ob-serv'A-BLY, adv. In an observ- 
Ob-serv'ANCE, n. 1. Act of observ- 
ing. 2. That which is to be observed ; 
rule of practice. 3. Performance of 
religious ceremonies, &c. 

SYN. — Observation. —Observance and 
observation branch out from two distinct 
senses of observe. 1. To observe means 
to keep strictly; us, to observe the Sab- 
bath: and hence, observance denotes the 
keeping of a rule or law with strictness; 
as, the observance of the Sabbath, &c. 2. 
To observe means to consider attentively, 
or remark; and hence, observation de- 
notes either the act of observing, or 
some remark made as the result thereof. 

Ob-§erv'ant, a. 1. Taking notice ; 
attentively viewing. 2. Adhering in 

^ practice. 

OB'gER-VA'TlON, n. 1. Act or power 
of observing. 2. That which is ob- 
served. 3. A remark. 4. Observ- 
ance. 5. Act of noting some factor 
occurrence in nature. 
Syn.— See Observance. 

Ob-s£rv'A-TO-ry (50), n. 1. A place 
from which a view may be observed. 
2. A place for making astronomical 
or other observations. 

Ob-sErve' (-zerv / , 14), v.t. [-ED; 
-ING.] [Lat. observare ; prefix ob 
and servare, to preserve, heed.] 1. To 
pay attention to. 2. To regard with 
religious care ; to celebrate. 3. To 
utter as a remark. 4. To comply 
with; to obey. — v.i. 1. To take 
notice. 2. To make a remark. 

Ob-serv'er, n. One who observes. 

Ob-|erv'ing, a. Giving particular 
attention. 

Ob-ses'sion (-sesh'un), n. [Lat. ob- 
sessio.] A besieging. [glass. 

Ob-sid'i-an, n. A kind of volcanic 

OB-sin'l-o-NAL, a. [Lat. obsidiona- 
lis ; obsidio, a siege.] Pertaining to 
a siege. [coming obsolete. 

OB'SO-LES'CENCE, n. State of be- 

OB'SO-LES'^ENT, a. [Lat. obsoles- 
cense Going out of use. 

(JB'SO-LETE, a. [Lat. obsolttus.] No 
longer common ; disused, [obsolete. 

OB'so-lete'ness, n. State of being 

OB'STA-CLE, n. [Lat. obslaculum, fr. 
obstare, to stand before or against ] 
Any thing that hinders progress ; ob- 
struction. 

OB-STET'RI€, ) a. [Lat. obstetri- 

OB-STET'RI€-AL, ) cius; obstelrix, 
obstetricis, a midwife.] Pertaining to 
midwifery. [midwifery. 

OB-STET'RI€S, n. sing. Science of 

OB'sti-na-cy, n. 1. Unyielding fixed- 
ness in opinion or resolution. 2. Fix- 
edness that will not yield to appli- 
cation or that yields with difficulty. 

Syn. — Pertinacity. — Pertinacity de- 
notes great firmness in holding on to a 
thing ; as, pertinacity of opinion, &c. 
Obstinacy is great firmness in holding 
out against persuasion, attack, &c; as, 
obstinacy of will. The former consists 
in adherence, the latter in resistance. 

Ob'sti-nate, a. [Lat. obstinatus.] 
1. Pertinaciously adhering to an 



opinion or purpose. 2. Not easily 
subdued or removed. 

Ob'sti-nate-ly, adv. Stubbornly. 

Ob'STI-PA'TION, n. [Lat. obstipare, 
to lean to one side.] A stopping up, 
as of a passage. 

Ob-strep'er-oOs, a. [Lat. obslrep- 
erus.] Loud ; clamorous ; noisy. 

Ob-strep'er-ous-ly, adv. With 
tumultuous noise. 

OB-STRIC'TION, n. [Lat. obstringere^ 
slrictum, to bind to or about.] Ob- 
ligation ; bond. 

OB-STRUCT', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
obstniere, obstructum , fr. oiand stru* 
ere, to pile up.] 1. To stop up or 
close, as a passage. 2. To hinder 
from passing. 3. To render slow. 

Syn.— To bar; stop; check; inter- 
rupt; impede; retard. 

Ob-struc'TION, n. 1. Act of ob- 
structing, or state of being obstruct- 
ed. 2. That which obstructs. 

Syn. — Obstacle. — Obstacle is strong- 
er than obstruction ; the latter serves to 
impede or hinder; the former acts with 
direct resistance. We remove obstruc- 
tions; we surmount obstacles. 

Ob-strRgt'i ve, a. Hindering; caus- 
ing impediment. 

Ob'stru-ent, a. Blocking up ; hin- 
dering'. — n. [Lat. obstruevs, ob- 
structing.] Any thing that obstructs 
a passage. 

Ob-tain', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat 

obtinere ; prefix ob and tenere, to 

hold.] To get hold of by effort ; to 

gain possession of; to win ; to earn. 

Syn. — To attain ; procure ; acquire. 

— v. i. To become prevalent or gen- 
eral, [obtained. 

Ob-TAIN'A-BLE, a. Capable of being 

Ob-test',^, t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
obtestari ; prefix, ob and testari, to 
witness.] 1. To call to witness. 2. 
To beseech. 

5b'tes-ta'tion, n. Supplication. 

Obtrude', v. t. [-ed; -ibg.] ILat. 
obtrudere ; prefix ob and trudere, to 
thrust.] To thrust or force in or upon. 
Syn. — To intrude. — To intrude is to 
thrust one's self into a place, society, &c, 
without right, or uninvited : to obtrude 
is to force one's self, remarks, opinions, 
&c, upon persons with -whom one has 
no such intimacy as to justify such bold- 
ness. 

— v. i. To enter without right. 
Ob-trud'er, n. One who obtrudes. 
Ob-tru'§ion (-zhun), n. A thrusting 

upon'others by force or unsolicited. 

Ob-tru's'ive, a. Disposed to obtrude. 

OB-TUSE',a. [-ER; -EST.] [Lat. ob- 
tusus.] 1. Not pointed or acute ; ap- 
plied to angles greater than a right 
angle. 2. Not having acute sensibil- 
ity. 3. Not sharp or shrill. [ner. 

Ob-tuse'ly, adv. In an obtuse man- 

Ob-tuse'ness, n. State or quality o£ 
being obtuse. 

Ob-v£rse' (14), a. [Lat. obversus. 
See Obvert.] Having the base 
narrower than the top, as a leaf. 

Ob'verse, n. The face of a coin, 
having the principal image or in- 
scription upon it. 



A, e, i, o,u, Y,long; X, E, 1, 6, 0, y, short; care, far, Ask, all, what ; ere, veil, t£rm ■ pique, fIrm; s6n, 



OBVERT 



293 



OFFEND 



9b vert', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
obverlere ; prefix ob and vertere, to 
turn.l To turn toward or downward. 

Ob'VI-ATE, V. t. [-ED:-ING.] [Lat. 
obviare, -atum ; ob, against, and vi- 
are, to go.] To prevent by intercep- 
tion ; to clear the way of. 

Ob'vi-a'tion, n. Act of obviating. 

Ob'vi-oDs, a. Easily discovered, seen, 
or understood. 

Syn. — See Manifest. 

Or'vi-oBs-ly, adv. In a manner 
that is obvious. 

0€-eA'§lON, n. [Lat. occasio ; prefix 
ob, and cadere, to fall.] 1. An oc- 
currence, casualty, or incident. 2. 
A favorable opportunity. 3. Acci- 
dental cause. 4. Incidental need; 
requirement. 

Syn. — See Opportunity-. 
— v. t. [-ED; -ing.] To give oc- 
casion to : to cause incidentally. 

0€-€A'siON-AL, a. 1. Occurring at 
times, but not regular or systematic; 
casual ; incidental. 2. Produced or 
made on some special event. 

0€-ca'sion-al-ly, adv. On occa- 
sion ; at times. 

Oc'CI-DENT, n. [Lat. occidens ; occi- 
dere, to fall or go down.] The west. 

OVci-DENT'AL, a. Western. 

0€-£lP'I-TAL, a. Pertaining to the 
back part of the head. 

Oe'CI-PUT, n. [Lat.,fr. prefix ob and 
caput, head ] Part of the skull form- 
ing the hind part of the head. 

Oc-€LU'sion, n. [From Lat. occlums, 
to shut up.] Act of shutting up ; 
state of being shut up. 

0€-€iJL,T', a. [Lat. occultus. covered 
up.] Hidden from the eye or under- 
standing ; invisible ; secret ; un- 
known. 

OV€UL-TA"HON, r\ . The hiding of a 
heavenly body from sight by the in- 
tervention of some other heavenly 
body. 

CJ€'€U-pan-cy, n. Act of taking or 
holding possession. [occupies. 

0€'eu-PANT,«. [See infra.] One who 

OVeu-PA'TION, n. 1. Act of occupy- 
ing. 2. State of being occupied. 3. 
The principal business of one's life. 

&e'€V-eY (54), v. t. [-ed ; -ing, 142.] 
[Lat. occupare, fr. ob and capere, to 
take.] 1. To take or hold in posses- 
sion. 2. To cover or fill. 3. To em- 
ploy ; to use. 4. To busy; — re- 
flexively. 5. To follow as a busi- 
ness. — v. i. To follow business ; to 
negotiate. 

O€-€0r', v. i. [-red ; -ring.] [Lat. 
occurrere; ob, against, and currere, to 
run.] 1. To be found here and 
there : to appear. 2. To meet or 
come to the mind. 

Qe-epR'RENCE, n. Any incident or 
accidental event : any single event. 

O'CEAN (o'shun), n. [Gr. dticeavos.] 
The vast body of water surrounding 
the land or one of the smaller bodies 

_ into which it is divided. 

O'CE-AN'ie (-she-), a. Relating to the 





0'€HER ) (o'ker), n. [Gr. a>xpa, from 

0'€HRE J a>xpos, P ale ) P a l e yellow.] 

_ A variety of tine clay containing iron. 

0'€HER-ous, I a. Consisting of, or 

O'CHRE-oDs, ) like, ocher. 

0'€HER-Y, I a. Relating to, contain- 

0'€HREY, i ing, or like, ocher. 

0€'TA-GON, n. [Gr. 6kt<£- 
ywvos, eight-cornered.] A 
plane figure of eight sides 
and eight angles. 

0€-tag'o-nal, a. Hav- 
ing eight sides and eight 0cta 

^ angles. 

OVta-he'dral, a. Having eight 
equal faces. 

Oc'TA-HE'DRON, 11. [Gr. OKTaeSpov, 
fr. 6/CTaeSpo?, 
eight - sided.] 
A solid con- 
tained by eight 
equal and equi- 
lateral trian- Octahedron, 
gles. 

0€-tan'GU-LAR, a. [Lat. octangulus; 
odo, eight, and angulus, angle.] 

w Having eight angles. 

0€'TAYE, n. [Lat. octavus, eighth.] 
1. Eighth day after a church festi- 
val. 2. (Mus.) (a.) The eighth tone 
in the scale, (b.) The scaleitself. 

0€-ta'vo, n. ; pi. 0€-ta'vos. [See 
supra.] 1. A book composed of 
sheets each folded so as to make 
eight leaves. 2. Size of a book thus 
composed. 

0€-TEN'Nl-AL, a. [Lat. octennis ; 
octo, eight, and annus, year.] 1. 
Happening every eighth year. 2. 
Lasting eight years. 

0€-TO'BER, n. [Lat., fr. octo, eight, 
the eighth month of the old Roman 
year.] The tenth month. 

UC'TO-DE^'I-MO, n.; pi. OC'TO- 
DEC'1-MOS. [Lat. octodecim, eight- 

, een.] A book composed of sheets, 
each foldedto make eighteen leaves. 

OVto-Ge-na'ri-an, n. A person 
eighty years old. 

0€-t6g'e-na-ry, or oc'to-ge-na- 
RY, a. [Lat. octogtnarius.] Of eighty 
years of jage. 

0^'to-roon', n. [Lat. octo, eight.] 
The offspring of a quadroon and a 
white person. 

0€''TO-SYL-LAB'I€, ) a. [Lat. OC- 

Oe'TO-SYL-LAB're-AL, [ tosyllabus ; 

tkyTO-SYX'LA-BLE, ) octo, eight, 
and syllaba, syllable.] Consisting 

w of eight syllables, [eight syllables. 

oe'TO-syi/'LA-BLE, n. A word of 

OC'TU-PLE, a. [Gr. 6/CT<X7rAous ; OKTU), 
eight, and a7rAous, single.] Eight- 

w fold. 

Og'U-LAR, a. [Lat. ocularis, oculus, 
eye.] Depending on, or perceived 

^ by, the eye. [diseases of the eyes. 

Oe'U-LlST, n. One skilled in treating 

ODD, a. [-ER; -EST.] [W. od.] 1. 
Not paired with another ; alone. 2. 
Left over ; remaining ; hence, insig- 
nificant. 3. Not divisible by two 
without a remainder. 4. Peculiar ; 
unique. 5. Unsuitable or inappropri- 
ate. 



Syn. — Quaint; unmatched; unusuak 
strange; queer; droll; comical. 

ODD'-fel'low, n. A member of a 

^ certain secret society. 

Odd'i-TY, n. 1. Singularity; queer- 

ness. 2. One who, or that which, is 

odd. 
UUD'LY, arfr. Unevenly; strangely. 
ODD'NESS, ii. State of being odd. 
Odds, n. sing. & pi. [See Odd, a.] L 

Difference; inequality ; superiority. 

2. Variance ; disagreement. 
Ode, ii. [Gr. <J6tj, fr. aelSetv, to sing.] 

A poem, proper to be sung ; a lyric 

poem. 
O-de'on, n. [Gr. o^eloi/.] A hall or 

chamber for musical or dramatic per- 
formances. 
O'DI-OUS, a. [Lat. odiosus ; odium, 

hatred.] 1. Deserving hatred. 2. 

Causing disgust. 3. Causing hate. 

4. Exposed to hatred. 
O'Dl-ous-LY, adv. Hatefully. 
O'di-ous-ness, n. Quality of being 
_ odious ; hatefulness. 
O'Dl-tJM, n. [Lat., from odi, to hate.] 

1. Hatred; dislike. 2. Quality that 

provokes hatred ; offensiveness. 

Syn. — Hatred. —Hatred is a thing we 
exercise; odium is a thing we endure; in 
this sense, the former is active and the 
latter passive. We speak of having a 
hatred for a man, but not of having an 
odium toward him. A tyrant incurs the 
hatred of all good men, and, hy his ac- 
tions, brings upon himself the public 
odium. 

O-dom'e-ter, n. [Gr. 656s, way, and 
fjieTpov, measure.] An instrument 
to measure distance in traveling. 

O'DON-tal'gi-a, ii. [Gr. bSovraX- 
yia ; oSovs, b&ovros, tooth, and aA- 
•yos,pain.] Toothache. 

O'DON-TAL'GIC, Or 0d'ON-TAL'6I€ 

_ (110), a. Relating to the toothache. 

0'don-t6l/o-gy, or Od'on-tol/o- 
GY, n. [Gr. 68ov's, bSovros, a tooth, 
and Aoyos, discourse.] That branch 
of anatomy which treats of the teeth. 

O'dor, ii. [Lat.] Any smell ; scent. 

O'DOR-iF'ER-oDs. a. [Lat. odorifer ; 
odor, odor, and ferrz, to bear.] Giv- 
ing scent; fragrant; usually, sweet 

_ of scent. 

O'DOR-oDs, a. [Lat. odorus.] Hav- 
ing a sweet odor ; fragrant. 

O^u-MEN'ie-AL, n. See Ecumen- 

_ ICAL. [Over. 

O'ER, prep. & adv. A contraction for 

(E-soph'a-gus, n. See Esophagus. 

OF (ov), /wvp. [A.-S.] From ; proceed- 

^ ing from ; belonging to ; concerning. 

Off, a. Most distant. — adv. [From 
of.] From ; away from. — prep. Not 
on. — i nter j. Away; begone; — 5' 
command to depart. 

OF'FAL, n. [From off and fall.] 1. 
Waste meat; parts rejected as unfit 
for use. 2. Carrion. 3. Refuse ; rub- 
bish. 

Of-fenoe', n. See Offense. 

OF-FEND', f. /. [-EDJ-ING.] [Lat. 
offendere, offensum ; prefix ob, and 
fend ere, to thrust.] 1. To displease ; 
to make angry. 2. To pain ; to an- 
noy. 3. To hinder in obedience. — 



( 



6r, do, wolf, too, took; urn,rue,pull; e, i. o, silent; q,G,soft; €,G,kard; Ag ; ejcist; N as NG ; THIS. 



I 
I 



OFFENDER 



294 



OMNIPARITY 



v. i. 1. To commit a crime. 2. To 
cause dislike or anger. 

Of-fend'er, n. One who offends. 

Of-fense' I (156), n. 1. Actofoffend- 

Of-fence' J ing. 2. An open violation 
of law.' 3. That which offends. 4. 
State of being offended. 

©F-fen'sive, a. 1. Causing displeas- 
ure or anger. 2. Giving pain or un- 
pleasant sensations. 3. Used in at- 
tack. 4. Making the first attack. 

Syx. — Displeasing ; disagreeable; as- 
sailant; invading. 

— n. State or posture of one who 
makes attack. [sive manner. 

Of-fen'sive-ly, adv. In an offen- 

Of-fen'sIve-ness, n. Quality or 
condition of being offensive. 

Of'fer, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. of- 
ferre ; prefix ob and ferre, to bring.] 

1. To present for acceptance or re- 
jection. 2. To make a proposal to. 

3. To attempt ; to undertake. 4. To 
present in prayer. 5 To bid, as a 
price. — v.i. 1. To present itself. 

2. To declare a willingness. 3. To 
make an attempt. — n. That which 
is offered ; a proposal. 

OF'FER-ING, n. That which is offered. 

OF'FER-TO-RY, n. 1. An anthem 
chanted, during the offering of the 
mass. 2. Terses of Scripture, read 
while alms are collecting. 

Cff'-hand, a. & adv. Without study 
or preparation. 

Cf'fice, n. [Lat. officium.] 1. Du- 
ty : esp. customary duty. 2. A spe- 
cial duty, trust, or charge, conferred 
for a public purpose. 3. That which 
is performed by a particular thing. 

4. Place in which officers transact 
business. 5. pi. Apartments in 
which domestics discharge their sev- 
eral duties. 6. (Eccl.) The service ap- 
pointed for a particular occasion. 

Cf'fi-cer, ». One who holds an of- 
fice ; a magistrate. — v. t. To fur- 
nish with officers. 

Of-f'1'CIAL (-fish'al). a. [See OFFICE .] 
Pertaining to, or derived from, the 
proper office, officer, or authority. — 
n. An officer. 

Of-fi'cial-ly (-fisb/al-), adv. By 
the proper officer or authority. 

Of-fI'ci-ate (-fish'i-), v. i.' [-ED ; 
-ING.] To perform the duties of an 
office. 

Of-fic'i-nal, or OVfi-ci'nal, a. 
[Lat. officina, a workshop'.] 1. Used 
in a shop, or belonging to it. 2. Ap- 
proved by a college of medicine. 

Of-fi'cioOs (-fish'us), a. [See Of- 
fice.] 1. Excessively forward in 
kindness. 2. Intermeddling in af- 
fairs in which one has no concern. 
Syn. — Impertinent; meddlesome. 

•DF-Fl'ciotfs-LY (-fish'us-ly), adv. In 
an officious manner. 

Of-fi'CIOiJS-ness (-fish'us-), n. 
Kindness ; undue forwardness. 

Cff'ING, n. [From off.] The sea at 
a good distance from the shore, or 
where there is deep water, [matter. 

^FF'SCOUR-ING, n. Refuse; rejected 

(JFF'SET, n. 1. A sprout or a shoot. 



often. 




2. A short distance measured at right 
angles from a line actually run. 3. 
A sum, account, or value set off 
against another : a set-off. 

Off-set', or Off'set, v. t. [-set ; 
-setting.] To place over against ; 

^ to balance. [off or separates. 

Off'shoot, n. That which shoots 

OFF'sprTng, n. A child or children ; 
descendants ; posterity. 

OFT (21), adv. LA.-S.] Often. 

OFT'en (3fn, 21, 58), adv. [-E- 
-est.] Frequently ; many times. 

OFT'EN-TlMEg (of'n-), adv. Fre- 
quently ; often ; manv times. 

Oft'times. adv. Freqnentl 

0-gee' (o-je'), n. A mold- ~ 
ing, somewhat like an S- 

O'GLE (5'gl), V. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] [Fr. ; Lat. ocvlus, 
the eye.] To view with 
side glances. — n. A side 
glance or look. 

O'gler, n. One who ogles. 

O'GRE (6'ger), n. [Fr., hell, fr. Lat. 
Orcus.] An imaginary monster, who 

_ lived on human beings. 

O'gress, n. A female ogre. 

OH, interj. An exclamation expressing 
various emotions. 

Oil, n. [Lat. oleum.] An unctuous 
substance, animal or vegetable. — v. 
t. [-ED ; -ING.] To smear or anoint 
with oil. 

Oil'-cloth, n. Cloth oiled or painted 
for covering floors, &c. 

OlL'I-NESS, n. Quality of being oily. 

Oll/Y, a. [-ER ; -est, 142.] 1. Con- 
sisting of, or containing, oil ; unctu- 
ous. 2. Like oil. 3. Fatty ; greasy. 

Oint'ment, n. That which serves to 
anoint ; an unguent. 

O'KER, n. See OCHER. 

O'KRA, ) n. A plant, whose pods are 

O'KRO, J used for soups or pickles. 

Old, a. [-ER ; -EST.] [A.-S. aid, eald, 
fr. Goth, alan, to grow up.] 1. Ad- 
vanced far in years or life. 2. Not 
new or fresh. 3. Formerly existing. 
4. Skilled : experienced. 5. Long ex- 
isting; hence, worn out ; decayed. 6. 
Aged ; antiquated ; hence, bad ; mean. 

Old'en (Sld'n), a Old; ancient. 

OLD'-FASH/IONED, a. Formed ac- 
cording to obsolete fashion or custom. 

Old'Ish, a. Somewhat old. 

Old'ness, v. State of being old. 

O'le-ag'i-noOs, a. [Lat. oleaginus; 
olea, olive.] Oily ; unctuous 

O'LE-AN'DER,^. [L. Lat. lorandrum, 
corrupted, from Gr. poSoSevBpov, lit., 
rose-tree.] A beautiful evergreen 
flowering shrub. 

O'le-.as'ter, n. [Lat. olea, olive- 
tree. ]_ A shrub resembling the olive. 

O'LE-FI'ANT, a. [Lat. oleum , oil, and 
facer e, to make.] Forming or pro- 
_ ducing oil ; — applied to a gas. 

O'LE-O-MAR'GA-KINE, n. [Lat. oleum, 
oil, and Eng 'margarine, the pearly 
solid portion of oils and fats.] Ar- 
tificial butter made chiefly from an- 
imal fat. 

OL-FAC'TO-RY, a. [Lat. olfacere, 
-factum, from olere, to smell.] Per- 



a. Pertaining 
to oligarchy. 




taining to, or having the sense of. 
smelling. — n. An organ of smelling. 

O-LlB'A-NtJM, n. [L. Lat., from Ar. 
luban, frankincense, with the Ar. ar- 
ticle al, the, changed into ol, o.] An 
inspissated aromatic sap. 

Ol'i-garch, n. One of an oligarchy. 

OL'I-GARCH'AL, 

OL'I-GARCH'IC, 

OL'I-GARCH'IC-AL, \ 

OL'I-GARCH'Y, ll. ' [Gr. b\iyapxCa \ 
oAiyos, few, and apxeif, to rule.] 

_ Government by a few persons. 

O'li-o, or Ol'io, ii. [Sp. olla, a dish 
of boiled or stewed meat.] 1. A dish 
of stewed meat. 2. A medley. 3. 
A collection of yarious pieces. 

OL'i-va'ceoCs, a. Of the color of 
the olive; olive-green. 

UL'IVE, n. [Lat. oliva.] 

1. A tree cultivated in 
the south of Europe, 
and its fruit. It is 
the emblem of peace. 

2. A color composed of 
w violet and green. 
OL'LA-PO-I>Rl'DA,n. 

[Sp., lit. a rotten pot. 
See OLIO.] 1. A mixt- 
ure of all kinds of oh ™-tree. 
meat chopped fine and stewed with 
vegetables. [Spain.] 2. Any incon- 
gruous mixture. [years. 

O-lym'pi-ad, n. A period of four 

O-LYM'PI-AN, ) a. Pertaining to 

O-LYM'Pic, J Olympus ; also, to 
Olympia in Greece, and to the 
games there celebrated. 

OM'BER. | n. [Fr. ombre, fr. Lat. ho- 

OM'BRE, ) wo, man.] A game at cards, 
usually played by three persons. 

O-me'ga, or O-mEg'a, n. [Gr. & 
fjiiya, great or long o.] The last 
letter of the Greek alphabet. 

Om'e-let (colloq. om'let), n. [Fr. 
omelette ; avfs meles, mixed eggs.] 
A fritter made chiefly of eggs. 

O'MEN, n. [Lat.] Sign of some fu- 
ture event ; a prognostic ; a presage. 

O-MEN'TUM, n. [Lat.] A membrana- 

^ ceous covering of the bowels ; caul. 

OM'I-NOtJS, a. 1. Pertaining to an 
omen. 2. Containing an omen ; aus- 
picious ; also, inauspicious. 

Om'i-noOs-ly, adv. In an ominous 
manner. 

O-mis'sion (-mish'un), n. [Lat. omis- 
sio.] 1. Neglect or failure to do some- 
thing required. 2. That which is 
omitted. 

O-MIT', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. omit- 
tere,omissum.] 1. To leave out ; to 
drop. 2. To neglect. 

5m'NI-BUS, n. [Lat., for all.] A large 
four-wheeled carriage, for carrying 
many people. 

Om/NI-fa'RI-OUS, a. [Lat. omnifari- 
us; omnis, all.] Of all varieties, 
forms, or kinds. 

Om-nIf'IC, a. [Lat. omnis, all, and 
facere, to make.] All-creating. 

5m'NI-form, a. [Lat. ommformis; 
omnis, all, and forma, form.] Hav- 
ing every form. 

Om'ni-par'i-ty, n. [Lat., fr. omnis, 



V, Y, long; X, E, I, O, U, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TERM ; PIQUE, FIRM; s6n. 



OMNIPOTENCE 



295 



OPPORTUNITY 



all, and paritas, equality.] General 
equality. 

Om-nip'O-tence, n. State of being 
omnipotent ; hence, one who is om- 
nipotent. 

Om-nip'o-tejvt, a. [Lat. omnipo- 
tens; omnis, all, and potent, potent.] 
Possessing unlimited power; all- 
powerful. 

Cm'ni-pres'en^e, n. Presence in 
every place at the same time. 

Om'ni-pres'ent, a. [Lat. omnis, all, 
and praesens, present.] Present in all 
places at the same time. 

Om-nTs'cience (-nlsh'ens), n. Qual- 
ity of being omniscient. 

Om-nIs'cient (-nish'ent), a. [Lat. 
omnis, all, and sciens, knowing.] 
Having knowledge of all things. 

Syn. — All-knowing ; all-discerning; 
all-searching; all-seeing; all-beholding. 

Om'ni-um, n. [Lat., of all.] Average 
value of the different stocks in which 
a loan to government is funded. 

OM-Niv'o-Rous, a. [Lat. omnivorus; 
omnis, all, and vorare, to devour.] 
Eating every thing indiscriminately. 

On, prep. [A.-S.] 1. In contact with 
the upper part of a thing, and sup- 
ported by it. 2. To the upper sur- 
face of. 3. Upon; by means of; 
with. 4. Besides. 5. At or near. 6. 
In dependence upon. 7. At the time 
of. 8. To the account of. 9. In conse- 
quence of. 10. In relation to. — adv. 
1. Forward. 2. In succession. 3. With- 
out interruption. 4. With adherence. 

O'NAN-igM, n. Self-pollution. 

ONCE (wunss), adv. [0. Eng. ones, fr. 
one.] 1. On one occasion. 2. Former- 
ly ; in time past. 

ONE (wtiu), a. [A.-S. an, din.] 1. 
Single ; individual. 2. Denoting a 
person indefinitely. 3. Pointing out 
a contrast. 4. Undivided; united. 
5. The same ; a common. 

0-NEI'RO-eRlT'l€, I a. [Gr. ovet- 

O-NEPRO-GRIT'I^-AL, | poKpiTlKOS, 
fr. oveipos, dream, and /cptriKos, crit- 
ical.] Pertainiug to the interpreta- 
tion of dreams. 

One'ness (wun'nes, 109), n. Single- 
ness ; individuality ; unity. 

On'ER-A-RY, a. [Lat. onerarius ; onus, 
oneris, load.] Fitted or inteuded for 

^ burdens. [densome ; oppressive. 

(*>N'er-oijs, a. [Lat. onerosus.] Bur- 

One'-sid'ed (wfin'-), a. Limited to 

. one side ; partial ; unfair. 

On'ION (Qn'yun), n. [Lat. unio l a 
kind of single onion, fr. units, one.] 
A plant, and its edible bulbous root. 

On'LY (20), a. [0. Eng. onely, i. e., 
one-like.] 1. One alone: single. 2. 
Alone in its class. 3. Pre-eminent. 
_a(/t\ Solely; singly; merely. 

Qn'o-mat/o-pce'ia (-p3'ya), n. [Gr. 
ovofiaTonoua, fr. ovofxa, 6v6ju.aTOS, a 
name, and Trotelv. to make.] Corre- 
spondence of the sound of a word to 
the thing signified. 

5n'set, n. [From on and set.] A 
violent attack ; esp., the assault of a 
body of troops on an enemy or a fort. 

On'slAught (on'slawt), n. [A.-S. 



onslagan, to strike or dash against.] 
Attack ; onset ; assault. 

ON-TOL'O-GY, n. [Gr. ovra, things 
which exist, and Aoyos, discourse.] 
Science which explaius the nature 

_and relations of all beiDgs, as such. 

O'NUS, n. [Lat.] The burden. 

ON'WARD, a. 1. Advanced ; advancing. 
2. Increased; improved. — adv. For- 
ward ; progressively ; in advance. 

O'NYX, a. [Gr. ow£, lit., a finger-nail.] 
Chalcedony consisting of parallel lay- 
ers of different shades. 

Ooze, v.i. [-ed ; -ing.] To flow 

'gently; to percolate. — v. [A.-S. 
icos, juice, ooze, broth.] 1. Soft 
mud or slime. 2. Soft flow ; spring. 

Ooz'Y, a. Miry ; soft and muddy. 

O-PAC'i-TY, n. State of being opaque ; 
want of transparency. 

0-pake', a. See Opaque. 

O'PAL, n. [Lat. opalus, fr. Skr. upula, 
a stone.] A silicious mineral of 
changeable colors. 

O'PAL-ES'CENCE, 11. A milky reflec- 

_ tion from the interior of a mineral. 

O'PAL-ES'CENT,**. Reflecting a milky 

_ or pearly light. [opal. 

O'pal-ine, a. Pertaining to, or like, 

O-PAQUE' (-pak'), a. [Lat. opacvs.] 
Impervious to light ; not transpa- 
rent, [being opaque. 

O-paque'ness (-pak / -), it. Quality of 

OPE,i\ t. 8c i. To open. [Poet.] 

O'PiJN (o'pn, 20), a. [A.-S.] 1. Not 
shut up : not closed. 2. Not pri- 
vate ; public. 3. Expanded. 4. With- 
out reserve. 5. Not concealed or 
secret. 6. Not frozen up ; not cold 
or frosty. 7. Not settled or adjusted. 
8. Not deaf; listening. 9. Spoken 
without closing the mouth. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To make open ; to 
unclose ; to unlock. 2. To bring to 
view ; to exhibit ; to explain ; to dis- 
close. 3. To speak without reserve. 
4. To begin; to commence. — v. i. 
1. To unclose. 2. To begin to ap- 
pear. 3. To commence ; to begin. 

0'P-EN-HAND'ED,a. Generous ; lib- 

_ eral. [generous. 

O'P-EN-HEART'ED, a. Candid ; frank ; 

0'P.EN-lNG(o / pn-ing),?2. 1. A breacli ; 
an aperture. 2. Beginning ; com- 
mencement. 

O'P-EN-LY (o'pn-ly), adv. 1. Public- 
ly ; without secrecy. 2. Plainly. 

OP'ER-A, n. [Lat. opera, pains, work.] 
A musical drama consisting of airs, 
choruses, recitations. &c. 

OP'ER-ATE, U. !. [-EDJ-ING.] [Lat. 
operari, -ratus, from opus, work.] 1. 
To exert power or strength. 2. To 
produce an appropriate physical ef- 
fect. 3. To exert an influence. 4. 
To perform some manual act upon a 
human body. — v. t. 1. To cause ; 
to occasion. 2. To put into or to con- 
tinue in operation. 

OP'ER-AT'IC, ) a. Pertaining to, 

OP'ER-AT'ie-AL, ) or appropriate to, 
the opera. 

Op'ER-A'TtON, n. 1. Act or process 
of operating ; exertion of power. 2. 
Method of working. 3. An effect 



brought about by a definite plan. 4. 
Action of the hand, or with instru- 
ments, on the human body. 

Syn.— Agency; work; process; effort. 

OP'ER-A-TivE, n. 1. Having the pow- 
er of acting. 2. Efficient in work ; 

w efficacious. — a. A laboring man. 

OP'er-a'tor, it. One who operates. 

OP'er-ose' (125), a. [Lat. operosus; 

^ opus, work.] Laborious ; tedious. 

OPH'I-OLEIDE, it. [Gr. 6</us, a ser- 
pent, and KAets, a key.] A largo 
brass wind instrument. 

0-phid'i-an, n. [Gr. b<j>i8iov, dim. of 
o0i?, serpent.] An animal of the 

_ group of snakes. 

O'phi-oi/o-gy, n. [Gr. 6<£is, serpent, 
and Aoyos, discourse.] That part of 
natural history which treats of ser- 
pents. [OPIITHALMY. 

Oph-thal/MI-a (of- or op-), n. See 

OPH-THAL'Ml€(6f- or op-), a. Pertain- 
ing to the eye. 

OPH'THAL-MY (of'- or op'-), n. [Gr. 
6<£0<xA/u.ta, fr. 6</>0aA|u.6s, the eye.] An 

_ inflammation of the coats of the eye. 

0'Pl-ATE,n. [See Opium.] Any medi- 
cine that contains opium ; a nar- 
cotic. — a. 1. Inducing sleep. 2. 
Hence, causing rest or inaction. 
Syn. — Soporific; somniferous. 

0-pine', v. i. [-ED; -ing.] [Lat. 
opinari.] To think ; to suppose. 

O-PIN'ION (-yun), n. [Lat. opinio.] 
1. A conviction of the truth of some 
statement founded on a low degree 
of probable evidence. 2. Formal de- 
cision of a judge, &c. 

Syn. — Notion; persuasion; idea; view; 
estimate. 

0-PiN'lON-A/TED, a. Obstinate in 
opinion. 

O-pin'ion-A-tIve, a. Unduly at- 
tached to one's own opinions. 

O-PlN'ION-isT, n. One unduly at- 

_ tached to his own opinions. 

O'PI-UM, n. [Lat.] Inspissated juice 

_ of the poppy. 

O'po-del'doc, n. [An unmeaning 
word.] A saponaceous camphorated 
liniment. 

0-pos'sum, n. [Indian.] 
A marsupial quadru- 
pedfound in America. 

Op-po'nent, a. [Lat. 
opponens, opposing.] 
1. Adverse ; antago- 
nistic. 2. Situated in 
front; opposite. — n. Opossum. 
One who opposes, es- 
pecially in a disputation, or other 
verbal controversy. 

OP'POR-TUNE' (53), a. [Lat. oppor- 
tnnus, lit. at or before the port.] 
Recurring or furnished at a needed 
or suitable occasion. 

well- 




Syx. — Timely 
timed. 

OP'POR-TilNE'LY, adv. Seasonably. 
OP'POR-TUNE'NESS (109), n. Quality 

or condition of being opportune. 
OP'POR-TU'NI-TY, it. Fit or conve- 
nient time. 

Syn. — Occasion ; convenience; oc- 
currence. — An occasion is that which 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULE ; E, I, O, silent ; C,G,5o/f; c, g, hard; A§; EXIST; NasNG; THIS- 



1 



OPPOSE 



296 



ORDERLY 



falls in our way, or presents itself in the 
course of events; nn opportunity is a con- 
venience or fitness of time, place, &c, 
for the doing of a thing. Hence, oppor- 
tunities often spring out of occasions. 
We may have occasion to meet a person 
frequently without getting an opportu- 
nity to converse with him. 

0P-PO£E', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
opponere, oppositum, fr. ob, against, 
and ponere. to put.] 1. To set op- 
posite. 2. To put in opposition, with 
a view to hinder or defeat, &c. 3. 
To resist. 4. To compete with. 

Svx. — To combat; withstand; con- 
travene; check; obstruct. 

Op-pos'er, n. One who opposes. 

OP'PO-SiTE, a. [Lat. oppositus.] 1. 
Situated in front; facing. 2. Hos- 
tile; adverse. 3. Inconsistent. — n. 

1. One who opposes. 2. That which 
is contrary. 

<JP'PO-giTE-LY(-zTt-), adv. 1. In a 
situation to face each other. 2. Ad- 
versely. 

OVpOr-si'TlON (-zTsh'un), n. 1. Situ- 
ation'so as to front something else. 

2. Act of opposing ; resistance. 3. 
That which opposes ; an obstacle. 4. 
The party that opposes the existing 
administration. 5. Situation of two 
heavenly bodies 180° apart. 

UP'PO-sT'TlON-isT (-zish / un-), n. One 
of an opposing party. 

Op-pos'i-tive, a. Capable of being 
put in opposition. 

Op-press', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
opprimere, oppression; prefix ob, 
against, and pre mere, to press.] 1. 
To press or treat severely , cruelly , or 
unjustly. 2. To sit or lie heavy on. 

OP-PRES'slONf-presh'un), n. 1. Act 
of oppressing. 2. State of being op- 
pressed. 3. That which oppresses. 
4. A sense of heaviness or weight. 

Op-PRESS'ive, a. 1. Unreasonably 
burdensome. 2. Proceeding from a 
design to oppress. 3. Overwhelming. 
Syx. — Cruel; severe; tyrannical. 

OP-PRESs'iv"E-EY,«^r. In amanner 
to oppress. [being oppressive. 

Op-prEss'ive-ness, ti. Quality of 

Op-PRESS'or, n. One who oppresses. 

OP-PRO'BRI-OUS, a. 1. Reproachful 
and contemptuous ; scurrilous. 2. 
Rendered hateful. 

OP-PRO'BRi-otrs LY, adv. In an op- 
probious manner. 

Op-PRO'BRI-UM, n. [Lat., fr. pref. ob 
and probrum , reproach.] Reproach 
mingled with contempt or disdain. 

Op-pugn' (-pun'), v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] 
[Lat. oppiignare, fr. ob, against, aud 
pugnare, to fight.] To fight against. 

OP-PtJG'NAN-CY, n. Act of oppugn- 
ing: opposition; resistance [poses. 

Op-PUGN'er (-pun'), n. One who op- 

0p'ta-tive,<7. ['Latr optativus.] Ex- 
pressing desire or wish. 

Op'TI€, n. An eye. 

OP'TIG, I a. [Or. otttikos, fr. the 

6p'TI€-AL, ( root ott, to see.] 1 

Pertaining to sight, or the organ of 

sight. 2 Relating to optics. 

OP-T'l'CIAN (-tlsh'an), n. One who 
deals in optical instruments. 



<3p'TIGS, n. sing. Science which treats 
of the nature and properties of light. 

OP'TI-MA-CY, n. Nobility ; peerage. 

OP'TI-MATE, n. [Lat. optimas, opti- 
matis, fr. optimus, the best.] A no- 
bleman ; a chief man. 

OP'TI-ME, j?. [Lat. optimus, the best.] 
One who stands in the second rank 
of honors, in Cambridge. Eng. 

Op'TI-MisM, n. [Lat. optimus, the 
best.] The doctrine that everything 
is for the best. 

5p'TI-M1ST, n. One who holds that 
all events are ordered for the best. 

OP'TION, n. [Lat. optio, from optare, 
to choose.] Power, or right of choice, 
or exercise of the power ; election ; 
preference. 

Syx.— Choice.— We speak of option 
in respect to freedom or opportunity of 
choosing, while choice is an act of the will 
itself. We leave a thing to a man's op- 
tion, and he makes his choice. 

OP'TION-AL, a. Left to one's choice ; 
depending on choice. 

op'u-lence, n. Wealth; riches. 

UP'U-LENT, a. [Lat. opulentus, from 
ops, opis, power, wealth.] Wealthy ; 
rich ; affluent. 

OR, conj. [Contr. fr. A.-S. adher, adh- 
or, one of two.] A connective that 
marks an alternative. 

OR'A-GLE, ». [Lat. oracvlum, from 
orare, to speak.] 1. Answer of a pa- 
gan god, to an inquiry; also, the 
deity who was supposed to give the 
answer, and also the place where it 
was given. 2. An angel ; a prophet ; 
hence, also, aoj' very wise person. 3. 
A wise sentence or decision. 

0-RA€'U-LAR, a. 1. Uttering oracles. 
2. Resembling an oracle ; authorita- 

_ tive ; ambiguous. 

O'RAL (87), a. [Lat. os, oris, the 
mouth.] Pertaining to the mouth ; 

_ spoken, not written. 

O'RAL -LY, adv. By mouth. 

OR'ANGE (or'enj), n. 
[Ar. & Per. narandj 
or narang.] A tree, 
and its yellow fruit. 

OR'anGe-ade' (or'- 
enj-), n. A drink 
made of orange-juice. 

OR'AN-GER-Y, 71. A 
plantation of orange- 
trees. 

0-KANG'-OU-TANG / , 71 
orang titan, i. e., 
man of the woods.] 
A large monkey, in 
many respects close- 
ly resembling man. 

O-RA'tion, n. [Lat. 
oratio, fr. orare, to 
speak, pray.] An 
elaborate discourse, 
delivered in public. 
Syx. — Harangue; 
address; speech; dis- 
course. 

OR'A-TOR, n. 1. One ^ 
who delivers an o 
ration. 2. One dis- Orang-outang 
tinguished for eloquent speech. 




OR'A-TO'RI-AL, ) a. Belonging or 

OR'A-TOR'IG-AL, ) pertaining to an 
orator, or to oratory ; oratorical. 
Syn. — Rhetorical; eloquent; flowery. 

Or'a-tor'ig-al-LY, adv. In a rhe- 
torical manner. 

Ok'A-TO'Rl-O, n. [It., from Lat. ora- 
tortus, belonging to praying.] A kind 
of sacred drama set to music. 

OR'A-TO-RY, n. [Lat. oraloria (sc 
ars), the oratorical art.] 1. Art of 
effective public speaking. 2. A chapel 

^ for private devotions. [sphere. 

orb, n. [Lat. orbis.] A round body ; a 

ORB.ED (orbd), a. Having the form 
of an orb ; round ; circular. 

OR-Bl€'U-LAR,«. [Lat. orbicularis ; or- 
bis, orb.] Having the form of an orb. 

Syx. — Round ; circular; orbicular; 
spherical ; globular. 

Or-bi'€'U-late, a. Being in the form 

' of an orb. 

ORB'IT, n. [Lat. orbita, a track made 
by a wheel, circuit.] 1. The path 
described by a heavenly body. 2- 

A Cavity in which thee;. e is situated. 

ORB'IT-AL, a. Pertaining toun orbit. 

OR'CHARD, n. [A.-S. ortgeard,u-yrt- 
geard, i. c, wortyard.] An inclosure 

^ for, or an assemblage of, fruit trees. 

Or'chard-]ST,71. One who cultivates 

^ orchards. 

OR'CHES-TRA, or OR-CHES'TRA, 7J. 
[Gr. opxwrpa, orig. the place for the 
chorus of dancers.] 1. Space in a 
theatre for the musicians. 2. A band 

^ of instrumental musicians. 

OR'€HES-TRAL ( or'kes-tral), a. Per- 
taining to an orchestra, [ing plant. 

OR'CHIS (or'kis), v. [Lat.] A fiower- 

OR-DAIN', v. t. [-E7>: -ING.] [Lat. or- 
dinare, fr. ordo, order.] 1. To regu- 
late ; to establish. 2. To appoint ; to 

^ decree. 3. To set apart for an office. 

OR'DE-AL, n. [A.-S. ordal, ordxl, a 
judgment, just judgment.] 1. An 
ancient form of trial to determine 
guilt or innocence. 2. Severe scru- 

^ tmv - 

OR'DER, ??. [Lat. ordo.} 1. Regular 
or methodical arrangement. 2. 
Proper condition ; normal state. 3. 
Customary mode of procedure. 4. 
Regular government ; general tran- 
quillity. 5. A regulation ; a stand- 
ing rule. 6. Injunction ; command. 
7- A direction, in writing, to pay 
money. 8. A number of things or 
persons arranged in a fred or suita- 
ble place or position. 9. Rank of 
dea»on, priest, or bishop: — often in 
the pi. 10. A method of construct- 
ing and ornamenting the columns of 
an edifice. — v. t. [-ed:-ing.] 1. To 
put in order ; to s\ stemaxize. 2. To 
manage ; to conduct. 3. To command. 
Syn.— To regulate ; adjust; direct. 
— v.i. To give command or direc- 
tion. 

OR'DER-LESS, a. Without order or 

^regularity : di- orderly. 

OR'DER-LI-NESs, v. Regularity. 

6r'der-ly. a. 1. Methodical; reg- 
ular; systematic. 2. Observant of 



A, E, I, O, tf, Y,long; X,E,I, O, V, V, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, V^IL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM ; SON. 



ORDINAL 



297 



ORTHOEPICAL 



order ; quiet ; peaceable. 3. TVell- 
regulated. 4. Being on duty. — adv. 
According to due order. - -n. A non- 
commissioned officer who attends a 

^ superior officer. 

OR'DI-NAL, a. [Lat. ordinalis ; ordo, 
ordinis, order.] Indicating the es- 
tablished order. — n. 1. A number 
noting order. 2. A book containing 
a service for the ordination of dea- 

^ cons, &c. 

Gr'di-nance, n. [See Ordain.] 1. 
An ordaining by authority ; appoint- 
ment. 2. A rule established by au- 

^ thority. 3. An established rite. 

OR'DI-NA-RI-LY, adv. According to 

^ established rules ; hence, usually. 

OR'DI-NA-RY (44), a. [Lat. ordina- 
rius.] 1. According to established 
order. 2. Of common rank. 3. Com- 
mon ; usual. 4. Plain ; not handsome. 
Syx. — Normal ; common ; usual ; 
customary. — A tiling is common in 
■which many persons share or partake; 
as, a common practice. A thing is ordi- 
nary when it is apt to come round in the 
orderly or regular succession of events; 
as, the ordinary course. 
— n. 1. A judicial officer. 2. A 
dining-room where there is a fixed 
price ; also, the meal at such a din- 
ing-room. 3- A place where ships 
are in actual service, but laid up un- 
der the charge of officers. 4. A por- 

^ tion of an escutcheon between lines. 

6r'di-nate, a. [Lat. ordinatus.] 
Regular; methodical. — n. Distance 
of any point in a curve measured on 
a line called the axis of ordinate*, 
from another hue called the axis of 
abscissas. 

Or'di-NA'TION, n. [Lat. ordinatio.] 
1. Act of ordaining. 2. State of 

^ being ordained or appointed. 

ORD'NAXOE, n. [From ordinance.] 

^ Heavy weapons of warfare ; artillery. 

Or'don-nance, n. [Fr.] (Fine Arts.) 
Disposition of the parts. 

Ord'ure, n. [From Lat. hnrridus, 
horrid.] Dung: excrements. 

Ore, n. [A.-S. Or, Ore.] Compound 
of a metal and some other substance 
by which its properties are disguised. 

O'RE-AD (87), ». [Gr. 'Opetds, fr. opos, 

^ mountain.] A mountain nymph. 

OR'GA.V, n. [Gr. bpyavov.] 1. An in- 
strument of action or motion. 2. A 
medium of communication. 3. (Mus.) 
An instrument filled with wind from 

^ a bellows, and played upon by keys. 

OR'GAN-DIE ) n. A light muslin or 

OR'GAN-D? , j cotton fabric. 

0r-Gan'I€. la. 1. Pertaining to, 

OR-GAN'i€-AL, ) or consisting of, 
organs, or containing them. 2. Pro- 
duced by the organs. 3. Instru- 
mental. 

6R'GAN-rjpi, n. An organic struct- 

^ ure ; an organized being. [organ. 

OR'GAN-lST, h. One who plavs on the 

UR'GAN-I-ZA'TION, n. 1. Act of or- 
ganizing. 2. State of being organ- 
ized ; the relations included in such 
a state._ 3. An organism. 

OR'GAN-IZE, v. t. [-ED;-ING.] 1. 
To furnish with organs. 2. To ar- 



range or constitute in parts, each 

^ having a special function. [stands. 

6r'GAN-LOFT, n. Loft where an organ 

Or'GAN-OG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. opya- 
vov, aa organ, and •ypa^eiv, to de- 
scribe.] A description of the organs 

^ of plants or animals. 

OR'gan-z'i'ne' (110), n. Silk of very 

^ fine texture, twisted like a rope. 

OR'GASM, 11. [Gr. 6pyao-p.6?,fr. bpyav, 
to swell.] Immoderate excitement. 

On GE AT (or'zh&t or or'zha), n. [Fr. ; 
orge, barley.] A liquor extracted 

^ from barley and sweet almonds. 

UR'GIES (orijiz), n. pi. [Gr. opyia.] 
Drunken revelry ; nocturnal carou- 

_ sals. 

O'RI-EL, n. [L. Lat. oriolum, portico, 
hall.] A large bay or recessed win- 

_ dow. 

O'RI-ENT, a. [Lat. oriens.] 1. Rising, 
as the sun. 2. Eastern. 3. Bright; 
shining. — n. The East. 

O'RI-ENT'AL, a. Pertaining to, pro- 
ceeding from, or situated in, the east. 

_ — n. A native of the East. 

O'RI-ENT'AL-isM, n. Any system or 

_ doctrine peculiar to orientalists. 

O'RI-ENT'AL-lST. n. 1. An inhabi- 
tant of the East. 2. One versed in 

w eastern literature. 

OR'I-FJCE, n. [Lat. orificium ; os, 
oris, a mouth , and facere, to make.] 

w Mouth of a tube, &c. 

OR'I-GlN, n. [Lat. origo, originis, fr. 
oriri, to rise.] 1. Beginning of any 
thing. 2. That from which any- 
thing primarily proceeds. 

Syx. — Source. — Origin denotes the 
rise or commencement of a thing: source 
presents itself under the image of a foun- 
tain flowing forth in a continuous stream 
of influences. The origin of moral evil 
has been much disputed, but no one can 
doubt that it is the source of most of the 
calamities of our race. 

O-RiG'1-NAL, n. 1. Origin; source. 

2. The first of its class ; archetype. 

3. The precise language emplo\ ed by 
a writer. 4. A person of marked 
peculiarity. [Colloq.] 5. Also, one 
who has new and striking ideas. — a. 
1. Pertaining to the origin. 2. Pre- 
ceding all others. 3. Not translated. 

4. Having the power to suggest new 
thoughts or combinations of thought. 

Syx. — First: primitive; pristine; in- 
ventive: peculiar. 

0-RiG'l-\AL'l-TY,n. Quality or state 
of beiug original. [first. 

O-RIG'i-nal-ly, adv. Primarily ; at 

O-RIG'1-NATE, f. t. [-EK ; -ING.] To 
give an origin to : to bring into exist- 
ence. — v. i. To begin to exist or act. 

Q-RIG'I-SA'TION, n. 1. Abringingor 
coming into existence. 2. Mode of 
production. [nates. 

O-rTg'I-na'TOR, n. One who origi- 

O'RI-OLE, n. [0. Fr. oriol, from Lat. 
aureolus, golden.] A bird of several 
species, allied to the thrushes. 

0-RI'ON,n. A large and bright con- 
stellation. 

Or'I-son, n. [0. Fr., fr. Lat. orare, 

^ to pray.] A prayer or supplication. 

OR'LOP*, n. [D. o ve rloop, upper deck, 



I from overloopen, to run over.] The 
deck on which the cables are stowed. 

OR'MO-Ly', n. [Fr. or vioulu, fr. or, 
I gold, and moulu, ground.] A va- 
I A riety of brass made to resemble gold. 

OR'NA-MENT,n. [Lat. ornamentum ; 
ornare, to adorn.] Embellishment - , 
decoration. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To make beautiful or furnish with 
embellishments. 

Syx. — To adorn ; embellish ; deck; 
decorate; beautify. See Adokx. 

OR'na-ment'AL. a. Serving to or- 

^ nament ; embellishing. 

UR'na-men-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of 
ornamenting, or state of being orna- 
mented. 2. That which ornaments. 

UR'NATE, a. [Lat. omatus.] Adorned ; 

^ decorated. [ner. 

UR'NATE-LY, adv. In an ornate man- 

Or-nlth'I€H-nite (49), n. [Gr. 6p- 
vis, 6pi-i0os, bird, and ix^os, track.] 
The foot-mark of a bird, occurring 

^ in strata of stone. 

or'ni-tho-log'ic, ) a. Pertain- 

0r'.\i-tho-l6g'I€-al, j ing to or- 

A nithology. [in ornithology. 

OR'NI-THOL/O-GIST, ii. One skilled 

OR'NI-THOL/O-GY,?). [Gr. Opvi?, 6p- 
vitfos, bird, and Aoyos, discourse.] 
That branch of natural science which 
treats of the form, structure, and 
habits of birds. 

0-ROL'O-GY, n. [Gr. opos, mountain, 
and Aoyos, discourse.] Science or 
description of mountains. 

O'RO-TUND' (110), a. [Lat. os, oris, 
mouth, and rotundus, round.] Char- 
acterized by fullness, clearness, 

A strength, and smoothness. 

UR'PHAN. n. [Gr. 6p0aj-6s.] A child 

^ bereaved of both father and mother. 

or'phan-age, ( n. State of being an 

UR'phan-Isji, ^ orphan. 

Or-piie'an, or Or'phe-an (124), a. 
Pertaining to Orpheus, a poet, who is 
said to have moved iuanimate bodies 

^ by the music of his lyre. 

i}r'phi€, a. Pertaining to Orpheus. 

OR'PIOIEM", n. [Lat. aitripigmen- 
tum ; aurum, gold, and pigmentum, 
pigment.] Trisulphide of arsenic, 
occurring in crystals of a lemon- 

^ yellow color. 

UR'RE-RV, n. [Named in compliment 
to the Earl of Orrery.] An appara- 
tus to illustrate the relative size, 
orbits, &c, of the planets. 

OR'RIS, n. [Prob. corrupted fr. Iris.] 

A A plant ; flower-de-luce. 

Gr'tho-d6x, a. [Gr. 6p068o£os ; 6p- 
J 6ds, right, and 6"6fa. opinion.] 1. 
Sound in the Christian faith; — op- 
posed to heretical. 2. According with 
the doctrines of Scripture. 

OR'tho-dox'ly, adv. With sound- 

a ness of faith. 

Or'tho-Dox'Y, n. 1. Soundness of 
faith. 2. Consonance to genuine 
j ^ scriptural doctrines. 

UR'THO-DR6m'I€S, «. sing. [Gr. 6p- 
<?66"po|uos, running straight forward. j 
' ^ Art of sailing in a direct course. 

OR'THO-EP'ie, I a. Pertaining to 

OR'THO-ep'ic-al, ) orthoepy. 



OR.BO.wqlf, TOO, took; fJRN, RijE, PULL ; E, I, O, sileut ; C, G, soft; €,ti,hard; As; EJCIST ; JiasNG; this 



I 



ORTHOEPIST 



298 



OUTGENERAL 



OR'THO-E-PlST, n. One skilled in or- 

^ thoepy. 

OR'THO-E-PY, n. [Gr. bpdoeneia ; bp- 
06s, right, and eVos, a word.] A cor- 
rect pronunciation of words. 

Or-thog'ra-pher, n. One who 

^ spells words correctly. 

Cr'tho-graph'I€, \ a. Pertain- 

Cr'tho-graph'ic-al, j ing to or- 
thography. 

Or'THO-graph'I€-AL-ly, adv. In 
an orthographical manner. 

OR-TH6g'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. bpOoypa- 
<f)ia ; opflds, right, and ypd<j>etv, to 
write.] 1. The writing of words 
with the proper letters ; spelling. 2. 
The part of grammar which treats of 
this subject. 3. Delineation of an 
object by lines and angles corre- 
sponding to those of the object. 

Or-THOP'E-DY, n. [Gr. 6p06s, 
straight, and irai?, iraifios, child.] 
Art of curing the deformities of chil 
dren. 

OR-thop'TER-OUS, a. [Gr. 6p06s, 
straight, and mepov, feather, wing.] 
Having wing-covers of a uniform 
texture, that generally overlap at the 

A top when shut. 

OR'TIVE, a. [Lat. ortivus, fr. orlri, 
ortus, to rise.] Relating to the rising, 
as of a star ; eastern. 

OR'TO-LAS, /?. [Lat. hortulanus, fr. 
hortulus, dim. of /tortus, garden.] A 
small singing bird, with black wings. 

OS'CIL-LATE,r. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
oscillare, -latum ; oscillum, a swing.] 
To move backward and forward ; to 
vibrate :_to swing ; to sway. 

OVcil-la'tion, n. Vibration. 

OS'CIL-LA-TO-RY, a. Moving like a 

^ pendulum. [drowsiness. 

OS'Cl-TAN-CY, n. Act of gaping; 

Os'£l-TANT,a. [Lat. oscitans, p. pr. 
of oscitare, to yawn.] 1. Yawning; 
gaping. 2. Sleepy ; drowsy. 

OS'CI-TA'TION, n. Act of yawning 
from sleepiness. 

Os'CU-LATE, V. t. [-ED ; -TNG.] [Lat.] 

1. To kiss. 2. (Geom.) To touch, as 

_ two curves. 

OVeu-LA'TION, n. [Lat. osculari, 
-latum, to kiss, fr. osculvm, a little 
mouth, a kiss.] 1. Act of kissing. 2. 
Contact of one curve with another. 

OVcU-LA-TO-RY (50), a. 1. Of, or 
pertaining to, kissing. 2. Capable 
of osculation. 

O'SIER (o'zher), 11. [Gr. 6l<ro<;,oio-va.] 
A species of willow, or a twig of it ; — 

w used in making baskets. 

Os'NA-bOrg, //. A coarse linen, orig- 
inally from Osnaburg, in Germany. 

6VsE-LET, «. [Fr. osselet, lit. a lit- 
tle bone.] A hard substance on the 
inside of a horse's knee. 

Os'SE-oDs (colloq. osh'us), a. [Lat. 
osseus, fr. os, ossis. bone.] Composed, 
of, or resembling, bone ; bony. 

Cs'SI-CLE, n. [Lat. ossiculum.] A 
small bone. 

Os-sTF'ER-ous,a. [Lat. os, ossis, bone, 
and ferre, to bear.] Containing or 
yielding bone. 

Os-sIf'ic, a. [Lat. 0.5, ossis, a bone, 



and/acere, to make.] Having power 
to ossify. 

Os'si-fi-ca'tion, n. Change into a 
bony substance. 

OS'SI-FY, v. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] [Lat. 
05, ossis, bone, and fae.ere, to make.] 
To change from a soft animal sub- 
stance into bone. — v. i. To become 
bone or bony. 

Os-siv'O-ROUS, a. [Lat. os, ossis, 
bone, and voraie, to devour.] Feed- 

^ ing on bones. 

OS'su-A-RY (-shu-a-, 95), n. [Lat. os- 
suarium ; os. ossis, bone.] A place 
where the bones of the dead are de- 
posited. 

Os-TEN'si-BLE, a. [Lat. ostendere, 
-tentum, to show.] Shown, declared, 
or avowed ; apparent. 

Os-TEN'SI-BLY, adv. In an ostensi- 
ble manner. [ing. 

Os-ten'sTve, a. Showing; exhibit- 

OS'TEN-TA'TION, n. Act of making 
an ambitious display ; pretentious 
parade. 

Syn. — Parade; pomp; pompousness; 
vaunting ; boasting. Sec Parade. 

OVten-ta'tioDs, a. 1. Fond of ex- 
cessive or offensive display. 2. Pre- 
tentious._ [vain airplay. 

OS'TEN-TA'TIOUS-LY, adv. With 

OS'TE-ol'o-ger, \n. One who de- 

Os'te-ol'o-gist, j scribes the bones 
of animals. 

OS'TE-OL'O-GY, 11. [Gr. oo-Te'o«/,bone, 
and Aoyos, discourse.] That part of 

^ anatomy which treats of the bones. 

Ost'ler, n. The same as Hostler. 

OS'TRA-CIgM, 11. [Gr. oo-Tpa/cia-fxo?; 
fr. bo-rpo.Kov, a tile, a voting tablet.] 
Banishment ; expulsion ; separation. 

OS'TRA-CIZE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 

exile ; to banish ; to exclude from so- 
ciety ; to put under ban. 

Os'trich, 11. [Fr. 
autrucke, fr. Lat. 
avis strutliio ; 
struthio, an os- 
trich.] A large 
bird, having long 
legs and short 
wings. It is re- 
markable for its 
speed. 

ot'a-cous'tic, a. 
[Gr. ovs, o)t6?, an 
ear, and a/covo-n.- Ostrich", 

/cos, belonging to hearing.] Assisting 
the sense of hearing. 

OTH'ER ('Itb/er) pron. & a. [A.-S. 
Odher.] 1. Additional ; second of 

. two. 2. Not this, but the contrary. 

Oth'er-wi§e, adv. In a different 

^ manner ; in different respects. 

OT'tar. n. [See Attar.] A highly 
fragrant oil obtained from the rose. 

OT'TER, 11. [A.-S. 
otor, oter.~] An 
amphibious car- 
nivorous animal 
of several species. 

OT'TO, n. Same as 
Ottar. 

OT'to-man, a. [From the Sultan 
Othoman or Othman.] Pertaining 





Otter. 



to Turkey, —n. (150) 1. A Turtc 
2. A stuffed seat without a back. 

OUCH, n. [L. Lat. nusca, nochia, 
clasp, necklace.] A bezel, or socket, 

A in which a gem is set. 

OUGHT (awt), 11. See AUGHT.— v. 
imperfect. [Orig. the preterit tense 
of the verb to oive. It is used in all 
persons, both in the present and past 
tenses.] Is fit, proper, or necessary ; 

— used impersonally. 

Syn. — Should. — Both ought and 
should imply obligation, but ought is the 
stronger. Should denotes an obligation 
of propriety, expediency, &c. : ought de- 
notes an obligation of duty. "We should 
be neat in our persons ; we should avoid 
giving offense. We ought to speak truth; 
we ought to obey the laws. 

OUNCE, n. [Lat. uncia,& twelfth of a 
pound and of a foot.] 1. The twelfth 
part of a pound troy, and the six- 
teenth of a pound avoirdupois. 2. A 
carnivorous animal. 

Our, possessive pron. [A.-S. ure, fr. 
us.] Pertaining to us. See I. 

«33f- When the noun is not expressed, 
ours (not our) is used. 

Our-self' (149), pron. 1. We; us; 

— by way of emphasis, chiefly in the 
pi. 2. Myself; used reciprocally, 
chiefly in the regal or formal style, 
and generally in the singular. 

Oust (owst), v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [0. 
Fr. oster.] 1. To take away. 2. To 
eject ; to turn o\it. [ejection. 

Oust'er (owst'er), n. Dispossession ; 

OUT, adv. [A.-S. til.] Without; on 
the outside ; not within ; on the ex- 
terior, or beyond the limits of any 
inclosed place or given line ; — op- 
posed to in or within ; used in a 
variety of special senses. — inter j. 
Away ; off ; begone. 

Out-act', v. t. To do or go beyond. 

Out-bid', v. t. To bid more than. 

Out'bound, a. Destined to a distant 
country or port. [eruption. 

Out'break, n. A bursting forth ; 

Out'-buIld'ing, n. A building sep- 
arate from the main building; an 
outhouse. 

Out'BURST,ot. A bursting out. 

Out'cast, 11. One who is cast out; 
an exile ; a vagabond. 

Out'come, n. Issue; result. 

Out'crop, 11. The coming out of a 
stratum to the surface of the ground. 

Out-crop', v. i. To come out to the 
surface of the ground, as strata. 

Out'cry, n. 1. A loud cry ; a cry of 
distress. 2. Noisy opposition. 

OUT-DQ', V. t. [-DID ; -DONE ; -DO- 
ING^ To excel ; to surpass. 

Out-doors', adv. Abroad; out of 
the house. 

Out'er, a. [compar. of out.] Being 
on the outside ; external. 

OUT'ER-MOST, a. [sttperl.,fr. outer.] 
Being on the extreme external part. 

Out-face', v. t. To look out of coun- 
tenance. 

Out'fit, n. A fitting out, as of a 
ship for a voyage ; hence, an allow- 
ance for paying special expenses. 

Out-gen'er-al, v. t. To gain ad- 



A, e, I, o, u. y, long; a,e,i, 6,0, y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, t£rm; pique , FIRM ; s6n, 



OUTGO 



299 



OVERCOME 



vantage over by superior military 
skill ,_&c. 

OUT-GO', V. t. [-WENT ; -GONE ; 
-going.] 1. To go faster than. 2. 
lo surpass ; to excel. 3. To circum- 
vent. 

Out'go, n. Outlay ; expenditure. 

OUT'GO-ING, n. 1. Act or state of 
going out. 2. Expense; outlay. 3. 
Limit :_ border ; end. 

OuT-GROW',r. t. [-grew: -grown; 
-growing. J 1. To surpass in 
growth. 2. To become too large, or 
too old_ for use or exhibition. 

OUT'GROWTH, n. That which has 
grown out from any thing ; result. 

OUT'GUARD, n. A guard at a distance 
from the main body of an army. 

Out-He r'od, v. t. To surpass in vi- ! 
olence or cruelty. 

Out'-house, n. A small building a 
little way from the main house. 

OUT-LAND'ISH, a. Not according with 
usage ; strange ; rude ; barbarous. 

Out-east', v. t. To last longer than. 

OUT'LAW, n. One excluded from the 
benefit of the law. — v. t. [-ed ; 
-ing.] To deprive of the benefit and 
protection of law. 

Out'law-ry, n. Act of putting a 
man out of the protection of law. 

Out'LAY, n. 1. A laying out or ex- 
pending. 2. That which is laid out. 

Otjt'LET, n. Plane or means by which 
any thing is let out ; exit. 

OUT'LINE, n. 1. Exterior line of a 
figure ; contour. 2. A sketch ; de- 
lineation of a figure without shad- 
ing. 3. A preliminary or general in- 
dication. — v.t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
draw in outline ; to sketch. 

Out-live', v. t. To live longer than ; 
to survive. 

Out'look. n. 1. Act of looking out, 
or place from which one looks out. 
2. Prospect ; sight ; view. 

OUT'LY-ING, a. 1. Being at a dis- 
tance from the main body or design. 
2. Being on the exterior or frontier. 

OUT-MARCH', v. t. To march faster 
than ; to march so as to leave be- 
hind. 

Out-meas'ure (-mezh/ur),r. t. To 
exceed in measure or extent. 

Out-nDm'ber, v. t. To exceed in 
number. 

Out-of-the-way', a. Different or 
remote from the ordinary way ; un- 
common ; unusual ; singular. 

Out'post, n. 1. A station at a dis- 
tance from the main body of an 
army. 2. Troops at such a station. 

Out-pour', v. t. To pour out; to 
send forth in a stream. 

QuT'RAGE (126), V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[See the n.] To treat with violence 
and wrong. — n. [L. Lat. ■ultragium, 
from Lat. ultra, beyond.] Injurious 
violence: gross injury. 

Syx. — Affront; insult: abuse. 

Out-ra'geous, a. Involving or per- 
forming an outrage ; exceeding all 
bounds. 

Syx.— Violent ; furious; exorbitant. 



OUT-RA'GEOUS-LY, adv. In an out- 
rageous manner. 
Out-ride', v. t. To ride faster than. 

— v.J. To travel about. 
OUT'RID-ER, n. A servant on horse- 
back who attends a carriage. 

OUT'RIG-GER, n. A projecting spar or 
piecefor extending ropes or sails, &c. 

OUT'RIGHT (out'rit), adv. 1. Imme- 
diately ; at once; instantly. 2. Com- 
pletely : utterly. 

Out-run', v. t. [-ran ; -run ; -run- 
ning.] 1. To exceed in running. 2. 
To exceed in degree, quality, &c. 

Out-sell', v. t. [-sold; -sell- 
ing.] To exceed in amount of sales 
or in prices. [ning. 

Out'set, n. First attempt or begin- 

Out'side, n. 1. External part; exte- 
rior. 2. Furthest limit ; the utmost. 
3. One who, or that which, is with- 
out. — a. On the outside ; external. 

OUT'SID-ER,?r. One not belonging to 
the concern, party, &c, spoken of. 

OUT'SKIRT, n. Border; suburb. 

Out-spread', v. t. To extend; to 
spread. 

OUT-STAND', V. i. [-STOOD ; -STAND- 
ING.] 1. To project outward. 2. 
To remain unpaid, as a debt, &c. 

OUT-STRETCH', v. t. To stretch or 
spread out ; to expand. 

Out-strip', v. t. To outrun ; to ad- 
vance beyond. 

Out-talk' (-tawk'), v. t. To over- 
power by talking. 

Out-vie', v. t. To exceed ; to surpass. 

Out-VOTE', v. t. To exceed in the 
number of votes given. 

OuT-WALK'(-wawk'), v. t. To walk 
faster than ; to leave behind in walk- 
ing. 

Out'wall, n. Exterior wall. 

UUT'WARD, a. 1. Forming the su- 
perficial part; exterior. 2. Extrin- 
sic ; adventitious. 3. Tending to 
the exterior part. 

Syx. — Outer; visible; external ; for- 
eign; public; carnal: corporeal. 

— adv. 1. To the outer parts. 2. 
To some foreign region. 

OUT'WARD-LY, adv Externally. 

Out'wards, adv. See Outward. 

Out-watch' (-wotch'), v- '■ To sur- 
pass in watching. 

Out-wear', v. t. [-wore ; -worn ; 
-WEARING.] To wear longer than. 

Out-weigh' (-wa/), v. t. To exceed 
in weight or in importance. 

OUT- wit', v. t. To surpass in design 
or cunning ; to overreach. 

Out'work (-wfirk), ii. A part of a 
fortress without the principal wall. 

0'vAL,a. [Lat. ovum, egg.] — . 

1. Resembling the lengi- f \ 
tudinal section of an egg 

2. Elliptical. — ?;. A body 
in the shape of an egg 
of an ellipse. 

O-VA'Rl-t'M. n. ; pi. o-va'. V y 

Rl-A. [Lat.] An ovary. Oval. 

O'VA-RY, n. [From Lat. ovum, egg. 
1. That part of the pistil which con- 
tains the seed. 2. Organ of a female 
animal in which the eggs are formed. 



ngi- / \ 

egK- / \ 

>ody/ \ 

U or 



O'VATE, a. Egg-shaped, with th 
lower extremities broadest. 

O-VA'TION, n. [Lat. ovatio, fr. orare, 
to exult.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A lesser 
triumph allowed to a commander. 

. 2. An expression of popular homage. 

OV.EN, n. [A.-S. ofen.] An arched 

_ place, for baking, heating, &c. 

O'VER, prep. [A.-S. of er.] 1. Across; 
from side to side. 2. Above, in place. 
3. Above, denotiug superiorit}- in ex- 
cellence, &c. 4. Upon the surface; 
through the whole extent. 5. Dur- 
ing the whole time. 

Syx.— Under. — It has always been 
English usage to say " under one's sig- 
nature," as we say "under one's hand," 
" under one's seal.'" Some, in this coun- 
try, have imagined " over one's signa- 
ture" to be more correct, not considering 
thatthe reference is to the paper con- 
taining the instrument or mass of 
thought to be verified. This is tinder 
the hand in signing, as it is under the 
seal when affixed, though, in eithercase, 
the written words may be above. Thus 
the three phrases all stand on the same 
footing, and if one is changed, all must 
be changed. 

— adv. 1. From side to side. 2. 
On the opposite side. 3. From one 
to another by passing. 4. From one 
country to another, by passing. 5. 
Above the top. 6. More than the 
quantity assigned. 7. Throughout. 

_ — a. Upper ; covering. 

O'ver-act', v. t. To act or perform 
to excess. — v. i. To act more than 

_ is necessary. 

O'ver-alls, n. pi. A kind of loose 
trowsers yvorn over others. 

O'vee-awe', v. t. To restrain by awe. 

O'ver-bal'ance, v. t. To exceed in 
yveight or value. 

O'ver-bal'ance (119), n. Excess 
of weight or value. 

Over-bear', v. t. [-bore ; -borne ; 
-bearing.] To bear down; to re- 
press ; to subdue. 

O'VER-BEAR'ING, p. a. Haughty and 
dogmatical : tending to repress by 

_ insolence or effrontery. 

O'VER-BID', v. ?'. [-BADE ; -BID or 
-BIDDEN ; -bidding.] To offer 
more than an equivalent. 

O'ver-boarD' , adv. Out of a ship 
or from on board. 

Ckver-bur'D-EN (-bur'dn), v. t. To 
load with too great weight. 

O'VER-GAST', V. t. [-CAST: -CAST- 
ING.] 1. To cloud; to darken. 2. 
To rate too high. 3. To sew over 
and over. 

O'VER-CHARGE', v. t. 1. To load 
with too heavy a charge ; to burden. 
2. To make too great a charge of, or 
against. 

O'VER-CHARGE', n. 1. An excessive 
load. 2. A charge of more than is 
just. [clouds. 

O'VER-CLOUD', v. t. To cover yvith 

O'VER-COAT, ii. A coat worn over 
the other clothing. 

O'VER-COME' (-knm'), V. t. [-CAME f 
-COME ; -COMING.] To get the bet- 
ter of. 
Syx. — To conquer. — To overcome is 



OR, DO, wolf, TOO,TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; C, G, soft; V, a, hard; A§ ; exist; NooNG; TBI*. 



OVERDO 



300 



OVULE 



to gain the superiority or mastery in any 
trial of strength; to conquer is to over- 
power and bring under our control. 

— v. i. To gain the superiority. 
D'VER-DO', r. t. [-did ; -DONE ; 

-doing.] 1. To do too much. 2. 
To harass; to fatigue. 3. To cook 
too much. — v. i. To labor too hard. 

Over-dose', n. Too great a dope. 

O'ver-draW, v. t. [-drew; 
-drawn"; -drawing.] To draw 
upon for a sum beyond one's credit. 

G'ver-drive', f. t. & ?'. To drive 
too hard or beyond strength . 

Over-due', a. Past the time of 

_ payment. 

O'VEE-FEED', r. (. [-FED; -FEED- 
ING.] To feed to excess. 

O'ver-floW, v. t. To flow over ; to 
inundate; to overwhelm. — v. i. 1. 
To run over. 2 To be abundant. 

O'ver-floW (119), n. An inunda- 

_ tion ; also, superabundance. 

O'ver-flow'ing, n. Exuberance ; 
copiousness. 

O'VER-GROW', t*. t. [-GREW ; 

-GROWN; -GROWING.] 1. To cover 
with herbage. 2. To grow beyond. 

— v. i. To grow beyond the fit or 
natural size. 

O'VER-HANG', l\ t. [-HUNG ; -HANG- 
ING.] To hang or project over. 

O'VER-HAUI/, v. t. 1. To examine 
thoroughly with a view to repairs. 
2. To gain upon in a chase ; to over- 
take. 

O'ver-HEAD', a^/f. Aloft; above. 

0'VER-HEAR',e- t. [-HEARD ; -HEAR- 
ING.] To hear by accident. 

Over-joy', o. t. To make excess- 

_ ively joyful. 

O'ver-land', a. Made or performed 
on or across the land. 

OVER-LAY', V. t. [-LAID ; -LAY- 
ING.] To lay over ; to spread over ; 
to cover completely. 

Over-leap', v. t. To leap over. 

O'VER-LEATH'ER, n. Upper-leather 
of a shoe. 

Over-lie', v. t. [-lay; -lain; 
-LYING.] To lie over or upon. [ily. 

Over-load', t\ t. To load too heav- 

O'ver-look', v. t. To look over or 
beyond as from an elevated position ; 
specifically, (a.) To inspect; hence, 
to review. (b.) To neglect; to pass 
by. (c.) To excuse ; to pardon, (</.) 
To look over the shoulder of. 

Over-mas'ter, v. t. To overpower ; 
to subdue. 

Over-match', r. t. To be too pow- 
erful for ; to conquer : to subdue. 

O'VER-matciP. n. One superior in 
_ power : one able to overcome. 

Over-much', adv. In too great a 
degree. — n. More than sufficient. 

Q'VER-NIGHT' (-nit'), n. The night 
following yesterday. — adv. During 
_ the night previous : last night. 

Over-pay', v. t. [-paid: -paying.] 

To pay too much or more than is due. 

O'VER-PLfis, v. [over and Lat. phis.} 

more.] That which X'emains after a 

supply : surplus 

fVVER-POlSE'. v. t. To cut-weigh. 



OVER-POW'ER, v. t. 1. To affect 
with a power that cannot be borne. 

_ 2. To vanquish by force, [overwhelm. 

Over-press', v. t. To crush , to 

Over-prize', v. t. To prize at too 

_ high a rate. [ly. 

Over-rate', v. t. To rate too high- 

Over-REACH', v. t. 1. To reach or 
extend beyond. 2. To get the better 

_ of ; to cheat. 

Over-ride', v. t. [-rode ; -rid- 
den, -RODE, or -RID : -RIDING.] 1. 
To ride beyond the strength of the 
horse. 2. To ride too far, or beyond. 

_ 3. To set aside or annul. 

Over-rule', v. t. 1. To influence or 
control by predominant power. 2. 
To set aside, reject, annul, or rule 
against. 

O'ver-rul'ING, p. a. Exerting su- 
perior and controlling power. 

Syn.— Prevailing; predominant; prev- 
alent. 

O'VER-RUN', V. t. [-RAN ; -RUN ; -RUN- 
NING.] 1. To run or spread over; 
to grow all over. 2. To overcome by 
an invasion. 3. To subdue; to op- 
press. 4. To change the arrangement 
of. as of type, and carry those of one 
line into another. — v. ?'. 1. To run 
over; to overflow. 2. (Print.) To 
extend beyond its due or desired 
length. 

O'VER-SEE', f. t. [-SAW; -SEEN; 
-SEEING.] To superintend ; to over- 
look, [supervisor. 

Over-seer', n. A superintendent : a 

Over-set', v. t. or/, [-set ; -set- 
ting.] To turn on the side, or bot- 
tom upward. [shade. 

O'VER-SHADE', v. t. To cover with 

O'ver-shad'ow, v. t. 1. To throw 
a shadow over ; to overshade. 2. To 
shelter ; to protect. 

O'ver-shoe (-shoo), n. A water- 

_ proof shoe, worn over another. 

OVER-SHOOT', Z\*. [-SHOT; -SHOOT- 
ING.] 1. To shoot beyond, as a 
mai-k. 2. To pass swiftly over. 

Overshot wheel, one which is turned by 
water which shoots over, or flows upon 
the top of it. 

O'ver-sight (o'ver-slt), n. 1. Watch- 
ful care. 2. An overlooking ; omis- 
sion, [or by. 

Over-sleep', v. t. To sleep beyond 

OVER-SPREAD', V. t. [-SPREAD: 
-SPREADING.] 1. To spread, or 
to cover over. 2. To scatter over. 

O'ver-state', v. t. To state in too 
strong terms ; to exaggerate. 

Over-step', t*. t. To step over or 
beyond. 

O'ver-strain', r. t. To strain to ex- 
cess ; to make too violent efforts. 

O'VERT, a. [0. Fr. overt, p. p. of 
ovrir, to open.] 1. Open to view; 
public ; apparent. 2. (Laiv.) Not 
covert : open ; manifest. 

O'VER-TAKE', r. /. [-TOOK; -TAK- 
EN: -taking.] 1. To come up 
with : to catch. 2.. To come upon 
by surprise. [heavy a task on. 

Over-task', v. t. To impose too 

O'VER-THROW', V. t. [-THREW; 



-THROWN ; -throwing.] 1. To 
throw over ; to turn upside down. 2 
To ruin ; to defeat utterly. 
Syn. — See Demolish. 

O'ver-throw' (119), n. State of be- 
ing overturned. 

Syn.— Subversion; ruin; destruction 
defeat; downfall. 

O'VERT-LY, adv. Publicly ; openly. 

O'ver-top', v. t. To exceed in 
height ; to transcend ; to excel. 

O'ver-trade', v. i. To purchase 

_ goods beyond the means of payment. 

O'VERT-URE (53), ft. [0. Fr. See 
Overt.] 1. A proposal ; an offer. 
2. A topic or resolution proposed for 
consideration by a proper person or 
committee. 3. (Mus.) An introduc- 
tory composition, for a full instru- 

_ mental band. 

O'VER-TURN', r. t. 1. To turn or 
throw from a foundation. 2. To 
ruin ; to destroy. 
Syn. — See Demolish. 

O'ver-TURN' (119), n State of beiDg 

_ overturned j overthrow. 

O'VER-VAL'UE, v. t. To value ex- 
cessively. 

Over-ween', v. »'. [See Ween.] 1. 
To be too favorable or flattering in 
one's judgment. 2. To be arrogant 

_ in one's claims. 

O'ver-weigh' (-wa'), v. t. To exceed 

_ in weight ; to outweigh. 

Over- weight' (-waf>, n. 1. Weight 
above what is required. 2. Prepon- 
derance. 

O'VER-WHELM', v. t. 1. To over- 
spread and crush. 2. To immerse 

_ and bear down. 

OVER-WHELM'ING-LY, adv. In a 
manner to overwhelm. 

O'VER-WORK' (-wiirk'), v. i. & t. 
[-WORKED, or -WROUGHT ; 

-working.] To work beyond the 

strength ; to tire. 
0-vig'u-lar, a. [Lat. ovum, an egg.] 

Pertaining to an egg. 
0'VI-DU€T, n. [Lat. ovum, egg, and 

ductus, duct.] A passage for the egg 
_ from the ovary. 
O'vi-form, a. [Lat. ovum, <?gg, and 

forma, form.] Having the form of 

an egg. 
Ovine, a. [Lat. ovinvs ;-oi-is, sheep.] 

Pertaining to, or consisting of, sheep. 
O-VIP'A-ROUS, a. [Lat. oviparvs ; 

ovum, egg. and pnrtre, to bring 

forth.] Producing eggs, from which 

young are hatched. 
O'vi-PO-si'TlON (-po-zish'un), n. 

[Lat. ovum, sin egg. and ponere, posi- 

tvm, to lay.] The laying of eggs, 

especially by insects. 
O'VI-sac," n. [Lat. ovum, egg, and' 

snecus, a sack.] The cavity in an 

ovary which contains the egg. 
O'void, I a. [Lat. ovum, 
0-void'al. ) egg, and Gr. 

eTSos, shape.] Having the^ 

shape of an egg. 
O'vo-LO, n. [Lat. ovum, an 

egg.] A round molding, 

the quarter of a circle. 
O'VULE, n. [Dim. of Lat. Ovoid. 




k, E, 1, 0,0, Y,long; A,E 5 i, 6. 0, y, short; CARE. FAR, Ask; ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM; SON, 



OVUM 



ovum, an egg.] Rudimentary state 
of a seed. 

G'vum, n. ; pi. 6'rX. [Lat.] An egg. 

Owe (5), v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [A.-S. 
agan, to have or possess.] 1. To be 
obliged or bound to pay. 2. To be 
obliged to ascribe to. — v. i. To be 
due to ; to be the result of. 

Owl, n. [A.-S. Hie.] 
A well-known noc- 
turnal carnivorous 
bird. 

Owl'er, n. One who 
conveys contraband 
goods. 

Owi/ET, n. [Dim. of 
oivl.] A little owl; 
also, an owl. Owl. 

Owl'ing, n. The offense of trans- 
porting wool or sheep out of England 
contrary to the statute. 

Owi/ISH, a. Resembling an owl. 

Own, a. [0. Eng. owen, A.-S. agen, 
p. pr. of agan, to possess.] Belong- 
ing to ; peculiar. — v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
1. To have a legal or rightful title 
to. 2. To acknowledge the possession 
of. 3. To avow as one's own. 




Syn.— To have; 
confess. 



possess; recognize; 



Own'er, n. A rightful proprietor. 
Own'er-shxp, n. State of being an 
owner; proprietorship. 



301 

5x, n. ; pi. Sx'bn (Sks'n). [A.-S. oxa, 
ohsa.] A castrated male of the bo- 
vine genus of quadrupeds. 

OX-Xi/I€, a. j [Ur. b£a\C<;, a sort of 
sor>el, from6£vs, sharp.] Pertaining 
to sorrel. 

5x'I-DATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
convert into an oxide, as metals, &c. 

Ox'i-da'tion, n. Operation of con- 
verting into an oxide. 

Ox'Ide. n. [See p. xx, § 161.] A com- 
pound of oxygen and a base desti- 
tute of acid and salifying proper- 
ties. 

B3*- This word has been variously writ- 
ten oxide, oxi/d, oxi/de, and oxid. It was 
at first spelled oxide, the first syllable of 
Fr. oxj/gene, being prefixed to the last 
syllable of ucide, to denote a substance, 
not acid, formed by the combination of 
some simple body with oxygen. 

Ox'ID-TZE, v. t. [-ED;-ING.] To 
convert into an oxide ; to oxidate. 

5x'Y-GEN, 11. [Gr. ofvs, sharp, acid, 
and yeveiv, to generate ; — as it was 
orig. supposed to be an essential part 
of every acid.] A gaseous element, 
which forms about 22 per cent, of the 
atmosphere. By composition with 
hydrogen L it forms water. 

5x'Y-GEN-ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To cause to combine with oxygen. 

Ox/y-GEN-A'TlON,^. Act orprocess 
of combining with oxygen. 



PAD 

Ox'Y-GEN-fZE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To convert into an oxide. 

Ox-YG'EN-oDs, a. Pertaining to ox* 

„ >«en. 

OX'y-hy'dro-gen, a. Relating ^o a 
combination of oxygen and hydro- 
gen. 

OX'Y-MEL, n. [Gr. ofv^eAi , o£v's, 
acid, and /ute'Ai, honey.] A mixturo 
of yinegar and honey . 

OX'Y-TONE, a. [Gr. 6£vtoi/os ; ofv'j, 
sharp, and tovos, tone.] Having an 
acute sound. — n. 1. An acute sound. 
2. ( Gr. Gram.) A word having the 

_ acute accent on the last syllable. 

O'yer, 11. [Norm. Fr., hearing.] The 
hearing, as of a deed, bond, &c. 

O'YEZ (6'yes), interj. [0. Fr. oye.z^ 
hear ye.] Ilear ; attend ; — a term 
used by criers of courts to secure 
silence and attention before making 
a proclamation. 

OYS'TER, n. [Lat. ostrea, Gr. oarpeov, 
allied to ho-riov, bone.] A mollusk 
having a bivalve shell, much used for 
food. 

Oys'ter-plXnt, it. A plant, the 
root of which, when cooked, resem- 
bles the oyster in taste ; salsify. 

O'ZONE, n. [Gr. o£eiv, to smell, be- 
cause it is attended by a peculiar 
smell.] Oxygen in an active or elec- 
tro-negative state. 



P. 



P(pe) is the twelfth consonant, and 
the sixteenth letter of tbe alpha- 
bet. See Prin. of Pron. §§ 84, 85. 

PAB'U-EAR, a. [Lat. pabularis.] Per- 
taining to, or affording, food. 

Pab'u-lOm, n. [Lat., fr pascere, to 
feed.] 1. Food. 2. Fuel. 

Pace, n. [Lat. passus, orig. a stretch- 
ing out of the feet in walking.] 1. 
A step ; esp., the space between the 
two feet in walking, about 2\ feet. 2. 
Manner of walking ; gait. 3. A mode 
of stepping among horses, in which 
the legs on the same side are lifted 
together, — v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To go ; to walk. 2. To walk slowly. 
8. To move by liftiug the legs on the 
same side together, as a horse ; to 
amble. — v. t. 1. To walk over with 
measured steps. 2. To measure by 
paces. 

Pa'cer, n. One who, or a horse that, 
paces. 

Pa-cha/, or Pa'chA, n. [Fr.] See 
Pasha. [shalic 

pA-CHA'Ll€(-shaw / -), n. Same as Pa- 

PXcH'Y-DERM, n. [Gr. iraxvSepfJios, 
thick-skinned.] A non-ruminant 
hoofed animal, having a thick skin, 
as the elephant, &c. 

PXch'y-derm'a-ToOs, a. Pertaining 
to a pachyderm. 

PA-clF're, a. [Lat. pacificus ; pax, 
pacts, peace, and facere, to make.] 



1. Suited to make peace. 2. Charac- 
terized by peace. 

PA-CIF'T-CA'TION, or PXC'I-FI-CA'- 
tion, n. Act of pacifying; reduc- 
tion to a peaceful state. 

Pa-cif'i-ca'tor, or PXc'i-fi-ca'- 
TOR, n. A peace-maker. 

Pa-cif'i-ca-to-RY (50), a. Tending 
to make peace. 

PXc'l-Fl'ER, n. One who pacifies. 

Pa9'i-fy, v. t. [-ed; -ing, 142.] 
[Lat. pacijicare. See Pacific] 1. 
To appease, as wrath or any violent 
passion. 2. To restore peace to. 

PXck, n. [Cf. Bag.] 1. A bundle or 
bale. 2. A number of connected or 
similar things ; as, (a.) A set of play- 
ing cards, (b.) A number of dogs 
kept for hunting. 3. A large area of 
floating pieces of ice driven together. 
— v. t. [-ed; -ING.] 1. To make 
up into a bundle. 2. To fill or load. 
3. To bring together unfairly, so as 
to attain some unjust end. 4. To 
send off; to dispatch. — v. i. 1. To 
form things into packs. 2. To admit 
of stowage. 3. To unite in bad meas- 
ures. 4. To depart in haste. 

PXck'agE,«. 1. A bundle ; a pack- 
et ; a bale. 2. A charge for packing 
goods. 

PXck'et, n. [See PACK.] 1. A small 
pack. 2. A vessel for conveying dis- 
patches and passengers or goods. — 



v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To ply in a pack- 
et. 

PXck'ET-shIp, n. A ship that sails 
regularly between distant countries 
for the conveyance of dispatches, 
letters, passengers, &c. 

PXck'-horse, n. A horse to carry 
packs or burdens. 

PXCK'-MAN (150), n. A peddler. 

PXck'-sXd'dle, n. A saddle on 
which packs are borne. 

PXck'-stAff, ii. A staff on which a 
traveler supports his pack, [parcels. 

PXcK'-thread, n. Twine to tie up 

PXck'wXx, n. A large tendon in the 
neck of an animal. 

PXct, n. [Lat. pactum.] An agree- 
ment ; a compact ; a covenant. 

PXCTION-AL, a. By way of agree- 
ment. 

Pac-ti'tioDs (-tish'us), a. [See 
Pact.] Settled by agreement. 

PXd, n. [A.-S. pad, padh. See 
Path.] 1. A foot-path. 2. An 
easy ^j,ced horse. 3. A highway- 
man. 4. [Prob. allied to Eng. wad.] 
Any thing flattened or laid flat. 5. 
A package of blotting paper. 6. A 
soft, stuffed saddle, cushion, or bol- 
ster. — v.t. [-ded; -ding.] 1. To 
travel ; to tread. 2. To tread or 
ifeat smooth or level. 3. To stuff 
with padding. — v. i. 1. To travel 
slowly. 2. To rob on foot. 



OR, DO.WQLF,TOb,TCTbK; Orn, rue, PULL ; E, z, O, silent ; c,G,sq/i; €,&,hard; AS; EXIST; n.<wng; this- 



1 
I 



PADDING 



302 



PALINDROME 



PXd'ding, n. 1. Act of making a 
pad. 2. Material with which a sad- 
dle, &c, is stuffed. 

Pad'DLE, v. i. [Dim. of pari, to go.] 
1. To beat water with the hands or 
feet. 2. To propel a boat with a 
paddle, — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
propel by an oar or paddle. — n. [See 
supra.] 1. A sort of short oar. 2. 
Blade of an oar or weapon. 3. One 
of the broad boards at the circum- 
ference of a water-wheel. 

PXD'DLE-WHEEL,n. A water-wheel 
used in propelling steamboats. 

Pad'dock, n. 1. [Augm. of A.-S. 
padde, frog, toad.] A large toad or 
frog. 2. [Corrupt, fr. parrock.] A 
small inclosure under pasture. 

Pad'DY, n. [From St. Patrick, the 
tutelar saint of Ireland.] An Irish- 
man ; — in joke or contempt. 

PXd'lock, n. [Prob. because it was 
originally a lock for a gate opening to 
a pad or path.] A lock having a sem- 
icircular link jointed at one end. — 
v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To fasten with 
a padlock ; to shut ; to confine. 

PXD'u-A-soY'(or pad'u-soi), n. [Prob. 
from Padua, in Italy, and Fr. soie, 
silk.] A kind of silk stuff. 

P.S/AN, n. [Lat., from Gr. Traiav, a 
hymn, orig. in honor of Ilcudi/, or 
Apollo.] A loud and joyous song; 
a song of triumph. 

Pje'o-ny, n. See PEONY. 

PA'GAN, n. [Lat. paganus, a coun- 
tryman, villager.] One who wor- 
ships false gods. 

Syn. — Gentile ; heathen ; idolater. — 

— Gentile was applied to the other na- 
tions of the earth as opposed to the Jews'. 
Pagan was the name given to idolaters 
in the early Christian church, because 
the villager,*, being most remote from the 
centers of instruction, remained for a 
long time unconverted. Heathen has 
the same origin. Pagan is now more 
properly applied tc rude and uncivilized 
idolaters, while heathen embraces all 
who practice idolatry. 

— a. Pertaining to the worship or 
worshipers of false gods ; heathen ; 
heathenish. 

pA'GAN-tgM, n. Heathenism. 

PA'GAN-IZE, V. t. [-EDJ-ING.] To 

render pagan or heathenish. 

PAGE, n. 1. [L. Lat. pagius, fr. Gr. 
naiSiov, dim. of 7rat?, a boy, servant.] 
A youthful attendant on a great 
person, or a legislative body. 2. A 
contrivance to hold up the skirt of a 
lady's dress. 3. [Lat. pagina, from 
Lat. pagere, to fasten, compose.] 
One side of a leaf. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To number the pages of. 

PXg'eant (paj'ant or pa'jant), «. 
[Prob. fr. A.-S. p&ceand, deceiving, 
as by false appearances.] jl. Some- 
thing showy, without stability. 2. 
A spectacle or pompous exhibition. 

PAG'EANT-RY (paj'ant- or pa'jant-), 
n. Pompous exhibition or specta- 
cle ; show. 

PAG'l-NAL,a. [See PAGE.] Consist- 
ing of pages. 

PA'GING, n. The marking of the pages 
of a book. 




Pagoda. 



!PA-g6'DA, «.[Hind. 
butkadah, a house 
of idols.] An East- 
ern temple in 
which idols are 
worshiped. 

PAIL, ii. [L. Ger. 
balje, D. balie.] An 
open vessel for wa- 
ter, milk, &c. 

Pain, n. [Lat. pee- 
na, Gr. nowr).] ]. Punishment suf- 
fered or denounced. 2. Sensation of 
uneasiness ; bodily distress ; suffer- 
ing. 3. Mental distress. 4. Labor ; 
toilsome effort ; chiefly in the plural, 
rag- Pains, as used in this sense, al- 
though really in the plural, is commonly 
used as a singular noun. 

— v. t. [-ed; -ING.] To afflict or 
render uneasy in body or mind. 

Syn.— To trouble; distress; torment. 

PAIN'FUL.a. 1. Full of pain ; occa- 
sioning distress. 2. Requiring labor; 
difficult. [ner. 

Pain'ful-ly, adv. In a painful man- 

PAin'ful-ness, n. Uneasiness or 
distress. 

PAI'NIM (pa'nim), n. [Norm. Fr. pay- 
nim, fr. Lat. paganus. See PAGAN.] 
A pagan ; an infidel. 

Pain'eess, a. Free from pain or 
trouble. [ n . 4. 

PAlNg. n. Care ; trouble. See Pain, 

Pain§'tak-ing, a. Sparing no pains. 

— n. Careful and conscientious ex- 
ertion. 

PAINT, n. 1. Coloring matter used in 
painting ; pigment. 2. A cosmetic. — 
v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Fr. peindre, 
peint, fr. Lat. pingere, pictum.] 1. 
To apply paint to : to color. 2. To 
represent by means of colors. 3. To 
describe vividly ; to delineate. 
Syn.— To color; picture; portray. 

— ». t. 1. To practice painting. 2. 
To color one's face. 

Paint'er, n. 1. One whose occupa- 
tion is to paint. 2. [Cf. Ir. painteir, 
a net, snare, painte, a lace, cord.] A 
rope to fasten a boat. 

Paint'ing, n. 1. Act of laying on 
colors. 2. Art of representing ob- 
jects by means of colors ; also, vivid 
description. 3. A painted picture. 

PAIR (4), n. [Lat. par, from par, a., 
equal.] Two things of a kind, simi- 
lar in form, suited to each other, or 
used together ; a couple ; a brace. 

— v.i. [-ED;-ING.] 1. Tobe joined 
in pairs ; to couple. 2. To suit. 

To pair off, to make an arrangement 
with one of an opposite opinion by 
which votes, &c, of both are withheld. 

Pal'ACE, n. [Lat. palatium, fr. Pala- 
tium, a hill in Rome, on which Au- 
gustus had his residence.] A mag- 
nificent house for an emperor, a 
king, &c. 

Pal'a-d'i'n, n. [L. L&t.palatinus; pal- 
atium, palace.] An eminent knight. 

PXL/AN-KEEN' j (-ken'), n. [Javan. 

PXl'AN-QUIN' I palangki, Hind. 
palkt.] A covered carriage used in 
the East, borne on men's shoulders. I 



PXl'A-ta-ble, a. Agreeable to the 
palate or taste ; savory. 

PXl'a-tal, a. Pertaining to, or ut- 
tered by the aid of, the palate. — n. 
A letter pronounced by the aid of 
the palate. 

PAl'ATE,/i. [Lat. palatum.] 1. The 
roof of the mouth. 2. Relish ; taste. 
3. Mental relish. 

Pa-la'Tial, a. Pertaining to, or be- 
coming, a palace. [atine. 

Pa-laT'i-nate, n. Province of a pal- 

PAL'A-TlNE, a. 1. [Lat. palatinus, fr. 
palatium, palace.] Pertaining to a 
palace, or to a high officer of a palace. 
2. Pertaining to the palate. — n. A 
count possessing rojal jurisdiction. 

PA-LA'VER, n. [Sp. palabra, a word, 
from Gr. 7rapaj8oArj, a comparison, a 
parable.] 1. Idle talk ; flattery. 2. 
A conference. — v. 1. or v. i. [-ed ; 
-ING.] To use idle, deceitful talk. 

Pale, a. [-er ; -est.] [Fr. pale, 
Lat. pallidus.] Not ruddy or fresh 
of color ; dusky white. — v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To turn pale. — n [A.-S., 
fr. Lat. palus.] 1. A pointed stake ; 
a picket. 2. An inclosing boundary ; 
a fence. 3. An inclosure ; a limited 
territory. 4. One of the greater or- 
dinaries. — v. t. To inclose with 
pales or stakes. [freshly. 

PALE'LY (109), adv. Wanly ; not 

Pale'ness, v. Quality or state of be- 
jng pale ; defect of color ; wanness. 

PA'LE-6g'RA-PHY,71. [Gr. TraAaios, 
ancient, and ypdtfiav, to write.] 1. 
An ancient manner of writing. 2. 
The deciphering of ancient docu- 
ments, [with paleology. 

PA/LE-OL'O-GIST, n. One conversant 

PA'LE-OL'O-GY, n. [Gr. TraAaios, an- 
cient, and Aoyo?, discourse.] A dis- 
course or treatise on antiquities. 

PA'LE-ON-TOL'O-GY, n. [Gr. TraAaio?, 
ancient, ovxa, beings, and Ao-yos, dis- 
course.] The science of fossil or- 
ganic remains. 

Pa-les'TrA, n. [Gr. naXaiarpa, from 
fl-aAaieiv, to wrestle.] (Antiq.) (a.) 
A wrestling, (b.) Place of wrestling. 

PA-LES'TRI-AN, I a. Relating to the 

Pa-les'TRI€, J exercise of wrest- 
ling. 

Pal'ette, n. [Fr.] 
A thin oval tablet, 
on which a paint- 
er mixes his pig- ( & 4 .j*-?/^* 
ments. 

Pal'frey (pawF- 
fry), n. [Lat. par- 
aver edus, a horse 
for extraordinary occasions, from Gr. 
•napa., along, beside, and Lat. veredus, 
a post-horse.] 1. A saddle-horse for 
the road. 2. A small horse for ladies. 

PA-LiL'O-GY, n. [Gr. TraKiWoyia; 
irdAij/, again, and Aoyos, speech.^ 
Repetition of a word, &c, for greater 
energy. 

PXl'IMP-SEST (84), n. [Gr. TraKi^-n- 
<rros, scratched or scraped again.] A 
manuscript written upon twice, the 
first writing having been erased. 

PXL'IN-DROME , n. [Gr. TroAiVopo^os 




£, e, i.6,xJ,Y,long; i,E,I, 6, 0,¥, short; care, far, Ask, all, what; ere, veil, tekm; pique, firm; s6n, 



PALING 



303 



PANIC 



running back again.] A word, verse, 
or sentence, that is the same when 
read backward or forward. 

PAL'ING, n. Pales in general ; a fence 
of pales. 

Pal/I-sade', n. [L. Lat. palissata ; 
Lat. palus, a stake, pale.] A strong, 
sharp stake, one end of which is set 
firmly in the ground ; also, a fence 
formed of such stakes. 

Pal/ISH, a. Somewhat pale. 

Pall, (pawl), n. [Lat. pallium.] 1. 
'A cloak ; a mantle. 2. A consecrated 
vestment in the form of a scarf. 3. 
A large, black cloth thrown over a 
coffin. — v. t. To cloak ; to cover or 
invest. — v.?'. [-ED;-ING.] [0. Fr. 
pale, palle, pale, wan.] To become 
vapid or insipid. 

Pal-la'di-Dm, n. [Lat. ; Gr. LTcuUa- 
Sioi/, fr. ILxAAds, Pallas.] 1. A statue 
of Pallas, on the preservation of 
which depended the safety of Troy. 
2. Something that affords effectual 
defense. 3. A certain metal. 

Pal'let, n. [Dim. of Lat. pala, a 
shovel] 1. A palette. 2. A wooden 
instrument used by potters, Sfc. 3. 
A lever connected with the pendulum 
of a clock, or the balance of a watch, 
&c. 4. [From Lat. palea, chaff.] A 
small, rude bed. 

PXL'LI-ATE, v. t. [-ED; -ING,] [L. 
Lat. palliate, -atum, to clothe, cover ; 
pallium, a cloak, mantle.] To cover 
with excuse ; to soften by favorable 
representations. 

Syn. — To extenuate. —"We extenuate 
a crime when we endeavor to show that 
it is less than has been supposed ; we pal- 
liate a crime when we endeavor to cover 
or conceal its enormity, at least in part. 

PXl'li-A'tion, n. Concealment or 
extenuation of the most flagrant cir- 
cumstances of an offense. 

Pal'li-a-Tlve, a. 1. Serving to ex- 
tenuate ; palliating. 2. Relieving, as 
pain. — n. That which extenuates. 

PXl'lid, a. [Lat. pallidas.] Pale ; 
wan. [ness. 

PXl'lid-ness, n. Paleness; wan- 

Pall-mall' (pel-mel'), n. [0. Fr. 
palemail, from It. palla, a ball, and 
mail, fr. Lat. malleus, a mallet.] An 
old game in which a ball was driven 
with a mallet through an arch. 

Pal'lor, n. [Lat] Paleness. 

Palm (pam), n. [Lat. palma, Gr. 
7raAaju.tj.] 1. Inner part of the hand. 
2. A hand's breadth; a measure of 
length equal to 4 or sometimes to 3 
inches. 3. Broad part of the horns 
of a deer. 4. An instrument to force 
a needle through canvas. 5. A per- 
ennial endogenous tree. 6. A token 
of success or triumph. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To conceal in the hand. 
2. To impose by fraud. 

PXl'MAR, ) a. [Lat. palmaris, from 

PXl'ma-ry, I palma, palm of the 
hand.] Having the breadth of a palm. 

PXl'ma-ry, a. Worthy of the palm ; 
palmy ; chief. 

PXl'mate, )a. [Lat. palmatus, fr. 

Pal'ma-TED, J palma, palm of the 




Palmetto. 



hand.] Having the shape of the 
hand, with the fingers spread. 

Palm'er (piim'er), n. One who bore 
a branch of palm in token of having 
visited the Holy Land. 

Pal-met'TO, n. [Dim. 
of Lat. palma, a 
palm.] A species of 
palm-tree. 

Pal-mif'er-oOs, o. 
[Lat. palmifer; pal- 
ma, a palm, and/er- 
re, to bear.] Bearing 
palms. 

PXl'mi-PED, a. [Lat. 
palmipes, -pedis, 

broad-footed ; palma, 
palm of the hand, 
and pes, a foot.] Web-footed. 

PXl'mis-ter, n. [Lat. palma, palm 
of the hand.] One who practices 
palmistry. 

PXl'mis-try, n. [See supra.} Art of 
telling fortunes by the lines in the 
palm of the hand. 

Palm'-SGn'day (pam'sun'dy),n. The 
Suuday next before Easter. See Mat- 
thew, xxi. 8. 

Palm'y (p&m'y-), a. Worthy of the 
palm ; flourishing ; prosperous. 

PXl'pa-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being 
palpable. 

PXl'PA-BLE , a. [Lat. palpabilis, fr. 
palpare, to stroke.] 1. Capable of 
being felt. 2. Plain ; obvious. 

PXl'pa-ble-ness, n. Quality of be- 
ing palpable. [ner ; plainly. 

PXl'PA-BLY, adv. In a palpable man- 

PAL-PA'TION, n. [See PALPABLE.] 
Act of touching or feeling. 

PXl'PE-braL, a. [Lat. palpebralis ; 
palpebra, an eyelid.] Pertaining to 
the eyebrow. [brows. 

PAL'PE-Bjious,ra. Having large eye- 

PXl'PI-TATE, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
palpitare, -latum, intensive form of 
palpare. See PALPABLE.] To beat 
rapidly and excitedly, as the heart ; 
to throbj to flutter. 

PXl'pi-ta'tion, n. A violent, irreg- 
ular beating of the heart. 

Pals'grave (pawlz'-)n. [Ger. pfalz- 
graf, from pfalz, palace, and graf, a 
count.] A count who has the super- 
intendence of the king's palace. 

Pals/GRA-vine', n. Consort of a 
palsgrave. [paralytic. 

Pal'§P£-al, a. Affected with palsy; 

PAL'§IED (pawl'zid), p. a. Affected 
with palsy. 

PAL'gY, n. [Contr. fr. paralysis.] Par- 
alysis. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] To 



Pal'ter, v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] [See 
Paltry.] To act insincerely ; to 
trifle ; to haggle. [try. 

Pal'TRI-ness, n. State of being pal- 

Pal'try, a. [-er ; -est, 142.] [L. 
Ger. paltrig, ragged.] Destitute of 
worth ; characterized by meanness. 
Syn. — See Contemptible. 

PA-Lfi'DAL, a. [Lat. palus, paludis, 
a marsh.] Pertaining to marshes ; 
marshy. 

PAL'Y,a. [From pale, a.] Pale. [Poet.] 



Pa-na'da, 
Pa-nade', 
Pa-na'do, 
Pan'cake 



PXm'per, V. t. [-EP . -ING.] [0. Fr. 
pamprer, to cover with vine-leaver; 
hence, to nurse into luxuriant 
growth.] To feed to the full ; to glut. 

PXM'PHLET, n. [0. Fr. palme, palm 
of the hand, and fueillet, a leaf; or 
from Lat. pagina Jilala, a threaded 
page.] A sheet, or a few sheets, of 
paper, stitched together, but not 
bound. [pamphlets. 

Pam'phlet-eer', n. A writer of 

PXN,n. [ A.-S. panne.] 1. A shallow, 
open dish or vessel. 2. Part of a 
flint-lock to hold the primiug. 3. 
Hard stratum of earth below the soil. 

PXN'A-CE'A, n. [Gr. 7rai>diceia; nava- 
kijs, all -healing.] A remedy for all 
diseases. 

n. [Lat. panis, bread.] 
Bread boiled in water 
and sweetened. 
n. A thin cake fried in a 
pan or baked on a griddle. 

PXn'€RE-as, or Pan'cre-as, n. [Gr. 
Trdy/cpeas ; nav, all, and Kpe'as, flesh.] 
A gland in the abdomen, beneath 
the stomach ; the sweetbread. 

PXn^re-Xt'K:, a. Pertaining to the 
pancreas. [ing to Pan. 

Pan-de'an, a. [From Pan.] Relat- 

PaN'DE€T, n. [Gr. rravSeKT-qs, all- 
receiving, all-containing.] 1. A trea- 
tise containing the whole of any 
science. 2. pi. The digested code of 
Roman civil law of Justinian. 

PXN'DE-MO'NI-tJM, n. [Gr. was, nav, 
all, and Saiixuiv, demon.] Council- 
chamber of demons or evil spirits. 

PXn'der, n. [From Pandarus, who 
procured for Troilus the love of Chry- 
seis.] 1. A pimp ; a procurer. 2. 
A minister to the evil passions of an- 
other. — v. «. [-ed;-ing.] To pro. 
cure the gratification of the lust of. 
— v. i. To minister to the lusts or 
passions of others. 

Pan-dore', or PAN'DORE,n. [See 
Bandore.] An instrument of mu- 
sic of the lute kind. 

Pane,w. [Lat. pannus, a cloth, fil- 
let.] 1. Distinct patch or compart- 
ment. 2. Square plate of glass. 

PAN'E-GYR'I€, n. [Gr. navr^yvpLKo?, 
sc. Aoyos-] An oration in praise of 
some person or achievement ; en- 
comium ; eulogy. 
Syn.— See Eulogy. 

PXn'e-gyr'I€, ) a. Containing 

PAN'E-GYR're-AL, j praise; enco- 
miastic. [To praise highly. 

PXn'e-gy-rize, v. t. [-ed : -ing.] 

PXn'el, n. [0. Fr., dim. of pan, 
skirt, side. See Pane.] 1. A com- 
partment, as in doors, &c. 2. A 
thin board on which a picture ia 
painted. 3. A schedule of the names 
of persons summoned as jurors; 
hence, the whole jury. — v.t. [-ED, 
-ING ; or -LED, -LING, 137.] To 
form with panels. 

PXng, n. [Cf. A.-S. pyngan, to prick.] 
A momentary and violent pain. 

PXN're, a. [Gr. iraviKos, belonging to 
Pan, because a sudden fright was 
ascribed to Pan.] Extreme, sudden, 



OR, do, wolf, TOO, TOOK, j Orn,RUE, PVLL ; E, I, O, silent ; C, G, soft; -e, G, hard; A£; E£IST; N. as NG; THIS. 



PANIC-GRASS 



804 



PARAFFINE 



and causeless ; — said of fright. — n. 
A sudden fright without real or 
sufficient cause. 

PXn'I€-grAss, n. A plant ; oatmeal. 

PXn'i-€LE, n. [Lat. panicula, a tuft 
on plants.] A form of inflorescence, 
as in oats. 

Pan-nade', n. [0. Fr., fr. pannader, 
to prance.] The curvet of a horse. 

PXn'NIER (pSn'yer or pan'ni-er), n. 
[Lat. panarium, a bread basket.] A 
wicker-basket for carrying fruit, &c. , 
on a horse. 

PXn'O-PLY, n. [Gr. ttovottKU ; nas, 
irdv, all, and onvVov, tool, arms.] A 
full suit of defensive armor. 

PXn'o-ra'mA, or PXn'o-ra'mA, n. 
[Gr. 7ra?, Trai>, all. and opafxa, a view.] 
1. A complete view. 2. A picture 
unrolled and made to pass contin- 
uously before the spectator. 

PXn'O-rXm'ic, ) a. Pertaining to, 

PXn'o-rXm'k:-AL, j or resembling, 
a panorama. 

PXn'sy, n. [Fr. pensee, thought, 
pansy.] A plant and flower; the 
garden violet. 

Pant, v. i. [-eb; -ing.] [Cf. W. 
pantu, to depress, pant, a depres- 
sion.] 1. To bi-eathe quickly ; to 
gasp. 2. To be overpowered with 
eagerness or longing. 3. To throb, 
as the heart, in terror, &c. — n. 1. 
A quick breathing. 2. A violent 
palpitation. 

PXn'ta-lets', n. pi. [Dim. of panta- 
loons.] Loose drawers worn by chil- 
dren and women ; or the lower part 
of such a garment, often made in 
separate pieces. 

PXN'TA-LOONS'jTt.pZ. [Fromlt. Pan- 
talone, a masked character in the 
Italian comedy, who wore breeches 
and stockings that were all of one 
piece.] Long, loose coverings for the 
legs reaching from the waist to the 
heel ; trousers. 

PXn'THE-Ism, n. [Gr. iras, ndv, all, 
and Oeos, ^god.] The doctrine that 
the universe is God. [pantheism. 

PXn'the-Ist, n One who holds to 

PXn'THE-IST'KJ, \ a. Pertaining 

PXn'the-ist'I€-al, J to, or found- 
ed in, pantheism. 

Pan-the'on, or PXn'THE-on, n. 
[Gr. na.vdet.ov, also trdvOeov, fr. ttol<;, 
nav, all, and deos, a god.] A temple 
dedicated to all the gods. 

IXn'ther, n. [Gr. 
ndv&rjp. Cf. Skr. 
pundarika, a 

leopard.] 1. A 
fierce, dark-col- 
ored variety of Panther. 
the leopard. 2. The American tiger, 
a feline mammal of several species. 

Pan-to'fle (-tdb'fl), n. [Upper Ger. 
band-tafel, a wooden sole (tafel) with 
a leather string (band) to put the 
foot through.] A slipper for the foot. 

PXN'TO-GRAPH, n. [Gr. Tras,navT6<;, 
all, and ypa^etv, to write.] An in- 
strument for copying on the same, 
or a different scale. 

PXn-TO-mTme, n. [Gr. 7rair6p.tu,o$, 




lit. all-imitating.] 1. One who acts 
his part by mute gesticulation. 2. 
A theatrical eutertainment given in 
dumb show. 

PXN'TO-MfM'IC, ) a. Representing 

PXN'TO-MlM'l€-AL, J characters and 
actions by dumb show. 

PXn'TRY, "n. [From Lat. panis, bread.] 
An apartment in which provisions 
are kept. 

PXP, n. 1. [Cf. Lat. papilla.] A nip- 
ple ; a teat 2. [D. pap, Lat. papa, 
pappa.] Soft food for infants ; hence, 
nourishment; support. [children. 

Pa-pa', n. Father ; — a word used by 

Pa'PA-^Y, n. [L. Lat. papatia, from 
Lat. papa, a father, a bishop, the 
pope.] Office of the pope ; papal 
authority or jurisdiction. [ish. 

PA'PAL,_a. Relating to the pope ; pop- 

Pa'pal-ize, v. t. or i. [-ed; -ing.] 
To conform to popery. 

Pa-pXv'ER-oOs, a. [Lat. papavereus ; 
papaver, the poppy.] Resembling 
the poppy. 

Pa-pa W, n. [Malay, papaya.] A tree 
and its fruit, of warm countries. 

PA'PER, n. [From papyrus. See PA- 
PYRUS.] 1. A substance to be writ- 
ten or printed on, to be used in wrap- 
ping, &c. 2. A single sheet or piece 
of such substance. 3. A printed or 
written instrument. 4. A newspa- 
per; a journal. 5. Notes; bills of 
exchange. — v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To cover with paper. 2. To inclose 
in paper. 

Pa'per-hXng'ings, n. pi. Paper 
ornamented with figures for covering 
walls. [pap. 

PA-pes'^ENT, a. Containing, or like, 

PAPIER-MACHt: (pap'ya-ma'shii), 
n. [Fr. ; lit., chewed or mashed pa- 
per.] A hard substance made of a 
pulp from rags or paper. 

PA-Pfl/lo-NA'CEOUS, a. [Lat. pa- 
pilio, a butterfly.] Resembling the 
butterfly. 

Pa-pil'la, n. ; pi. pa-pYl'lje. 
[Lat.] A minute elevation of the 
surface of the skin or tongue, &c. 

PXp'IL-LA-RY. 1 a. Pertaining 

PXp'il-lose' (125), J to, or resem- 
bling, the nipples or the papillae. 

PXP'IL-LOTE, n. [Fr. , either fr. pa- 
pier, paper, or fr. papillon, butterfly. 
on account of their resemblance to a 
butterfly.] A paper on which ladies 
roll up their hair. 

PA'PlsT,n. [See POPE.] A Roman 
Catholic; — an opprobrious term. 

Pa-pIst'I€, 1 a. Pertaining to 

PA-pfsT're-AL, j popery ; popish. 

Pa'pisT-ry, n. Popery. 

Papoose', > n. An Indian babe or 

Pap-poose', J young child. 

Pap-pose', ) a. [Lat. pappus, a woolly 

PXP'POUS, ) or hairy seed.] Downy, 
as the seeds of certain plants. 

PA-PY'RUS, n. ; pi. PA-PY'RI. [Lat. ; 
Gr. 7ra7rvpos.] A reed from which 
the ancients made a sort of paper. 

PAR, n. [Lat. par, equal.] 1. State 
of equality ; value expressed in the 
words of any certificate of value. 2. 



Equality of condition or circum- 
stances. 

PXr'a-BLE, n. [Gr. -rrapafioXr), a com- 
parison.] An allegory from which a 
moral is drawn. 

PA-rXB'O-lA, n. ; pi. PA- 
rXb'o-lAs. [N. Lat.; — 
because its axis is parallel 
to the side of the cone. See 
supra.] The section of a 
cone made by cutting it 
with a plane parallel to one PaTabo- 
of its sides. la. 

PXr'a-bol'ig, 1 a. 1. Expressed 

PXr/a-bol'I€-al, ) by parable. 2. 
Having the form or nature of a par- 
abola. 

PA-RXB'O-LOID, n. [Gr. napafiokr, , 
parabola, and elSos, form.] The solid 
generated by the rotation of a para- 
bola about its axis. 

PXr/A-?EN'TRI€, la. [Gr. Trapd, 

Par'a-^en'trio-al, ) beside, be- 
yond, and Kevrpov, center.] Deviat- 
ing from circularity. 

Pa-rX€H'ro-nIsm, n. [Gr. napd, be- 
yond, and xpopos, time.] An error 
in chronology, by which a date is 
made later than it really was. 

PXr'A-^hute (-shut, 
110), n." [Fr.,from 
parer, to ward off, 
and chute, a fall.] A 
contrivance some- 
what like an um- 
brella, to prevent a 
too rapid descent 
from a balloon. 

PAr'a-clete, n. [Gr. 

Trapa/cAijTO?, fr. irap- 
aKakelv, to exhort, encourage.] The 
Comforter or Intercessor ; — applied 
to the Holy Spirit. 

PA-rade', n. [Lat. parare, paratum, 
to provide.] 1. Pompous exhibition. 
2. Military display ; also, the place 
where such display is held. 

Syn. — Ostentation. — Parade is a 
pompous exhibition of things for the 
purpose of display ; ostentation now gen- 
erally indicates a parade of virtues or 
other qualities for which one expects to 
be honored. 

— v.t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To show 
off. 2. To assemble and array in 
military order. 

PXr'A-digm (-dim), n. [Gr. vapd- 
8eiyv.a, fr. irapadeiKvvvat., to set up 
as an example.] An example of a 
word, as a verb, noun, &c, conju- 
gated, declined, compared, &c. 

PXR'A-BISE, n. [Gr. irapaSeiaos, fr. 
Skr. parade sa, a foreign land, the 
most beautiful land.] 1. The gar- 
den of Eden. 2. A place of bliss. 3. 
Heaven. 

PXr'a-di-sT'ac-ae, a. Pertaining to 
paradise, or to a place of felicity. 

PXR'A-DOX,n. [Gr. napaSot-ov ; trapd, 
beside, contrary to, and Sotja, opin- 
ion.] A proposition seemingly ab- 
surd, yet true in fact. 

PXR'A-i>6x'l€-AL,a. Having the na- 
ture of a paradox, [doxical manner. 

PXr'a-dox'ic- al-ly, adv. In a para- 

PXr'AF-FINE, n. [Lat. parurn, too 




Parachute. 



I, e, i, OjU,y, long; A, £,1,5, tf, y, short; cAre, far, ask, ale, what; ere, veil, term^ pique, fIrm; s6n, 



PARAGOGE 



305 



PARIAN 



little, and affinis, akin.] A •white, 
translucent substance used for mak- 
ing candles. It has its name from its 
resistance to chemical action. 

PAR'A-GO'GE,n. [Gr. napayoiyrj , fr . 
irapdyeiu, to protract.] Addition of 
a letter or syllable to the end of a 
word. 

PXr'A-Gog'IC, 1 a. Pertaining to, 

Par/a-g6g'I€-al, J or constituting, 
a paragoge. 

PXr'A-GON, n. [Sp. paragon, from 
para con, in comparison with.] A 
model or pattern by way of distinc- 
tion, implying superior excellence. 

PXr'A-GRAPH, n. [Gr. 7rapaypa$o? , 
(sc. yfiant.fj.rf), a stroke drawn in the 
margin.] 1. A character [IF], used 
as a reference, or to mark a division. 
2. A portion of a writing relating to 
a particular point. 3. A notice or 
brief remark, as in a newspaper. 

PXr'A-graph'ic, a. Consisting of 
paragraphs. 

PXr'al-lao'TIC, ) a. Pertaining 

PXr'al-lXg'tic-al, / to the paral- 
lax of a heavenly body. 

PXr'AL-lAx, n. [Gr. 7rapdAAa£cs, fr. 
irapa\\a.<r<reiv , to alter a little.] Dif- 
ference between the position of a 
body as seen from the earth's sur- 
face, and its position as seen from 
some other conventional point. 

Par'al-lel, a. [Gr. 7ra.paAA7jA.os ; 

irapd, beside, ■ 

andaAAjjAajj/.of ' — 

one another.] Parallel lines. 

1. Equally distant in all parts. 2. 
Having the same direction or tenden- 
cy. 3. Continuing a resemblance 
through many particulars. — n. 1. 
A line equidistant in all its parts 
from another. 2. A circle on a globe, 
marking latitude. 3. Resemblance ; 
likeuess. 4. A comparison made. 5. 
Counterpart. 6. A wide trench be- 
tween batteries and approaches. 7. 
A sign of reference (thus, ||). — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING, 137.] 1. To cause to 
be parallel. 2. To resemble in all 
essential points. 

PXr'al-lel-is_m, n. State of being 
parallel ; comparison ; resemblance. 

PAR'AL-LEL'O-GRAM, n. [Gr. napaX- 

\rf\6ypafjLfjiov, fr. / 7 

TrapaAAT/Ao?, paral- / / 



lei, and ypa.fj.fj.rf, a 
stroke, line.] A 



Parallelogram. 



:j 



Parallelo- 
piped. 



right-lined quadri 
lateral figure, whose opposite sides 
are parallel. 
PXr'al-lel'o-pi'ped, 

n. [Gr. TrapaAXrjAeTrt- 
7reSov, fr. 7ra.paAA.TjA0?, 
parallel, and eirLireSou, 
a plane surface.] A reg- 
ular solid, the faces of 
which are six parallelograms. 

PXr'al-lel'opip'e-don (110), n. A 
parallelopiped. 

PA-rXl'0-gi§m, n. [Gr. 7rapaAoyi<r- 
(j.6s; irapoXoyL&o-Qoj. , to reason false- 
ly.] A reasoning which is false in 
point of form. 

Pa-rXl'o-gy, n. False reasoning. 



PA-RAL'Y-sTs, n. [Gr. 7rap<xAuo-i? ; 

irapaXveiv, to loosen, disable at the 
side.] Loss of voluntary motion, 
with or without that of sensation, in 
any part of the body ; pals v. 

PAR'A-LYT'ie, a. Affected with pa- 
ralysis. — n. One who has the palsy. 

PXR'A-LVZE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
affect with paralysis ; to palsy. 

PXR'A-MOUNT (liO), a. [0. Fr. para- 
motit, above, fr. par, through, thor- 
oughly, and amont, upward.] Supe- 
rior to all others •, of highest rank. 

Syx. — Principal ; pre-eminent; chief. 
— n. Highest in rank or order ; chief. 

Par'a-mour, n. [Ev.par amour, i. e., 
by or with love.] A lover of either 
sex; a wooer or a mistress; — in a 
bad sense. 

PXr'a-NYMPH, n. [Gr. Trapdvu^os ; 
7rapa, beside, and vufxtprj, a bride.] A 
brideman or bridemaid. 

PXR'A-PET, n. [It. parnpetlo, from 
parare, to ward off, and petto, the 
breast.] A wall or rampart for de- 
fense ; a breast-work. 

Par'a-pher-na'li-a, n. pi. [Gr. 
7ro.pd<j}epva ; irapa., beyond, and <f>ep- 
vrf, dowry.] 1., Goods of a wife be- 
3 ond her dowry. 2. Ornaments ; 
trappings. 

PXr'a-phrase, n. [Gr. 7rapd#pao-<.?, 
from irapd, beside, and <f>pd^eiv, to 
speak.] A re-statement of a text, or 
passage in other words. — v.t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To explain, interpret, or 
translate with latitude. — v. i. To 
interpret or explain amply. 

PXr'a-phrast, n. One who para- 
phrases. 

PXr'a-phrXst'ic, ) a. Not verb - 

PXr'a-phrXst'ig-al, ] al or liter- 
al ; diffuse ; free. 

Par'a-ple'gi-a, 1 n. [Ionic Gr. Trap- 

PAR'A-PLE'GY, I a.7rA7ryia.] Pal- 
sy of the lower half of the body. 

PXr'A-quet' (-kef), n. A small spe- 
cies of parro_t. 

Par'a-se-le'ne, 7i.; pi. pIr'a- 
SE-LE'NjE. [Gr. n-apa, beside, and 
o-eAijiT?, moon. I A luminous circle 
encompassing the moon. 

PXr'A-SITE, n. [Gr. Trapdo-iTOs, lit., 
eating beside, or at the table of, an- 
other.] 1. A hanger-on ; a depend- 
ent companion and flatterer. 2. A 
plant or animal that grows and lives 
on another. 

Par/a-sit'I€, \a. Of the nature 

PXr/a-sit'I€-al, J of a parasite; 
fawning ; wheedling. 

PXr'a-sol' (110), n. [Fr., fr. parer, 
to ward off, and Lat. sol, the sun.] 
A small umbrella to defend the face 
from the sun. [sol. 

PXr'a-sol-ette', n. A small para- 

Par'boil, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Prob. 
from Eng. part and boil.] To cook 
partially by boiling. 

PARCEL (colloq. p'Ar'sl), n. [Fr. par- 
celle, dim. of pari, a part.] 1. Any 
mass or quantity. 2. A bundle ; a 
package. 3. (Law.) Apart; a por- 
tion.— v.t. [-ED, -ing; or -LED, 
-LING, 137.] To distribute by partB. 



PAR'CE-NA-RY, n. Coheirship. 

Par'ce-ner, 7i. [Norm. & 0. Fr. 
parconnier, fr. parzon, parcun, por- 
tion.] A co-heir; a joint-heir. 

Parch, v. t. [-ed: -ing.] [Perh. 
fr. Lat. perarescere, to grow very dry.] 
To burn the surface of; to scorch. 

— v. i. To be scorched. 
PARCII'MENT,?). [Gr. nepyafj.y\vrf, fr. 

nepyafi.ei'6? , of Pergamus, where it 
was invented.] Skin of a sheep or 
goat prepared for writing on. 

Pard, n. [Gr. TrapSos.] The leopard; 
any spotted beast. 

Par' d off, v.t. [-ed; -ing.] [L. Lat. 
perdonare, from Lat. per, through, 
thoroughly, and donare, to give.] 1. 
To refrain from exacting as a penal- 
ty. 2. To suffer to pass without 
punishment. 

Syx. — To forgive ; absolve ; excuse ; 
remit; acquit. 

— n. 1. Remission of a penalty. 2. 
Release of an offense. 

Syx.— See Foegivexess. 

Par'don-a-ble, a. Admitting of 
pardon ; excusable. 

Par'don-A-bly, adv. So as to ad- 
mit of pardon. 

Par'don-er, n. One who forgives. 

Pare (4), v.t. [-ed ; -ing.] [From 
Lat. parare, to prepare.] 1. To cut 
or shave off the surface of. 2. To di- 
minish by little and iittle. 

PAR'E-GOR'IC, a. [Gr. 7raprryopiKds ; 
7rapT)yopeu>, to console.] Mitigating; 
assuaging pain. — n. A medicine 
that mitigates pain ; an anodyne. 

PAR'ENT {improperly pron. parent), 
n. [Lat. parens, parentis, for pari- 
ens, begetting.] 1. A father or moth- 
er. 2. That which produces. 

Syx. — Cause; source ; origin ; produ- 
cer; creator. 

Par'ent-age, n. Extraction; stock. 

Pa-rent'al, a. Relating to, or be- 
coming, parents ; tender ; affectionate. 

Pa-re n't he -sis, n. ,• pi. pa-ren'- 

THE-SEg. [Gr. 7rapeV0ecrt?, fr. irapev- 
riOevai, to insert.] 1. A word or sen- 
tence, in the midst of another, in- 
closed within curved lines or dashes. 
2. Sign of a parenthesis, thus ( ). 

PXr>en-thet'I€, ) a. 1. Pertain- 

PXr'en-thet'ic-al, ) ing to a pa- 
renthesis. 2. Using or containing 
parentheses. 

PXr'GET, n. [Lat. paries, parietis, a 
wall.] Plaster for covering the walls, 
ceilings, &c. — v.t. [-ED;-ING.] 
To plaster, as walls. 

PAR-he'li-on (or par-hel'yun), n. ; 
pi. PAR-HE'LI-A (or par-heFya). 
[Gr. TrapTjAioj' ; napd, beside, and 
tjAios, the sun.] A mock sun. 

Pa'ri-ah, or Pa'ri-ah, n. [Hind. 
pakariya, a mountaineer, as tho 
primitive inhabitants, vanquished 
and degraded, were driven into tho 
mountains.] One belonging to the 
lowest class in parts of India ; hence, 
an outcast. 

Pa'ri-an (89), n. 1. A native of Pa- 
ros. 2. A fine quality of porcelain 
clay, resembling Parian marble. 



I 



OR, DO, WQLF , TOO , TtfOK. ; fjRN, RUE, PULL \ 
20 



E, J, O, silent; 0, G, soft; o, a, hard; A£; exist ; N as NG; THIS. 



I 
I 



PARIETAL 



506 



PARTICULARITY 



Pa-RI'e-TAL, a. [Lat. parietalis ; pa- 
ries, a wall.] 1. Pertaining to a wall. 
2. Pertaining to buildings or the 
care of them. 

PAr'ing, n. That which is pared off. 

PXr'ISH, n. [Lat. parochia, Gr. 7ra- 
poi/aa, fr. irapd, beside, and oIkos, a 
house.] 1. Precinct of a secular 
priest or ecclesiastical society. 2. 
Any religious society. [Amer.] — a. 
Relating to a parish. 

Pa-rish'ion-er, n. One who belongs 
to a parish. 

PXr'I-syl-lab'IO, ) a. [Lat. par, 

PXr'I-SYL-lXb'IO-AL, J pan's, equal, 
and syllaba. syllable.] Having the 
same number of syllables. 

PXr'I-TY, n. [Lat. paritas.] Equal- 
ity or equivalence ; close corre- 
spondence ; analogy. • 

Park, n. [A.-S. pearrnc, from Goth. 
bairgan, to save, keep.] 1. A tract 
of ground for the preservation of 
game, or for walking, riding, &c. 2. 
A group of cannon or of wagons. — 
v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To inclose in a 
park. 

PAR'LANCE, n. [0. Fr. parlance, fr. 
parler, to speak.] Discourse ; talk ; 
phrase. 

PXr'ley, v. i. [-ed; -ING.] [Fr. 
parler, fr. parabola, a comparison, L. 
Lat., a sentence, a word. See PAR- 
ABLE.] To confer with another; 
specifically, with an enemy. — n . 
Mutual discourse ; specifically, a con- 
ference between antagonists. 

Par'lIa-ment, n. [Fr. parlement, 
. fr. parler. See supra.] The legis- 
lative assembly of the United King- 
dom of Great Britain and Ireland, or 
of some of the dependencies of the 
British crown. 

PaR'lIa-MENT-A'RI-AN, n. One who 
adhered to the parliament in the 
time of Charles I. 

Par'lIa-munt'a-ry, a. 1. regain- 
ing to, or done by, parliament. 2. 
According to the usage of legislative 
bodies. 

PXr'LOR, n. [Fr. parloir, fr. parler, 
to speak.] A room for society and 
conversation, or for family use. 

PA-RO'OHI-AL, a. [Lat. parochia. 
See Parish.] Belonging to a parish. 

PAR'o-Di'sT, n. One who writes a 
parody. 

PXr'O-DY, n. [Gr. irapw&ta ; napd, 
beside, and coSrj, a song.] A bur- 
lesque poetical composition, in which 
what is written on one subject is 
applied to another. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING, 142.] To burlesque in verse. 

Pa-rol/, I n. [Fr. parole. See Par- 

Pa-r5le' J ley.] 1. Oral decla- 
ration. 2. "Word of honor ; plighted 
faith. 3. A kind of countersign. — 
a. Oral ; not written. 

Par' o- no- Ml'§ i- A (-ma'zhl-a), n. 
[Gr. napopo/j.aaia ; irapovop.d£eiv, to 
i form a word by a slight change.] A 
play upon words ; punning. 

PXr'o-nvm, ) n. A paronymous 

PXR'O-NYME, | <"ord. 

Pa-RON'Y-MOUS, a. [Gr. Trapuvvfj.o? ,■ 



'.rapa, near, and wopa, a name.] 
Having a similar sound, but of dif- 
ferent spelling and meaning. 

PXr'o-quet (11 ), n. [See Parrot.] 
A small bird, allied to the macaw. 

PA-ROT'ID, n. [Gr. napoiTi?, -ufios, 
fr. irapd, near, and oSs, turds, the 
ear.] The salivary gland nearest the 
ear. — a. Pertaining to the parotid. 

PAR'OX-YSM, n. [Gr. 7rapo£vo-/u.6? , 
fr. napogvveiv , to irritate.] 1. The 
fit or exacerbation of a disease that 
has decided remissions. 2. Any sud- 
den and violent action. 

Par'ox-y§'mal, a. Pertaining to, or 
caused by, paroxysms. 

Par-QUET' (par-ka' or par-kef), n. 
[Fr. See PARQUETRY.] Seats, or 
the whole lower floor of a theater, 
behind the orchestra. 

PAR'QUET-RY, n. [Fr. parqueterie, 
fr. parquet, French inlaid floor, floor- 
ing ] Joinery, consisting of inlaid 
work, used especially for floors. 

Par-quette' (-kef), n. Same as 
Parquet. 

PSr'ra-keet^ji. See Paroquet. 

Par'ri-cid'al, a. Pei'taining to, or 
committing, parricide. 

PAR'RI-CIDE, n. [Lat. parricida and 
parricidium, from pater, father, and 
cxdere, to kill.] 1. One who mur- 
ders his father or mother. 2. Mur- 
der of a parent. 

PXr'ROT, n. [Contr. fr. Fr. perroquet, 
prob. fr. Pierrot, dim. of Pierre, Pe- 
ter.} A tropical climbing bird of 
brilliant- color, having a short, 
hooked bill. 

PXr'ry,<u. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] [From 
Lat. parare, to prepare.] 1. To ward 
off; to -prevent. 2. To avoid; to 
evade. — v. i. To ward off, or turn 
aside something. 

Parse,v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. pars, 
a part (of speech).] To analyze and 
describe grammatically, as a sen- 
tence. 

Par'see, or Par-see', n. [Hind. 
parsi, a Persian.] One of the Indian 
adherents of the Zoroastrian or an- 
cient Persian religion ; a fire-wor- 
shiper. _ [cess. 

Par'si-mo'ni-ous, a. Frugal to ex- 
Syn.— See Avaricious. 

Par'si-mo'ni-ous-ly, adv. Sparing- 
ly ; covetously. 

Par'si-mo'ni-ous-ness, n. A very 
sparing use of money. 

Par'si-mo-ny (50), n. [Lat. parsimo- 
n ia, from parcere, to spare.] Close- 
ness in the expenditure of money or 
means ; excessive economy. 
Syn. — See Economy. 

Pars'LEY, n. [Gr. irerpoaeKivov , rock- 
parsley, fr. 7reTpos, a rock, and treAi- 
vov, parsley.] A plant, the leaves of 
which are used in cookery. 

Pars'nip, n. [Corrupt, fr. Lat. pas- 
tinaca.] A plant and its root, which 
is much used for food. 

Par's ON (pafsn), n. [L. Lat. persona 
(sc. ecclesise).] 1. Priest of a parish. 
2. A clergyman. 

Par's on-age, n. House and glebe 



appropriated for the use of the min- 
ister of a church. [Amer.'] 
Part, n. [Lat. pars, partis.] 1. One 
of the portions into which any thing 
is divided, or regarded as divided, 
specifically, (a.) pi. Qualities; fac- 
ulties; talents. (6.) pi. Quarters; 
regions. 2. Share ; lot. 3. Con- 
cern ; interest. 4. Side ; party. 5. 
Allotted duty. 6. Character appro 
priated to one in a play, &c. 
Syn. — See Portion. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ing.] 1. To divide; 
to separate. 2. To distribute; to 
allot. 3. To sunder. 4. To stand or 
intervene between. — v. i. 1. To be 
divided into parts. 2. To separate ; 
to leave. 

Par-take', v. ?'. [-took ; -taken; 
-TAKING.] [From part and take.] 
To take a part with others ; to par- 
ticipate, [takes a part. 

Par-tak'er, v. One who has or 

Par-terre' (-tar'), n. [Fr., fr. par, 
on, and terre, earth.] An ornamental 
arrangement of beds in a flower- 
garden. 

Par'tial, a. [L. Lat. partialis; Lat. 
pars, a part.] 1. Affecting a part 
only. 2. Biased to one party. 3- 
Inclined to favor unreasonably. 

Par'ti-Xl'i-ty (par'shi-, 95), n. 1. 
Quality of being partial. 2. Special 
fondness. 

Par'tial-LY, adv. 1. In part only. 

2. With undue bias of mind. 
Part'i-bIl'I-TY, n. Susceptibility 

of division or severance. 

PART'I-BLE, a. [Lat. partibilis, fr. 
partire, to part.] Admitting of being 
parted ; divisible ; separable. 

PAR-TIC'I-PANT, a. [Lat. partici- 
pans.] Sharing ; having a pavt. — 
». A partaker. 

PAR-TI'9'I-PATE, V. 1. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. participare, -patvm, fr. pars, 
partis, a part, and capere, to take.] 
To have a share with others. 

Par-t/c'i-pa'tion, n. 1. Act of 
sharing in common with others. 2. 
Division into shares. 

Par-tic'I-pa'tor, n. One who par- 
takes. 

Par'ti-cIp'I-AL, a. Having the na- 
ture and use of a participle. 

Par'TI-CI-PLE, n. [Lat. participium, 
fr. particeps, sharing.] A word hav- 
ing the nature of an adjective, de- 
rived from a verb. 

Par'ti-€LE, n. [Lat. particula, dim. 
of pars, a part.] 1. A minute por- 
tion of matter. 2. A word that is 
never inflected. 

Par-TI€'u-lar,o. 1. Relating to a 

: part of any thing, or to a single per- 
son or thing. 2. Clearly distin- 
guishable from others of its kind. 

3. Worthy of special attention or re< 
gard. 4. Entering into details. 5. 
Hard to suit ; difficult. 

Syn.— See Minute. 

— n. A single point, or circum- 
stance ; a detail. 

Par-tio'u-lar'i-ty, n. 1. Distinct- 
iveness ; minuteness in detail. 2. 



a.; e,i, o,u, y, long ; 1,£, 1,6 ,15, y, short; care, far, Ask, all, what ; ere, veil, t£rmj pique, firm; s6n, 



PARTICULARIZE 



307 



PASTURE 



That which is particular ; peculiar- 
ity ; minute detail. 

PAR-TI€'U-LAR-IZE, v. t. [-ed; 
-ING.] To mention in particulars; 
to enumerate in detail. — r. /. To 
be attentive to particulars. 

Par-tic'u-lar-ly, adv. Distinctly ; 
singly ; especially . 

Part'ing, n. Act of dividing; di- 
vision made ; any thing divided. 

Par'ti-sAN' (110), rc. [Fr.,fr. parti, 
a party.] 1. An adherent to a party. 

2. Commander or member of a corps 
of light troops designed to carry on 
a desultory warfare. 3. [Fr. pertui- 
sane, fr. 0. Fr. pertuisrr, to pierce.] 
A kind of halberd. — a. 1. Adherent 
to a party. 2. Engaged in irregular 
warfare on outposts. [partisan. 

Par'ti-san'ship, n. State of being a 

Par-tI'TION (-tlsh/un), n. [Lat. par- 
tition 1. Act of dividing, or state 
of being divided. 2. That which di- 
vides or separates ; an interior divid- 
ing wall. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To divide into shares. 2. To divide 
into distinct parts by walls. 

PAR'TI-TlVE,rt. [Lat. partitivus,fr. 
partire, to divide.] Denoting a part 
of any thing ; distributive. [gree. 

Part'LY, adv. In part; in some de- 

PART'NER, n. [From part.] 1. An 
associate, esp. in business. 2. One 
who dances with another. 3. A hus- 
band or wife. 

Part'ner-suip, n. 1. State of being 
a partner. 2. Association in busi- 
ness ; a firm or house. 

Par'TRIUGE, n. [0. Eng. partrich, 
Or. nepSti;.] A grayish bird, having 
the feet bare, found in Europe, Si- 
beria, and North Africa. 

CQfln America the name is applied 
to the American quail and the rutfed 
grouse. 

PAR-TU'RI-ENT, a. [Lat. partkriens, 
desiring to bring forth.] Bringing 
forth, or about to bring forth, young. 

Par'TU-ri'tion (-rTsh'uu), n. Act 
of bringing forth ; delivery. 

Par'ty, n. [From Lat. partire, par- 
tiri, to divide.] 1. A number of per- 
sons, united by some tie; as, (a.) A 
faction, (b.) A social assembly; a 
company, (c.) A small number of 
troops dispatched upon some special 
service. 2. Partaker or participator. 

3. One who takes part in a lawsuit. 

4. A person : an individual. 
Par'ty-€6l'ored, a. Colored with 

different tints ; variegated. 

Pas'GHAL, a. [Lat. pasckalis, fr. Ksb. 
pesach, fr. pasach, to pass over.] Per- 
taining to the Passover. 
i'A-SHA', or Pa'sha, n. A Turkish 
viceroy or governor. [sha. 

Pa-sha'li€, n. Jurisdiction of a pa- 

PXs'QUIN-ADE' (-kwin-), n. A lam- 
poon or satirical writing ; — so called 
from a statue at Rome named Pas- 
quin, on which satiric papers are 
pasted. 

PAss (6), v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
passus, step. See Pace.] 1. Togo; 
to move. 2. To undergo transition. 



3. To circulate ; to be current. 4. 
To be regarded. 5. To go by ; to 
cross one's path, &c. 6. To hap- 
pen ; to take place. 7. To disappear ; 
to vanish ; to die. 8. To be enacted. 

9. To do well enough ; to answer. 

10. To proceed without hindrance. 

11. To go beyond bounds ; to sur- 
pass. 12. To make a lunge ; to 
thrust. — v. t. 1. To go by, beyond, 
over, through, &c. 2. To spend ; to 
live through ; hence, to undergo. 3. 
To omit ; to disregard. 4. To trans- 
cend ; to surpass. 5. To receive the 
legislative or official sanction of. 6. 
To cause to move or go ; to send ; to 
deliver. 7. To utter: to pronounce. 
8. To accomplish. 9. To give legal 
or official sanction to ; to enact. 10. 
To give currency to. 11. To cause 
to obtain admission or conveyance. 

12. To pay regard to ; to take notk-e 
of. — n. [Lat. passus, step.] 1. A 
passage ; a way. 2. A passport ; a 
ticket of free transit or admission. 
3. A thrust ; a push. 4. A move- 
ment of the hand over or along any 
thing. 5. State of things ; condi- 
tion. 

Pass'a-ble, a. 1. Capable of being 
passed. 2. Tolerable ; moderate. 

PAss'A-BLY, adv. Tolerably. 

Pas-sa'do, or Pas-sa'do, n. [See 
Pass.] (Fencing.) A push or thrust. 

Pas'sage, n. 1. Act of passing; a 
going by, over, or through. 2. Way 
by which oue passes. 3. A room 
giving access to others ; a hall. 4. 
Event ; incident ; occurrence. 5. Part 
of a book or text: extract. 6. Enact- 
ment. 7. A pass or encounter. 

PAss'-Bb~bK, n. A book in which a 
trader enters articles bought on cred- 
it, and then passes or sends it to the 
purchaser. 

Pas'sen-ger, n. [0. Eng. passager.] 
A passer or passer-by ; a traveler. 

Passe-pa r to ut (pas'-par'tob'). 
[Fr., fr. passer, to pass, and partout, 
every where.] 1. A master-key ; a 
latch-key. 2. Alight picture-frame 
serving for several pictures. 

Pass'er, n. One who passes. 

Pas' SIM, adv. [Lat.] Here and there : 
every where. 

PASS'lNG,ac/u. Exceedingly. 

Pass'ing-bell, n. A bell that rings 
at the time of death or interment. 

Pas'sion (pash'un), n. [Lat. passio ; 
pa ti, passus, to suffer.] 1. A suffer- 
ing; the suffering or crucifixion of 
the Savior. 2. A capacity for emotion. 

3. Strong feeling prompting to action. 

4. Object of love or fondness, &c. 

Svn. — Feeling; emotion.— When any 
/deling or emotion completely masters the 
mind, we cull it a passion ; as, a passion 



for music, dress, &c; especially is anger 

died p 
mind, in such cases, is considered as hav 



(when thus extreme) called passion. The 



ing lost its self-control, and become the 
passive instrument of the feeling in 
question. 

PXs'siON-ATEfpash'un-), a. 1. Easily 
moved to anger. 2. Moved to strong 
feeling, love, desire, &c. 



PXs'SION-ate-ly, adv. In a passion* 
ate manner. [ing passionate. 

Pas'sion-ate-NESS, n. State of be- 

Pas'sion-i.ess, a. Void of passion. 

PAS'SJON-WEEK,rc. The week preced- 
ing Easter ; — in which week our Sa- 
vior's passion took place. 

Pas'sIve, a. [Lat. passivus; patu, 
passus, to suffer.] 1. Not active, but 
acted upon. 2. Incapable of the ex- 
citement or emotion which is appro* 
priate. 

Syn. — Inactive ; inert ; unresisting* 
suffering; submissive; patient. 

Pas'SIVE-ly, adv. In a passive man- 
ner, [passive. 

Pas'sive-ness, ii. Quality of being 

PAss'6-VER, n. [From pass and oven] 
A feast of the Jews, commemorating 
the time when God, smiting the first- 
born of the Egyptians, passed over 
the houses of the Israelites. 

Pass'PORT,h. [Fr. passeport, orig. a 
permission to leave a port or to sail 
into it.] 1. A document, permittinga 
person to pass from place to place by 
land or water. 2. A safe-conduct. 
3. That which enables one to pass 
with safety, certainty, or general ac- 
ceptance. 

Pass'-word (-wQrd), n. A word to 
be given before one is allowed to 
pass ; a watch-word. 

Past (6), p. a. Gone by ; elapsed ; 
ended. — prep. 1. Further than : be- 
yond the reach of. 2. Beyond in 
time. 

Paste, n. [Lat. pastvs, pasture, food, 
fr. pascere, to feed.] 1. A composi- 
tion of flour moistened as with water. 
2. Dough for pies, &c. 3. A fine 
kind of glass for gems. — t. t. [-ED ; 
-ing.] To cement or fasten with 
paste. [of paper board. 

PAste'BOARD, n. A stiff, thick kind 

Pas'TERN, 11. [0. Fr. pasturon.] Part 
of a horse's leg between the fetlock 
joint and the hoof. 

PXs'til, I n. [Lat. pastillus, a 

Pas-TILLE', J little loaf, a lozenge.] 
1. A small aromatic cone to be burned 
for cleansing the air of a room. 2. 
An aromatic or medicated lczenge of 
confectionery. 

PAs'TlME, n. [From pass and lime.] 
That which serves to make time pass 
agreeably. 

PAs'TOR (6), n. [Lat., fr. pascere, to 
pasture.] 1. A shepherd: 2. A set- 
tled minister of the gospel. 

PAs'TOR-AL, a. 1. Pertaining to shep- 
herds. 2. Relating to the care of souls, 
or to the pastor of a church. — n. A 
poem describing the life of shepherds; 
an idyl ; a bucolic. 

PAs'tor-ate 1 (45), a. Office or 

Pas'tor-ship J state of a pastor. 

PAs'TRY,n. [See Paste.] Food mad» 
of paste, as pies, tarts, &c. 

Pas'try-cook, n. One who makes 
and sells articles of food made of 
paste. 

Past'ur-age. n. 1. Land appropri- 
ated to grazing. 2. Grass for feed. 

PAst'URE (53), n. [Lat. pastura, pas- 



< 



OR, do, wolf, TOO, TOOK j URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, o, silent ; C, G, soft; €, S, hard,- Ag; EJCIST ; jfaiNG; this. 



I 
I 



I 



PASTY 

cere, to pasture, feed.] 1. Grass for 
cattle. 2. Land used for grazing. — 
v.t. [-ED; -ING.] To feed on grow- 
ing grass, or to supply grass or food. 
— v. i. To feed on growing grass ; 
to graze. 

PAs'TY, n. [0. Fr. paste. See PASTE.] 
A pie made of paste, and baked with- 
out a dish. 

£at, a. [Cf. Scot, pat, imp. of put. 
See pat, to tap.] Exactly suitable ; 
fit ; convenient. — adv. Seasonably ; 
fitly. — v. t. [-TED; -TING.] [Cf. 
Bat.] To strike gently with the 
hand ; to tap. — n. 1. A light, quick 
blow with the hand. 2. A small mass 
beat into shape by pats. 

PAtch, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Cf. 
Botch.] 1. To mend with pieces ; 
to repair clumsily. 2. To put to- 
gether of ill-sorted parts. — n. 1. A 
piece of cloth sewed on a garment to 
repair it. 2. A small piece of ground ; 
a plot. 

Patch'work (-wfirk), n. "Work com- 
posed of pieces sewed together. 

Pate,h. Top of the head. 

PXT'E-FAC'TION, n. [Lat. patefactio ; 
patere, to lie or be open, nndfacere, 
to make.] Act of laying open. 

Pa-tejl'la, n.; pi. pa-tel'z^e ; 
Eng.pl. PA-TEL'LAS. [Lat., a small 
pan, the knee-pan.] The knee-pan. 

Pat'EN, n. [Lat. patina, patena.] The 
plate for the consecrated bread in the 
eucbarist. 

Pa'tent, or PXt'ent, a. [Lat. pa- 
tens, heing open.] 1. Open ; evident; 
public ; apparent. 2. Open to pub- 
lic perusal ; as, letters patent. 3. 
Appropriated by letters patent. — n. 
A grant, for a term of years, of the 
exclusive right to an invention. — v. 
t. [-ED ; -ING.] To secure the ex- 
clusive right of to a person. 

Pa'tent-ee', or Pat'ent-ee', n. 
One to whom a patent is granted. 

Pa-tEr'NAL (14), a. [Lat. pate rnus ; 
pater, a father.] 1. Pertaining to a 
father ; fatherly. 2. Derived from a 
father; hereditary. 

Pa-tEr'ni-TY, n. Relation of a father 
to his offspring ; fatherhood ; hence, 
authorship. 

Path (99), n. [A.-S. pddh, padh, Skr. 
patha, from path,, to go.] 1. A Avay, 
course, or track ; road ; passage. 2. 
A narrow way beaten by the foot. 3. 
Course of action. 

PA-THET'I€, a. [Gr. 7ra07)T(./c6<; ,• Tra- 
9elp, to suffer.] Affecting or moving 
the tender emotions. 

Syn.— Affecting; moving; touching. 

Pa-thet'ic-al-ly, adv. In a pa- 
thetic manner. 

Path 'less, a. Destitute of paths. 

pA-THOG'NO-MON'IC, a. [Gr. naOoy- 
v<o|u.ovik6s, skilled in judging of dis- 
eases.] Characteristic of a disease. 

fA-THoG'NO-MY, n. [Gr. Tra^os, pas- 
sion, and -yvajju-i), judgment.] Science 
of the signs by which the passions 
are indicated. 

PXth'O-log'IC, ) a. Pertaining 

PATH'O-LOG'le-AL, ) to pathology. 



308 

PA-THOI/O-GY, n. [Gr. irddos, a suf- 
fering, and Aoyos, speech, discourse.] 
The science which has for its object 
_the knowledge of disease. 

PA'THOS, n. [Gr. 7rd0os, suffering, 
passion.] That which excites emo- 
tions, especially tender emotious. 

Path'way, n. A path ; usually, a 
narrow one. 

Pa'tience (pa'shenss), n. 1. Quality 
of being patient ; calmness under 
toil or trials. 2. Act of waitiug long 
for justice or expected good without 
discontent. 3. Perseverance. 

Syn.— Resignation. —Patience refers 
to the quietness or self-possession of one's 
own spirit under sufferinss, provoca- 
tions, &c; resifjnatwn, to his submission 
to the will of another. 

PA'TIENT (pa'shent^a. [Lat. patiens, 
suffering.] 1. Suffering with meek 
ness and submission ; persevering. 
2. Expectant without discontent ; 
not hasty. — n. A diseased person 
under medical treatment. 

Pa'TIENT-ly,o^. In a patient man- 
ner ; with calmness. 

PXt'IN, n. See PATEN. 

PATOIS(niit-wa.'), n. [Fr. , from Lat. 
pagus, the country.] A provincial 
form of speech. 

PA'TRI-AR€H, n. [Gr. 7raTpiapx?)S ; 
TTarrip, father, and dp\6<;, a leader, 
chief] 1. The father and ruler of a 
family. 2. An ecclesiastical dignitary 
superior to archbishops. 

Pa'tri-arch'al, a. Relating to, or 
possessed by, patriarchs. 

PA'tri-arch'ate, n. Office, dignity, 
or jurisdiction of a patriarch. 

PA'tri-'arch'y, n. A patriarchate. 

Pa-tr'i'cian (-trish'an), a. [Lat. pa- 
triciits, fv.patres. fathers, senators.] 
Pertaining to a person of high birth ; 
noble. — n. One of high birth; a 
nobleman. [ancestors. 

PXT'RI-MO'NI-AL, a. Inherited from 

PAt'ri-MO-NY (50), n. [Lat. patri- 
monium ; pater, father.] An estate 
inherited from one's ancestors. 

PA'TRI-OT, n. [Gr. Trarptoirrj?, a fel- 
low-countryman.] One who loves 
and defends his country. 

PA'tri-ot'ic, a. Full of patriotism. 

Pa'TRI-OT-ISM, n. Love of country. 

PA-TRi's'Tie* a. [Lat. pater, patris, a 
father.] Pertaining to the ancient 
fathers of the Christian church. 

Pa-tk5l/, n. A guard who goes the 
rounds in a camp or garrison for ob- 
servation. — v.i. [-led; -ling.] 
[Fr. patrouiller, O. Fr. patouiller, to 
paddle, to paw about, to patrol, fr. 
patte, a paw.] To go the rounds in 
a camp or garrison. 

PA'TRON, n. [Lat. patronus ; pater , 
a father.] 1. One who countenances, 
supports, or protects : an advocate. 
2. One who has the gift of a benefice. 

PAt'ron-AGE, n. 1. Countenance or 
support. 2. Guardianship as of a 
saint. 3. Right of presentation to a 
_benefice. 

Pa'tron-ess, n. A female patron. 

PaT'RON-IZE, V. t. [-EDJ-ING.] 1. 



PAVONINE 

To act <is patron toward. 2. To as. 
sume the air of a superior toward. 

Pat'ron-i Z'ES, n. One who patron- 
izes. 

PAT'RO-NYM'IC, n. [Gr. iraTpbiwpn- 
kov ; Tranqp, father, and ovvfia, 
name.] A modification of a father's 
name borne by the son. 

PXT'RO-NYM'ic, ( a. Derived from 

Pat'ro-tnym'ic-al, ) ancestors, as 
a name. 

Pat'ten, n. [Fr. patin, a high- 
heeled shoe.] 1. A clog of wood worn 
to elevate the feet from the wet. 2. 
Base of a column. 

Pat'ter, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [A 
frequentative of pat, to strike gently.] 
To strike, as falling drops of water. 

Pat'TERN, n. [Fr. patron, patron 
and pattern.] 1. A model for imita- 
tion. 2. A specimen ; a sample; an 
example. 3. A quantity of cloth 
sufficient for a garment. 4. Figure 
or style of ornamental execution. — 
v.t. [-ed;-ING.] 1. To copy. 2. 
To serve as an example to be fol- 
lowed. 

To pattern after, to imitate; to follow. 

PAt'ty, n. [Fr. phtc. See Pasty.] 
A little pie. 

PAU'Cl-TY, n. [Lat. paucitas; pavcus, 
few, little.] 1. Fewness ; smallness of 
number. 2. Smallness of quantity. 

Paunch, or Paunch, n. [Lat. pan- 
"tex, panticis.] The belly aud its con- 
tents : the abdomen. 

PAU'PER, n. [Lat.] A poor person ; 
especially, one supported by public 
provision. 

Pau'per-ism, n. State of being a 
pauper, or destitute of the means of 
support. [reduce to pauperism. 

PAU'PER-IZE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 

PAUSE, n. [Gr. 7rai)cris, fr. 7raveiv, to 
make to cease, to cease.] 1. A tem- 
porary stop or rest. 2. Suspense; 
hesitation. 3. A mark of cessation 
or intermission. — v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 

1. To cease for a time. 2. To be 
intermitted. 

Syn. — To intermit; stop; stay; wait; 
delay; tarry; hesitate; demur. 

PAve,v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [L. Lat. 
pavare, from Lat. par ire, to beat or 
tread down.] 1. To lay or cover with 
stone or brick. 2. To prepare the 
way for. [of solid material. 

PAve'ment, n. A floor or covering 

PAv'ER, n. One who lays stones for 
a pavement. 

Pav'ier (pav'yer), n. A paver. 

Pa-vil'ion (-yun), n. [Lat. papilio, 
a butterfly and a tent.] 1. A tent. 

2. A building, usually insulated and 
having a roof sometimes square and 
sometimes in the form of a dome. 3. 
A tent on posts. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To furnish or cover with 
pavilions. [stones or bricks. 

PAv'iNG, n. Pavement ; a floor of 
PAvMOR (pav'yur), n. One who 

paves : a paver. 
PXv'O-NINE, a. [Lat. pavoninvs, 

pavo, peacock.] Resembling the tail 

of a peacock. 



A, E, I, b,V,Y,long; A,E,I, 6, tt, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM ; S6N, 



PAW 



309 



PEDDLER 



PAW, n. [W. pawen.] 1. The foot of 
beasts of prey having claws. 2. The 
hand; — in contempt. — v. i. To 
scrape with the fore foot. — v. t. 
[-E» ; -ING.] 1. To handle with the 
paws, or awkwardly. 2. To scrape 
with, the fore foot. 

Pawl, n. [ W. pawl, a pole, stake.] A 
catch to check the backward revolu- 
tion of a wheel, windlass, &c. 

Pawn, n. [0. Fr. pan, pledge, assur- 
ance, Icel. pantr.] 1. Goods, chattels, 
or money deposited as security for 
payment of a loan. 2. [0. Fr. peon, 
a walker.] A common man, in chess. 

— v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 1. To deposit 
as security. 2. To stake; to wager. 

PAWN'BRO-KER, n. One who lends 
inoney on pledge, or the deposit of 
goods. 

Pawn'er, n. One who pawns. 

Paw-paw', n. See Pap aw. 

Pax, n. [Lat., peace.] A small plate, 
with the image of Christ on the cross 
on it. 

Pay, v. t. [paid ; paying.] [Lat. 
pacare, to pacify, appease.] 1. To 
discharge one's obligations to ; to re- 
quite. 2. To revenge upon; to pun- 
ish. 3. To discharge, as a debt or ob- 
ligation. 4. To cover, as the bottom 
of a vessel, with tallow, resin, &c. — 
v. i. To recompense : to be remuner- 
ative. — n. An equivalent given for 
money due, or services performed ; 
compensation ; recompense. 

Pay'A-ble, a. Capable of being paid ; 
justly due. [ment is to be made. 

Pay'-day, n. A day on which pay - 

Pay-ee', n. One to whom money is 
to be paid. 

Pay'er (4), n. One who pays. 

Pay'-mas'ter, n. An officer whose 
duty it is to pay wages. 

Pay'ment, n. 1. Act of paying. 2. 
That which is paid ; reward ; recom- 
pense ; requital. 

PAY'NIM, n. & a. See PAINIM. 

Pea, n. ; pi. PEAg, or pease (152). 
[Gr. nia-ov.] A plant and Its fruit, 
cultivated for food. 

Peace, n. [Lat. pax, pads, A.-S. 
pais.] 1. A state of quiet or tran- 
quillity ; calm ; repose. 2. Freedom 
from war. 3. Public tranquillity. 
4. Quietness of mind or conscience. 

Peace'A-ble, a. 1. Free from war, 
tumult, &c. 2. Disposed to peace. 

Syn.— Peaceful ; pacific ; tranquil ; 
quiet; undisturbed ; serene; mild; still. 

— Peaceable describes the state of an in- 
dividual, nation, &c, in reference to ex- 
ternal hostility, attack, &c; peaceful, in 
respect to internal disturbance. 

Peace'A-bly, adv. In a peaceable 
manner; quietly. 

Peace'ful, a. 1. Not disturbed by 
war, tumult, or commotion. 2. Pa- 
cific ; mild. 

Syn. — See Peaceable. 

Peace'ful-ly. adv. Quietly ; calmly. 

PeA^e'ful-ness, n. Quality or state 
_of being peaceful. [peace. 

Peace'-mak'er, n. One who restores 

PeacJe'-of'fer-ing, n. An offering 
to procure peace or to express thanks. 



Peace'-of/fi-cer, n. A civil officer 
whose duty it is to preserve the pub- 
jic peace. 

Peach, n. [Lat. persicum (sc. ma- 
lum), a Persian apple, peach.] A tree 
and its fruit, of many varieties. — 
v. i. To turn informer. [Low.] 

PEA'COCK, n. [Pea- is from A.-S. 
pawa, Lat. pavo.] The male of a 
fowl, about the size of the turkey, 
with a brilliant tail. 

Pea'hen, n. The hen or female of 
the peacock. [jacket. 

Pea'-jack/et, n. A thick woolen 

Peak, n. [A.-S. peac. Cf. Beak.] 
A point ; end of any thing ; the sharp 
top of a hill. 

Peak'ed (p3k'ed or peekt, 60), a. 
Pointed ; ending in a point. 

Peal, n. [An abbrev. of Fr. appel, 
a call, appeal, fr. Lat. appellare. Cf. 
Appeal.] 1. A succession of loud 
sounds. 2. A set of bells tuned to 
each other. — v. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
To utter loud and solemn sounds. 

Pe'an, n. [See P^ean.J A song of 
praise and triumph. [nut. 

Pea'-nut, n. A plant ; the earth- 

PEAR (par, 4), n. [A.-S. pent.] A 
tree of many varieties, and its fruit. 

Pearl (14), n. [L. \$X.perla, as if fr. 
Lat. pirum, a pear.] 1. A white, 
hard, smooth, lustrous substance, 
found in a species of oyster. 2. 
Something very precious. 3. A va- 
riety of priuting-type. 

C®~ This line is printed in pearl. 

Pearl'ash, n. Impure carbonate of 
potassa. 

Pearl'-oys'ter, n. The oyster 
which jields pearls. 

Pearl'y, a. 1. Containing pearls. 
2. Resembling pearls. 

Syx. — Clear; pure; transparent. 

PEas'ANT. 11. [N. Fr. paysan, fr. Lat. 
pagus, the country.] One of the low- 
est class of tillers of the soil in Euro- 
pean countries. 

Syn. — Countryman ; rustic ; swain. 

Pea§'ant-ry, n. Lowest class of till- 
ers of the soil ; peasants. 

Peas'-cod, n. The legume or peri- 
carp of the pea. [used as food. 

Pease, n. pi. Pease collectively, or 

Peat, n. [Allied to pit.] A substance 
consisting of vegetable matter, used 
for fuel. 

Peat'-moss, n. A fen producing peat. 

PEB'BLE, n. [A.-S.pabol.] 1. A small, 
roundish stone worn by the action of 
water. 2. Transparent and color- 
less rock-crystal. 

PEB'BLY,a. Abounding with pebbles. 

Pe-can' (pe-kan' or pe-kawn'), n. [Sp. 
pacana.] A kind of hickory, and its 
fruit. 

PEC'€A-B'lL'I-TY, n. Liability to sin. 

Pec'CA-ble, a. [From Lat. peccare, 
to sin.] Liable to sin. 

PE€'€A-dil'LO, n. [Sp., dim. of pe- 
cado, a sin.] A slight offense ; a petty 
crime or fault. 

PEC'CANT, a. [Lat. peccans, sinning.] 
1. Sinning; criminal. 2. Morbid; 
corrupt. 



PEc'CA-RY, n. [The native name.] 
A South American animal of about 
the size and shape of a small hog. 

Peck, n. [Prob. a modif. of pack.] 1. 
Fourth part of a bushel ; eight 
quarts. 2. A great deal. — v. t. 
[-ED;-ING.] [A modif. of pick.] 1. 
To strike with the beak. 2. To dig 
with any thing pointed. 3. To striko 
with small and repeated blows. 

Peck'er, n. One who pecks. 

PE€'TI-NAL, a. [Lat. pecten, pectinis ) 
a comb.] Resembling a comb. 

PEC'TI-NATE, I a [Lat. pe.ct'ma- 

Pec'ti-na'ted, ) tus, combed.] Re- 
sembling the teeth of a comb. 

PE€'TO-RAL, a. [Lat. pectorulis ; pec- 
tus, the breast. J Pertaining to the 
breast. — n. 1. A breastplate. 2. 
A medicine for complaints of the 
breast and lungs. 

PEC'U-LATE, V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. peculari, latus, fr. pecidium, 
private property.] To steal public 
moneys committed to one's care ; to 
embezzle. 

Pec'u-la'tion, n. Embezzlement of 
public money. [the public. 

Pec'U-la'TOR, n. One who defrauds 

Pe-cul'iar (-kul'yar), a. [Lut.pecu- 
liaris ; peculium, private property.] 

1. Belonging to an individual ; not 
general. 2. Particular. 

Sy>-.— Special; especial. 
— n. Exclusive property. 

Pe-cul-iar'i-ty (-kQl-yaVI-), n. 1. 
Quality of being peculiar. 2. That 
which is peculiar; individuality. 

PE-€UL'IAR-TZE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 

To appropriate ; to make peculiar. 
Pe-cul'iar-ly (pe-kul'yar-ly), adv. 

In a peculiar manner ; particularly. 
Pe-€UN'IA-RY (-kun/ya-), a. [Lat. 

jiecuniarius, fr. pecunia, money.] 1. 

Relating to money, or to property. 

2. Consisting of money. 
Ped'a-gog'ic, 1 a. Suiting, or 
Ped'a-goG'ic-AL, J belonging to, a 

pedagogue. 

Ped'a-gog/ism, n. Business or char- 
acter of a pedagogue. 

PED'A-GOGUE, ll. [Gr. TraiSayw-yd?, 
from 7rais, a boy, and ayeiv, to lead.] 
1. A teacher of children : a school- 
master. 2. A formal, positive, or pe- 
dantic teacher; a pedant. 

Pe'dal, a. [Lat. pedalis; pes, foot.l 
Pertaining to a foot. 

Ped'al, n. Foot-key of a musical im 
strument. 

Ped'ANT, n. [It. pedante, orig. a ped- 
agogue, contr. fr. pedagogante, Lat. 
piedagogans, teaching children.] A 
pretender to superior knowledge. 

Pe-dant'ic, ) a. Ostentatious of 

Pe-dant'I€-AL, ) learning. 

Pe-dant'ic-al-ly adv. In a pedan- 
tical manner. 

Pel'ant-ry, n. Vain ostentation of 
learning. 

Ped'dle, v. i. or t. [A modif. of pad- 
dle, dim. of pad, to go.] 1. To go 
from place to place and retail goods ; 
to hawk. 2. To be busy about trifles. 

Ped'dler, n. One who peddles. 



OR, do, WOLF, too, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL j E, I, o, silent; C,G, soft; €,<±,hard; AS.; EXIST; N as NG ; THIS. 



PEDESTAL 



310 



PENITENCE 




Pedestal. 
Act of walk- 
[-ed; 




Pediment. 



[Gr. 



7ICU5, TTOLl- 



pED'ES-TAL,n. [Lat. 
pes, pedis, foot, and 
0. H. Ger. stvl. sta- 
tion, place.] Base 
of a column, stat- 
ue, vase, &c. 

Pe-des'tri-an. a. 
Going on foot ; per- 
formed on foot. — n. 
One who goes on 
foot. 

PE-DES'TRI-AN-IgM, n 
ing or going on foot. 

Pe-des'tri-an-Ize, V. i. 
-ING.] To practice walking. 

Ped'i-gree, 11. [Contr. fr. Fr. par 
degres, by degrees, or fr. pied-de-grue 
(crane's foot), from the form of an 
heraldic genealogical tree.] Line of 
ancestors ; lineage ; register of a line 
of ancestors. 

PED'I-WENT,n. [Lat. 
pes, pedis, a foot.] 
The triangular or 
arched decoration 
oyer doors, win- 
dows, &c. 

Ped'lar, ) n. See 

Ped'ler, J Ped- 
dler. 

Pe'do-bap'tism. n. 

6"6s,achild, and /3d7rn.<x|u.a., baptism.] 
The baptism of infants or of children. 

PE-DUN'CLE (-duijk'l), n. [Lat. pe- 
dunculus, dim. of pes, afoot.] The 
stem that supports the flower and 
fruit of a plant. 

Peek, v. i. To peep ; to look with 
the eyes half closed. 

PEEL,r.i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. pilare, 
to deprive of hair, to plunder, pil- 
lage, fr. pilus, a hair.] 1. To strip 
off the skin , bark , or rind of; to flay. 
2. To plunder ; to pillage. — v. ?'. To 
come off, as the skin, bark, or rind. 
— n. 1. Skin or rind of any thing. 
2. [Lat. pala.] Any large fire-shovel. 

PEEL/ER, 11. One who peels ; a pilla- 
ger. 

PEEP,r.?'. [-ED; -TNG.] [D. piepen, 
Ger. pipen, Lat. pipire, to peep, pip, 
chirp.] 1. To cry, as a chicken 
newly hatched ; to chirp. 2. To 
look out slyly, through a crevice, or 
with, the eyes half closed. — n. 1. 
Cry of a young chicken ; chirp. 2. 
First outlook or appearance. 

Peep'er, n. 1. A chicken. 2. One 
who peeps. 3. The eye. [ Cant.] 

PEER, n. [Lat. par, equal.] 1. An 
equal ; a match ; a mate. 2. A 
comrade ; an associate. 3. A noble- 
man. — v.i. [-ed: -ing.] [Norm. 
Fr. perer, equiv. to Fr. paraitre, Lat. 
parere.] To look curiously or sharp- 
ly ; to peep. 

pEER'AGE,n. 1 . Rank or dignity of 
a peer. 2. Body of peers. 

Peer'ess, n. Consort of a peer. 

Peer'less, a. Having no peer; un- 
equaled : matchless. 

Peer'less-ly, adv. In a peerless 
manner. 

PEE'VISH, a. [Prob. corrupt, fr. per- 
verse, the letter r being omitted.] 1. 




Pelican. 



Easily vexed or fretted. 2. 
ing discontent and fretfulness 

Syn. — Fretful; cross; testy; irritable. 

Pee'vish-ly, adv. In a peevish 
manner. 

Pee'vish-ness, ii. Quality of being 
peevish ; fretfulness ; petulance. 

PEG, n. [Cf. A.-S. pin, a little needle 
or pin.] A wooden nail or pin. — v. t. 
[-GED ; -GING.] 1. To fasten with 
pegs. 2. To confine, or restrain. 

PE'KOE.or PEK'OE, n. [Chin.jot'A- 
haou.) A kind of black tea. 

PE-LA'GI-AN, n. A follower of Pela- 
gius, who denied the received doc- 
trines in respect to original sin, free 
will, grace, and the merit of good 
works. 

Pelf, n. [Abbrev. fr. 0. Eng. pelfry, 
booty. Cf. PILFER.] Money ; rich- 
es ; wealth ; — esp. when ill-gotten. 

Pel'i-can, n. 
[Gr. ire\€Kdv, 
7reAe*as.] A 
large web- 
footed water- 
fowl with an 
enormous bill 
to which a 
pouch is at- 
tached. 

Pe-LISSE' (-lees'), n. [Lat. pellicea, 
made of skins ; pellis, a skin.] A silk 
habit worn by ladies. 

PELL, n. [Lat. pellis, a skin.] 1. A 
skin or hide. 2. A roll of parch- 
ment. 

Pel'let, n. [L. Lat. pelota, fr. Lat. 
pila, a ball.] A little ball. 

Pel'LI-CLE, ii. [Lat. pellicula, dim. 
of pellis, skin.] A thin skin or film. 

Pell-mell', adv. [Fr. pele-mcle, 
prob. fr. pelle, a shovel, and meler, to 
mix.] In utter confusion. 

PEL-LU'CID, a. [Lat. pellucidus; per, 
very, and lucidus, clear.] Translu- 
cent ; clear. 

PELT, n. 1. [Ger. pelz, a pelt, fur.] 
Skin of a beast with the hair oh. 2. 
A blow from something thrown. — 
v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Fr. peloter, fr. 
pelote, a ball ; or contracted from pel- 
let.] To strike with missiles. 

PELT'RY, n. [Fr. pelleterie. See 
Pelt.] Skins with the fur on ; 
furs. 

Pel'VIC, a. Pertaining to the pelvis. 

Pel'vis, n. [Lat.7WWs,abasin.] The 
open, bony structure at the lower 
extremity of the body. 

PEM'MI-CAN, n. Meat dried, pound- 
ed, mixed with fat and dried fruit, 
and compressed into bags. 

PEN, n. 1. [Lat. penna.) An instru- 
ment used for writing ; hence, a 
writer. 2. [See infra.] A small in- 
closure for beasts. — v. t. 1. [-NED ; 
-NING.] To write; to compose. 2. 
[-NED or -T; -NING.] [0. Eng. pinne, 
to bolt a doorj To confine in a 
small inclosure* 

Pe'NAL, a. [Lat. ptenalis ; pxna, pun- 
ishment.] Relating to, threatening, 
incurring, or inflicting, punishment. 

Pen'al-ty, n. [Contracted fr. pen- 



ality.] 1. Punishment for crime or 
offense. 2. Forfeiture; fine. 

Pen'ance,m. [0. Fr. penance. See 
PAIN.] Suffering imposed or sub- 
mitted to as a punishment for faults. 

PE-NA'TEg, n.pl. [Lat.] House- 
hold gods of the ancient Italians. 

PENCE, n. ; pi. of Penny. 

Penchant (vong>&h6ng'),n. [Fr., 
fr. penc/ier, to incline.] Inclination; 
decided taste. 

Pen'cil, n. [Lat. penicillum and 
penicillus, from penis, a tail.] 1. A 
small brush used by painters. 2. 
An instrument for writing and draw- 
ing. 3. Art of painting, drawing, or 
describing. 4. A collection of rays of 
light. — v.t. [-ed,-ing; or -led, 
-LING, 137.] To paint or draw; to 
mark with a pencil. 

Pen'dant, n. [Fr., from pendre, to 
hang.] 1. A hanging appendage, 
esp. an ornamental one ; also, an 
appendix or addition. 2. A pennant. 
See Pennant. [cided ; suspense. 

PiiN'DEN-CY,rc. State of being unde- 

PEN'DENT, a. [Lat. pendens, hang- 
ing.] 1. Suspended ; hanging. 2. 
Projecting ; overhanging. 

PEND'ING, p. a. Remaining unde- 
cided ; in suspense. — prep. During. 

PEND'u-LOtJS (77), a. [Lat. pendulus, 
from pendere, to hang.] Hanging; 
swinging. 

Pend'U-lum (147), n. [See supra.] 
A body so suspended from a fixed 
point as to swing freely to and fro. 

Pen'e-TRA-BIL'I-TY, n. Quality of 
being penetrable. 

Pen'e-tra-ble, a. 1. Capable of 
being penetrated. 2. Susceptible of 
moral or intellectual impression. 

Pen'e-tra'li-a, n.pl. [Lat.] Re- 
cesses of a temple or palace, &c.,- 
hence, hidden things or secrets. 

PEN'e-trate, v. t. [-ED; -ING.J 
[Lat. penetrare, -tratum.] 1. To en- 
ter into ; to pierce. 2. To touch 
with feeling ; to affect. 3. To com- 
prehend. — v. i. To pass; to make 
way. 

Pen'e-tra'tion, n. 1. Act of pen- 
etrating; entrance into the interior 
of any thing. 2. Acuteness. 
Syn.— See Discernment. 

Pen'e-tra'tive, a. 
Tending to penetrate ; 
piercing. 

Pen'guin (pen'gwin), 
n. [From Lat. pin- 
guis, fat.] A web- 
footed marine bird. 

Pen-Tn'su-la (-su- or 
-shij-), n. [La.t. pen- 
insida ; psene, almost, 
and insula, island.] 
A portion of land 
nearly surrounded by 

PEN-IN'SU-LAR (-SU- Pen & uin ' 

or -shij-), a. In the form of a pen- 
insula ; pertaining to a peninsula. 

Pen'i-tence, n. Condition of being 
penitent ; repentance. 
Syn. — Contrition; compunction. 




I, E, I, 0,U, \,long; X,E, 1,6,0, ¥, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE. VEIL, TlRM; PIQUE, FIRM; SON, 



PENITENT 



311 



PERCHANCE 




PEX'i-text, a. [Lat. p&nitens, re- 
penting.] Sincerely affected by a 
sense of guilt, and resolved on 
amendment of life. — n. One who 
repents of sin. 

PE.VI-TEX'TIAL, a. Pertaining to, 
proceeding from, or expressing, pen- 
itence. 

Pe.VI-tEn'tia-ry (-sha-rv), a. Re- 
lating to penance, or to a penitentia- 
ry. — n. 1. One who prescribes rules 
of penance. 2. One who does pen- 
ance. 3. A house of correction. 

PEX'I-TEXT-LY, adv. With penitence. 

PEX'KXIFE (pen'Tf, 149), n. A small 
knife for making pens. 

Pen'max (150), n. 1. One who writes 
a good hand. 2. An author or com- 
poser. 

Pex'max-ship, n. Art or manner of 
writing: chirography. 

PEx'w.NT, n. [Either fr. Lat. penna, 
feather, or from 
pan mix, a cloth.] 
A small tiag ■ \ 
long, narrow Lai. - 
ner; a stream- 
er. 

Pex'xate, a. 

Winged ; plume- 
shaped. 

PEX'XI-LESS(142), 
a. [From pen- 
ny.] Destitute of 
money. 

Pex'xox, n. 1. A winj 
A pennant ; a streamer. 

PEX'XY, n. : pi. PEX'XIES. or PEXCE 
(152). [A.-S. penig.] The twelfth of 
a shilling, worth 4 farthings, or about 
2 cents. ~ 

Pex'xv-a-lix er, n. One who 
wi-ites for a public journal at so much 
a line : awrker for pay. 

Pex'xy-post, n. One who carries 
letters from the post-office. 

Pexxy-roy'al, n. An aromatic 
herb. 

Pex'xy-weight (-wit), n. A troy 
weight of 24 grains. It was ancient- 
ly the weight of a silver penny. 

Pex'XY-wise', a. Saving small sums 
at the risk of larger. 

PEX'Xi'-woRTH (-wGrth, colloq. pen'- 
nurth), it. 1. As much as is bought 
for a penny. 2. A small quantity. 

Pex'sile, a. [Lat. pensilis, fr. pendere, 
to hang.] Hangiug : pendent. 

Pex'SIOX, n. [Lat. pen*io, payment.] 
A stated allowance to a person in 
consideration of past services. — v. t. 
[-ED : -IXG ] To grant a pension to. 

PEx'siOX-A-RY. a. Maintained by 
a pension. — n. One who receives a 
pension' for past services. 

Pex'siox-er, n. 1. One who receives 
an annual allowance for services. 2. 
[Fr. pensionnaire , one who pays for 
his board. See Pexsiox.] A stu- 
dent at Cambridge (Eng.) and at 
Dublin, who is not dependent on 
the foundation for support. 

Pex'sive, a. [It pensare, to reflect, 
from pen sa re, to weigh, ponder] 1. 
Thoughtful, sober, or sad. 2. Ex- 




pressing thoughtfulness with sad- 
ness, [ner. 

Pex'sIve-ly, adv. In a pensive man- 

Pex'-stock, n. 1. [Prob. from pen. 
i. e., quill (or small pipe) and stock. J 
A tube for conducting water, as to a 
water-wheel. 2. Barrel of a wooden 
pump. 3. Handle of a pen 

PEXT, p. p. or a. [¥rom pen.] Shut 
up : closely confined. 

Pex'ta-€HORD, n. [Gr. TrevraxopSos . 
five-stringed.] 1. An in&trun.ent of 
music with five strings. 2. A sys- 
tem of five sounds. 

Pex'ta-gox, n. [Gr. 
nevrdywvov ; Trevre, five, 
and yuvia, angle.] A 
plane figure having five 
equal angles. 

Pex-tag'o-xal, a. Hav- 
ing five angles. Pentagon. 

Pex'ta-graph, n. Same as Paxto- 
graph. 

PEx'TA-IIE'DROX, 72. [Gr. TreVre, 
five, and eSpa. seat, base.] A solid 
figure having five equal sides. 

PEX-TAM'E-TER, n. [Gr.7revraju.e- 
rpo;; jreWe, five, and perpov, meas- 
ure.] A peculiar verse of five feet. 

PEX-TAX'&U-LAR, a. [Gr. TreVre, five, 
and Lat. angidus, angle.] Having 
five angles. 

PEX'TA-STYLE, n. [Gr. 7reVre, five, 
and o-tC Aos, pillar.] An edifice with 
five columns in front. 

PEX'TA-TEUCH, n. [Gr. nevrarevxo<; ; 
ireVre, five, and rev^os, book.] The 
first five books of the Bible. 

PEX'TE-COST. n. [Gr. irevrr]Koo-rri (sc. 
17/u.e'pa), fiftieth day.] 1. A festival 
of the Jews, on the 50th day after 
the Passover. 2. Whitsuntide. See 
Acts, ii. [Pentecost. 

PCX te-€OST'AL, a. Pertaining to 

Pext'-HOUSE, 7i. [From Lat. pen- 
dere, to hang down, and Eng. house.] 
A shed standing aslope from the 
main wall. 

Pe'xult, or Pe-xllt', n. [Abbrev. 
from pemiltima.] Last syllable but 
one of a word. 

Pe-xClt'i-xia. n. [Lat. (sc. syllaba), \ 
from pxne, almost, and idthnus, the 
last.] Same as Pexult. 

Pe-xClt'i-mate (45), a. Next be- ! 
fore the last. — n. hast syllable but 
one of a word; penult. 

Pe-xoi'bra, ti. [Lat. paene, almost, ; 
and umbra, shade.] A partial shadow- 
in an eclipse. 

Pe-xu'ri-oCs (S9), a. Excessively ' 
saving in the use of money ; parsi- i 
monious to a fault. 

Sth. — Sec Avaricious. 

Pe-xu'ri-ous-ly, adv. In a penuri- 1 
ousjnanner. 

Pe-xu'ri-ols-xess. 7i. Quality or 
state of being penurious. 

Pex'u-RY, 71. [Lat. penuria.] Want; 
mdigence ; poverty. 

Pe'OX, 71. [Sp.. a foot-traveler, foot- 
soldier, a pawn. SeePAWX.] InMex- 
ico, a debtor held by his creditor in a 
form of servitude, to work out a debt. 

Pe'O-XY, n. [Gr. irattavia, fr. Hatovia, 



a country north of Macedonia] A 
plant having beautiful flowers. 

PEO'PLE (pe'pl), 71. [0. Eng. peplt, 
popl. Lat. populus.] 1. The body of 
persons composing u community, 
tribe, nation, or race. 2. Persons 
generally ; folks. 3. The populace ; 
the vulgar. — r. t. [-ed : -IXG.] To 
stock with inhabitants ; to populate. 

Pep'PER, 71. [Gr. TreVepi.] A climb- 
ing plant and its pungent seed. — i 
v.t. [-EDj-ixG.] 1. To sprinkle 
with pepper. . 2. To pelt with shot. [ 

Pep'per-€6rx, 71. The berry of the 
pepper-plant. 

PIp'per-grass, 77. A kind of cress. 

Pep'PER-XUXT, n. [pepper aiid ?»m(.] 
An aromatic and puugent plant. 

Pep'per-sauce, n. A condiment of 
small red peppers in vinegar. 

Pep'per-y, a. 1. Relating to pepper; 
hot ; pungent. 2. Irritable. 

Pep'six, 71. [Gr. Tresis, a cooking, 
digestion ] A substance secreted by 
the stomach of animals, and present 
in the gastric juice. [digestion. 

PEp'TI€,rt. Delating to, or promoting, 

Per'ad-yext'ure, adv. [Prefix 
per, by, and adventure.] By chance; 
perhaps. 

PER-AM'Bl'-LATE, V. t. [-ED : -IXG.] 
[Lat. pernmbulnre , -latum, from per; 
through, and ambulare, to walk.] To 
walk through, over, or round. 

Per-*AXI / BLVLA'TIOX. n. Passing of 
walking thro_ugh or over. 

Per-axi'bL-LATOR, ;j. 1. One who 
perambulates. 2. An instrument to, 
measure distances. * 

Per-ceiy'a-ELE, a. Capable of be- 
ing perceived, [perceived... 

Per-ceiy'a-bly, adv. So as to be* 

Per-ceiye', v. t. [-el>: -ixg.] [Lat.. 
percip-re , fr. per and capere, to take, 4 
receive.] 1. To obtain knowledge of, 
through the senses. 2. To see to be* 
true. 

Sth. — To discern.— We may perceive 
a man and a woman afar off, vvithdnt 
being able to ditcern which is the one 
and which the other. | 

Per-pext'age, ?!. [From per cent. 

See'CEXT.] Allowance, duty, -or 

commission, on a hundred. 
Per-cep'TI-BLE, a. Capable of beincj 

perceived. [perceived J 

Per-cEp'ti-bly, ndv. So as to b« 
Per-cEp'tiox, ?j. [Lat. pcrceptio. 

See' Perceive.]' Act or faculty o< 

perceiviug ; cognizance by the senses 

or intellect ; discernment; cognition. 
Svx. — Idea: conception; sentiment; 

sensation: observation. 

Per-cEp'TIVE, a. Having the fac- 
ulty of perceiving. 

Perch (14), n. 1. [Gr. Trep/oi. from 
its dusky color.] A fish of several 
species, inhabiting both fresh and 
salt water. 2. [Lat. ptrtica.] A pole ; 
a long staff ; a rod. 3. A measure of 
five yards and a half; a rod. 4. A 
roost for fowls. — v. ?'. [-ed : -ixg.] 
To light on a fixed bodv. as a bird. — 
v.t. To place on a perch. [haps. 

Per-chAxce', adv. By chance ; per- 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK ; URX, RrE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; C, G, soft; €, u,hard; A£ ; EXIST ; H as X& , TiiiS. 



PERCIPIENCE 



312 



TERIOSTEUM 



Per-cip'1-ence, n. Perception. 

Per-cip'I-ent, a. fLat. ptrcipiens, 
perceiving.] Having the faculty of 
perception ; perceiving. 

P£R'€0-LATE,r.Z. [-EDJ -ING.] [Lat. 
pereolare, -latum, from per, through, 
and colare, to strain.] To cause to 
pass through small interstices. — v. i. 
To pass through small interstices ; 
to filter. 

PER'eo-LA'TlON, 77. Act of perco- 
lating or filtering. 

Per'co-la'tor, n. A filtering ma- 
chine. 

Per-gus'sion (-kQsh'un), n. [Lat. 
percussio, fr. per, through, and qua- 
tere, to shake, strike.] 1. Act of 
striking one body against another ; 
forcible collision. 2. Vibratory shock. 

Fercuation cap, a small copper cap, 
containing fulminating powder, used to 
explode gunpowder. — J'eraission-lock, 
a lock of a gun in which fulminating 
powder is exploded. 

PER-GU'TIENT (-shent), n. [Lat. per- 
cutiens, striking.] That which strikes. 

Per-D1'TIO\' (-dish'un), n. fLat. per- 
ditio, fr. perdere, to ruin, lose.] 1. 
Utter destruction ; ruin. 2. Future 
misery or eternal death. 

Per-du', or Pf r'du, I a. [Fr. per- 

Per-due', or Per'due, J du, from 
perdue, lost.] Lost to view; being 
in concealment. 

PER'E-GRI-NATE, v. i. [-ed; -ING.] 
[Lat. peregrinari, -natus, fr. prrcgri- 
nus, foreign.] To travel fr. place to 
place ; to live in a foreign country. 

Per'e-gri-na'tion, n. A traveling 
from one country to another ; abode 
in foreign countries. 

PER'EMP-TO-RI-LY,atfv. Absolute- 
ly ; positively. 

Per'emp-to-ri-ness, n. Positive- 
ness ; absolute decision. 

PEr'EMP-TO-RY, a. [Lat. perempto- 
rius, decisive, final, fr. perimere, to 
take away entirely.] 1. Precluding 
debate or expostulation. 2. Positive 
in opinion or judgment. 

Per-en'ni-al, a. [Lat. perennis ; 
per, through, and annus, year.] 1. 
Lasting through the year. 2. Con- 
tinuing without stop. 3. Continu- 
ing more than two years. 

PER-EN'NI-AL-LY, adu. Continually. 

Per-EN'ni-ty, 7i. Quality of being 
perennial. 

PER'FEGT (14,115), a. [Lat. perfec- 
lus, performed, finished.] 1. Com- 
pleted ; filled up. 2. Not defective ; 
having all that is requisite to its na- 
ture and kind. 

Syn.— Consummate; complete. 

PER'FEGT, or PER-FEGT' (115), v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To finish or complete, 
so as to leave nothing wanting. 

Per-fE€T'i-bil'i-ty,ti. Quality of 
being perfectible. 

Per-FE€T'I-ble, a. Capable of be- 
coming or of being made perfect. 

PER-FEC'TION, n. State of being per- 
fect or complete. 

Per-fE€'tion-Tst, n. One who be- 
lieves that some persons actually at- 



tain to moral perfection in the pres- 
ent life. [tending to perfect. 

Per-FE€T'iVE, a. Calculated or 

Per'FE€T-ly, adv. In a perfect man- 
ner or degree ; completely. 

Per'fegt-ness, n. Quality of being 
perfect ; perfection. 

Per-fPcient (-t'Ish'ent), n. [Lat. 
perficiens, performing.] One who 
endows a charity. 

Per-fid'i-ous, a. False to trust or 
confidence reposed ; treacherous ; 
faithless. [ious manner. 

PER-FlD'l-oits-LY, adv. In a perfid- 

Per-fid'i-ous-ness, n. Quality of 
being perfidious. 

P£r'FI-DY, n. [Lat. perfidia; perfi- 
dus, faithless.] Act of violating 
faith, a promise, or allegiance ; faith- 
lessness ;_treachery. 

Per'fo-rate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. perforare, -atum ; per, through, 
and forare, to bore, pierce.] To bore 
through ; to pierce. 

PEr'fo-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of per- 
forating. 2. A hole or aperture. 

Per'fo-ra-tive, a. Having power 
to perforate. [that perforates. 

PLr'FO-ra'tor, 7i. An instrument 

Per-force', adv. [Lat. per, through, 
by, andEng./orce.] By force ; vio- 
lently. 

PER-FORM', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
performarc , to form thorough^. See 
Furnish.] 1. To carry through; 
to bring to completion. 2. To exe- 
cute ; to discharge. 

Syn. — To accomplish; fulfill; effect. 
■ — v. i. To acquit one's self in any 
work. 

Per-form'A-ble, a. Admitting of 
being performed ; practicable. 

Per-f6rm'an<,'E, n. 1. Act of per- 
forming. 2. That which is performed ; 
esp. an act of an elaborate or publiG 
character; an exhibition. 

Per-form'er, n. One who performs ; 
an actor. 

Per'fume, or Per-fume' (115), n. 
[Lat. per, through, thoroughly, and 
Junius, smoke.] A sweet scent, or 
the substance emitting it. 

PER-FUME', V t. [-ED ; -TNG.] To 
impregnate with a grateful odor ; to 
scent. 

Per-fum'ER, it. One who perfumes, 
or who sells perfumes. [eral. 

Per-fum'er-y, n. Perfumes in gen- 

Per-FUNC'TO-RY, a. [Lat. perfunc- 
torius, fc.perfungi, to discharge, dis- 
patch.] Done merely to get rid of a 
duty ; hence, indifferent ; careless. 

Per-fuse', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
perfundere, perfusum ; per. through, 
and. fund 'ere, to pour.] To sprinkle, 
or spread over. 

Per-fu'sive, a. Sprinkling; adapt- 
ed to spread or sprinkle. 

Per-H.Xps', adv. [Lat. per, through , 
by, and Eng. hap.] By chance ; per- 
adventure ; possibly. 

Pe'RI, n. ; pi. PE'Ris. [Per. peri, a 
female genius, a fairy.] ( Per. Myth.) 
An imaginary being of the female 




Pericarps. 
a, b, drupe of peach ; e, 
nut, filbert; d, strobile 
of pine ; e,f, capsule 
•of poppy ; g, capsule 
of Aristolochia. 



PER'I-CAR'DI-AN, ) a. Relating to 
PER'l-GAR'DI-e, | the pericardium. 
PER>l-€AR'Dl-VM,n. [N. Lat.; Gr. 

TrepiKapSioz/, fr. Trepi, about, and Kap- 

6Y<x, heart.] 

The mem- 
branous 

sac which, 

incloses the 

heart. 
PEr'i-garp, 

n.^ [Gr. irepi- 

Kapniov, fr. 

7repi, about, 

and Kapjros, 

fruit.] The 

ripened ova- 
ry of a plant. 

PeR'I-€RA'- 

Ni- UM, n. 
[Gr. 7repi, 
around, and 
Kpaviov, th9 
skull.] The 
membrane 
that immedi- 
ately invests 
the skull. 

PER'I-GEE, 71. 
[Gr. 7repi, 

about, near, and yrj, earth.] That 
point in the moon's orbit which is 
nearest to the earth. 

PER'I-GRAPH, n. [Gr. Trepiypafyrj, fr. 
nepC, round about, and ypa.<f>rj, a, 
writing.] An inaccurate delineation. 

PEr'I-HEL'ION {or -he'li-on), n.;pl. 
PER'I-IIE'LI-A. [Gr. ire pi, about, 
near, and rjAio?, the sun.] That 
point in a planet's or a comet's orbit 
which is nearest the sun. 

PER'IL,, n. [Lat. periculum ,pcriclvm, 
from periri, to attempt.] Exposure 
to injury, loss, or destruction. 

Syn. — See Daxcer. 
— V.t. [-ED, -ING; or-LED, -LING, 
137.] To expose to danger. [ous. 

Per'il-oGs, a. Full of peril; danger- 

Per'il-ous-ly, adv. With hazard. 

PE-RIM'E-TER, il. [Gr. Trepi'/uerpo? ; 
irept, around, and /meVpoi', measure.] 
Outer bouudary of a body or figure. 

Pe'ri-od (89), n, [Gr. nepioSos, a go- 
ing round, a period of time.] 1. A 
stated and recurring interval of time. 
2. A certain series of years, months, 
or days, &c, or the termination of 
such a series. 3. A complete sen- 
tence. 4. A point [thus .] that marks 
the end of a complete sentence. 
Syn. — Time; date ; epoch: era: age. 

Pe'RI-od'IG, ) a. 1. Returning 

PE'RI-OD're-AL, ) regularly, after a 
certain period of time. 2. Pertain- 
ing to, or constituting, a period. 

PE'Rl-OD're-AL, ii. A magazine or 
other publication appearing at stated 
intervals. ^periods. 

Pe'RI-od'IC-AE-LY, adv. At stated 

PE'Rt-o-Dic'i-TY, ». State of having 
regular periods. 

Pe ri I- u s' TE- um ( 124) , n . [N . Lat. ; 
Gr. Trepioa-Teov , fr. Trtpt, around, and 
bareov, a bone.] A fibrous mem- 
brane investing the bones. 



&, E, I, 5, u, Y,long,- 1, £, I, 6, tjr, ¥, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, t£rm; PIQUE, FIRM; S6N, 



PERIPATETIC 



313 



PERSEVERE 



PER'I-PA-TET'I€, a. [Gr. nepLwarnn- 
kos, from nepmaTeiv, to walk about.] 
Pertaiuiug to the philosophy of Aris- 
totle, who gave his instructions while 
walking. — n. 1. A follower of Ar- 
istotle. 2. One who is obliged to walk. 

PE-RTpH'ER-Y, n. [Gr. 7rept.(pepi.a ; 
irtpC, around, and 4>epeiv, to bear.] 
The circumference of any regular 
curvilinear figure. 

PER'I-PHRASE, n. [Gr. 7repif£pa<m, 
from irepC, about, and <£pa£e<.i>, to 
speak.] A roundabout mode of 
expression; circumlocution. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To express by cir- 
cumlocution. [RIPIIRASE. 

Pe-b.iph'ra-s'is, n. Same as Pe- 

Per'i-phras'tic, ) a. Expressing 

Per'I-piiras'tig-al, ) or expressed 
in more svords than are necessary. 

PER / IP-NEU'MO-Ni r , ??. [Gr. irepi-nvev- 
fLOvia ; nepC, around, and Trvevpuv, a 
lung.] Inflammation of the lungs. 

PE-RIP'TER-AL,, a. [Gr. irepiVrepo? ; 
wept, around, about, and nrepov, 
wing, row.] Having a range of col- 
umns all around. 

PER'I-SGOP'IG, a. [Gr. Trept, around, 
and cncoTretv, to view.] Viewed on 
all sides ; — applied to a kind of spec- 
tacles having concavo-convex glasses. 

PER'ISH, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
perire, from per, through, and ire, to 
go.] 1. To be destroyed; to go to 
destruction. 2. To die. 3. To de- 
cay gradually, as a limb. 

Per'ish-A-ble, a. Liable to perish. 

Per'ish-a-bjle-ness, ii. Liableness 
to perish. 

Per'i-spher'ig, a. [Gr. 7rept, around, 
and <r<f>a2pa, sphere.] Having the 
form of a ball ; globular. 

PER'I-STAI/TIG, a. LGr. rrepicrTaATi- 
kos, fr. Trepta-TaKKetv, to surround, 
wrap up.] Contracting in successive 
circles; — applied to the vermicular 
motion of the alimentary canal. 

PER'I-STYLE, 11. [Gr. irepio-rvkov ; 
irepi, about, and o-tvAos, a column.] 
A range of columns round a build- 
ing or square. 

pER'l-TO-Nii'UM, n. [Lat., from Gr. 
irepireiVetv, to stretch all round or 
over.] A thin membrane, investing 
the whole internal surface of the ab- 
domen and its viscera. 

Per'1-WIG, n. [0. Eng. perivir.ke, 
corrupt, from Fr. perruque.] A small 
wig ; a peruke. — v. t. [-GED ; -GING, 
137.] To dress with a periwig, or with 
false hair. 

Per'i-wink'le (-1), n. [A corrupt. 
of petty, and A.-S. ivinkle, a shell- 
fish.] 1. A mollusk having a fleshy 
ventral disk instead of feet, and a tur- 
binated shell. 2. [0. Eng. pervinke, 
Lat. pervinra.] A flowering plant. 

Per'JURE (pCr'jurl.r. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. perjurare ; per, through, over, 
and jurare, to swear.] 1. To cause 
to take a false oath. 2. To make a 
false oath to. 

Syn. — To forswear. — Forswear, ap- 
plies to all kinds of oaths; perjure, to 
those sidministered by a civil magistrate. 



Per'JUR-ER (peVjur-er), n. One who 
willfully takes a false oath lawfully 
administered. 

Per'JU-ry, n. [See supra.] Act or 
crime of willfully making a false 
oath, when lawfully administered. 

Perk (14), a. Pert; smart •, trim; 
vain. — v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [W. percu, 
to make smart.] To hold up the head 
with affected smartness. — v. t. To 
dress up ; to make trim. 

PEr'ma-nence, ) n. Continuance 

Per'ma-nen-cy , ) in the same state 
or place ; fixedness. 

P£r'MA-nent, a. [Lat. permanent , 
staying to the end, fr. per, through, 
and manere, to remain.] Continu- 
ing in the same state, or without 
change. 
Stx. — See Lasting. 

Per'ma-nent-ly, adv. In a perma- 
nent manner. 

P£r'me-a-ble, a. [See Permeate.] 
Admitting of being permeated. 

PER'ME-ATE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
permeare, -atum, from per, through, 
and meare, to go.] To pass through 
the pores or interstices of; — said of 
fluids. 

PEr'me-a'tion, n. Act of permeat- 
ing ; state of being permeated. 

PER-Mi's'ci-BLE, a. [Lat. permiscere, 
to mix.] Capable of being mixed. 

Per-mjEs'si-ble, a. Proper to be per- 
mitted. 

PER-Mls f SION(-mish / un),JT. [Lat. per- 
missio.] Act of permitting ; formal 
consent. 

Per-m'is'sive, a. 1. Granting liber- 
ty ; allowing. 2. Suffered without 
hindrance. 

PER-:viis'sivE-LY,rttfi\ By allowance. 

Per-mit', v. t. [-ted; -ting.] [Lat. 
permittere, fr. per, through, and mit- 
tere, to let go, send.] 1. To put up 
with ; to tolerate ; to suffer. 2. To 
grant leave to. 

Syx. — To allow. — To permit is more 
positive, denoting a decided assent, ei- 
ther directly or by implication; to allow 
is more negative, and impoits only ac- 
quiescence or an abstinence from pre- 
vention. We may be compelled by cir- 
cumstances to allow some tilings which 
we would by no means directly permit. 

PLr'mit, or Per-mit' (115), n. War- 
rant ; leave ; a written permission or 
license. 

Per-mTt'tance, ii. Permission. 

Per'MU-TA'Ti'on, n. [Lat. permuta- 
tio, ft. per, through, and muiare, to 
change.] 1. Mutual transference. 2. 
Arrangement of any number of 
things in all possible orders. 

PER-Ni'ciotls (-nTsh'us), a. [Lat. per- 
niciosus, from per, thoroughly, and 
nex, a violent death.] Having the 
quality of destroying or injuring. 

Syn. — Destructive; noxious; injuri- 
ous; ruinous; hurtful. 

Per-nT'cious-ly (-nish'us-), adv. In 
a pernicious manner. 

PER'O-RA'TION, n. [Lat. peroratio, 
fr. per, through, and orare, to speak.] 
Concluding part of a discourse. 



PER'PEN-Dle'U-LAR, 

a. [Lat. perpendicu- 
lar is, from per, thor- 
oughly, and pe ndcre, 
to hang down.] 1. 
At right angles to^ 
the plane of the ho- - 
rizon. 2. At right a d, perpendicu 
angles to a given line 



lar; b c, hori- 
zontal. 



or surface. — n. A 
line or plane at right angles to an- 
other ; a vertical line or plane. 

PER/PEN-E-le'U-LAR'I-TY, n. State 
of being perpendicular. 

PER/PEN-DIC'U-LAR-LY, adv. So as 
to be perpendicular. 

PER'PE-TRATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. perpetrare, -tratum, from per, 
through, and pa trare , to perform.] To 
commit ; to be guilty of. 

PER'PE-TRA'TION, n. 1. Act of per- 
petrating^ 2. An evil action. 

PLr'pe-tra'tor, n One who per- 
petrates. 

Per-PET'U-AL, a. [Lat. perpetualis, 
fr. perpetuus, continuous.] Contin- 
uing indefinitely or infinitely. 
Syx. — See Coxtinual. 

Per-pet'u-al-ly, adv. Constantly ; 
continually. 

PER-PET'U-ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. perpetuare, -atum.] To make, 
perpetual ; to preserve from extinc- 
tion, [ing perpetual. 

Per-pEt'u-a'tion, n. Act of mak- 

Per'pe-tu'i-ty, ii. State or quality 
of being perpetual ; endless duration. 

Per-plex', v. t. [-ed: -ing.] [Lat. 
per, through, thoroughly, and plec- 
tere. plenum, to plait, braid.] 1. To 
make intricate or difficult to be un- 
derstood. 2. To tease with suspense 
or ambiguity. 
Syn. — Sec Embarrass. 

Per-plex'ed-ly (60), adv. In a per- 
plexed manner. 

Per-plex'i-ty, n. State of being 
perplexed : intricacv. 

Per'QUI-site (per'kwl-zit, 14), n. 
[Lat. perquisitum, fr. perquirere, to 
ask for diligently.] An allowance 
beyond the ordinary salary or fixed 
wages. | curate inquiry. 

PEJR/QTJI-gX'TION (-zish'un), n. Anac- 

Per'ry, 11. Expressed juice of pears, 
usually fermeuted. 

PER'3E-€UTE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. persequi, -smitus, from per, 
through, and sequi, to follow, pur- 
sue.] To pursue in a manner to 
injure, vex, or afflict, especially for 
adherence to a particular creed or to 
a mode of worship. 

Per'se-cu'tio:*", n. Act of persecut- 
ing, or state of being persecuted. 

PLr'se-€U / tor, ii. One who perse- 
cutes. 

Per'sb-VER'ance,??. A persisting in 
any thing undertaken ; constancy. 

PER'SE-VERE', f. 7. [-EDJ-ING.] 

[Lat. perseverare , fr. pe.r, thoroughly, 
very, and severus, strict.] To persist 
in any business or enterprise. 

Syx. — To continue ; persist. — The 
idea of not laying aside is common to 



< 

i 



OR, DQ, wqlf, TOO, TOOK; fjRN, RUE, PULL ; E,I, O, silent ; C,&,soft; €,G,hard; Ag ; EXIST; NasNG; THIS 



I 



PERSIFLAGE 



314 



PEST-HOUSE 



these words. Continue is the generic term, 
denoting simply to do as one lias done 
hitherto. To persevere is to continue in 
a given course in spite of discourage- 
ments, &c, from a desire to obtain our 
end. To persist is to continue from a. de- 
termination of will not to give up. 

Persiflage (per' se-flazh'), n. [Fr., 
from persifler, to quiz.] Frivolous or 
bantering talk. 

Per-si'm'mon, n. [Indian.] A tree 
and its fruit, which is like a plum. 

j?ER-sisT', v. i. [-ED;-ING.J [Lat. 
persistere ; per, through, and sistere, 
to stand.] To continue fixed in a 
course of conduct. 

Syn. — See Persevere. 

Per-SIST'ENCE, )n. State of being 

Pe r-s'ist'e N-c y , t persisten t ; steady 
pursuit of what is undertaken. 

Per-sist'EiNT, a. [Lat. persistens.] 
Inclined to per.-ist ; tenacious; fixed. 

Per'son (per'sn, 14), n. [Lat. per- 
sona, a mask, a personage.] 1. Out- 
ward appearance, expression, &c. 2. 
A living human bting ; a man, wom- 
an, or child; — also, among Trini- 
tarians, one of the three subjects 
constituting the godhead. 3. One 
of the three relations which a noun 
or pronoun may hold to the verb. 

Per'son-a-ble (pcVsun-), a. Hav- 
ing a well-formed body or person ; 
graceful. 

Per'son-age (45), ft. 1. A distin- 
guished person. 2. Exterior appear- 
ance or stature, &c. 

PER'SON-AL, a. Pertaining to, or de- 
noting, a person. 

Per'son-al'i-ty, »j. 1. That which 
constitutes, or pertains to, a person. 
2. A disparaging remark about an- 
other. 

Per'son-al-ly, adv. 1. In a per- 
sonal or direct manner. 2. With 
respect to an individual. 

Per'son-ate, v.t. [-ED; -ing.] To 
assume the character of; to coun- 
terfeit. 

Per'sox-a'tion, n. The act of per- 
sonating, or of counterfeiting the 
person of another. [ates. 

Per'son-A'TOR, m. One who person- 

PER-SON'I-Fl-CA TION, n. 1. Act of 
personifying. 2. A representation of 
an inanimate being as animated. 

PER-SON'I-FV;, V. t. [-ED ; -ING, 
142.] [Lat. persona, person, and fa- 
cere, to make.] To regard or treat as 
a person . 

Personnel (peVso-nel'), n. [Fr. 
See Personal.] Body of persons 
employed in some public service. 

PER-SP£€'TIVE, a. [From Lat. per- 
spicere, perspectum, to look through.] 
Pertaining to the art of perspective. 
—-71. 1. A view; a vista. 2. Art 
of representing on a plane surface 
objects as they appear, relatively, to 
the eye in nature. 

Per-sp£€'tive-ly. ariv. According 
to the rules of perspective. 

Per'SPI-CA'CIoDs, a. [lAit.perspicar, 
-cacis, fr. perspieere, to look through.] 
1. Quick-sighted. 2. Of acute dis- 
cernment; keen. 



Per'spi-€ac'i-ty, n. Acuteness of 
sight or discernment. 

Per'spi-CU'i-ty, n. Clearness, espe- 
cially of statement. 

PER-SPl€'U-OUS, a. [Lat. perspicuus, 
from perspicere, to look through.] 
Clear to the understanding ; not ob- 
scure, [spicuous manner. 

Per-spIg'U-ous-ly, adv. In a per- 

PER-sPiR'A-BiL'l-TY, n. Quality of 
being perspirable. [ing perspired. 

Per-spir'A-ble, a. Capable of be- 

Per'spi-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of per- 
spiring. 2. That which is perspired ; 
sweaty 

Per-spire', v. i. [-ed;-ING.] [Lat. 
perspirare, to breathe through.] 1. 
To evacuate fluid matter through 
the pores ; to sweat. 2. To be ex- 
creted insensibly. 

Per-suad'a-ble (-swad'-), a. Capa- 
ble of _being persuaded. 

Per-suade' (-swud'), v. t. [-ed; 
-ING.] [Lat. persuadere, -suasion, 
fr. per, through, and suaderc, to ad- 
vise.] 1, To influence by argument, 
advice, or entreaty, &c. 2. To con- 
vince by argument, or reasons offered. 
Syn.— See Convince. 

Per-suad'er, ». One who persuades. 

Per-suasi-bil'i-ty, n. Capability 
of being persuaded. 

Per-sua'si-ble (-swa'sl-bl), a. Ca- 
pable of being persuaded. 

Per-sua'sion, w. 1. Act of persuad- 
ing. 2. State of being persuaded. 
3. A creed, or a sect adhering to a 
certain creed. 

Per-sua'sive, a. Tending to per- 
suade ; having the power of persuad- 
ing. — n. An incitement; an ex- 
hortation, [suasive manner. 

Per-sua'SIVE-LY, adv. In a per- 

Per-sua'sive-ness, h. Quality of 
being persuasive. 

Per-sua'so-ry (50), a. Having power 
or tendency to persuade. 

PERT (14), a. [Abbrev. fr. 0. Fr. apert, 
open, known, free.] Indecorously 
free or presuming ; forward ; bold. 

PER-TAIN', v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
pertinere ; per, through, and tenere, 
to hold.] 1. To belong. 2. To relate. 

P£r'TI-na'CIOUS, a. [Lat. pertinax, 
-nacis, fr. per, through, and tenax, 
tenacious.] 1. Holding to any opin- 
ion, purpose, or design, with obsti- 
nacy. 2. Resolute; firm. 

Syn. — Obstinate ; stubborn ; inflexi- 
ble:; constant. 

Per'ti-na'cious-ly, adv. In a per- 
tinacious manner. 

Per'ti-nac'i-ty, ft. State or quality 
of being pertinacious. 
Syn. — See Obstinacy. 

PEr'ti-nence, ) ft. State of being 

P£r'TI-NEN-CY. j pertinent ; fitness ; 
appoHteness. 

PL'R'TI-NENT, a. [Lat. pertinens. 
See Pertain.] Related to the sub- 
ject or matter in hand ; apposite. 
Syn. — Relevant; appropriate. 

Per'TI-nent-LY, adv. In a perti- 
nent manner. 



Pert'ly, adv. In a pert manner 
smartly; saucilv. 

Pert'ness, n. State of being pert. 

Per-tOrb', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
perturbare, fr. per, through, thor- 
oughly, and turbare, to disturb.] To 
disturb : to agitate ; to confuse. 

Per'TUr-ba'Tjon,?*. Act of perturb- 
ing, or state of being perturbed. 

PER-TU'2lON, n. [Lat. pertnsvs, p. 
p. of pertundere, to beat, push, or 
thrust through.] Act of punching 
or piercing. 

PER'UKE (peVuk, 53), n. [Fr. per- 
ruque, fr. Lat. pilus, hair.] An arti- 
ficial cap of hair ; a periwig. 

Pe-ru'sal, h. Act of perusing. 

Pe-ru§e', v. t. [-ED ; ing.] [A cor- 
ruption of pervise, formerly written 
peruise, fr. Lat. pervisus, looked over, 
considered.] To read, or to read with 
attention. 

Per-vade', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
pervadere, fr. per, through, and va~ 
dere, to go.] 1. To pass through, as 
an aperture, pore, or interstice. 2. 
To be in all parts of. 

PERrVA'-SlON, ». Act of pervading. 

PER-VA'sivE, a. Tending, or able, 
to pervade. 

PER-VER3E' (14), a. [Lat. perversus, 
turned the wrong way. J 1. Turned 
aside from the right. 2. Obstinate 
in the wrong.. 3. Disposed to cross 
and vex. 

Syn.— Froward. — One is frouard 
who is capricious, and reluctant to obey. 
One who is perverse, has a settled obsti- 
nacy of will, find likes or dislikes by the 
rule of contradiction to the will of others. 

Per-verse'ly, adv. In a perverse 
manner. [perverse. 

Per-vERSE'NESS, ft. State of being 

Per-ver'sion, n. Act of perverting; 
change to something worse. 

Per-ver'si-ty, n. State of being 
perverse ; pe^verseness. 

PER-v£R's'iVE,a. Tending to pervert. 

Per- vert' (14), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[Lat; pervertere ; per, thoroughly, and 
vertere, to turn.] 1. To turn from 
truth, propriety, or from its proper 
purpose. 2. To misinterpret. 3. To 
turn from the right ; to corrupt. 

Per'vert, n. One who has turned 
from a right way to a wrong one. 

Per-vert'i-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing perverted. 

Per'VI-oOs, a. [Lat. pervhis, fr. per, 
through, and via, a way.] Capable 
of being penetrated ; permeable ; 
penetrable. [pervious. 

Per'vi-oOs-ness, n. Quality of being 

PESK'Y,a. Mischievous; troublesome. 
[ Colloq.] 

Pest, n. [Lat. peslis.] 1. A fatal 
epidemic disease ; plague ; pestilenoe. 
2. Any thing resembling a pest. 

PEs'ter, v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] [Ab- 
brev. from impester, fr. L. Lat. pas- 
torium, a fetter by which horses are 
prevented from wandering in the 
pastures:] To harass with little vexa- 
tions ; to annoy. [fected persons. 

Pest'-house, n. A hospital for in- 



S EI, 0,U, Y, long; A,E,i, 5, U, ¥, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM J PIQUE, FIRM; SON, 



PESTIFEROUS 



315 



PHENIX 



PES-tYf'ER-oOs, a. [Lat. pestiferus ; 
pestis, pest, and ferre, to bear.] 1. 
Pestilential ; noxious to health ; in- 
fectious; contagious. 2. Mischiev- 
ous; destructive. 

Pes'ti-len^e, n. 1. Any contagious 
or infectious disease that is epidem- 
ic. 2. That which breeds disturb- 
ance or vice. 

PES'TI-LENT, a. [Lat. pestilens, fr. 
pestis, pest.] Pestilential ; noxious ; 
mischievous. 

PES'TI-LEN'TIAL, a. 1. Producing, 
or tending to produce, a pest. 2. 
Noxious : seriously troublesome. 

PES'TI-LENT-LY, adv. In a pestilent 
manner. 

PES'TI.E (peVl), n. [L. Lat. pestel- 
lum, fr. Lat. pistare, to pound.] An 
instrument for pounding substances 
in a mortar. 

Pet, n. 1. [A modif. of pout.] A 
slight fit of peevishness. 2. [Prob. 
contr. fr. Fr. petit, small.] A lamb 
brought up by hand. 3. A child 
or any little animal fondled and 
indulged. — v.t. [-TED; -TING.] 
To treat as a pet ; to fondle. . 

PET'AL, or PE'TAL, 7i. [Gr. neraKov, 
a leaf] One of the colored leaves of 
a flower. 

PET'AL-OID, a. [Gr. Trerakov, a leaf, 
and etSos, shape.] Having the form 
of a petal. 

PE-TARD', n. [Fr. petard, fr. peter, 
to explode.] An engine of war, for- 
merly used to blow up gates, barri- 
cades, &c. 

PE-TE€'€HI-AL,orPE-TE'€HI-AL, a. 
[From Lat. petigo, a scab, an erup- 
tion.] Having livid spots ; spotted. 

Pe'TER-PENCE, n. An annual tax, 
formerly paid by the English to the 
pope, being a penny for ever r house. 

Pet'I-o-lar, a. Pertaining to, or 
growing on, a petiole. 

PEt'I-O-LATE, a. Having a petiole. 

PET'I-OLE, n. [Lar.. peiiolus, a little 
foot, stem. dim. of pes, pedis, a foot.] 
The footstalk of a leaf. 

PET'IT (pet'y ; Fr. pron. ptS), a. [Fr. 
petit, small, little.] Small; little; 
mean; — same as Petty. 

Petit jury, a jury of twelve men, in 
distinction from the grind jury. — Petit 
larceny, the stealing of goods of compar- 
atively small value. 

Pe-ti'TION (-tTsh'un), n. [Lat. peti- 
tio, fr. petere, to beg.] A prayer ; a 
request ; an entreaty, esp. of a for- 
mal kind. — v.t. [-ED; -TNG.] To 
make a request to ; to solicit, espe- 
cially for some favor or right. 

Pe-TI'TION-A-RY (-tlsVun-), a. Com- 
ing with, or containing, a petition. 

Pe-tI'tion-er (-tTsh'un-), n. One 
who presents a petition. 

PETIT-MAITRE (pet'te-ma/tr), n. 
[Fr., a little master.] A spruce fel- 
low that dangles about ladies ; a 
coxcomb. 

PET'REL, n. [Dim. of Peter; proba- 
bly in allusion to Peter's walking on 
the sea.] A long-winged, web-footed 
sea-fowl. 



Pe-TrEs'^en^e, 7i. Process of chang- 
ing into stone. 

Pe-TRES'cem, a. [Gr. nerpa, rock, 
stone.] Conwrting into stone. 

PET'RI-FXe'TIOX, n. 1. Conversion 
of organic matter into stone. 2. 
Turned into, or incrusted with, stony 
matter. 

Pet'ri-fac'tIve, a. Having power 
to change into stone. 

PET/Rl-Fl-eA'TiON, 7i. Petrif iction. 

PET'RI-FY, V. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. prtra, rock, stone, and facere, 
to make.] 1. To convert to stone or 
stony substance. 2. To make obdu- 
rate. — v. i. To become stone. 

PE-TRO'LE-UM.(124),7i. [Lat. petra, 
rock, and oleum, oil.] An inflam- 
mable, bituminous liquid exuding 
from the earth. 

Pe'trous, a. [Lat. petrosus.] Like 
stone; stony. 

PET'Tl-eoAT, n . [From petty, small, 
little, and coat.] A loose undergar- 
ment worn by women. 

Pet'TI-FOG'uer, n. [From petty, 
small, little, and/o^, to have power, 
to practice.] A lawyer who deals in 
petty cases. 

PET'tj-fog'ger-y, n. The practice, 
or the acts, of a pettifogger. 

PET'TI-LY, adv. In a petty manner. 

Pet'TT-ness,78. Stnalluess"; littleness. 

Pet'tish, a. Subject to freaks of ill- 
temper ; fretful ; peevish. 

Pet'tish-ly, adv. In a pet ; with a 
freak of ill-temper. [pettish. 

Pet'tish-ness, m. State of being 

PET'TI-TOEJ, n.pl. [From petty and 
toes.] Toes or feet of a pig, often 
used as food. 

Pet'ty, a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] [Fr. 
petit.] 1. Small ; little ; inconsider- 
able. 2. Inferior; unimportant. 

PET'U-LANCE, ) n. [Lat. petulantia.] 

PET'U-LAN-CY, ) State of being pet- 
ulant; freakish passion ; pettishness. 

PET'L T -LANT,a. Inclined to complain. 
Syn. — See Captious. 

Pet'u-eant-ly, adv. In a petulant 
manner. 

Pe-tu'ni-A, n. [Braz. petun.] A plant 
bearing beautiful flowers. 

PEW (pa), n. [Lat. podium, an ele- 
vated place, balcony.] An inclosed 
seat in a church. 

Pew'ter (pu'ter), n. [0. Fr. peutre, 
piaiitre, N. 'Fr. spi autre. Cf. SPEL- 
TER.] An alloy consisting chiefly 
of tin and lead. 

Pew'ter-er (putter-), n. One who 
works in pewter. 

PHA'E-TON, n. [Gr. 3>ae0wv, fr. <£ae- 
0eiv, <$>a.Lveiv. to shine.] 1. A son of 
Phoebus, fabled to have begged of his 
father that he would permit him to 
guide the chariot of the sun. 2. An 
open four-wheeled carriage drawn by 
two horses. [phalansteries. 

Phal/an-ste'RI-AN, a. Relating to 

PHAL'AN-STER'Y, 11. [Gr. 0aAay£, fr. 
phalanx, and o-repeo?. firm.] 1. The 
common dwelling of the Fourierites. 
2. An association organized on the 
plan of Fourier. 



PllA'LANX, or PhXe'anx, n. [Gr. 
<paAay£.] 1. A square body of sol- 
diers formed in ranks and files close 
and deep. 2. Any firm combination 
of people. 

PhXn'TAsm.h. [See infra.] 1. Mental 
image of a real object. 2. An imag- 
inary existence which seems to bo 
real; sometimes, an optical illusion. 

PlIAN-TAS/MA-GO'KI-A (8 ( J), tl . [Gr. 
<t>di>Tao-ixa , a phantasm, and ayopa, 
an assembly.] Figures thrown on a 
flat surface by a magic lantern ; 
hence, illusive images. 

Phan'tom, 7i. [Lat. phantasma. Sea 
supra.] An apparition; a specter; 
an airy spirit. 

Phar'I-SA'I€, \a. 1. Pertaining 

PiiAR'l-SA'ie-AL, J to, or resem- 
bling, the Pharisees. 2. Making a 
mere show of religion ; hypocritical. 

PllAR'l-SA-isM, 7i. 1. Doctrines and 
conduct of the Pharisees. 2. Hy- 
pocrisy in religion. 

Piiar'i-see,7). [Lat. Phariszrus, Heb. 
Pdriish, fr. parash, to separate.] One 
of a sect among the Jews, noted for 
strictness in regard to the externals 
of religion. 

Phar'MA-ceu'TI€, ) a. [Gr. <f>ap- 

PlIAR'AIA-CEU'TIC-AL, J fxaKeuTtKO?, 
fr. <f>apfi.aKov , medicine, drug.] Por- 
taining to pharmacy, or the prepara- 
tion of medicines. 

Phar'aia-ceu'tics, 7?. sing. Science 
of preparing medicines. 

Phar'm.a-ceu'tist, n. One skilled 
in pharmacy. 

PiiAR'ATA-cisT, 7i. A pharmaceutist. 

PliAR'MA-eoL'o-GtsT, n. One skilled 
in the composition of medicines. 

PHAR'MA-COL'O-GV, 7i. [Gr. fyapixa- 
kov, drug, and Aoyos, discourse.] 
Science of drugs, or art of preparing 
medicines. 

Phar'ma-co-pce'ia (-pS'ya), n. IGr. 
ifxxpfjiaKOTroua, preparation of medi- 
cines.] A book describing the prep- 
arations of mediciues ; a dispensatory. 

PHAR'AIA-CY, 71. [Gr. <pap/xaxei'a, fr. 
^dpnaKov, medicine.] Art of pre- 
paring or compounding medicines. 

Piia'ros, n. [From $apos, near Alex- 
andria, whore there was a famous 
lighthouse.] A lighthouse: abeacon. 

PlJA-RVN'GE-AL, Or PHAR'YN-Ge'- 
al, a. Belonging to the pharynx. 

Phar'ynx (far'Tnks), n. [Gr. </>apvy£, 
<f>dpvyyo<; .] Cavity into which the 
nose and mouth open. 

Phase, n.; pi. pha'ses. [Gr. <pocrt?, 
fr.^atVetv, to appear.] A transient 
appearance which any thing mani- 
fests. [Phase. 

PHA'srs. n. ; pi. PHA'SE§i. Sanio as 

PhEas/ant, n. [Gr. 
<t>ao , iav6s (sc. op- 
vi?), from <I><x(ri5,a 
river in Colchis or 
Pontus.] A bird 
found wild in Eu- 
rope. 

Piie'.mx, n. [Gr. =§§ 
<j>olvl£.] A bird 
fabled to exist sin- Pheasant 




6r, DO,AVOLF.Tdo,TObK-, URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent; 9, G, soft; €,ZJiard; A§; E^IST; NasNG; THIS. 



PHENOMENAL 



316 



PHRYGIAN 






gle, and to rise again from its own 
ashes. [a phenomenon. 

PHE-NOM'E-NAL, a. Pertaining to 

Phe-nom'e-non, re. ; pi. phe-nom'- 
E-NA. [Gr. <f>aLv6fxevov , fr. <j)aCve<r- 
da.L, to appear.] An appearance, esp. 
a remarkable or unusual appearance. 

Pm'AL, re. [Gr. <f>t.d\-q, a broad, shal- 
low cup or bowl.] A very small 
glass bottle for liquids ; a vial. 

PHI-LAN'DER, V. i. [Gr. <£i'Aai>Spos, 
fond of men.] To flirt ; to coquet. 

PhIl'an-throp'ic, I a. Pertain- 

Phil'an-throp'ic-al, { ing to, or 
exhibiting, philanthropy. 

Phi-lan'thro-pist, re. [Gr. <t>i\6.v- 
Opwnos; <£i'Aos, loving, and avQpunos, 
man.] One who shows philanthropy. 

Phi-lan'thro-py, re. Love of man- 
kind ; universal good will. 

Phil'har-mon'ic, a. [Gr. <£iAo?, 
loving, and app.ovCa, harmony.] Lov- 
ing harmony or music. 

Phi-lip'pic, re. 1. A severe oration 
of Demosthenes, against Philip of 
Macedon. 2. Any discourse abound- 
ing in acrimonious invective. 

PhT-lol'O-GER, re. [Gr. $iA6Aoyo<r, 
fond of literature ; <£i'Aos, fond, and 
Adyos, speech, discourse.] A philolo- 
gist. 

Phil'o-log'ic-AL, a. Pertaining to 
philology. [philology. 

Phi lol'o-gTst, re. One versed in 

PhT-lol'o-gy, re. The study of lan- 
guage, especially in a philosophical 
manner. 

PHIL'O-MATH, re. [Gr. <fuAof/.a0>js ; 
<|>iAos, loving, and /oidtfre, learning.] A 
lover of learning. 

Phi-lom'a-thy, re. Love of learning. 

PHIL'O-MEL, I re. [From Philomela 

Pill L'O-ME'LA , J of Athens, changed 
into a nightingale.] The nightingale. 

Phil/o-pe'na, n. [Prob. fr. Gr. <£i'Ao?, 
a friend, and Lat. pce.na, penalty.] A 
email present or forfeit of one friend 
to another, arising out of their par- 
taking together of a double-ker^eled 
almond. 

Phi'LO-pro-gen'i-tive-ness, re. 
[Gr. <f>i'Aos, loviug, and uit. proge- 
nies, offspring.] Love of offspring or 
of youug children. 

Pill los'O-PHER, re. [Gr. </>iAdcro- 
<f)Oi ; </u'Aos, a lover, and croc^o?, 
wise.] One versed in, or devoted to, 
philosophy. 

Phil'o-soph'ic, I a. 1. Pertain- 

Phil'o-sopu'ic-AL, I ing to, or pro- 
ceeding from, pailo.-opliy. 2. Skilled 
in philosophy ; rational; wise. 

Phil'o soph'ic-al-ly, adv. In a 
philosophical manner. 

PHI-LOS'O-PHISM, re. Love or use of 
fallacious arguments. 

Phi-los'o-PHIsT, re. A lover of 
sophistry 

Phi-los'o-phize, v. i. [-ed : -ing.J 
To reason like a philosopher ; to 
search into the reason and nature of 
things. 

PHI-LOS'O-PHY, re. 1. Knowledge of 
phenomena as explained by, and re- 
solved into, causes and reasons, pow- 



ers, and laws. 2. A particular philo- 
sophical system. 

Phii/o-TE€H/NI€, ) a. [Gr. <f>£- 

PlIIL'O-TECH'NIC-AL, j Aos, loving, 
and re'xi^j,"an art.] Devoted to the 
arts. 

PHIL'TER, re. [Gr. <piArpov, from <£i- 
\elv. to love.] A potion or charm to 
excite love. 

Phiz, re. [A contraction of physiog- 
nomy.] The face ; visage. [Colloq.] 

Phle-BoT'o-mist, m. One who prac- 
tices phlebotomy. 

PHLE-BOT'0-MY,re. [Gr. <£Ae/3oTO/iu'a; 
(f>\c\jj, a vein, and TOju.17, a cutting.] 
The act of opening a vein for the pur- 
pose of letting blood. 

Phlegm (fl6m), re. [Gr. <£Aeyp.a, 
flame, inflammation, phlegm.] 1. One 
of the four humors of which the an- 
cients supposed the blood to be com- 
posed. 2. Mucus of the respiratory 
and digestive passages. 3. Dullness ; 
coldness; sluggishness. 

Phleg-mat'IC, n. 1. Abounding in 
phlegm. 2. Cold ; dull ; heavy. 

Phlo-gis'tic, a. 1. Partaking of 
phlogiston. 2. Inflammatory. 

Phlo-GIS'TON, re. [Gr. <£Aoyto-Tos, 
burnt, fr. $Aoyi£e<.v, to set on fire, to 
burn.] The supposed principle of 
inflammability ; caloric. 

Phlox, re. [Gr. <J>A6£, flame.] A genus 
of flowering plants. 

Phoenix, re. See Phenix. 

PHO-NEI'I€, a. [Gr. <£>a>Kr/Ti/cd? ; 
<jxovq, a sound.] 1. Pertaining to 
the voice, or its use. 2. Represent- 
ing sounds. 

Pho-net''€S. re. sinsr. Science of the 
sounds of the human voice. 

Phon'e-tist, re. One versed in pho- 
netics ; a phonologist. 

Phon'ic, a. Same as Phonetic. 

Pho'no-graph, re. 1. A mark indi- 
cating a distinct spoken sound. 2. 
An instrument for registering and 
reproducing sounds. 

Pho-nog'ra-pher, re. One skilled 
in phonography. 

Phcvno-graph'ic, ) a. Pertain- 

Pho'no-graph'ic-al, ) ing to, or 
based upon, phonography. 

PHO-NOG'RA-PHY, re. [Gr. fyuirq. 
sound, and ypd^tLv, to write.] A 
representation of sounds by distinct- 
ive characters ; a system of short* 
hand. 

Pho'NO-l6g'I€, la. Pertaining 

Pho/no-log'ic-al, ) to phonology. 

Pho'nol'o-gist, re. One versed in 
phonology. 

Pho-nol'O-GY, re. [Gr. <ftu>vrj, sound, 
and Adyo?, discourse.] A science of 
the elementary sounds uttered by the 
human voice in speech ; phonetics. 

Pho-not'y-py, re. [Gr. fyuvri, sound, 
and TV7ros, type.] Art of represent- 
ing sounds by distinct characters. 

Phos'phate, re. A salt of phosphoric 
acid. 

PlIOS'PHOR-ATE, f. t. [-ED;-ING.] 
To combine with phosphorus. 

PHOS'PHOR-EsCE', V.t. [ED; -ING.] 
To shine, as phosphorus does. 



PHOS'PHOR-ES'CENCE, re. State of 
being phosphorescent. 

Phos'phor-es'cent, a. Shining 
with a faint light. 

Phos-phor'I€, a. Pertaining to 
phosphorus. 

Phos'phor-ous, a. Pertaining to, or 
obtained from, phosphorus. 

PHOS'PHOR-US, re. [Gr. 4>ioo-<j)6po?, 
i. e., light-bringer.] 1. The morning 
star. 2. A combustible substance, of a 
yellowish color, resembling fine wax. 

PHOS'PHU-RET, re. A combination cf 
phosphorus with another substance. 

Phos'phu-ret'ed (137), a. Com- 
bined with phosphorus. 

PHO'TO-GEN'IC, a. [Gr. <£Ji5, faros, 
light, and yeVeiv, to produce.] ] er- 
taining to photogeny ; producing 
light. 

Pho-tog'e-ny, re. Art of taking pic- 
tures by the action of light on a 
chemically prepared ground. 

Pho'to-graph, re. A picture pro- 
duced by photography. 

Pho-tog'ra-pher, I re. One who 

Pho-tog'ra-phist, J practices pho- 
tography. 

Pho'to-GRAPH'IC, la. Pertain- 

Pho'to-graph'ig-al, j ing to, or 
obtained by, photography. 

Pho-TOG'RA-PHY, re. [Gr. <£a>s, 4>u}- 
tos, light, and ypd^eiv, to write.] 
Art of producing pictures of objects 
by the action of light on chemically 
prepared surfaces, esp. on paper. 

PlIO-TOM'E-TER, re. [Gr. </xog, $ond?, 
light, and fxerpov, measure.] An in- 
strument for measuring the relative 
intensities of light. 

Pho-tom'e-try, re. Science vhich 
treats of the measurement of the in- 
tensity of light. 

Phrase, re. [Gr. <£pderis, fr. <£pa£eiv, 
to speak.] 1. A brief expression , or 
part of a sentence. 2. A short, pithy, 
and familiar expression. 3. Style of 
expression; diction. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To express in words, or in 
peculiar words. 

Phra/se-o-log'ig, ) a. Pertain- 

Phra'se-o-log'I€-al, j ing to phra- 
seology. 

Phra'se-ol'o-GY, n. [Gr. 4>pd(ri<;, 
phrase, and Adyo?, speech, discourse.] 
1. Manner of expression ; peculiar 
words used in a sentence. 2. A col- 
lection of phrases in a language. 
Syn. — See Diction. 

Phre-net'ig, a. Frantic ; mad- See 
Frantic. 

PHRE-Nl'TIS,n. [Gr. <£pevtTi9; 4>p-qv, 
midriff, mind.] 1. Inflammation of 
the brain. 2. Madness. See Frenzy. 

PHREN'O-LOG'IC, I a. Pertaining 

PHREN'O-LOG'IC-AL, ) to phren- 
ology. 

Phre-nol'o-gist, re. One versed in 
phrenology. 

PHRE-NOL'O-GY, re. [Gr. 4>pr)v, 4>pe- 
vos, mind, and Adyo?, discourse ] The 
theory that the mental faculties are 
shown on the surface of the skull. 

PHREN'gY, n. Same as Frenzy. 

Phryg'i-AN, a. Pertaining to Phrvg- 



A, E, I, 6,V,Y,long; A,E,i, 6, r;,Y, short; CARE, FAR, Ask, all, what; ERE, VEIL, term; PIQUE, FIRM; 



PHTHISIC 



317 



PIED 



la ; — applied to a sprightly kind of 
music among the ancients. 
pHTHis/i€(t!z'ik), n. Same as Phthi- 
sis. 

GOT* This term is sometimes popular- 
ly, but erroneously, applied to any diffi- 
culty of breathing. 

PhtihVic-al (tlz'Ik-al), I a. Hav- 

Phthis'ick-y (tlz'ik-y), ) iug, or 
belonging to, the phthisic. 

fHTIli'sls (thi'sis), n. [Gr. <f>0icris, 
fr. (f>6Ceiv, to waste away. J Pulmon- 
ary consumption. 

Phy-LA€'TER-Y, n. [Or. (fivKaKTqptov, 
from <f>v\a.KTr)p , a guard.] 1. Any 
charm or spell. 2. {Jewish Antiq.) 
A slip of parchment on which were 
written certain passages of the Pen- 
tateuch. 

Phy§'I€, n. [See Physical.] 1. 
Theory or practice of medicine. 2. 
Internal application for the cure of 
sickness. 3. A purge ; a cathartic. — 
v. t. [-ed ; -ING, 135.] 1. To treat 
with physic ; to purge. 2. To cure. 

PHYS'I€-AL, a. [Gr. <J>vo-iko?, from 
$v<ris, nature.] 1. Pertaining to na- 
ture, as including all created exist- 
ences , also, relating to natural or 
material things. 2. Pertaining to 
physics, or the science of nature. 3. 
Corporeal; external. [manner. 

Phys'ic-al-LY, adv. In a physical 

Phy-§Pcian (-zlsh'an), n. One skilled 
in physic ; a doctor of medicine. 

PHYS'I-ctST, n. One versed in physics. 

Phys'lgs, n. sing. [Gr. <£vo-ik>7 (sc. 
OswpCa). See PHYSICAL,.] Science 
of nature or of natural objects ; es- 
pecially, natural philosophy. 

Phys/i-og-nom'ic, i a . Pertain- 

Phys'i-og-nom'ic-al, j ing to 
physiognomy. 

Phys/i-og-noM'ICS, n. sing. Same 
as Physiognomy. 

Phys'i-og'no-mist, n. One skilled 
in physiognomy. 

PHYg'I-OG'NO-MY, n. [Gr. $vcrioyv<a- 
fiovia ; <£v<ris, nature, and yviofiiov , 
a judge.] 1. Art or science of dis- 
cerning the character of the mind 
from the features of the face. 2. 
particular expression of countenance. 

PHYS/l-o-L,6G're, ) a. Relating to 

Phys'i-o-log'ic-al, J physiology. 

Phys'i-5l,'o-GIST, n. One who is 
versed in physiology. 

PHYS'I-OL'O-GY.n. [Gr. <f>vo-iokoyia , 
<f>v<ri<s, nature, and Aoyo?, discourse.] 
That department of natural science 
which treats of the organs and their 
functions. 

Physique (1?.'z2k'\ n. [Fr.] Phys- 
ical structure of a person. 

Phy-tog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. <pvTov, a 
plant, and ypa<|>eiv, to write.] A de- 
scription of plants. 

Phy-t5l'o-gy, n. [Gr. (pvrcv, plant, 
and Adyos, discourse.] A discourse 
or treatise on plants ; botany. 

Pi, n. Type confusedly mixed. 

Pl-Ac'U-LAR, a. [Lat. piacularis, fr. 
piaculum, a propitiatory sacrifice] 

1. Expiatory ; having power to atone. 

2. Criminal; atrociously bad. 



Pi' A Ml'TER. [Lat., a tender moth- 
er.] The vascular membrane invest- 
ing the brain. [piano-forte. 

Pi-a'nist, n. A performer on the 

Pi-A'NO, a. [It.] (Mus.) Soft;— a 
direction to the performer. 

Pl'-A'NO, ) n. [It. piano, soft, 

Pl-A'NO-FOR'TE, ) and forte, strong.] 
A keyed musical instrument. 

Pi'-AZ'ZA (147), n. [it. See Place.] 
1. A kind of portico, supported by 
columns. 2. A square open space 
surrounded by buildings. [Italy.] 

Pl'BROCH, n. [Gael, piobaireachd, 
pipe-music] A wild, irregular spe- 
cies of music played on the bagpipe. 

Pl'€A,?i. [Lat. pica, a pie, magpie.] 
1. The magpie. 2. {R. Cath. Church.) 
A directory for devotional services. 
3. A kind of type of two sizes. 

This type is pica. 
This type is small pica. 

P'i'eA-DOR', n. [Sp.] A horseman 
armed with a lance in a bull-fight. 

Pic'A-ROON', n. [Sp. picaron, augm. 
of picaro, a rogue.] A plunderer of 
wrecks ; a pirate. 

P'fc'A-YUNE', n. [Indian.] A small 
coin of the value of 6^ cents. 

Pic'ca-lIl/li,?!. A pungent East In- 
dian pickle. 

Pick, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. py- 
can, peccan. Cf. Peck.] 1. To strike 
at with any thing pointed ; to open, 
as a lock ; to separate, as wool, oak- 
um, &c. 2. To pull apart or away ; 
to pluck. 3. To cleause, by remov- 
ing with a pointed instrument. 4. 
To take up suddenly. 5. To choose ; 
to select; hence, to desire. 6. To 
bring together. — v. i. 1. To eat 
slowly. 2. To do any thing nicely. 
3. To steal. — n. 1. A sharp-pointed 
tool ; a pickax. 2. Choice. 

PIck'a-nIn'ny, n. [Prop. fr. Sp. pi- 
cade nino.] A negro or mulatto in- 
fant. [Southern Stales.] 

PIck'Xx, ) n. A pick 

Pic k'axe , ) with a point 
at one end and a trans- 
verse edge at the other. 

PicK'ED (60), a. Point- r" 

ed; sharp. llckax 

Pick'ed-ness. n. State of being 
picked, or pointed. 

PfCK'ER-EL, n. [Dim. of pike.] A 
fresh-water fish ; a kind of pike. 

PIcK'ET, n. [Fr. piquet, prop. dim. 
of pique, pike.] 1. A stake or nar- 
row board sharpened. 2. (Mil.) A 
guard posted in front of an army, so 
as to form a chain of outposts. — v. 
t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To fortify with 
pickets. 2. To fasten to a picket. 

PlCK'ET-GUARD, n. A guard of horse 
and foot always in readiness in case 
of alarm. 

PlcK'ING, n. 1. Act of plucking. 2. 
That which is left to be picked. 3. 
Act of stealing. 

PIck'le (pik'l), n. [H. Ger. pokel; 
so called, some say, after one Wm. 



PCkel, who invented the art of pick, 
ling herrings.] 1. A solution of salt 
and water for preserving fish and 
meat ; brine. 2. Vinegar, sometimes 
spiced, in which vegetables, &c, may 
be preserved. 3. Article of food pre- 
served in vinegar. 4. A disagreeable 
position.— f. t [-ED; -ing.] To 
preserve in brine or pickle. 

P'/ck'lock, n. A person or tool to 
open locks without the key. 

PIck'Pock-ET, n. One who steals 
from the pocket of another. 

P'/CK'WfCK, n. A pointed instrument 
for picking up the wick of a lamp. 

Ple'Nfe, n. [From Fr. piqurr, to prick, 
to lard, and niqite, a small coin.] An 
entertainment carried by a party on 
an excursion of pleasure into tho 
country ; also the party itself. — v. i. 
To go on a picnic. 

PleT, n. One of a tribe of Scythians 
who_settled in Scotland. 

Pl€-TO'Rl-AL (89), a. Pertaining to r 
or illustrated by, pictures. 

PI€-to'ri-al-ly, adv. In a picto 
rial manner. 

PIct'ure (53), n. [Lat. pictura, from 
pingere, to paint.] 1. A likeness 
drawn in colors ; any r graphic repre- 
sentation. 2. Art or representation 
by drawing or painting. 3. Th?t 
which, by its likeness, brings vividly 
to mind some other thing. 

Syn. — Painting. — Every kind of 
drawing is a picture, whether in pencil, 
crayons, or India ink, &c; a painting is 
a representation by means of color. This 
holds good in a figurative sense; the his- 
torian draws a lively picture, the poet 
paints iu glowing colors. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ing] To draw or 
paint a resemblance of; to represent. 

PIct'ur-esque', a. Fitted to form a 
good or pleasing picture. 

PlD'DLE,r. i. [A different spelling 
of peddle.] 1. To spend time in tri- 
fling objects. 2. To eat or drink 
squeamishly. 3. To urinate. 

Pie (pi), n. 1. [Contr. fr. Eng. pasty.] 
Paste baked with something in it or 
under it, as apple, &c. 2. [Lat. pica.] 
A magpie. [See PICA.] 3. The old 
Roman Catholic service-book. 4. 
Same as Pi. 

Pie'bald, a. [For pie-balled, fr. pie, 
the magpie.] Of various colors. 

Piece, n. [Fr. piece, of Celtic origin.] 
1. A fragment or part of any thing; 
portion. 2. An individual article; 
single effort ; definite performance. 

Syn. — Distance. — Some, among our 
common people, use piece for distance in 
phrases like this: " He went forward a 
piece," meaning, over a piece or portion 
of the road. This has no sanction in 
good usage, and ought to be avoided as a 
gross vulgarism. 

— v.t. [-edj-ing.] Toenlargeor 
mend by adding a piece ; to patch. 

— v.i. To be compacted, as parts 
into a whole. 

Piece'meal, adv. [See Meal.] In 
or by pieces ; by little and little, —a. 
Single ; separate. 

Pjed, a. [Eng. pie, the party-colored 
bird.] Variegated with spots. 



< 

I 



6R,DO,WQLF,TOO,To"bK; fjRN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, o, silent , C, G, soft ; €,<i,hard; A£; EXIST; SJasNG; THIS. 



I 



( 



PIER 



318 



PINEAL 



Pl£R, n. [Fr. pierre, a stone.] 1. A 
mass of stone-work for supporting 
an arch, &c. 2. Part of the wall of 
a house between the windows or 
doors. 3. Stone-work, projecting 
into the sea ; a mole. 4. A project- 
ing wharf. 

Pierce, v.t. [-e:d;-ing.] [Fr. per- 
cer, contr. fr. pertuisier, fr. Lat. per- 
tundere, pertusum, to beat, push, 
bore through.] 1. To thrust into or 
transfix with a pointed instrument. 
2. To force a way into. 3. To touch, 
as the affections. 4. To dive into, as 
a secret. — v. i. 1. To enter, as a 
pointed instrument. 2. To force a 
way into or through. 3. To pene- 
trate, as into a secret. 

PlERCE'A-BLE, a. Capable of being 
pierced. [between windows. 

Pier'-glass, n. A mirror hanging 

Pl-E'Ri-AN (89), a. [From Mt. Pierus, 
in Thessaly.] Pertaining to the 
Muses._ [between windows. 

PlER'-TA'BLE, n. A table standing 

Pi'e-tism, n. Religion of the Pietists. 

Pi'E-tIst, n. One of a class of relig- 
ious reformers in Germany who have 
sought to restore piety to the Protes- 
tant churches. 

Pl'E-TY, n. [Lat. pietas, piety; pius, 
pious.] 1. Affectionate reverence of 
parents, friends, &c. 2. Zealous de- 
votion to the service of God. 
Syn.— See Religion. 

PIg, n. [D. big, bigge.] 1. The young 
of swine. 2. An oblong mass of 
metal, —v. t. or i. [-GED; -GING.] 
1. To bring forth pigs. 2. To he 
together like pigs. 

PlG'EON (pij'un), n. [From Lat. pipio, 
a young chirping bird.] A gallina- 
ceous birdj of several species. 

PlG'EON-HOLE, n. A little division 
in a case for papers. [are kept. 

PlG'GER-Y, n. A place where swine 

PlG'GlN, n. [Gael, pigean, dim. of 
pigeadh, an earthen jar or pot.] A 
small wooden dipper with an erect 
handle. 

PIg'ment, n. [Lat. pigmentum, fr. 
the root of pingere, to paint.] A 
color for painting ; paint. 

Pig'my, n. See Pygmy. 

PlG'NO-RA'TJON, n. [L. Lat. pigno- 
ratio, fr. pignorare, to pledge.] Act 
of pledging or pawning. 

Pig'tail, n. 1. The tail of a pig. 2. 
Hair tied in the form of a pig's tail ; 
a cue. 3. A roll of twisted tobacco. 

PlKE, n. [Fr. pique, H. Ger. pieke. 
Cf. Lick and Leak.] 1. A long 
staff, with a pointed steel head ; a 
spear. 2. A voracious fresh-water 
fish. 3. A turnpike road. 

Pik'ed (60), a. Ending in a 
point. 

Pike'staff (149), n. Staff 
or shaft of a pike. 

PI-lAs'ter, n. [L. Lat. pi- 
.lastrum, fr. Lat. pila, a pil- 
lar.] A square column, 
usuallv set within a wall. 

Pil/chard, n. A fish resem- 
bling the herring. 



PILE, n. [Lat. pila, a ball, globe, pila, 
a pier of stoue.] 1. A roundish 
mass of things ; a heap. 2. A mass 
regularly formed by layers, and de- 
signed for a special use. 3. A large 
buildiug, or mass of buildings. 4. 
[A.-S. pil, stake, Lat. pila, a pillar.] 
A pointed piece of timber, driven 
into the earth. 5. [Lat. pilus, hair.] 
The nap, as of velvet. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To lay or throw into a pile. 
2. To fill above the brim or top. 

Piles., n.pl. [Lat. pila, a ball.] A 
disease consisting of tumors of blood 
about the anus. 

Pti/FER, v. i. [-Et>; -ING.] [See 
PELF.] To practice petty theft. 

PlL'FER-ER, n. One who pilfers. 

PIL-GXR'LI€, n. [See PILL, to rob, 
to pillage.] One who has lost his 
hair by disease ; a poor, forsaken 
wretch. 

PKl'grim, n. [From Lat. peregrinus, 
a foreigner.] A traveler ; especially 
one who travels to a distance to visit 
a holy place. 

PlL'GRIM-AGE, n. A journey to a 
shrine or other sacred place. 
Syn.— See Joueney. 

PILL, n. [Lat. pila, a ball, pilula, a 
little ball, a pill.] 1. A little ball of 
medicine. 2. Any thing nauseous. 

— v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Fr. piller. 
See Peel.] To rob ; to pillage. 

PlL'LAGE (45), n. [Fr. See supra.] 
1. Act of plundering. 2. That which 
is taken from another by open force, 
especially in war. 

Syn.— Plunder. — Pillage refers par- 
ticularly to the act of stripping the suf- 
ferers of their goods, while plunder refers 
to the removal of the things thus taken. 
Under these aspects the words are freely 
interchanged. 

— v.t. [-ED; -ING.] To strip of 
money or goods by open violence ; to 
plunder. 

Pil'la-ger, n. One who pillages. 

PiL'LAR, n. [Lat. pila.] 1. A column 
to support an arch, a roof, &c. 2. 
That which resembles such a pillar. 

PiLL'lON (-yun), n. [Lat. pilus, hair. 
Cf. Pillow.] A cushion attached 
to the hinder part of a saddle, as a 
second seat. 

PlL'LO-RY, n. [L. Lat. piliorium, fr. 
Lat. pila, a pillar.] A frame through 
which the head and hands of a crim- 
inal were put, to punish him. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] To punish with the 
pillory. 

PTl'low, n. [0. Eng. pilewe ,pelowe , 
from Lat. pulvinus.] A cushion to 
support the head. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To rest or lay for support. 

PlL'LOW-BIER, 1 n. [L. Ger. bine or 

Pi'L'LOW-CASE, ) biihre, a pillow- 
case.] A covering for a pillow. 

Pl-LOSE', a. [Lat. pilosas, fr. pilus, 
hair. ] Hairy ; covered with long, 
distinct hairs. 

Pl-LOS'i-TY,n. Hairiness. 

Pl'LOT. n. [Prob. fr. L. Ger. pilen,pei- 
len, to measure, and Ger. loth, plum- 
met.] 1. One who steers ships, par- 



ticularly where navigation is danger- 
ous. 2. A guide. — v.t. [-ed;-ing.] 

1. To direct the course of, as a ship. 

2. To guide through difficulties. 
Pi'lot-age (45), n. 1. Compensation 

to a pilot. 2. The guidance of a pilot. 

PI'LOT-Bread, n. Hard bread or 
ship biscuit. 

PI'LOT-CLOTH, n. A coarse, stout 
kind of cloth. 

PI'LOUS, a. [See PILOSE.] Hairy; 
abounding with hair. 

PI-MEN'TA, In. [From Lat. pigmen- 

Pi-MEN'TO, ) turn, a paint, juice of 
plants.] Aromatic fruit of a certain 
tree; allspice. 

Pimp, n. [Cf. Fr. pimpant, smart, 
sparkish.] A procurer ; a pander. — 
v.i. [-ED ; -ING.] To procure lewd 
women for the gratification of others. 

PlM'PER-NEL, n. [N. Lat. pimpinrtla, 
L. Lat. bipinnella, for bipinnvla, two- 
winged.] A plant of several species. 

PlM'PLE (pTm^l), n. [A.-S. pinpel, 
pustule, pipelinn, to blister.] A 
small pointed elevation of the cuticle, 
differing from a pustule in not con- 
taining pus or a fluid. 

Pim'PLjBD (pTm'pld), a. Full of, or 
abounding in, pimples. 

PIN, ti. [Icel. pinni, W. pin.] 1. A 
pointed instrument of wood or met- 
al. 2. A thing of trifling value ; a 
trifle. 3. That which resembles a 
pin in its form or use. — v. t. [-NED ; 
-NING.] 1. To fasten, as with a pin. 
2. To inclose ; to pen. 

PIMa-fore', n. An apron to cover 
the front part of the body ; a tier. 

PlN'-CASE, n. A case for holding pins. 

PIn'CERS, n.pl. [Er.pince, pincers, 
from pincer, to pinch.] Pinchers. 

Pinch (66), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Fr. 
pincer, from 0. I), pitsen, to pinch, 
cut.] 1. To squeeze as between the 
fingers. 2. To squeeze between any 
two hard bodies. 3. To oppress with 
want. — v. i. 1. To act with press- 
ing force ; to bear hard. 2. To be 
covetous. — n. 1. A squeezing with 
the ends of the fingers ; also, that 
which is taken between them. 

PiNCH'BECK, a. [From the name of 
the inventor.] An alloy of copper 
and zinc, resembling gold. 

PlNCH'ER2, n. pi. [From pinch.] An 
instrument for griping things to be 
held fast, &c. 

Pin'€USH-ion, n. A small cushion 
in which pins may be stuck. 

PlN-DAR'l€, n. An irregular ode in 
imitation of those of Pindar, an an- 
cient Grecian poet. — a. After the 
style of Pindar. . 

PlNE,n. [Lat. ptnus.] 1. A genus 
of trees of many species, or its wood. 
2. A pine-apple, — v.i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[A.-S. pinan, pinian] 1. To lose 
flesh ; to grow lean. 2. To languish 
with desire. — v. t. To wear out ; to 
make to languish. 

Pl-NE'AL, or PTn'e-AL, a. [Lat. pinea, 
cone of a pine, from pin us, a pine.] 
Pertaining to, or resembling a pine- 
cone. 



5., E, I, 5,u, Y, long; A, £, I, 6, tf, Y, short; cAre, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, V£IL, TERM ; Pi'QUE, FIRM ; s6n, 



FINE-APPLE 



319 



PITCHY 



PlNE'-AP-PLE, n. A tropical 
plant and its conical fruit. 

PlN'-FEATH'ER, n. A small 
or short feather somewhat 
like a pin in form. 

Pi'N'lON (-yun), n. [Fr. Lat. 
pinna, feather, wing.] 1. 
A feather ; a quill. 2. A 
wing. 3. Joint of a wing 
most remote from the body. 
4. A shackle for the arm. 5. A small 
toothed wheel, working into a larger 
one. — v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] To bind 
the wiogs or a/tns of. 

PINK, n. IFrom D. pinken,pinkoogen, 
to twinkle with the eyes.] 1. A small 
eye. 2. A plant, and its flower. 3. 
A combination of a pure vivid red 
with more or less white. 4. Some- 
thing supremely excellent. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To work in eyelet- 
holes ; to cut or work in small scol- 
lops. 2. To stab ; to pierce. 

Pin'-MON'ey, n. Money allowed a 
wife for her private expenses. 

PlN'NACE, n. [Lat. pinus, a pine- 
tree, any thing made of pine.] 1. A 
gmall vessel. 2. A boat usually 
rowed with eight oars. 

PlN'NA-€LE, n. [Lat. pinna r.ulum ,fr. 
pinna, pinnacle.] 1. A slender point- 
ed turret. 2. A high, spiring point. 

PlN'NATE, I a. [Lat. pinnatus, 

PlN'NA-TED, J feathered.] 1. Shaped 
like a feather. 2. Furnished with 
fins. 

PINT, n. [A.-S. pynt.] Half a quart. 
In medicine, twelve ounces. 

PlN'TLE (pln'tl), n. [A dim. of pin.] 
1. A long iron bolt to prevent the 
recoil of a cannon. 2. A hook on 
which a rudder is hung to its post. 

Pin'-worm (-warm), n. A thread- 
like intestinal worm. 

PlN'Y, a. Abounding with pines. 

Pl'O-NEER', n. [Fr. pionnier, orig. a 
foot-soldier.] One who goes before 
to remove obstructions or prepare 
the way for another; hence, a first 
settler, — v. t. [-ed; -ING.] To 
go before and prepare a way for. 

Pl r O-NY, n. See PEONY. 

PI'otJS, a. [Lat. pius.] 1. Having 
filial reverence for a patent. 2. Hav- 
ing, or dictated by, reverence and 
love toward the Supreme Being. 3. 
Practiced under a show of religion. 

Syx.— Godly; devout; religious; holy. 

PT'oDs-LY, adv. In a pious manner. 

PIP, n. [L. Lat. pi-pita, from Lat. 
pituita, slime or phlegm; in fowls, 
the pip.] 1. A disease of fowls. 2. 
[Fr. pepin.] Seed of an apple, orange, 
&c. 3 A spot on cards. — v. i. 
[See Peep.] To cry or chirp, as a 
chicken. 

PlPE.n. [A.-S. pipe, Icel. pipa. Cf. 
FIFE.] 1. A cylindrical wind in- 
strument of music. 2. Any long 
tube, esp. one with a bowl for smok- 
ing. 3. A cask of 126 gallons, wsed for 
wine. — v.i. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
play on a pipe 2. To have a shrill 
sound ; to whistle. 



PlP'ER, n. One who plavs on a pipe. 

PIp'ing, p. a. 1. Giving forth a weak, 
shrill sound. 2. Simmering ; boiling. 
[ CoUoq.] — n. [From pipe.] A kind 
of cord trimming, [earthen boiler. 

PlP'IUN, n. [Dim. of pipe.] A small 

PIp'pin, n. [Prob. fr. pip, a spot, be- 
cause of the spots on its skin.] A 
kind of tart apple. 

PIqu'an-CY (plk'an-sy). n. State or 
quality of being piquant. 

Syn. — Sharpness ; pungency ; tart- 
ness; severity. 

PJqu'ant (plk'ant), a. [Fr., p. pr. of 
piquer, to prick.] 1. Stimulating to 
the tongue. 2. Sharp ; tart ; pun- 
gent ; severe. 

Piqu'ant-ly (pTk'ant-), adv. In a 
piquant manner. 

PIQUE (peek), n. [Fr.] A. feeling of 
annoyance or resentment awakened 
by a social slight or injury. — v. t. 
[-ed; -ING.] 1. To excite; to ex- 
cite to anger. 2. To excite to action 
by causing resentment or jealousy. 
3. To pride or value. 

Syn. — To offend; irritate; nettle. 

Pl-QUET' (pT-ketO, n. [Fr.] A game 
_at cards played between two persons. 

Pl'RA-CY, n. [Gr. 7retpoLTeta.] 1. Rob- 
bery on the high seas. 2. Infringe- 
ment of the law of copyright. 

PI'RATE (45), n. [Gr. ireipaTrfc, from 
7retpav, to attempt.] 1. A robber on 
the high seas. 2. An armed vessel 
sailing without a legal commission, 
for the purpose of plundering. 3. 
One who publishes the writings of 
others without permission. — v. t. 
[■ed; -ing.] To tab j by theft, or 
without right or permission. 

PI-rat'I€-al, a. Pert iining to a pi- 
rate ; practicing piracy. [manner. 

Pl-RAT'I€-AL-LY, adv. In a piratical 

Pi-rogue' (pl-rogO, n. [Orig. an In- 
dian word.] 1. A canoe formed out 
of the trunk of a tree. 2. A kind of 
narrow ferry-boat. [Amer.] 

Pir'OU-Ette', n. [Fr., prop, a turn- 
ing wheel.] A whirling about on the 
toes in dancing. 

Pis'€A-RY, n. [Lat. piscarius, relat- 
ing to fishes, from piscis, a fish.] 
Right of fishing in another man r s 
waters. 

PlS'CA-TO'RT-AL, 1 a. [Lat. piscatori- 

Pls'€A-TO-RY, } us, fr. piscator, a 
fisherman.] Relating to fishes or to 
fishing. 

PIs'FE§, n. pi. [Lat. piscis. a fish.] 
The Fishes, the twelfth sign of the 
zodiac. 

Pis'cl-etJLT'URE (53), n. [Lat. piscis, 
a fish, and cultura, culture.] Arti- 
ficial propagation and nurture of 
fish. 

Pish, interj. Pshaw; — an exclama- 
tion of contempt. — v. i. To express 
contempt by a pish. 

Pis'MiRE, n. [Eng. piss, and mire; 
because it discharges a kind of moist- 
ure, regarded by the vulgar as urine. 
See MIRE.] The ant or emmet. 

Pl'SO-LlTE (49), n. [Gr. ttiW, a pea, 



and >utfos, stone.] A calcareous stone, 
made up of small globular concre- 
tions. 

PlS'SAS-PHALT, n. [Gr. i.icro-do-Qa?*- 
tos ; nia<ra, pitch, turpentine, and 
acr^aAros, asphalt.] Earth-pitch ; a 
soft Mtumen. 

PlS-TA'CHIO (pis-ta'sho), ?!. [Sp , fr 
Gr. mo-To.Kt.ov.] The nut of a kind 
of turpentine-tree. 

PIs'ta-reen', n. A silver coin of tho 
value of 17 or 18 cents. 

PIs'til.m. [N. Lat., fr. Lat. pis- 
tillum, a pestle.] An organ in a 
flower, inclosing the seed; a 
carpel. 

Pi's'TOL, n. [From Pistoja, 0. 
It. Pistola, where they were; 
first made.] A small fire-arm, 
to be fired from one hand. — v. pj^. 
t. [-ED, -ING; or -LED, -LING, til. 
137.] To shoot with a pistol. 

PlS-TOLE', n. [It. pistola, contr. fr. 
piastuola, dim. of piastre/., a piaster.] 
A gold coin of Spain worth about 
S3.G0. 

P'is'TON,n. [From Lat. pinsere,pis- 
lum, to stamp.] A short cylinder 
fitting exactly the cavity of a pump 
or barrel , within which it moves. 

PIT, n. [X.-S.pytt or pilt.] 1. A large, 
deep hole in the ground. 2. An 
abyss ; hell. 3. The grave. 4. An 
indenture or mark in the flesh. 5. 
Lowest place in a theater. 6. An 
area for a cock or dog fight. — v t. 
[-ted; -ting.] 1. To indent. 2. To 
mark with little hollows. 3. To in- 
troduce as an antagonist to. 

PIt'a-pat', adv. [An onomatope.] 
In a flutter; with palpitation. 

Pitch, n. 1. [Lat. pix, Gr. iuWa.] 
A thick, black, sticky substance ob- 
tained by boiling down tar. 2. Tur- 
pentine. [Improper.] 3. [See PEAK.] 
A point, peak, or degree of elevation. 

4. Degree of elevation of the voice, or 
of an instrument, &c. 5. Degree ; 
rate ; position. 6. Beginning of a 
declivity; the declivity itself ; slope- 
7. Distance from center to center of 
any two adjacent teeth of gearing. — 
v. t. [-ed; -ing.\ 1. To cover 
over or smear with pitch. 2. To 
darken as if by smearing with pitch ; 
to obscure. 3. TA.-S. pyecan, to 
prick. [See PICK.] To throw ; to 
toss. 4. To plant ; to set in array. 

5. To fix the tone of. — v.i. 1. To 
light ; to settle. 2. To fall head- 
long. 3. To fix choice. 4. To en- 
camp. 5. To rise and fall, as a ship. 

PlTCH'ER, n. [0. Fr. picher,pichier, 
O. H. Ger.bechar,pechar. Cf. BEAK- 
ER.] A vessel with a spout for pour- 
ing out liquors. 

PItch'fork, n. A fork to throw hay 
or sheaves of grain. 

PITCH '-pIne. n. One of several res- 
inous species of pine. 

Pitch'-pipe, n. A wind instrument 
for regulating the pitch of the key 
of a tune. 

PlTCH'Y, a. Pertaining to, or like,, 
pitch ; dark ; dismal. 



< 



OR, DQ, WQLF, TO"Oj TO~OK ,- $RN, rue, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; C, G, soft; €, G, hard; A§ ; EJIST ; N as NG ; THIS. 



I 



PITEOUS 



320 



PLANO-CONCAVE 



PfT'E-ofis, a. 1. Fitted to excite pity. 
2. Paltry ; mean ; pitiful. 

Syn.— Sorrowful; wretched; pitiable. 

PlT'E-ous-LY, adv. In a piteous 
manner. 

Pit'FALL, n. A pit. slightly covered, 
for catching wild beasts or men. 

Pith, n. [A.-S. pidha.] 1. The soft, 
spongy substauce in the center of 
many plants. 2. The spinal cord ; 
the marrow. 8. Vital or essential 
part ; strength ; importance. 

P'lTH'l-LY, adv. In a pithy manner. 

Pith'i-NEss, n. State of being pithy. 

Pith'less, a. Destitute of pith. 

PiTH'Y, a. [-ER ; -est, 142.] 1. Con- 
taining, or full of, pith. 2. Forci- 
ble ; energetic. 

PYt'I-A-BLE , a. Deserving pity; 
worthy of compassion. 

PlT'1-FUL, a. 1. Full of pity; tender; 
compassionate. 2. Miserable ; mov- 
ing compassion. 3. Deserving pity 
for littleness or meanness. 
Syn. — See Contemptible. 

PIt'i-FUL-ly, adv. In a pitiful man- 
ner, [pitiful. 

PlT'l-FUL-NESS, n. State of being 

Pfr'l-LESS, a. Destitute of pity. 

Pit'i-less-ly, adv. In a pitiless 
manner. 

Pit'man (150), n. One who works in 
a pit, as in sawing timber, &c. 

Pit's AW, n. A saw worked vertically 
by two men. 

PiT'TANCE,?^ [L. Lat. pittantia, orig. 
pity, fr. Lat. pietas.] 1. A charity 
gift. 2. Any small allowance ; a trifle. 

Pi-tu'i-TA-ry, a. [Lat. pttuiia, 
phlegm.] Secreting phlegm or mu- 
cus, [sembling, mucus. 

Pl-TU'l-TOUS, a. Consisting of, or re- 

PlT'Y, n. [From Lat. pietas, piety, 
kindness.] 1. The feeling or suffer- 
ing, excited by the distresses of an- 
other. 2. Thing to be regretted. 

Syit.— Compassion; sympathy. —Sym- 
pathy is literally fellow-feeling, and there- 
fore requires a certain degree of equality 
in situation, circumstances, &c, for its 
fullest exercise. Compassion is deep ten- 
derness for another under severe or inev- 
itable misfortune. Pity regards its ob- 
ject not only ns suffering, but weak, and 
hence as inferior. 

— v.t. [-ED; -ING, 142.] To feel 
pain or grief for ; to have sympathy 
for. — t\ i. To be compassionate ; 
to exercise pity. 

Piv'OT, n. [Fr. pivot, for pipot, from 
pipe, a pipe.] A pin fixed only at one 
end, and on which any thing turns. 

Pix, n. Same as Pyx. 

Pla'ca-bIl'i-ty, n. Quality of be- 
ing placable. 

pLA'CA-BLE, a. [Lat. placabilis; pla- 
care, to quiet, pacify.] Capable of 
being appeased or pacified. 

pLA-€ARD', n. [Fr., fr. plaquer, to 
lay or clap on.] A written or printed 
paper posted in a public place. — v. 
t. [-ED ; -ING.] To post, as a writ- 
ing, in a public place. 

Pla'cate, v. t. [-Ei>; -ING.] [Lat. 
placare, -catum, from placere, to 
please.] To appease or pacify. 



PLACE,n. [From Gr. irAa-ru's, a-Aa-reta, 
flat, broad.] 1. An open jpace ; an 
area. 2. Any definite portion of 
space. 8. Rank ; degree ; especially 
social rank. 4. A dwelling ; a man- 
sion. 6. A village, town, or city. 6. 
A country. 7. Opportunity. 8. 
Room ; stead, — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
1. To assign a place to ; to fix. 2. 
To put in a particular rank or office. 

Place'man (150), n. One who has 
an office under a government. 

PLA-pEN'TA,n. [Lat., a cake.] The 
soft, spongy disk which connects the 
mother with the fetus in the womb. 

PLA-CE ft' (pia-thar'; by Mexicans and 
Californians, pla-sar'), n. [Sp.] A 
gravelly place where gold is found. 

PlXc'ID, a. [Lat. placidvs ; placere, 
to please.] Pleased; contented; se- 
rene ; tranquil. 

Pla-c'Id'i-ty, n. State or quality of 
being placid. 

PlXc'id-LY, adv. In a placid man- 
ner ; calmly. [id. 

PlXc'id-ness, n. State of being plac- 

PLA'GlA-RI§M, n Act or practice of 
plagiarizing. [i/es. 

PLA'GIA-RIST, n. One who plagiar- 

PLA'GlA-RIZE, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] To 
steal or purloin from the writings of 
another. 

PLA'GlA-RY,n. [Lat. plagiari us ; pla- 
gium, kidnapping.] One who pur- 
loins another's writings, j*nd offers 
them to the public as his own. — a. 
Practicing literary theft. 

PLAGUE (plag), n. [Lat. plaga, a 
blow, stroke.] 1. Any afflictive evil 
or calamity. 2. A pestilential disease. 

— v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To vex; 
to tease. 2. To infest with natural 
evil of any kind. 

Syn. — To torment; harass; annoy. 
PLAGU'I-LY (plag'i-ly), adv. Vexa- 

tioualy ; extremely. [Low.] 
PEAGU'Y(plag / y), a. Vexatious. [Low.] 
Plaice, n. [Lat. platessa.] A fish, 

allied to the flounder. 
Plaid (plad), n. [Gael, plaide, contr. 

fr. peallaid, a sheep skin.] A striped 

or variegated cloth. 
PLAIN, a. [-ER ; -est.] [Lat. planus.] 

1. Without elevations or depressions ; 

plane. 2. Open ; clear ; unencum- 
bered. 3. Not intricate or difficult. 

4. Simple ; natural. 

Syn. — Manifest; level; flat; smooth; 

artless; sincere; downright; unreserved; 

distinct; homeiy. 

— adv. In a plain manner. — n. 1. 
Level land ; and usually, an open 
field. 2. A field of battle.— v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To level ; to make 
plain or even. 

Plain'-deal'er, n. One who speaks 

out his views with great plainness. 
Plain'-deal'ing, n. A speaking or 

acting with openness and sincerity. 
PLAIN'LY, adv. In a plain manner. 
Plain'ness (109), n. Quality or state 

of being plain. 
Plain'-spok'en (20), a. Speaking 

with plain, unreserved sincerity. 
Plaint, n. [Lat. planctus, fr. plan- 



gere, planctmn, to complain.] Audi- 
ble expression of sorrow ; complaint. 

PLAINT'IFF, n. [Fr. plaintif, making 
complaint.] One who commences a 
personal action or suit in law. 

PLAINT'IVE. a. 1. Expressive of sor- 
row ; complaining. 2. Serious ; sad. 

Plaint'ivE-ly, adv. In a plaintive 
manner. 

PLAiNT'iVE-NESS,n. Quality or state 
of being plaintive. 

PLAIT, n. [Gr. 77-Ae»on7,a twisted rope, 
string.] 1. A fold; a doubling. 2. 
A braid, as of hair or straw. — v. t, 
[-ED ; -ING."] 1. To fold ; to double 
in narrow folds. 2. To braid; to 
plat. 3. To entangle; to involve. 

Plan, n. [Lat. planus, fiat, level.] 1. 
A draught or form ; especially the 
representation of any horizontal sec- 
tion. 2. A method of action or pro- 
cedure expressed in language. 

Syn. — See Scheme. 
— v.t. [-NED; -NING.] 1. To form 
a draught of. 2. To scheme ; to de- 
vise. 

Syn. — To sketch ; model; contrive. 

Planch'et, n. [Fr. planchette, a 
smallboard, dim. of7^a//c//?,aboard, 
plank.] A disk of metal ready to be 
stamped. 

Plane, a. [Lat. planus.] Without 
elevations or depressions ; even ; lev- 
el ; flat ; pertaining to a plane. — n. 

1. A level surface, real or imaginary. 

2. A tool for smoothing boards or 
other surfaces. — v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] 
To make smooth ; to free from ine- 
qualities. 

Plan'et, n. [Gr. TrAai/ifnjs, and 
n\dvn<;, n\dvr)To<;, a planet ; prop, a 
wanderer.] A celestial body revolv- 
ing about the sun. 

PlXn'et-a'RI-UM,^ An astronom- 
ical machine representing the mo- 
tions and orbits of the planets. 

Plan'et-a-RY, a. Pertaining to the, 
planets. 

PLANE'-TREE, n. [Gr. irKaravos, fr. 
7rA.a.Tus, broad, fr. its broad leaves 
and spreading form.] A tree of the 
genus Platanus. 

PlXn'et-struck, a. Affected by the 
influence of planets. 

Pla-nim'e-try, n. [Lat. planus, 
plain, and Gr. /aerpov, measure.] 
Mensuration of plane surfaces. 

Plan'ISH, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [0. Fr. 
planir. See PLANE.] To render 
smooth and level by gentle hammer- 
ing. 

PlXn'I-SPHERE, n. [Lat. planus, 
plane, and sphxra, sphere.] Rep- 
resentation of the circles of a sphere 
upon a plane, esp. of the celestial 
sphere, with adjustable circles, &c. 

Plank, n. [Lat. planca, allied to Gr. 
7rAa£, any thing fiat and broad.] A 
broad piece of sawed timber, thicker 
than a board. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To cover or lay with planks. 

PlXn'ner, n. One who plans. 

Pla'no-con'cave, a. Flat on one 
6ide, and concave on the other. 



I, E, i, 6,fj, Y y long; A, £,1,6,0, ¥, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, t£rm; pique, fIrm; son, 



PLANO-CONICAL 



121 



PLEASURABLE 



Pla'NO-con'I€-al, a. Level on one 
side, and conical on the other. 

Pla'xo-con'vex, a. Flat on one 
side, and convex on the other. 

PLANT, n. [Lat. planta.] 1. A vege- 
table ; an organic body, having, when 
complete, a root, stem, and leaves. 
2. Fixtures and tools for carrying on 
any trade. — v.t. [-ED;-lNG.j 1. 
To put in the ground and cover, as 
seed. 2. To set in the ground, as a 
tree. 3. To engender. 4. To estab- 
lish; to introduce. — v. i. To per- 
form the act of plauting. 

PlXnt'ain (42), n. [Ft., fr. Lat. plan- 
tago.] A genus of plants of many 
species. 

PlXnt'ain (42), In. A tropical 

PLANT'AIN-TREE, ) tree, fifteen or 
twenty feet high, bearing a fruit 
which is a substitute for bread. 

Plan-ta'tion, n. 1. A place planted ; 
esp. a large estate, cultivated chiefly 
by negroes. 2. A colony. 

PlXnt'ER, n. 1. One who plants. 2. 
One who assists in colonizing in a 
new territory. 3. Owner of a plan- 
tation. 

PlXnt'I-€LE, n. [A dim. of plant.} 
A plant in embryo. 

PlXnt'i-grade, n. [Lat. planta, 
sole of the foot, and gradi, to walk.] 
An animal that walks on the sole of 
the foot, as the bear. 

Plash, v. i. [D. platen, H. Ger. 
plat.\chen.] To dabble in water; to 
splash. — v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] [0. 
Fr. plaissier, fr. Lat. plexus, p. p. of 
plectere, to weave, twist.] To cut and 
intertwine the branches of. — n. 1. 
A puddle. 2. A dash of water ; a 
splash. 3. Branch of a tree partly 
cut, and bound to other branches. 

PL.\SH'Y,a. Abounding with puddles. 

PLASM, n. [Gr. jrAdovxa, fr. TrAao-<7 , etv, 
to form.] A mold or matrix. 

PLAS'TER, n. [Gr. e/u.7rAacrrpov .] 1. 
A composition of lime, water, and 
sand, for coating walls, &c. ; also, 
gypsum, as used for making mold- 
ings, &c. 2. An external applica- 
tion harder than an ointment. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. To cover with plas- 
ter. 2. To cover with a plaster, as a 
wound. 3. To smooth over ; to con- 
ceal the defects of. 

Plas'ter-er, n. One who plasters. 

Plas'ter-ing, n. A covering of 
plaster. 

PlXs'TIC, a. [Gr. jrAaaTiKos ; ;r\da- 
tretv, to form.] 1. Having power to 
give form or fashion. 2. Capable of 
being molded or formed. 3. Per- 
taining to, or characteristic of, mold- 
ing or modeling. 

Plas-tic'i-ty, n. State or quality of 
being plastic. 

Plas'tron, n. [Fr., fr. Lat. plastra, 
a thin plate of metal.] A leather pad 
used by fencers to defend the body. 

Plat, v.t. [-ted; -ting.] [Fiom 
plait.] To form by interweaving ; 
to weave. — n. 1. Work done by 
platting or interweaving. 2. [Cf. 
Plot, the same word differently 



written; also, Plate.] A small 
piece of ground laid out. 

Plate, n. [Fr. plat, Sp. plato, It. 
piatto, Ger. plalte, allied to Gr. nvVa- 
tv's, flat, broad.] 1. A piece of metal 
flattened. 2. Dishes wrought in gold 
or silver. 3. Metallic ware which is 
overlaid with gold or silver. 4. A 
small, shallow vessel to eat from. 5. 
An engraved piece of metal or an im- 
pression therefrom. 6. A page of 
stereotype for printing from. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. To cover or over- 
lay, as with gold or silver. 2. To 
arm with plates of metal. 3. To 
beat into thin, flat pieces. 

PLA-TEAU' (-to'), n. [Fr., fr. plat, 
flat.] A broad level area of elevated 
land. [a plate. 

Plate'ful (155), n. Enough to fill 

Plate'-glass, «. A fine kind of 
glass, cast in thick plates, used for 
mirrors, &c. 

Pla':'s:(, n. [See Plate.] The flat 
part of a printing-press. 

Plat'FORM, n. [Eng. plat (obs.), 
flat, and form.] 1. A flooring or 
horizontal frame -work of timber or 
boards. 2. A declaration of princi- 
ples by any body of men. 

Plat'i-na, or Pla-ti'na, n. See 
Platinum. 

PLAT'JNG, n. 1. Art of covering a 
baser metal with a thin plate, as of 
silver. 2. A thin coating of metal. 

PlXT'I-NUM, or PLA-TI'NUM, 11. [X. 
Lat., fr. Sp. plata, silver.] Avery 
heavy and ductile metal of the color 
of silver. 

Plat'i-tude (30), n. [Fr., from plat, 
flat.] 1. Flatness ; insipidity. 2. 
A weak or empty remark. 

PLA-TON'l€, fa. Pertaining to 

Pla-ton'I€-al, j Plato, or to his 
philosophy or opinions. 

Platonic love, a pure, spiritual affec- 
tion subsisting between the sexes. 

PLA'TO-NfsM, n. Doctrines of Plato 
and his followers. 

Pla'to-n'ist, n. A follower of Plato. 

PLA'TO-NIZE, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
adopt_the opinions of the Platonists. 

PLA-TOON', n. [Fr. piioton, fr. Lat. 
pila, a ball.] Half of a company of 
soldiers. 

PlXt'ter, n. [Prob. fr. 0. Fr. platel, 
N. Fr. plateau.] A large, shallow 
dish for provisions at table. 

PLAU'DIT, n. [Lat. plaudite, do ye 
praise.] An expression ofapplau.se. 

PlaU'si-bTl'i-ty, n. State of being 
plausible ; speciousness. 

PLAU'SI-BLE, a. [Lat. plausibilis, ft. 
plaudere, to applaud.] 1. Superfi- 
cially pleasing ; apparently right. 2. 
Using specious arguments. 

Syx.— Specious.— Both these words 
have a bad sense. Plausible denotes 
that which seems to satisfy the ear, and 
yet leaves distrust in the judgment. 
S/iecioits describes that which carries a 
fair appearance to the eye, and yet may 
cover something false. 

Plau'si-bly, adv. In a plausible 
manner. 

Plau'sIve, a. Manifesting praise. 



Play, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. pit. 
gian.] 1. To engage in sport ; to 
frolic. 2. To trifle. 3. To contend 
in a game ; to gamble. 4. To per- 
form on an instrument of music, y. 
To operate. 6. To move irregularly. 
7. To act on the stage or in any par- 
ticular character. — v.t. 1. To put 
in action or motion. 2. To perform. 

Sy>\ — To sport; trifle; frolic. 
— n. 1. Series of actions for pleas- 
ure or amusement : game. 2. Act of 
contending for victory, as at cards, 
&c. : gaming. 3. Practice in any 
contest. 4. Action; use; manner 
of action. 5. A dramatic composi- 
tion or performance. 6. Perform- 
ance on an instrument of music. 7. 
Motion ; movement ; also, room for 
motion. 8. Liberty of acting ; scope. 

PLAY'-BXLL, n. A printed advertise- 
ment of a play , with the actor's parts. 

Play'er, n. One who plays. 

Play'ful, a. 1. Sportive. 2. In- 
dulging a sportive fancy. [ner. 

Play'ful-ly, adv. In a playful man- 
PL A y'-house, n. A theater. 

PLAY'MATE, n. A companion in play. 

Play'thing, n. Any thing that serves 
to amuse ; a toy. 

Plea, n. [Lat. plaitum, placitum, fr. 
placere, to please.] 1. The defend- 
ant's answer to a plaintiff's declara- 
tion and demand. 2. A lawsuit. 3. 
An excuse ; an apology. 4. Urgent 
prayer or entreaty. 

Plead, v. i. [pleaded (not plead, 
or PLED); PLEADING.] [Fr. plai- 
der, L. Lat. placitare. See PLEA.] 
1. To argue in support or defense of 
a claim. 2. To make an allegation 
of fact in a cause ; to carry on a 
suit. — v.t. 1. To offer in proof, 
support, or excuse. 2. To attempt 
to maintain by arguments ; to argue. 
3. To allege and offer in a legal plea. 

Plead'er, n. One who pleads; es- 
pecially, a lawyer who makes a plea 
in a court of justice. 

Plea§'ant, a. [See Please.] 1. 
Grateful to the mind or senses. 2. 
Cheerful ; enlivening ; gay ; lively. 

Pl£as/ant-ly, adv. In a pleasant 
manner. 

Pleas'ant-RY, n. 1. Gayety; mer- 
riment. 2. Gentle raillery ; lively 
talk. 

Please, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
placere.] To excite agreeable sensa- 
tions or emotions in ; to gratify. — 
v. i. To be pleased; to like; to 
choose ; to comply. [satisfaction. 

Pleas/ing, a. Giving pleasure or 
Syx. — Pleasant; agreeable.— Pleasant 
is more particularly applied to things in 
the concrete, as pleasant weather, a 
pleasant day, ride, situation, &c. In 
respect to persons, pleasing is generally 
used to describe personal qualities, as, a 
pleasing countenance. &c. Agreeable is 
more used of social qualities and rela- 
tions, as, agrerahle society, &c. These 
distinctions, however, are not in all 
cases very accurately observed. 

Pleas'ur-a-ble (plezh'ur-a-bl), a. 
Pleasing; giving pleasure. 



I 



or, do, wolf, TOO, TOOK ; t>RN, rue, pull ; E, J, o, silent \ c, G, soft; €, G, hard; Afl ; BJIST ; SOJNG; THIS. 



PLEASURABLY 



322 



PLUMB-LINE 



Pleas'ur-a-bly, adv. In a pleasur- 
able'manner. 

Pleasure (plezh/ur), n. [See 
Ple^ase.] 1. Gratification of the 
senses or of the mind. 2. What the 
will dictates or prefers. 3. That 
•which pleases. — v.t. [-ED; -TNG.] 
To please ; to gratify. 

Pleas'ure-ground, n. Ornamental 
ground appropriated to amusement. 

PLE-BE'IAN (-yan), a. [Lat. plebeius; 
plebs, the common people.] Pertain- 
ing to, or consisting of, the common 
people. — n. One of the common 
people. [beians. 

Ple-be'ian-1s_M, n. Conduct of ple- 

PLEDGE (plej), n. [L. Lat. plegium, 
prob. fr. Lat. prxbere , to proffer (sc. 
Jidem), trust.] 1. Something depos- 
ited as security ; a pawn. 2. Any 
thing given or considered as a secur- 
ity for the performance of an act. 3. 
The wishing of health to another. 
Syn. — Sec Earnest. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ing.] 1. To leave as 
security. 2. To engage for by prom- 
ise. 3. To drink the health of. 

Pledg'ee, n. One to -whom any 
thing is pledged. 

Pledg'er,«. One -who pledges. 

PLEDG'ET, n. [Prob. fr. pledge, to 
secure.] A compress, or small, flat 
tent of lint laid over a wound. 

Ple'iad (ple'yad), n. One of the 
P|eiades L 

Ple'ia-des (plc'ya-dez), n. pi. [Gr. 
ILVeiaSes, from nkelv, to sail, as their 
rising indicated the time of safe nav- 
igation.] A group of seven stars sit- 
uated in the constellation Taurus. 

pL,E'NA-Ri-LY,arfi\ Fully. 

Ple'na-ri-ness, n. State of being 
plenary. 

Ple'na-ry, a. [Lat. plenus, full.] 
Full ; entire ; complete. [tent. 

Ple-nip'o-tence, n. State of being 
plenipotent. 

PLE-NIP'O-TENT, a. [Lat. pterins, 
full, and potens, potent.] Possessing 
full power. 

PLENa-PO-TEN'TI-A-RY (-shl-a-, 95), 
n. An embassador at a foreign court 
furnished with full powers. — a. 
Containing full power. 

PLEN'I-TUDE (30). n. [Lat. plenitudo, 
fr. plenus, full.] Fullness ; complete- 
ness ; abundance. 

Plen'te-ous, a. 1. Sufficient for 
every purpose. 2. Having plenty ; 
well provided for ; rich. 

Plen'te-ous-LY, adv. In a plente- 
ous manner. 

Plen'te-oOs-ness, n. Abundance. 

Plen'ti-ful, a. 1. Adequate to ev- 
ery purpose. 2. Affording ample 
supply. 

Plen'ti-ful-ly, adv. In a plenti- 
ful manner ; copiously. 

PLEN'Tl-FUL-NESS,rc. The state or 
quality of being plentiful ; abund- 
ance ; copiousness. 

Plen'TY, n. [Lat. plenitas, fr. plenus, 
full.] Full or adequate supply. 
Syn. — See Abundance. 



— a. Plentiful ; abundant ; copious. 
[Colloq. and inelegant.] 

PLE'O-NASM, n. [Gr. ir\eovaoiJ.6<;, fr. 
wAeova^etv, to be more than enough.] 
The use of more words to express 
ideas than are necessary. 

Ple'o-nas'tig, a. Partaking of ple- 
onasm ; redundant. 

Pleth'o-ra, n. [Gr. irX^wpTj, from 
nXrjdeLV, to be or become full.] 1. 
Over-fullness of blood ; repletion. 2. 
A being over-full in any respect. 

PLE-THOR'IC, or PLETH'O-RIC (123), 
a. Evincing plethora. 

PLEV'RA, n. [Gr. irKevpd.] The 
membrane which covers the inside 
of the thorax, and invests the lungs. 

PLEU'RI-SY, n. [Lat. pleurisis, pleuri- 
tis, Gr. 7rAevpiTis.] An inflamma- 
tion of the pleura. 

Pleu-RIT'ic, ) a. 1. Pertaining 

Pleu-rit'ig-al, J to pleurisy. 2. 
Diseased with pleurisy. 

Pleu'ro-pneu-mo'ni-a v -n.l mo'ni- 
a), n. [Gr. nkevpd, pleura, and 
wveu/xoves, the lungs.] Inflamma- 
tory disease of the pleura and lungs. 

PLEX'I-FORM,a. [Lat. plexus, a twist- 
ing, braiding, and./b?»na,form.] Like 
net-work ; complicated. 

PLEX'us,n. [See supra.] Any net- 
work of vessels, nerves, or fibers. 

Pli-a-bIl'i-ty, n. Quality of being 
pliable. 

PlI'a-BLE, a. [Fr., fr. plier, to bend, 
to fold.] 1. Easy to be bent. 2. 
Readily yielding to arguments, per- 
suasion, or discipline. 

Syn. — Pliant; flexible; supple; limber. 

PlI'AN-CY, n. State of being pliant. 

PLl'ANT, a. 1. Easily bent. 2. Easily 
influenced to good or evil. 

Pli'ant-ness, n. State of being pli- 
ant. 

PLI'CATE, \a. [Lat. plicatus, p. p. 

PL1'€A-TED, J of plicare, to fold.] 
Folded like a fan. 

Pli'ers, n. pi. [From ply.] A kind 
of pinchers. 

Plight (pllt), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.- 
S. plikian.] To expose to danger or 
risk ; to pledge. — n. 1. Security ; 
gage. 2. Exposed condition. 3. Con- 
dition ; state. 

Plight'er (pllt'-), n.One who plights. 

Plinth, n. [Gr. 7rAiV0os,a brick or 
tile, a plinth.] A square, projecting 
part at_the base of a column. 

PLI'O-CENE, a. [Gr. 7rAeiW, more, 
and Kaivos, new, recent.] (Geol. ) 
Pertaining to, or characterizing, the 
most recent tertiary deposits. 

Plod, v. i. [-ded ; -ding.] [Cf. 
Gael, plod, a clod.] 1. To travel, 
with steady, laborious diligence. 2. 
To drudge ; to study heavily. 

PLOT,n. [A different spelling of plat.] 
1. A small extent of ground. 2. A 
draught of a field, &c, drawn to 
a scale. 3. [Abbrev. fr. complot.] 
Any scheme of a complicated nature. 
4. Plan or intrigue of a play or 
novel, &c. —v.t. [-ted; -ttng.] 
1. To plan ; to devise. 2. To deline- 



ate. — v. i. 1. To form a scheme of 
mischief. 2. To contrive a plan. 

Plough (plou), n. See Plow. 

Plov'ER,)!. [Fr. & Pr. pluvier, the 
rain-bird ; Lat. pluvia, rain.] A bird 
frequenting the banks of rivers and 
the sea-shore. 

Plow ) (plou), n. [Icel. plogr,T). 

Plough ) ploeg.] 1. An implement 
for turning up the soil. 2. A join- 
er's instrument for grooving. 3. A 
machine for cutting or trimming pa- 
per. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] Tc 
trench and turn up with a plow. — 
v. i. 1. To labor with a plow. 2. 
To advance by plowing, or in spite of 
obstacles. . 

Plow'a-ble ) (plou/-), a. Capa- 

Plough'a-ble J ble of being 
plowed ; arable. 

Plow'-boy ) (plou/-), n. A boy 

Plough'-boy ) that drives or guides 
a team in plowing. 

Plow'er ) (plou'-), n. One who 

Plough'er j plows land ; a culti- 
vator. 

Plow-man 1 (plou'-, 150), n. One 

Plough'-man ) who plows ; a hus- 
baudman ; a rustic. 

Plowshare > (plou'-), n. The 

Plough'share J part of a plough 
which cuts the ground below. 

Pluck, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
pluccian. Cf. LUG.] 1. To pull 
with sudden force ; to pull off, out, 
or from, with a twitch. 2. To strip 
by plucking. — n. [Cf. Gael. & Ir. 
pluc, a lump, a knot.] 1. Heart, 
liver, and lungs of an animal. 2. 
Spirit ; courage. 

Pluck'er, n. One who plucks 

Pluck'y, a. [-ER; -est, 142.] Hay- 
ing enduring courage : spirited. 

PLUG, n. [D.] 1. Any thing to stop 
a hole. 2. A cake of pressed tobac- 
co. — v. t. [-ged; -GING.] To 
stop with a plug. 

Plum, n. [A.-S. plftma, Lat. prunum, 
Gr. npovvov.] 1. A certain tree and 
its fruit. 2. A raisin. 3. The sum 
of £100,000 sterling. 

PLU'MAGE, n. [Lat. pluma, feather.] 
The feathers which cover a bird. 

Plumb (plum), n. [Lat. plumbum, 
lead.] A weight attached to a line 
used to indicate a vertical direction ; 
a plummet. — a. Perpendicular. — 
adv. Perpendicularly. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To adjust by a plumb- 
line. 2. To examine by tests. 

Plum-bXg'i-noOs, a. Consisting of, 
containing, or like, plumbago. 

Plum-ba'go, n. [Lat. plumbum, 
lead.] A mineral, popularly called 
black-lead. 

Plum'be-an, a. Consisting of or re- 
sembling lead. 

Plumb'er (plum'er), n. [See PLUMB.) 
One who adjusts lead pipes, &c. 

Plumb'er-y (plum-'),/!. Business, or 
place of business, of a plumber. 

PLUMB'ING, n. 1. Art of casting and 
working in lead. 2. Business of ar- 
ranging pipes for conducting water. 

Plumb'-ltne (plum/lin), n. 1. A 



A, e, i, 5, u, Y,long{ X, 4,1,6,0, y, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm ; s6n, 



PLUM-CAKE 



323 



POISE 



plummet. 2. A line perpendicular to 
the plane of the horizon. 

Plum'-cake, n. Cake containing 
raisins, currants, &c. 

Plume, n. [Lat. pluma.] 1. The 
feather of a bird. 2. A large feath- 
er worn as an ornament. 3. A to- 
ken of honor or prowess, &c. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. To adjust the 
feathers of. 2. To strip of feathers. 
3. To pride ; to value. 

PLU'MI-PED, n. [Lat. plum ipes, -pedis, 
fr. pluma, a feather, and pes, foot.] 
A bird that has feathers on its feet. 

PlOm'MET, n. [For plumbet, from 
plumb, lead.] 1. A long piece of 
iead attached to a line for sounding 
the depth of water. 2. Au instru- 
ment used to determine a perpendic- 
ular jine. 

PLU-MOSE', ) a. [Lat. plumosus; plu- 

Plu'mous, f ma, feather.] Having 
or resembling plumes. 

Plump, a. [-er ; -est.] [Icel. plumpr.] 
1. Swelled with fat or flesh to the 
full size. 2. Complete ; unreserved. 
v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [From the adj.] 

1. To swell ; to fatten. 2. To cause 
to drop heavily. — v. i. 1. To grow 
large to fullness. 2. To fall sudden- 
ly. — adv. At once, or with a sud- 
den, heavy fall. 

PlOmp'er, n. 1. Something to dilate 
the cheeks. 2. A full, unqualified lie. 

PLUM'-PIE, n. A pie with plums in it. 

Plump'LY, adv. Without reserve. 

PLUMP'NESS,n. State of being plump. 

Plum'-pud'ding, n. Pudding con- 
taining raisins or currants, [plums. 

PLUM'-TREE, n. A tree that produces 

PLUM'Y, a. Adorned with plumes. 

Plun'der, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Ger. 
pbtndern ; plunder, frippery, bag- 
gage.] 1. To take the goods of by 
force. 2. To take by pillage or open 
force. 

Syn. — To pillage ; spoil ; sack ; rob. 

— n. 1. That which is taken from 
an enemy; pillage; spoil. 2. Per- 
sonal property and effects ; luggage. 
[Local, V. S.] 

Plun'der-er, n. One who plunders. 

Plunge, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Fr. 
plonker.] To immerse in a fluid; to 
"drive into flesh, mire, earth, &c. — 

— v i 1. To dive, or to rush in. 

2. To fall or rush, as into distress, 
&c. 3. To throw one's self headlong, 
as a horse. — n. 1. Thrusting into 
water, &c. 2. Act of throwing one's 
self headlong, like an unruly horse. 

PLU'PER-FE€T, a. [Lat. plus, more, 
and perfer.tus, perfect.] More than 
perfect ; — said of that tense of a verb 
which denotes that an action or 
event took place before another past 
action or event. 

Plu'ral, a. [Lat. pluralis; plus, 
more.] Containing more than one. 

Plu'ral-Ist, n. A clergyman who 
holds more benefices than one 

Plu-rXl'i-ty, n. 1. State of being 
plural. 2. A greater number. 
Plurality of votes, excess of votes cast 



for one individual over those cast for any 
one of several competing candidates. 

PL O'RAL-L Y, adv. In a sense imply- 
ing more than one. 

Plus, n. [Lat., more.] A character 
[-{-] used as a sigu of addition. 

Plush, h. [Fr. plucke. fr. Lat. pilus, 
hair.J[ A kind of shaggy cloth. 

Plu-to'ni-an, a. Plutonic. 

Plu-ton'ic, a. Pertaining to the sys- 
tem of the Plutonists ; igneous. 

Plu'to-nist, n. One who ascribes 
the formation of the world to igneous 
fusion . 

PlO'vi-AL, a. [Lat. pluvialis ; pluvia, 
rain.] Abounding in rain ; rainy. 

Plu'vi-om'e-ter, n. [Lat. pluvia, 
rain, and metrum, measure.] A rain- 
gauge, [rainy. 

Plu'yi-ous, a. Abounding in rain ; 

PLY, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. plicare , 
Gr. ir\eKtiv.] 1. To fold or cover 
over. 2. To urge ; to solicit importu- 
nately. 3. To keep busy. 4. To prac- 
tice or perform with diligence. — v. i. 
1. To work steadily. 2. To busy one's 
self. 3. To make regular trips. — n. 
1. A fold ; a plait. 2. Bent ; bias. 

Pneu-mat'I€ ) (nu-), a. [Gr. 

PNEU-MAT'I€-AL { TTvevnaTiKOi ; 

nvevfxa, wind, air.] Consisting of, 
relating to, like, or moved by air. 

Pneu-mat'I€s (nu-), n. sing. Science 
which treats of the mechanical prop- 
erties of air, &c. 

Pneu'MA-tol'o-GY (-nu'-), n. [Gr. 
iTvev^a, air, spirit, and Aoyos, dis- 
course.] The doctrine of, or a trea- 
tise on, spiritual existences. 

PNEU-MO'NI-A (nu-), n. [Gr. nvev- 
fjLOvia ; nvevfxoiVy lung.] An inflam- 
mation of the lungs, [the lungs. 

Pneu-mon'IG (nu-),a. Pertainiug to 

P5ACH, v.t. [-EDJ-ING.] [Fr po- 
ther, to poach eggs, fr. poc/te, pocket, 
pouch, Eng. poke.] 1. To cook in a 
certain manner, as eggs. 2. To rob 
of game ; hence, to plunder. — v. i. 
To steal or pocket game. [Eng.] 

POACH'ER, n. One who poaches. 

Poach'y, a. Wet and soft to the 
feet. 

Pock, n. [A.-S. pocc, poc] A pus- 
tule on the skin in variolous and 
vaccine diseases. 

Pock'et, n. [Dim. of poke, a pocket. 
Cf. POUCH.] Any small bag, esp. 
one inserted in a garment. — v.t. 
[-ed; -ing.] To put or conceal in 
the pocket. 

To pocket an affront, to receive it with- 
out resenting it, or at least without seek- 
ing redress. 

Pock'et-bo'ok, n. A case for car- 
rying papers in the pocket. 

Pock 'mark, n. Scar made by the 
small-pox. 

Pock'y, a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] Full of 
pocks ; infected with the small-pox. 

Pod, n. A capsule of a plant, espe- 
cially a legume. 

Po-dXg'RI€, ) a. [Gr. iroSaypiicos ; 

PO-DAG'RI€-AL, { from irovs, iroSos, 
foot, and aypa, a catching.] Pertain- 
ing to the gout; gouty. 



PO'EM, n. [Gr. iroCrnxa, fr. Trocefi', to 
make, compose.] A composition in 
verse. 

Po'e-sy, n. ' [Gr. ttoi'tjo-cs.] 1. Art of 
composing poems. 2. Poetry. 

PO'ET, n. One who writes poetry. 

Poet laureate, a poet employed to com- 
pose poems for the birthdaysof a prince, 
or other special occasion. 

P6'ET-ESS, n. A female poet. 

Po-ET'ic, ) a. 1. Pertaining, of 

Po-ET'I€-AL, ) suitable, to poetry 
2. Possessing the peculiar beauties 
of poetry. [manner. 

Po-£t'I€-AL-ly, adv. In a poetic 

Po-et'ics, n. The doctrine of poetry. 

PO'ET-IZE, V. i. [-EDJ-ING.] To 
write as a poet. 

Po'ET-RY, n. [See Poet.] 1. Metri- 
cal composition ; verse. 2. Imagi- 
native composition, whether in prose 
or verse. 

Poign'an-CY (poin'an-), n. State of 
being poignant. 

POIGN'ANT (poin'ant), a. [Fr. poign- 
ant, p. pr. of 0. Fr. poindre, to 
sting.] 1. Stimulating to the organs 
of taste. 2. Acutely painful ; pier- 
cing : irritating. 

POIGN'ANT-LY (poin'ant-ly), adv. In 
a poignant manner. 

Point, n. [Lat. puncta, punctum. fr. 
pungere, to prick.] 1. A sharp end; 
tip. 2. A sort of needle used by en- 
gravers, &c. 3. A mere spot. 4. A 
6mall promontory or cape. 5. A 
moment ; an instant ; hence, the 
verge. 6. Degree ; condition ; rank. 
7. A characteristic ; a peculiarity. 8. 
A distinct position, thesis, or passage. 
9. A character used to mark the di- 
visions of a sentence. 10. Object ; 
end. 11. A braided cordage, used in 
reefing sails. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
1. To sharpen. 2. To direct toward 
an object ; to aim. 3. To direct at- 
tention toward. 4. To punctuate. 5. 
To indicate the aim or purpose of. 6. 
To fill the joints of with mortar. — 
v. i. 1. To direct the finger for des- 
ignating an object. 2. To show dis- 
tinctly by any means. 

Point-blank', n. [Fr. point-blanc, 
white point.] Point to which a pro- 
jectile is supposed to move directly, 
without a curve. — a. 1. Aimed di- 
rectly toward the mark. 2. Direct ; 
express. — adv. Directly. 

Point'ed, p. a. 1. Having a sharp 
poiut. 2. Characterized by distinct- 
ness and pithiness. 

PoiNT'ED-LY, adv. With point, se- 
verity, or keeuness. 

POINT'ER, n. Any thing that pointsj 
as, (a.) Hand 
of a time-piece. 
(b.) A dog 
trained to point 
out the game. 

POINT'LESS, a. 
Having no point. 

Poire, n. [0. Fr. pois, fr. Lat. pensum, 
a portion weighed out.] 1. Weight ; 
gravity. 2. Balance used in weigh- 
ing with steelyards. 3. Equipoise; 



< 




Pointer Dog. 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL ; E,I, O, silent ; C, G, soft; €,G,/uxrd; A§ ; EXIST; Cf as NG ; THIS, 



POISON 



324 



POLYGLOT 



equilibrium. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
1. To make of equal weight. 2. To 
hold a place in equilibrium. 3. To 
weigh. 

Poi'son (poi'zn), n. [L&t.potio, fr. 
potare, to drink.] 1. Any substance 
noxious to life or health. 2. That 
which taints or destroys morals. 

Syn. — Venom. -~ Poison usually de- 
notes something received into the system 
by the mouth, breath, &c. Venom is 
something applied externally, or dis- 
charged from animals, as by the bite or 
sting of serpents, scorpions, &c. Venom 
is also more active and malignant in its 
operation than poison, and hence is a 
stronger term. 

— v.t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To infect 
with, or kill by, poison. 2. To taint 
or corrupt the character, principles, 
or happiness of. 

Poi'son-er, n. One who poisons. 

Poi'£ON-oCs, a. Having the qualities 
of poison ; corrupting ; noxious. 

POKE,rc. [A.-S. poca.] 1. A pocket; 
a small bag. 2. A long, wide sleeve. 
3. A thrust. 4. A lazy or stupid 
person. 6. A machine to prevent 
beasts from leaping or breaking 
through fences. — v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] 
[L. Ger. poken , to prick, thrust.] To 
thrust against ; to push against with 
any thing pointed ; hence, to feel for 
with a long instrument. 

To poke fun, to make funs to joke. 
~v. i- To grope, as in the dark. 

Pok'er, n. 1. One who pokes. 2. An 
iron bar for stirring or opening a lire 
of coals. 3. A game of cards. 4. 
[Icel. pokr, a bugbear, hobgoblin.] 
A frightful object, dimly seen in the 
dark ; a bugbear. 

Po-LA€'€A, n. [It., prop, a Polish 
vessel.] A vessel with three masts, 
used in the Mediterranean. 

PO-LA'€RE,W. See POLACCA. 

Po'LAR, a. Pertaining to, surround- 
ing, or proceeding from, one of the 
poles, as those of the earth. 

Po-L,AR'I-S€OPE, ft. [Eng. polar, and 
Gr. o-Koiretv, to view.] An instru- 
ment used for polarizing light, and 
analyzing its properties. 

Po-lar'i-ty, n. That quality of a 
body in virtue of which it exhibits 
opposite or contrasted properties or 
powers, in opposite or contrasted 
j>arts or directions. 

Po'lar-i-za'tion, n. Act of polar- 
izing ; state of having polarity. 

P6'LAR-IZE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
communicate polarity to. 

Pole (20), n. [A.-S. pol, pal. Cf. 
PALE.] 1. A long, slender piece of 
wood. 2. A measure of length of bh 
yards, or a square measure of 30| 
square yards ; arod; a perch. 3. [Gr. 
woAos, from nekeiv, 7roAeiv, to turn.] 
Extremity of the axis of a sphere, 
especially of the earth. 4. A point of 
maximum intensity of a force which 
has polarity. 5. The heavens ; the 
sky. [Poet.] — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To furnish with poles. 2. To convey 
on poles. 3. To push forward by the 
use of poles. 




POLE'-Ax. 1 n. A 

Pole'-axe, J sort 
of ax fixed to a 
_pole. 

Pole'€AT,*i. [Eith- 
er for polish cat, or 
for poultry cat.] A 
carnivorous mam- 
mal, allied to the 
weasel. 

Pol'e -march (-mark) 

fj-apxos ; 7r6Ae/xo5, war, and dpxos, 
leader.] An Athenian magistrate. 

Po-lem'ig, n. A disputant. 

Po-LEM'l€, la. [Gr. Tj-oAe/iuKos, 

PO-LEM'IC-AL, ) warlike; TroAe/ixo?, 
war.] 1. Pertaining to controversy ; 
controversial. 2. Given to contro- 
versy ; disputatious. 

Po-LEM'I€S, n. sing. Controversy, 
^specially on religious subjects. 

Pole'-star, n. A star at or near to 
the pole of the heavens. 

Po-Li^E' (-13s'), n. [Fr., fr. Gr. tto- 
Aireia, condition of a state, govern- 
ment.] 1. Administration of the 
laws of a city or incorporated town 
or borough. 2. Internal regulation 
of a state. 3. Body of civil officers, 
organized to preserve good order. 

Po-li^e'man (-13s'-, 150), ft. One of 
the ordinary police. 

Pol'i-^y, n. [Gr. jroAireta. See su- 
pra.] 1. Settled method of adminis- 
tering the government. 2. Method 
by which any institution is admin- 
istered. 3. Worldly wisdom ; cun- 
ning ; stratagem. 4. Prudence ; wis- 
dom. 5. [L. Lat. poletvin, poleticum, 
from Gr. tto\vtt7v\ov , having many 
leaves.] A warrant for money in the 
public funds. G. Instrument em- 
bodying a contract of insurance. 

Pol'ish, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
polire.] 1. To make smooth and 
glossy. 2. To refine ; to wear off 
the rusticity of. — v.i. To become 
smooth and glossy. — n. 1. A smooth, 
glossy surface. 2. Refinement ; ele- 
gance of manners. 

P6l'isii-er, n. One who polishes. 

Po-LlTE', a. [-ER ; -EST.] [Lat. 
politus, p. p. of polire, to polish.] 
Elegant in manners ; refined in be- 
havior ; well-bred. 

Po-lite-LY, adv. Courteously. 

Po-lite-ness, n. State or quality of 
being polite ; polish of manners. 

Syn. — Courtesy. — Politeness denotes 
that ease and gracefulness of manners 
which first sprang up in cities, connected 
with a desire to please others by antici- 
pating their wants and wishes, and stu- 
diously avoiding whatever might give 
them pain. Courtesy is, etymologically, 
that modification of politeness which be- 
longs to courts. It displays itself in the 
address and manners. 

Pol'i-TI€ (123), a. [Gr. ttoAitikos, be- 
longing to the citizens or state, from 
7roAtr»j?, citizen.] 1. Political. 2. 
Pertaining to, or promoting, a pol- 
icy ; well devised. 3. Devoted to a 
scheme rather than to a principle. 

Po-LlT'l€-AL, a. 1. Pertaining to 
public policy or politics ; relating to 



state affairs. 2. Derived from con- 
nection with government ; public. 

Po-lit'I€-al-ly, adv. In a political 
manner. 

Pol'i-tPcian (-tlsh'an). n. 1. One 
versed in the science of government. 
2. One who is devoted to the ad- 
vancement of a political party. 

P6l'i-tI€s, n. sing. 1. Science of 
government. 2. Management of a 
political party. 

PoL'I-TY, n. [Gr. TroAiTeia.] 1. Form 
or constitution of civil government. 
2. P'orm or constitution by which any 
institution is organized. 

Syn. — Policy. — Polity is confined to 
the structure of a government; as, civil 
or ecclesiastical polity ; while policy is 
applied to the management of public af- 
fairs; as, foreign or domestic policy. 

POL'KA (20), n. [Bohem. pulka, half, 
from the half step prevalent in it ; 
or perh. fr. Slav, polka, i. e., prop, a 
Polish woman.] A dance performed 
by two persons in common time. 

Poll, n. [D. bol, a ball, bowl, bulb, 
pate, poll.] 1. The head. 2. A reg- 
ister of persons. 3. An election of 
civil officers. 4. (pi.) Place where an 
election is held. — v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] 
1. To remove the poll or head of; 
hence, to clip ; to lop. 2. To enter, 
in a list or register, especially for 
purposes of taxation. 3. To deposit, 
as a vote ; to bring to the polls. 

Pol'LArd, n. [From poll.] 1. A tree 
having its top cut off. 2. The chub 
fish. 3. A mixture of bran and meal. 

Pol'LEN, ft. [Lat., fine flour, fine 
dust.] The fecundating dust of the 
anthers of flowers. • 

Pol'li-wig, ) n. [Prob. corrupt, fr. 

Pol'LI-Wog, ) periwig.] A tadpole. 

Pol'lock, n. [Ger. & D. pollack.] 
A fish ; the whiting. 

Poll'-tax, n. A tax levied by the 
head or poll. 

Pol-lute', v. t. [ -ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
polluere, -lutum.] 1. To make foul 
or unclean. 2. To defile morally ; 
to profane. 3. To render legally or 
ceremonially unclean. 4. To violate 
by illegal sexual commerce. 

Syn.— To contaminate ; dishonor. 

Pol-lut'er, n. One who pollutes. 

Pol-lu'tion, n. Act of polluting, or 
state of being polluted. 

P6'LO-NAiSE',n. [Fr.] 1. A kind of 
Polish robe. 2. A kind of dance. 

Polt, n._ [Cf. pelt.] A blow or stroke. 

POL-TROON', n. [From It. poltrone, 
an idle fellow, coward, from poltrire, 
to lie abed lazily, from Eng. bolster.] 
An arrant coward. 

Pol-tro""on'er-y, n. Cowardice; 
want of spirit. 

POL'Y-AN'THUS, tl. [Gr. 7roAvav0OS, 
rich in flowers.] A certain ornament- 
al flowering plant. 

Po-LYG'A-MlST, n. Onewho practices 
or justifies polygamy. 

Po-LYG'A-MY, n. Condition of a man 
having more than one wife. 

POL'Y-GLOT, a. [Gr. iroAvyAwTTOS, 
many-tongued.] Containing, or re- 



k, e, l, o,u, y, long; X,fi,I, 6, tJ, y, short; cAre, far, Ask; all, what; ere, veil, tIemj pique, fIrm; s6n, 



POLYGON 



325 



POPISH 



fating to, several languages. — «. 1. 
A person acquainted with several lan- 
guages. 2. A book, esp. the Script- 
ures, written in several languages. 3. 
Text of one of the versions in a proper 
polyglot, printed by itself. 

Pol'y-gon, a. [Gr. 
iroAvytofos ; iroXvs, 
many, and yuivos, 

yoivia, angle.] A / \ 

plane figure of more/ \ 
than four sides. \ J 

PO-LYG'O-NAL, a. \ / 

Having many an- Polygons, 
gles. 

PSl'Y-GRAjM, n. [Gr. 7roA.vypap.|ui.o? ; 
7roAvs, many, and -ypafi/uij, line.] A 
figure consisting of many lines. 

Pol'y-graph, n. [Gr. 7roAvypu<J>os, 
writing much.] An instrument for 
multiplying copies of a writing. 

Po-L\TG'RA-PHY, n. Art of writing 
in various ciphers, and of deciphering 
the sanie. 

Pol'y-he'dral, a. Having many 
sides, as a solid body. 

POL'Y-HE'DRON, 71. [Gr. 7roAv'eSpos, 
with many seats or sides.] A solid 
contained by many sides or planes. 

P6l/Y-NO'Ml-AL,n. [Gr. n-oAi/'s, many, 
and Lat. nome.n, name, term.] An 
expression composed of two or more 
terms, connected by the sign plus 
or minus. — a. Containing many 
names or terms. 

Pol'yp, n. [Gr.7r0A.vV0v?, i.e., many- 
footed.] An aquatic animal of the 
radiate type, which forms coral by 
the secretion of calcareous matter. 

Pol'y-pous, a. Having the nature 
of the polypus. 

Pol'y-pus, n. ; Ens;, pi- pol/y-pus- 
E§ ; Lat.pl. POL'Y-PI. [Lat. poly- 
pus. See Polyp.] 1. Something 
that has many feet or roots. 2. A 
polyp. [See Polyp.] 3. A tumor 
with a narrow base. 

Pol'y-syl-lab'I€, ) a. Consist- 

PoL'Y-SYL-LAB'Je-AL, j ingof more 
than three syllables 

POL'Y-SYL'LA-BLE, n. [Gr. 7roAvs, 

many, and 0T/AAaj3»?, syllable.] A 
word of more syllables than three. 

PoL/Y-T£eH'Ni€ (-tek/-), a. [Gr. 
TrokvTexvos , from 7roA.vs, many, and 
Te\vy\^ an art ] Comprehending many 
arts ; — applied to a school in which 
many arts or sciences are taught. 

POL'Y-THE'ISM, ». [Gr. rroAv's, many, 
andfleos, god.] Doctrine of a plu- 
rality of gods. 

Pol'Y-the'ist, n. One who believes 
in a plurality of gods. 

POL'Y-THE-IST'IC, ) a. 1. Per- 

Pol'y-the-Yst'io-al, j taining to 
polytheism. 2. Believing in a plu- 
rality of gods. 

P6m'ACE (pthn'as), n. [Lat. pomum, 
a fruit, an apple ; L. L&t.pomacumi.] 
Substance of apples, &c, crushed by 
grinding. 

Po-MA'CEOUS, a. [Lat. pomum, an 
apple.] 1. Consisting of apples. 2. 
Like pomace. 

Po-made', n. [Lat. pomum, an ap- 



ple, because it was formerly made 
from apples.] Perfumed ointment 
or unguent for the hair. 

Po-ma'tum, n. [See Pomade.] A 
perfumed unguent used in dressing 
the hair. 

POME-GRAN'ATE (pHm-gran/et), n. 
[Lat. pomum, a fruit, apple, and 
granalus, having many grains or 
seeds.] The fruit of a certain tree, 
filled with numerous seeds. 

PO-MIF'ER-OUS, a. [Lat. pomifer ; 
pomum, fruit, apple, and ferr'e, to 
bear.] Producing apples, or the lar- 
ger fruits, as melons, pumpkins, &c. 

POM'MEL (pam'-J, n. [L. Lat. pomel- 
lus, pomelus, from Lat. pomum, an 
apple.] 1. A knob or ball, as on the 
hilt of a sword. 2. Protuberant 
part of a saddle-bow. — v. t. [-ED, 
-ING; or-LED, -ling, 137 ] To beat, 
as with something thick or bulky. 

Po'mo-l6g'I€-AL, a. Belonging to 
pomology. [pomology. 

PO-MOL'O-gIst, n. One interested in 

PO-MOL'O-GY, n. [Lat. pomum, fruit, 
and Gr. Aoyos, discourse.] Science 
of fruits, or art of raising fruits. 

Pomp, n. [Gr. irofj.Trq, a sending, a 

solemn procession.] 1. An imposing 

procession. 2. Show of magnificence. 

Syn. — Display ; parade ; pageant. 

Pom-pos'i-TY, n. State of being 
pompous ; pompousness. 

PoMP'ous, a. 1. Showy with grand- 
eur. 2. Ostentatious ; boastful. 

Syjs'. — Showy; grand; stately; digni- 
fied; magisterial. 

P6mp'oits-ly, adv. With great pa- 
rade, [pompous. 

Pomp'OIJS-ness, n. State of being 

Pt>N'CHO (pon'tcho), n. [Sp.] A 
kind of cloak worn by the Spanish 
Americans, having the form of a 
blanket. 

Pond, n. [Prob. fr. A.-S. pyndan, to 
shut in.] A natural or an artificial 
body of fresh water. 

PON'DER, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
ponderare, fr. Lat. pondus, a weight.] 
To weigh in the mind ; to view with 
deliberation. 

Stn. — To consider; muse. —We con- 
sider any subject which is fairly brought 
before us; we ponder a concern involv- 
ing great interests; weniKseon the events 
of childhood. 

— v. i. To think; to deliberate ; to 
muse. [weighed. 

PoN'DER-A-BLE, a. Capable of being 

Pon'der-ance,?/. Weight ; gravity. 

Pon'der-os'i-ty, n. Weight ; heav- 
iness. 

Pon'der-OUS, a. [Lat. ponderosus ; 
pondus, a weight.] 1. Very heavy; 
weighty. 2. Important; momentous. 
3. Strongly impulsive. 

Pon'der-ous-ly, adv. With great 
weight 

Pon-gee', n. An inferior India silk. 

Pon'IARD (-yard), n. [Lat. pugio, pu- 
gionis, from pungere, to prick.] A 
small dagger. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To pierce with a poniard. 

PoN'TAGE , n. [L. Lat. pontagium, fr. 



Lat. pons, a bridge.] A dufy paid 
for repairing bridges. 

PON'TIFF, n. [Lat. pontifex, pontifi- 
cis, fr. pons, a bridge, and face re, to 
make, because the first bridge over 
the Tiber was constructed by the 
high priest.] A high priest; espe- 
cially the pope. 

Pon-tif'I€-al, a. Belonging to a 
high priest, or to the pope ; popish. 

— n. 1. A book of formulas, used in 
various ecclesiastical rites. 2. pi. 
Dress and ornaments of a priest, 
bishop, or pope. 

Pon-tif'I€-ate, n. 1. State or dig- 
nity of a high priest. 2. Ofiice, dig- 
nity, or reign of the pope. 

PON-TON', In. [Fr. ponton, fr. Lat. 

PON-TOON', J pons, a bridge.] 1. A 
light float, used in forming a bridge 
quickly for the passage of troops. 2- 
A low, fiat vessel, used in careening 
^hips ; a lighter. 

PO'NY (148), n. [Gael, ponaidh, a little 
horse. Cf. PUNY.] A small horse. 

Poo'DLE,n. [Ger. pudel.] A small 
dog with long, silky hair. 

PoOL,n. [A.-S.pol, pHL] 1. A small 
and rather deep collection of fresh 
water. 2. A puddle. 

Poop, n. [Lat. puppis.] A deck 
raised above the after part of the 
spar deck. — v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] To 
strike in the stern. 

Poops d (poopt, 60), a. Furnished 
with a poop. 

Poor, a. [-er; -est.] [0. Eng. 
povere, 0. Er.poure, povre, Lat. pau- 
per.] 1. Destitute of property ; needy. 
2. Destitute of such qualities as are 
desirable, or as might naturally be 
expected ; lean ; emaciated ; inferior ; 
barren ; sterile ; valueless ; paltry. 
3_. Worthy of pity. 

Poor'-house, n. A public establish- 
ment for the support of the poor ; 
an alms-house. 

POOR'LY, adv. In a poor manner. — 
a. Somewhat ill ; indisposed. 

Poor'ness, n. State of being poor. 

Poor'-spir'it-ed, a. Of a mean 
spirit ; cowardly. 

Pop, n. A small, smart, quick sound 
or report. — v. i. 1. To make a sharp, 
quick sound. 2. To enter, issue, or 
move, with a quick, sudden motion. 

— v. t. [-PED ; -PING.] 1. To push 
or thrust suddenly. 2. To cause to 
burst suddenly with heat, as corn. — 
jxdv. Suddenly. 

P5pe,ji. [Lat. papa, father, bishop, 
Gr. 7ra7ra?, 7ra7T7ras, father.] The 
head of the Roman Catholic church. 

I Pope'dom, n. Office, dignity, orju» 

I risdiction of the pope. 

I Pop'er-Y, n. Religion of the Roman 
Catholic church. 

i Pop'gun, n. A child's gun for shoot- 
ing pellets by the expansion of com- 

I pressed air. 

j PoP'IN-JAY, n. [0. Eng. popingay, 

I Ar. papaga.] 1. A parrot. 2. A 

! fop or coxcomb. 

I Pop'ish, a. Relating to the pope ; 

I taught by the pope. 



OR, do, WOLF, TOO, TO"bK ; URN, RUE, PULL j E, I, O, silent ; c, G, soft; <:, 6, hard; A£ ; EXIST ; N as NG ; THIS. 



POPLAR 



326 



POSITION 



PSp'lar, n. [Lat. popuhis.] A genus 
of trees of several species. 

Pop'lin, n. A textile fabric of silk 
and worsted. 

POP-LIT'I€, a. [Lat. poples, poplitis, 
ham.] Pertaining to the ham, or 
posterior part of the knee-joint. 

PSp'PY, n. [A.-S. popig, Lat. papa- 
ver.] A plant from which opium is 
extracted. 

Pop'u-lace, n. [Lat. -popuhis, the 
people.] The common people ; all 
persons not distinguished by rank, 
education, office, or profession. 
Syn. — Mob. 

Pop'U-LAR, a. [Lat. populari s.] 1. 
Pertaining to the common people. 2. 
Easy to be comprehended ; familiar. 
3. Pleasing to people in general. 4. 
Prevailing among the people. 

Pop'u-lar'i-ty, n. Quality or state 
of being popular. 

PoP'U-LAR-IZE, v.t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To make common or popular ; to 
spread among the people. 

Pop'u-lar-ly, adv. So as to please 
or suit the populace. 

Pop'u-late, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
furnish with inhabitants ; to people. 
— v. i. To propagate. 

POP'U-LA'TION, n. [Lat. popidatio.] 
1. Multiplication of inhabitants. 2. 
Whole number of people in a coun- 
try or region. 

P6p'u-L,ous,a. [Lat. populosus.] Con- 
taining many inhabitants. 

Pop'u-loOs-ly, adv. With many in- 
habitants, [populous. 

Pop'u-lous-ness, «. State of being 

PoR'CE-LAlN,n. [Orig. a kind of shell, 
fr. Lat. porcus, prob. fr. its smooth- 
ness and whiteness.] A fine, trans- 
lucent kind of earthen ware. 

Porch, n. [A.-S. portic, Lat. porti- 
cus.] A kind of vestibule ; an orna- 
mental entrance way ; a portico. 

Por'cIne , a. [Lat. porcinus ; porcus, 
a swine.] Pertaining to swine. 

Por'cu-pIne, n. [Lat. porcus, swine, 
and spina, thorn.] A quadruped 
with spines or sharp prickles, capa- 
ble of being erected at pleasure. 

Pore, n. [Gr. iropos, a passage, a 
pore.] 1. A minute orifice in an an- 
imal membrane. 2. A small iuter- 
stice". — v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Prob. 
a modif. of bore.] To look with steady, 
continued attention. 

Po'rism, n. [Gr. nopio-fia, something 
deduced from a previous demonstra- 
tion.] A proposition designed to find 
the condition that will render cer- 
tain problems capable of innumera- 
ble solutions. 

Pork, n. [Lat. porcus, swine.] Flesh 
of swine, fresh or salted. 

Pork'er, n. A hog. 

P0-r6s'i-ty, n. Quality or state of 
Jiaving pores. 

Por'ous (89), a. [See Pore.] Full 
of pores ; having interstices. 

PoR/pHY-RiT'ie, a. Pertaining to, 
like, or consisting of, porphyry. 

P6r'phy-ry, n. [Gr. Tropfyvpirq*;, like 
purple, from nop4>vpa, purple.] A 



rock, often purple, through which 
crystals of feldspar are disseminated. 

Por'poise (por / - 
pus), n. [0. Eng. 
porcpisce ,porpesse, 
Lat. porcus piscis, 
i.e., hog-fish.] A Porpoise, 

cetaceous mammal 
which roots like a hog in the sand 
and mud. 

Por'ridge , n. [Corrupt, fr. pottage.] 
Vegetables boiled in water, with or 
without meat ; — also, meal or flour 
boiled in water, or in milk, to the 
consistency of thin paste. 

Por'rin-ger, n. [From porridge.] A 
small metallic vessel in which liquids 
are warmed. 

Port, n. 1. [Lat. portus.] A place 
where ships may ride secure from 
storms. 2. [Lat. porta.] (a.) A 
gate; a door, (b.) An opening in 
the side of a ship through which can- 
non may be discharged. 3. [Lat. 
portare, to carry.] Manner in which 
one bears himself. 4. [From Oporto, 
in Portugal.] A dark-purple astrin- 
gent wine. 5. [Etymology uncer- 
tain.] Larboard or left side of a 
ship. — v. t. [Lat. portare, to carry.] 
To turn to the left side of a ship ; — 
^aid of the helm. 

Port'A-BLE , a . [Lat. portabilis ; por- 
tare, to carry.] Capable of being 
borne or carried. 

Port'AGE, n. [See PORT, v. t.] 1. 
Act of carrying. 2. Price of carriage. 
3. A carrying place between two 
bodies of navigable water. 

P6r'tal,w. [Lat. porta, n. gate.] A 
small door or gate; hence, some- 
times, any passage-way. 

Port-cul'lis,, n. [Fr. porte coulisse, 
from porte, a 
gate, and cou- 
lis, coulisse, fr. 
couler, to flow, 
to glide.] A 
frame-work of 
timbers, hung 
oyer a gate- 
way, to be let 
down to pre- 
vent the en- 
trance of an 
enemy. 

Porte, n. [Fr., Portcullis, 

a gate.] The 
government of the Turkish empire. 

PORTE-MONNAIE (port'mun-na'), 
n. [Fr., from porter, to carry, and 
monnaie, money.] A small pocket- 
book or wallet. 

POR-TEND', V. t. [-ED;-ING.] [Lat. 
portendere, portentum, fr. protendcre, 
to stretch forth, hence, to indicate.] 
To indicate as in the future. 

Por-tent', n. That which portends 
evil; an omen of ill. [ominous. 

POR-TENT'oOs,a. Foreshadowing ill ; 

Por-tent'oOs-ly, adv. Ominously. 

Por'ter, n. [Lat. portarius ; porta, 
gate, door.] 1. A man that has the 
charge of a door ; a door-keeper. 2. 
[0. Eng. port, to carry, fr. Lat. por- 




tare.] One who carries burdens for 
hire. 3. A dark -brown malt liquor; 

— first used by the London porters. 
Por'ter-age, n. 1. Money paid for 

the carriage of burdens by a porter. 
2. Business of a porter. 

Port-foi/io (-tol'yo), or Port-fo'- 
U-O, n. [Lat. portare, to carry, 
and folium, pi. folia.] 1. A porta- 
ble case, for loose papers. 2. A col- 
lection of prints, designs, &c. 3. 
Office and functions of a minister of 
state. _ [of war. 

Port'-HOLE, n. Embrasureof a ship 

T?OR"n-€0,n.; pi. por'ti-coes. [It. 
See Porch.] A covered space, in- 
closed by columns, at the entrance 
of a building. 

Por'tion, n. [Lat. portio.y 1. A 
separated part of any thing. 2. A 
part considered by itself. 3. A part 
assigued. 4. Share of an inherit- 
ance. 5. A wife's fox-tune. 

Syx. — Part.— Part is generic, having; 
a simple reference to some whole. Por- 
tion has the additional idea of being de- 
tached from a whole, usually with a 
view to its being allotted to some object; 
as, a portion of one's time ; a portion of 
the day; a portion of Scripture. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To sepa- 
rate into portions ; to divide. 2. To 
_supply with a portion : to endow. 

Por'tion-less, a. Having no por- 
tion, [of appearance. 

Port'li-NESS, n. Dignity of mien, or 

Port'LY, a. [From port.] 1. Hav- 
ing a dignified mien. 2. Bulky ; 
corpulent. 

Port-man'teatj (-m;Wto, 147), n. 
[Fr. porte-manteau ; porter, to carry, 
and manteau, a cloak.] A bag for 
carrying apparel, &c, on journeys. 

POR'TRAIT,/?. [Fr., fr. portraire, to 
portray.] Any exact likeness of a 
living being. 

Por'trait-ure (£3), n. 1. A por- 
trait. 2. That which is copied from 
some example or model. 

POR-TRAY', r. «. [-EDJ-ING.] [Fr. 
portraire, fr. Lat. protrahere, to draw 
forth.] 1. To paint or draw the like- 
ness of. 2. To describe in words. 

Por-tray'al, n. Act of portraying. 

Por-tray'er, n. One who portrays. 

Por'tress, n. A female porter. 

Port'-warb'jkn, n. The officer in 
charge of a port. 

Pose, n. [See Pose, v. *.] An atti- 
tude formally assumed for effect. — 
v.t. [-ED; -ING.] [Fr. poser, to 
place, to put, to put a question.] 1. 
To puzzle. 2. To embarrass by ques- 
tioning or scrutiny. 

Pos'ER, n. 1. One who puzzles by ask- 
ing difficult questions. 2. A question 
or statement which puzzles or si- 
lences. 

Po-si'TlONf-zi'sh/un), n. [Lat. positio, 
fr. ponere, to put, place.] 1. Man- 
ner in which any thing is placed. 2. 
Spot where a person or thing is 
placed or stands. 3. Ground taken 
in an argument, &c. 4. Social rank. 
5. A method of solving a problem by 
one or two suppositions. 



A, E, I, O, U, Y, long; A,E,I, 5, tj, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TJiRM; PIQUE, FIRM; SON, 



POSITIVE 



327 



POTABLE 



P6§'I-tTve, a. [Lat. positivus.] 1. 
Real ; actual. 2. Not dependent on 
changing circumstances ; absolute. 
3. Explicitly stated. 4. Not doubtful 
or conditional ; indisputable ; deci- 
sive. 5. Prescribed by express enact- 
ment. 6. Fully assured ; confident ; 
dogmatic. 7. (Photography.) Corre- 
sponding in lights and shades to those 
of the original from which taken. 

P6s/l-TiVE-LY,ac/v. 1. In a positive 
form or manner ; absolutely. 2. 
Certainly ; really. 

P6s/i-tive-ness, n. 1. Reality of 
existence. 2. Undoubting assurance. 

P6s'l-Tiv-ISM, n. A system of phi- 
losophy which excludes every thing 
but natural phenomena, together 
■with their invariable relations of co- 
existence and succession. 

Pbs'SE C&M'I-TA'TUS. [Lat. posse, 
to be able, to have power, and L. Lat. 
comitatus, a county.] Citizens who 
may be summoned to assist an offi- 
cer in suppressing a riot, &c. 

©3f- Comitatus is often omitted, and 
posse alone is used in the same sense. 

POS-SESS' (pos-seV or poz-zeV), v. t. 
[•ED; -ING.] [Lat. possidere, pos- 
session, from po, an inseparable and 
intensive prep., and sedere, to sit.] 
1. To hold in one's own keeping. 2. 
To have the legal title to. 3. To be 
, the master of. 4. To obtain posses- 
sion of. 5. To enter into and influ- 
ence; — said of evil spirits, &c. 6. 
To acquaint ; to inform. 

Syx. — To have. — Have is the word 
naturally used. To possess denotes to 
have " as a possession." Some overlook 
the fact that have is the leading term, 
and use ]>ossess when there is nothing 
specific in the case to require its use. 

POS-SES'SION (-sesh'un or -zeWun), 
n. 1. Act of possessing. 2. Actual 
occupancy ; ownership. 3. That 
which any one owns. 4. State of 
being possessed, as by an evil spirit. 

POS-SESS'IVE (pos-seV- or poz-zeV-), 
a. Pertaining to possession ; having 
or expressing possession. 

Pos-sess'or (pos-seV- or poz-zeV-), n. 
One who possesses. 

Syn. — Owner; proprietor; master. 

P6s'SET,ra. [W. posel, curdled milk, 
posset, from pox, posiaw, to gather, 
to heap.] Milk curdled by wine or 
other strong liquor. — v.t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To curdle ; to turn. 

Pos'si-bil'i-ty, n. 1. Power of being 
or existing. 2. That which is pos- 
sible. 

P6s'Sl-BEE, a. [Lat. possibili.i, from 
posse, to be able.] 1. Liable to hap- 
pen ; capable of existing. 2. Barely 
able to be or to come to pass. 
Syn. — See Practicable. 

Pos'si-bly, adv. 1. By any power 
really existing. 2. Without involv- 
ing impossibility or absurdity. 

Post, n. [Lat. postis, allied to ponere, 
positum, to place.] 1. A piece of 
timber or stone, &c, set upright: a 
pillar. 2. A station; esp., a mili- 
tary station. 3. A position of trust 



or emolument. 4. A messenger; a 
letter-carrier. 5. An established con- 
veyance for letters ; the mail. 6. A 
sort of writing paper. — adv. 1. 
With post-horses. 2. With great 
rapidity. — v. i. To travel with post- 
horses or with speed. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To advertise, esp. oppro- 
briously. 2. To assign to a station ; 
to set. 3. To put in the mail. 4. 
To carry, as an account, from the 
journal to the ledger. 5. To acquaint ; 
_to inform. [Colloq.] 

PdsT'AGE, re. [From post, n., 5.] 
Established price for the conveyance 
of letters, &c. [office. 

POST'AL, a. Belonging to the post- 

Post'boy, n. A boy that rides as 
post ; a courier. 

Post'-chaise, I n. A carriage with 

Post'-coach, ) four wheels, for 
_the conveyance of travelers. 

POST'-DATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
pmst, after, and Eng. date.] To date 
after the real time. 

Post'-dJ-lu'vi-an, a. Being after 
the flood. — n. One who lived after 
_the flood. 

POST'-EN'TRY, n. 1. A subsequent 
entry, at the custom-house, of goods. 
2. (Book-keeping.) An additional or 
subsequent entry. 

Post'er, n. 1. One who posts ; a 
courier. 2. A large bill posted for 
advertising. 

POS-TE'RI-OR, a. [Lat. posterior, 
compar. of posterns, coming after.] 

1. Later in time or order. 2. Be- 
hindin position. 

Pos-te / ri-6r'I-t y, n. State of being 
laterjor subsequent 

Pos-TE'RI-ORS. n. pi. Hinder parts 
of an animal's body. 

Pos-TER'I-TY, re. [Lat. posteritas.] 
Offspring to the furthest generation. 

Pos'TERN, n. [0. Fr. posterne, from 
Lat. post, after, behind.] 1. A pri- 
vate entrance. 2. Any small door or 
gate. 

Post'fix, re. [Lat. post, after, and 
figere,fixus, to fix.] A letter, sylla- 
ble, or word, added to the end of an- 
other word ; a suffix. 

Post-fIx', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
add to the end of another word. 

Post-haste', n. Haste in traveling, 
like that of a courier. — adv. With 
Speed. 

Post'-horse, n. A horse stationed 
for the post. 

POST'-HOUSE, n. 1. A house where 
relays of post-horses can be obtained. 

2. A post-office. 
Post'hu-mous, a. [Lat. posthumus, 

jiostumus, superl. of posterns, comiug 
after.] 1. Born, published, or done, 
after one's death. 2. Continuing 
after one's decease. [decease. 

PosT'HU-MOUS-LY, adv. After one's 

P5s-TiL'lON (-yun), n. [Written also 
postillion.] [Fr. postilion. See POST. 
5.] One who rides one of the horses 
jn a post-chaise. 

PosT'MAN(150), re. A post or courier. 

PSst'mark, re. Mark, or stamp, of a 



post-office on a letter. — v.t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To mark with a post-office 
Stamp. 

Post'mas-ter, n. One who has 
charge of a post-office. 

P6st'ME-rid'i-an, a. [Lat. postme- 
ridianus; post, after, and meridia- 
nus, belonging to midday.] Being 
or belonging to the afternoon. 

Post'-mor'tem, a. [Lat.] After 
death. 

Post-mortem examination of a body, ex- 
amination after the death of the patient 

P5st'-note, n. A bank-note, made 
payable to order, for transmission to 
a distant place by post. 

Post'-o'bit, n. [Lat. post, after, and 
obitus, death.] A bond, in which the 
obligor binds himself to pay a larger 
sum, on unusual interest, on the 
death of some one from whom he 
has expectations. 

PosT'-OF'Fi'cpE, n. A governmental 
office, where letters are received and 
distributed. [paid. 

Post'-paid, a. Having the postage 

Post-pone', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 

postponere ; post, after, and ponere, 

to place.] 1. To defer to a future 

time. 2. To set below something. 

Syn. — See Adjouen. 

P5st-p6ne'MENT, n. Act of post- 
poning ; temporary delay' of business. 

Post'sorIpt, n. [Lat. post, after, and 
scriptum, written.] An addition to 
a letter, a book, or newspaper, &c, 
after it had been supposed to be 
finished. 

Post'-town (109), n. A town hay- 
ing a post-office. 

Post'u-lant, n. [Lat. postulans, 
demanding.] One who makes a re- 
quest or demand ; hence, a candi- 
date. 

Post'u-late, n. 1. A position as- 
sumed without proof. 2. Enuncia- 
tion of a self-evident problem. 

Post'u-late, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. postulare, -latum, to demand.] 
To assume without proof. 

Post'u-la'tion, re. Gratuitous as- 
sumption. 

P6st'u-la-to-ry, a. Assuming or 
assumed without proof. 

Post'ure (pSst'ynr, 53), n. [Lat. 
positura, fr. ponere, to place.] 1. 
The situation of a figure with regard 
to the eye. 2. Condition, as of cir- 
cumstances, or < f feeling and will. 
Syn. — See Attitude. 

PS'sy, n. [Con tr. from poesy] 1. A 
motto ; a legend or inscription. 2. 
A nosegay ; a bouquet ; also, a single 
flower. 

Pot, n. [Icel. pottr, potta.] 1. A 
large metallic or earthen vessel, ap- 
propriated to any of a great variety 
of uses. 2. A mug. 3. Quantity con- 
tained in a pot. 4. A sort of paper, 
in small-sized sheets. — v. t. [-TED ; 
-TING.] To place or inclose in pots ; 
as, (a.) To preserve seasoned, (b.) 
To set out or cover in pots. 

Po'ta-BLE, a. [Lat. potabilis ; potare, 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL , E, I, O, silent ; q,&,soft; €,ti,hard; As; EXIST; NasNG; THIS. 



TOTASH 



328 



PRACTICE 



to drink.] Fit to be drunk ; drink- 
able. 

Pot'Ash, n. [Eng. pot and ash, pi. 
ashes.] A powerful alkali, tbe pro- 
toxide of potassium ; potassa. 

Po-tas'sA, n. Pure potash, or pro- 
toxide of potassium. 

Po-tas'si-um, n. A bluish-white, 
lustrous metal, having a strong affin- 
ity for oxygen, with which it forms 
potassa. It is lighter than water. 

Po-TA'TION, n. [Lat. potatio ; po- 
tare, to drink.] 1. A drinking or 
drinking-bout. 2. A draught. 

PO-TA'TO, 11. ; pi. PO-TA'TOEg. [Sp. 
patata, batata, Peruv. papa.] A 
plant, and its tuber, used for food. 

Po-TEEN', n. [Cf. Jr.potaim,poitim, 
I drink.] Irish whisky. 

PO'TEN-C Y, n. State of being potent. 

Po'TENT, a. [Lat. potens, being able, 
having power.] 1. Physically strong. 
2. Having great authority. 3. Ilav- 
ing great influence. 

Syx. — Powerful ; mighty ; puissant ; 
efficient; forcible; efficacious. 

Po'TENT-ATE, n. A sovereign; an 
emperor, king, or monarch. 

Po-ten'tial, a. Existing in possi- 
bility, not in act. 

Po-teVti-al'i-ty (-shl-, 95), n. 
State of being potential ; possibility. 

Po-TEN'ttal-ly, adv. In possibil- 
ity ; not in act. [or energv. 

Po'TENT-LY, adv. With great force 

PSth'ER, n. [Perh. fr. 0. D. poeder, 
or Fr. poudre, dust.] Bustle ; con- 
fusion ; tumult. 

PotZ-herb (-erb), n. Any herb used 
in cooking for food. 

Pot'-hook, n. 1. A hook to hang 
pots on over the fire. 2. A character 
like a pot-hook. 

Pot'-HOUSE, n. An ale-house. 

Po'TlON, n. [Lat. potio; potare, to 
drink.] A draught ; a dose. 

Pot'-luck, «. What may chance to 
be provided for dinner. 

Pot'-SHERD, «. [Eng. pot, and sherd 
or shard.] A piece of a broken pot. 

Pot'tage, n. [Fr. potage. See POT.] 
Food made of meat and vegetables 
boiled to softness. [vessels. 

Pot'TER, n. One who makes earthen 

P6t'ter-y, n. 1. Vessels or ware 
made by potters. 2. Place where 
earthen vessels are manufactured. 

PoT'TLE,n. [Dim. of pot. Cf. Eng. 
bottle.] 1. A liquid measure of four 
pints. 2. A small basket for fruit. 

PoT'-vXL/IANTi-val'yant), a. Made 
courageous by strong drink. 

Pouch, n. [A.-S. poca, pocca. See 
POKE.] 1. A small bag. 2. Some- 
thing shaped like or used as a pouch. 
— v. t. [-ED ; -ING-.] 1. To pocket ; to 
save. 2. To swallow; — said of fowls. 

Pou-Ch6ng' (poo-shong'), n. A kind 
of black tea. 

Pou-drette' (poo-dref), n. [Fr., 
dim. of poudre, powder.] A manure 
made from the contents of privies, 
with charcoal, gypsum, &c. 
Poult'er-er, n. One who deals in 
poultry. 



PoUL/TlCE (20), n. [Lat. puis, pultis, 
a thick pap, Gr. ttoAto?.] A soft 
composition to be applied to sores. 
— v. l [-ed ; -ING.] To cover or 
dress with a poultice. 

Poult'ry (20), n. [From poult, a 
young chicken, from poulet, dim. of 
poule, hen.] Domestic fowls propa- 
gated and fed for the table, &c. 

Pounce, n. 1. [Fr. ponce, fr. Lat. 
pumex.pumicis.] A fine powder to 
prevent ink from spreading on paper. 
2. [Norm. Fr. ponce, hand, fr. Lat. 
pugnus, fist.] Claw or talon of a 
bird of prey. — v.t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To sprinkle or rub with pounce. 2. 
To pierce ; to punch. — v. ?'. To fall 
suddenly and seize with the claws. 

POUND, n. [A.-S . & Goth, pund.] 1. 
A certain weight ; 16 ounces avoirdu- 
pois, or 12 ounces troy. 2. Twenty 
shillings sterling, equal to about 
$4.84. 3. [A.-S. pilnd, fr. pyndan. 
to shut up.] An in closure in which 
cattle are confined when taken in 
trespassing, &c. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 

1. To confine in a pound. 2. [A.-S. 
punian, to bruise.] To beat with 
some heavy instrument. 

Pound'age, n. The sum allowed to 
a sheriff on the amount made by vir- 
tue of an execution. 

Pound'er, n. 1. One who pounds. 

2. An instrument for pounding. 
Pour, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Cf. W. 

biorw, to cast, throw, shed.] 1. To 
cause to fldw in a stream into or out 
of a vessel. 2. To emit. 3. To give 
vent to; to utter. — v.i. To issue 
forth in a stream ; to flow. 

Pout, n. 1. A sea-fish, of the cod 
kind. 2. A kind of bird. 3. A fit of 
sullenuess. —v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Fr. 
bonder, to pout, W. poten, potien, 
what bulges out, a paunch.] 1. To 
thrust out the lips, as in sullenness ; 
to look sullen. 2. To protrude. 

Pov'ER-TY, n. [Lat. paupertas ; pau- 
per, poor.] 1. Want of means of 
subsistence. 2. Any deficiency of 
resources. 

Syx. — Indigence; pauperism. —7'ov- 
ei-ti/iso. relative term; what is poverty 
to a gentleman, would be competence 
for a day -la borer. Indigence implies al- 
most absolute destitution. Pauperism 
denotes entire dependence upon public 
charity. 

POWDER, n. [0 Eng. poulder, Lat. 
pulvis, pulveris.] 1. A dry substance 
in minute particles ; dust. 2. An 
explosive composition of saltpeter, 
sulphur, asd charcoal. 3. Pulver- 
ized starch for dressing the hair. — 
v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To reduce to 
dust; to pulverize. 2. To sprinkle 
with powder. 

Pow'der-flask, In. A flask or 

Pow'der-horn, J horn in which 
gunpowder is carried. 

Pow'der-mIll, n. A mill in which 
gunpowder is made. 

Pow'DER-Y,a. 1. Easily crumbling ; 
friable. 2. Dusty. 3. Like powder. 

POWER, n. [Fr. pouvoir, from Lat. 
I posse, potesse, to be able, to have 



power.] 1. Ability to act ; faculty 
of doing something 2. strength, 
force, or energy in action. 3. Ca- 
pacity of undergoing ; susceptibility. 
4. Exercise of any kind of control ; 
influence ; command. 5. An indi- 
vidual, institution, or government, 
exercising control. 6. A military or 
naval force. 7. Product arising 
from the multiplication of a number 
into itself. 8. A mechanical agent. 
9. Degree to which a lens, mirror, 
&c, magnifies. 
Pow'er-ful, a. Full of power ; ca- 
pable of producing great effects. 

Syx. — Mighty; j^trong ; potent; effi- 
cacious; energetic; intense. 

PoWer-ful-ly, adv. With power. 

PoWer-ful-ness, n. Quality of 
having great power ; force. 

PoWer-less, a. Destitute of power. 

PoWer-loom, n. A loom worked 
by some mechanical power. 

Pow'er-press, n. A printing press 
worked by steam or water. 

POWWOW, n. 1. A priest, or con- 
jurer, among the North American 
Indians. 2. Conjuration for cure of 
diseases, &c. 3. A noisy assembly. 

Pox, n. [For pocks, from A.-S. pocc, 
poc. See POCK.] Any one of the 
four diseases called small-pox, chick- 
en-pox, the vaccine disease, and the 
venereal disease. 

POZ'ZU-O-LA'NA (pot/so- Or pot'StTO-), 

n. Volcanic ashes from Pozzuoli, in 
Italy, used in making a kind of mor- 
tar which hardens under water. 

Prac'ti-ca-bil'i-ty, n. Quality or 
state of being practicable. 

Prac'TI-€A-ble, a. [L. Lat. practi- 
care, to act, transact.] 1. Capable 
of being performed or done. 2. Ad- 
mitting of use. 

Syx. — Possible.— A thing maj be 
possible, i. e., not forbidden by i.ny la\f 
of nature, and yet may not now be prac- 
ticable for want of the means requisite 
to its performance. 

Prac'TI-CAL, a. [Lat. practicus, Gr. 
TrpaxTtKoSjfr. Trpacroretv, to do, work.] 

1. Pertaining to practice. 2. Capa- 
ble of being turned to use. 3. Evin- 
cing practice or skill. 4. Derived 
from, or put in, practice. 

Prac'ti-cal-ly, adv. 1. By exper- 
iment. 2. In practice or use. 

Prac'ti-cal-ness, n. Quality of 
being practical. 

Prac'tice, n. [See Practical.] 1. 
Frequently repeated actions. 2. Cus- 
tomary use. 3. Actual performance; 
action. 4. Exercise of a profession. 
5. A certain rule or process in arith- 
metic. 

Syx.— Custom; usage; habit; manner. 
— v.t. [-ed;-ing.] [Written also 
practise.] 1. To do or perform fre- 
quently or habitually. 2. To apply, 
as a theory, to real life ; to exercise, 
as»a profession, trade, &c. 3. To 
commit: to perpetrate — v. i 1. 
To perform certain acts frequently. 

2. To exercise a profession, especially 
medicine or law. 



A, E, I 



6,U, Y,lotlg; I, E,I,6, \j, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM ; PIQUE, FIRM; SON, 



PRACTITIONER 



329 



PRECIPITATE 



Prac-ti'tion-er (-tish'un-), n. One 
engaged in the actual exercise of a 
profession, esp. law or medicine. 

Prjz-jxo'men, n. ; pi. PRJi-NOM'- 
I-NA. [Lat., fr. prx, before, and 
nomen, name.] (Rom. Antiq.) The 
first name, by which individuals of 
the same family were distinguished. 

PRjE'tor, n. See Pretor. 

PRAG-MAT'IC, la. [Gr.TrpayfxaT- 

PRAG-MAT'I€-AL, ) ikos, busy, act- 
ive, fr. npayfjia., a thiug done, busi- 
ness.] 1. Pertaining to business. 2. 
Officious ; meddlesome ; impertinent. 

PRAG-MAT'IC, n. A solemn decree 
issued by the head of a state. 

PRAI'RIE'(89), n. [Fr., fr. Lat. pra- 
tum, a meadow.] An extensive tract 
of grass land, destitute of trees. 

PRAI'RIE-DOG, n. A small barking 
animal, allied to the marmot, found 
on the prairies. 

Praise, n. [Lat. pretium, price, value, 
reward] 1. Commendation; ap- 
proval of merit. 2. Tribute of grat- 
itude or homage to the Divine Being. 
3. Object, ground, or reason of 
praise, —v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
pretiare, fr. pretium, price, value, 
reward.] 1. To express approbation 
of. 2. To do honor to. 

Syn. — To applaud; extol.— To praise 
is, literally, to raise high; to applaud is 
to greet, with clapping; to extol is to 
bear aloft. 

Prais_e'wor-thy (-wfir-rhf), a. Wor- 
thy of applause , commendable. 

PRAM^e, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Allied 
to prank.] To bound, as a horse. 

Prank, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Ger. 
prangen, prunken, to shine, to make 
a show ; Icel. pr&nga.] To adorn in 
a showy manner. — n. A gay or 
sportive action. 

Prank'ish, a. Full of pranks. 

Prate, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Icel. 
prata.] To talk much and to little 
purpose. — n . Trifling talk. 

Pra t'ique (prat/eek), n. [Fr.] Li- 
cense to hold intercourse with a 
place, after having performed quar- 
antine. 

Prat'TLE, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Dim. 
of prate.] To talk lightly and art- 
lessly, like a child; to prate. — n. 
Trifling or childish tattle. 

Prat'tler, n. One who prattles. 

Prav'I-TY, n. [Lat. pravitas ; pro- 
fits, crooked, perverse.] Depravity ; 
moral corruption. [to the shrimp. 

Prawn, n. A small crustacean, allied 

PRAX'IS, n. [Gr. 7rpafis, fr. rrpaa-cretv, 
to do.] 1. Use; practice. 2. An 
example to teach practice. 

Pray, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. pre- 
can', fr. prex, precis, prayer.] 1. To 
ask with earnestness or zeal, as for a 
favor. 2. To address the Supreme 
Being with adoration, confession. &c. 
— v. t. 1. To supplicate ; to entreat. 
2 1 To request ; to petition. [prays. 

Pray'er (pra'er, 4), n. One who 

PRAYER (prar), n. [Lat. precarius, 
obtained by prayer.] 1. Act of pray- 
ing or of asking a favor. 2. Act of 



addressing supplication to God. 3. 
Form of words u.-^ed in praying. 

PrAYER'-book (prair'boTak), n. A 
book containing forms of prayer. 

PRAYER'FUL (prar'-), a. Given to 
prayer ; devotional. 

Prayer'ful-ly (prar'-), adv. In a 
prayerful manner. 

Prayer'less (prar'-), a. Habitually 
neglecting prayer to God. 

Preach, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
prxdicare, to cry in public, to pro- 
claim ; prx, before, and dicare, to 
make known.] To pronounce a pub- 
lic religious discourse; to deliver a 
sermon. — v. t. 1. To proclaim in a 
sermon. 2. To deliver or pronounce. 

Preach'er, n. One who preaches. 

Preach'ing, n. Act of one who 
preaches ; a religious discourse. 

Pre-ad'am-ite, n. An inhabitant 
of the earth before Adam. 

PRE'AD-MON'ISJI,r. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To admonish previously. 

Pre-ad'mo-ni'tion (-nTsh'un), n. 
Previous warning or admonition. 

Pre'am-BLE, n. [Lat. prxambulus, 
walking before.] An introductory 
portion, especially of a statute. 

PrEB'end, n. [L. Lat. prxbenda, fr. 
Lat. prxbere, to hold forth, afford.] 
Maintenance granted to a prebendary 
out of the estate of a cathedral or 
collegiate church. [prebend. 

Pre-bend'al, a. Pertaining to a 

Preb'end-A-RY, n. A clergyman at- 
tached to a collegiate or cathedral 
church. 

PRE-CA'RI-OUS, a. [Lat. precarius, 
fr. precari, to pray, beg.] 1. Depend- 
ing on the will or pleasure of another. 
2. Held by a doubtful tenure ; ex- 
posed to constant risk. 

Syn. — Uncertain. — Precarious is 
stronger than uncertain. It expresses the 
highest species of uncertainty, and is ap- 
plied to such things as depend wholly on 
future casualties. 

Pre-ca'RI-ous-LY, adv. At the will 
of others. 

PRE€'A-T1VE, )a. [Lat precativus, 

PreCA-TO-RY, ) and precatorius.] 
Suppliant ; beseeching. 

Pre-€AU'TION, n. [Lat. prxcaidio ; 
prxcavere, prxcautum, to guard 
against beforehand.] 1. Previous 
caution or care. 2. A measure taken 
beforehand. — v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] 
To warn or advise beforehand. 

Pre-€AU'tion-al, I a. Prevent- 

Pre-€AU'tion-a-ry, I ive of mis- 
chief ; containing previous caution. 

PRE-€AU'TrotJs, a. Taking prevent- 
ive measures. 

PRE-CEDE', v. t. [-EDJ-ING.] [Lat. 
prxcedere ; prx, before, and cedtre , 
to go.] To go before in place, time, 
rank, or importance. 

Pre-CED'ence, ) w. Act or state of 

Pre-ced'EN-cy, ) being precedent ; 
priority in position, rank, or time. 

PRE-CED'ENT, a. [Lat. prxcedens. 
See Precede.] Going before; an- 
terior ; antecedent. 

Prec'e-dent, n. Something that 



may serve as an example to author- 
ize a subsequent act of the like kind. 
Syn. — Example. — An example is a 
similar case which may serve as a rule 
or guide, but lias no authority out of it- 
self. A precedent is something which 
comes down to us from the past with the 
sanction of usage and of common con- 
sent. 

PREC'E-DENT-ED,a. Having aprece- 
dent. 

PRE-CEN'TOR, n. [Lat., fr. prx, be- 
fore, and cantor, a singer.] Leader 
of the choir in a cathedral. 

PRE'CEPT, n. [Lat. prxceptum, from 
prxcipere, to take beforehand, to in- 
struct.] 1. Any commandment in- 
tended as a rule of action, esp as to 
moral conduct. 2. A species of writ. 
Syx.— See Doctrine. 

Pre-CEP'TIVE, a. 1. Giving precepts. 
2. Directing in moral conduct ; di- 
dactic, [structor. 

Pre-cep'tor. n. A teacher; an in- 

Pre'cep-to'ri-al, a. Pertaining to 
a preceptor. 

Pre-CEP'to-ry, a. Giving precepts ; 
preceptive. — n. [L. Lat. prxceptoria, 
from Lat. prxceptor, a commander, 
ruler, teacher.] A subordinate re- 
ligious house of the Knights Tem- 
plars. 

Pre-oep'TRESS, n. A female teacher. 

PRE-ciis'SION (-sesh'uu), n. [From 
Lat. prxcedere, prxcessum, to go be- 
fore.] Act of goiug before or forward. 
Precession of the equinoxes, the slow, 
backward motion of the equinoctial 
points along the ecliptic. 

PRE'CINCT, n. [Lat. prxcinctus, fr. 
prxcingere, to gird about, to encom- 
pass.] 1. Boundary. 2. A minor 
territorial or jurisdictional division. 

Pre'cioC'S (presh'us), a. [Lat. pre- 
tiosus; pretium, price, worth, value.] 

1. Of great price: costly. 2. Very 
valuable ; highly esteemed. 3. Worth- 
less ; contemptible. 

Pre'cious'ly (presh'us-), adv. 1. 
Valuably ; to a great price. 2. Con- 
temptibly 

PREC'I-P'ICE, n. [Lat. prxcipitium, fr. 
prxceps, headlong.] A very steep, 
perpendicular, or overhanging place. 

Pre-C']p'i-ta-ble,o. Capable of be- 
ing precipitated. 

Pre-cip'i-tance, } ii. Quality of 

PRE-^i'p'i-TAN-'cY, J being precipi- 
tate ; precipitation. 

Pre-cip'i-tant, a. 1. Falling or 
rushing headlong. 2. Urged with 
violent haste ; hasty. — n. A liquor 
which, when poured on a solution, 
separates what is dissolved, and 
makes it fall to the bottom. 

Pre-cip'I-tant-ly. adv. With great 
haste. 

PRE-CIP'I-TATE, V. t. [-ED;-ING.] 
[Lat. prsecipitare ,-tatum . fr. prxctpr^ 
headlong.] 1. To throw headlong. 

2. To urge with eagerness or violence. 

3. To throw to the bottom of a vessel. 
PRE-CIP'I-TATE, a. 1. Falling, flow- 
ing, or rushins, with steep descent. 
2. Rashly hasty. 

Syn. — Steep; headlong; rash. 



OR, DO, WQLF, TOO, TO^R; fjRN, RUE, PULL ; JS, I, O, silent ; C, G, soft; €, G, hard; AS j E£IST; 5 as NG ; THI& 



PRECIPITATELY 



330 



PREFECT 



— n. A substance which, having 
been dissolved, is again separated 
from its solvent, and thrown to the 
bottom of the vessel, by pouring an- 
other liquor upon it. 

Pre-cip'i-tate-ly, adv. In a pre- 
cipitate manner. 

PRE-CIP'1-TA.'TION, n. 1. Act of 
precipitating, or state of being pre- 
cipitated. 2. Rash, tumultuous 
haste. 3. Act of throwing to the 
bottom of a vessel any substance 
held in solution. [cipitates. 

Pre-cip'i-ta'tor, n. One who pre- 

Pre-^IP'I-tous, a. [Lat. przcr.eps, 
pr&cipitis.] 1. Very steep. 2. Head- 
long. 3. Hasty ; rash. [descent. 

PRE-CIP'I-TOUS-LY, adv. With sf«ep 

PRE-C1SE', a. [Lat. prsecisus, cut off, 
brief, concise.] 1. Not loose, vague, 
uncertain, or equivocal. 2. Excess- 
ively nice ; punctilious. 

Pre-cjse'ly (110), adv. In a precise 
manner. [precise. 

Pre-^ise 'ness, n. Quality of being 
Syn.— See Precision. 

Pre-CIS'IAN (-slzh'an) n. A person 
rigidly exact in observing rules ; a 
formalist. 

Pre-CIS'ION (-sizh'un), n. [Lat. prm- 
cisio.] Quality of being precise ; ex- 
act limitation ; exactness ; accuracy. 

Syn. — Preciseness. — Precision is al- 
ways used in a good sense; preeiseness is 
frequently taken in a bad one, especially 
when applied to persons or their conduct, 
denoting an excess of nicety, formal 
manners, &c. 

Pre-clude', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
prxcludere, fr. prse. and claiidxre, to 
shut.] To shut out by anticipative 
action ; to hinder. 

Pre-clu'sion, n. Act of precluding ; 
a shutting out. 

Pre-clu'sIve, a. Precluding, or 
tending to preclude. 

Pre-clu'sive-ly, adv. In a preclu- 
sive manner. 

Pre-c5'CIOUS, a. [Lat. prxcox, prx- 
cocis, and prxcoquus. fr. prsecocjuere , 
to cook or ripen beforehand.] 1. Ripe 
before the proper or natural time. 2. 
Too forward ; premature. 

Pre-co'cious-ly, adv. Inapreco- 
ciousmanner. 

Pre-co'cioDs-ness, ) 71. Quality or 

PRE-coc'I-TY, J state of being 

precocious. 

PRE / €6&-NP v riON(-nTsh / un), n. [Lat. 
prxcognitio, from prxcognoscere, to 
foreknow.] Previous knowledge or 
examination. 

Pre 7 €ON -ceit', n. A previous con- 
ceit or conception. 

PRE'CON-CEIVE', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To form a previous notion or idea of. 

Pre'con-cep'tion, n. Conception 
or opinion previously formed. 

PRE'GON-CERT' (14), V. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To concert or settle before- 
hand. 

Pre-con'TRACT, n. A contract pre- 
vious to another. 

PRE-€<JR'SIVE, a. Preceding and in- 
troductory ; forerunning. 



PRE-€UR'sOR, n. [Lat. precursor, fr. 
prxcurrere, to run before.] One who, 
or that which, precedes an event, 
and indicates its approach. 

Syn. — Forerunner; harbinger; omen. 

Pre-cOr'so-ry, a. Indicating some- 
thing to follow. 

PRE-DA'CEOUS, a. [Lat. prxda, prey.] 
Living by prey ; predatory. 

PrED'A-TO-ry, a. [Lat. prxdatorius.] 
1. Characterized by plundering. 2. 
Hungry : ravenous. 

PRED'E-CES'SOR, n. [Lat. predeces- 
sor, fr. prx, before, and decessor, a 
predecessor.] One who precedes ; one 
whom another follows. 

Pre-des'ti-na'ri-an, n. One who 
believes in predestination. — a. Per- 
taining to predestination. 

Pre-des'TI-nate, a. Predestinated; 
fore -ordained. 

Pre-des'ti-nate.^. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. prxd est inare, -natum, fr. pras, 
before, and destinare, to determine.] 
To ordain beforehand by an un- 
changeable purpose. 

Pre-des'ti-na'tion, n. 1. Act of 
fore-ordaining events. 2. The pur- 
pose of God from eternity respecting 
all events. [destinates. 

PRE-DES'Tl-NA'TOR,n. One who pre- 

PRE-DES'TINE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To decree beforehand ; to foreordain. 

Pre'de-ter'mi-nate, a. Deter- 
mined beforehand. 

Pre/de-tEr'mi-na'tioNjH. Act of 
previous determination. 

Pre'de-ter'mine, v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] 
To determine beforehand. 

Pre'di-al, a. [Lat. prxdium, a farm, 
estate.] Consisting of, or attached 
to, land or farms. 

Pred'i-ca-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of 
being predicable. , 

PRED'I-€A-BEE,a. [See PREDICATE.] 
Capable of being affirmed of some- 
thing. — n. 1. A general abstract 
notion. 2. One of the five most gen- 
eral relations of attributes involved 
in logical arrangements ; namely, 
genus, species, difference, property, 
and accident. 

Pre-dic'a-ment, h. [See Predi- 
cate.] Class or kind described by 
any definite marks; hence, condi- 
tion; especially, an unfortunate or 
tr\ ing condition. 

Pred'i-cate,^. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
prxdicare, prxdicatum, to cry in 
public. See Preach.] To assert to 
belong to something. 

G3f Some able men among ourlawyers 
and statesmen use predicate for found or 
base; as, to predicate an argument on 
certain principles; to predicate a state- 
ment on information received. This is 
wholly opposed to good usage. Predicate 
is a term in logic, and usedonly in a sin- 
gle case, namely, when we affirm one 
thing of another. 

Pred'i-€ATE (45), n. The thing or 
quality affirmed cf the subject. 

PREDa-€A'TION, n. Act of predi- 
cating ; assertion. [positive. 

Pred'i-ca-to-ry, a. Affirmative; 

PRE-DtCT', V. t. [-ED;-ING.] [Lat. 



prxdicere, -dictum, from prat, before, 
and dicer e, to say, tell.] To tell be- 
forehand. 

Syn. — To foretell ; prophesy ; prog- 
nosticate; presage; forebode. 

Pre-di€'TION, n. A previous declara- 
tion of a future event. 

Syn. — Prophecy ; prognostication ; 
augury; soothsaying. 

Pre-dIct'ive, a. Foretelling; pro- 
phetic. 

Pre-dTct'or, n. One who predicts. 

Pre'dY-lec'TION, n. [Lat. prx, be- 
fore, and diligere, dilectum, to love.] 
A prepossession of mind in favor of 
something. 

Pre'dis-pose', v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To incline or arrange beforehand. 

Pre'dis-PO-sJi'TION (-zish'un), n. 1. 
Previous inclination or propensity. 
2. Previous adaptation to any change 
or purpose. 

Pre-dom'i-nance, \n. Condition 

Pre-dom'i-nan-cy, j or quality of 
being predominant ; superiority. 

Pre-dom'i-nant, a. Superior in 
strength, influence, or authority. 

Pre-dom'i-nant-ly, adv. With su- 
perior strength or influence. 

Pre-dom'i-nate, v. i. [-ed; -ING.] 
[Lat. prx, before, and dominari, -na- 
tus, to rule.] To surpass in strength, 
influence, or authority ; to prevail. 

Pre-EM'I-NENCE, n. Distinction 
above others in quality, position, or 
the like. 

Pre-EM'i-nent, a. Eminent above 
others; surpassing others. 

Pre-EM'I-nent-LY, adv. In a pre- 
eminent degree. 

Pre-emp'tion (84), n. Act or right 
of purchasing before others ; esp. the 
right of a settler on the lands of the 
United States to purchase in prefer- 
ence to others, when the land is sold- 

Preen, n. [A.-S. preon, a clasp, bod- 
kin.] A forked instrument used in 
dressing cloth. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To dress with a preen ; to keep in 
order, as the feathers. 

PRE'-EN-GAGE'. V.t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To engage by previous contract or in- 
fluence. 

PrE'-en-gage'ment, n. Prior en- 
gagement. 

Pre'-es-tab'lish,!-. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
To settle beforehand. 

Pre'-es-tab'lish-ment, n. Settle- 
ment beforehand. 

Pre'-ex-ist', v.t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
exist beforehand. 

Pre'e x-lST'ENCE , n. Existence pre- 
vious to something else. 

Pre-ex-ist'ent, a. Existing beforo- 
handj preceding in existence. 

Pref'ACE, n. [Lat. prxfatio ; preefa- 
ri, to say beforehand.] Something 
spoken or written by way of intro- 
duction. — v. I. [-ed;-ing.] To 
introduce by preliminary remarks. 

Pr£f'A-to-ry (50), a. Introductory. 

Pre'FECT, n. [Lat. prxfectus, fr. 
prxficere, to set over.] 1. A Roman 
officer who superintended a particu- 
lar department. 2. A superintend- 



\, £, I, 0,U,Y, long; A,E,I, 6, 0, ?, short ; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TERM ; PIQUE, FIRM ; SON, 



PREFER 



331 



PREPOSSESS 



ent of a department of the kingdom. 
[France.] 

Pre-fer',u. t. [-RED; -ring.] [Lat. 
prseferre; prse, before, and ferre, to 
bear.] 1. To offer ; to present. 2. 
To advancs, as to an office ; to exalt. 
3. To incline more toward ; to choose. 
Syx. —See Choose. 

Pr£f'er-a-ble, a. Worthy to be 
preferred ; more desirable. 

PrEf'ER-A-bly, adv. In preference. 

pREF'ER-ENCE, n. 1. Act of prefer- 
ring ; predilection ; choice. 2. State 
of being preferred. 3. That which 
is preferred. 

Pre-fer'ment, n. Advancement in 
dignity or office ; promotion. 

Pre-fig'u-ra'tion, n. Antecedent 
representation by similitude. 

PRE-FIG'u-RA-TlvE, a. Showing by 
previous figures, types, or similitudes. 

PRE-FIG'URE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
show by types and similitudes. 

Pre-fTx', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
prsefigere, -fixum ; prse, before, and 
Jigere, to fix.] To put at the begin- 
ning of another thing. 

Pre'fix, n. A ietter, syllable, or 
word combined with a word at its 
beginning. 

Preg'naN-CY,h. 1. Condition of be- 
ing pregnant. 2. Quality of being 
heavy with important contents, sig- 
nificance, or the-like ; fertility. 

PREG'NANT, a. [Lat. prsegnans, for 
prxgenans, from prse, before, and ge- 
nere, to beget.] 1. Being with young. 
2. Heavy with important contents. 

PREG'NANT-LY, adv. In a pregnant 
manner. 

PRE-HEN'SI-BLE, a. [Lat. prehendere, 
-hensum, to take, seize.] Admitting 
of being seized. 

Pre-hen'sile, a. Adapted to seize 
or grasp. 

Pre-hen'sion, n. A seizing, as with 
the hand. 

Pre-judge', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
judge before hearing ; to condemn 
beforehand. [ing. 

PRE-JUDG'MENT, n. Act of prejudg- 

PRE-JU'DI-€ATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. prsejudicare, -catum.] To deter- 
mine beforehand ; to prejudge. 

Pre-JU'DI-CA'TION, n. Act of judg- 
ing without due examination. 

PREJ'U-DICE, n. [Lat. prsejudicium ; 
prse, before, and judicium, judgment.] 
1. Prejudgment ; unreasonable pre- 
dilection for or against, esp. an un- 
favorable predilection. 2. Mischief; 
damage; injury. — v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] 
1. To prepossess with unexamined 
opinions. 2. To injure by prejudices ; 
to damage : to impair. 

Prej'u-dT'cial (-dTsh'al), a. Tend- 
ing to obstruct or impair. 
Syn. — Injurious; hurtful; mischievous. 

Prel'a-cy (110), m. 1. Office of a 
prelate ; government by prelates. 2. 
Prelates collectively. 

PREL'ATE, n. [L." Lat. prselatits, ft. 
prse. ferre, to prefer.] A dignitary of 
the church. 



Pre-lXt'I€, I a. Pertaining to 

Pre-lat'I€-AL, J prelates or prelacy. 

Prel'a-tIst, n. An advocate for 
prelacy. 

Pre-l,E€'TION, it. [Lat. prselectio, fr. 
prse, before, and legere, to read.] A 
lecture read in public or to a select 
company. 

Pre-le€'TOR, n. A lecturer. 

Pre'li-ba'TION, n. [Lat. prselibatio, 
from prselibare, to taste beforehand.] 
A tasting beforehand ; foretaste. 

PRE-LIM'I-NA-RY, a. [Lat. prse, be- 
fore, and liminaris. belonging to a 
threshold.] Preceding the main dis- 
course or business. 

Syn.— -Introductory ; preparatory ; 
previous; precedent. 

— n. Something previous or prepar- 
tory. 

Pre'lude, or Prel'ude, n. [L.Lat. 
prsrludium ; fr. Lat. prse, before, and 
ludiis, play.] An introductory per- 
formance ; esp. a musical strain, in- 
troducing the chief subject. 
Syn. — Preface; introduction.. 

PRE-LUDE', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To introduce with a previous per- 
formance. 2. To precede. — v. i. 
To serve as an introduction. 

Pre-lu'sive, la. Previous ; intro- 

Pre-lu'so-ry, ) ductory. 

Pre'MA-ture' (53), a. [Lat. prse- 
maturus; pree, before, and matu- 
rus, ripe.] 1. Ripe too soon. 2. 
Happening before the proper time. 
3. Received without due authentica- 
tion or evidence. 

Pre'ma-ture'ly, adv. 1. Too soon ; 
too early. 2. Without due evidence 
or authentication. 

Pre'MA-ture'ness, ) n. Quality of 

Pre'ma-tu'ri-ty, J being prema- 
ture ; ripeness before the natural 
time. 

Pre-med'i-tate, v. t. or i. [-ed; 
-ING.] To consider in the mind be- 
forehand. 

Pre-med'i-ta'tion, 11. 1. Act of 
meditating beforehand. 2. Previous 
design formed. 

PRE'MI-ER, or PREM'IER (prcm/yer), 
n. [Fr., from Lat. primarius, of the 
first rank; primus, the first.] The 
prime minister. 

Pre'MI-er-siiip (or prem'yer), n. 
Office of the first minister of state. 

Pre-mTse', v. t. [-EDJ-ING.] [Lat. 
prsemittere, -missum, to send before.] 
To set forth as introductory to the 
main subject ; to lay down premises. 

Premise, n. ; pi. prem/is-es. 1. 
A proposition antecedently admitted 
or proved, from which the inference 
or conclusion is drawn. 2. pi. Land 
or thing granted by deed : — hence, 
applied to a building and its adjuncts. 

Pre'MI-UM, n. [Lat. premium , orig. 
what one has before (prse) or better 
than others.] 1. A recompense : a 
prize. 2. A sum in advance o f the 
capital, or sum lent. 3. Money paid 
to underwriter-s for insurance. 

Pre'mo-ni'tion (-nlsh'un), -n. Pre- 



vious warning, notice, or inform*, 
tion. [ous warning. 

Pre-mon'I-to-RY, a. Giving previ- 

PRE'MU-NI'TION (-nlsh'un), n. [Lat. 
prsemunitio, fr. praemunire, to forti- 
fy in front.] An anticipation of ob- 
jections. 

Pre-no'men, n. See Pr^enomen. 

Pre-o€'€U-PAN-9Y, n. Act or right 
of taking possession before another. 

PRE-oe'cu-PA'TlON, n. Prior occu- 
pation. 

PRE-0€'€U-PY, V. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] 
To take possession of before another. 

Pre'OR-dain', v. i. To appoint be- 
forehand ; to predetermine. 

Pre-or'di-na'TJON, n. Act of fore- 
ordaining ; previous determination. 

Prep'a-ra'tion, 11. [See Prepare.] 
1. A making or being prepared or rea- 
dy. 2. Preparatory act or measure. 3. 
That which is prepared for a partic- 
ular purpose. 

Pre-par'a-tive, a. Tending to pre- 
pare or make ready ; preparatory. — 
n. That which prepares, or which 
is done to prepare ; preparation. 

Pre-par'A-TO-RV, a. Preparing the 
way by previous measures of adap- 
tation. 

Pre-pare', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
prseparare, from prse, before, and pa- 
rare , to make ready .] 1. To fit; to 
make ready. 2. To provide. — v.i. 
1. To make all things ready. 2. To 
make one's self ready. 

Pre-pay', v.t. [-paid ; -paying] To 
pay in advance. [vance. 

Pre-PAY'MENT, ii. Payment in ad- 

Pre-PENSE', a. [Lat. prse, before, and 
pendere, pension, to weigh, consid- 
er.] Premeditated; aforethought. 

Pre-pol'lence, In. Superiority of 

Pre-pol'een-cy, ) power. 

Pre-pol'LENT, a. [Lat. prsepollens, 
surpassing in power.] Having supe- 
rior influence or power. 

Pre-pon'der-ance, n. Superiority 
of weight, influence, or power, [ing. 

Pre-pon'der-ant, a. Preponderat- 

Pre-pon'der-ate, v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] [Lat. prseponderare, -ratum, 
from prse, before, and ponderare, to 
weigh.] 1. To outweigh. 2. To over- 
power by stronger influence. — v. i. 
1. To exceed in weight. 2. To ex- 
ceed in influence ; hence, to incline 
to one side. 

Pre-pon'der-a'tion, n. Act or state 
of preponderating. 

Prep'o-si'tjon (-zish'un), n. [Lat. 
prseposilio ; prseponere , -si turn , to put 
before, but influenced by pausare, to 
pause.] A particle governing, and 
generally placed before, a substantive 
or pronoun, of which it expresses 
the relation to some other word. 

Prep'o-sI'tion-al (-zish'un-al), a. 
Pertaining to prepositions. 

Pre-pos'i-tIve, a. Prefixed. — n. A 
word put before another. 

Pre'pos-sess' (-pos-seV or -poz-zeV), 
v t. [-ed:-ing.] 1. To take pre- 
vious possession of. 2. To pre-occu- 
py, as the mind or heart ; to bias. 



6r, do, wolf, too, to'ok ; Orn, rue, pull ; E, I, o, silent ; c,G,soft; €,5, hard; As; Exist; noskg; this. 



PREPOSSESSING 



332 



PRESUPPOSE 



PRE'POS-SESS'ING (-pos-seV- or -pOZ- 
zeV-), a. Tending to invite favor. 

Pre'pos-ses'sion (-pos-sesh'un or 
-poz-zesb/un). n. 1. Prior posses- 
sion. 2. Preoccupation of the mind ; 
preconceived opinion. 

Pre-pos'ter-ous, a. [Lat. prsepos- 
terus ; prse, before, and posterus, 
coming after.] 1. Having that first 
which ought to be last. 2. Contrary 
to nature or reason. 

Pre-REQ'ui-sTte (-rek'wi-), a. Pre- 
viously required or necessary. — n. 
Something previously required. 

Pre-rog'A-TIVE, n. [Lat. prseroga- 
tfva, fr. pra'rogare, to ask before an- 
other.] An exclusive or peculiar 
privilege. 
Syn. — Sec Privilege. 

PRE-SAGE', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
priesagire ; prze, before, and sagire, 
to perceive acutely.] 1. To have a 
presentiment of; to forebode. 2. 
To foretell. 
Syn. —To foreshow; predict; prophesy. 

Pre'sage, or Pres'age,ti. Some- 
thing foreshowing a future event. 

Pres'by-ter, «. [Lat., an elder, fr. 
Or. 7rpe<r/3uTepos, compar. of npeo-- 
/3u?, old.] 1. (Anc. Church.) An elder 
having authority to instruct in the 
church. 2. ( Church of'Eng. ) A priest. 

Pres'by-tE'ri-an, a. 1. Pertaining 
to ecclesiastical government by pres- 
byters. 2. Consisting of presbyters. 
— n. One who maintains the valid- 
ity of ordination and government by 
presbyters^ 

Pres'by-te'ri-AN-Xsm, n. That form 
of church government which invests 
presbyters with all spiritual power. 

Pres'by-ter-y, n. [See Presby- 
ter.] 1. A body of elders. 2. 
(Presbyterian Church.) A judicatory 
consisting of all the pastors of church- 
es within a certain district, and one 
ruling elder, a layman, from each 
parish or church. 

Pre'sci-ence (prj'shT-enss), n. Tore- 
knowledge of events. 

Pre'SCI-ENT (pr5'shi-ent), a. [Lat. 
praesciens, foreknowing.] Having 
knowledge of events before they take 
place. 

pRE-S€RlBE',r. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
prazscribere ; prse, before, and scri- 
bere, to write.] 1. To lay down au- 
thoritatively for direction. 2. To di- 
rect as a remedy to be used by or for 
a patient. — v. i. 1. To give law. 2. To 
give medical directions. 3. To claim 
on the ground of immemorial use. 

Pre-S€R'ip'tion, n. 1. Act of pre- 
scribing, or that which is prescribed. 
2. Claim of title by virtue of imme- 
morial use. 

Pre-S€rTpt'i ve , a. Consisting in , or 
acquired by, prescription. 

PrEs'ence, n. [See Present.] 1. 
State of being present. 2. Region in 
which one is present : nearness. 3. 
Neighborhood to one of superior rank. 
4. Mien : personal appearance. 

pRES'ENT, a. [Lat. pr&sens, being 



before one, in sight or at hand, p. p. 
of praztsse, to be before.] 1. Being 
at hand, within reach or call, or the 
like. 2. Now existing. 3. Being 
now in view, or under consideration. 
4. Immediate ; instant. 

At hand; on hand. — "We speak 
>n being at hand, i. e., nea 
and thus virtually present. We speak, 



of a person being at hand, i. e., near b; 
and thus virtually present. We speal , 
also, of a merchant's having goods on 



hand. Some persons confound the two, 
and speak of being " on hand," at a 
given time or place, meaning present. 
This confusion of things so entirely dis- 
similar " smells of the shop." 

— n. Present time. 
Syn. — See Donation. 

Pre-sent', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To give a formal introduction to. 2. 
To exhibit to view ; to offer. 3. To 
make a gift of; to give ; to grant. 4. 
To indict. [Amer.] — n. That which 
is presented. 

PRE-gENT'A-BLE. a. Capable or ad- 
mitting ofbeing presented. 

PREg'EN-TA'TlON, ii. 1. Act of pre- 
senting ; an offering : bestowal. 2. 
Exhibition ; representation. 

Pre-sent'i-ment, n. 1. Previous 
conception, sentiment, or opinion. 
2. Anticipation of evil. 

Pres/ent-ly, adv. At once ; soon ; be- 
fore long. 

Pre-sent'ment, n. 1. Presentation. 

2. Delineation ; representation. 3. 
Notice taken by a grand jury of any 
offense from their own knowledge or 
observation. 

PREs'ER-VA'TlON,n. Act of preserv- 
ing, or state of beiug preserved. 

PRE-SERV'A-TIVE, a. Having the 
power or quality of preserving. — n. 
That which preserves, or lias the 
power of preserving. 

PRE-gERV'A-TO-RY, a. Having power 
or tendency to preserve. — n. That 
which preserves ; a preservative. 

Preserve' (14), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[Lat. prseservare ; prte, before, and 
servare, to save.] 1. To save from 
injury or destruction. 2. To save from 
decay by the use of sugar or salt, &c. 

3. To maintain throughout. 
Syn. — See Keep. 

— n. 1. Fruit, or the like, kept by 
suitable preparation. 2. A place for 
the preservation of game or fish, &c. 

PRE-sfiRV'ER, n. One who preserves. 

PRE-SIDE', v. i. [-EDJ-ING.] [Lat. 
prxsidere ; prx, before, and seder e, 
to sit.] 1. To occupy the place of 
ruler, or of director, &c. 2. To ex- 
ercise superintendence. 

Pres'i-den-cy, ii. 1. Superintend- 
ence. 2. Office, or term of office, of 
president. 3. Jurisdiction of a pres- 
ident. 

PrEs'1-DENT, n. [Lat. przesidenx. 
See Preside.] A presiding officer ; 
as, (a.) The chief officer of a corpo- 
ration, society, college, &c. (b.) The 
chief executive of certain republics. 

PRE.s'l-DEN'TIAL,, a. Pertaining to 
a president. 

Pre§'i-DENT-shTp. n. Office, or term 
of office, of a president. 



PRE-SiD'l-AL, 1 a. [Lat. prsesidia- 
Pre-s.id'1-a-ry, ) Us,&uApra2sidia- 

rius. See Preside.] Pertaining to 

a garrison. 

PRE-SIG'NI-FY, V. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. prsesignificare , fr. prse, before, 
and significare, to signify.] To sig- 
nify beforehand. 

Press, v.t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. pres- 
sare.] 1. To squeeze ; to crush. 2. 
To embrace closely. 3 To urge ; to 
force ; to compel. 4. To drive with 
violence. 5. To force into service, 
particularly into naval service. — v. 
i. To use or exert pressure. — n. 1. 
An instrument for pressing or squeez- 
ing ; or the place containing a press. 
2. A machine for printing. 3. Busi- 
ness of printing and publishing. 4. 
Collective publications issued from 
the press. 5. A closet for clothes, 
&c. 6. Act of pressing forward. 7. 
Urgency. 8. A multitude ; a throng. 

PrEss'-gang, ii. A detachment of sea- 
men to impress men into the navy. 

Press'-man (150), ii. One who man- 
ages, or attends tc, a printing-press. 

Press'ure (presh'ijr), n. 1. Act of 
pressing, or the condition of being 
pressed. 2. A constraining force. 3. 
Severe affliction, difficulties, embar- 
rassments, or the distress they occa- 
sion. 4. Urgency. 

Pres/ti-dYg'i-ta/tor, n. {L&t.prses- 
to, quickly, and digitus, finger.] One 
skilled in legerdemain. 

PRES'TiGE, ii. [Lat. pr test igium.] 1. 
Illusion. 2. Influence coming from 
past success, character, or deeds. 

PRES'TO, adv. [It. & Sp., quick, 
quickly, from Lat. prxstus, ready.] 
Quickly ; suddenly. [presumed. 

PRE-SUM'A-BEE, a. Such as maybe 

Pre-rum'a-bly, adv. By, or accord . 
ing to, presumption. 

Pre-sume', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
prwsumere ; prx, before, and sumere, 
to take.] To take or suppose to be 
true, without examination or proof; 
to take for granted. — v.i. 1. To 
suppose or assume something to be, 
or to be true. 2. To take liberties. 

Pre-sum'er, n. One who presumes. 

Pre-sump'tion (84), n. [Lat. prx- 
sumptio. See Presume.] 1. Act 
of taking for granted. 2. Ground 
for presuming. 3. A thing believed 
true on satisfactory evidence. 4. 
Over-confident or arrogant opinion 
or conduct. [probable evidence. 

Pre-rump'tive. a. Grounded on 

PRE-sUMPT'u-ous(-zHmpt / yu-,84),a. 
1. lull of presumption. 2. Proceed- 
ing from excess of confidence. 3. 
Done with rash confidence, or in vi* 
olation of known duty. 

PRE-sfJMPT'u-otis-LY, adv. Tuth 
presumption. 

PRE-snMPT'u-oOs-NESS, n. Rash, 
confidence ; irreverent boldness. 

Pre'sup-pos'al,, n. Supposal pre- 
viously formed. 

PRE'SUP-POSE', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 

To suppose" as previous ; to imply as 
antecedent ; to take for granted. 



A, B, I, o,C, Yjong; X,E,I, 6,0, ¥, short; cAre, far, Ask, all, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM; pique, fIrm; son. 



PRESUPPOSITION 



333 



PRBIARY 



PRE-sfrp'PO-sI'TiON (-zish'un), n. 
Act of presupposing. 

Pre-tence', n. See PRETENSE. 

Pre-tend', v. t. [-ed; -vug.] [Lat. 
prsetendere, praetentum, fr. prse, be- 
fore, and tendere, to stretch.] 1. To 
plot; to intend. [Obs.] 2. To simu- 
late. 3. To hold out falsely ; to 
feign. — v. i. To lay claim. 

Pre-tend'er, n. One who pretends. 

Pre -tense', \n. [L. La.t. pr&tensus, 

PRE-TENCE', ) See PRETEND.] 1. 
Simulation. 2. That which is pre- 
tended. 3. Act of laying claim ; as- 
sumption. 

Syx. — Pretext. — A pretense is some- 
thing held out as real when it is not so, 
thus falsifying the truth : a pretext is 
•omething woven up in order to cover or 
conceal one's true motives, feelings, or 
ends of action. The piety of the Phar- 
isees was all a pretense, and their long 
Erayers were a pretext to conceal their 
ypocrisy. 

Pre-ten'sion, n. 1. Act of pretend- 
ing or laying claim. 2. Claim laid. 

PRE-TEN'TloiJS, a. Full of preten- 
sion. 

Pre'ter-im-pEr'fect, a. Not ab- 
solutely or distinctly past. 

Pret'er-it, orPRE'TER-iT,a. [Lat. 
praeteritus, gone or passed by.] Past ; 
— applied to the tense in grammar 
which expresses an action or being 
perfectly past (called also the perfect 
tense). 

Pret'er-ite, or Pre'ter-ite, a. 
Same as Preterit. 

Pre'ter-I'tion (-Ish'un), n. [Lat. 
praeteritio.] 1. Act of going past ; 
state of being past. 2. (Rket.) A 
figure by which, in pretending to 
pass over any thing, a summary 
mention of it is made. 

PRE'TER-MIT', V. t. [-TED ; -TING.] 
[Lat. praetermitlere ; prseter, beyond, 
by, and mittere, to send.] To pass 
by : to omit. 

Pre'ter-nat'u-RAL, a. Beyond or 
different from what is natural. 

Pre'ter-nat'u-ral-ly, adv. In a 
preternatural manner, or to a pre- 
ternatural degree. 

Pre'ter-per'fect, a. Expressing 
action or being absolutely past ; per- 
fect. 

PRE'TER-PLU'PER-FECT, a. [Lat. 
prseter, beyond, plus, more, a.ndper- 
fectus, perfect.] Expressing action 
or being past at or before another 
past event or time ' L pluperfect. 

Pre-text', or Pre'text (114), n. 
[Lat. praetextutn ; praetexere, to weave 
before.] Ostensible reason or motive. 

SYX.— SeePBETEXSE. 

PRE'TOR, n. [Lat. praetor, for praeitor, 
fr. praeire, to go before.] A civil offi- 
cer among the ancient Romans. 
Pre-to'ri-al, ) a. Pertaining to a 
Pre-to'ri-an, J pretor or judge ; 
judicial. [ty manner. 

Pr£t'ti-ly (prit't!-), adv. In a pret- 
Pret'ti-ness (prit/tT-), n. Quality 
of being pretty ; diminutive beauty. 
Pret'ty (prlt'ty-), a. [-er; -est.] 
[A.-S. prdttig, prdtig.] 1. Having 



slight or diminutive beauty. 2. Af- 
fectedly nice; foppish. 3. Mean; 
contemptible. — auc. In some de- 
gree ;_ tolerably. 

PRE-VAIL,', V. I. [-EDJ-ING.] [Lat. 
praevalere ; prx, before, and valere, to 
be strong, or worth.] 1. To gain the 
victory or superiority. 2. To have 
effector influence. 3. To persuade. 

Pre-vail'ing,;?. a. 1. Having more 
influence, power, or efficacy. c l. Most 
general in reception or extension. 
Syx. — Prevalent. 

PREV'A-LENCE.n. Quality of being 
prevalent; superior strength, influ- 
ence, or efficacy. 

Prev'a-lent, a. [Lat. praevalens. 
See Prevail.] 1. Gaining advan- 
tage. 2. Most generally received. 3. 
Extensively existing. 

PRE-VAR'I-€ATE, v.i. [-ed;-ing.] 
[Lat. prssvaricari, -catus, to walk 
crookedly.] To evade telling the 
truth. 

Syx. —To evade ; equivocate. — One 
who evades a question ostensibly answers 
it, but really turns aside to some other 
point. He who equivocates uses words 
which have a double meaning, so that in 
one sense he can claim to have said the 
truth, though he does in fact deceive, 
and intends to do it. He who prevari- 
cates talks all round the question, hop- 
ing to " dodge " it, and disclose nothing. 

Pre-var'1-ca'tion, n. Act of shuf- 
fling or quibbling to evade the truth. 

Pre-var'i-ca'TOR, n. One who pre- 
varicates ; a quibbler. 

Pre-ven'1-ent, a. [Lat. praeveniens. 
See infra.] 1. Going before ; preced- 
ing. 2. Preventive. 

Pre-vent', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 

praevenire, -centum ; prae, before, and 

venire, to come.] 1. To get the start 

of. [O65.] 2. To intercept and stop. 

Syx. — To hinder ; impede ; thwart. 

Pre-vent'a-BLE, a. Capable of be- 
ing prevented. 

Pre-ven'tion, n. Act of prevent- 
ing ; hindrance ; obstruction. 

Pre-vent'ive, a. Tending to pre- 
vent ; hindering the access of. — n. 
That which prevents ; an antidote 
previously taken. 

PRE'VI-otts, a. [Lat. prsevius, going 
before ; prae, before, and via, the 
way.] Being or happening before 
something else. 

Syx. — Antecedent; preceding; ante- 
rior; prior; former. 

PRE'vl-ofrs-LY, adv. In time preced- 
ing; antecedently. 

PRE-VIS'ION (-vizh'un), n. [Lat. prx- 
videre, praevisus, to foresee.] Fore- 
sight ; foreknowledge. 

Pr^y, n. [Norm. Fr. preye, Lat.prze- 
da.] Any thing taken by force, es- 
pecially in war. — v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To collect spoil ; to take food by vio- 
lence. 

PRICE, n. [Lat. pretium.] 1. Amount 
of money at which a thing is valued. 
2. Value ; estimation. 3. Reward ; 
recompense. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To set a price on. 
Price-current, a statement of the pre- 



vailing prices of merchandise, stocks, 
bills ot exchange, &c. 
PrIce'less, a. Too valuable to ad- 
mit of being prized. 

SYN. — Invaluable; inestimable. 

Prick, v.t. [-ed; -ing.] [See the n.] 
1. To pierce with any thing sharp- 
pointed. 2. To mark by a puncture. 
3. To form or make by pricking. 4. 
To spur ; to incite. 5. To affect with 
sharp pain. 6. To erect, as something 
pointed, esp. the ears. — v. i. 1. To 
be pricked ; to feel as if pricked. 2. 
To spur onward. 3. To deck one's 
self out. — n. [A.-S. prica, pricca.] 
1. That which pricks ; a pointed in- 
strument. 2. Sharp, stinging pain. 

3. A puncture. 

Prick/ing, n. 1. Act of piercing. 2. 
A sensation of sharp pain. 

PRICK'LE. n. [Dim. of prick.] A 
little prick ; a small, sharp-pointed 
projection. 

PrIck'li-ness, n. State of being 
prickly. [prickles. 

Prick'l y, a. Full of sharp points or 

PRIDE, n. [A.-S. pryta, pryt.] 1 
State or quality of being proud ; in- 
ordinate self-esteem. 2. Noble self- 
esteem. 3. Arrogance of demeanor. 

4. That of which one is proud ; that 
which excites boasting. 

Syx. —Vanity . — Pride is an over-val- 
uing of one's self for some real or imag- 
ined superiority. Vanity is the love of 
being admired (not merely approved), so 
that he who is vain has a secret feeling of 
pleasure at being praised for excellence 
which he is perfectly conscious of not 



— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To indulge 
in pride ; — used reflexively. 

Priest, n. [A.-S. preost, from Lat. 
presbyter. See PRESBYTER.] 1. One 
who officiates at the altar. 2. A 
presbyter or elder ; a minister. 3. 
One who belongs to an order between 
bishop and deacon. 

Priest'craft, 71. Fraud or imposi- 
tion in religious concerns. 

Priest'ess, n. A female priest. 

Priest'hood, n. 1. Office or char- 
acter of a priest. 2. Order of priests. 

Priest'ly, a. Pertaining to, or be- 
coming, priests ; sacerdotal. 

Priest'-rId'den, a. Managed or 
governed by priests. 

PrIg, n. 1. A pert, conceited, saucy, 
pragmatical fellow. 2. A thief. 

Prig'gish, a. Affected ; conceited. 

Prim, a. [From Lat. primus, first.] 
Formal; precise. — v. t. [-MED ; 
-MING.] To deck with great nicety. 

PRI'MA-CY, n. [L. Lat. primatia, fr. 
Lat. primas, primatis, principal, 
chief.] Condition of being a primate ; 
office or dignity of an archbishop. 

PrVMA-dojs'na, n. [It., the first 
lady.] The first female singer in an 
opera. [the freight. 

Pri'mage, n. A charge in addition to 

PRI'MAL, a. [L. Lat. primalis, from 
primus, the first.] First. 

PrI'ma-ri-ey, adv In the first place ; 
originally. 

Pri'MA-ry, a. [Lat. primarius, from 



OR, DO, WQLF, TOO, TOOK ; URN, RUE, FUEL ; E, I, O, silent ; C, G, soft; C, g, hard; AS ; EXIST ; S(UN6j THIS 



PRIMATE 



334 



PRO AND CON 



primus, the first.] 1. First in order | 
of time. 2. Preparatory to some- j 
thing higher. 3. First io dignity or ' 
importance. — n. That which stands 
highest in rank or importance. 

Pri'MATE, n. [Lat. primas, primatis, 
fr. primus, first.] Chief ecclesiastic 
in a national church. 

PRIME, a. [Lat. primus, first.] 1. 
Primary. 2. First in rank, degree, 
dignity, importance, excellence. 

Syn.— Original; principal; excellent. 
— n. 1. Beginning, as of the day, 
the year, &c. ; dawn ; spring. 2. 
Youth; full of health, strength, or 
beauty. 3. Best portion. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To charge with the powder, 
percussion cap, or other device for 
communicating fire to the charge. 2. 
To lay the first color in painting on. 

PRIM'ER, n. [Contr. fr. L. Lat. primx 
liber, i. e., the book read at prime.] 
1. An elementary book for teaching 
children to read. 2. A kind of type, 
of which there are two species — 

Long-primer 

and 

Great-primer. 

Pri-me'VAL, a. [Lat. primmvus,; 
primus, first, and mvum, age.] Be- 
longing to the first ages ; pristine. 

Prim'ing, n. 1. Powder used to com- 
municate fire to the charge in a fire- 
arm. 2. First color laid in painting. 

PrIm'I-TIve, a. [Lat. primitivus ; 
primus, the first.] 1. Pertaining to 
the beginning, or to early times. 2. 
Formal ; prim. 3. Original ; prima- 
ry. — n. A word not derived from 
another. 

Pr1m'i-tIve-LY, adv. Originally ; 
primarily. [primitive. 

Pr'im'I-TIVE-NESS, n. State of being 

PRIM'LY, adv. In a prim or precise 
manner. [niceness. 

PRIM'NESS, n. Affected formality or 

PRI'MO-GE'NI-AL, a. [Lat. primige- 
nius ; primus, first, and genere, to 
beget.] First born, made, or gene- 
rated. 

Pri'mo-gen'I-TOR, n. [Lat. primus, 
first, and genitor, father.] The first 
father or forefather. 

Pri'mo-gen'I-ture (53), n. 1. Se- 
niority by birth among children. 2. 
Exclusive right of inheritance of the 
eldest son or daughter. 

Prj-MOR'DI-al., a. [Lat. primordia- 
lis ; primus, first, and ordiri, to be- 
gin.] First in order ; original. 

Prim'RO§E, n. [Lat. prima rosa, i. e., 
the first rose.] An early flowering 
plant closely allied to the cowslip. 

PRINZE, n. [Lat. princeps, principis, 
chief.] 1. A chief ruler ; sovereign; 
a monarch. 2. Son of a king or em- 
peror. 3. A person of rank next to 
the sovereign. 

Prince 'DOM, n. Sovereignty, rank, 
or estate, of a prince. 

Prince'LY, a. 1. Of, or relating to, 



a prince. 2. Resembling or becom- 
ing to a prince. 

Princess, n 1. A female prince. 2. 
Daughter of a king. 3. Consort of 
a prince. 

PrIn'ci-pal, a. [See Prince.] High- 
est in rank, authority, character, or 
importance ; most considerable ; 
chief. — n. 1. A chief or head ; one 
who takes the lead. 2. A thing of 
prime consequence. 3. A capital 
sum of money, placed at interest. 

PRIN'CI-PXL'I-TY, n. 1. Sovereign- 
ty ; supreme power. 2. A prince. 
3. Territory of a prince. 

PrIn'ci-PAL-ly, adv In a princi- 
pal manner; chiefly; mainly. 

PRIN-p'tP'I-A, n. pi. [See PRINCI- 
PLE.] First principles ; elements. 

PRIN'CI-PLE, n. [Lat. principium,fr. 
princeps. See PRINCE.] 1. A source 
or origin. 2. An original faculty. 
3. A fundamental truth ; elementary 
proposition. 4. Aright and settled 
rule of conduct. — v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To establish or fix in tenets. 

PrInk, v.i. or t. [-ED; -ing.] [Allied 
to prank.] 1. To dress for show. 2. 
To put on stately airs. 

Print, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Abbrev. 
fr. imprint.] 1. To impress ; to im- 
print. 2. To stamp. 3. To strike 
off an impression of, by means of a 
press. 4. To mark by pressure. — 
v. i. 1. To practice the art of ty- 
pography. 2. To publish a book. 
— n. 1. A mark made by pressure. 

2. Impressions of types in general. 

3. That which is produced by print- 
ing, as an engraving or a newspaper. 

Print'ER, n. One who prints books, 
newspapers, &c. 

Print'ing, n. Act, art, or practice 
of impressing letters, figures, &c. ; 
typography. 

PrInt'ing-Ink, n. Ink used in print- 
ing books, &c. [printing. 

Print'ing-press, n. A press for 

PRI'OR, a. [Lat. prior, former, pre- 
vious, better.] Preceding in the or- 
der of time. — n. Superior of a pri- 
ory, [convent of nuns. 

Pri'or-ESS, n. A female superior of a 

Pri-6r'i-ty, n. State of preceding 
something else. 

Pri'or-y, n. A religious house which 
was in dignity below an abbey. 
Syn.— See Convent. 

PRISM, n. [Gr. 7rpicr/u.a, from 
7rpi£eiv, to saw.] 1. A solid 
whose bases are any similar, 
equal, and parallel plane fig- 
ures, and whose sides are par- 
allelograms. 2. A transpa- 
ren t body , with , usually , three 
rectangular sides. 

Pris-mat'ic, I a. 1. Like, 

Pris-mat'ic-al, ) or related 

to^ a prism. 2. Formed by a prism. 

Pris'MOID, n. [Gr. irpio-ixa, prism, 
and elfios, form.] A body somewhat 
like a prism. 

PRIS'ON (priz'n), n. [Fr., from Lat. 
prehensio, prensio, a seizing, arrest- 
ing.] A building for the confinement 



Prism. 



of debtors and criminals. — v. t 
[-ED ; -ing.] To shut up in a 
prison ; to confine. 

Pri£'on-er (prls'n-er), n. One un- 
der arrest ; a captive. 

PrIs/on-house, n. A jail. 

Pris'tine, a. [Lat. pristinus.] Be- 
longing to the earliest time. 

PrITH'EE. A corruption of pray thee. 

Pri'VA-CY, n. [From private.] 1. A 
state of retirement. 2. A place of 
seclusion ; retreat. 3. Concealment; 
secresy. 

Pri'VATE, a. [Lat. privatus, prop, be- 
reaved, deprived.] 1. Concerningan 
individual ; peculiar to one's self. 2. 
Sequestered from company or ob- 
servation ; not public. 3. Not pub- 
licly known ; not open. — n. A com- 
mon soldier. 

PRI'VA-TEER', n. An armed private 
vessel commissioned to cruise against 
the commerce of a public enemy. — 
v.i. [-ED; -ING.] To cruise in a 
privateer. 

Pri'vate-ly, adv. In private ; not 
openly or publicly. 

Pri-va'tion, n. 1. Act of depriving. 
2. State of being deprived. 3. Want ; 
absence. 

PrIv'a-tive (110), a. Causing or in- 
dicating privation. — n. A prefix or 
suffix to a word which gives it a con- 
trary sense. 

Priv'ET, n. [Scot, privie, Prov. Eng. 
primwort. Cf. Prim.] An ornament- 
al shrub, much used in hedges. 

Pri'v'I-LEGE, n. [Lat. privilegium, 
fr. privus, private, and lex, law.] A 
peculiar benefit or advantage ; a right 
or immunity not enjoyed by others. 

Syn.— Prerogative.— It is the privilege 
of a Christian child to be instructed in 
the true religion. It is the prerogative 
of a parent to govern and direct his off-' 
spring. 

— v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To grant some 
particular right or exemption to. 

Priv'1-leg.ed, p. a. Invested with 
a privilege. 

T?Rtv'l-i.Y, adv. Privately; secretly. 

PRIV'I-TY, n. [From privy.] 1. Prk 
vate knowledge ; joint knowledge 
with another of a private concern. 
2. A private matter ; a secret. 

Pri'v'Y, a. [Fr. prive, fr. Lat. priva* 
lus. See Private.] 1. Private. 2. 
Secret ; clandestine. 3. Secretly 
cognizant. — n. 1. A partaker. 2. 
A necessary house. 

PRIZE, n. [Fr. prise, fr. pris, p. p. of 
prendre, to take.] 1. Something 
taken from another ; a thing seized 
by force, stratagem, or superior pow- 
er ; esp., a captured vessel, or some- 
thing won in a lottery. 2. Any thing 
worth striving for. 3. A lever, or 
the hold of a lever. — v.t. [-ed; 
-ING.] 1. To estimate the value of. 
2. To value highly. 3. [See PRY.] 
To raise with a lever ; to pry. 

PrIze'-fight'er (-fit'er), n. One 
who fights publicly for a reward. 

Pro and Con. [Lat. pro and con- 
tra.] For and against. 



A, e, I, o,u, Y,long; A, £,i, 6, 0, Y,s/ier«;CARE, far, ask, all, what; ere, V£IL, tSrm; pique, firm; sc-n, 



PROBABILIST 



835 



PROEM 



PrSb'A-bil-Ist, n. One of those who 
maintain that probability alone is to 
govern our faith and actions. 

Prob'A-bil'i-ty, n. 1. Quality of 
being probable. 2. Something prob- 
able. 3. Ratio of the whole number 
of chances to the number of favora- 
ble chances. 

PROB'A-BLE, a. [Lat. probabilis, fr. 
probare, to try, approve.] 1. Likely 
to be or to be true. 2. Giving ground 
for belief. 

Prob'a-BLY, adv. In a probable 
manner : with likelihood. 

PRO'BATE,n. [Lat. probatus, proved.] 
Proof that an instrument purport- 
ing to be a last will and testament is 
truly a lawful act. — a. Belonging 
to a probate or court of probate. 

Pro-BA'TION, n. [Lat. probatio.] Any 
proceeding to ascertain truth, deter- 
mine character, &c. ; trial. 

Pro-ba'tion-al, ) a. Serving for 

Pro-ba'tion-a-ry, j trial. 

Pro-BA'tion-ek, n. One who is 
undergoing probation. 

PRO'BA-TfVE, )a. Serving for trial 

Pr5'ba-to-ry, j or proof; proba- 
tionary. 

Probe, n. [See infra.] An instru- 
ment for examining a wound, ulcer, 
&c — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. pro- 
bare, to try, examine.] 1. To exam- 
ine by means of a probe. 2. To ex- 
amine thoroughly into. 

Prob'i-ty, n. [Lat. probitas, from 
probus, good, honest.] Tried virtue 
or integrity. 

Syn. — Integrity. — Probity means, 
etymologically, virtue which has been 
tried and proved genuine. Hence, it 
denotes unimpeachable honesty and vir- 
tue, shown especially by the perform- 
ance of those obligations called imper- 
fect, which the laws of the state do not 
reach, and can not enforce. Integrity 
denotes a ?«/(oZc-hearted honesty, and 
especially that which excludes all injus- 
tice that might favor one's self. It has a 
peculiar reference to uprightness in mu- 
tual dealings, transfers of property, and 
the execution of trusts for others. 

PROB'LEM, n. [Gr. npo^k-qfxa, from 
npo^aWeiv, to throw or lay before.] 
A question proposed for solution ; 
hence, a matter difficult of solution 
or settlement. 

Prob'lem-Xt'IC, ) a. Having the 

Prob'LEM-Xt'ic-al, ) nature of a 
problem ; uncertain ; disputable. 

PRO-B&s'pis, n. ; pi. PRO-BOS' pi- 
VE$. [Gr. npofioo-Ki<;, fr. npo, be- 
fore, and /36cnce(.v, to feed.] A hol- 
low tube projecting from the head of 
various animals ; a trunk. 

Pro-ced'ure (30), n. [See Proceed, 
infra.] Act, manner, or result of 
proceeding ; management. 

PRO-CEEB', v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
procedere, from pro, forward, and ce- 
dere, to move.] 1. To move, pass, or 
go forward ; to advance. 2. To come 
forth as from a source. 3. To act by 
method. 

PRO'CEEDg, n. pi. That which comes 
forth or results : yield ; issue ; pro- 
duct ; sum afforded by a sale. 



PRO-CEED'ING, n. Progress or move- 
ment from one thing to another 

Pr(5c'ess (pr&s'es), n. [Lat. proces- 
sus.] 1. Progress ; advance. 2. Se- 
ries of actions, motions, or occur- 
rences. 3. (Anal.) A projecting part 
of any surface. 4. Whole course of 
proceedings in a legal cause. 

Pro-ces'sion (-sesh'un), n. [Lat. 
processio.] 1. Act of proceeding. 2. 
A train of individuals advancing in 
order : a retinue. 

Pro-CES'sion-AL (-sesh'un-), a. Con- 
sisting in a procession. 

Pro-claim', v. t. [-Ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
proclamare ; pro, before, and clamare, 
to call out.] To make conspicuously 
known by public announcement. 
Syn.— See Announce. 

Proc'la-mA'TION, n. 1. Official or 
general notice or publication. 2. A 
published ordinance. 

Pro-clIv'J-TY, n. [Lat. proclivitas, 
fr. pro, forward, and clivus,& hill.] 
1. Inclination ; propensity ; tenden- 
cy. 2. Readiness ; facility. 

Pro-con'sul, n. [Lat. pro, for, and 
consul.] A Roman officer ; a gov- 
ernor of a province. 

Pro-con'su-lar, ( a. Pertaining 

Pro-con'su-la-ry, J to, or under 
the government of, a proconsul. 

Pro-con'sul-ate, )n. Office of a 

Pro-con'sul-ship, ) proconsul, or 
term of his office. 

PRO-CRXs'TI-NATE, V. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] [Lat. procrastinare, -natum ; 
pro, forward, and eras, to-morrow.] 
To put off till co-morrow, or from 
day to day. 

Syn.— To postpone; defer; delay; re- 
tard; protract. 

— v. i. To delay ; to be dilatory. 

Pro-crXs'ti-na'tion, n. A putting 
off to a future time ; delay. 

Pro-crXs'ti-na'tor, n. One who 
procrastinates. 

PRO'CRE-ATE, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. procreare, -atum ; pro, forward, 
and creare, to create.] To beget ; to 
generate 1 

Pro'cre-a'TION, n. Act of beget- 
ting ; generation . 

Pr6'€RE-a/tive, a. Having the pow- 
er to beget. 

Pro'cre-a'tor, n. One who begets ; 
a generator. 

Pro-crOs'te-an, a. Pertaining to, 
or resembling Procrustes, a fabulous 
highwayman, who tied his victims 
on an iron bed, and, as the case re- 
quired, either stretched out or cut off 
their legs to adapt them to its length. 

PrSc'TOR, n. [Gontr. fr. procurator.] 
1. An officer employed in admiralty 
and ecclesiastical causes. 2. An of- 
ficer who attends to the morals of 
students, and enforces obedience to 
college regulations. 

Pro-CUM'BENT, a. [Lat. procumbens, 
falling, bending, or leaning forward.] 
Lying on the face ; prone. 

Pro-CUR'A-BLE, a. Capable of being 
procured. 



Proc'u-ra-^y, n. Office or act of a 
proctor ; vicarious management. 

Proc'U-RA'TION, n. [Lat. procuratio. 
See Procure.] 1. Act of procur- 
ing. 2. Management of another's 
affairs. 

ProCu-RA'tor, n. One who man- 
ages another's affairs. 

Pro-cure', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
procurare, from pro, for, and cura, 
care.] 1. To acquire or provide for 
one's self or for another. 2. To con- 
trive and effect. 

Syn. — To gain; obtain; acquire; win; 
earn; attract. 

Pro-cure'ment, n. Act of procur- 
ing; management; agency. 

Pro-cur'er, n. 1. One who pro- 
cures. 2. A pimp ; a pander. 

PRO-CUR'ESS, n. A female procurer. 

Prod'I-GAL, a. [Lat. prodigus, from 
prodigere, to drive forth , to squander 
away.] 1. Given to extravagant ex- 
penditures. 2. Expended without 
necessity. 

Syn. — See Profuse. 
— n. A spendthrift. 

Prod'I-gXl'j-TY, n. Extravagance 
in expenditure ; profusion. 

Prod'I-gal-ly, adv. Extravagantly. 

Pro-dig'ious (-dlj'us), a. [Lat. prc- 
digiosus.] 1. Of the nature of a 
prodigy. 2. Enormous in size, quan- 
tity, or extent, &c. 

PRO-Di'G'loiJS-LY (-dij/us-), adv. 1. 
Enormously ; wonderfully. 2. Tery 
much ; extremely. 

Prod'i-gy, n. [Lat. prodigium, for 
prodicium, fr. prodirere, to foretell.] 
1. A portent. 2. Any thing won- 
derful, and out of the ordinary 
course of nature. 

Pro-duce', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
producere ; pro, forward, and ducere, 
to lead.] 1. To offer to view ; to ex- 
hibit. 2. To bring forth ; to give 
birth to. 3. To cause to be or to hap- 
pen. 4. To yield or furnish. 6. To 
lengthen out ; to prolong ; to extend. 
Syn. — To breed; bear; yield; exhibit; 
give ; cause ; make. 

Prod'UCE, n. That which is pro- 
duced ; specifically, agricultural prod- 
ucts. 

Pro-du'^ER, n. One who produces. 

Pro-du'9 [-ble, a. Capable of being 
produced. 

Prod'uct, n. [Lat. prod uctv.m, from 
productus, p. p. of producere, to pro- 
duce.] 1. That which is produced or 
effected; fruit; effect; result. 2. 
The number resulting from the mul- 
tiplication of two or more numbers. 

Pro-dOc'tion, n. 1. Act of produ- 
cing. 2. That which is produced. 

Pro-dOc'tI've, a. 1. Having the 
power of producing ; yielding or fur* 
nishing results. 2. Bringing into 
bsing ; efficient. 

Pro-duc'tIve-ness, n. Quality of 
being productive. 

PRO'EM, n. [Lat. proxmium, Gr. 
irpooCixiov ; npo, before, and oT/xos. 
way, strain of a song.] Preface ; in- 
troduction ; prelude. 



6r j do,wqlf,too,to~ok; urn, rue, pull ; s, I, O, silent ; c, &,soft ; €, g, hard; Ag; exist; jj as ng; 



PROFANATION 



336 



PROLEPSIS 



Prof'a-na'tion, n. [See Profane.] 
Ace of violating sacred things, or of 
treating them with contempt. 

Pro-fane', a. [Lat. pro/anus, from 
pro, betore, without, and fanum, 
temple.] 1. Not sacred or holy. 2. 
Treating sacred things with con- 
tempt, irreverence, or undue famil- 
iarity ; specifically, given to swear- 
ing.— v.t. [-ED; -ing.] 1. To 
treat with abuse, irreverence, oblo- 
quy, or contempt. 2. To put to a 
wrong or unworthy use. [ence. 

Pro-FANe'ly, adv. With irrever- 

Pro-FANE'NEss (109), n. Quality or 
character of being profane ; esp. the 
taking of God ; s name in vain. 

Pro-Fan'i-ty, n. 1. Quality or char- 
acter of being profane ; profaneness ; 
blasphemy. 2. Profane language. 

Pro-fess', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
profiler! , professus ; pro, before, and 
fateri, to confess.] 1. To make open 
declaration of. 2. To put on or pre- 
sent an appearance of. 3. To pre- 
tend to knowledge of. 

Pro-fess'ed-ly, adv. By avowal. 

Pro-fes'sion (-leWun), n. 1. Open 
declaration. 2. A liberal occupation, 
or one not mechanical, agricultural, 
&c. 3. Collective body of persons 
engaged in a calling. 

Pro-FEs'sion-AE (-fesh'un-), a. 1. 
Pertaining to a profession. 2. Pro- 
fessed ; avowed. 

Pro-fes'sion-al-ly (pro-feWun-), 
adv. By profession or calling. 

Pro-fess'OR, n. 1. One who makes 
a formal profession of religion. 2. A 
public teacher of a particular science 
or branch of learning. 

Prof'es-SO'ri-al, n. Pertaining to 
a professor. [professor. 

Pro-fess'or siifp, n. Office of a 

Prof'FER, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
prof err e ; pro, forward, and ferre, to 
bring.] To offer for acceptance ; to 
propose to give ; to tender. — n. An 
offer made; something proposed for 
acceptance. 

Pro-fi'cien^e (-flsh'enss), ) n. Im- 

PRO-FI'CIEN-CY (-fish'en-), J prove- 
ment ; progression in knowledge. 

Pro-fi'cient (-flsh'ent), a. Well- 
advanced in any branch of knowl- 
edge or skill. — n. [Lat. proficiens, 
going forward, making progress ] 
One who has made considerable ad- 
vances in any business, art, or sci- 
ence ; an expert. 

PRO'FILE (or pro'feel), n. [From Lat. 
pro, or per, u,xidfilym, a thread, out- 
line, shape.] 1. An outline or con- 
tour. 2. A head or portrait repre- 
sented in a side view. 

Prof'it, «. [Lat. profectus, progress, 
profit, from prqficere, to go forward.] 
1. Acquisition beyond expenditure ; 
pecuniary gain. 2. Valuable results. 

Syn.— Benefit; gain; emolument. 

— v. t. [-ED : -ING.] To be of ser- 
vice to ; to benefit. — v. t. 1. To 
gain advantage. 2. To be of use or 
advantage. 



PROF'IT-A-BLE, a. Yielding profit or 
gain. 

Syn. — Gainful; lucrative. 

PROF'IT-A-BLY, adv. Gainfully ; ad- 
vantageously. 

ProF'IT-less, a. Void of profit. 

Prof'li-ga-CI, n. A very vicious 
course of life. 

PROF'EI-GATE, a. [Lat. prqfiigatus, 
struck or dashed to the ground.] 
Abandoned to vice ; openly and 
shamelessly immoral. 
Syn. — See Abandoned. 

— n. An abandoned man. 
PRO-FOUND', a. [Lat. profundus ; pro, 

before, forward, and fundus, the bot- 
tom.] 1. Bescending far below the 
surface. 2. Low bending. 3. Deep- 
ly felt. 4. Intellectually deep. 5. 
Expressing deep humility. — n. 1. 
An abyss. 2. The sea ; the ocean. 

Pro-FOUND'ly, adv. In a profound 
manner; deeply. 

PRO-FOUND'NESS, n. Quality of be- 
ing profound ; profundity; depth. 

Pro-f0n'D1-TY, n. Quality of being 
profound ; depth of place, of knowl- 
edge, of science, of feeling, &c. 

Pro-fuse', a. [Lat. profusus, poured 
forth.] 1. Very liberal. 2. Liberal 
to excess ; — often in a bad sense. 

Syn. — Lavish ; prodigal. — Profuse 
denotes pouring out (as money, &c.) 
with great fullness or exuberance; as, 
profuse in his expenditures, thanks, &c. 
Lavish is stronger, implying unnecessary 
or wasteful excess ; as, lavisll of his boun- 
ties, praises, &c. Prodigality is stronger 
still, denoting unmeasured or reckless 
profusion ; as, prodigal of one's strength 
or blood, to secure some object. 

PRO-FUSE'LY, adv. Lavishly; prod- 
igally. 

Pro-fuse'ness, n. 1. Prodigality. 
2. Great abundance ; profusion. 

Pro-FU'sION, n. 1. Extravagance of 
expenditures. 2. Rich abundance. 

PROG, v. i. [D. pragchen, Ger. prach- 
en, to beg.] 1. To wander about and 
beg. 2. To steal. — n. 1. Provis- 
ions obtained by begging or wander- 
ing about ; food. [Low.] 2. One 
who seeks his victuals by wandering 
and begging. 

Pro-gEN'i-tor, n. [Lat., fr. pro^ig- 
nere, -genitum, to bring forth, to be- 
get.] A forefather. 

PROG'E-NY,n. Descendants; offspring. 

PROG-NO'SIS, n. [Gr. irp6yvoio-i<; , 
from Trpoyiyviao-KGLV, to know before- 
hand.] Act or art of foretelling the 
course and event of a disease, by par- 
ticular symptoms. 

Prog-n5s'TIC, a. Indicating some- 
thing future by signs or symptoms. 

— n. 1. A sign by which a future 
event may be known ; hence, a pre- 
diction. 2. A symptom indicating 
the course andevent of a disease. 

PROG-NOS'TI€-ATE, v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] [See supra.] To indicate as 
future ; to foretell from signs or 
symptoms. 

Prog-nos'TI-€A'tion, n. 1. Act of 
foreshowing or foretelling something 
future. 2. A previous sign 



Prog-nos'ti-€A'tor, n. One who 
prognosticates. 

PrO'GrSmme, n. [Gr. 7rp6-ypa/u/ixa, 
fr. irpoypafyeiv , to write before or in 
public. J A brief outline or explana- 
tion of some public exercise or per- 
formance. 

PROG'RESS, n. [Lat progressus, fr. 
progredi, to go forth or forward.] 1. 
A moving or going forward in space, 
growth, or knowledge, &c. 2. A 
journey of state made by a sovereign. 

PRO-GRESS',t\ i. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To make progress ; to move forward ; 
to proceed ; to advance ; to go on. 2. 
To make improvement. 

Pro-gres'sion (-gresh'un), n. 1. Act 
of moving forward. 2. Course ; pas- 
sage. 3. Continued proportion, arith- 
metical, geometrical, or harmonical. 
4. A regular succession of chords. 
Syn. — Improvement ; advancement. 

Pro-gres'ston-al, a. Tending to 
progress; relating to progression. 

Pro-gress'Iye, a. 1. Moving for- 
ward ; evincing progress. 2. Improv- 
ing, [gress. 

Pro-gress'Ive-ly, adv. With pro- 

Pro-hib'it, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
prohibere, -hibitum, fr. pro, before, 
forth, and habere, to have.] 1. To 
interdict by authority. 2. To hin- 
der ; to debar ; to prevent. 

Syn. — To forbid. — To forbid is An- 
glo-Saxon, and is more familiar; to pro- 
hibit is Latin, and is more formal or offi- 
cial. A parent forbids his child to be 
out late at night ; he prohibits his inter- 
course with the profane and vicious. 

Pro'hi-bY'tion (-blsb/un), n. Act of 
forbidding or interdicting ; interdict. 

Pro-hIb'it-ive, I a. Tending to 

Pko-hib'it-o-ry, ) prohibit or for- 
bid ; forbidding. 

PRO-JE€T', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
projicere, -jectum, fr. pro, forward, 
and jacere, to throw.] 1. To throw 
out. 2. To scheme ; to devise. 3. 
To draw or exhibit, as the form of 
any thing. — v. i. To shoot forward ; 
to jut. 

Proj'E€T, n. That which is project- 
ed ; something intended or devised. I 
Syn.— Design. — A project is some- 
thing of a practical nature thrown out 
for consideration as to its being done. A 
design is a project when matured and 
settled, as a thing to be accomplished. 
See also Scheme. 

Pro-je€T'Ile, a. 1. Impelling for- 
ward. 2. Given by impulse. — n. 
A body projected through the air, 
as a cannon-ball. 

PRO-JEC'TION, n. 1. Act of throw- 
ing forward. 2. A part jutting out. 
3. Delineation ; plan ; esp. the rep- 
resentation of any object on a per- 
spective plane. [scheme. 

Pro-JEct'or, n. One who forms a 

PRO'LATE, a. [Lat. prolatus, brought 
forth, extended.] Elongated in the 
direction of a line joining the poles. 

PRO-LttP'sis, n. [Gr. 7rp6AT)»/us, fr. 
irpoKafxfidveu> , to take beforehand.] 
1. (Met.) A figure by which objec- 
tions are anticipated or prevented. 



long; A ,£, 1,6, U, y, short; CARE, FAR, Ask, all, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM; pique, fIrm ; s6n, 



A. E, I, O. U. Y 



PROLEPTIC 



337 



PROPENSE 



2. An eTor in chronology, when an 
ovent is ante-dated. 

Pro-lep'tic, I a. 1. Pertaining 

Pro-lep'tic-al, ( to prolepsis. 2. 
Previous ; antecedent. 

Proletaire (prola-tar'), n. [Fr. 
One of the common people ; the com- 
monalty. 

PROL'I-CIDE, «. [Lat. proles, off- 
spring, and rasdere, to kill.] Crime 
of destroying one's offspring. 

ProlT F'lC, n. [Lat. proles, offspring, 
a.nd facere, to make.] 1. Producing 
young or fruit ; generative ; produc- 
tive. 2. Fruitful of results. 

Pro-lIf'i-ca'tion, n. Generation of 
young or of plants. 

PRO-LlX' (114). a. [Lat. prolixus, fr. 
pro, before, forward, and laxus, 
loose, wide.] 1. Extending to a 
great length. 2. Indulging in pro- 
tracted discourse. 

Syn. — Diffuse. — A prolix writer de- 
lights in circumlocution, extended de- 
tail, and trifling particulars. A diffuse 
writer is fond of amplifying, and abounds 
in epithets, figures, and illustrations. 
Biffusen^ss often arises from an exu- 
berance of imagination; prolixity is al- 
most always connected with a want of it. 

Pro-i/ix'i-ty, ft. Quality of being 
prolix; minute detail. 

Prol'o-cu'tor, or Pro-loc'u-tor, 
n. [Lat., from pro, before, for, and 
loqui, to speak.] Speaker or chair- 
man of a convocation. 

PRO'LOGUE (-log), n. [Gr. wpoAoyos, 
from 7rpoAeyeti', to say beforehand.] 
An introduction to a discourse or 
performance ; especially the poem 
spoken before a dramatic perform- 
ance begins. 

Pro-long', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
pro, before, forth, and longus, long.] 

1. To lengthen in time. 2. To put 
off to a distant time. 3. To extend. 

Pro'LON-ga'tion, n. A lengthening 
in time or space. 

Pro-LU'§ION, n. [Lat. prolusio, fr. 
proludere, to prelude ; pro, before, 
and ludere, to play.] A trial before 
the principal performance ; a pre- 
lude ; hence, trial, essay. 

Prom'e-nade', or Prom'e-nXde', 
». [Fr., fr. promener, to lead, take 
for a walk, se promener, to walk.] 1. 
A walk for amusement or exercise. 

2. A place for walking. — v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To walk for amusement or 
exercise. 

Pro-me'THE-AN, a. 1. Pertaining to 
Prometheus, fabled to have formed 
men of clay, whom he animated by 
means of fire stolen from heaven. 2. 
Life-giving; inspiring. 

Prom'i-nence, \n. 1. Conspicuous- 

Prom'i-nen-cy, I ness. 2. That 
which stands out or is conspicuous. 

Prom'i-nent, a. [Lat. prominens, 
jutting out, projecting, from pro, be- 
fore, forward, and minere, to jut.] 1. 
Standing out beyond the surface. 2. 
Likely to attract attention from size 
or position. 3. Eminent ; distin- 
guished. 

8yn. — Protuberant; full; large; chief. 



PROM'I-NENT-LY , adv. In a promi- 
nent manner ; eminently. 

PRO-Mls'CU-oOs, a. [Lat. promiscuo- 
us, from pro, before, forward, forth, 
and miscere, to mix.] 1. Consisting 
of individuals united in a body with- 
out order. 2. Distributed or applied 
without order. 

Syn. — Mixed; common ; indiscrimi- 
nate; confused. 

Pro-mTs'CU-oDs-ly, adv. Without 
order ; indiscriminately. 

Prom'ise, n. 1. A declaration, made 
by one person to another, which 
binds the person who makes it. 2. 
Any thing promised. 3. Ground or 
basis of hope. — v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[Lat. promittere, -missum ; pro, for- 
ward, forth, and mittere, to send.] 1. 
To engage to do, give, make, or to 
refrain from doing, giving, or making. 
2. To afford reason to expect. — v. i. 

1. To give assurance by a promise. 

2. To afford hopes. 
Prom'is-er, n. One who promises. 
Prom'is-so-ry (50), a. Containing a 

promise or binding declaration. 

PROM'ON-TO-RY, n. [Lat. promonto- 
rium ; pro, before, and mons, montis, 
mountain.] A high point of land 
projecting into the sea ; a headland. 

Pro-mote', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
promovere , -motum ; pro, forward, 
and movere, to move.] 1. To con- 
tribute to the growth, enlargement, 
or excellence of. 2. To exalt in sta- 
tion or honor. 
Syn.— To forward; advance; excite. 

Pro-jviot'er, n. One who promotes. 

Pro-mo'tion, n. 1. Act of promoting. 
2. State of being promoted. [mote. 

Pro-mo'tive, a. Tending to pro- 

Prompt (84), a. [-ER; -EST.] [Lat. 
promptus, prop, brought to light ; 
hence, at hand, ready ; pro, forth, 
and emere, to take.] 1. Ready and 
quick to act. 2. Quickly, readily, or 
cheerfully performed. 

Syn. — Ready ; expeditious. — One 
who is ready is prepared at the moment. 
One who is prompt is prepared before- 
hand, so as to start at the moment into 
decisive action. One who in expeditious 
carries through an undertaking with a 
steady, rapid progress. 

— v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To excite to 
action or exertion. 2. To suggest to 
the mind ; especially to assist, as a 
speaker when at a loss. 

ProMPT'er, n. One who prompts. 

Prompt'i-tude (30), n. Quality of 
being prompt ; cheerful alacrity. 

PROMPT'LY, arfv. Readily; quickly. 

Prompt'ness,m. Promptitude; read- 
iness. 

PRO-MUL'gXTE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. promulgate, -gatum , for provul- 
gare. Cf. DIVULGE.] To make known 
bv open declaration, as laws, &c. 

Pro'MUL-GA'tion, n. Act of pro- 
mulgating ; publication ; open dec- 
laration, ^mulgates. 

PRO'MUL-GA'TOR, ft. One who pro- 

Prone, a. [Lat. pronus.] 1. Bending 
forward. 2. Flat on the face. 3. 



Headlong ; running downward. 4. 
Sloping. 5. Inclined; disposed ,-n 
usually in an ill sense. 

Prone'ness (109), n. State of being 
prone; inclination; disposition. 

PRONG, n. [D. prangen, to pinch, 
press.] Tine of a fork, &c. 

PRO-NoM'l-NAL,o. [Lat. pronominal- 
is. See infra.] Belonging to a pro, 
noun. 

Pro'NOUN, n. [Lat. pronomen; pro, 
for, and nome n, a name, noun.] A 
word used instead of a noun. 

Pro-nounce', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
pronunciare ; pro, before, forth, and 
nunciare, to announce.] 1. To utter 
distinctly. 2. To speak or utter for- 
mally, officially, or solemuly. 

Pro-nounce'a-BLE, a. Capable of 
being pronounced 

Pro-nounc/ed' (pro-nounst'),a. [Fr. 
prononcc.) Strongly marked ; decid- 
ed. [A Gallicism.] 

Pro-noun'cing, p. a. Teaching or 
indicating pronunciation. 

Pro-nDn'ci-a-mEn'to, n. [See i»- 
fra.] A manifesto. 

Pro-nun 1 ci-A' mi-en' to {-no~bn'- 
the-a'-), m. [Sp. See Pronounce ] 
A proclamation or manifesto. 

Pro-nun'ci-a'tion (-shl-), m. [See 
Pronounce.] 1. Act or mode of 
utterance. 2. Art or manner of ut- 
tering a discourse publicly. 

PROOF, n. [Lat. proba, from probare, 
to prove.] 1. Effort to establish or 
discover a fact or truth ; test. 2. 
That degree of evidence which pro- 
duces belief. 3. Degree of strength 
of alcoholic spirits. 4. ( Print.) A trial 
impression, taken for correction. 

Proof'-sheet, n. See Proof, 4. 

Pr6p,v. t. [-ped; -ping.] [H. Ger. 
prop/en, to cram, stuff, stop.] 1. To 
support or prevent from falling. 2. 
To sustain; to support ; to stay ; up- 
hold. — n. That on which any thing 
rests for support. [propagated. 

PROP'A-GA-BLE, a. Capable of being 

Prop'a-gXn'da, ». [See Propa- 
gate.] A Roman Catholic mission- 
ary society in Rome. 

Prop'a-gan'dism, «. Art or prac- 
tice of propagating tenets. 

PROP'A-GATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. propagare , -gatum.] 1. To con- 
tinue or multiply by generation. 2. 
To cause to spread or extend. 3. To 
extend the knowledge of. — v. i. To 
have young or issue. 

PROP'A-GA'TION, ». 1. Act of prop- 
agating. 2. The spreading or exten- 
sion of any thing. [gates. 

Prop'a-ga'tor, n. One who propa* 

Pro-pel', v. t. [-led; -ling.] [Lat. 
propellere; pro, forward, and pellere, 
to drive.] To drive forward ; to urgo 
onward by force. 

Pro-pel'ler, tc. 1. One who pro, 
pels. 2. A revolving screw for pro- 
pelling a steamboat. 3. A steamboat 
thus propelled. 

PRO-PENSE', a. [Lat. propensus, p. 
p. of propendere , to hang forth.J 
Inclined; disposed; prone. 



'. 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO,TO~OK; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; C, G, sqfl ; e, 5, hard; A§; EXIST; NasNGj THIS. 



PROPENSION 



338 



PROSECUTOR 



PrO-PEN'sion, ) n. State of being 

Pro-pen'si-ty, ) inclined ; natural 
inclination. 

Prop'ER, a. [Lat. proprius.] 1. Be- 
longing to as one's own. 2. Belong- 
ing to the essential constitution of. 
3. Befitting one's nature, property, 
&c. 4. Adapted to the ends of or- 
der, comfort, beauty, &c. 5. Pre- 
cise ; formal . 6. Pertaining to one 
of a species, but not common to the 
whole. [strictly. 

Prop'er-ly, adv. Suitably ; fitly ; 

PROP'ER-TY, n. [Lat. proprietas.] 1. 
A peculiar quality of any thing. 2. 
That to which one has a legal title ; 
thing owned ; an estate. 3. Exclu- 
sive right of possessing; ownership. 

PROPH'E-C Y, n . [Gr. irpo<}>r)TeCa ; irpo- 
$TjTueii/,to prophesy.] 1, A declaration 
of something to come. 2. ( Script. ) A 
book of prophecies ; a history. 

ProPh'e-sy (54), v. t. [-ed; -ing, 
142.] To foretell, as future ; to pre- 
dict. — v. i. 1. To utter predictions. 
2. (Script.) To instruct in religious 
doctrines ; to exhort. 

PROPH'ET, n. [Gr. npo<f)^Tq<;, lit. one 
who speaks for another, esp. for a 
god, fr. npo, for, and Qavai, to say.] 

1. One who prophesies ; a predicter. 

2. An interpreter. 
Pr5ph'et-ess, n. A female prophet. 
Pro-phEt'io, 1 a. Containing, 
PRO-PHET're-AL, ) or pertaining to, 

prophecy, [phetical manner. 

Pro-phet'ic-al-ly, adv. In a pro- 

Proph'y-lac'tk:, v. A medicine 
which defends against disease ; a pre- 
ventive. 

Proph/Y-lXc'TIG, ) a. [Gr. 7rpo- 

PROPH'Y-LAC'Tre-AL, J ^vAaKTi/co?, 
from 7rpo, before, and 4>vkdcro-€iv, to 
guard.] Defending from disease ; pre- 
ventive. 

Pro-pin'qui-ty (-pink/wi-), n. [Lat. 
propinquitas, fr. prope, near.] Near- 
ness in place, time, or relationship. 

Pro-pi'ti-a-ble (-pish'I-), a. Capa- 
ble of being propitiated. 

Pro-pPti-ATE (-pTsh'I-at), v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. propitiare, 
-atum, from propitius, favorable.] 
To appease and render favorable. 

Pro-pPti-a/tion (-pish'i-), n. Act 
or means of propitiating. 

Pro-pPti-a'tor (-pish'i-), n. One 
who propitiates. 

Pro-pPti-A-to-ry (-plsh'1-), a. Hav- 
ing the power to make propitious ; 
expiatory. — n. (Jewish Antic/.) The 
mercy-seat ; cover of the ark of the 
covenant. 

Pro-pPtious (-pish'us), a. [Lat. pro- 
pitius.] 1. Favorable ; kind. 2. 
Ready to forgive sins and bestow 
blessings. 3. Favorable. 

Stn. — Auspicious. — Auspicious de- 
notes "indicative of success," or "fa- 
vored by incidental occurrences: " as, an 
auspicious open me or event. Propitious 
denotes that which efficaciously protects 
us in 6ome undertaking, speeds our exer- 
tions, and decides our success. 

PRO-pPtIOUS-LY (-pl8h/us-), adv. In 
a propitious manner. 



Pro'PO-lYs, n. [Gr. Trpd7roAis, from 
T-po, before, and 7roAis, city.] A res- 
inous substance, used by bees to stop 
crevices in their hives, &c. 

PRO-PO'NENT, n. [Lat. proponens, 
-nentis. proposing.] One who makes 
a proposal. 

Pro-por'tion, n. [Lat. proportio, fr. 
pro, before, and portio. share.] 1. 
Relation of one portion to another, 
or to the whole. 2. Equal or just 
share. 3. Symmetrical arrangement. 

4. Equality or similarity of ratios. 

5. The rule of three ki arithmetic. 
Syn. — Symmetry. — The idea of 

adaptation is common to both these 
words, but symmetry denotes beautiful 
adaptation, an idea not always embraced 
in the word proportion. 
— v.t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To adjust 
in a suitable proportion. 2. To form 
with symmetry. 

Pro-por'tion-a-ble, a. 1. Capable 
of being proportioned. 2. Propor- 
tionaL [ing to proportion. 

Pro-por'tion-a-bly, adv. Accord- 

Pro-por'tion-al,, a. 1. Having a 
due proportion. 2. Relating to, or 
securing, proportion. 3. Having the 
same or a constant, ratio. — n. Any 
number or quantity in a proportion. 

Pro-por'tjon-al'i-ty, n. Quality 
of being in proportion. 

Pro-por'tion-al-ly, adv. In pro- 
portion ; in due degree. 

PRO-POR'TION-ATE, a. Adjusted to 
something else, according to a pro- 
portion. 

PRO-POR'TION-ATE, V. t. [-ED ; 
-INGj To make proportional. 

Pro-por'tion-ate-ly, adv. In a 
proportionate manner. 

Pro-pos'al, n. That which is offered 
for consideration or acceptance. 

Syn. — Proposition ; offer; tender; 
overture. See Proposition. 

Pro-pose', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
proponere, -positum, fr. pro, before, 
forth, and ponere, to put.] 1. To 
offer for consideration, discussion, 
acceptance, or adoption. 2. To pur- 
pose ; to intend. [Recent.] — v. t. 
To offer one's self in marriage. 

Pro-pos'er, n. One who makes a 
proposition. 

Prop'o-sPtion (-zish'un), n. 1. 
That which is proposed or offered. 
2. A complete sentence. 

Syn. — Proposal. — Proposition and 
proposal mark different forms or stages 
of a negotiation. A proposition is some- 
thing presented for discussion or consid- 
eration; a proposal h some definite thing 
offered by one party to be accepted or 
rejected by the other. If the proposition 
is favorably received, it is usually fol- 
lowed by proposals which complete the 
arrangement. 

Prop'o-sPtion-al (-zTsh'un-), n. 
Pertaining to, or in the nature of, 
a proposition. 

Pro-pound', r. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
proponere. See PROPOSE.] To lay 
before ; to offer for consideration ; to 
propose. 

Pro-pri'e-ta-ry, n. [See Propri- 
ety.] 1. A proprietor. 2. A body 



of proprietors. — a. Pertaining to 
a proprietor. 

Pro-prPe-tor, n. One who has the 
legal right to any thing; an owner. 

Pro-pri'e-tor-s'hip, n. State of 
being proprietor. 

Pro-pri'e-tress, n. A female pro- 
prietor. 

PRO-PRI'E-TY, v. [Lat. proprietas \ 
Suitableness to an acknowledged or 
correct standard or rule. 
Syn. — Fitness ; decorum. 

Pro-pugn' (-pun'), v. t. [Lat. pro- 
pugnare ; pro, for, and pugnare, to 
fight.] To contend for ; to defend. 

Pro-pugn'er (-pun'-), n. A defend- 
er ; a vindicator. 

PRO-PUL/SION, n. [See PROPEL.] Act 
of driving forward. 

Pro-pul'sive, a. Tending, or hav- 
ing power, to propel. 

Pro'ro-ga'tion, n. Continuance of 
Parliament from one session to an- 
other. 

Pro-rogue', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
prorogare ; pro , forward , and rogare, 
to ask one for his opinion, vote, &c] 

1. To prolong; to defer. 2. To con- 
tinue from one session to another ; — 
applied to the English Parliament. 

Syn. — See Adjourn. 

PRO-RUP'TION, n. [Lat. proruptio; 
prorumpere, to burst forth.] A burst- 
ing forth. 

PRO-SA'IG, ) a. [Lat. prosaicus.] 

PRO-SA'I€-AL, J 1. Pertaining to, 
or resembling prose. 2. Dull ; unin- 
teresting. 

Pro'sa-Ist, n. A writer of prose. 

PRO-S<;'E'NI-UM, n. [Gr. Trpoo-Kr,VLOV ; 
irpd, before, and o~Ky\vr\, a tent, stage.] 
Part of the stage in front of the drop- 
scene of a theater. 

PRO-S€RIBE',r. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
proscribere ; pro, before, and scribtre, 
to write.] 1. To doom to destruction. 

2. To denounce as dangerous and 
not worthy of reception. 

Syn.— To outlaw; doom. 

Pro-S€R1B'er, n. One who proscribes. 

PRO-SGRIP'TION, n. [See supra.] 1. 
Act of proscribing or dooming to 
death, exile, or outlawry. 2. State 
of being proscribed. 

Pro-S€r1'p'tive, a. Pertaining to, 
or consisting in, proscription. 

Pr5se, n. [Lat. prosa, equivalent to 
prorsa (sc. oratio), from prorsus, 
straight forward, straight on.] Lan- 
guage not in verse. — v. i. To talk 
in a dull, tedious manDer. — a. 1. 
Pertaining to, or composed of, prose. 
2. Unpoetical. 

Pros'e-cute, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. prosequi, -secntus. fr. pro, for- 
ward, and sequi, to follow.] 1. To 
pursue with a view to reach , execute, 
or accomplish. 2. To seek to obtain 
by legal process. 

PRos'E-eu'TlON, n. 1. Act of pros- 
ecuting. 2. The institution and car- 
rying ou of a suit in a court of law. 

Pros'e-cu'TOR, n. One who prose- 
cutes. 



A, S.,i, 5, u,Y, Jong; 1,4,1,6,0, ¥, short; cAre, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, TiBM; pique, firm; s6n, 



PROSELYTE 



339 



PROUD 



PROS'E-LYTE, n. [Gr. TrpooT7'A.UT0?, 
a new comer.] A new convert. 

Syn. — See Convert. 
— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To convert 
to some religion, opinion, or system. 

Pros'e-ly-tisji, n. The making of 
converts. 

Pros'er, n. 1. A writer of prose. 2. 
A tedious writer or speaker. 

Pro§'i-ly, adv. In a prosy manner ; 
tediously. [slavery. 

Pro-slav'ER-Y, a. Being in favor of 

PRO-SO'DI-AL, la. [Gr. rrpocrcfjo'i- 

Pro-sod'ic-AL, J kos.] According 
to the rules of prosody. 

Pro-so'di-an, ( re. One skilled in 

Pros'o-dist, J prosody. 

PrSs'O-DY, n. [Gr. Trpoo-ajSia, a song 
sung to or with, an accompanying 
song, the accent accompanying the 
pronunciation.] That part of gram- 
mar which treats of the quantity of 
syllables, of accent, and of the laws 
of versification. 

Pros o-po-pce'ia (-pG'ya), re. [Gr. 
irpoaunroTTOua ; ■np6<r(xnxov , a face, per- 
son, and Troieu', to make.] A figure 
by which things are represented as 
persons, or an absent person is intro- 
duced as speaking ; personification. 

Pros'PEGT, n. [Lit. prospectus, fr. 
prospicere, to look forward.] 1. That 
which is embraced by the eye in vis- 
ion. 2. A widely extended view ; a 
landscape. 3. A position which af- 
fords a fine view. 4. Position of the 
front of a building. 5. Ground or 
reason for hoping. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To search or examine for. 
[Amer.~\ — v. i. To make a search. 

PROS-PE€T'lVE, a. 1. Looking for- 
ward iu time. 2. Relating to the 
future. 

Pro-sp£€'tus, n. [Lat., a prospect.] 
Plan of a literary work, containing 
the terms of publication, &c. 

Pros'per, v. t. [-ed; -inG.] [Lat. 
prosperare , from prosper. See PROS- 
PEROUS.] To favor ; to render suc- 
cessful. — v. i. To be successful. 
Sy>-. — To succeed; flourish; thrive. 

PR03-PER'I-TY, re. Successful pro- 
gress in any business or enterprise. 

Pros'PER-ous, a. [Lat. prosperus or 
prosper ; pro, according to. and spe- j 
rare, to hope.] 1. Succeeding in the I 
pursuit of any thing desirable. 2. I 
Favoring success. 

Syx. — Fortunate; successful; favor- 
able. See Fortuxate. 

PR6s'PER-ous-LY,ac/i-. In a pros- 
perous manner. 

Pros'THE-sis, re. [Gr. Trp6o-6eais , 
fr. irpoo-TiBevai , to put to, to add.] 
A prefixing one or more letters to the 
beginning of a word. 

Pros'ti-tute (30), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[Lat. prostituere, -tut urn, fr. pro, be- 
fore, forth, and statuere, to put.] 1. 
To offer, as a woman, to a lewd use. 
2. To devote to base purposes. — a. 
Openly devoted to lewdness ; devoted 
to infamous purposes. — n. A woman 
given to indiscriminate lewdness ; a 
strumpet. 



Pros'ti-tu'tion, n. 1. Common 
lewdness of a female. 2. Act of set- 
ting one*s_ self to sale, [titutes. 

Pros'TI TU'TOR, «. One who pros- 

Pros'trate, a. [See infra.} 1. Ly- 
ing at length. 2. Occupying a low- 
ly or suppliant position. 

Pr6s'trAte,i\ t. [-ed;-ixg.] [Lat. 
proslernere, -stratum, fr. pro, before, 
forward, and sterncre, to stretch out.] 
To lay or fall flat ; to throw down. 

Pros-tra'TION, n. [See supra.] 1. 
Act of throwing or falling down, or 
laying flat. 2. Condition of being 
prostrate. 3. Great oppression of 
natural strength. 

Pro'style, re. [Gr. Trpoo-ruAos ; rrpd, 
before, and o-tvAos, pillar.] A porti- 
co in which the columns stand in ad- 
vance of the building. 

Pros'y, a. [-er; -est, 142.] 1. Like 
prose. 2. Dull and tedious. 

Pro-syi/lo-gism, re. A syllogism 
logically essential to another. 

Prot'a-Sis, n. [Gr. 7rp6-a<n<;, from 
TrporetVetv, to stretch before, for- 
ward.] Subordinate member of a 
sentence, generally of a conditional 
sentence. 

Pro'te-AN, a. Relating to Proteus, 
a sea -god who had the faculty of as- 
suming different shapes ; hence, read- 
ily changing the form or appearance. 

Pr6-TE€T', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
protegere, -tectum, fr. pro, before, 
and tegere, to cover.] To shield from 
danger or injury. 
Syx.— See Defend. 

PRO-TEG'TIOX, re. 1. Act of preserv- 
ing from loss, injury, or annoyance. 
2. That which pn tects. 
Syx. — Defense; shelter. 

Pro-teg'tion-ist, re. One who fa- 
vors the protection of some branch 
of industry by legal enactments. 

Pro-TE€T'xve, a. Affording protec- 
tion. 

Pro-TE€T'OR. re. One who defends 
or shields from injury or oppression. 

Pro-TE€T'OR-ate, re. Government 
by a protector. 

Pro-te€T'or-ship, re. Office of a 
protector or regent. 

Pro-tegt'ress, re. A woman who 
protects. 

Protege (vro't&'zhz.'), n [Fr.,p.p. 
of proteger, to protect.] One under 
the care and protection of another. 

Protegee i^vo'Wzh.^.'),n. [Fr.] A 
woman or girl under the protection 
of another. 

Pro-test' (115), v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[Lat. protestari ; pro, before, and 
testari, to testify.] 1. To affirm in a 
public or formal manner. 2. To 
make a solemn declaration expressive 
of opposition. 

Syx. — To affirm ; assert ; attest ; de- 
clare. See Affirm. 
— v.t. To make a solemn declara- 
tion or affirmation of. 

To protest a note, to make a solemn 
written declaration, on behalf of the 
holder, against all parties liable, for any 
damage to be sustained by the non-ac- 



ceptance or the non-payment of a bill 
or note. 

Pro'test, n. A solemn declaration 
of opinion, commonly against some 
act. — See the verb. 

PROT'EST-ANT,a. 1. Making a pro- 
test. 2. Pertaining to the Protest- 
ants. — n. One who protests against 
the Roman Catholic church. 

Pr6t'est-ant-I£M, n. The Protest* 
ant religion. 

ProT'es-ta'TION, n. A solemn dec* 
laration, especially of dissent. 

Pro-t£st'er, re. One who protests. 

PRO-THON'O-TA-RY, n. [Lat. proto- 
notarius, fr. Gr. Trpcoro?, first, and 
Lat. notarius, a scribe, notary.] 1. 
A chief notary or clerk. 2. A regis- 
ter or chief clerk of a court. [Amer.] 

Pr6'to-€OL, «. [Late Gr. 7rpajTo/coA- 
Aov. the first leaf glued to notarial 
documents, on which the date was 
written, fr. TrpeJTos, first, and «6AAa, 
glue.] 1. Original copy of any writ- 
ing, as of a treaty. 2. Rough draught. 

PRO'TO-MAR'TYR, fl. [Gr. Trptoro- 
juaprvp ; Trpwros. first, and ixdprvp, 
martyr.] The first martyr, Stephen. 

PRO'TO-PLAST, n. [Gr. TrpoiTOTrkaar- 
to?, formed or created first.] The 
thing first formed ; an original. 

PRO'TO-TYPE, n. [Gr. TrpcoTOTVTros, 
-tvttov, fr. 7rpd)TOS, first, and tvttck;, 
type.] An original after which any 
thing is copied. 

Syx. —Pattern; exemplar: archetype. 

PRO-TRA€T', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
protrahere, -tractum ; pro, forward, 
and trahere, to draw] 1. To draw 
out in time. 2. To put off to a dis- 
tant time. 3. To lay down with scale 
and protractor. 

Syx. — To prolong; continue; delay; 
defer; postpone; retard. 

Pro-TRAG'TIOX, re. 1. Act of draw- 
ing out in time. 2. A laying down 
on paper the dimensions of any 
thing, as a field. 

Pro-tragt'ive, a. Drawing out or 
lengthening in time : delaying. 

Pro-tragt'OR, n. 1. One who pro- 
tracts. 2. A mathematical instru- 
ment for laying down and measuring 
angles on paper. 

Pro-trude', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
prolrudere ; pro, forward, forth, and 
trudere, to thrust.] To thrust out, 
as through a narrow orifice. — v.t. 
To shoot or be thrust forward. 

Pro-tru'sion, re. 1. Act of thrust- 
ing forward, or beyond the usual 
limit. 2. State of being protruded. 

PRO-TRU'siYE,n. Impeding forward. 

Pro-TU'ber-ANCE, re. [See infra.} 
Any thing swelled or pushed beyond) 
the surface ; a projection. 

Pro-tu'ber-ant, a. Prominent b& 
yond the surface ; swelling. 

Pro-tu'ber-ate, v. i. [Lat. protw- 
berare, -ratum ; pro, forward, forth, 
and tuber, a hump, swelling.] To 
swell or bulge out. 

Pro-tu'ber-X'tion, n. Act of swell- 
ing bevond the surface. 

Proud,"o. [-er; -est.] [A.-S. priit.] 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; C,G, soft; €,G,hard; A§; EXIST; tfOSNG; THIS- 



PROUDLY 



340 



PSEUDONYM 



1. Feeling or manifesting pride ; es- 
pecially inordinate self-esteem. 2. 
Giving reason or occasion for pride. 

Proud flesh (Med.), a fungous growth 
of flesh in a wound. 

Syn. — Conceited ; arrogant ; super- 
cilious; lofty; splendid; ostentatious. 

pROUD'LY, adv. With inordinate self- 
esteem ; in a proud manner. 

£rov'A-ble, a. Capabie of being 
proved. 

{Prove (pnfov), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. probure.] 1. To ascertain by an 
experiment, test, or standard. 2. To 
establish as truth, reality, or fact. 3. 
To ascertain the genuineness or va- 
lidity of. — v. i. 1. To make trial. 3. 
To be found by experience or trial. 

PROV'^EN (probv'n), p. p. Same as 
Proved. [A Scotticism.] 

Prov'EN-DER, n. [Fr. provende, pro- 
visions, provender, fr. Lat. providere, 
to provide.] Dry food for beasts, as 
corn, hay, or oats. 

Pro V'ERB, n. [Lat. proverbium ; pro, 
before, for, and verbum, a word.] 1. 
A familiar sentence briefly and forci- 
bly expressing a practical truth. 2. 
A by-word ; expression of contempt. 
Syn. — Maxim; aphorism; apothegm; 
adage; saw. 

Pro-VERB'I-AL, a. 1. Mentioned in 
a proverb ; hence, universally spoken 
of. 2. Pertaining to proverbs ; re- 
sembling a proverb. 

Pro-verb'i-al-isivi, n. A proverbial 
phrase. 

Pro-verb'i-AL-ly, adv. In a prov- 
erb ; hence, commonly. 

Pro-vide', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
providere, fr. pro, before, and videre, 
to see.] 1. To get, collect, or make 
ready for future use. 2. To furnish. 

Pro-vid'ed, conj. On condition ; if. 

Prov'I-DEN^E, n. [See infra.] 1. 
Act of providing or preparing for fu- 
ture use. 2. The foresight and care 
which God exercises over his crea- 
tures ; hence, God himself. 

Prov'i-dent,^. Foreseeing wants and 
making provision to supply them. 
Syn. — Careful; prudent. 

Prov'I-den'tial, a. Effected by, or 
referable to, divine providence. 

Prov'i-den'tial-ly, adv. In a 
providential manner. 

Prov'i-dent-ly, adv. With pru- 
dent foresight. 

Prov'INCE, n. [Lat. provincial pro, 
before, for, and vincere, to conquer.] 
1. A country or region dependent on 
a distant authority. 2. A region of 
country ; a tract. 3. A division in 
any department of knowledge. 4. 
One's proper or appropriate business. 

(Pro-VIN'CIAL, a. 1. Pertaining to a 
province. 2. Countrified : rude. 

PRO-vlN'CIAL-IsM, n. A peculiar word 
or manner of speaking in a province 
or remote district. 

PRO-vT§'lON (-vizh'un), n. [Lat. pro- 
visio.] 1. Act of providing. 2. That 
which is provided ; measures taken 
beforehand. 3. A stock of food ; eat- 
ables collected. 4. A previous agree- 



ment ; a proviso. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To supply with stores of food. 

Pro-vis'ion-al (-vlzh'un-), a. Pro- 
vided for present need or for the oc- 
casion ; temporary. 

Pro-VIs'ion-ae-ly, adv. By way of 
provision ; temporarily. 

PRO-vts'ION-A-RY, a. Provisional. 

Pro-vi'§o, n. ; pi. PRO-vi'gog. [Lat., 
it being provided.] A conditional 
stipulation. 

Pro-vI'sor, n. [See Provide.] 
Steward or treasurer of a religious 
house. 

Pro-vi'so-ry, a. 1. Containing a 
proviso ; conditional. 2. Making 
temporary provision ; temporary. 

Prov'O-CA'tion, n. [Lat. provoca- 
tion 1. Act of provoking. 2. That 
which excites anger. 

Pro-vo'€A-tive, a. Serving or tend- 
ing to provoke. — n. Any thing that 
tendsto provoke ; a stimulant. 

Pro-VOKE', v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] [Lat. 
provocare ; pro, forth, and vocare, to 
call.] 1. To call forth; to excite to 
action. 2. To anger ; to offend. 
Syn.— See Irritate. 

Prov'OST (prSv'ust). n. [Lat. pro- 
positus, placed before, a chief, fr. 
prspponere , to place before.] A chief 
magistrate of a city or town ; head of 
a college. 

Provost-marshal (usually pron. pro- 
i-o ) (Mil.), an officer appointed to arrest 
deserters, indict offenders, &c. 

Pr6v'6st-sh'ip, n. Office of a pro- 
vost. 

Prow (prou), n. [Fr. prove, Gr. npoj- 
pa.] The fore part of a ship. 

Prow'ess (prou'es), n. [Fr. ptouesse, 
from Lat. probus, excellent.] Distin- 
guished bravery ; especially, military 
bravery ; gallantry. 

PROWi/(proul), v. t. [-ED; -ing.] 
[From a hypoth. 0. Fr. proieler, dim. 
of proier, Lat. prsedari, to plunder, 
from piseda, prey.] To rove over, 
through, or about. — v. i. To wand- 
er, especially for prey. 

Prowl'er, n. One that prowls. 

Prox'I-MATE, a. [Lat. proximare, 
-matus. to draw or come near.] Next 
immediately preceding or following. 

Syn. — Nearest; next; closest; imme- 
diate; direct. 

Prox'i-mate-ly, adv. In a proxi- 
mate position or manner. 

Prox-im'1-T y, n. State of being next 
in time, place, or influence, &c. 

Prox'I-mo, n. [Lat., on the next.] 
A day of the next month. 

Prox'y, n. [Contr. fr. procuracy. Cf. 
Proctor.] 1. Agency of one who 
acts as a substitute. 2. A substitute 
or deputy. 3. A writing by which 
one person authorizes another to 
vote in his place. [a proxy. 

Prox'y-siup, n. Office or agency of 

PRUDE, n. [Fr. prude, orig. discreet, 
modest, fr. Lat. probus, good, proper, 
virtuous.] A woman of affected or 
over-sensitive modesty. 

Pru'DENCE, n. State of being pru- 
dent; wisdom applied to practice. 



PRU'DENT, a. [Lat. prudens, contr | 
fr. providens. See PROVIDENT. J 1. " 
Practically wise ; careful. 2. Dic- 
tated by prudence. 3. Frugal ; eco- 
nomical. 

Syn. — Cautious ; circumspect ; dis- 
creet; judicious; provident. 

PRU-DEN'TIAL,, a. 1. Proceeding from 
prudence. 2. Exercising prudence; 
advisory. 

Pru'dent-ly, adv. With prudence. 

Prud'er-y, n. [See Prude.] Affect- 
ed scrupulousness ; coyness. 

Prud'ish, a. Like a prude ; very pre- 
cise or reserved. 

Prune, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [0. Eng. 
pioine ,proigne, fr. Fr. provigner, to 
lay down vine stocks for propaga- 
tion.] 1. To lop off, as superfluous 
branches of trees. 2. To dress or 
trim, as a bird its feathers. — n. 
[Lat. prunum, a plum, prunus^ a 
plum-tree.] A dried plum. 

Pru-nel'la, ) n. [Prob. from its col- 

Pru-nel'lo, ) or resembling that 
of prunes.] A smooth, woolen stuff, 
used for shoes, &c. : a kind of lasting. 

Pru-nel'lo, n. I Dim. of prune. See 
Prune.] A species of dried plum. 

Prun'ing-ho"ok, In. A cut- 

Prun'ing-knife (-mf), ) ting in- 
strument used in pruning trees. 

Pru'ri-ence ) (89), n. An itching 

Pru'RI-en-cy ] desire or appetite. 

PRU'RI-ENT, a. [Lat. pruriens, itch- 
ing.] Uneasy with desire : itching. 

PRU-Rl'GO,n. [Lat., fr. prurire, to 
i tch . ] A disease of the skin , of which 
itching is the principal symptom. 

Prus'sian (prQsh'an or prob'shau), a. 
Pertaining to Prussia. 

Prussian blue, cyanide of potassium 
and iron, a salt of a beautiful deep blue. 
— n. A native of Prussia. 

Prus'sic (prus'ikor prcTo'sik), a. Per- 
taining to Prussian blue. 

Prussic acid, hydrocyanic acid, for- 
merly so called because obtained from 
Prus'sian blue. It is a virulent poison. 

PRY, v.i. To inspect closely — v.t. 
[-ed; -ing, 142.] To raise, or at- 
tempt to raise, with a lever. — n. 
[A corruption of prize. A lever 

PSALM (sam), n. [Gr. i//aAfj.6s, t/fdAjaa.] 
1. A sacred song. 2. One of the 
hymns by David ; or a modern ver- 
sification of the same. 

Psalm'ist (sam'ist), n. A writer of 
sacred songs. 

Psal/mo-dist (saPmo-dist), n. One 
who sings sacred songs. 

PsXl/MO-dy (saFmo-dy"), «• [Gr. \j/a\- 
fxwSi'a ; i//aA/mo5, psalm , and toSrj , a 
song.] 1. Practice or art of singing 
psalms. 2. Psalms collectively. 

PSAL-MOG'RA-PIIY (sal-), W. The 
writing of psalms. 

PSAL'TER (sawPter), n. The Book of 
Psalms as printed in the Book of 
Common Prayer. 

Psal/ter-Y (sawPter-y), n. [Lat. 
psalter ium.] A stringed instrument 
of music used by the Hebrews. 

Pseu'do-NYM I (su'do-), ».. [Gr. 

PSEU'DO-NYME J t//evS7?s, false, and 



1,£, I, o,v,Y, long; A, £,1,6,0 Y, short; cAre, FAR, ASK, ALL, nphat; £RE, VEIL, TfiRMj PIQUE, fIrm; s6n, 



PSEUDONYMOUS 



341 



PULSATIVE 



Swfia, name.] A fictitious name 
assumed by an author. 

PseO-don'y-MoDs (su-), a. BeariDg 
a fictitious name. 

Pshaw (shaw), interj. Pish ! pooh ! 
— "expressive of contempt or dislike. 

PSY'€HI€ I (si'kik), a. [Gr. \jruxi- 

PSY'OHIC-AL ( (CO?, fr. tyvxn, *-° ul i 
mind.] Relating to the human soul. 

Psy'€HO-l6g'I€ 1 (si'ko), a. Per- 

Psy'€HO-log'I€-al J taining to 
psychology. 

Psy-chol'o-GIst (sT-koP-), n. One 
who is versed in the nature and prop- 
erties of the soul. 

Psy-€h6l'o-gy (sT-k6P-), n. [Gr. 
tyvx*li sou '. mind, and Aoyos, dis- 
course.] Scientific knowledge of the 
powers and functions of the human 
soul, so far as they are known by 
consciousness. 

Psy'cho-man'CY (sPko-), n. [Gr. 
\fivxv, soul, and ixavreia, divination.] 
Diviuation by consulting the souls of 
the dead. 

PTAR'Mt-GAN (tar'-), n. [Gael, tarma- 
chan.] A bird of the grouse family. 

PTOL'E-MA'ie (toPe-), a. Pertaining 
to Ptolemy, who supposed that the 
sun and stars revolved around the 
earth. 

PTY'A-LlsM (tPa^-lizm), 77. [Gr. irrva- 
Aicr/u.6?, fr. nrvaXov, spittle.] A mor- 
bid and copious excretion of saliva ; 
salivation. 

Pu'BER-TY, n. [Lat. pubertas, from 
puber, pubes, adult.] The age at 
which persons are capable of beget- 
ting or bearing children. 

Pu-bes'cence, n 1. State of puber- 
ty. 2. The soft, short hairs on plants. 

Pu-BES'CENT, a. [Lat. pubescetts, 
reaching the age of puberty, grow- 
ing hairy] 1. Arriviug at puberty. 
2. Covered with pubescence. 

PDb'LI€, n. [Liit. publicus, poplicus, 
fr. populicus, fr. populus, people.] 1. 
Relating to a nation , state , or commu- 
nity. 2. Open to the knowledge of 
all. 3. Open to common use. 

Syn. — Common • current ; general. 
— n- General body of mankind ; the 
people, indefinitely. 

PttB'Li-CAN, n. [Lat. pnblicanus. See 
supra.] 1. (Rom Antiq.) A collec- 
tor of tribute. 2. Keeper of an inn 
or public house. 

PUB'LI-CA'TION, n. [Lat. publicatio. 
See Publish.] 1. Act of publish- 
ing. 2. Act of offering a book or 
writing to the public. 3- Any pam- 
phlet or book published. 

Syk. — Proclamation ; annunciation ; 
disclosure; revelation. 

Pub'li-cTst, n. A writer on the laws 
of nations. 

PUB-LIC'I-TY, n. State of being pub- 
lic : notoriety. 

Pob'LI€-ly, adv. 1. Without conceal- 
ment. 2. In the name of the com- 
munity. 

POb'lish, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.} [Lat. 
publicare. See PUBLIC] 1. To make 
public : to promulgate or proclaim, j 
2. To put forth, as a book or other | 



literary work. 3. To put into circu- 
lation . 
Syx.— See Axxouxce. 

POb'lish-er, n. 1. One who makes 
known. 2. One who puts forth 
books, &c, for sale. 

PUB'LISH-MENT, n. 1. Act of making 
publicly known. 2. A public notice 
of intended marriage. 

PUCE, a. [Fr., from pure, a flea. Lat. 
pulex, pulicis.] Of a dark brown or 
brownish-purple color. 

PlJCK'ER, v. t. [-ED: -ING.] [Eng. 
poke, a pocket, small ha?-] To gath- 
er into small irregular folds. — n. A 
fold or wrinkle, or a collection of 
folds. [mult; a bustle. 

PUD'DER, n. [See POTHER.] A tu- 

PUD'DING, n. [Fr. boudin, Lat. botu- 
lus, dim. botellus, a sausage. Cf. 
POUT. J 1. A kind of food variously 
made. 2. Any thing resembling pud- 
ding. 

Pud'ding-stone, n. A coarse rock, 
composed of pebbles, united by a 
cement ; conglomerate. 

PUD'DLE, n. [L. Ger. pud el. Cf. 
POOL.] ] . A small quantity of dirty 
standing water. 2. A mixture of clay 
and sand, worked together, until it 
is impervious to water. — v.t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To make foul. 2. To 
make thick or close with clay, sand, 
and water, so as to render impervi- 
ous to water. 

POd'dling, n. 1. Act of rendering 
impervious to water by means of 
clay, as a canal. 2. Process of con- 
verting cast iron into wrought or 
malleable iron. 

PU-DIC'I-TY, n. [Lat. pudicitia, fr. 
pudere, to be ashamed.] Modesty ; 
chastity. 

PU'ER-jfLE, a. [Lat. puerilis ; piter, 
a boy.] Boyish; trifling; childish. 

Stx. — Youthful : juvenile.— Puerile 
is always used in a bad sense, as puerile 
objections, &c. Juvenile is sometimes 
taken in a bad sense (though less strong 
than puerile'), as when speaking of J 
youth in contrast with manhood, as ju- 
venile tricks, a juvenile performance. 
Youthful is commonly* employed in a 
good sense, as youth fuf aspirations, or at 
least by way of extenuating; as, youthful 
indiscretions. 

PU'ER-IL'I-TY,-?. I. Quality of being 
puerile : childishness. 2. That which 
is puerile. 

PU-LR'PER-AL,a. [Lat. puerpera, a.\y- 
ing-in woman ;puer, child, and parere, 
to bear.] Pertaining to childbirth. 

PDff, n. [D. pof. bof, a puff, blow.] ! 
1. A sudden emission of breath : a j 
whiff. 2. Any thing light and filled 
with air. 3. Exaggerated expression 
of praise.— v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 1.1 
To blow with short and sudden 
whiffs. 2. To breathe with vehe- i 
mence. 3. To swell with air. 4. To 
assume importance. — v. t. 1. To 
drive with a puff. 2. To blow up. 3. 
To praise with exaggeration. 

PftFF'ER, n. One who puffs. 

PDff'i-ness, 7i. State or quality of 
being puffy. 



PUFF'Y, a. 1. Swelled with air oc 
any soft matter. 2. Bombastic. 

PUG,7i. [Cf. BUG, and Ir. beag, small.] 
1. A monkey. 2. A kind of smali 
dog. [or disdain. 

Pugii (p<7o), interj. Used in contempt 

Pu'GIL-Tsm, 7i. [Lat. pugil, a boxer.] 
Practice of boxing or fighting with 
the fist. [his fists ; a boxer. 

Pu'GlL-lST, 7J. One who fights with 

1-U'GIL-l'ST'ie, a. Relating to boxing. 

PUG-NA'CIOUS, a. [Lat. pugnax, -no- 
cis, fr. pugnare, to fight.] Disposed 
to fight. [quarrelsomeness. 

Pug-NAC'I-TY,7?. Inclination to fight; 

PUIS'NE (pu'ny), a. [0. Fr. puisne, 
from puis, since, afterward, and Fr. 
ne, born.] Younger or inferior in 
rank ; as, a puisne justice. 

PU'IS-SAN^E.or PU-fs'SAN^E. 71. [See 
infra.] Power : strength ; might. 

Pu'is-SANT, or Pu-Is'SANT, a. [Fr. ; 
Lat. potent, from posse, to be able.] 
Powerful ; strong ; mighty. 

Puke, f. i. or t. [-ED; -ING.] [Al- 
lied to Ger. spucken, to spit.] To 
vomit: to throw up. — n. A med- 
icine which excites vomiting. 

Pul'chri-tude (30), n. [Lat. pul- 
ckriludo.] 1. That quality of exter- 
nal appearance which pleases the 
eye. 2. Moral beauty. 

Pule, t-. 7. [-ed; -ing.] [Fr. piauler, 
Lat. pipilare, from pipire, to peep, 
pip, chirp.] 1. To cry like a chick- 
en. 2. To cry, as a complaining 
child ; to whimper. 

Pull, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. pul- 
lian.] 1. To draw, or try to draw, 
toward one. 2. To tear. 3. To 
gather by drawing toward one. — n. 
1. Act of pulling or drawing with 
force. 2. A contest ; a struggle. 

PULL'BACK,?i. That which restrains 
from proceeding ; a drawback. 

PUL'LET, 7i. [Fr. poulet, dim. of 
poule, a hen.] A young hen. 

Pul'ley (148), n. c . 

[From Eng. pull. 
A small wheel in a 
block, with a groove 
for a running cord ; 
one of the mechan- 
ical powers. 

PUL'MO-NA-RY, ) PuUeyg. 

PUL-MON'I€, j 

[Lat. pulmonarius,fr.pulmo,a.\\iTig.] 
Pertaining to, or affecting, the lungs. 

Pul-mon'ic, 71. A medicine for dis- 
eases of the lungs. 

Pulp, n. [Lat. pulpa.] A soft, moist 
mass of animal or vegetable matter. 

Pul'PIT, 7i. [Lat. pulpitum.] A place 
in a church, in which the preacher 
stands. [iike it. 

PULP'oiJS, a. Consisting of pulp, or 

PiJLP'Y, a. Like pulp: soft; fleshy. 

Pul'sate, v. i. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
pulsare, -satum, to beat, strike.] Tc 
beat or throb, as the heart. 

Pul'sa-tile, a. Capable of being 
beaten. 

PUL-SA'TlON,n. 1. Act of beating or 
throbbing. 2. A beat or throb. 

PUL'sa-tive, a. Beating; throbbing. 




6r, do, wolf, TOO, TO~OK; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, o, silent ; C,G, soft; €,G,hard; A§; EXIST; N as NG; THIS- 



PULSATORY 



342 



PURITANICALLY 



PGl/SA-TO-RY, a. Capable of pul- 
sating. 

PULSE , n. [Lat. pulsus, fr. pellere, to 
beat.] 1. The beating of the heart 
or blood-vessels, esp. of the arteries. 
2. Any regular beat ; oscillation ; 
pulsation. 3. [Lat. puis, pultis, a 
pottage of meal, pulse, &c.] Legu- 
minous plants, or their seeds. — v. i. 
To beat, as the arteries. 

J?uX'VER-A-BLE, a. Capable of being 
pulverized. _ [ducing to powder. 

PBl'ver-i-za'tion, n. Act of re - 

PftL/VER-IZE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. -pulverizare, fr. pulvis, powder.] 
To reduce to fine powder. 

Pul-ver'u-lence, n. State of being 
pulverulent. 

PUL-VER'U-LENT, a. [Lat. pulveru- 
lentus ; pulvis, powder.] Consisting 
of fine powder ; powdery ; dusty. 

PuM'ICE, n. [Lat. pumex, pumicis.] 
A light porous volcanic substance. 

Pu-mi'ceous (-missus), a. Pertain- 
ing to, or consisting of, pumice. 

Pum'mace , n. Same as Pomace. 

POm'mel, n. & v. Same as Pommel. 

PUMP, n. [It. pompa, prob. fr. bom- 
bare, to drink.] 1. A machine for 
raising or transferring water, &c. 2. 
[Of uncertain etymology.] A low, 
thin-soled shoe. — v.t. [-ED; -ING.] 

1. To raise with a pump, as water. 

2. To examine by artful questions. 
— v. i. To work a pump. 

PUMP'-BRAKE, n. Handle of a pump. 

PtJMP'lON, 11. [0. Fr. pompon, from 
Gr. 7re7no»'.] The pumpkin. 

PUMP'KIN, n. [Pee supra.] A well- 
known plant and its fruit. 

PUN, n. [Cf. point.] An expression 
in which a word is capable of differ- 
ent meanings. — v. i. [-NED ; -NING.] 
To use the same word at once in dif- 
ferent, senses. 

Punch, n. 1. [Hind, pantsch, five, 
because it was orig. composed of five 
ingredients.] A drink made of water, 
sugar, lemon juice, and spirits. 2. 
[Abbrev. fr. pitncJiinello.] The buf- 
foon of a puppet-show. 3. [Abbrev. 
fr. puncheon.] A tool, for stamping, 
or for perforating holes. 4. A blow 
or thrust. [Cottoq.] — v.t. [-EB; 
-ING.] [From Lat. pungere, punc- 
tum, to prick.] 1. To perforate with 
an instrument. 2. To thrust against. 

PUNCH'EON (punch'un), n. [From 
Lat. punclio, a pricking.] 1. A tool 
forpiercing, stamping, &c. ; a punch. 
2. A short, upright piece of timber; 
a stud. 3. A cask containing usually 
120 gallons. 

PfJNC'TATE. ) a. [Lat. punctum, 

Punc'ta-ted, ) point.] 1. Point- 
ed. 2. Having dots scattered over 
the surface. 

PUNC-TiL/IO (-tiPyo), n. [Lat. punc- 
tum, point.] A nice point of exact- 
ness in conduct or ceremony. 

Punc-TIL'IOUS (-tTl'yus), a. Exact in 
the forms of behavior or ceremony. 

PUNC-TlE'ious-LY, adv. With great 
nicety. 

Punc'to, n. [It. puncto, Lat. punc- 



tum, point.] 1. Nice point of form or 
ceremony. 2. The point in fencing. 

PUN€T'U-AL, a. [Lat. punctum, a 
point.] Exact to the time appoint- 
ed ; prompt. 

Punct'U-al'i-ty, n . Quality or state 
of being punctual. [manner. 

PUN€T'U-AL-LY, adv. In a punctual 

PtJNCT'U-ATE, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. punctum, a point.] To sepa- 
rate into sentences, clauses, &c, by 
points. _ [punctuating. 

Punct'u-a'tion, n. Act or art of 

PUNCT'URE (53), n. [Lat. punctura, 
fr. pungere, to prick.] Act of per- 
forating with a pointed instrument, 
or the hole so made. — v. t. [-ed; 
-ING.] To pierce with a small point ; 
to prick. [Brahmin. 

PtJN'DlT, n. [Hind, pandit.] A learned 

PUNG, n. A kind of one-horse sleigh 
rudely made. [Amer.] 

PtJN'GEN-CY,n. State of being pun- 
gent; keenness. 

Pun'gent, a. [Lat. pungens, prick- 
ing.] 1. Pricking; piercing; — said 
with reference to taste or smell. 2. 
Exquisitely painful to the feelings ; 
severe ; — said of discourse. 

Pu'nic, a. [Lat. Punicus, from Pani, 
the Carthaginians.] Pertaining to, 
or like, the Carthaginians ; faithless. 

Pu'ni-ness, n. Smallness with feeble- 
ness. 

Pun'isii, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
punire, fr. pana, punishment.] To 
afflict with pain, loss, or calamity. 

Syn. — To chastise; castigate; scourge; 
correct; discipline. 

PDn'ish-a-ble, a. Liable to, or 
worthy of, punishment. 

Pun'ish-MENT, n. Pain inflicted on a 
person because of a crime or offense. 

Pu'NI-TlVE, a. Pertaining to, or in- 
flicting, punishment. 

PUNK,//. [Allied to spunk.] 1. A fun- 
gus, or decayed wood, used as tinder. 
2. A prostitute. 

Pun'ster, ii. One who puns. 

PUNT, n. [A.-S.] A flat-bottomed 
boat, used for various purposes. 

Pu'ny, a. [-ER ; -est, 142.] [See 
Puisne.] Small and feeble. 

PUP, n. [Allied to Lat. pupus, boy.] 

1. A puppy. 2. A young seal. — v.i. 
[-ped ; -PING.] To bring forth whelps 
or puppies. 

Pu'pa, n. ; pi. PV'PSi. [Lat. pupa, 
girl, doll.] One of the states in the 
complete metamorphosis of an insect. 

Pu'PIL, ii. 1. [Lat. pupilla, orig. dim. 
of Lat. pupa, a girl.] The small 
opening in the iris of the eye. 2. 
[Lat. pupillus, pupilla, dim. of pupus, 
boy, pupa, girl.] A scholar of either 
sex under an instructor. [pupil. 

Pu'PlL-AGE (45), n. State of being a 

Pu'PIL-LA-RY,a. Relating to a pupil 
or ward, or to the pupil of the eye. 

PUP'PET, n. [Fr. poupee, a doll, from 
Lat. pupa, girl, puppet.] 1. A doll. 

2. A similar figure moved by a wire. 
POp'pet-show, v A mock drama 

performed with puppets. 
PUP'PY, n. [From pup.] 1. A young 



dog. 2. An insignificant and con 
ceited person. 

PtJP'PY-IgM, n. Extreme meanness, 
affectation, or conceit. 

PUR, v . i. [-red; -ring.] To utter 
a low, murmuring, continued sound, 
as a cat. — n. The low, murmur- 
ing, continued sound of a cat. 

PUR'BLIND, a. [From obs. poreblind.] 
Near-sighted or dim-sighted. 

POr'chas-A-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing purchased. 

Pur'chase, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Fr. 
pourchasser, to pursue, to seek ea- 
gerly, fr. pour, for, and chasser, cha- 
rier, to chase.] 1. To obtain for 
money or its equivalent ; to buy. 2. 
To procure. — n. 1. A buying. 2. A 
thing bought ; property. 3. Any me- 
chanical hold, advantage, or force. 

PUR'CHAS-ER, ii. One who purchases. 

Pure, a. [-er ; -est.] [Lat. purus.] 
1. Separate from all extraneous mat- 
ter or defilement. 2. Free from what 
contaminates or blemishes. 3. Mere ; 
absolute. 

Pure'ly, adv. 1. In a pure manner; 
innocently. 2. Merely; absolutely. 

Pure'ness, n. State of being pure. 

POr'fle (pur'H), v. t. [0. Fr. pour- 
Jiler ; pour, for, and fil, a thread.] 
1. To embroider. 2. (Arch.) To dec- 
orate richly. 

PUR-GA'TION, n. [Lat. purgatio.] Act 
of cleansing or purifying. 

PUR'GA-TJVE, a. Having the power 
of purging ; cathartic. — n. A med- 
icine that evacuates the intestines ; a 
cathartic. [purgatory. 

Pur'ga-to'rt-AL, a. Pertaining to 

PUR'GA-to-ry, n. [See infra.] A 
place, or a state believed to exist after 
death, in which the souls of persons 
are purified by punishment. 

Purge, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
pur gar e , contr. fr. purum agere, to 
make clean.] 1. To cleanse or purify. 
2 To clear from the charge of a 
crime. — v. i. To become pure. — n. 
1. Act of purging. 2. That which 
purges; a cathartic. 

Pu'ri-fi-ca'tion, n. Act of purify- 
ing ; a cleansing. 

Pu-rTf'i-€A-to-ry, a. Serving or 
tending to purify, [which, purifies. 

Pu'ri-fij'er, n. One who, or that 

Pu'Rl-FY, v. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] [Lat. 
purificare ; purus, pure, and facere, 
to make.] To make pure or clear; 
to refine. — v. i. To become pure. 

PUR'ISM, n. Quality of being pure or 
nice" esp. in the choice of language. 

Pur'ist, n. One who is excessively 
nice in his choice of words. 

Pu'RI-TAN, n. [From pure.] 1. A 
dissenter from the Church of England 
in the time of Queen Elizabeth. 2. 
One strict in his religious life. — a. 
Pertaining to the Puritans. 

Pu'ri-tanIc, la. 1. Pertaining 

Pu'ri-tan'ic-al, ( to the Puritans, 
or their doctrines and piactice. 2. 
Over-scrupulous ; rigid. 

Pu'ri-tan'ic-al-ly, adv. In a pu- 
ritanical manner 



A, E.I, b,V,Y,long; A,£,L, O, U, ¥, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM ; PIQUE, F?RM } SOJH, 



PURITANISM 



343 



PYROLIGXEOUS 



PO'RI-TAN-IsM,n. Notions or practice 
cf Puritans. 

PO'RI-TY, n. [Lat. puritas, fr. purus, 
pure.] Condition or quality of being 
pure; as, (a.) Freedom from foreign 
admixture, (b.) Freedom from for- 
eign idioms. 

PURL, n. [Contr.fr. purfile, purfle.] 

1. An embroidered and puckered bor- 
der. 2. An inversion of stitches in 
knitting. 3. A gentle murmur, as 
of a brook. 4. Malt liquor, medi- 
cated or spiced. — v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[D. borrelen.) To eddy ; also, to make 
a murmuring sound, as runniug wa- 
ter does. 

Pur'LIEU, n. [Fr. pur, pure, free, and 
lieu, place, orig. land near a royal 
forest, free from the forest laws.] 
Outer portion of any place ; environs. 

Pur'LIN, In. [Of uncertain etymol- 

POr'LINE, ) ogy.] A piece of timber 
extending from end to end of a roof, 
across and under the rafters. 

PUR-LOIN', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [0. 
Fr. purloian'ur, to delay, fr. pour, for, 
and loin, far off.] To steal ; to pilfer. 

PUR-LOIN'ER, n. One who purloins. 

PUR'PLE, n. [Lat. purpura, Or. nop- 
<l>vpa, orig. the purple-fish.] 1. A 
purple color. 2. Imperial govern- 
ment in the Roman empire; — from 
the purple robe of the emperor. 3. 
pi. Spots of a livid color ou the skin. 
a. 1. Of a color composed of red 
and blue. 2. Imperial ; regal. — v. t. 
[•ED : -ING.] To make purple. 

PUR'PORT, n. [0. Fr.,from pur, pour, 
for, and porter, to bear.] Design or 
tendency; meaning, —v.t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To mean ; to signify. 

POr'POSE (parous), n. [0. Fr. pur- 
pos,propos. See Propose.] Object 
to be accomplished ; end or aim to 
which the view is directed. 

Sy.v. — Design; end ; intention ; aim. 
See Desigx. 

— v. t. or ('. [-ED ; -ing.] To de- 
termine upon, as some object to be 
accomplished; to intend ; to design. 

PUR'POSE-LY, adv. Intentionally. 

Purr,v. /. See Pur. 

POrse, n. [From Gr. /3u'ptra, hide, 
skin, leather.] 1. A small bag for 
money. 2. A treasury. 3. A sum 
of money offered as a prize or pres- 
ent. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
put in a purse. 2. To contract into 
folds or wrinkles. 

Purse'-proud, a. Proud of wealth. 

PURS'ER, n. A commissioned officer 
who has charge of the provisions, 
clothing, &c, and of the public 
moneys on shipboard. 

POrs'i-ness, n. State of being pursy ; 
hence, shortness of breath. 

PUR-SU'ANCE, n. 1. Act of pursuing. 

2. State of being pursuant ; conse- 
quence. 

Pur-su'ant, a. Done inconsequence ; 

hence, conformable ; according. 
Pur-sue', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Fr. 

poursuivre, Lat. prosequi, to follow.] 

1. To follow with a view to overtake. 

2. To use measures to obtain. 3. To I 



be engaged in ; to continue. 4. To 
follow as an example ; to imitate. 
Syn. — See Follow. 

— v. i. To proceed, esp. in argu- 
ment or discourse. [.4 Gallicism.] 

PUR-SU'ER, n. One who pursues. 

PUR-SUIT', n. 1. Act of following with 
haste. 2. Endeavor to attain to or 
gain. 3. Course of business. 

Syn. — Chase; search; proceeding; oc- 
cupation; prosecution. 

Pur'SUI-VANT, n. [Fr. poursuivant. 
See Pursue.] A state messenger. 

PURS'Y, a. [Fr. poussif, fr. pousser, 
to push, heave.] 1. Fat, short, and 
_thick. 2. Short-breathed. 

Pu'RU-LENT (110), a. [Lat. purulen- 
tus"; pus, pun's, pus.] Consisting 
of, or pertaining to, pus. 

Pur-vijy', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Fr. 
pourvoir, Lat. provider e. See PRO- 
VIDE.] To provide, as with provi- 
sions. — v. ?'. To provide ; to cater. 

PUR-VEY'ANCE, 7i. 1. Act of provid- 
ing; procurement. 2. Provisions 
procured ; food. 

Pur-ve. y'or, n. One who makes pro- 
vision for the table ; a caterer. 

PUR'VIEW (-vu), n. [Norm. Fr. pur- 
view, N. Fr. pourvu, provided, p. p. 
of pourvoir. See Purvey.] 1. Body 
of a statute. 2. Limit or scope of a 
statute. 3. Scope ; extent. 

Pus, n. [Lat., allied to Gr. nvos.] The 
yellowish-white liquid produced in 
suppuration. 

PUSH, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Fr.pow.5- 
ser, Lat. pulsate, in tens, form of 
pellere, to beat, push.] 1. To drive 
or impel by pressure. 2. To press or 
urge forward. — v. i. 1. To make a 
thrust. 2. To make an effort. — n. 

1. A thrust with the end of a thing. 

2. Any pressure, impulse, or force 
applied. 

Pu'sil-LA-nTm'i-ty, n. Quality of 
being pusillanimous; weakness of 
^pirit. 

Pu'sil-lan'i-mous, a. [Lat. pusil- 
lanimis ; pusiilus, vei-y little, and 
animus, mind.] 1. Destitute of a 
manly strength and firmness of 
mind. 2. Evincing want of courage. 
Syk. — Cowardly ; dastardly. 

Puss, n. [Ir. pus, a cat.] 1. A cat ; 

— a fondling appellation. 2. A hare ; 

— so called by sportsmen. 
Puss'y, n. A puss ; — used as a fond- 
ling name for a cat. 

PUST'U-LATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
pustulare, -latum, fr. pustula, a pust- 
ule.] To form into pustules. 

Pust'ule, n. [Lat. pustula.] A pim- 
ple containing pus. 

Pust'U-LOUS, a. Having pustules. 

Vvi,v. t. [put; putting.] [Allied 
to W. pwtian, pivtiaw, to butt, poke, 
thrust.] 1. To thrust ; to push. 2. 
To place ; to lay ; to set. 3. To cause 
to be or exist in a specified relation. 
4. To bring to the attention of. 5. 
To state in language ; to express. 6. 
To incite ; to urge. 

Syn.— To place.— To pur is generic, 
viz., to dispose of in any situation; to 



place is to put in a specific situation; a 
plant may be put into a flower-pot and 
then placed in the green-house. 

— v.i. 1. To go or move. 2. To 
steer ; to direct. [a clown. 

Put, n. [Lat. putus, a boy.] A rustic; 

PU'TA-TlVE, a. [Lat. putativus,h.pu- 
tare, to suppose.] Supposed ; reputed. 

PUT'LOG, ». A short timber, on which 
the planks of a scaffold are laid. 

PUT'-OFF, n. A shift ; an evasion. 

Pu'tre-fac'tion, n. [See Putre- 
fy.] 1. Act of putrefying. 2. Con- 
dition of being putrefied. 

Pu'TRE-FA€'TlvE,a. Pertaining to, 
or causing, putrefaction. 

Pu'tre-fy, v. t. or i. [-ed; -ing, 
142.] [Lat. putrefacere ; putrere, to 
be rotten, and facere, to make.] To 
make or become putrid ; to rot. 

Pu-tres'cence, n. State of being 
putrescent. 

Pu-tres'cent, a. [Lat. putrescens, 
growing rotten.] Becoming putrid. 

Pu-tres'ci-ble, a. Liable to be- 
come putrid. 

Pu'TRID, a. [Lat. putridus, from pu- 
trere, to be rotten.] Tending to dis- 
solution or decay ; rotten. 

Pu-trid'i-ty, \ n. State of being 

Pu'trid-ness, | putrid; corrup- 
tion ; putrefaction. 

Put'ter, v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] To act 
inefficiently or idly ; to trifle. 

PUT'TY,7t. [Fr. potee.] A cement of 
whiting and linseed oil. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To cement with putty. 

PUZ'ZLE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Cf. 
Pose.] To involve in perplexity ; to 
nonplus. — n. 1. Something which 
perplexes. 2. State of being puzzled ; 
perplexity. 

Pye, n. _ See Pie. 

Pyg-me'an (124), I a. Pertaining to, 

Pyg'my, ) or like, a pyg- 

my ; dwarfish. 

PYG'MY, n. [Gr. Trvyncuos, fr. iruyiJ.rj, 
the fist.] 1. One of a fabulous race 
of diminutive beings inhabiting 
Thrace. 2. A dwarf. 

Pyr'a-mid, n. [Gr. 
7rupa.jU.1s , irvpafJLi- 
8os, Egypt, piro- 
mi.] A solid body 
standing on a tri- 
angular, square, or 
polygonal base, and 



4# 



Pyramids. 

1. Having the form 
Relating to the py- 

) a. Having tho 
J form of a pyra- 



terminating 
point at the top. 

Py-ram'i-dal, a. 
of a pyramid. 2. 
ramids. 

Pyr'a-midTg, 

pyr'a-mid'ic-al, 
mid ; pyramidal. 

PYRE, n. [Gr. 7rvpa, fr nvp, fire.] A 
funeral pile. 

Pv-RI'TEg, n. [Lat.,fr. Gr. ■nrvpirt)':, 
from rrup, fire, because iron pyritea 
gives sparks with steel.] A combina- 
tion of sulphur with iron, copper, 
cobalt, or nickel. 

Py-rit'I€, ) a. Pertaining to, or 

Py-rit'1€-al, ( consisting of, pyrites. 

PYR'O-LIG'NE-OUS, a. [Gr. jrvp, ttv- 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TO"OK; fjRN.RUE, PULL, ; e, I, O, silent ; C, G, soft; €,G,hard; Agj EX;iST ; NasNG; THI^. 



PYROLOGY 



344 



QUAKERISH 



pds, fire, and Lat. ligneus, -wooden.] 
Procured by the distillation of wood, 
as a kind of acetic acid. 

Pyrol'o-gy, n. [Gv.irvp, 7rvp6s,fire, 
and Aoyos, discourse.] A treatise on 
Leat ; or the natural history of heat. 

PYR'O-MAN'CY, n. [Gr. nvpofxavreia ; 
irvp, irvpos, fire, and jiavreia, divina- 
tion.] Divination by fire. 

PY-ROM'E-TER, n. [Gr. irvp, irvpo<;, 
fire, and fierpov, measure.] An in- 
strument for measuring high degrees 
of heat. 

Pyr'o-tech'nic, ) a. Pertaining 

Pyr'o-tech'nic-al, ) to fireworks, 
or the art of forming them. 



PifR'O-TECH'Nics, n. sing. [Gr. irvp, 

s-upos, fire, and tc'xvij, an art.] The 

art of makingfireworks ; pyrotechny. 
Pyr'o-tech'nist,*!. One skilled iu 

pyrotechny. [technics. 

Pyr'o-tech'ny, n. Same as Pyro- 
Pyr'rhic (plr'rik), n. 1. (Pros.) A 

foot consisting of two short syllables. 

2. An ancient military dance. 
PYR'RHO-NISM (plr'ro-), n. [From 

Fyrrko.] * Skepticism ; universal 

doubt. 
Pyr'rho-nYst, n. One who doubts 

of every thing. 
Pyth'a-go're-an, or Py-thag'o- 

RE'AN, n. A follower of Pythagoras, 



an ancient philosopher. — a Per- 
taining to Pythagoras or his philoso- 
phy. [Pythagoras. 

Py-THag'o-RISM, n. Doctrines of 

Py/th'i-an, a. * [Gr. IIMios, belonging 
to Pytho, the older name of Delphi.] 
Pertaining to the Pythoness, or 
priestess of Apollo, and to certain 
games celebrated near Delphi. 

Pyth'o-ness, n. [See Pythian.] 
The priestess who gave oracular an- 
swers at Delphi, in Greece. 

Pyx, n. [Gr. Trust's, a box, esp. of box- 
wood, from 7rv£os, box-tree or box- 
wood.] (Rom. Cath. Church.) The 
box in which the host is kept. 



Q. 



Q(ku), the seventeenth letter of the 
English alphabet, has but one 
sound, which is the same as that of 
k. See Prin. of Pron. § 86. 
Quack, v. i. [-ed; -ING.] [Ger. 
q-uaken, Icel. qvaka, to twitter, sigh.] 

1. To cry like a duck. 2. To boast. 
— n. 1. Cry of the domestic duck. 

2. A boastful pretender to medical 
skill. 

mountebank; char- 
used 



Syn. — Empiric 
la tan. 



— a. Pertaining to quackery 

by quacks. 
Quack'er-y, a. Practice of a quack. 
Quack'ish, a. Like a quack ; trick- 

ish. 
QUAD' RA-Gits' IMA, n. [Lat., from 

quadraginta, forty.] The forty days 

of fast preceding Easter ; Lent. 
Quad'ra-ges'i-mal, a. Belonging 

to, or used in, Lent. 
QUAD'RAN-GLE (-rang- 

gl),M. [Lat. quad rang il- 
ium ; quatuor, four, and 

angulus, an angle.] 1. 

A plane figure having 

four angles. 2. A square 

court surrounded by 

buildings. 
QUAD-RAN'GU-LAR, a. 

angles, and four sides. 
Quad'rant, n. [Lat. 

quadraus, a fourth 

part,fr. quatuor, four.] 

1. Quarter of a circle ; 
an arc of 90°. 2. An 
instrument for measur- 
ing altitudes, variously 
constructed. 

Quad-rant'al, a. Pertaining to a 

quadrant. 
QUAD'RAT, n. [See infra.] A piece 

of type-metal placed between letters, 

so as to leave a blank space. 
QUAD'RATE, a. [Lat. quadratus, 

squared.fr. quatuor, four.] 1. Square. 

2. Divisible by four. 3. Even : equal ; 
exact. 4. Applicable ; correspond- 
ent — n. 1. A square. 2. Same as 
Qtjartile. 




QUAD'RATE, V. i. [-ED ; ' -ING.] [See 
Quadrate, a.] To agree ; to suit; 
to correspond. [like, a square. 

Quad-rat'ic, a. Pertaining to, or 

Quad'ra-ture (53), n. [See Quad- 
rate, a.] 1. The finding of a square 
having the same area as a circle. 2. 
Position of one heavenly body in re- 
spect to another, when distant from 
it 90°. 

QUAD-REN'NI-AL, a. [Lat. quadrien- 
nis ; quatuor, four, and annus, year.] 
Occurring once in four years. 

QUAD'RI-LAT'ER-AL, a. [Lat. quad- 
rilaterus ; quatuor, tour, and latus, la- 
ter is, & side.] Having 
four sides. — n. A / 
plane figure having / 
four sides ; a quad- / 
rangular figure. L 

QUAD'RI-LIT'ER-AL, Quadrilateral. 
a. [Lat. quatuor, 
four, and litera, letter.] Consisting 
of four letters. 

Qua-drille' (kwa-driP or ka-driP), n. 
[Fr., fr. Lat. qtiadrula, dim. of qua- 
dra, a square.] 1. A game played by 
four persons. 2. A kind of dance 
with four couples in each set. 

QUAD'RILL-ION, n. [Lat. quater, four 
times, and L. Lat. millio, a million.] 
According to the English notation, 
the number represented by a unit 
with 24 ciphers annexed ; according 
to the French notation, a unit with 
15 ciphers annexed. 

QUAD'RI-SYL'LA-BLE, n. [Lat. qua- 
tuor, four, and syllaba, syllable.] A 
word consisting of four syllables. 

QUAD-RdbN', n. [Fr. quarteron, fr. 
J at. quatuor, four.] Offspring of a 
mulatto and a white person. 

QUAD'RU-MANE, n. [Lat. quatuor, 
four, and manus, a hand.] An ani- 
mal having four feet that correspond 
to the hands of a man, as a monkey. 

QUAD'RU-PED, a. [Lat. quadrupes, 
-pedis, from quatuor, four, and pes, 
a foot.] Having four feet. — n. An 
animal having four feet. 

QUAD'RU-PLE, a. [Lat. quadruplus, 



fr. quatuor, four.] Fourfold; four 
times told. — a. Four times the sum 
or number. — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
To multiply by four. 

QUAD-RU'PEI-CATE, n. Four-fold. 

QUAD-RU'PLI-CATE,r.J. [-ED;-ING.] 
[Lat. quadruplicare, -catuvi, fr. qua- 
tuor, four, and plicar£, to fold.] To 
make fourfold ; to quadruple. 

Quaff, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Fr. coiffer, 
to intoxicate.] To drink down ; to 
drink copiously of. 

Quag'gy,o. [See infra.] Trembling 
under the foot, as soft, wet earth. 

Quag'MJRE, n. [0. Eng. guag, to 
quake, quiver, shake, and mire.] 
Soft, wet land, that shakes under the 
feet. 

Quail, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
cwelan, to die. Cf. Quell.] To be- 
come quelled; to shrink; to cower. 

— n. [0. Fr. quaille, 0. H. Ger. 
wahtala.] A bird closely allied to 
the partridge of Europe. 

B3p-In the United States the name is 
used for raffed grouse. 

Quaint, a. [0. Fr. cointe, cultivated, 
agreeable ; fr. Lat. cognitus, acquaint- 
ed, and partly fr. compiles, adorned, 
elegant.] 1. Subtle ; artificially ele- 
gant. 2. Showing excess of art. 3. 
Odd and antique ; curious and fan- 
ciful. 

Syn. — Strange; whimsical; singular. 

Quaint'ly, adv. In a quaint man- 
ner; oddly. 

Quaint'ness, n. Quality of being 
quaint; affected art; oddness. 

Quake, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
cwacian.] 1. To shake with fear, 
cold, or emotion. 2. To shake or 
tremble, either from not being solid, 
or from violent convulsion. 

Syn. — To shake; quiver; shudder. 

— n. A tremulous agitation ; a 
shake; a shudder. 

QUAK'ER, n. 1. One frho quakes. 2. 
One of the religious Feet of Friends. 

QUAK'ER-i'SH. a. Like, or pertain- 
ing to, a Quaker. 



I, E, I, 6, ©, Y,long; X,E,I, 5,0, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM; SON 



QUAKERISM 



345 



QUENCH 



QUAK'ER-YsM, n. Character, man- 
ners, or tenets of the Quakers. 

QUAL'I-FI'A-BLE, a. Capable of be- 
ing: qualified ; abatable. 

QUAL'1-FI-CA'TION, n. 1. Act of 
qualifying or condition of being qual- 
ified. 2. Endowment or acquire- 
ment which fits for an office. 3. Re- 
striction ; abatement; diuiiuution. 

QUAL'I-FIED, p. a. Fitted by accom- 
plishments or endowments; modi- 
fied ; limited. 

QUAL'I-FI'ER, n. One who qualifies. 

QUAL'I-FY, V. t. [-ED; -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. qualificare ; quails, such, and 
facere, to make.] 1. To make such 
as is required ; to fit : to supply with 
legal power. 2. To reduce from a 
general to a particular form ; to limit. 
3. To abate ; to diminish. — v. i. To 
be or become qualified. 

Qual'i-TY (kwoKi-ty), n. [Lat. qual- 
itas.] 1. Nature relatively consid- 
ered. 2. Special or temporary char- 
acter. 3. Distinguishing property, 
characteristic, or attribute. 4. Supe- 
rior birth or station. 

QuXlm (kwam), n. [A.-S. cweahn, 
cwelm, death, slaughter, pestilence.] 
1. A sudden attack of illness, faint- 
ness, or pain ; especially, a sudden 
fit of sickness at the stomach. 2. A 
scruple of conscience. 

QUALM'ISH (kwain'ish), a. Sick at 
the stomach ; affected with nausea. 

QUAN'DA-RY, or QUAN-DA'RY (112), 
n. [Corrupted fr. Fr. qiCen dirai-je ? 
what shall I say of it?] A state of 
difficulty or perplexity. [quantity. 

QUAN'TI-TA'TlVE, a. Relating to 

Quan'ti-ty, n. [Lat. quantitas, from 
quantus, how great, how much.] 
1. Property of being capable of in- 
crease and decrease, multiplication, 
and division ; that which answers the 
question vi How much ? " In gram- 
mar, the relative time occupied in 
pronouncing a syllable. 2. That 
which can be increased, diminished, 
or measured. -3. A certain portion ; 
sometimes, a considerable amount. 

QUAN'TUM, ii. [Lat., from quantus.] 
how great, how mucfi.] Quantity. 

Quar'AN-tine (HO), n. [It. quaran- 
tina, forty days, quarantine, fr. Lat. 
quadrasinta, forty.] Term during 
which a ship arriving in port.and sus- 
pected of being infected, is obliged to 
forbear all intercourse with the 
shore ; hence, inhibition of inter- 
course to a ship. 

QUAR'REL (kwor'rel),7i. 1. [Lat. que- 
rela, querel/a, a complaint. An angry 
contest : a falling out. 2. [See Qn ar- 
RY.] A diamond-shaped pane of glass. 
— V.i. [-ED,-ING; or -LED, -LING. 
137.] 1. To dispute violently ; to 
wrangle. 2. To find fault. 

QUAR'REL-SOME, a. Apt to quarrel. 

QuAR'RY(kwn"r:-), n. 1. [Lat. qua- 
rfrum, something square.] An ar- 
row with a square head: a lozenge- 
shaped pane cf glass ; a glazier's dia- 
mond. 2. [0. Fr. coree, from Lat. cor, 
heart.] Game; esp. game hunted 



for by hawking. 3. [L. Lat. quad- 
raria, quatraria, a quarry, whence 
squared (quadrati) stones are dug.] 
A place where stones are cut from 
the earth for building or other pur- 
poses. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] To 
dig or take from a quarry. 

Quart, n. [Lat. quartus, quarta, the 
fourth, fr. quatuor, four.] Fourth 
part of a gallon. 

QUAR'TAN, a. [Lat. quartanus ; qua- 
tuor, four.] Pertaiuiug to the fourth ; 
occurring every fourth day. — n. An 
ague occurring every fourth day. 

QUAR'TER,?i. [Lat. quartan' us, from 
quatuor, four.] 1. A fourth part of 
any thing; — in specific uses, (a.) 
The fourth of a hundred-weight, be- 
ing 28 or 25 pounds, (6.) One limb 
of a quadruped with the adjacent 
parts, (c.) Pai-t of a shoe from the 
heel to the Tamp, (d.) A term of 
stud} - in a seminary, college, &c. ; 
prop., a fourth part of the year. (/.) 
A region ; a territory; a district: a 
locality. 2. Proper station ; specific 
place; assigned position; shelter. — 
v. t. [-ED : -ING.] 1. To divide into 
four equal parts. 2. To furnish with 
shelter or entertainment. 3. To bear 
as an appendage to the hereditary 
arms. — v. i. To lodge, [lowance. 

QUAR'TER-AGE, n. A quarterly al- 

Quar'ter-day, n. A day regarded 
as terminating a quarter of the year; 
hence, one on which rent becomes due. 

QUAR'TER-DECK, n. That part of 
the deck of a ship which extends 
from the stern to the mainmast. 

QUAR'TER-LY,«. 1. Consisting of a 
fourth part. 2. Recurring at the end 
of each quarter of the } ear. — n. A 
periodical work published four times 
during a year. — adv. By quarters ; 
once in a quarter of a year. 

Quar'ter-mas'ter, n. 1. An offi- 
cer who provides quarters, provis- 
ions, clothing, transportation, &c, 
for the army, and superintends the 
supplies. 2. A petty officer who at- 
tends to the helm, signals, &c, un- 
der the direction of the master. 

QUAR'TERN, n. [Lat. quart art us, a 
fourth part.] 1. The fourth part of 
a pint ; a gill. 2. The fourth part 
of a peck. 3. A loaf weighing about 
four pounds. 

Quar'ter-ses'sions (-sesh'unz), n. 
pi. (Eiig. Law.) A general court of 
criminal jurisdiction held quarterly. 

Quar'TER-stAff. n. A stout staff 
formerly used for defense : — held by 
one hand in the middle, and the 
other half way between the middle 
and end 

QUAR-TET' \u. [It. qvartetto, 

Quartette'. ) dim. of quarto, 
fourth.] 1. A musical composition 
in four parts. 2. The four persons 
who perform such a piece of music. 

QUAR'TlLE, 71. [Lat. quartus, fourth.] 
An aspect of the planets, when they 
are distant from each other 90°. 

Quar'to, n.; pi. quar'tos. [Lat., 
fr. quartus, the fourth.] A^book of 



a squarish form, corresponding to 
that formerly made by folding a 
sheet twice. — a. Having the form 
or size of a quarto. 

Quartz (kworts, 108), n. [M. & N. 
II. Ger. quarz.] Pure silex. 

Quash, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 71ms- 
sare, to shake, shatter, intensive 
form of quatere, to shake.] 1. To 
beat down or in pieces. 2. To crush; 
to subdue. 3. [O. Fr. quasser, from 
Lat. cassare, to aunul.] To abat^ 
annulj or make void. 

Qua'si. [Lat.] As if ; in a manner ; 

— r.sed as a prefix. 

Quas'siA (kwosh'i-a or kwash'i-a), n. 
[From Quassy, or Quash, a negro, 
who prescribed it.] A bitter wood 
and bark employed in medicine. 

Qua-t£r'na-ry, 71. [Lat. quaterna- 
rius, consisting of four each, fr. qua- 
tuor, four.] The number four. — a. 
Con.-isting of four ; by fours. 

Qua-t£r'ni-on, 71. [Lat. quaternio.] 

1. The number four. 2. A set of 
four parts, objects, or individuals. 

QUAT'RAIN (42), 7i. [Fr., fr. quatre, 
four.] A stanza of four lines rhym 
ing alternately. 

Qua'yer, v. ?'. [-ED ; -ing.] [Allied 
to L. Ger. quubbeln, to shake. Cf. 
Quiver.] 1. To tremble; to vi- 
brate. 2. To shake the voice ; also, 
to produce a shake on a musical in- 
strument. — 11. 1. A shake of the 
voice, or on an instrument of music. 

2. An eighth note. See Eighth. 
Quay (k5), 71. [See Key.] A mole 

or bank toward the sea, or on the 

side of a river. 
QUEACH'y, a. [From queach,a modif. 

of quick.] Trembling under the feet, 

as boggy ground. 
Quean, 71. [A.-S. cwene, woman, 

harlot, allied to Gr. yvvt), a woman,] 

Alow woman ; a wench. 
Quea'si-ness, 71. Nausea. 
Quea'sy, a. [Icel. qveisa, belly-ache.] 

1. Sick at the stomach. 2. Fastid- 
ious; squeamish. 

Queen. 77. [A.-S. ewen, wife, queen. 
See Quean.] 1. Consort of aking. 

2. A female sovereigu of a kingdom. 
Queen-dowager, the widow of aking. 

— v. i. To play the queen. 
Queer, a. [-er ; -est.] [N. H. Ger. 

queer, quer, cross, oblique, athwart, 
A.-S. thweor. Cf. THWART.] Odd; 
singular ; whimsical. 

Queer'LY, adv. In an odd manner ; 
singularly ; whimsically. 

Queer'ness, 71. Odditv': singularity. 

Quell, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. cwe- 
lian,rwellan. See Kill.] 1. To sub- 
due ; to put down. 2. To reduce tc 
peace. 

Svx. — To crush; overpower; quiet 

Quench, v. t. [-ed: -ing.] [A.-S 
cicenran, allied to civilian, to lan- 
guish.] 1. To extinguish; to put 
out, as fire. 2. To put an end to, as 
something ardent or burniug. 

QUENCH'A-BLE , a. Admitting of be- 
ing quenched. 



OR, do, WOLF, too, took; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; C,G, so/:; €,g, hard; As; exist; noskg; this. 



QUENCHABLE 

Quench'less, a. Incapable of be- 
ing quenched. 

Quer'cIt-ron, n. [Fr., fr. Lat. quer- 
cus, an oak, and citrus, citron-tree.] 
Bark of the black oak, or dyer's oak. 

QUER'l-MO'NI-ous, o. [Lat. queri- 
monia, a complaint.] Apt to com- 
plain. 

Que'rist (80), n. [Lat. qussrere, to 
seek, to inquire.] One who inquires. 

QuER'y-LOUS, a. [Lat. querulus.) 1. 
Habitually complaining. 2. Express- 
ing complaint. 

QUE'RY (89), n. [Lat. quvcre, impera- 
tive of quxrrrr, to seek for.] A ques- 
tion ; an inquiry. — v.i. To make 
inquiry.— v. t. [-ed; -ING, 142.] 
1. To inquire into. 2. To doubt of. 

Quest, n. [Lat. quxrere, qutesitum , to 
seek for.] Act of seeking ; search. 

Ques'tion (kwest'yun, C6), n. [Lat. 
quxstio, from qusercre, to seek for.] 
1. Act of asking ; interrogation. 2. 
Discussion; debate. 3. Investiga- 
tion. 4. That which is asked; a 
query. 5. A subject of investigation. 
S Y x. — I n terrogatory ; i nquiry ; exam- 
ination; trial; dispute; doubt. 

— v.i. [-ed ; -ING.] To ask ques- 
tions. — v. t. 1. To inquire of by ask- 
ing questions. 2. To doubt of. 3. 
To treat as not entitled to confidence. 

Syn. — To interrogate; inquire. — We 
inquire for the sake of information; as, 
to inquire one's way. We question with 
closeness in order to gain the whole 
truth; as, to question a. messenger as to 
all the particulars. We interrogate by 
asking questions repeatedly, and often 
with authority. 

Ques'tion-A-BLE (kweV.t'yun-a-bl), 
a. Liable to be called in question. 

Syx. — Disputable; controvertible; de- 
batable; doubtful; suspicious. 

Ques'tion-er (kwest'yun-), n. One 
who asks questions : an inquirer. 

Ques'TION-less (kwest'yun-), adv. 
Doubtless ; certainly. 

QuEs'TOR, n. [Lat. quxstor, contr. fr. 
quxsitor, from quxrere, to seek, ask.] 
{Rom. Anliq.) A public: treasurer. 

Queue (ku), n. [Fr.] See Cue. 

QUIB, n. [Prob. an abbrev. of quibble.] 
A sarcasm ; a bitter taunt: a quip. 

QUIB'BLE (kwib'bl), n. [Prob. fr. Lat. 
quidlibet, what you please.] 1. An 
evasion ; a cavil. 2. A pun. — v. i. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. To evade the point 
in question by artifice or conceit. 2. 
To pun ; to practice punning. 

Quib'bler, n. One who quibbles. 

Quick (kwik), n. [-er; -est.] [A.-S. 
civic] 1. Alive; living. 2. Ani- 
mated; sprightly. 3. Speedy; swift. 
Syn. — Expeditious ; rapid; brisk; 
nimble; hasty. 

— adv. 1. With haste ; speedily. 2. 
Without delay. — n. 1. A living 
animal or plant : especially, the haw- 
thorn or quickset. 2. Living flesh ; 
hence, any sensitive part. 

QulCK'SN (kwik'n), v. t. [-ED : -ING.] 

[See Quick.] 1. To make alive: to 

vivify. 2. To make lively or active. 

8. To make rapid ; to accelerate. 

Syn. — To revive; incite; hasten. 



346 

— v. i. 1. To become alive. 2. To 
move with rapidity. 

Quick'£N-er, n. One who, or that 
which, quickens. 

Quick' LIME, n. Any carbonate of 
lime deprived of its carbonic acid and 
aqueous matter. 

Quick'ly, adv. Speedily ; soon. 

QUICK'NESS, n. 1. Rapidity of mo- 
tion. 2. Activity. 3. Acuteness of 
perception. 4. Pungency. 

Quick'sand, n. Sand readily yield- 
ing to pressure; especially, loose or 
moving sand mixed with water. 

QUICK'SET, v. t. To plant with living 
shrubs or trees for a hedge. — a. 
Made of quickset. 

QuiCK'SIL-VEE, n. [Eng. quick and 
silver; — from its fluidity.] Mercu- 
ry. See Mercury. [march. 

QUICK'STEP, n. A lively, spirited 

QUiCK'-wiT'TED. a. Having ready 
wit. [cud. 

Quid, n. A portion to be chewed ; a 

Qu'Lu'Dl-TY, n. [L. Lat. qitidditas, fr. 
Lat. quid, what.] 1. Essence of a 
thing. 2. A tritiing nicety. 

Qu'id'dle (kwid'dl), v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] [Lat. quid, what.] To waste 
time in trifling employments ; to 
dawdle. 

Quid'dle, 1 n. One who spends time 

Quid'dler, j in trifling niceties. 

QuiD'NUNC, ii. [Lat., What now?] 
One curious to know all that passes. 

Qui-esce', v. i. [-ed;-ing.J [Lat. 
quiescere, fr. quies, rest.] To be si- 
lent, as a letter. 

Qui-ls'cence, v. 1. Itest; repose. 
2. Silence, as of a letter. 

Qui-Ls'CENT, a. [Lat. quiescens.] 1. 
Being in a state of repose ; still. 2. 
Not ruffled with passion. 3. Not 
sounded; silent; mute. 

Qui'ET, a. [-ERj-EST.] 1. Beingin 
a state of rest. 2. Free from disturb- 
ance. 3. Not giving offense or trouble. 

Syn. — Still; calm; smooth. 
— 11. [Lat. quies, quiet is.] 1. State 
of a thing not in motion ; repose. 2. 
Freedom from disturbance ; tran- 
quillity.— v. t. [-ed ; -inc.] 1. To 
stop motion in. 2. To calm ; to ap- 
pease. 

Qui'ET-IgM, n. 1. Peace or tranquil- 
lity of mind. 2. System of the Qui- 
etists, who maintained that religion 
consists in repose of the mind, em- 
ployed in contemplating God. [ties. 

QuI'et-i'st, ii. One of a s~ct of mys- 

Qui'et-LY, adv. In a quiet state or 
manner. 

QuI'et-ness, n. State of being quiet. 

QuPe-tude (30), n. Rest ; quiet. 

Qui-e'tus, 11. [Lat.] Rest; repose; 
hence, a final discharge. 

QulLL, 11 [M. II. Ger. kil, allied to 
Lat. caulis, a stalk, a quill.] 1. A 
large, strong feather: — used for writ- 
ing-pens, &c. 2. A pen. 3. A spine, 
as of a porcupine. 4. A piece of reed, 
on which weavers wind thread. 5. 
Tube of a musical instrument. — v. 
t. [-edj-ing.] 1. To form with 



QUIRE 

small ridges like quills. 2. To wind 
on a quill. 

QuIll'ing, n. A narrow trimming, 
in folds, resembling a row of quills. 

QUILT, 11. [Cf. Lat. culcita, a bed, 
cushion.] A cover or garment made 
by quilting. — v. t. [-ed; -ING.] To 
stitch together with some soft and 
warm substance between. 

Quince, n. [From Cydonia, in Crete.J 
A small tree, and its acid fruit. 

QUIN'CUNX, ii. [Lat., fr. quinque, fae, 
and vncia, an ounce.] Arrangement 
of things, especially of trees, by fives 
in a square, thus,* ".* 

QuI'NJNE, or QUl'-NINE', ll. [Sp. qili- 
nina, fr. qitina, or quinaquina, Peru- 
vian bark.] 1. An alkaloid obtained 
from cinchona. 2. A salt of quinine^ 
used as a tonic and febrifuge. 

Quin'qua-Ges'I-mA, a. [Lat.; quin- 

quagesimus, the fiftieth.] Fiftieth. 

QuinquaacsiniH Sunday, the Sunday 

which is about the fiftieth day before 

Easter. 

Quin-quXn/gu-LAR (-kwitngM, a. 
[Lat. quinquangidus, from quinque, 
five, and angulus, angle.] Having 
five angles. 

Quin-quen'NI-AL, a. [Lat. quinquen- 
nalis ; fr. quinque, five, and annus, 
year.] Occurring once in five 3 ears, 
or lasting five years. 

QuiN'QUE-VALVE, a. [Lat. quinque, 
five, and valva, leaf, fold, valve.] 
Having five valves. 

QuiN'SY, n. [Contracted fr.squinan- 
cy.] Inflammation of the throat or 
parts adjacent, with fever. 

Quint, n. [Lat quintus, the fifth.] A 
sequence of five, as in piquet. 

QULNT'AL, n. [Ar. kintar, a weight of 
100 lbs., fr. Lat. centum, & hundred.] 
A hundred weight. 

Quin-tes'SENCE, n. [Lat. quintn 
essentia, fifth essence.] Pure or con- 
centrated essence. 

Quin'tes-sen'tial, a. Consisting of 
quintessence. 

QU1N-TLT', \n. [From Lat. quin- 

QUIN-TETTE', I tus, the fifth.] (Mus.) 
A composition for five voices or in- 
struments. 

QUINT'ILE, n. [Lat. quintus, the 
fifth; quinque, five.] The aspect of 
planets when distant from each other 
the fifth part of the zodiac, or 72°. 

QuiN-TiLL'iON (-yun), n. [Lat. quin- 
tus, the fifth.] According to the Eng- 
lish notation, a unit with 30 ciphers 
annexed ; according to the Fr. nota- 
tion, a unit with 18 ciphers annexed. 

QUIN'TU-PLE, a. [Lat. quintuplex; 
fr. quintus, fifth, nndplicare, to fold.j 
Multiplied by five; fivefold. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] To make fivefold. 

Quip, 11. [See Quib.] A smart, sar- 
castic turn ; a taunt ; a retort. — 
v.t. [-ped; -PING.] To taunt.— 
v. i. To scoff. 

QuIre, n. 1. [See Choir.] A choir. 
2. [Fr. ; O. Fr. qvayer, cater, a book 
of loose sheets, fr. L. Lat. qualerniitm, 
sheets of paper packed by turns, fr. 
Lat. quaterni, four each, by fours.] 



A, E, 1, 5,U, \,loilg; A,E, I, 6, U, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM j PIQUE, FIRM; SON, 



QUIRK 



347 



RACKING 



Twenty -four sheets of paper, each 
having a single fold. 

Quirk (18), n. [Allied to queer.] 1. 
A sudden turn ; hence, an artful 
evasion. 2. A smart retort. 

QuTt (kwlt), c. t. [quit or quit- 
ted ; QUITTING.] [L. Lat. quitare, 
quittare, fr. Lat. quietus, quiet.] 1. 
To release frrui obligation, accusa- 
tion, or the like : to acquit. 2. To 
conduct. 3. To discharge as a duty. 
4. To depart from ; to forsake. — a. 
Released ; free ; clear ; absolved. 

Kg"" Sometimes used in the form quits, 
colloquially: as, to be quits with one, to 
be even with him. 

Qurx'CLAI.vi, v. t. [-ED ; -INS.] [Eng. 
quit and claim.} To relinquish a 
claim to by deed. — n. A relinquish- 
ment of a claim ; a deed of release. I 

QUITE, adv. [Fr. qaitle, discharged, j 
clear. See Quit, a.] 1. Complete- ; 
ly ; entirely. 2. To a great degree ; 
considerably . 

Quit'rEnt, n. A rent reserved in ' 
grants of land, by payruen t of which a \ 
tenant is quit from all other service. : 

QuiT'TANCE. n. 1. Discharge from 
a debt ; acquittance. 2. Recompense ; J 
repayment. 

QUIVER, n. [0. Fr. cuivre, couire, fr. ! 
0. H. Ger. kochar, kohhar.] A case ! 
for arrows. — v. i. [-ED ; -IN©.] 
[Cf. QUAVER; also, 0. D. quicker,, 



vivid.] To shake with slight and 
tremulous motion. 

Qui VIVE (ke vGv). [Fr., fr. qui, who, 
and rive, lives.] The challenge of a 
Fi-ench sentinel. To what party do 
you belong? corresponding to, Who 
goes there? 

Quix-OT're, a. Like Don Quixote ; 
romantic to extravagance. 

Quiz, n. [A word of no meaning, once 
chalked on the walls of Dublin in pur- 
suance of a wager.] 1. A riddle ; an 
enigma. 2. One who quizzes others. 
3. An odd fellow, —v. t. [-zed; 
-ZING.] 1. To puzzle ; to make sport 
of, by deceiving. 2. To peer at. 

Quiz'zi-e-AL. a. Comical. [Colloq.] 

Quod' li-bet, n. [Lat.. what you 
please.] A subtilty. 

QuoiF (kwoif), n. [See Coif.] A cap 
or hood ; a coif. 

QUOIN (kwoin or koin), n. [See COIN.] 
1. Any external angle ; especially 
the external angle of a building. 2. 
A small wedge, used for various pur- 
poses. 

QUOIT (kwoit), n. [D. koot, 0. D. kote, 
die, knuckle-bone.] A circular ring 
or flat stone, to be pitched at a mark. 
— v.i. To play at quoits. 

Quon'dam, a. [Lat.] Having been 
formerly ; former. 

QUO'RUM (89), n. [Lat., gen. pi. of 
qui, " of whom.'"] Such a number of 



the members of any body as is com. 

petent to transact business. 
QUO'TA, n. [Lat. quotu, fr. quotus, 

which or what in number, how 

many.] A proportional part or share. 
QUOT'A-BLE, a. Capable or worthy of 

being quoted. 
Quo-TA'TION,7i. [Fr. quote.] 1. Act 

of quoting. 2. A passage quoted. 3 

( Com . ) Specification of the prico o. 

commodities. 
Quote (kwot), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [C 

Fr. quoter, fr. Lat. quotus. See supra. 

1. To cite, as a passage from some 

author. 2. To name the price of. 

S yx. — To cite. — To cite was original- 
ly to call into court as a witness, &c.; 
and hence the word denotes something 
very specific and exact in adducing evi- 
dence. Quote is used in a more loose and 
general way, often expressing an appeal 
to some one as an authority, without re- 
peating his exact words. 

Quoth (kw5th or kwfitk), v. i. [A.-S. 
cwedhan, imp. cwadli.} Said; spoke; 
— used in the first and third persona 
in the past tenses. 

Quo-TID'I-AN, a. [Lat. quotidianus ; 
fr. quotus, how many, and dies, day.] 
Occurring daily. — n. A fever whose 
parox3*sms return every day. 

QUO'TIENT (kwS'shent), n. [Lat. 
quoties, how often.] The number 
resulting from the division of one 
number by another. 



R. 



R(ar), the e'ghteenth letter of the I 
alphabet, is a liquid or semi- 
vowel. See Prin. of Pron., §§ 87-89. j 
Rab'BET, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Cf. 
Fr. raboter, to plane, robot, a plane.] 

1. To cut, as the edge of a board, 
that it may form a joiut with anoth- ( 
er board, similarly cut, by lapping. ■ 

2. To lap and unite the edges of, as 
boards, &c. — n. [See supra.] A 
cut made upon the edge of a board, 
to fit it to another board. 

RXB'BI (riib'b! or rab'bT), n.; pi. 

RAB'BIS. or RAB'bies. [Heb. rabi, 

my master.] Master"; lord: sir; — 

a title of a Jewish doctor of the law. 
Rab'bin, n. Same as Rabbi. 
Rab-bin'I€, la. Pertaining to 

RAB-BIN'I€-AL, I the rabbins, or to 

their opinions, learning, &c. 
Rab'BIN-ist, n. A Jew who adhered 

to the Talmud and the traditions of j 

the rabbins. 
BAB'BIT, n. [0. D. robbe, robbeken.] ' 

A small burrowing animal, resem- I 

bling the hare. 
RXB'BLE, n. [0. Fr. rapaille, fr. raper, ' 

to grate, to wear out.] A crowd of \ 

vulgar, noisy people: a mob. 
Rab'td, a. [Lat. rabid us, fr. rabies, 

rage.] Furious: raging: mad. 
RA_B'ID-XESS, n . State of being rabid. \ 
RA'eA, a. [Heb.] Worthless ; loose i 




Raccoon. 



in life and manners ; — a term of 
contempt. 

RA€-€OON', n. [Fr. 
raton, a little rat, 
a raccoon.] A 
small carnivorous 
North American 
animal, allied to 
the bear. 

Race, n. 1. [From 
0. II. Ger. reiza, 
line.] Descend- 
ants of a common ancestor. 2. Pe- 
culiar or characteristic flavor; 
smack. 3. Characteristic quality or 
disposition. 4. A root. 5. [A.-S. 
rxs, Icel. rasa, to run.] Rapid course 
or motion. 6. A running in competi- 
tion. 7. A strong current of water, 
or the passage for such a current. — 
v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] To run swiftly; 
to contend in running. — v. t. To 
cause to run rapidly. 

Race'-horse, n. A horse kept for 
running in contest. 

RAfVE-yrA'TiON, n. [Lat. racematio.} 
A cluster or bunch. 

RA-CEME', n. [Lat. racemus, a bunch 
of berries, a cluster of grapes.] A 
flower-cluster, as in the currant. 

RAC'E-MIF'ER-OUS, a. [Lat. racemus, 
raceme, smd/erre, to bear.] Bearing 
racemes. 



Ra'cer, n. One who races. 

Ra-€H1T'I€ (-kit/ik), a. [Gr. paxts, 
the spine.] Pertaining to rachitis ; 
rickety . 

Ra-€HI'tis, n. [Gr. paxl-ris (sc 
voero?), fr. pax'?, spine.] Inflamma- 
tion and curvature of the spine ; the 
rickets. 

Ra'c/i-ness, ii. Quality of being racy. 

RACK, a. [Ger. reck :recken, to stretch, 
A.-S. rsecan, nsccan, to reach.] L 
An instrument for stretching or ex- 
tending any thing ; esp. one used for 
torture. 2. A frame-work for various 
purposes. 3. Pace of a horse in which 
the two legs on each side are moved 
together. 4. A straight-toothed bar, 
to work in the teeth of a wheel or 
pinion. 5. [Cf. A.-S. racu, rain. Cf. 
Reek.] Thin, flying, broken clouds. 
— v. t. 1. To stretch or strain ; es- 
pecially to stretch on the rack. 2. 
To torment : to torture. 3. To draw 
off from the lees, as wine, &c. — v. i. 
[-ED; -ING.] To travel with a quick 
amble ; to steam ; to rise, or fly, as 
vapor or broken clouds. 

Rack'ET, 11. [It. rarchflta, for reti- 
cketta, fr. Lat. rete , a net] 1. A sort 
of hoop, across which a net-work is 
stretched. 2. A snow-shoe. [ Canada.] 
3. A clattering noise ; din [ating. 

Rack'ing, a. Tormenting; excruci- 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; C, G, soft; €,H,/iard; A^J EXIST; NasNG; THIS. 



RACK-RENT 



348 



RALLY 



RXck'-rent, n. An annual rent 

raised to the utmost. 
Ra'cy,<z. [-ER; -EST.] [From race] 

1. Tasting of the soil ; hence, fresh ; 

rich. 2. Exciting to the mental taste 

by a strong, distinctive character. 

Syn.— Spicy. —Racy refers primarily 
to that strong and peculiar flavor which 
certain wines derive from the soil; and 
hence, we call a style or production racy 
when it " smacks of the soil," or has an 
uncommon degree of freshness and dis- 
tinctiveness of thought and language. 
Spicy, when applied to style, has refer- 
ence to that pungency which belongs to 
the aromatics of "the East. 

RXl)'DLE,r. t. [From reed.] To in- 
terweave ; to twist together. — n. 1. 
A long stick used in hedging. 2. A 
|iedge formed by interweaving. 

Ra'di-al, a. [From Lat. radius, a 
staff, rod, spoke.] Pertaining to a 
radius, or to the fore-arm. 

Ra'di-ance, 1 n. Quality of being 

Ra'di-an-c y, J radiant ; vivid bright- 



Syx. — Luster; brilliancy; splendor. 

Ra'di-ANT, a. [Lat. radians, emitting 

rays or beams.] Emitting rays of 

light or heat; emitting a vivid light 

, or splendor. [splendor. 

Ra'di-ANT-ly, adv. With glittering 

ltA'Dl-ATE, n. An animal in which 
all the parts are arranged uniformly 
around the longitudinal axis of the 
bod}'. — a. Formed of rays diverg- 
ing from a center. 

Ra'di-ate, v. i. [-ED; -IN&.] [Lat. 
radiare, -atum, fr. radius, ray.] 1. 
To issue in direct lines, as heat or 
light. 2. To emit rays ; to be ra- 
diant. — v.t. To emit or send out 
in direct lines, as heat. 

RA'DI-A'TION, n. Emission and dif- 
fusion of rays, as of light. 

RA'DI-A'TOR, n. That which radiates 
or emits rays, as of heat. 

RAD'I-CAL, a. [Lat. radix, radicis, a 
root.] 1. Pertaining to, or proceed- 
ing directly from, the root. 2. Per- 
taining to the root or origin ; thor- 
oughgoing ; extreme. 

Syx. — Entire. — A radical cure, re- 
form, &C, is one which goes to the root 
of the thing in question; entire would 
imply that it extended to every part of 
the sj'stem referred to. 

— n. 1. A primitive word ; a root. 
2. One who advocates extreme mea- 
sures in reformation. 3. A chemical 
element that may be transferred from 
one combination to another in ex- 
change for one or more atoms of hy- 
drogen or its representatives. 

Rad'i-cal-T^sm, n. Doctrine or prin- 
ciple of radicals. 

Rad'i-cal-ly, adv. At the origin or 
root; fundamentally. 

Rad'i-cate, v. /. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
radicari, -catus ; radix, root.] To 
root. [root deeply. 

Rad'i-CA'TION, n. Process of taking 

RXd'1-CLE (rada-kl), n. [Lat. vadicula, 
dim. of radix, root.] Rudimentary 
stem of a plant. 

RXd'ish, n. [Lat. radix, radicis, a 



root, esp. a radish.] A cultivated 
plant, the root of which is eaten raw. 

RA'DI-iJS, it./ Lat. pi. ^—r~~^ 
RA'ni-i. [Lat. See / N^ 

Radial.] 1. A right / \ 

line from the center/ 1 , 

of a circle to the pe-l J 

riphery. 2. Exterior V J 

bone of the fore-arm. X^^^^X 

RA'DIX,n., pi. nXD'- Radius . 
I-pEg. [Lat., root.] 
1. A primitive word, from which 
spring other words ; a root. 2. Fun- 
damental number of any system. 

Raf'fle, v. i. [-ED: -ing.] [Fr. 
rafler, to carry, or sweep away. See 
Rape.] To engage in a raffle. — n. 
A kind of lottery, in which several 
persons deposit a part of the value 
of something, and it is determined 
by chance which of them shall be- 
come sole possessor. 

Raft, ii. [Icel. raftr, a rafter, spar.] 
A collection of boards, planks, &c, 
fastened together, to serve as a sup- 
port on the water. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To carry on or in a raft. 

Raft'er, n. [A.-S. rafter. See RAFT.] 
A roof-timber of a building. 

Rag, n. [Gael, rag, a rag, wrinkle, 
allied to Gr. pa/cos, A.-S. hracod, 
raked, ragged.] 1. A piece of cloth 
torn off. 2. pi. Mean or tattered at- 
tire. 3. A coarse kind of rock, some- 
what cellular. 

Rag'a-muff'in, n. [Eng. rag, and 
Prov. Ger. muff en, to smell musty 
or rank.] A paltry fellow. 

Rage,ji. [Lat. rabies.] 1. Tiolent 
anger accompanied with furious 
words or action. 2. Extreme vio- 
lence. 3. Subject of eager desire. 
Syx. — See Anger. 

— v. i. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To be fu- 
rious with anger. 2. To be violent 
and tumultuous. 3. To prevail with- 
out restraint. 

Rag'ged (60), a. [From rag.] 1. Be- 
ing in tatters. 2. Broken with rough 
edges ; jagged. 3. Wearing tattered 
clothes. [ragged. 

Rag'ged-ness, n. State of being 

Rag'lan. 11. A loose overcoat with 
large sleeves ; — so called from Lord 
Rasian. [or deals in rags. 

Rag'man (150), n. A man who collects 

Ra-GOUT' (ra-goV), n. [Fr. ragoftt, 
from ragoUter, to restore one's appe- 
tite.] Fragments of meat, mixed, 
stewed, and highly seasoned. 

Rag'-WHEEL, ii. A wheel with pro- 
jecting pins on the rim, which fit in- 
to the links of a chain. 

RAID, n. [A.-S. rad, a riding, from 
r'tdan, to ride.] A hostile or preda- 
tory incursion, esp. of mounted men. 

RAIL, ii. [0. H. Ger. rigil, rigel, bar, 
bolt.] 1. A piece of timber, iron, or 
other substance, extending from one 
support to another. 2. A bar of 
iron, on which the wheels of railway 
carriages roll. 3. [Fr. rale ; allied to 
Eng. rattle.] A certain bird. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ing.] To inclose with rails. 

— v. ?'. [Fr. railler,\o bluster, scold. 



Cf. Rally.] To use insolent and 
reproachful language. 

Rail'er, h. One who rails. 

Rail'ing, n. 1. A series of rails ; a 
fence. 2. Materials for rails. 

Rail'ler-Y (ral'ler-y), n. [Fr. rail- 
lerie, from railler. See RAIL, v. i.] 
Good-humored pleasantry ; banter. 

Rail'road, ( n. A road or way on 

Rail' WAY, J which iron rails are 
jaid for wheels to run on. 

RAI'MENT, n. [Abbrev. from array* 
ment.] Clothing in general ; gar- 
ments. 

Rain, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [See Rain, 
n.] To fall in drops from the clouds, 
as water. — v.t. To pour or shower 
down. — ii. [A.-S. regen, ren, Goth. 
rign, Icel. regn, allied to Icel. rale, 
humor.] Water falling in drops from 
the clouds. 

RAiN'BOW,n. A many -colored arch, 
formed by refraction and reflection of 
the sun\s rays in drops of falling rain. 

RAlN'-GAUGE,n. An instrument for 
measuring the quantity of rain that 
falls in a given time. 

Rain'y, a. Abounding with rain ; 
wet ; showery. 

Raise, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
rasian, fr. risan, to rise.] 1. To cause 
to rise ; to bring from a lower to a 
higher place ; — used also in various 
derived senses. 2. To cause to rise 
up, or assume an erect position or 
posture. 3. To cause to arise, grow 
up, or come into being or to appear ; 
to give rise to. 4. To make light and 
spongy, as bread. 

RAI'^JN (ra'zn), n. [From Lat. race- 
mits. See Raceme.] A dried grr-pe. 

RAIS'ING, n. Act of lifting, setting 
up, elevating, exalting, producing, 
or restoring to life. 

Raisonne (rn'zo-na'), a. [Fr._] Ar- 
ranged analytically or systematically. 

Ra'jah, or Ra'JAH, n. [Hind, raja, 
from Skr. radj, to shine, rule.] A 
native prince or king. [India.] 

Rake, n. 1. [A.-S. race, from Icel. 
raka, to scrape.] An instrument for 
collecting hay or other light things. 
2. [Cf. Ger. racker, a cur, villain, ras- 
cal.] A loose, disorderly, vicious 
man. 3. [Cf. A.-S. ratcan, to reach.] 
Inclination of a mast from a perpen- 
dicular direction. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To smooth, gather, &c, 
with a rake. 2. To scour : to ran- 
sack. 3. To enfilade ; to fire in a di- 
rection with the length of. 

Rak'ing, n. 1. Act of using a rake. 
2. Quantity of hay, &c, collected by 
using a rake once. 

RAK'ISH, a. 1. Lewd ; debauched. 
2. Having a great backward inclina- 
tion of the masts. 

Ral'ly, t. /. [-ed; -ing, 142.] 1. 
[Fr. rattier.] To collect and reduce 
to order, as troops; to reunite. 2. 
[See Rail.] To attack with raillery. 
— v. i. 1. To assemble; to unite. 
2. To recuperate. 3. To use pleasan- 
try. — n. 1. Act of bringing disor- 
dered troops to their ranks. 2. Ex- 



A, E, I, 6,U, Y.long; A,E,I, 6, tJ,Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM ; PIQUE, FIRM; SON 



HAM 



349 



RAREFACTION 



ercise of satirical merriment. 3. 
A regaining of lost strength. 
RAM, h. [A.-S.] 1. Male of the sheep 
and allied animals. 2. An engine of 
war, used for battering ; a vessel, 
armed with a heavy beak. 3. A ma- 
chine for raising water. — v. I. 
[-MED; -MING.] 1. To strike against, 
like a ram ; to drive with violence. 

2. To fill by pounding or driving. 
RAM' A- dan' (110), n. [Ar.,prop. the 

hot month.] The ninth Mohamme- 
dan month, or a great fast, kept 
through the month. 

RXm'ble (raWbl),*. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Cf. Ger. rammeln, to tumble, romp ; 
or Lat. re-ambulare, Eng. as if re- 
amble, or it may be a dim. of roam.] 
To go from place to place, without 
any object in view. 

Syn. — To rove; roam; range; stroll. 
— n. A going from place to place 
without any determinate object. 

Ram'bler, ,n. One who rambles. 

RXm'i-fi-ca'tion, n. [See Ramify.] 
1. Process of branching. 2. A small 
division; a subordinate branch. 

Ram'I-fy, v. t. [-EDf -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. ramus, a branch, and facere, 
to make.] To divide into branches 
or parts. — v. i. 1. To shoot into 
branches. 2. To be divided or sub- 
divided, [rams or drives. 

R\M'MER,n. One who, or that which, 

Ram'MISH, a. Ram - like ; rank; 
strong-scented. 

Ra-mose' (125), ) a. [Lat. ramosus ; 

Ra'moijs, ) ramus, a branch.] 

Branched, as a stem or root. 

RXmp, v. i. [-EDJ-ING.] [Fr. ram- 
per, to creep, 0. Fr. to climb.] 1. To 
climb, as a plant. 2. To spring ; to 
bound; to frolic; to romp. — n. A 
leap; a spring; abound. 

Ramp'age, n. A state of excitement 
or passion. [Prov. Eng.] 

RXmp'an-cy, n. Quality or state of 
being rampant. 

Ramp'ant, a. [Fr. rampant, p. pr. 
oframper, to creep, to be servile.] 1. 
Springing or climbing unchecked ; 
exuberant. 2. Overleaping restraint. 

3. (Her.) Standing upright on his 
hind legs. 

Ram'part, n. [Fr. rempart, fr. rem- 
parer, to fortify.] That which fortifies 
and defends from assault. 

Syn. — Bulwark. — The rampart of a 
fortress is the entire wall which sur- 
rounds it ; a bulwark is more properly 
something which projects (as a bastion) 
for the defense of the main work. Hence 
we speak of a distinguished individual 
as the bulwark, not the rampart of the 
state. 

RXm'rod, n. The rod used in ram- 
ming down the charge in a fire-arm. 

RAN, imp. of Run. 

Ranch, n Same as Rancho. 

Ran-chE'ro (ran-chaVro), n. [Sp.] 
A herdsman ; a peasant employed on 
a rancho. [Mexico.] 

RAn'cho, n. [Sp.] A large farming 
establishment; especially an estab- 
lishment for rearing cattle and 
horses. [Mexico and California.] 



RXn'CID, a. [Lat. rancidus.] Having 
a rank smell ; sour ; musty. 

Ran-CID'I-TY, \n. Quality of being 

RAn'9ID-ness, ) rancid. 

Ran'cor (rayk'ur), n. [Lat. rancor, 
rancidity, rancor.] The deepest ma- 
lignity ; inveterate hatred. 

Syn. — Enmity. — Enmity and rancor 
both describe hostile feelings; but enmity 
may be generous and open, while rancor 
is ueep-seated and malignant. It im- 
plies personal malice of the worst and 
most enduring nature, and is the stron- 

fest word in our language to express 
ostile feelings. 

RXn'oor-ous (rank/ur-us), a. Full 
of rancor ; evincing rancor. 

Ran'DOM, n. [A.-S. rr.ndun, force, 
violence ; fr. Icel. fond, margin, ex- 
tremity.] 1. A roving motion ; haz- 
ard; chance. 2. Range; reach. — a. 
Done without settled aim. 

Range, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Fr. 
ranger, from rang, a row.] 1. To 
dispose in the proper order or in sys- 
tematic order. 2. To rove or pass 
over. 3. To sail or pass in a direc- 
tion parallel to or near. — v. i. 1. 
To wander without restraint or direc- 
tion. 2. To be placed in order ; to 
admit of arrangement. 3. To be in 
a line with. — n. 1. A row of things 
in a line. 2. An order ; a class. 3. 
A cooking apparatus. 4. A wander- 
ing or roving. 5. Compass or extent ; 
scope. 6. Horizontal distance to 
which a projectile is carried. 7. 
That which may be traversed or 
ranged over. [ges. 

RAN'GER (ran'jer), n. One who ran- 

Rank, n. [0. H. Ger. hring, a cir- 
cle, a cireular row.] 1. A row or 
line. 2. A line of soldiers ; — opposed 
to file. 3. Degree ; grade. 4. An 
order ; a division. 5. High degree ; 
high social position. — v. t. [-ed; 
-ing.] 1. To place in a line. 2. 
To class. 3. To take precedence 
of; to outrank. — v. i. 1. To be 
ranged or placed. 2. To have a cer- 
tain grade or degree of elevation. — 
a. [-ER; -EST.] [A.-S. ranc. Cf. 
Rancid.] 1. Luxuriant in growth. 
2. Raised to a high degree. 3. Very 
rich and fertile. 4. Rancid; sour; 
musty. 5. Strong to the taste. 

Rank'le (rank/1), v.i. [-ed; -ing.] 
[From rank, a.] 1. To grow more 
rank or strong ; to be inflamed. 2. 
To become more violent. 

Rank'ly, adv. With vigorous growth. 

Rank'NESS, n. State of being rank. 

RaN'sack, v.t. [-ed; -ing.] [Goth. 
razn, house, and sdkia, to seek.] 1. 
To search thoroughly. 2. To pillage 
completely. 

Ran'som, n. [Fr. rang on, from Lat. 
redemptio. See REDEMPTION.] 1. 
Release from bondage. 2. Price paid 
for the redemption of a prisoner, or 
goods. — v.t. [-ED;-iNG.] Tore- 
deem from captivity, punishment, or 
forfeit, by paying an equivalent. 

RXn's6m-er, n. One who ransoms. 

RXnt, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [South Ger. 
rant, noise, noisy mirth.] To rave in 



violent, extravagant language. — n. 
Boisterous, empty declamation. 

Rant'er, n. A noisy talker; a bois- 
terous preacher. 

RXP, v. i. or*. l-PED; -PING.] [A.-S. 
hrepian, hreppian, to touch, H. Ger. 
raffen, to snatch up.] To strike with 
a quick, sharp blow. — v. t. [-PED; 
-PING.] [See supra.] 1. To snatch 
away. 2. To affect with ecstasy or 
rapture. — n. A quick, smart blow. 

Ra-PA'CIOUS, a. [Lat. rapax, rapacis, 
from rapere, to snatch away.] 1. 
Given to plunder. 2. Subsisting on 
prey. [manner. 

Ra-pa'CIoOs-ly, adv. In a rapacious 

Ra-pa'cious-ness, n. Quality of be- 
ing rapacious. 

Ra-pXc'i-TY, n. 1. Rapaciousness ; 
ravenousness. 2. Exorbitant greedi- 
ness of gain. 

RAPE,n. 1. [L. Ger. & D. rapen, to 
snatch away. See Rap.] Sexual 
intercourse with a woman against her 
will. 2. [Gr. pdirvs, pdcf>tK.] A plant 
belonging to the cabbage tribe. 

RXp'ID, a. [Lat. rapidus, from rapere, 
to snatch away.] 1. Very swift or 
quick. 2. Advancing with speed. — 
n. A sudden descent of a stream 
without actual waterfall; — usually 
in the pi. [being rapid. 

Ra-pid'i-ty, n. Quality or state of 

Rap'id-ly, adv. With great speed. 

Rap'id-ness, n. Swiftness ; speed. 

RA'PI-ER, n. [Fr. rapiere, fr. L. Ger. 
rapen, rappen, to snatch away, to 
fight.] A light sword with a very 
narrow blade. 

Rap'ine, n. [Lat. rapina, fr. rapere, 
to seize and carry off.] Act of plun- 
dering ; spoliation ; pillage. 

Rap/pa-ree', n. [See Rapier.] A 
wild Irish plunderer ; — so called 
from his half-pike. 

RAP-PEE', n. [Fr. rape, fr. raper, to 
grate.] A kind of snuff. 

RXp'per, n. One who raps ; specifi- 
cally, the knocker of a door. 

RXpt, imp. of Rap. 

Rapt'ure (rapfyur, 53), n. [Lat. 
rapere, raptum, to carry off by force.] 
State of being carried away from 
one's self by agreeable excitement ; 
extreme joy or pleasure. 

Rapt'UR-oDs, a. Ecstatic; trans- 
porting; ravishing. 

RARE (4), a. [-ER ; -EST.] [Lat. ra- 
rus, thin, rare.] 1. Not thick or 
dense; thin. 2. Thinly scattered; 
dispersed. 3. Seldom met with ; un- 
usual. 4. Unusually excellent. 

Syn.— Scarce; incomparable.— We call 
a thing rare when but few of the kind are 
ever to be met with. We speak of a thing 
as scarce, which, though usually abund- 
ant, is for the time being to be had only 
in diminished quantities. 
5. [A.-S. hrcre, Eng. raw.] Nearly 
raw ; imperfectly cooked. 

Rar'ee-show, n. [Contr. fr. rarity- 
show.] A show carried about in a 
box by a showman. 

Rar'e-fXc'tion, n. [See Rarefy.] 
Act of expanding bodies, by separat- 
ing the parts. 



6r, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK; fjRN,RUE,PVLL; E, I, O, silent j 9, &,sojl; c, 5,/wwrf/ Ag; E£IST ; 5fOiNG; THIS. 



RAREFIABLE 



350 



RAVEL 



RAR'E-FI'A-BLE, a. Capable of being 
rarefied. 

RAR'E-FY,f. t. [-ED; -ING, 142.] [Lat. 
rarefacere ; rants, rare, and facere, 
to make.] To make rare, thin, or 
less dense. ■ — v. i. To become thin 
and porous. 

RAre'ly, adv. 1. Seldom ; not often. 
2. Finely ; nicely. 

RAre'NESS, n. State of being rare. 

RARE 'RIPE, a. [From rare and ripe, 
or from rath-ripe.] Ripe before the 
usual season. 

RAR'l-TY,n. [Lat. raritas.] 1. State of 
being rare; tenuity. 2. Uncommon- 
ness. 3. A rare or uncommon thing. 

RAs'CAL (6), n. [A.-S. rascal, a lean, 
worthless deer.] A mean fellow ; a 
scoundrel ; a rogue. 

RAs-cXLL'lONfras-kaPyun), n. [From 
rascal.} A low, mean wretch. 

Ras-gAl'I-ty, n. Quality of being 
rascally; mean trickishness or dis- 
honesty. 

RAs'cal-ly, a. Meanly trickish or 
dishonest. 

Rase, v.t. [-ed; -ing.] [L. Lat. 
rasare, to scrape often, freq. form of 
radere, rasum, to scrape, shave.] 1. 
To graze. [Rare.] 2. To erase. 3. 
To level with the ground , to raze. 

Rash, a. [-er ; -est.] [0. II. Ger. 
rase, Icel. roskr.] 1. Hasty ; quick. 
2. Hasty in council or action. 3. Ut- 
tered or undertaken with too much 
haste. 

Syn. —Foolhardy ; adventurous. — A 
man is adventurous who incurs risk or 
hazard from a love of the arduous and 
the bold. A man is rash who does it from 
the mere impulse of his feelings, without 
counting the cost. A man is foolhardy 
who throws himself into danger in disre- 
gard or defiance of the consequences. 

— n. [From anhypoth. Lat. rasi- 
care, from radere, rasum, to scrape, 
scratch.] An eruption or efflores- 
cence on the body, with little or no 
elevation. 

RAsh'er, n. A thin slice of bacon. 

Rash'ly, adv. In a rash manner. 

RAsh'ness, n. Over-haste in resolv- 
ing on, or in undertaking, a measure. 

Rasp (3), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [From 
0. H. Ger. raspGn, to scrape togeth- 
er.] 1. To rub or file with a rasp. 
2. To grate harshly upon. — n. A 
species of coarse file. 

RAsp'a-TO-ry, h. A surgeon's rasp. 

RAsp'ber-ry (raz'ber-ry), n. [From 
rasp, so named from the roughness 
of the fruit.] The fruit of a species 
of bramble ; also, the shrub itself. 

RAs'URE (razh'yur), n. [Lat. rasura, 
fr. radere, rasum, to scrape, toshave.] 
A scraping, or erasing ; obliteration. 

EST, n. [A.-S. r&t.] 1. A small well- 
known animal. 2. One who deserts 
his party or associates. 

To smell a rat, to be suspicious. 

— v. t. [-TED; -TING.] 1. To desert 
one's former party or associates from 
interested motives. 2. To work at 
less than the established prices ; — a 
term used among printers. 

Rat'a-ble, a. 1. Capable of being 



rated. 2. Liable or subjected to tax- 
ation. 

RAT'A-FI'A (-fo'a), n. [Malay, arak, 
arrack, and tafia, a spirit distilled 
from molasses.] A sweet spirituous 
liquor, flavored with cherries, apri- 
cots, peaches, &c. 

Ra-tan', «. See Rattan. 

Ratch,?!. A ratchet. See Ratchet. 

RATCH'ET, n. [Fr. rochet, It. ror.chet- 
to,a spindle, fr. rocca, a distaff, Eng. 
rock.] A bar turning at one end 
upon a pivot, while the other end 
falls into the teeth of a wheel or 
rack, allowing the latter to move in 
one direction only ; detent; pawl. 

RATCH'ET-WHEEL, n. A circular 
wheel, having angular teeth, by 
which it may be moved forward, as 
by a lever and catch. 

Rate, n. [Lat. rata (sc. pars), fr. ra- 
tus, reckoned.] 1. Fixed allowance. 
2. Degree; standard; proportion. 3. 
A tax assessed by authority. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To set a certain 
estimate on. 2. To settle the rela- 
tive scale or rank of. 3. [Eng. rate, 
v. t., to estimate. Cf. Sw. rata, to 
blame, despise.] To chide with ve- 
hemence ; to scold. — v. i. 1. To 
have rank. 2. To make an estimate. 

RATH, a. [A.-S. hradh, hr'dd, quick, 
hasty. Cf. Ready.] Early. — adv. 
Early ; betimes. 

Rat-H'ER, adv. [A.-S. radhor, corn- 
par, of radhe, rddhe, quickly.] 1. 
More readily or willingly. 2. On the 
contrary. 3. Somewhat ; moderately. 
4. More properly. 

RAt'i-fi-ca'tion, n. Act of ratify- 
ing ; state of being ratified. 

RAT'l-FFER, n. One who ratifies. 

RXT'l-FY,t\ t. [-ed ; -ing, 142.] [Lat. 
ratus, fixed by calculation, firm, and 
facere, to make.] To approve and 
sanction ; to make valid. 

RA'TI-O (raVsht-o or ru'sho), n. [Lat., 
fr. reri, ratus, to reckon, judge.] Re- 
lation of quantity or magnitude to 
another of the same kind. 

Syn. — Proportion ; rate; degree. 

RX'TI-oc'l-NATE (rash'1-), v. i. [Lat. 
ratior.inari, -natus, fr. ratio, reason.] 
To reason deductively ; to offer rea- 
son. 

Ra'ti-oc'i-na'tion (rash'I-), n. Act 
or process of reasoning. 

Ra'tiojn (ra'shun), n. [From Lat. ra- 
tio, a reckoning, calculation.] A 
fixed allowance of provisions. 

Ra'tion-al. (rash'un-al), a. 1. Re- 
lating to the reason. 2. Having rea- 
son, or the faculty of reasoning. 3. 
Agreeable to reason ; not absurd. 

Syn.— Reasonable.— Rational has ref- 
erence to reason as a faculty of the mind, 
and if opposed to irrational; as, a ration- 
al being, a rational state of mind, rution- 
al views, &c. In these cases the specu- 
lative reason is more particularly re- 
ferred to. Reasonable has reference to 
the exercise of this faculty for practical 
purposes, and denotes governed or di- 
rected by reason ; as, reasonable desires, 
plans- &c; ai-easonable charge. 

RX'TION-A'LE (rash'un-a'le), n. 



[From Lat. rationales, rational.] An 
explanation of the principles of some 
action, phenomenon, &c, or the 
principles themselves. 

RA'tion-al-ism (rash'un-), n. A sys- 
tem of opinions deduced from rea- 
son alone ; an excessive reliance on 
reason. 

RA'TION-al-ist (r^sh/un-), n. Ono 
who relies on his reason as the solo 
authority in matters of religion. 

RA'TlON-AL-'lST'ie (rash'un-), a. Be- 
longing to, or in accordance with, 
rationalism. 

Ra'TION-al'1-ty (rash'un-), n. Qual- 
ity of being rational ; reasonable- 
ness. 

RA'tion-al-ly (rash'un-), adv. In a 
rational manner ; reasonably. 

Rat'line, n. A small line making 
the step of shrouds for ascending to 
the mast-heads. 

Ra-toon', n. [Sp. retono, retonar , 
to sprout again, as a plant which has 
been cut, fr. Lat. re, again, and tumi- 
dus, swelling.] A sprout from the 
root of the sugar-cane, which has 
been cut. 

Rats'bane, n. Poison for rats. 

Rat-tan', n. [Javanese rottang.] The 
stem of a plant growing in India, 
used for wicker-work, walking-sticks, 
and the like. 

Rat-teen', n. [Fr. ratine,^ ratiner, 
to friz, to nap cloth.] A thick wool- 
en stuff quilled or twilled. 

RAt'tle (rat'tl), v. i. [-ed; -ing.] 
[L. Ger. ratteln, rdteln.] To make a 
quick, sharp noise, rapidly repeated ; 
to clatter. — v.t. To cause to make 
a rapid succession of sharp sounds. 

— n. 1. Arapid succession of sharp, 
clattering sounds. 2. Clamorous 
chiding. 3. An instrument with 
which a clattering sound is made. 

RAt'tle-head'ed, a. Noisy ; giddy. 

RAt'tle-snAke, n. A 
poisonous snake hav- 
ing a rattle at the end 
of the tail. 

Rau'ci-ty, m. [Lat. 
raucitas.] Hoarseness. 

Rau'cous, a. [Lat. 
raucus, for ravicus, fr. 
ravus, gray-yellow, 
hoarse.] Hoarse; Eat tle-snake. 

harsh . 

Rav'age, n. [Fr. ravage, as if fr. a 
Lat. rapagium, from rapere, to carry 
off by force.] Yiolent ruin or de- 
struction. 

Syn. — Devastation ; desolation ; plun- 
der ; spoil ; waste ; ruin. 

— v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] To lay waste 
by force. 

Rav'a-ger, n.~ One who lays waste. 

Rave,i\ i. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat.ro- 
bere, to rave, rage.] 1. To be delir- 
ious. 2. To rush like a madman. 

RAV'JSL, V. t. [-ED, -ING ; or -LED, 
-LING, 137.] [0. D. ravelen.] 1. To 
take apart ; to unsew or unknit. 2. 
To disentangle. 3. To entangle : to 
make intricate. — v. i. To be un- 
twisted or disentangled. 




JL,£,I.d, U, Y .long; i,E,t, 5,U, ¥, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TlEM; PIQUE, FIRM; S6N, 



RAVELIN 



351 



RE-APPEAR 




Ravelin. 
bb, ravelin ; a, redoubt; 
CC, ditch ; E, passage 
from fortress to ravelin. 



RAVE'LIN (rav'lin), n. [Fr., fr. Lat. 
re, again, 
against, and J 

vallum , a 
ram par t , 
wall.] (Fort. | 
A detached 
work with 
two embank- 
ments mak- 
ing a salient 
angle. 

RA'VEN (ra'- 
vn), n. [A.- 
S. hr'&fen, 
hrefn, allied 
to Skr. kara- 
va.] A bird of a black color, allied to 
the crow. — v.t.ori. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[See infra, n.] 1. To obtain by vio- 
lence. 2. To devour with great eager- 
ness. — n. [Written also ravin, fr. 
rapine.] 1. Rapine ; rapacity. 2. 
Prey ; food obtained by violence. 

RXv'jEN-ING (rav'n-ing), n. Eager- 
ness for plunder. 

RXv'£N-o&s (rav'n-us), a. [From 
raven, prey, rapine.] 1. Hungry 
even to rage. 2. Eager for prey or 
gratification. 

Syn.— Voracious; rapacious ; greedy. 

Rav'jen-oOs-ly (rav'n-), adv. In a 
ravenous manner. 

Ra-v'ine' (ra-v5n', 126). n. [Fr., fr. 
Lat. rapere, to snatch away.] A deep 
and narrow hollow, usually worn by 
a stream ; a gorge. 

RAVISH, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Fr. ra- 
vir, Lat. rapere, to snatch or tear 
away.] 1. To seize and carry away 
by violence. 2. To carry away with 
joy or delight. 3. To commit rape on. 

Rav'ISH-ER, n. One who ravishes. 

Rav'ish-ment, 7i. [See Ravish] Act 
of ravishing, or state of being rav- 
ished ; rapture ; rape. 

RAW, a. [-ER ; -EST.] [A.-S. hreaw.] 
1. Not cooked. 2. Unprepared for 
use ; unfinished ; hence, unpracticed ; 
untried. 3. Untouched by art ; un- 
wrought. 4 Deprived of skin ; galled. 
5. Piercingly damp or cold. — n. A 
sore or galled place. [the bones. 

Raw'boned, a. Having little flesh on 

RAW'HIDE, n. A riding whip, of un- 
tanned leather twisted, [experience. 

RAWLY, adv. Unskillfully ; without 

Raw'ness, n. State of being raw. 

Ray, n. [Lat. radius, a beam or ray.] 
1. One of a number of Hues or parts 
diverging from a common center. 2. 
A radiating part of a flower or plant. 
3. One of the radiating bony spines 
of the fins of fishes. 4. [Lat. raia.] A 
genus of fishes including the skate, 
thorn back, and torpedo. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To send forth, or shoot 
out. 

Ray'less, a. Destitute of light : dark. 

Raze,i\ t. [-ED; -ING.] [See Rase.] 

1. To erase; to efface ; to obliterate. 

2. To lay level with the ground. 
Ra-zee', n. [From Fr. raser, to raze, 

to cut down ships.] An armed ship 
having her upper deck cut down. — 



v.t. [-ED; -ing.] To cut down to 
an inferior rate or class, as a ship ; 
hence, to prune or abridge. 

Ra'zor, n. [Lat. rasorium. See RAZE.] 
An instrument to remove the beard. 

Raz'Ure (rizh'ur), n. [See Rasure.] 
Act of erasing ; erasure. 

Reach, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
rxcan, rxccan, to extend, stretch 
out, and recian, reccan, to extend.] 
1. To extend , to stretch. 2. To pass 
to another ; to hand over. 3. To ob- 
tain by stretching forth the hand. 
4. To extend an action, effort, or in- 
fluence to. 5. To stretch out as far 
as. 6. To get as far as. 7. To attain 
to; to gain. — v. i. 1. To stretch 
out the hand. 2. To be extended, 
&c, so as to touch, attain to, or be 
equal with something. — h. 1. Act 
of stretching ; extension : power of 
reaching. 2. Extent of force or ca- 
pacity. 3. Stretch ; expanse ; hence, 
influence ; result. 4. An extended 
portion of land or water. 5. An arti- 
fice to obtain an advantage 

Re-act', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To do 
over again. — v.i. 1. To resist by 
an opposite force. 2. To exercise a 
reciprocal or a reverse effect. 

Re-A€'tion, n. 1. Any action in re- 
sisting other action or power. 2. 
Mutual action of chemical agents 
upon each other. 3. Depression or 
exhaustion consequent on over exer- 
tion. 4. Backward tendency from 
revolution or progress. 

Re-ag'tion-A-ry, a. For, or imply- 
ing, reaction. 

Re-act'ive, a. Having power, or 
tending, to react. 

Read, v.t. [read; reading.] [A.-S. 
redan, to read, declare.] 1. To go 
over, as words, and utter aloud, or 
recite to one's self inaudibly ; to pe- 
ruse. 2. To know fully ; to compre- 
hend. 3. To learn by observation. — 
v. i. 1. To perform the act of read- 
ing. 2. To learn by reading. — a. 
"Versed in books ; learned. 

Read'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
read ; worth reading. 

Read'er, n. 1. One who reads. 2. A 
book containing exercises in reading. 

Read'er-ship, n. Office of reading 
prayers in a church. 

Read'i-ly, adv. 1. Quickly; prompt- 
ly. 2. Cheerfully. [being ready. 

Read'i-ness, n. State or quality of 
Stx. — Facility; promptitude; knack; 
skill; dexterity. See Facility. 

Read'ing, n. 1. Act of one who 
reads ; perusal. 2. Study of books. 
3. The way in which any thing reads. 

Read'ing-room, n. A room pro- 
vided with papers, periodicals, &c, 
to which persons resort for reading. 

Re'-ad-just', v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
put in order again. 

Re'-ad-mIs'SION (-mish'un), n. Act 
of admitting again, or state of being 
admitted again. 

RE'-AD-MIT', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
admit again. [mittance. 

Re'-ad-MIT'TANCE, n. A second ad- 



REad'y.ct. [-er; -est, 142.] [A.-S. 
rad, rsede, hrad. Cf. Rath.] 1. 
Prepared ; not behindhand or back- 
ward. 2. Prepared in mind or dis- 
position. 3. Quick in action of any 
kind. 4. Not occasioning delay. 5 
On the point ; about. 
Syx. — See Prompt. 

— adv. In a state of preparation SC 
as to need no delay. 

RE/-AF-FIRM', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] Tc 
affirm a second time. 

RE-A'GENT, n. (Chan.) A substanco 
used to detect the presence of othei* 
bodies ; a test. 

Re'al, a. [L. Lat. realis,fv. Lat. res, 
a thing.] 1. Actually being or exist- 
ing. 2. Not artificial or counterfeit. 
3. Pertaining to things permanent or 
immovable, as lands and tenements. 
Srx.— Actual. — Real represents a 
thing^ to be a substantive existence; as, 
a real, not imaginary occurrence. Actuai 
refers to it as acted or performed; and. 
hence, when we wish to prove a thing 
real, we often say, "it actually exists, 
" it has actually been done." 

Re'al-Ts_M, n. Tenets of the realists. 

Re'al-ist, n. One who maintains 
that generals, or the terms used to 
denote the genera and species of 
things, represent real existences. 

Re ; AL-IST'I€, a. Pertaiuing to, or 
characteristic of, the realists. 

Re-al/i-ty, n. 1. State or quality of 
being real ; fact. 2. That which is 
real ; an actual existence. 

Stx.— Truth; fact; verity; certainty. 

Re'al-Iz'a-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing realized. 

Re'al-i-ZA'tion, n. Act of realizing, 
or state of being realized. 

Rl'AL-IZE, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To make real. 2. To cause to seem 
real. 3. To convert into real prop- 
erty. 4. To gtin ; to get. 

Stx. — To accomplish ; effect ; com- 
plete; consummate. 

— v. i. To receive property, espe- 
cially in money. [actually. 

Re'al-ly, adv. With or in reality ; 

REALM, n. [0. Fr. realme, reaume, 
fr. Lat. regalis, royal.] 1. A royal 
jurisdiction; kingdom. 2. Province; 
region : department. 

Ream, n. [From Or. dpi0/u.o?, a num- 
ber, quantity.] A package of paper, 
consisting of twenty quires. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] [Ger. rdiimen. to clear 
away, fr. raum, room.] To enlarge 
or dress out, as a hole. 

RE-AN'I-MATE,r. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
infuse new life, vigor, or spirit into. 

Re'-an-nex', v. t. [-ED ; -ING] To 
annex again. 

Reap,v. t. [-ed;-ING.] [A.-S. rlpan, 
to seize, reap.] 1. To cut with % 
sickle, as grain. 2. To gather; tor&. 
ceive as a reward, or result. — v.i 
1. To perform the act of reaping. 2 
To receive the fruit of labor. 

Reap'er, n. 1. One who reaps. 2. 
A machine for cutting grain. 

Re'-ap-pear', v. i. [-ed; -ing.] To 
appear a second time. 



( 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK ; URN, RUE, PULL ) E, I, O, silent j C,G, so/*/ €,G t hard; AS/, EJCIST; NOJNG: 



RE-APPEARANCE 



352 



RECEPTACLE 



Re'-Xp-PEAR'ANCE, n. A second ap- 
pearance. 

RE'-AP-POINT', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To appoint again. [appointment. 

Re'-ap-point'ment, 7i. A second 
Rear, n. [Lat. retro, behind, back- 
ward.] Back or hindmost part ; part 
of an army or fleet which comes last. 

— a. Hindmost. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[A.-S. rseran, to raise, rear, allied to 
rasian, to raise.] To bring up or to 
raise to maturity, as young. — v. i. 
To rise up on the hind legs, as a 
horse. 

itEAR'-XD'Mi-RAL, n. An officer next 
in rank after the vice-admiral. 

Rear'-guard (72), n. The body of 
an army that marches in the rear of 
the main body to protect it. 

Rear'-rank, n. Hindermost rank 
of a body of troops. 

Eear'-ward, »j. 1. The rear-guard. 

2. Hind or latter part ; end. 
Re'-AS-cend', v. i. To mount again. 
REASON (r5'zn), n. {Fr. raison, Lat. 

ratio, fr. reri, ratus, to reckon, think.] 

1. A thought or consideration, as 
bearing on a determination or an 
opinion. 2. Faculty or capacity of 
the human mind by which it is dis- 
tinguished from the inferior animals. 

3. Due exercise of the reasoning fac- 
ulty ; propriety ; justice ; order. 4. 
Laws by which the universe is sup- 
posed to be constructed and governed. 

— v. i. [-ED;-ING.] 1. To exercise 
the rational faculty. 2. 'To debate. 

Syn. — To discuss; argue; examine. 

— v. t. 1. To examine by arguments. 

2. To persuade by reasoning. 
Rea'son-a-ble (re'zn-a-), a. 1. Hav- 
ing the faculty of reason. 2. Gov- 
erned by, or agreeable to, reason. 3. 
Within due limits. 4. Considerable. 

Syn. — See Rational. 

Rea'§on-a-ble-ness, n. Agreeable- 
ness to reason ; moderation. 

Rea'son-a-bly, adv. In consist- 
ency with reason ; moderately. 

REA'gON-ER,^. One who reasons. 

Rea'§on-ing, n. Act or process of 
deriviug conclusions from premises. 

RE'-AS-SEM'BLE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To assemble or collect again. 

Re'-as-sErt', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
assert again. 

Re'-as-sEr'tion, n. A second asser- 
tion of the same thing. 

Re'-as-sign' (-sin''), v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] To assign or transfer back. 

Re'-as-sur'ance f-shur'aas), n. As- 
surance^ confirmation repeated. 

Re'-AS-SURE* {-ash-sh^r-'), v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To assure anew ; to free from 
fear. [baptize a second time. 

Re'BAP-TIZE', V.t. t [-ED; -ING.] To 

Ee-bate', v. t. [Fr. -ebattre ; re, 
again, against, and battre, to beat.] 

1. To blunt. 2. To make adscounfc 
from for prompt payment. 3. To rab- 
bet^ [See RABBET.] — n. A rabbet. 

&E-BATE'MENT, n. 1. Diminution. 

2. Deduction of nterest, or any sum, 
&c, on account of prompt payment. 



Re'BEC, n. [From Ar. rabab, a musi- 
cal instrument of a round form.] 
A kind of violin formerly used. 

Reb'el, n. [See Rebel, v. »:.] One 
who revolts from the government to 
which he owes allegiance. 

Syn. — Insurgent. — Insurgent marks 
an early, and rebel a more advanced, 
stage of opposition to government. The 
former rises up against his rulers, the 
latter makes war upon them. 

— a. Acting in revolt ; rebellious. 
Re-be \J,v.i. [-led; -ling.] [Lat. re- 

bellare, to make war again.] To re- 
volt; to take up arms against the 
government. 

RE-BELL'ION, n. [Lat. rebellio. See 
supra.] Act of rebelling ; open re- 
sistance to lawful authority. 
Syn.— See Insurrection. 

Re-BELL'IOUS (-yus), a. Engaged in, 
or marked by , rebellion . 

Re-BELl'ious-ly (-yus-), adv. In a 
rebellious manner. 

Re-bound', v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
spring back ; to start back ; to be 
reverberated. — v.t. To drive back ; 
to reverberate. — n. Act of flying 
back on collision with another body. 

Re-buff', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Pre- 
fix re aud buff.] To beat back; to 
check; to repel violently. — n. 1. 
A beating back ; sudden resistance. 
2. Sudden check. 

Re-build' (-bud'), v. t. [-built ; 
-ing.] To build or construct anew. 

Re-buk'A-ble, a. Worthy of rebuke. 

Re-buke', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [0. Fr. 
rebouguer, to enfeeble, diminish, bou- 
qv.er, to grumble, partly fr. bouque, 
mouth, and partly fr. Icel. burka, to 
subdue.] To check, silence, or put 
down with reproof. 
Syn. — See Admonish. 

— n. A direct and pointed reproof; 
reprimand ; punishment. 

Re-buk'er, n. One who rebukes. 

Re'bus, n. ; pi. RE'BUS-Eg. [From 
Lat. rebus, by things.] Enigmatical 
representation of words by figures. 

Re-but', v. t. [-ted; -ting.] [See 
BUTT.] 1. To repel by force. 2. To 
oppose by argument. 

Re-BUT'ter, n. Answer of a defend- 
ant in matter of fact to a plaintiff's 
surrejoinder. 

Re-cXl'CI-trant, a. Showing re- 
pugnance or opposition. 

Re-cXl'CI-TRATE, v. i. [Lat. recal- 
citrate, -tratum ; re and calcitrare, to 
kick.] To kick against any thing ; 
hence, to express repugnance. 

Re-cXl'ci-tra'tion, n. A kicking 
back ; repugnance. 

RE-CALL', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
call back ; to summon to return. 
2. To revoke : to annul. 3. To call 
to mind; to recollect. — n. A call- 
ing back ; revocation. 

Re-cXnt',^ t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. re- 
cantare ; re, again, back, and cantare, 
to sing, sound.] To contradict, as a 
former declaration ; to take back. 

Syn. — To renounce. — To renounce is 
to abandon an opinion or doctrine ; to 



recant is formally and distinctly *o dis- 
avow it as a serious error. It of course 
implies that we adopt the opposing truth. 
— v. i. To revoke a declaration. 

Re'cant-a'tiqn, n. Act of recant- 
ing ; retraction. 

RE'€A-PIT'U-LATE,t\ I. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. recapitulate, -latum.; re, again, 
and capitulum, a small head, a sec- 
tion.] To give a summary of the 
principal facts, points, or arguments 
of. 
Syn. — To reiterate ; repeat; rehearse. 

Re'ca-pit'u-la'tion, n. Summary. 

Re'ca-pit'u-la-to-ry (50), a. Con- 
taining recapitulation. [prisal. 

Re-cXp'tion, n. Act of retaking; re- 

Re-cXpt'ure (53), n. 1. Act of re- 
taking. 2. A prize retaken. — v. t. 
[-ed ; -ing.] To retake; especially, 
to retake a prize which had been 
previously taken. 

Re-cast', v. t. [-cast; -casting.] 1. 
To throw again. 2. To throw into a 
new form or shape. 3. To compute 
a second time. 

Re-cede', v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
recedere ; re, again, back, and cede.re, 
to go.] To move back ; to retreat. — 
v. t. To cede back ; to yield to a 
former possessor. 

RE-CEIPT' (-seet'), n. [Lat. recipere, 
receptum, to receive.] 1. Act of 
receiving ; reception. 2. Power of 
receiving ; capacity. 3. Place of re- 
ceiving. 4. A recipe. 5. A written 
acknowledgment of payment. 6. 
That which is received. — v. t. [-ed; 
-ING.] To give a receipt for. — v. i. 
To give a receipt. [received. 

RE-CEiv'A-BLE,a. Capable of being 

Receive', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Fr. 
recevoir, Lat. recipere, from re, again, 
and caper e, to take, seize.] 1. To 
take, as something that is offered, 
given, committed, or paid, &c. 2. 
To gain the knowledge of. 3. To 
give admittance to, in an official ca- 
pacity. 4. To hold ; to contain. 
Syn. — To accept. — To receive de- 



scribes simply the act. of taking; to ac- 
cept, the takfng cordially or for the pur- 
pose for which a thing is offered. A lady 



may receive the proposal of a suitor with- 
out accepting! his suit. 

Re-CEIV'er, n. One who, or that 
which, receives in any manner. 

RE'CEN-CY, n. Quality of being re- 
cent; newness; freshness. 

Re-cen'sion, n. [Lat. recensio, from 
re, again, and censere, to value.] 1. 
Critical review ; examination ; enu- 
meration. ?,. A text established by 
critical revision. 

Re'CENT, a. [Lat. recens, recentis.] 
1. Of late origin or occurrence. 2. 
( Geol. ) Of a date subsequent to tho 
creation of man. 

Re'CENT-ly, adv. Newly ; lately. 

Re'9ENT-ness, n. Lateness of ori- 
gin or occurrence. 

Re-cep'ta-cle (113), n. [Lat. recep- 
taculum; recipere, to receive.] 1. A 
receiver or holder ; a reservoir. 2. 
Apex of the flower-stalk from which 
the organs of the flower grow. 



A, E, i, 6,0, y, long; X, £,X, o,u,y, sAor* ,• care , fXr, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; p'iquf, firm; son, 



RECEPTACULAR 



353 



RECOMPENSE 



REC'ep-tac'u-lar (110), a. Relating 
to the receptacle, or growing on it. 

Re-CEP'ti-bil'I-ty, n. Quality of be- 
ing receptible ; capacity of receiving. 

Re-CEP'TION, n. [Lat. receptio, from 
recipere, receptum.] 1. Act of re- 
ceiving. 2. State of being received. 
3. Manner of receiving for entertain- 
ment ; hence, an occasion of receiv- 
ing guests. 4. Admission, as of an 
opinion or doctrine. 

Be-cep'tIve, a. Able or inclined to 
take in, hold, or contain. 

RE-CESS', re. [Lat. recessus. See RE- 
CEDE.] 1. A withdrawing or retir- 
ing. 2. State of being withdrawn ; 
seclusion. 3. Suspension of business ; 
intermission. 4. Part of a room 
formed by the receding of the wall. 

Re-CES'SION (-sesh'un), re. [Lat. re- 
cessio. See Recede.] Act of reced- 
ing or withdrawing. [in return. 

Re-charge', v. t. To charge anew or 

Re-char'ter, r. (. [-ed;-ing.] To 
charter again ; • to grant another 
charter to. 

Recherche (rtth-sher'sha'), a. 
[Fr.] Sought out with care ; hence, 
of studied elegance. [ond time. 

Re-choose', v. t. To choose a sec- 

Rec'i-pe, n. ; pi. rec'i-pes. [Lat. 
imper. of recipere, to receive.] A pre- 
scription for making some combina- 
tion, [of being recipient. 

Re-cip'I-en-cy, re. State or quality 

Re-^ip'i-ent, a. [Lat. recipiens, -en- 
tis, receiving.] Receiving. — re. A 
receiver. 

RE-ciP'RO-CAL, a. [Lat. reciprocus.] 

1. Recurring in vicissitude. 2. Done 
by each to the other. 3. Mutually 
interchangeable. 

Syx. - Mutual. — The distinctive idea 
of mutual is, that the parties unite by in- 
terchange in the same act ; as, a mutual 
covenant, mutual, affection, &c. The dis- 
tinctive idea of reciprocal is that one 
party acts by way of return or response 
to something previously done by the 
other party ; as, a reciprocal kindness, 
reciprocal reproaches. &c. The ebbing 
and flowing of the tide is a case where 
the action is reciprocal, but not mutual. 

— re. 1. That which is reciprocal. 

2. The quotient arising from divid- 
ing unity by any quantity. - 

Re-cTp'RO-cal-ly, adv. Mutually ; 
interc han geably . 

RE-Ofp'RO-CATE, V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. reciprocate, -catum. See RE- 
CIPROCAL.] To act interchange- 
ably; to alternate. — v. t. To give 
and return mutually. 

Re-cIp'RO-ca'tion, re. Act of recip- 
rocating ; interchange of acts. 

REc'I-proc'I-ty, re. 1. Mutual ac- 
tion and reaction. 2. Reciprocal 
advantages, oblitrations, or rights. 

Re-CI3'ION (-sTzh'un), re. [Lat. re- 
cisio, from recidere, to cut off.] Act 
of cutting off. 

Re-cit'al, re. 1. Repetition of the 
words of another, or of a writing. 2. 
Narration. 3. That which is recited ; 
a story. 

Stx. — Account ; rehearsal ; recita- 



tion ; description ; detail ; narrative. 
See Account. 

Rec'I-ta'tion, re. Act of reciting ; 
rehearsal. 

Rec'i-ta-tive', re. A species of mu- 
sical recitation in which the words 
are delivered in a manner resembling 
that of ordinary declamation. 

Re-c;Ite', v. t. or i. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. recitare, from re, again, and 
citare, to call, to cite.] 1. To repeat, 
as something already prepared or 
committed to memory. 2. To tell 
over ; to go over in particulars. 

Reck, v. i. [A.-S. recan, to care for.] 
To take heed ; to care. 

Reck'less, a. Rashly or indifferent- 
ly negligent. 

Reck'less-ness, re. State or quality 
of being reckless ; heedlessness. 

Reck'on (rek'n), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[A.-S. recnan, recnian.] 1. To make 
or render account of. 2. To count 
as in number, rank, or series. — v. i. 

1. To go through with a calculation. 

2. To make up accounts. 3. To 
think; to suppose. [Prov. and vul- 
gar.] See Guess and Calculate. 

Reck'on-er, re. One who reckons. 

Reck'on-ing, re. 1. Act of one who 
reckons ; calculation ; — in specific 
uses, adjustment of claims and ac- 
counts ; hence, exaction of penalty 
incurred. 2. Charges made by a host. 

3. Esteem ; estimation. 4. A calcula- 
tion of the ship's position from ob- 
servations recorded in the log-book. 

Re-claim', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
reclamare ; re, again, back, and 
clamare, to call.] 1. To reduce from 
a wild to a tamed state. 2. To reduce 
to a desired state. 3. To demand as 
a right the return of. 

Srx. — To reform ; recover ; restore ; 
amend ; correct. 

Re-claim'a-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing reclaimed. 

Re-claim'ant, re. One who makes 
reclamation. 

REC'LA-MA'TION. n. [Lat. reclama- 
tion 1. Recovery. 2. Demand of 
something to be restored. 

RE€'LI-NATE,a. Reclined, or bent 
downward, as a leaf. 

Rec'li-na'tion, re. Act of leaning. 

Re-cline', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Lat. 
reclinare; re, again, back, and cli- 
nare, to lean, incline.] To lean back ; 
to lean to one side, or sidewise. — v. 
i. To rest or repose. [again. 

Re-close', v.t. [-ed;-ing.] To close 

RE-CLUSE', a. [Lat. reclusus, fr. re- 
cludere, to unclose, open, but with a 
signification directly opposite.] Se- 
questered : retired from the world or 
from public notice; solitary. — n. 
One who lives in seclusion ; a relig- 
ious devotee. 

Re-cluse'ly, adv. In retirement. 

Re-cluse'ness, } re. Retirement ; se- 

Re-clu's.ion, { elusion from so- 
ciety, [from society. 

Re-CLU'sIve, a. Affording retirement 

Rec'OG-NI'tion (-nish/un), re. Act 
of recognizing, or state of being rec 



ognized ; acknowledgment ; formal 
avowal. 

Rec'og-niz'a-ble, or Re-cog'ni- 
ZA-ble, a. Capable of being recog- 
nized. 

Re-€6g'ni-zance (re-kog'm-zans or 
re-kdn'T-zans), re. [See infra, and cf. 
Cognizance.] 1. Acknowledgment 
of a person or thing ; avowal. 2. 
(Law.) An obligation of record, with 
condition to do some particular act. 
EST- Among lawyers, the g in this and 
the related words (except recognize) is 
usually silent. 

Rec'OG-NIZE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
recognoscere ; re, again, and cogno- 
sces, to know.] 1. To know again ; 
to recall knowledge of. 2. To avow 
knowledge of; to allow that one 
knows. 
Sy.v. — See Acknowledge. 

Re-cog'ni-zee' (-kog'- or -kon'-), n. 
One to whom a recognizance is made. 

Re-cog'ni-zor' (or -ken'-), re. One 
who enters into a recognizance. 

Re-coil', v. i. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
re, again, back, and cuius, the pos- 
teriors.] 1. To start, roll, bound, or 
fall back. 2. To draw back as from 
any thing repugnant or alarming; 
to shrink. — re. 1. A starting or fall- 
ing back. 2. Reaction of fire-arms 
when discharged. [anew. 

Re-coin', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To coin 

Rec'ol-lect', r. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Prefix re, and collect.] To recover 
or recall the knowledge of; to bring 
back to the mind. 

Re'-col-lEct', v. t. To collect again. 

REc'OL-lEc'TION, re. 1. Act of recol- 
lecting, or recalling to the memory. 
2. Power of recalling ideas to the 
mind, or period within which things 
can be recollected; remembrance. 3. 
That which is recollected ; reminis- 
cence. 

Syn. — Remembrance. — Recollection 
differs from remembrance, asitis the con- 
sequence of volition, or an effort of the 
mind to recall ideas; whereas remem- 
brance implies no such volition. See 
Memory. 

RE'COJI-MENCE', V.t. [-ED; -ING.J 
To begin anew. 

RECOM-3IEND', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
1. To commend to the favorable no- 
tice of another. 2. To make accepta- 
ble. 3. To advise, as an action, meas- 
ure, or the like. 

REC'OM-MEND'A-BLE.a. "Worthy of 
recommendation or praise. 

RECOM-MEN-DA'TION, n. 1. Act of 
recommending. 2. That which com- 
mends to favor. 

REc'om-mEnd'a-to-ry (50), a. Serv- 
ing to recommend, [commit again. 

RE'COM-MYt', V. t. [-TED ; -TING.] To 

Re/com-mit'ment, 1 re. A renewed 

Re'com-mit'tal, J commitment. 

REC'OM-PENSE, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[L. Lat. recompensare ; re, again, and 
compensate , to compensate.] 1. To 
render an equivalent to, for service, 
loss, &c. 2. To pay for. — re. An 
equivalent returned for any thing 
given, done, or suffered. 



( 



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23 



RECONCILABLE 



354 



RECUSANT 



REc'on-cil/a-ble (110), a. Capable 
of being reconciled. 

REC'ON-CILE' (110). V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. reconciliare ; re, again, back, 
and conciliare, to bring together.] 1. 
To conciliate anew. 2. To bring to 
acquiescence. 3. To make consistent 
or congruous. 4. To adjust; to settle. 

REC'ON-CILE'MENT (110), n. Act of 
reconciling, or state of being recon- 
ciled, [ciles. 

Rec'on-cil'ER, n. One who recon- 

Rec'on-^Ll/i-a'tion, n. Act of rec- 
onciling, or state of being reconciled ; 
restoration to harmony. 

Rec'on-cil'i-a-to-ry (50), a. Serv- 
ing or tending to reconcile. 

Rec'on-dite , or Re-con'dite, a. 
[Lat. reconditus, p. p. of recondere, 
to lay up, to conceal, from re, again, 
and condere, to bring together.] 1. 
Hidden from the view or intellect. 2. 
Dealing in things abstruse. 

RE-eoN'lVATS-SAIVpE, I 71. [Fr.] 

RE-eojv'NOis-SANfE, I Exami- 
nation of a tract of country, either 
in warlike movements or for carrying 
on public works. 

REe'ON-NOl'TER, )t)J. [Fr. recon- 

REc'ON-NOl'TRE, I no'itre, recon- 
naitre. See Recognize.] To ex- 
amine by the eye ; to survey with 
a view to military or engineering op- 
erations. 

Re-con'quer (-konk'er), v. t. [-ed ; 
[-ING.] To recover by conquest. 

RE'CON-SID'ER, V. I. [-ED; -ING.] 
To consider again ; to review. 

Re'con-sId'er-A'TION, n. Act of 
reconsidering, or state of being re- 
considered. 

Re'CON-STRLCT', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To construct again. 

Re'con-strug'tion, n. Act of con- 
structing again. 

Re'con-vey', v. t. [-ed; -ING.] To 
convey back or to the former place. 

Re'€ON-vey'ance,«. Act of recon- 
veying. 

Re-cord', v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
record ari, to remember ; re, again, 
back, and cor, cordis, heart.] To pre- 
serve the memory of, by committing 
to writing, printing, or the like. 

REC'ORD, n. A register ; an authentic 
copy or account, entered in a book 
for preservation. 

Re-€6rd'er, n. 1. One who records. 
2. Chief judicial officer of some cities 
and boroughs. [corder. 

RE-eORD'ER-SHlP, rt. Office of a re- 

Re-count', v. t. [-ed; -inc.] [Fr. 
reconter, to relate again or over again. 
See Count, v.] To relate in detail ; 
to narrate the particulars of. 

Re-course', n. [Lat. rerursus; re- 
currere, to run back.] 1. Return. 
2. Recurrence in difficulty, perplex- 
ity, or need, &c. ; resort. 

Re-c6v'er (-kuVer), v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] [0. Fr. recovre.r, Lat. recupe- 
rare ; re, back, and capere, to take.] 
1. To get or obtain again. 2. To re- 
pair the loss or injury of. 3. To bring 
back to life or health. 4. (Law.) To 



gain as a compensation. — v. i. 1. 
To regain health after sickness. 2. 
(Law.) To succeed in a lawsuit. 

Re-cov'er-a-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing recovered or restored. 

Re-c6v'er-y (-kuv'er-), n. 1. Act 
of recovering. 2. Restoration from 
sickness, misfortune, or the like. 3. 
The obtaining of a right to some- 
thing by a judgment of co'irt. 

Syn. — Restoration. — Recove.v; is act- 
ive, restoration is passive. I must my- 
self be instrumental in the recovtry of 
my property that is stolen; not so in res- 
toration, for which I am wholly indebted 
to the act of another. 

REC'RE-AN-CY, n. Quality of being 

recreant. 
REc'RE-ANT, a. [Norm. & 0. Fr. 

recreant, cowardly, fr. Lat. re, again, 

back, and credere, to be of opinion ; 

hence, orig. to disavow one's opinion.] 

1. Cowardly; craven. 2. Apostate; 
false. — n. A mean-spirited cowardly 
wretch. 

RE€'RE-ATE,V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
recreare, -atum ; re, again, and cre- 
are, to create.] To give fresh life to ; 
to revive ; especially to refresh from 
weariness. [anew. 

Re'CRE-ate', v. t. To create or form 

IlECRE-A'TION, n. Refreshment of 
the strength and spirits after toil. 

Re'CRE-a'TION, n. A forming anew. 

REc're-a'tive, a. Tending to rec- 
create or refresh ; diverting. 

REC'RE-MENT, n. [Lat. recrementum; 
re, again, and cernere, cretum, to sep- 
arate.] Superfluous matter sepa- 
rated from that which is useful ; 
dross. 

ReCre-ment'AL, a. Consisting of 
separated superfluous matter ; dros- 
sy. 

RE-CRIM'I-NATE , t\ i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. re, again, and criminari, to ac- 
cuse of a crime.] To return one ac- 
cusation with another. 

Re-crim'i-na'tion, n. Return of 
one accusation with another. 

RE-CRlM'1-NA/TlVE, ) a. Retorting 

Re-crJm'I-na-to-RY, ] accusation ; 
recriminatory. 

Re-CRUIT', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Fr. 
recrutcr, fr. recroltre, p. p. recru, to 
grow again.] 1. To repair by fresh 
supplies. 2. To renew in strength or 
health ; to re-invigorate. — v. i. To 
gain new supplies of any thing 
wasted ; esp. to gain new supplies of 
men for military or other service. — 
n. 1. Supply of any thing wasted. 

2. A newly -enlisted soldier. 
Re-cruit'ment, n. Act or business 

of recruiting. 

Rect'an-gle, n. 
[Lat. rectus, right, 
and anguhts, an- 
gle.] A right-an- 
gled parallelogram. 

Rect-an'gu-lar, a 

Rec'ti-fPa-ble, a. 
ing rectified. 

REC'TI-FI-CA'TION, n. 1. Act or op- 
eration of rectifying. 2. Process of 



Rectangle. 
Right-angled. 
Capable of be- 



refining any substance by repeated 
distillation. [which, rectifies. 

Rec'ti-fi^eR, n. One who, or that 

Rec'ti-fy, v. t. [-ed;-ing,142.] [L. 
Lat. rectijicare, fr. Lat. rectus, right, 
and. facere, to make.] 1. To make 
straight or right. 2. To refine by 
repeated distillation or sublimation. 
Syn.— See Amend. 

Rec'ti-lin'e-al, { a: [Lat. rectus, 

Rec'ti-lin'e-ar, J right, and linea, 
line.] Consisting of a right line, or 
of right lines. 

Rec'ti-tude (30), n. [Lat. recti tudo, 
from rectus, straight.] Rightness of 
principle or practice ; uprightness. 
Syn. — Justice; integrity. 

RECTOR, n. [Lat., fr. regere, rectum, 
to lead straight, to rule.] 1. (Epis- 
copal Church.) A clergyman who has 
the charge of a parish. 2. Head of 
a public school, or of a convent. 

Rec'tor-ate (45), n. Office or sta- 
tion of a rector. 

Rec-to'ri-al (89), a. Pertaining to 
government, or to a rector, [rector. 

Rec'tor-ship, n. Office or rank of a 

Reg'TO-RY, n. 1. A parish church, 
parsonage, or living, with all its 
rights, tithes, &c. 2. A rector's 
mansion. 

Rec'tum, n. [Lat. (sc. intestinum), 
fr. rectus, straight, as it was formerly 
thought to be so.] Terminal part of 
the large intestines. 

Re-c0m'bence, n. State of being 
recumbent ; repose ; rest. 

Re-gOm'ben-cy, n. Recumbence. 

RE-ctJM'BENT, a. [Lat. recumbens, 
p. pr. of recumbere, fr. re, back, and 
cumbere, to lie down.] 1. Leaning; 
reclining. 2. Inactive. 

Re-gO'per-ate, v. i. [Lat. recu- 
perare, -ratum. See Recover.] To 
recover health. 

Re-€U'per-a-tjve, \ a. Tending to, 

Re-cu'per-a-to-ry, j or pertain- 
ing to, recovery. 

Re-cur', v. ?'. [-red ; -ring.] [Lat. 
recurrere ; re, again, back, and cur- 
rere, to run.] 1. To return again or 
repeatedly. 2. To occur at a stated 
interval. 3. To have recourse. 

Re-cur'RENCE, \n. Act of recur- 

Re-CUR-ren-cy, / ring ; return. 

Re-cur'rent, a. Recurring. 

Re-c0rv'ate, v. t. [Lat. recurvare, 
-vatum, from re, again, back, and 
curvare, to bend.] To bend or curve 
back. [outward. 

Re-cURV'ATE, a. Rent backward or 

Re'cur-va'tion, n. A bending or 
flexure backward. 

Re-curve', v. t. To bend back. 

Re-CURV'i-ty, n. Recurvation. 

RE-CURV'OUS, a. [Lat. recurvus ; re, 
again, back, and carvus, bent^ 
curved.] Rent backward. 

Re-cu'§ant, a. [Lat. recusans, re- 
fusing.] *(Eng. Hist.) Refusing to 
acknowledge the supremacy of the 
king, or to conform to the established 
rites of the church. — n. 1. One who 
refuses to acknowledge the suprem- 



I,e, i,o,u, \,long; i,E,L, 6,u, ¥, short; cAre, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, t£bm; pique, fIrm; son, 



RED 



355 



REFERABLE 



^V 



acy of the king in matters of relig- 
ion. 2. A non-con forniist. 

RED, a. [-DER; -DEST.] [A.-S.redrf, 
redd.] Of the color of blood, or of a 
tint resembling blood, — n. Color of 
blood, or a tint resembling this. 

RE-DA€'TION, n. [Lat. retligere, re- 
daction; re, again, back, and agere, 
to put in motion.] 1. The act of 
digesting, as literary or scientific ma- 
terials. 2. A digest 

Re -dan', n. [Fr. 
for 0. Fr. redent 
a double notch- 
ing, ..'rom Lat. re 
again, back, and 
dens, a tooth.] 

(Fort.) A work having two faces, 
that form a salient angle toward the 
enemy. 

Red'breast, n. A bird ; the robin. 

Red'dbn, v. t. or i. [-ED; -ing.] To 
make or become red ; to blush. 

Red'dish, a. Moderately red. 

Red'dish-ness, n. Redness in a mod- 
erate degree. 

Red-di'tion (-dlsh'un), n. [Lat. red- 
ditio ; redd ere, to give back.] Res- 
titution ; surrender. 

Re-deem', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
redimere ; re, again, back, and ernere, 
to buy.] 1. To purchase back; to 
repurchase. 2. To ransom from 
bondage, by paying an equivalent. 
3. To deliver from the bondage of 
sin and its penalties. 4. To fulfill, 
as a promise. [ing redeemed. 

RE-deem'a-ble, a. Capable of be- 

UE-DEEM'ER, n. One who redeems ; 
esp. the Savior, Jesus Christ. 

Re'de-liv'er, v. t. [-ED ; -jng.] To 
deliver back or again. 

Re'de-liv'er-y, n. A second deliv- 
ery or liberation. 

Re-demp'tion (84), n. [Lat. redemp- 
tion See Redeem.] Act of redeem- 
ing, or state of being redeemed ; 
sperifically, (a.) Liberation of an es- 
tate from a mortgage. (b.) (Com.) 
Repurchase of notes, or other evi- 
dences of debt. (c. ) Deliverance of 
sinners from the bondage of sin and 
its penalties. [deems himself. 

Re-demp'tion-er, n. One who re- 

Re-demp'tive, I a. Serving or 

Re-demp'to-ry, j tending to re- 
deem. 

REd'-gum, n. An eruption of red 
pimples in early infancy. 

Red'-h6t, n. Red with heat. 

RE-DlN'TE-GRATE,r. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. redintegrare ; -gratum ; re, 
again, and integrare, to make whole.] 
To make whole again ; to renew. 

Re-DIN'TE-GRA/TION, n. Restora- 
tion to a whole or sound state. 

Red'-lead, n. A preparation of lead 
of a fine red color. 

Red'ness, n. Quality of being red. 

REd'O-LENCE, In. Quality of being 

Red'o-len-cy, j redolent; sweet- 
ness of scent. 

Red'o-lent, a. [Lat. redolens.] Dif- 
fusing fragrance ; odorous. 

Re-doub'le (-dQb'l), v. t. [-ed; 



-ING.] To double again or repeated- 
ly ; to multiply. — v. i. To become 
repeatedly increased. 

Re-doubt' (re-douf), n. [L. Lat. re- 
ductus, lit. a retreat, fr. Lat. redu- 
cere, to lead or draw back.] (Fort.) 
An inclosed work of any polygonal 
form without re-entering angles. 

Re-doubt'A-BLE (-dout'),«. ILat. re, 
again, and dubitare, to doubt.] For- 
midable ; hence, valiant. 

Re-dound', v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
redundare ; re. again, back, and un- 
dare, to rise in waves.] 1. To roll 
back as a wave. 2. To come back as 
a consequence. 3. To be in excess. 

Red'ow-a, n. A slow and graceful 
kind of dance. 

Re-dress', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 1. To 
set right, as a wrong ; to remedy. 2. 
To make amends to. — n. Deliver- 
ance fr. wrong, injury, or oppression. 

Re-dress'i've, a. Giving redress. 

Red'-short, a. Brittle when hot. 

Red'top, n. A kind of grass. 

Re-duce', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
reducere ; re, again, back, and ducere, 
to lead.] 1. To bring to a state or 
condition specified ; to convert. 2. 
To bring to an inferior state, as to 
size, rank, value, &c. 3. To bring 
into subjection. 4. To bring into a 
certain order, arrangement, &c. 

Re-DU'CER, n. One who reduces. 

Re-du'^i-BLE, a. Capable of being 
reduced. 

RE-D(J€'TION, n. [Lat. reductio. See 
Reduce.] 1. Act of reducing, or 
state of being reduced ; conversion 
to a given state ; conquest. 2. The 
changing of numbers from one de- 
nomination to another without alter- 
ing their value. [of reducing. 

RE-DU€'T1VE, a. Haviug the power 

Re-dOn'DANCE, In. 1. Superfluity ; 

Re-dun'dan-cy, j superabundance. 
2. Any thing superfluous. 

Re-dun'DANT, a. [Lat. redundans. 
See Redound.] 1. Exceeding what 
is natural or necessary. 2. Using 
more words than are necessary. 

Re-du'pli-€ATE, v. t. To redouble. 

Re-du'pli-ca'tion, n. Act of doub- 
ling, or state of being doubled. 

RE-E€H'0, V. i. or i. [-ED; -ING.] 
To echo back ; to reverberate again. 

REED, n. [A.-S. hreod, redd.] 1. One 
of a family of plants, with hollow, 
jointed stems. 2. A rustic musical 
pipe. 3. An arrow. 4. A thin piece 
of metal, the vibrations of which 
produce the tones of a melodeon, &c. 
5. ( Weaving.) A frame through which 
the warp-threads pass. 

Reed'^.v (reed'n), a. Consisting of 
a reed or reeds. 

Reed'y. a. 1. Abounding with reeds. 
2. Having the quality of a reed in 
tone, that is, harsh and thick. 

REEF.n. 1. [D. reef, rif; A.-S. reaf, 
a garment, clothing.] A portion of 
a sail which is rolled up to contract 
the sail. 2. [Tcel. rif, prob. allied to 
rib.] A chain of rocks at or near 
the surface of water. — v. t. [-ED ; 



-ING.] To contract, as a sail, by 

rolling or folding. 
Reek, n. [A.-S. rvc, rcc] Vapor; 

steam; smoke. — r. i. [-ED; -ING.] 

To emit vapor ; to steam ; to smoke. 
Reek'y, a. Soiled with smoke or 

steam ; smoky. 
REEL,n. [A.-S. Iire6l,re6l. Cf- ROLL. I 

1. A frame on which yarn, thread, 
&c, are wound. 2. A lively whirl- 
ing dance. — v. t. [-ED; -ing.] To 
wind upon a reel. — v. i. To vacit* 
late in walking ; to stagger. 

Re'-e-le€T',v-'. [-ed; -ing.] To 
elect again. 

Re'-e-le€'tion, n. Election a sec- 
ond time, or repeated election. 

Re'-el'i-gi-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing re-elected. 

RE '-EM-BARK', t\ t. or i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To embark again. 

Reem'ing, n. [Cf. Ream, v. t.] The 
opening of the seams of vessels, for 
calking. 

Re'-en-X€T', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
enact again. [of a law. 

RE'-EN-.veT'MENT, n. The renewal 

RE'-EN-FORCE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To strengthen with new force, assist- 
ance, or support. — n. Part of a 
gun near the breech. 

Re'-en-force'MENT, n. 1. Act of 
re-enforcing. 2. That which re-en- 
forces ; additional force. 

Re'-en-gage', v. i. To engage again 
or anew. 

Re'-en-list', v. t. or i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To enlist again. 

RE-EN'TER, V. t. or i. [-ED; -ING.] 
To enter again or anew. [again. 

Re-EN'TRANCE, n. Act of entering 

Re'-es-tab'lish,^. t. To establish 
anew ; to fix or confirm again. 

Re'-es-tae'ltsh-ment, n. Act of 
establishing again; renewed confirm- 
ation. 

Reeve, v.t. [rove; reeving. Cf. 
Reef, «.] To pass, as the end of a 
rope, through any hole in a block, 
thimble, &c. 

Re'-ex-aM'I-na'tion, n. A repeated 
examination. 

RE'-EX-XM'INE, V.t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To examine anew. 

RE'-EX-PORT', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To export again. 

Re-fash'ion (-iash'un), v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] To fashion a second time. 

RE-FE€'TION, n. [Lat. refectio , from 
reftcere, -fectum, fr. re, again, and 
facere, to make.] Refreshment after 
hunger or fatigue ; a lunch. 

Re-fe€'tive, n. That which re- 
freshes ; refreshment. [ment. 

Re-fec'to-ry, n. A room for refresh- 

Re-fer' (14), v. t. [-red; -ring.] 
[Lat. referre ; re, again, and ferre, 
to bear.] 1 . To cai*ry or send back. 

2. To pass over to another authority 
for decision. 3. To assign to as a 
class, cause, motive, or reason. — v. i. 
1. To have recourse. 2. To have re- 
lation. 3. To direct attention. 

Ref'er-a-ble, a. Capable of being 
referred ; ascribable. 



( 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK.; fjRN, rue, PULL ; E, I, O, silent; C, d,soft; e. g, hard; AS. ; exist ; N as NG; THIS- 



REFEREE 



356 



REGARDFUL 



Ref'ER-EE', n. One to whom a thing, 
e.sp. a matter in dispute, is referred. 
Syn. — See Judge. 

ReF'er-ENCE, n. 1. Act of referring, 
or state of being referred. 2. Re- 
spect ; heed. 3. Allusion ; intima- 
tion. 4. One of whom inquiries can 
be made in regard to another. 5. A 
passage referred to. 

Re-f£r'ri-bl,E a. Admitting of be- 
ing referred ; referable. 

Ee-fine', v. t. or i. [-ED ; -ing.] To 
free from impurities ; to make or be- 
come pure. 

Syn. — To purify; clarify ; defecate. 

Re-FIN'ed-LY, adv. In a refined 
manner. 

Re-FINE'MENT, n. 1. Act of refining, 
or state of being refined. 2. High 
culture ; elegance. 3. An over-nice- 
ty ;_an affected subtilty. 

Re-fin'ER, n. One who refines. 

Re-fin'er-y, n. The place and appa- 
ratus for refining metals, sugar, &c. 

Re-fit", v. t. or i. [-ted; -ting.] 
To fit or prepare again ; to repair. 

RE-ELECT', V. t. [-EDJ-ING.] [Lat. 
reflectere, reflexum ; re, again, back, 
and flectere, to bend.] 1. To cause to 
return after striking upon any sur- 
face. 2. To give back an image of. 
— v. i. 1. To throw back light or 
heat, &c. 2. To rebound as from a 
surface. 3. To attend earnestly to 
■what passes within the mind. 4. To 
cast reproach . 

Re-FLE€'TION, n. [Written also re- 
flexion.] [Lat. reflexio. See RE- 
FLECT.] 1. Act of reflecting, or 
state of being reflected. 2. Capacity 
forjudging rationally, esp. in view of 
a moral rule or standard. 3. That 
which is produced by reflection ; es- 
pecially thoughts suggested by truth. 
4. Censure ; reproach cast. 

Re-flecT'ive, a. 1. Throwing back 
images. 2. Capable of exercising 
thought. 

Re-Flect'or. n. 1. One who reflects. 
2. A polished surface for reflecting 
light or heat, as a mirror, &c. 

Re'Flex, a. [See Reflect.] 1. Di- 
rected back; retroactive. 2. Pro- 
duced in reaction, resistance, or re- 
turn. 3. (Bot.) Bent back; reflect- 
ed. 4. (Physiol.) Produced by stim- 
ulus without the necessary interven- 
tion of consciousness. 

Re-flex'i-bTl'i-ty, n. Duality of 
being reflexible. [reflected. 

Re-flex'1-ble, a. Capable of being 

Re-flex'Ive, a. Bending or turn- 
ed backward ; reflective. 

REF'LU-ENCE, ) a. [From refluent.] 

Ref'lu-en-cY, J A flowing back. 

Ref'LU-ENT, a. [Lat. refluens, flow- 
ing back.] Flowing back ; ebbing. 

Re'flux (126), n. A flowing back, as 
of a fluid ; ebb. 

He-form', v. t. [-ED; -ing.] [Lat. 
reformare; re, again, and formare , to 
form.] 1. To form or shape anew. 2. 
To restore to a former good state, or 
bring from bad to good 
Syn.— See Amend. 



- v. , . To return to a good state ; 
to be amended. — n. Amendment of 
what is defective, vicious, corrupt, or 
depraved. 

Syn. —Reformation ; amendment ; 
correction. See Refokmation. 

Re-form', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
form anew or a second time. 

REF'OR-MA'TION, n. Act of reform- 
ing, or state of being reformed ; 
change from worse to better. 

Syn. — Reform. — Reformation is a 
more thorough and comprehensive 
change than reform. It is applied to sub- 
jects that are more important, and re- 
sults in changes which are more lasting. 

Re'FOR-ma'TION, n. Act of forming 
anew. [reformatory. 

Re-form'a-TiVE, a. Forming again ; 

Re-form'a-to-ry (50), a. Tending 
to produce reformation. 

Re-form'er, n. One who effects a 
reformation. 

Re-form'ist, n. One who is of the 
reformed religion. 

Re-fract', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat 
refringere, refractum ; re , again , back , 
and frangere, to break.] To cause to 
deviate from a direct course, as light. 

Re-FRA€'TION, n. 1. Act of refract- 
ing, or state of being refracted. 2. 
Change in the direction of a ray of 
light, heat, or the like. 

Re-FRA€T'ive, a. Serving or having 
power to refract. 

Re-FRA€T'o-RI-ness, n. 1. Perverse 
or sullen obstinacy. 2. Difficulty of 
fusion ; — said of metals. 

RE-FRA€T'0-RY,a. [Lat. refractarius. 
See Refract.] 1. Sullen or per- 
verse in opposition or disobedience. 
2. Difficult of fusion, as metals. 

REF'RA-GA-BLE, a. [Lat. refragari, 
to oppose, to resist.] Capable of be- 
ing refuted. 

RE-FRAIN'.tt. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [L. Lat. 
re frangere ; Lat. re, again, back, and 
frangere, to break.] To keep from 
action or within prescribed bounds. 

Syn. — To forbear; abstain. 
— n. The burden of a song. 

Re-FRAN'gi-bil'i-ty, n. Disposi- 
tion of rays of light to be refracted. 

Re-fran'gi-ble, a. [See Refract.] 
Capable of being refracted, as light. 

Re-fresh', v.t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
restore strength, spirit, animation, or 
the like, to. 

Re-fresh'ment, n. 1. Act of re- 
freshing, or state of being refreshed. 
2. That which refreshes ; esp. food. 

Re-FRIG'ER-ANT, a. Cooling; allay- 
ing heat. — n. That which abates 
heat. 

Re-frig'er-ate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. rcfrigerare, -ratum, fr. re, again, 
and frigus, f rigor is, coolness.] To 
cool ; to refresh. 

RE-FRtG/ER-A'TlON, n. Act of cool- 
ing ; state of being cooled. 

RE-FRiG'ER-A-TtvE, a. Cooling; al- 
laying heat ; refrigerant. — n. A 
cooling medicine. 

Re-frTEg'er-a'tor, n. 1. A box for 
keeping articles cool by means of ice. 



2. An apparatus for rapid cooling 
connected with a still, &c. 

REF'UGE, n. [Lat. refugium, fr. re- 
fugere, to flee back.] Shelter or pro- 
tection from danger or distress. 

Ref'U-gee', n. One who flees to a 
foreign power or countrv for safety. 

Re-ful'gence, In. Brilliancy ;radi- 

Re-ful'gen-CY, J ance; splendor. 

RE-F(JL'GENT, a. [Lat. rrfulgens.l 
Casting a bright light ; radiant ; 
splendid. 

Re-fOnd', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Lat. 
refund ere ; re, again, back, and/zm- 
dere, to pour.] To repay, to restore. 

RE-FUS/A-BLE, a. Admitting refusal. 

Re-fus'al, n. 1. Act of refusing. 2. 
Right of taking in preference to oth- 
ers. 

Re-fu§e', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Cor. 
rupted partly from Lat. refutare, to 
drive back, to repel, partly from re- 
cusare, to decline] 1. To deny, as 
a request, demand, &c. 2. To de- 
cline to accept ; to reject — v.i. To 
decline to accept something offered. 

REF'USE,a. Rejected; hence, worth- 
less. — n. That which is rejected as 



Re-fus'er, n. One who refuses. 

Re-fut'A-ble, a. Admitting of being 
refuted ._ 

REF'u-TA'TlON,.n. Act of refuting, 
or state of being refuted ; disproof of. 

Re-fut'a-to-ry, a. Tending to re- 
fute or disprove. 

Re-fute', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
refutare; re, again, back, and 0. Lat. 
f ii tare, to argue.] To prove to be 
false or erroneous. 
Syn.— See Confute. 

Re-gain', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] Tore- 
cover, as what has escaped or been 
|ost. 

Re'gal, a. [Lat. regalis; rex, regis, 
a king. ] Pertaining to a kinp ; king- 
ly ; royal. 

Re-gale', v. t. [-ed; -ing ] [Eith- 
er from Lat. regalis, royal, or fr. Sp. 
gala, pleasinar address, choicest part 
of a thing.] To entertain in a prince- 
ly or sumptuous manner ; hence, to 
gratify; to refresh. — n. A princely 
entertainment. [tertainment. 

Re-gAle'ment,«. Refreshment ; en- 

Re-ga'li-a, n. pi. [L. Lat., fr. Lat. 
regalis, regal.] 1. Symbols or para- 
phernalia of royalty. 2. Insignia of 
an office or order. 

Re-gal'i-ty, n. [L. Lat. regalitas ; 
Lat. regalis, regal.] Royalty ,• sover- 
eignty, [manner. 

Re'gal-ly, adv. In a regal or royal 

Re-gard', v. I. [-ED; -ING.] [Fr. 
regarder, fr. re and garder, to guard.] 
1. To observe ; to notice or remark 
particularly. 2. To treat as of pecu- 
liar importance. 3. To hold and 
treat. — n. 1. Look ; aspect. 2. In- 
terested attention of the mind. 3. 
Respect : relation. [backward. 

Re-gard'ant, a. Looking behind or 

Re-GARD'er, n. One who regards. 

Re-gXrd'ful, a. Taking notice ; ob- 
serving with care. 



A, E, I, 6, v,\,long; A, E, 1, 6, u,y, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ERE, V£IL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM ; s6N, 



REGARDLESS 



357 



REITERATE 



RS-gXrd'less, a. Not looking or at- 
tending. 
Syn.— Heedless ; negligent; careless. 

RE-GARD'LESS-LY, adv. Heedlessly. 

RE-GAT'TA, 11. ; pi. RE-GAT'TA3. 
[It. regatta, rigalta, fr. riga, a line, 
row.] A rowing match of boats. 

Re'gen-cy, n. 1. Office, jurisdiction, 
or dominion of a regent. 2. Body of 
men intrusted with vicarious govern- 
ment, [regenerated. 

Ue-Gen'er-a-CY, n. State of being 

Re-gen'er-ate, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[Lat. regenerare, -ratum; re, again, 
and generare. to beget.] 1. To gen- 
erate or produce anew. 2. To cause 
to be spiritually born anew. — «. 
Changed from a natural to a spirit- 
ual state. 

Re-gen'er-ate-ness, n. State of 
being regenerated. 

Re-Gen'er-A'tion, n. 1. Act of re- 
generating, or state of being regen- 
erated. 2. Entrance upon a new 
spiritual life. 

Re-gen'er-A-tive, a. Of, or belong- 
ing to, regeneration. 

Re'gent, a. [Lat. regens.] 1. Rul- 
ing; governing 2. Exercising vica- 
rious authority — n. 1. One who 
rules. 2. One who governs a king- 
dom in the place of the sovereign. 3. 
One of a governing board. 

Re'Ge nt-sh'ip, n. Power or office of 
a regent ; regency. 

Reg'I-CIDE, n. "[Lat. rex, regis, a 
king, and csedere, to kill.] 1. One 
who murders a king. 2. The killing 
of a king. 

Regime (rl'zheem'), n. [Fr. | Mode 
or style of rule ; administration. 

Reg'i-MEN, n. [Lat., fr. regere, to 
guile, rule.] 1. Orderly government. 
2. Systematic use of food and drink, 
and the necessaries of life. 3. 
(Gram.) (a.) A relation of syntax 
between two words ; government. 
(b.) The words governed. 

R.EG'l-MENT,n. [Lat. regimentum; 
regere, to guide, rule.] A body of 
men, commanded by a colonel, usu- 
ally consisting of ten companies. 

Keg'i-ment'al, a. Belonging to a 
regiment. 

Reg'i-ment'ALS., n . pi. Uniform 
worn by the troops of a regiment. 

Re'gion (rG-jun), n. [Lat. regio, a 
direction, a boundary-line, region.] 

1. A territory of indefinite extent ; 
district. 2. Neighborhood ; vicinity. 

REG'IS-TER. «. [L. Lat. registrum, 
fr. Lat. re, back, and gerere, to car- 
ry.] 1. A written account or entry. 

2. The one who keeps such an ac- 
count. 3. That which registers, re- 
cords, or regulates ; — applied to va- 
rious mechanical contrivances. 4. 
Correspondence of pages or columns 
on the opposite sides of the sheet. 5. 
Compass, or a portion of the com- 
pass, of a voice or instrument. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ing.] To record ; to enroll ; 
to enter in a list. — v. i. To corre- 
spond in relative position, as the 
pages of a printed sheet. 



ReG'is-trar, n. A keeper of public 
records. _ [ing in a register. 

REG'IS-TRA'TION, n. Act of iusert- 

Reg'is-try, n. 1. Act of recording 
in a register. 2. Place where a reg- 
ister is kept. 

REG'EET, n. [Fr. rcglet, dim of regie, 
a rule.] 1. A kind of Hat, narrow 
molding. 2. A thin strip of wood 
used instead of a lead in printing. 

Reg'nant, a. [Lat. regnans.] 1. 
Reigning. 2. Predominant ; preva- 
lent. _ 

Re-grate', v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] [Fr. 
regratttr, to scrape again, to drive a 
huckster's trade] 1. To remove the 
outer surface of, as of an old hewn 
stone. 2. To forestall. 

Re'GRESS, n. [Lat. regressus, fr. re, 
back, and gradi, to step, to go.] 1. 
Return. 2. Power or liberty of re- 
turning, [returning. 

Re-gkes'SION (-gresh/un), ». Act of 

Re-GRESS'IVE, a. Passing back. 

Re-gret', v. t. [-ted; -TING.] [Fr. 
regretter, Lat. re, again, back, and 
queritari, to complain vehemently.] 

1. To be sorry for. 2. To look back 
at with sorrowful longing. — n. 1. 
Pain of mind at something causing 
unhappiness. 2. Pain of conscience. 

Syn. — Repentance; remorse. —We do 
not apply the word regret to that sorrow 
for the past which involves a sense of 
guilt; this belongs to remorse or repent- 
ance. We reftret the loss or absence of 
friends, &c, but the word is now more 
commonly applied to the pain we feel 
for lost opportunities, or for early follies, 
for carelessness, &c. 

Re-gret'ful, a. Full of regret. 
Re-GRET'ta-ble, a. Admitting of, 

or deserving, regret. 
REG'U-LAR, a. [Lat. regvlaria ; regii- 

la, a rule.] 1. Conformed to rule. 

2. Governed by rule ; uniform in 
course or practice. 3. Permanent, 
as the troops of a standing army. 

Syn. — See Normal. 
— n. 1. A full member of any re- 
ligious order. 2. A soldier belonging 
to a standing army. 

Reg'u-lar'i-ty, n. Quality of being 
regular ; method ; uniformity. 

Reg'u-lar-ly, adv. In due order. 

Reg'u-late, v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] [Lat. 
regulare, -latum, fr. regula, a rule.] 

1. To adjust by rule. 2. To put in 
good order. 

Reg'u-la'tion, n. 1. Act of regu- 
lating, or state of being regulated. 

2. A pi-escribed rule or order. 
Reg'u-LA'tor, n. 1. One who regu- 
lates. 2. A contrivance to produce 
uniformity of motion. 

REG'U-LUS, n. ; Eng. pi. REG'U-LiJS- 
ES ; Lat. pi. reg'U-LI. [Lat., a pet- 
ty" king, prince.] The pure metal, 
which in the melting of ores, falls to 
the bottom. 

, RE-GUR'GI-TATE,t\ t. [-ED ; -ING] 
[L. Lat. regurgitare, -tatum ; Lat. re, 

| again, back, and gurges, a gulf.] To 
throw or pour back in great quan- 

| tity. — v i - _ To be poured back. 

t Re-gur'Gi-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of 



flowing back by the orifice of en 

trance. 2. Act of swallowing again. 

RE'HA-BIL'I-TATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 

To restore to a former right, rank, or 
privilege. 

Re'ha-bil'i-ta'tion, n. Restora- 
tion to former rights. 

RE-HEAR', V. t. [-HEARD ; -HEAR- 
ING.] To hear or try a second time, 

Re-hears'al (14), n. 1. Act of re- 
hearsing, or state of being rehearsed. 
2. Recital of a piece before the pub- 
lic exhibition of it. 

Re-hearse', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Prob. 
fr. prefix re and hear say.] 1. To re- 
peat, as what has been already said. 
2. To narrate ; to relate. 3. To re- 
cite beforehand in private. 

Rei'gle (re'gl), n. [0. Fr., a rule, a 
line. See Rule.] A channel for 
guiding any thing. 

REIGN (ran), n. [Lat. regnum, from 
regere, to rule.] 1. Royal authority ; 
supreme power. 2. The time a sov- 
ereign's rule lasts. — v. i. [-ed; 
-ing.] 1. To possess sovereign pow- 
er or authority. 2. To prevail. 3. 
To have uncontrolled dominion. 

Re'-im-burse', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] 
1. To pay back. 2. To pay back to ; 
to indemnify. 

RLV-im-bOrse'ment, n. Repayment. 

RljIN (ran), n. [L. Lat. retina, Lat. re- 
tinaculum,^, retinere, to hold back.] 
Strap of a bridle, to restrain and 
govern a horse, &c. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] 1. To govern by a bridle. 2. 
To restrain. 

RljlN'DEER (ran'- 
deor.] A rumi- 
nant mammal of 
the deer kind. 

Reins, n. pi. [Lat. 
ren, pi. renes.] 

1. The kidneys. 

2. Lower part of 
the back, over 
the kidneys. 3. 
The affections 
and passions. 

Re'-in-stall', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
install again. 

RE'-IN-STATE', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To place again in possession, or in a 
former state. 

Re'-in-sur'ance (-shur'-), ». In- 
surance a second time or again. 

RE'-IN-SURE'^'in-shur'),^. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] "To insure, as property, in 
favor of one who has previously in- 
sured it. [invest anew. 

Re'-in-vest', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 

Re'-in-vest'MENT, n. A second or 
repeated investment. [vigor in- 

Re'-in-vTg'or-ate, v. t. To revive 

REIS-EFFENDI (rez'ef-ten'de), n. 
[Ar.rm, head, chief. See Effendi.J 
A Turkish minister for foreign af- 
fairs. 

Re-Ys'sue (-ish/shu), v. t. To issue a 
second" time. — n. A second or re- 
peated issue. 

Re-it'er-ate, v. t. [-ED;-ING.] To 
say or do repeatedly. 

Syn. — To repeat. - To repeat is to 



( 



[A.-S. hran- 




Reindeer. 



bR» do, wolf, too, took; urn, rue, pull ; E,& o, silent ; q,&,soft; €, g, hard; Ag ; exist; nosng; this. 



REITERATION 



358 



REMAND 



utter or express a second time. To re- 
iterate is to repeat again and again; as, 
he was not satislied with rcpcutlng his 
declaration, but went on to reiterate it 
in various forir.s. 

Re-it'er-a'tion, n. Continued rep- 
etition. 

Re-JECT', v. t. [-ed;-ING.] [Lat. 
rejicere,rejectum; re, back, and ja- 
cere, to throw.] 1. To throw away. 
2. To refuse to receive, or to grant. 

Ee-JE€'tion, n. Act of rejecting ; 
refusal to accept or grant. 

RE-JOICE', v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [0. 
Eng. rejoisse, Fr. rejow'r, fr. re and 
jouir, to enjoy.] To feel joy in a high 
degree. — v. t. To make joyful. 

Re-join', v. t. [-ed; -me.] To join 
again ; to unite after separation. — 
v. i. To answer to a reply. 

Re-join'der, n. 1. An answer to a 
reply ; or, in general, an answer. 2. 
The defendant's answer to the plain- 
tiff's replication. 

Re-ju've-nate, v. t. [Lat. re, again, 
and juvenis, young.] To render 
young again. [ing of youth. 

Re-ju've-nes'cence, n. A renew- 

Re-kin'dle (-kln'dl), v. t. [-ed; 
-ING.] To kindle again ; to set on 
fire anew. [again. 

Re-land', v. [-ed; -ing.] To land 

Re-eapse', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
relabi, relapsus ; re, again, back, and 
labi, to fall, slip.] 1. To slide back. 
2. To return to a former state or 
practice ; — generally in a bad sense. 
— n. A sliding back' into a former 
badstate. 

Re-late', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
referre, relatum ; re, again, back, and 
ferre, to bear.] 1. To recount; to 
narrate ; to tell over. 2. To ally by 
connection or kindred. — v. i. To 
pertain ; to refer. 

Re-lat'er, n. One who relates. 

Re-la'tion, n. 1. Act of relating ; 
also, that which is related. 2. State 
of being related or of referring. 3. 
Connection by consanguinity or af- 
finity, or a person so connected. 

Syn. — Recital; narration; account; 
tale; description ; kindred ; affinity ; 
kinsman. 

RE-LA'TlON-AL,a. Having or indi- 
cating relation. [related. 

Re-la'tion-ship, n. State of being 

REL'A-TIVE, a. 1. Having relation ; 
respecting. 2. Arising from relation 
to something else ; not absolute. 3. 
Expressing relation. — n. One who, 
or that which, relates to something 
else ; esp. one connected by blood. 

Rel'a-tive-ly, adv. In relation or 
respect to something else. 

Be-lax', Vm t% [_ ED . _ IN g.] [Lat. 
relaxare ; re, again, back, and laxare, 
to loose.] 1. To make less close, firm, 
rigid, or tense. 2. To make less se- 
vere or rigorous. 3. To relieve from 
constipation. — v. i. 1. To become 
loosened or feeble. 2. To abate in 
severity. 

RE'LAX-A'TlON.n. 1. Act of relaxing, 
or state of being relaxed. 2. Remis- 
sion from attention and effort. 



Re-lXx'A-t!ve , a. Having the qual- 
ity of relaxing. 

Re-lay', n. [Fr. relais, laxation, dis- 
continuance, from Lat. relaxare, to 
relax.] A supply of horses, arranged 
beforehand for affording relief from 
time to time. [second time. 

Re-lay', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To lay a 

Re-leas'a-BLE, a. Capable of being 
released. 

Re-lease', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [See 
Relay, ».] 1. To set free from re- 
straint ; to give liberty to. 2. To let 
go, as a legal claim. — n. 1. Act of 
freeing, or state of being freed 2. 
Discharge from obligation or respon- 
sibility. 3. A quitclaim. 

Re-lease 'MENT, n. Act of releasing. 

Re-leas'er, n. One who releases. 

Rel'e-gate.dJ. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
relegare, -gatum ; re, again, back, 
and legare, to send with a commis- 
sion ] To remove ; to consign ; to 
remandj to banish. 

Rel'e-ga'tion, n. Removal; con- 
signment ; banishment. 

Re -lent', v. ?'. [-ed;-ing.] [Fr. 
ralentir, fr. Lat. lentus, pliant.] To 
become more mild and tender; to 
feel compassion. 

Re-lent'less, a. Insensible to the 
distress of others; destitute of ten- 
derness. 

Re'les-see', n. One to whom a re- 
lease is executed. 

Re'les-sor', n. The person who ex- 
ecutes a release. 

Rel'e-vance, in. State of being 

REL'E-VAN-CY, j relevant. 

Syn. — Pertinence ; opplicableness ; 
fitness ; propriety ; appositeness. 

REL'E-VANT, a. [Fr. relevant, rais- 
ing again, relieving.] Properly ap- 
plying to the case in hand; perti- 
nent; applicable. 

Re-lT'a-bil'i-ty, n. State or quality 
of being reliable. 

Re-li'a-ble v a. Suitable or fit to be 
relied on ; trustworthy. [Recent but 
legitimate.] 

Re-li'A-ble-ness, n. State or qual- 
ity of being reliable. 

Re-li'ance, n. 1. Act of relying, or 
condition of being reliant. 2. Ground 
of trust. 

REL'I€, n. [Lat. reliquiae, -pi., fr. re- 
linquere, to leave behind.] 1. That 
which remains. 2. Body, or some 
part of the body, of deceased saints. 

3. Any memorial. 

REL'I€T, 71. [Lat. relicla, f. of relictus, 
left behind.] A widow. 

Re-lief', n. 1. Act of relieving, or 
state of being relieved ; removal of 
any evil. 2. Release from a post, or 
from duty. 3. That which relieves. 

4. Prominence of a figure above the 
ground or plane. [relieved. 

Re-lie v'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
Relieve', r. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
relevare, to lift up, to relieve.] 1. To 
cause to rise, or to seem to rise ; to 
set off by contrast. 2. To render less 
burdensome or afflicting. 3- To free 
from any trial or evil. 4. To release 



from a post or station by substitu- 
tion of others. 

RE-LIG'ION (-lTj'un), n. [Lat. religio, 
either from relegere, to collect again, 
religens, pious, or from religare, to 
bind anew, to bind fast.] 1. Recog- 
nition of God as an object of worship, 
love, and obedience 2. Any system 
of faith and worship. 

RE-LlG'iON-lSMHij'un-), n. Practico 
of, or adherence to, religion 

Re-lig'ion-ist (-lfj'un-), n. One 
bigotedly devoted to a religion. 

Re-lig'ioOs (-lij'us), a. 1 Relating 
to religion. 2. Possessing, or agree- 
ing with, religion. 3. Scrupulously 
faithful or exact. 

Syn. — Pious ; godly ; holy ; devout. 

Re-lig'ious-ly (-lij'us-), adv. In a 
religious manner. 

Re-lin'quish (-link/wish), v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] [Lat. rtlinquere ; re, again, 
back, and linquere, to leave.] 1. To 
withdraw from ; to leave behind. 2. 
To renounce a claim to. 

Re-lin'quish-ment, n. Act of quit- 
ting or of renouncing a claim. 

REL'I-QUA-ry, n. [L. Lat. reliquia- 
rium. See Relic] A small chest, 
box ; or casket for relics. 

Rel-ique' (-eek'), n. A relic. 

Rel'ish, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [0. Fr. 
relecher, to taste anew, fr. re, again, 
and lecher, Eng. lick.] 1. To like the 
taste of ; hence, to enjoy. 2. To give 
a pleasing flavor to. — v. i. To have 
a pleasing taste ; to give pleasure. 
— n. 1. A pleasing taste. 2. Incli- 
nation or taste for. 3. The smallest 
perceptible quantity. 4. Something 
taken with food to render it more 
palatable. [relished. 

Rel'ish- a-ble, a. Worthy of being 

RE-LU€T', v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
reluctari ; re, again, against, and luc- 
tari, to struggle.] To make resistance. 

Re-lug'TANCE, n. State or quality 
of being reluctant ; aversion of mind. 

Re-lU€'tant, a. [Lat. reluctans.] 1. 
Striving against. 2. Granted with 
reluctance. [See AVERSE.] 

Re-lOg'TANT-LY, adv. Unwillingly. 

RE-LUME', «). /. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
reluminare.] To rekindle ; to light 
again. 

Re-ly', v. i. [-ED; -ING, 142.] [Prefix re 
and lie.] To rest with confidence, 
as the mind. 

Re -main', v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
remanere ; re, again, back, and mo- 
were, to stay.] 1. To stay behind; to 
be left. 2. To continue in a fixed 
place, or an uncharged form, &c — 
n. 1. Relic; remainder- — chiefly 
in the plural. 2. A corpse ; — only 
in the plural. 3. Literary works of 
onejvho is dead. 

Re-main'der, n. Any thing left, 
after separating and removing apart. 
Syn.— Balance. —We may speak of 
" the balance of an account ; " but to use 
this word for remainder, as " the bal- 
ance of the week," is a gross vulgarism. 

Re-mand', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
remandare ; re, again, back, and 



l s f , I, 0,V,Y, long; XjEjt.O, V!,y, short; CARE, FAR, Ask, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM ; SON, 



REMARK 



359 



RENITENT 



mandare, to commit.] To recommit, 
or send back;. 

Re-mark/, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Fr. 
rcmarquer ; re, again, and marquer, 
to mark.] 1. To take notice of. 2. 
To express in words or writing ; to 
call attention to. — n. 1. Act of 
remarking. 2. A casual observation. 
Syn. — To observe : notice.— To ob- 
serve is to keep or hold a tiling distinctly 
before the mind. To remark is simply 
to mark or take note of whatever may 
come up. To notice, implies still less 
continuity of attention. 
— v.i. To say or observe. [tice. 

Re-mark/ a-ble, a. Worthy of no- 

Re-mark'a-ble-ness, n. Quality of 
being remarkable. 

Re-mark'a-bly, adv. In a remark- 
able_ manner. [remedied. 

Re-me'di-a-BLE, a. Capable of being 

Re-ME'DI-AL, a. Affording a remedy. 

Re-med'i-less, or REm'e-di-less 
(113), a. 1. Incapable of being re- 
stored, changed, or prevented. 2. 
Ineffectual ; powerless. 

REM'e-dy, n. [Lat. remedium; re, 
again, andmederi, to cure.] 1. That 
which cures a disease. 2. That which 
counteracts an evil. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING, 142.] To apply a remedy to. 

RE-MEM'BER, V. I. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. rememorare ; re, again, and 
memorare, to bring to remembrance.] 

1. To bring to mind again ; to recall. 

2. To keep in mind ; to preserve in 
the memory. 

Re-mem'brance, n. 1. Act of re- 
membering. 2. State of being re- 
membered ; memory. 3. A memo- 
rial ; a memento. 4. Time withiu 
which a fact can be remembered. 

Re-MEM'bran-cer, n. One who, or 
that which, serves to bring to, or 
keep in, mind. 

RE-MlND', V. t. [-ED-, -ING.] To put 
in mind ; to bring to the remem- 
brance of. [which, reminds. 

Re-mind'er, n. One who, or that 

REM'I-NIS'CENCE, n. 1. Power of 
recalling to mind. 2. That which is 
remembered or recalled to mind. 

REM'I-NIS'CENT, a. [Lat. re.miniscens, 
recollecting.] Capable of calling, or 
inclined to call, to mind. 

Re-mise', v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
remittere, remissum, to send back.] 
To release a claim to. 

Re-miss', a. [Lat. rem/ssus, p. p. of 
remittere, to send back.] 1. Not 
careful or prompt in duty or busi- 
ness. 2. Lacking earnestness ; lan- 
guid, [remitted. 

Re-mIs'si-BLE, a. Capable of being 

Re-mis 'sion (-nush'un), n. [Lat. re- 
missio. See Remit.] 1. Act of re- 
mitting. 2. Relinquishment of a 
claim, right, or obligation. 3. A 
temporary subsidence of the violence 
of a disease or of pain. 

Re-mIss'ness, n. State of being 
remiss ; want of ardor or vigor. - 

ilE-MiT', v. I. [-ted; -ting.] [Lat. 
remittere, to send back.] 1. To give 
up ; to surrender. 2. To relax in in- 
tensity. 3. To forgive. 4. To trans- 



mit to a distance, as money. — v.i. 
To abate in force or in violence. 

Re-mit'ment, ) n. 1. Act of remit- 

Re-MIT'tal, J ting. 2. State of 
being remitted. 

Re-mIt'tance, n. 1. Act of trans- 
mitting money, &c, to a distant 
place. 2. Sum or thing remitted. 

Re-mIt'tent, a. Having remissions 
from time to time. 

REM'NANT, n. [0. Fr. remnnant, 
remainant, remaining. See RE- 
MAIN.] 1. What remains after a 
part is removed, performed, &c. 2. 
A slight trace ; a fragment. 

Re-mod'el, v. t. [-ED; -ING, 137.] 
To model anew. 

Re-mon'strance, n. 1. Expostula- 
tion. 2. Earnest advice or reproof. 

RE-MON'STRANT,a. Inclined or tend- 
ing to remonstrate; expostulatory. 
— n. One who remonstrates. 

Re-mon'strate, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Low ] at. remonstrare, -stratum, fr. 
Lat. re, again, back, and monstrare, 
to show.] To present strong reasons 
in opposition. 

Syn. — To expostulate. —We expostu- 
late when we unite argument and en- 
treaty to dissuade some one from the 
course he has chosen. When we remon- 
strate, we go further, and show or set 
forth, in the strongest terms, the danger 
or the guilt of his pursuing it. 

Re-Mon'stra-TOR, n. One who re- 
monstrates. 

Re -MORSE', n. [Lat. remordere, re- 
morsum, to bite again or back, to 
torment.] Keen or gnawing pain ex- 
cited by a sense of guilt. 
Syn.— See Compunction; Regret. 

Re-MORSE'ful,, a. 1. Full of re- 
morse. 2. Compassionate. [cruel. 

Re-morse'less, a. Without remorse ; 

Re-mote', a. [-er ; -est.] [Lat. re- 
motus, removed.] 1. Distant in time 
or place. 2. Not agreeing, accord- 
ing, or being related ; — in figurative 
uses. 

Re-mote'ly, adv. At a distance in 
space, time, consanguinity, &c. 

Re-mote'ness, n. State of being re- 
mote ; distance. 

Re-mount', v. t.ori. [-ed; -ing.] 
To mount again. 

Re-mov'a-bi'l'i-ty, n. Capacity of 
being removable. [ing removed. 

Re-mo v'A-ble, a. Admitting of be- 

Re-mov'al, n. 1. Act of removing. 
2. State of being removed ; change 
of place. 

Re-move', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
removere ; re, again, back, and mo- 
vtre, to move:] 1. To cause to change 
place. 2. To cause to cease to be ; 
hence, to banish. — v. i. To change 
place in any manner. — n. 1. Act 
of removing. 2. State of being re- 
moved. 3. That which is removed. 
4. Space through which any thing is 
removed ; interval. 5. A step in any 
scale of gradation. 

Re-mov'er, n. One who removes. 

Re-MU'NER- A-BLE, a. Capable of be- 
ing, or proper to be, remunerated. 



RE-MU'NER-ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.J 
[Lat. remunerare, -ratum ; re, again, 
back, and munerare, to give.] To 
pay an equivalent to for any service 
or sacrifice._ 

Re-mu'ner-a'TION, n. 1. Act of re- 
munerating. 2. That which is given 
to remunerate. 

Re-mu'ner-a-tive, a. Intended or 
fitted to remunerate. 

Re-mu'ner-a-to-ry, a. Affording 
recompense. 

Re'NAL, a. [Lat. renalis ; renes, kid- 
neys.] Pertaining to the kidneys. 

REN'ARD, n. [0. II. Ger. Reinhart, 
i. e., strong in counsel, the name of 
the fox in a German epic] A fox ; 
— so called in fables, &c. 

Re-nXs'cence, n. State of being 
produced again. 

RE-NAS'CENT, a. [Lat. renascent, p. 
pr. of renasci, to be born again.] 
Springing into being again. 

Ren-€ON'TRE, ) n. [Fr. rencontre, 

REN-€OUN'TER, j Eng. re, and en- 
counter.] 1. A meeting of two. 2. 
A sudden contest without premedita- 
tion. 

Ren-€OUN'ter. v. i. To meet an en- 
emy unexpectedly ; to skirmish. 

Rend, v. t. [rent; rending.] [A.- 
S. rendan.] 1. To tear asunder. 2. 
To part or tear off forcibly. 

Ren'der, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [L. Lat. 
rendere, fr. Lat. reddere, with n in- 
serted.] 1. To return ; to restore. 2. 
To inflict as a retribution. 3. To 
give on demand. 4. To furnish ; to 
contribute. 5. To make up ; to de- 
liver. 6. To cause to be, or to be- 
come. 7. To translate ; to interpret 
8. To boil down and clarify. 

REN'DEZ-VOUS(ren / de-viTo), n. [Fr. 
rendez vous render yourselves, repair 
to a place.] A place for meeting, 
esp. a place for troops or ships to as- 
semble at. — v. t. or ?'. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To assemble at a particular place. 

REN-Di'TION (-dlsh'un), n. 1. Act of 
rendering or returning ; surrender, 
as of fugitives from justice. 2. Trans- 
lation. _ 

REN'E-GADE, ) n, [L. Lat. renega- 

REN'E-GA'DO, ) tas, fr. renegare, to 
deny.] One faithless to principle 
or party ; especially, an apostate from 
a religious faith. 

Re-new' (-nu'), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
1. To make over as good as new. 2. 
To begin again. 3. To repeat. 4. 
To furnish again. 5. To make new 
spiritually. [renewed. 

Re-new'A-ble, a. Capable of being 

Re-new'al, h. 1. Act of renewing ; 
act of forming anew. 2. That which, 
is renewed. 

RE-NEW'ED-LY(-nu/-), adv. Again; 
once more. [renews. 

Re-NEW'er (re-nu'er), n. One who 

REN'I-FORM, a. [Lat. renes, kidneys, 
and forma, form.] Ilaving the shape 
of a kidney. 

Re-ni'tence, )n. Resistance ; re- 

Re-ni'ten cy, J luctance. 

Re-nI'TENT, a. [Lat. renitens, striv- 



OR, do,wolf.TOO,TOOK; URN, rue, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; C,G, sq/i; €, S, hard; AS_; EXIST; jj as NG ; THIS. 



RENNET 



360 



REPORTER 



ing against, resisting.] Resisting 
pressure or the effect of it. 

flEN'NET, n. [A.-S. gerinnan, to cur- 
dle, fr. rinnan, rennan, to run.] In- 
ner membrane of the fourth stomach 
of the calf, or a preparation of it. for 
coagulating milk. 

Re-nounce', v. t. [-ED; -ing.] [Lat. 
renunciare ; re, again, back, and nun- 
ciare, to announce.] To reject, as a 
title orclaim, or a connection or pos- 
session ; to give up. [claiming. 

Re-nounce'ment, n. Act of dis- 

REN'o-VATE, v. t. [Lat. renovare, 
-vatam ; re, again, back, and novare, 
to make new.] To make over again ; 
to make as good as new. 

Ren'o-va'tion, n. 1. Act of reno- 
vating. 2. State of being renovated. 

Re-NOWN', n. [From re, again, and 
Lat. nomen, name.] Fame; celebrity. 

RE-NOWN.ED', a. Having great ce- 
lebrity. 
Syn.- See Famous. 

Re-nown'ed-ly,oc/d. Famously. 

Rent, imp. & p. p. of Rend. — n. 1. 
[From rend.] An opening made by 
rending. 2. A schism ; a separation. 
3. [From Lat. reddita, things given 
back, paid. See Render.] A peri- 
odical profit, issuing out of lands 
and tenements in return for the use. 
— v.t. [-ed;-ing.] 1. To lease. 2. 
To take and hold by lease. — v. i. To 
be leased or let for rent. [rented. 

Rent'A-BLE, a. Admitting of being 

Rent'al, ii. A schedule or account 
of rents ; a rent-roll. 

Ren'ter, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
re, again, back, and intrahere, to 
draw into or along, j To ^e\v together 
so that the seam is scarcely visible. 

Rent'-roll, n. A list of rents. 

Re-nun'ci-a'tion (-shi-),7i. [Lat. re- 
nunciatio.] Act of renouncing. 

Stn. — Disownment : disavowal ; re- 
jection; denial; relinquishment. 

Re-or'gan-i-za'tion, n. Act of 
organizing anew. 

RE-6r'GAN-IZE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To organize anew. 

Rep, n. [Prob. a corruption of rib.] 
A stuff with a surface appearing as 
if made of small cords. 

Re-pack', *. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
pack a second time. 

Re-pair' (4), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
teparare ; re, again, back, and par are, 
to prepare.] 1. To restore to a sound 
or good state. 2. To make amends 
for ; to indemnify for. — v. i. [Lat. 
repatriare, to return to one's coun- 
try, to go home again.] To go ; to be- 
take one's self. — n. Restoration to a 
sound or good state. [repaired. 

Re-pair'a-ble, a. Capable of being 

Re-pair'er, n. One who repairs. 

Rep'A-ra-ble, a. [Lat. reparabilis.] 
Capable of being repaired. 

Rep'A-ra'tion, n. 1 Act of repair- 
ing. 2. State of being repaired. 3. 
Indemnification for loss or damage. 

Re-par'a-tive, a. Tending to re- 
pair ; restoring to a sound state. 



Rep'AR-TEE', n. [Fr. repartie ; re- 
part ir, to reply, to divide.] A smart, 
ready, and witty reply. 
Syn. — See Rltokt. 

Re-pass', v. t. or i. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
pass again ; to pass back. 

Re-past', n. [L. Lat. repastus, from 
Lat. repascere, to feed again.] 1. Act 
of taking food. 2. That which is 
taken as food. 

Re-pay', v. t. [-paid ; -paying.] 1. 
To pay back. 2. To make return for. 

Re-pay'A-ble, a. That is to be re- 
paid or refunded. 

Re-pa y'me NT, n. 1. Act of paying 
back. 2. Money or other thing re- 
paid. 

Re-peal', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
re and appellare.] To recall, as a deed, 
will, or statute; to abrogate. 

Syn. — To abolish ; revoke ; rescind; 
recall ; annul ; abrogate; cancel. — We 
revoke what lias been declared or estab- 
lished; properly speaking, a law is re- 
pealed only by a Legislature which has 
power to do so. An edict or power of 
attorney is revoked, statutes are repealed. 
We speak of the revocation of the Edict 
of Nantes, and of the agitation which 
was so long carried on for the repeal of 
the Irish Union. 

— n. Revocation ; abrogation. 

Re-peal, 'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
repealed. [seeks a repeal. 

Re-peal'er, n. One who repeals or 

Re-peat', v.t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
repetere ; re, again, andpe^ere. to at- 
tack.] 1. To do, try, make, or utter 
again. 2. To do or say what one has 
already done or said. [See Reiter- 
ate.] — n. 1. Act of repeating. 2. 
That which is repeated. 3. That 
which is to be repeated. 4. (Mus.) 
A series of dots before and after a 
passage to be repeated. [again. 

Re-peat'ed-ly, adv. Again and 

Re-peat'er, n. One who, or that 
which, repeats; especially, a watch 
that strikes the hours. 

Re-pel.', v. t. [-led; -ling.] [Lat. 
repellere, fr. re, back, and pellere, to 
drive.] 1. To drive back. 2. To en- 
counter with effectual resistance. 

Re-pel'LENT, a. Able or tending to 
repel. — n. That which repels or 
scatters. [as a plant. 

Re'PENT, a. [Lat. repens.] Creeping, 

Re-pent',1'.?'. [-ed; -ing.] [L. Lat. 
repcenitere, from Lat. re, again, and 
pcenitere, to make repent.] 1. To 
feel sorrow for something done or 
omitted. 2. To change the mind or 
course of conduct on account of dis- 
satisfaction with what has occurred. 
— -v. t. To remember with sorrow. 

Re-PENT'ance, n. Act of repenting, 
or state of being penitent : esp., con- 
trition for sin. See Contrition. 

Re-pent'ant, a. Sorry for sin. 

Re-peo'ple, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
furnish again with inhabitants. 

RE'PER-cus'siONf-kiish'un),^. [Lat. 
repercussio, fr. re, again, back, and 
percutere, to strike thr /Ugh and 
through.] Act of driving back ; re- 
verberation. 



Re/per-cBss'ive, a. 1. Causing to 
reverberate. 2. Reverberated. 

REP'ER-TO-RY, ii. [Lat. repertorium, 
from reperire, to find again.] 1. A 
place in which things are so disposed 
that they can be easily found. 2. A 
treasury ; a magazine. 

REP/E-TEND', n. [Lat repetendus, fr. 
repetere, to repeat.] That part of a 
repeating decimal which recurs con- 
tinually . 

Rep'e-ti'tion (-tish'un), n. Act of 
repeating ; esp., recital from memory. 

Rep'e-ti'tious (-tish'us), a. Con- 
taining repetition. 

Re -pine', v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] To in- 
dulge in envy or complaint. 

Re-pin'er, n. One who repines. 

Re-place', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To 
restore to a former place or condi- 
tion. 2. To supply or substitute an 
equivalent for. 

Re-place'ment, n. Act of replacing. 

Re-plant', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
plant again. 

Re-plen'ish, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[Lat. re, again, and plenus, full.] To 
fill up again; hence, to fill com- 
pletely. 

Re-plen'ish-ment,ti. 1. Act of re- 
plenishing, or state of being replen- 
ished. 2. That which replenishes. 

RE-PLETE', a. [Lat. repletus. filled 
again_, filled up.] Completely filled. 

Re-ple'tion, n. Superabundant 
fullness, esp. of blood ; plethora. 

Re-ple'tive, a. Replenishing. 

Re-plev'IN, n. [L. Lat. replevina.] 
A personal action or a writ to recover 
goods and chattels wrongfully taken 
or detained. 

RE-PLEV'y,i'.t [-ed; -ing, 142.] [L.. 
Lat. replevire. See Pledge.] To 
get back, by a writ, goods and chat- 
tels wrongfully taken or detained, 
upon giving a certain security. 

REP'LI-CA'TION, n. [Lat, replicatio.] 

1. An answer ; a reply. 2. Reply of 
the plaintiff, in matters of fact, to 
the defendant's plea. 

Re-ply', v. i. [-ed ; -ing, 142.] [Lat. 
replicare, to fold back, to make a re- 
ply.] 1. To make a return to in 
words or writing. 2. To answer a 
defendant's plea. — v.t. To return 
for an answer. — n. That which is 
said or written in answer to another. 

Syn. — Rejoinder; answer. — A reply is 
a distinct response to a formal question 
or attack; a rejoinder is a reply to are- 
ply in a protracted discussion. 

Re-port', r. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
report are. to bear or bring back.] 1. 
To give an account or statement of. 

2. To make minutes of, as a speech. 

— v. i. 1. To make a statement that 
is expected or desired. 2. To betake 
one's self as to a superior officer. — 

— ».. That which is reported : as, (a.) 
Story ; relation ; sketch ; account. 
(b. ) Rumor; repute, (c.) Sound; 
noise, (d.) An official statement of 
facts, (e.) An account or statement 
of a judicial opinion or decision. 

Re-port'er, n. One who reports; 



&, E, I, o,u, Y,long; a, e,i, 6, u, y, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, t£rm; pique, firm; son, 



REPOSAL 



361 



REQUIRE 



esp. law proceedings and decisions, 
or legislative debates. [resting. 

Re-pos_'al, n. Act of reposing or 

Re-pose', v. t. [-ed j -ing.] [From 
Lat. re. again, and pausare, to pause ; 
reponere , repositum , to replace.] 1. To 
cause to be calm or quiet. 2. To 
place in confidence. — v. i. 1. To lie ; 
to rest. 2. To rest in confidence. — 
n. 1. A lying at rest: sleep. 2. 
Tranquillity. 3. (Fine Aria.) Har- 
mony which affords rest for the eye. 

Re-pos'it, b. t. [-ED; -ING.] [See 
Repose.] To lay up, as for preser- 
vation. 

RE-Pos'I-TO-RY, n. [Lat. reposito- 
rium. See REPOSE.] A place where 
things are or may be deposited for I 
safe-keeping. 

Re'POS-sess' (-pos-seV or -poz-zes'), I 
v. t. [-ed: -i\g.] To possess again. I 

Re'pos-SES'SION (-pos-sesh'un or . 
-poz-zesh'un), n. Act or state of I 
possessing again. 

Rep're-hend', v. t. [-ed : -ing.] 
[Lat. reprekendere ; re, again, back, | 
and prehendere, to lay hold of.] To 
chide : to reprove. 

Repre-hen'si-ble, a._ Worthy of 
blame ; censurable. 

Repre-ii£n'si-bly, adv. In a rep- • 
rehensible manner. 

REp'RE-hex'sion, n. Reproof: cen- 
sure : open blame. 

Rep're-hen'sive, ) a. Containing 

REp'RE-hen'so-ry, ) reproof. 

Rep re-sent', v. t. [-ed : iwe.] [Lat. ) 
reprsesentare ; re, again, and prsesen- 
tare, to present.] 1. To exhibit the 
counterpart of. 2. To delineate : to; 
reproduce. 3. To personate. 4. To 
supply the place of. 5. To bring be- 
fore the mind. 6. To serve as a sign 
of. 

Rep'RE-sen-ta'tion', n. 1. Act of 
representing. 2. That which repre- 
sents ; as, (a.) A picture or any fac- 
simile, (b.) A dramatic performance, 
(c.) A description or statement. (<l.) ; 
A body of representatives. 

Pep -'re-sEnt'a-ti'ye, a. 1. Fitted 
or qualffied to represent. 2. Bearing j 
the authority of another. — n. 1. 
Oue who, or that which, represents I 
another. 2. An agent, deputy, or ; 
substitute. 3. A member of the j 
lower house, in a State legislature, or 
in Congress. [A??ier.] 

Re-press', v. t. [-ed : -ing.] [Lat. 
reprimere, repression.] To press 
back or down : to crush. 

Re-pres'sion (-presh'un), n. 1. Act 
of repressing. 2. That which re- 
presses. 

Re-press'iye, a. Tending to repress. 

RE-PRIEYE', v. I. [-ED; -ing.] [Lat. 
reprobare, to reject : condemn.] To 
delay the punishment of. — n. 1. 
Temporary suspension of punish- 
ment. 2. Interval of ease or relief. 

RfiP'RI-MANDlllO), v. t. [-ed: -ing.] 
See infra.] 1. To chide for a fault. 
2. To reprove publicly and officially. 
[See Admonish.] — n. [l&t.repri- 
mendus, teprimenda, to be checked 



or suppressed.] Severe reproof for a 
fault : reprehension. 

Re-prInt', v. t. [-ed ; ING.] To 
print a second or any new edition of. 

Re'PRINT, h. A second or a new im- 
pression or edition ; specifically, the 
publication in one country of a work 
previously published in another. 

RE-PRIS/AL, it. [L. Lat. reprensaliw, fr. 
Lat. re, again, back, and prehendere, 
to lay hold of.] 1. Act of taking from 
an enemy by way of retaliation or 
indemnity. 2. That which is retaken 
froman enemy. 

Re-proach',?\ t. [ed: -ing.] [Fr. 
reprocher. Cf. Approach.] To cen- 
sure with severity : to charge with a 
fault in severe language. 

Syx.— To upbraid : blame ; rebuke ; 
condemn ; revile ; vilify. 

— n. 1. Censure with contempt or 
derision. 2. An object of censure. 

Re-PROACH'A-BLE, a. Deserving re- 
proach. 

Re-proach'ful, a. 1. Expressing 
reproach. 2. Occasioning or deserv- 
ing reproach. 

Re-proach'ful-LY, adv. In a re- 
proachful manner. 

Rep'ro-bate,i\*. [-ed:-ing.] [Lat. 
reprobare, -batum. Cf. REPRIEVE.] 
To disapprove with detestation. 

Rep'ro-bate, a. Abandoned to vice 
or punishment ; morally abandoned. 

— n. One morally lost. 
Rep'RO-BA'TION. n. Act of reprobat- 
ing, or state of being reprobated. 

RE'PRO-DUCE', V. t. [-ED: -ING.] 

1. To produce again. 2. To gener- 
ate, as offspring. 

Re'PRO-dlc'tion, n. 1. Act of re- 
producing. 2. Thing reproduced. 

Re'PRO-DLU'tiye. a. Pertaining to, 
or employed in, reproduction. 

RE -PRO OF', n. [Fr. reprove.] Ex- 
pression of blame or censure. 

Re-prov'a-ble, a. Worthy of re- 

Re-proy'al, n. Reproof. [proof. 

Re-prove', v. t. [-ed:-ing.] [Fr. 
reprouver. See Reprieve.] To cen- 
sure to the face ; to accuse as guilty. 

Syx. — To rebuke : reprimand. — Re- 
prove, rebuke, and reprimand signify the 
expression of disapprobation. To re- 
prove implies greater calmness and self- 
possession. To rebuke implies a more 
excited and personal feeling. 

Re-prqv'er, n. One who reproves. 

REP'TILE, a. [Lat. reptilis; repere, 
to creep.] 1. Creeping. 2. Groveling: 
low. — v. 1. An animal that crawls 
on its belly, or by means of small, 
short legs. 2. A groveling or very 
mean person. 

Rep-til'1-an, a. Belonging to reptiles. 

RE-PUB'Lr€. n. [Lat. respub'ica : res, 
a thing, and publirus, public] A 
state in which the sovereign power is 
exercised by representatives elected 
by the people: a commonwealth. 

RE-Pt"B'Ll€-AN,a. Relating to. or con- 
sonant with the principles of, a repub- 
lic. — ;j. One who prefers a republic. 

RE-PUB'LI€-AN-IfM, n. 1. A repub- 
lican system of government. 2. At- 



I tachment to a republican form of 

government. 
! RE-PLB'L1€-AN-IZE, V. t. [-ED; 

-ING.] To convert to republican 
principles. 
Re-plbm-€A'tion, n. A second 
publication, or a new publication of 
something before published, espeeial- 
' Iv in another country : a reprint. 
: RE-PCB'LISH. V. t. [-ED: -ING] To 
publish anew : — specifically applied 
I to the publication in one country of 

a work first published in another, 
i Re-pu'di-a-ble, a. Admitting of 
' repudiation. 

RE-PL'DI-ATE. V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
] [Lat. repudiare, -alum: re, again, 
and pudere, to be ashamed.] i. To 
cast off and disavow. 2. To put 
away ; to divorce. 3. To refuse any 
longer to acknowledge or to pay. 
Re-PU di-A'TION, n. Act of repudi- 
ating, orstate of being repudiated. 
Re-pu'di-a'TOR, n. One who repu- 
diates. 
Re-pug'nance, jr. Opposition or 
[ Re-pCg'nan-cy, i contrariety , as of 
I mind, passions, principles, &c. See 
I Aversion. 

Re-PUG'NANT, a. [Lat. repugnant, 
fr. re. again, against, and pugnare, to 
fight.] Opposite ; contrary ; hostile ; 
highly distasteful. 
IlE-PUG'NANT-LY, adv. In a repug- 
nant manner. 
Re-pulse', n. [Lat. reptdsa, fr. rep*l- 
lerr , to repel.] 1. Condition of being 
repelled. 2. Act of repelling. 3. Re- 
fusal: denial. — v. t. [-ED : -ING.] 
To repel : to beat back. 
Re-PLL'sion, n. Actof repulsing, or 
I state of being repulsed. 
Re-pul'si've, a. 1. Inclined, serving, 
j or able, to repel. 2. Cold : forbid- 
| ding. [buy again. 

'. RE-PCr'CHASE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 

Rep'u-ta-ble, a. Worthy of repute 
Rep'U-TA-BLY, adv. In a reputable 
! manner. 

Rep t-ta'tion, n. 1. Estimation in 
j which one is held. 2. Public esteem ; 
I good name. 

Re-plte', v. t. [-ED: -ING.] [Lat. 
reputare. to think over.] 1. To ac- 
count : to hold: to reckon. 2. To 
attribute. — n. 1. Character attrib- 
uted : estimate. 2. Good character. 
Re-QL t £st', n. [L. Lat. reqiiesta, for 
requisita, from Lat. requirtre ,to seek 
| again, to ask for.] 1. Earnest desire 
or demand: hence, solicitation. 2. 
j That which is requested. 3. A state 
of being desired, —v.t. [-ed : ING.] 
J To ask for earnestly : to express de- 
sire for. See Desire. 
Re'QUI-EM, v. [First word of «& 
prayer beginning " Requiem xler- 
i nam dona eis, Dnmine." Give eter- 
nal rest to them, Lord.] A hymn 
or mass for the dead, for the rest of 
his soul. 
Re-QLIR'A-BLE, a. Capable of being 

required. 
Re-quire', f. r. [-ed: -ing.] [Lat 
I requirere ; re. again, back, and qux- 



OR, do, WOEF, TOO, TO~OK; URN, RUE, PULE ; E, I, O, silent ; C, G, soft; €, G, liard ; AS ; EXIST ; \aiNG; THIS 



REQUIREMENT 



362 



RESORT 



rere, to seek.] 1. To insist upon hav- 
ing. 2. To make necessary. 

Re-QUIRE'ment,?i. 1. Demand ; req- 
uisition. 2. An essential condition. 

Req'ui-site (rek'wi-zit), a. [Lat. 
requisitus, p. p. of requirere, to re- 
quire.] Required by the nature of 
things, or by circumstances. — n. 
That which is necessary. 

JiEQ'UI-sl'TION (-zish'un), n. 1. Act 
of requiring. 2. Application made 
as of right ; demand. 8. A quota of 
supplies or necessaries. 

Re-quit'al, n. Return for any office, 
good or bad. 

Re-Quite', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Prefix 
re and quit.] To repay ; to return 
an equivalent in good or evil for evil. 

Rere'ward, n. The rearguard. 

Re-sail'" v. t. or i. [-ed; -ing.] To 
sailback. 

RE-SALE', n. A second sale. 

Re-scind', v. t. [-ei>;-1NG.] [Lat. 
rescindere ; re, again, back, and scin- 
dere, to cut.] 1. To cut off; to ab- 
rogate. 2. To vacate, as an act, by 
the enacting authority or by supe- 
rior authority. 

Re-SCIS'§ION (-slzh'un), n. [Lat. re- 
scissio. Sea supra.] Act of rescind- 
ing. 

Re-scis'so-ry, a. Having power to 
cut off or to abrogate. 

Re'SCRIPT, n. [Lat. rescriptum, fr. 
re, again, back, and srribere, to write.] 
Answer of an emperor, when con- 
sulted on some difficult question ; 
hence, an edict or decree. 

Res'cue, v. l. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. re, 
again, back, and exeutere, to shake 
or drive out.] To free from confine- 
ment, violence danger, or evil. — n. 
Deliverance from restraint, violence, 
or danger. 

Re-search' (114), n. Diligent inqui- 
ry or examination in seeking facts or 
principles. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To search with continued care. 2. 
To search again. 

Re-seat', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
seat or set again. 

Re-seize', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
seize again or a second time. 

Re-seiz'ure, n. A second seizure; 
act of seizing again. 

Re-sell', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To sell 
a second time or again. 

Re-sem'blance (-zem'-), n. 1. State 
of resembling. 2. That which re- 
sembles or is similar. 

Re-sem'ble, v. t. [-ed : -ing.] [Fr. 
ressembler, from re and sembler, to 
seem, to resemble.] 1. To be like to ; 
to be alike. 2. To compare. 

Re-sent', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
re, again, and s?ntire, to feel.] To 
take ill ; to be in some degree pro- 
voked at. 

Re-sENT'ful, n. Inclined to resent. 

Ee-§ENT'MENT, n. 1. Act of resent 



ing. 



Displeasure ; indignation ; 



irritation. 

RES'ER-VA'TION, n. [Lat. reservatio. 
See Reserve.] 1. Act of reserving. 
2. Something withheld. 3. A tract 



of the public land reserved for some 
special use, as for schools. [Amer.] 

Re-§erv'a-to-ry, n. A place in 
which things are kept. 

Re-serve', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
reservare ; re, again, and servare, 
to keep.] To keep in store for future 
or other use. — n. 1. Act of re- 
serving. 2. That which is reserved. 
3. Restraint of freedom in words or 
actions. 4. Land set apart for a par- 
ticular purpose. 5. A body of troops 
for an exigency. [free or frank. 

Re-s£rv.ed', p. a. Restrained ; not 

RE-sf.RV'ED-LY, adv. With reserve. 

Res/ER-voir' (reVer-vwor'), n. [See 
Reserve.] A place where water is 
collected and kept for use. 

Re-set', v. t. [-set ; -setting.] 1. 
To set over again, as a page of print- 
ed matter. 2. To furnish with a new 
setting or border. 

Re-set'tle-ment, n. 1. Actof set- 
tling again. 2. A second settlement 
in the ministry. 

Re-side', v. i. [Lat. residere ; re, 
again, back, and sedere, to sit.] 1. 
To dwell permanently or for a length 
of time. 2. To have a seat or fixed 
position. 

REs/i-dence, n. 1. Act of residing. 
2. The place where one resides. 

Res'i-dent, a. Having an abode in 
a place for a continued length of 
time; residing. — n. 1. One who 
resides in a place for some time. 2. 
A public minister at a foreign court. 

Res'i-den'tia-ry (-den'sha-), a. 
Having residence. — n. An ecclesi- 
astic who keeps a certain residence. 

Re-sId'u-AL, a. Remaining after a 
part is taken. 

Re-sid'u-a-ry, a. Pertaining to the 
residue. 

Jiesiduary legatee, one to whom the 
residue of personal estate is bequeathed. 

RES/I-DUE, n. [Lat. residuum, fr. re- 
siduus, that is left behind.] 1. What 
remains after a part is taken. 2. 
Balance of a debt or account. 

Re-SID'u-Dm, n. [Lat.] What is left 
after separation or purification. 

Re-§Ign' (-zin'), v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. resignare ; re, again, back, and 
signare, to sign.] 1. To return by a 
formal act ; to yield ; to give up. 2. 
To withdraw, as a claim. 

Syn. — To relinquish. — To resign is to 
give up, as if breaking a seal and yield- 
ing all it had secured ; hence, it marks a 
formal and deliberate surrender. To re- 
linquish is less formal, but always im- 
plies that the thing given ii|> has been 
long an object of pursuit, and, usually, 
that it has teen prized and desired. 

Res/ig-na'tion, n. 1. Act of resign- 
ing. 2. State of being resigned or 
submissive. See Patience. 

Re-§1gn.ed' (-zind'), V- a. Submis- 
sive ; not disposed to murmur. 

RE-SJL'I-ENCE, \n. A springing 

Re-sil'i-en-CV, J back, or rebound- 
ing. 

Re-sJl'I-ENT, a. [Lat. resilient, leap- 
ing or springing back.] Inclined to 
leap back ; rebounding. 



REs'i-lI'tion (rez'Mish'un), n. Act 
of springing back. 

Res'in, n. [Lat. resina.] An inflam- 
mable solid, of vegetable origin. 

Rfis/IN-iF'ER-oOs, a. [Lat. resina, 
resin, amdferre, to bear.] Yielding 
resin. 

REg'IN-otfs, a. Partaking of the qual- 
ities of resin ; pertaining to resin. 

RE-§IST', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. resis- 
tere ;re, again, and sistere, to stand.] 

1. To act in opposition to. 2. To 
counteract as a force by inertia or re- 
action. 

Syn.— To withstand; oppose. 

Re-s'ist'ance, n. 1. Actof resisting. 
2/Quality'of not yielding to force. 

Re-sist'ant, n. One who, or that 
which, resists. 

Re-s/jst/i-bIl'i-ty, n. Quality of 
being resistible. [resisted. 

Re-sJst'i-ble, a. Capable of being 

Re-sist'less, a. Incapable of being 
resisted ; irresistible. 

Res'o-lu-ble, a. Admitting of be- 
ing resolved or melted. 

Res'o-lute (30), a. [See Resolve. 
Lat. resolutus has a different mean- 
ing.] Constant in pursuing a purpose. 
Syn. — Determined; steady; firm ; bold. 

REg'o-LUTE-LY, adv. In a resolute 
manner; firmly; steadily. 

Res'o-lute -ness, n. State or qual- 
ity of being resolute. 

Res/o-lu'tion, n. 1. Act, operation, 
or process of resolving. 2. State of 
being resolved, made clear, or deter- 
mined. 3. That which is resolved ; 
especially, the decision of court, or 
the vote of an assembly, [resolved. 

Re-solv'a-ble , a. Capable of being 

Re-solve', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
resolvere, resolution: re, again, and 
solvere, to loosen, dissolve.] 1. To 
separate the component parts of; 
sometimes, to melt. 2. To dissolve 
and reduce to a different form. 3. 
To make clear or certain . 4. To cause 
to perceive. 5. To constitute by res- 
olution or vote. 

Syn. — To solve; analyze; explain; 
unravel; disentangle. 

— v. i. 1. To be separated into its 
component parts, or distinct princi- 
ples. 2. To melt. 3. To form a res- 
olution. — n. 1. Act of resolving. 

2. That which has been resolved on ; 
conclusion ; determination ; legisla- 
tive act or declaration. [purpose. 

RE-gOLV'ED-NESS, n. Fixedness of 

Re-solv'ent, ii . That which has the 
power of resolving. 

RE-goLV'ER, n. One who resolves. 

REs/o-NANCE,rc. State of being res- 
onant. 

Res/o-NANT, a. [Lat. resonans, re- 
sounding.] Able to return sound ; 
echoing back. 

Re-sorb'ent, a. [Lat. resorbens. fr. 
re, again, and sorbere, to suck in.] 
Swallowing up. 

Re-sort' (re-zorf), r. ?'. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Fr. re.ssortir, to go or come out 
again.] 1. Togo; to repair. 2. To 



A, E, I, o, u, Y,long; A,e,i, 6, D, y, short; CARE, far, ask, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, V£IL, term; pique, firm; son. 



RESOUND 



363 



RETAIL 



have recourse. —«. 1. A betaking 
one's self. 2. A place to which one 
betakes himself habitually ; a haunt. 

Re-sound', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
resonare ; re, again, back, and sonare, 
to sound.] 1. To sound again, or 
repeatedly. 2. To praise or cele- 
brate. — v. i. 1. To sound loudly. 
2. To be filled with sound. 3. To 
echo or reverberate. 

Re-sound', v. t. To sound again. 

Re-source' (114), n. [Fr. ressource. 
See Source.] 1. That from which 
any thing springs forth ; hence, that 
to which one i-esorts, or on which 
he depends. 2. pi. Pecuniary means ; 
funds. 

RE-SPECT', V. t. ["ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
respertare, iutens. form of respicere, 
to look back, to respect.] 1. To 
notice with special attention ; to re- 
gard as worthy of particular notice. 
2. To relate to. — n. 1. Act of re- 
specting. 2. pi. Expression of re- 
spect. 3. That which pertains to any 
person or thing. 4. Relation ; ref- 
erence. 

In respect to, or in respect of, in com- 
parison with; in reference to. 

Re-spect'a-bil'i-ty, n. State or 
quality of being respectable. 

Re-SPE€T'A-BL,e, a. 1. Worthy of 
respect. 2. Moderate in degree of 
excellence or in number. 

Re-spEct'a-bly, adv. In a respect- 
able manner. 

Re-spect'er, n. One who respects. 

Re-spect'ful, a. Marked or char- 
acterized by respect. [ful manner. 

Re-spect'ful-ly, adv. In a respect- 

RE-SPECT'ING, p. pr., but called a 
prep. Having regard or relation to. 

Re-spect'ive, a. 1. Careful; wary. 

2. Having reference to ; relative. 3. 
Relating to particular persons or 
things, each to each. 

Re-spect'ive-ey, adv. As relating 
to each ; particularly ; as each be- 
longs to each. [breathed. 
Re-spir'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
REs'PI-RA'TlON, n. [Lat. respiratio.] 
Act of breathing. [piration. 
Re-spir'a-to-ry, a. Serving for res- 
Re-spire', v. i. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
respirare ; re, again, and spirare, to 
breathe.] 1. To take breath again ; 
hence, to take rest. 2. To breathe. 
— v. t. To breathe in and out ; to 
inspire and expire. 
RES'P'lTE, n. [Lat. respectus, respect, 
delay.] 1. A postponement or de- 
lay. 2. Temporary intermission of 
labor, or of any process. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] To grant a respite to. 
Re-splen'dence, In. Vivid bright- 
Re-splen'den-cy, J ness ; splendor. 
Re-splen'dent, a. [Lat. resplen- 
dens, -dentis.} Shining with brilliant 
luster ; very bright. [brightness. 
Re-splSn'DENT-LY, adv. With great 
Re-spond', v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
respondeat >,- re, again, back, and 
spondere, to promise.] 1. To answer; 
to reply. 2. To correspond ; to suit. 

3. To make payment. 



Re-Sp5nd'ENT, a. Disposed to re- 
spond ; answering. — n. Ono who 
responds ; especially, one wno an- 
swers in certain suits. 

Re-sponse', n. 1. Act of responding. 
2. An answer or reply. 

Re-sp6n'si-bil'I-ty, n. 1. State of 
being responsible. 2. That for which 
any one is responsible. 3. Ability to 
answer in payment. 

Re-spon'si-BLE, a. 1. Liable to be 
called on to answer. 2. Able to re- 
spond. 

Syn. — Accountable; answerable. 

Re-spon's'ive, a. 1. Able, ready, or 
inclined to respond. 2. Correspond- 
ent. ^ [making answer. 

RE-SPON'SO-RY, a. Containing or 

Rest, n. [A.-S. rest,rdst.] 1. Cessa- 
tion from motion or labor. 2. Free- 
dom from all disturbance. 3. That 
on which any thing rests. 4. A place 
where one may rest. 5. (Mus.) A 
pause, or a mark of such a pause. 6. 
[Lat. restare, to stay back, to remain.] 
That which is left ; remainder. 7. 
Those not included. 

Syn. — Repose. — Rest is ceasing from 
labor or exertion; repose is a mode of 
resting which gives relief and refresh- 
ment after toil and labor. We may rest 
in a standing posture; we usually repose 
in a reclining one. 

— v.i. [-ed;-ing.] 1. To cease 

from action or motion. 2. To be free 

from whatever disturbs. 3. To lie ; 

to repose. 4. To be supported by. 

5. To sleep. 6. To die. 7. To trust ; 

to rely. — v.t. 1. To place at rest. 

2. To place, as on a support. 
Restaurant (res'to-rong' or reV- 

to-rant), n. [Fr. See RESTORE.] 

An eating-house. 
Restaurateur (reVtoVa/tur'), n. 

[Fr.] The keeper of an eating-house. 
Rest'iff, a. Same as Restive. 
Res'ti-TU'tion. n. [Lat. restitutio.] 

1. Act of restoring any thing to its 
rightful owner, or of giving an equiv- 
alent for any loss, damage, or injury. 

2. The equivalent given. 
REST'I'VE, a. [From Lat. restare, to 

stay back, resist.] 1. Unwilling to 
go, or only running back; stubborn. 

2. Impatient; uneasy. [restive. 
Rest'ive-ness, >?. Quality of being 
Rest'less, a. Never resting ; un- 
quiet ; uneasy. [manner. 

Rest'less-ly, adv. In a restless 
Rest'less-ness, n. Quality or state 

of beingrestless. 
Res'to-ra'tion, n. [Lat. restaura- 
tio. See Restore.] 1. Act of re- 
storing. 2. State of being restored. 

3. That which is restored. 
Syn. — See Recovery. 

RES'to-ra'tion-Tst, n. One who be- 
lieves in a final restoration of all to 
the favor and presence of God. 

Re-st6r'A-tive, a. Having power 
to renew strength. — n. A medi- 
cine efficacious in restoring strength. 

Res'to-ra'tor, n. A restaurateur. 

Re-store', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
restaurare.] 1. To bring back from 



a state of ruin or decay, and the 
like. 2. To give in place of, or as 
satisfaction for. 

Re-stor'er, n. One restores. 

Re-strain', v. t. [-ed;-*ng.] [Fr. 
restreindre, Lat. restringere ; re, 
again, back, and stringere, to draw 
or bind together.] 1. To hold from 
acting, proceeding, or advancing. 2. 
To hinder from unlimited enjoyment. 
Syn.— To check; repress; restrict. 

Re-strain'a-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing restrained. 

Re-strain'er, a. One who restrains. 

Re-straint', n. 1. Act of restrain- 
ing; hindrance of the will, or of any 
action. 2. That which restrains. 
Syn.— See Compulsion. 

Re-strIct', v. t. [-ed; -ing. [Lat. 
restringere, restrictum. See RE- 
STRAIN.] To restrain within bounds ; 
to limit ; to confine. 

RE-STRIC'TION, n. 1. Confinement 
within bounds. 2. That which re- 
stricts. 

Re-strIct'Ive, a. Having the power 
or tendency to restrict. 

Re-strict'ive-ly, adv. In a re- 
strictive manner. 

Re-sult', v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] [Lat. 
resultare, to spring back.] 1. To 
come out, or have an issue. 2. To 
proceed or spring, as a consequence, 
from facts or arguments, &c. — n. 
End to which any course or condi- 
tion of things leads, or which is ob- 
tained by any process or operation. 
Syn.— See Consequence. 

Re-sult'ant, n. A force which is 
the joint effect of two or more forces. 
— a. Resulting. [resumed. 

Re-sum'a-ble, a. Capable of being 

RESU31E (ra'zu/ma/), n. [Fr.] See 
infra.] A brief recapitulation. 

Re-sume', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
resumere, resumptum ; re, again, 
back, and sumere, to take.] 1. To 
take back. 2. To enter upon or take 
up again. [ing. 

RE-suMP'TroN (84), n. Act of resuni- 

Re-sump'tive, a. Resuming. 

Re-su'PI-NATE, a. [Lat. resnpinatus, 
bent or turned back.] Turned up- 
side down ; inverted. 

Res/ur-REC'TION, n. [Lat. resurrec- 
tio, fr., resurgere, to rise again.] 1. 
A rising again. 2. The rising again 
from the dead. 3. The future state. 

Res/ur-rec'tion-ist, n. One who 
steals bodies from the grave, espe- 
cially for dissection. 

Re'sur-v^y', v. t [-ed; -ing.] To 
survey anew. 

RE-SUS'CI-TATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. resuscitare , -taUim ; re, again, 
and suscitare, to raise.] To revivify ; 
to recover from apparent death. 

Re-sus'ci-ta'tion, n. Act of reviv- 
ing from a state of apparent death. 

Re-su_s'CI-ta<tive, a. Reviving. 

Re-tail' (114), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Fr. retailler, fr. re, again, and tailler, 
to cut.] 1. To dispose of in small 
parcels. 2. To sell in small portions. 



or, do, wolf, too, TO"bK; urn, rue, PULL ; J£, I, o, silent ; C,G, soft; €,d,hard; as; exist; n as ng ; THIS. 



RETAIL 



364 



REVEL 



-ING.] 
again, 
To re- 



. Tending to, 
or involving, 



Re'tail (114), n. Sale of commodi- 
tiesin small quantities. 

Re-tail'er, or Re'tail-er, n. One 
who sells goods at retail. 

Re-tain', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
retinere, retention; re, again, back, 
and tenere, to hold, keep.] 1. To 
continue to hold ; to keep in posses- 
sion. 2. To employ by a fee paid. 

Re-TAIN'ER, n. 1. One who retains. 
2. A dependent. 3. A fee paid to 
engage a counselor. 

Re-take', v. t. [-took; -taken; 
-taking.] 1. To take again. 2. To 
recapture. 

Re-tal'i-ate, v. t. [-ed; 
[Lat. retaliare, -atum ; re, 
back, and lalio, retaliation.] 
turn the like for ; esp. to return evil 
for evil. — v. i. To return like for 
like. [ing. 

Re-tal/i-a'tion, n. Act of retaliat- 

Re-tal'i-a-tYve, 

Re-tal'i-a-to-ry, 
retaliation. 

Re-tard', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
retardare ; re, again, back, and tar- 
dare , to delay .] 1". To prevent from 
progress. 2. To put off; to render 
more late. 

Re'tar-da'tion, n. 1. Act of re- 
tarding. 2. That which retards. 

Retch, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
hrascan; hraca, cough, throat.] To 
make an effort to vomit. 

Re-TEN'TION, n. [Lat. retenlio.] 1. 
Act of retaining ; state of being re- 
tained ; custody. 2. Power of re- 
taining. 

Re-ten'tive, a. Having the power 
to retain. [cent. 

Ret'i-cence, n. State of being reti- 

Ret'I-C'ENT, a. [Lat. reticens, keep- 
ing silence.] Inclined to keep silent ; 
taciturn. [small net or bag. 

RfiT'i-€LE,n. [See Reticule.] A 

Re-tic'u-lar, a. Having the form 
of a net, or of net-work. 

Re-tic'u-late, ) a. 1. Resembling 

Re-tic'u-la'ted, ) net-work; net- 
ted. 2. Having distinct veins, fibers, 
or lines crossing like net-work. 

Re-tic'u-la'tion, n. 1. State of 
being reticulated. 2. That which is 
reticulated ; net- work. 

Ret'i-cule ^30), n. [Lat. reticulum, 
dim. of rete, a net.] A little bag of 
net-work ; a lady's work-bag. 

RET'I-FORM, a. [Lat. rete, a net, and 
forma, form.] Like a net in texture. 

Ret'I-NA, n. [L. Lat. fr. Lat. rete, a 
net.] The net-like tissue of the eye 
which receives the impressions re- 
sulting in the sense of vision. 

Ret'1-NUE, n. [Fr., fr. retenir, to re- 
tain, engage.] A body of retainers. 

Re-tire', v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Fr. 
relirer ; re, again, back, and tirer, to 
draw.] 1. To draw back or away. 2. 
To retreat from action or danger. 3. 
To withdraw from a public station. 
— v.t. 1. To pay up and withdraw 
from circulation. 2. To cause to re- 
tire, esp. from active service. [ner. 

RE-TlRi?D'LY, adv. In a retired man- 



RE-TIRE'MENT, n. 1. Act of retiring. 
2. State of being retired or with- 
drawn. 3. Place to which one re- 
tires, [ward. 

Re-tir'ing, p. a. Reserved ; not for- 

Re-tort', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
retorquere, retortum ; re, again, back, 
and torquere, to turn, twist.] 1. To 
throw back. 2. To return, as an 
argument or accusation, &c. — v.i. 
To return an argument or charge. — 
n. 1. A quick and witty response. 
2. A vessel in which substances are 
subjected to distillation or decompo- 
sition by heat. 

S yn . — Repartee. — A retort is a short 
and pointed reply, turning back on an 
assailant the censures or derision he hart 
thrown out. A repartee is usually a 
good-natured return to some witty or 
sportive observation of another. 

Re-tort'er, n. One who retorts. 

Re-touch', r. «. [-ed, -ing.] To 
improve by new touches. 

Re-trace', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. 
To track back, as a line. 2. To con- 
duct back in the same path or course. 

Re-tract', v. t. [-ed: -inc.] [Lat. 
retractare, from retrahere, to draw 
back.] To recall, as a declaration ; to 
disavow; to recant. — v.i. To take 
back what has beeu said. 

Re-tract'i-ble, I a. Capable of be- 

Re-tract'ILE, j ing drawn back. 

Re-TRAC'tion, n. Act of withdraw- 
ing something advanced, claimed; or 
done; recantation. [retract. 

Re-TRXct'Tve, a. Able or ready to 

RE-TREAT', n. [Fr. retraite, from re- 
traire, to withdraw.] 1. Act of re- 
tiring, esp. for safety. 2. Place to 
which one retires. 3. A retiring from 
an enemy. — v.i. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
withdraw ; to retire. 

Re-trench' (66), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[0. Fr. retrencher ; re, again, and 
trencher, to cut.] 1. To cut off; to 
pare away. 2. To lessen ; to abridge. 

Re-trench'ment, n. 1. Removal 
of what is superfluous. 2. Act of less- 
ening orabridging. 

Ret'ri-BU'TION, n. [Lat. retribuere, 
-butum ; re, again, back, and tribuere, 
to bestow, pay.] 1. Act of repaying. 
2. State of being paid back. 3. Re- 
turn suitable to the merits of, as an 
action. 

Re-trib'u-tive, ) a. Involving, or 

Re-trib'u-to-ry, ) pertaining to, 
retribution. [ing retrieved. 

Re-trie VA-ble, a. Capable of be- 

Re-triev'al, n. Act of retrieving. 

Re-trieve', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Fr. 
retrouver, to find again, to recover.] 
1. To restore from loss or injury. 2. 
To remedy the evil consequences of. 

Re'tro-act', or RET'RO-ACT', v. i. 
[Lat. retro, backward, back, and Eng. 
act.] To act backward or in return. 

Re'tro-ac'tion, or Ret'ro-ac'- 
tion, n. 1. Action returned. 2. 
Operation on something preceding. 

Re'tro-act'ive, or RET'RO-ACT'- 
Ive, a. Fitted or designed to retro- 
act ; affecting what is past. 

Re'tro-cede, or Ret'ro-cede, v. 



i. [-ED; -ing.] [Lat. retrocedere 
fr. retro, backward, back, and cedere 
to go.] To cede or grant back. 

Re'tro-ces'sion, or Ret'ro-ces»- 
SION (-sSsh'un), n. 1. Act of retro- 
ceding. 2. State of being retro- 
ceded or granted back. 

Re'tro-gra-da'tion, or RET'RO- 
gra-da'tion, v. Act of retrograd- 
ing or moving backward. — a. Going 
backward ;_ contrary. 

Re'tro-grade, or Ret'ro-grade, 
v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. retrogra- 
dare, retrogradi, fr. retro, back, and 
gradi, to step, go.] To go backward. 

Re'tro-gres'sion, or Ret'ro- 
GRES'SION,«. [Lat. retrogressus.} 
Act of going backward. 

Re'tro-gres'sive, or Ret'ro- 
GRES'siVE, a. Going backward. 

Re'tro-spect, or Ret'ro-spect, 
n. [From Lat. retrospicere, -spcctum, 
to look back.] Yiew or contempla- 
tion of something past. 

Re'tro-spec'tion, or Ret'ro- 
SPEC'TION, ii. Act or faculty of 
looking back on things past. 

Re'tro-spect'ive, or Ret'ro- 
spect'ive, a. 1. Looking back. 
2. Having reference to what is past. 

Re'tro-spect'Ive-ly, or Ret'ro- 
SPE€T'1ve-LY, adv. By way of 
retrospect. 

Re'tro-vert, or Ret'ro-vert, v. 
t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. retro, back, and 
vertere, to turn.] To turn back. 

Re-turn', «. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Fr. 
retourner; re, again, back, and tour- 
ner, to turn.] 1. Togo or come again 
to the same place or condition. 2. 
To answer. — v. t. 1. To bring, car- 
ry, or send back. 2. To repay. 3. 
To report officially. 

Syht. —To restore. — We retimi a thing 
when we turn it back to its appropriate 
place; we restore a thing when we put 
it back to its former state and condition . 
A man returns what he borrowed, and 
restores what he stole. 
— n. 1. Act of returning. 2. That 
which is returned; as (a.) A pay- 
ment; aremittance. {b.) An answer. 
(c.) A formal account or report, (d.) 
The profit on labor, or an invest- 
ment, &c. 

Re-turn'a-ble, a. 1. Capable of 
being returned. 2. Legally required 
to be returned. 

Re-0n'1ON, n. 1. A renewed union. 
2. An assembling of familiar friends. 

Re'U-NITE', v. t. or i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To unite again. 

Re-veal', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
revelare ; re, again, back, and velare, 
to veil.] To make known after hav- 
ing been concealed. 

Syn.— To divulge.— To reveal is lit- 
erally to lift the veil, and thus make 
known what was previously concealed; 
to (Uvulae is to scatter abroad among the 
people, or make publicly known. 

RE-VSIL'LE (re-vaPye), n. [Fr. re- 
veil, fr. reveiller, to awake.] (Mil.) 
The beat of drum about break of day. 

Rev'el, v. i [-ed, -ing; or -led, 

-LING, 1.37 ] [0 Fr. reveler, to revolt, 



A E, I, 0,U, Y 



long; a, e, i, 6, 0, y, short; care, far, Ask, all. what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, fIrm ; son, 



EEVELATION 



S65 



RHABDOMANCY 



to rebel. See Rebel.] To fea*t In 
a riotous aud lawless rmmner; to 
carouse. — n. A riotous feaat. 

Rev'E-la'tion, n. 1. Act of reveal- 
ing. 2. That, which is revealed. 3. 
Last book of the New Testament. 

Rev'el-er, I n. One who revels or 

Rev'el-ler, ) carouses. 

REV'EL-RY, n. Noisy festivity. 

RE-VENGE', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [0. 
Fr. revenger, fr. re, again, and ven- 
gier, to vindicate] To inflict pun- 
ishment in vindication of, or in a 
spiteful or malignant spirit. [See 
Avenge.] — n. 1. Act of revenging. 
2. Disposition to revenge. 

Re-venge'ful, a. Full of revenge ; 
given to revenge ; wreaking revenge ; 
vindictive. 

Re-ven'GER, n. One who revenges. 

Rev'e-NUE,h. [0. Fr.,from revenir, 
to return, to proceed.] Income, espe- 
cially the annual produce of taxes, 
customs, &c, which a state collects 
for public use. 

Re-ver'ber-ant, a. Resounding. 

RE-VER'BER-ATE, V. t. [-ED; -IN&.] 
[Lat. reverberare, -ratum ; re, again, 
back, and verberare, to lash, -whip.] 

1. To send back, as sound ; to echo. 

2. To reflect, as light or heat. 3. To 
repel from side to side. — v. i. 1. To 
resound. 2. To be repelled, as rays 
of light ; to echo, as sound. 

Re-VER'BER-A'TION, n. Act of re- 
verberating. 

RE-vER'BER-A-TO-RY,a. Producing, 
or acting by , reverbation ; returning, 
or driving back. 

Re-VERE', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
revereri ; re, again, and vereri, to 
fear.] To regard with fear mingled 
with respect and affection. 

Rev'er-ence, n. 1. Fear mingled 
with respect and esteem ; awe ; ven- 
eration. 2. Act or token of venera- 
tion. 3. A title applied to priests. 

— v. t. [-ed; -ING.] To regard 
with reverence. 

Rev'er-end, a. [Lat. reverendus. 
See Revere.] Worthy of reverence ; 
— a title given to clergymen. 

Rev'ER-ENT, a. [Lat. reverens.] 1. 
Expressing reverence. 2. Disposed 
to revere ; submissive. 

REVER-EN'TIAL, a. Proceeding 

from, or expressing, reverence. 

Rev'er-EN'tial-ly, adv. With rev- 
erence, [manner. 

Rev'er-ent-ly, adv. In a reverent 

Rev'er-ie', la. [Fr. reverie, fr. rever, 

Rev'er-y, j to dream, to rave.] 
An irregular train of thoughts, oc- 
curring in meditation. 

Re-v£r'sal, n. [From reverse.] A 
change or overthrowing. 

Re-v£rse' (14), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[Lat. revertere, reversum; re, again, 
back, and vert ere, to turn.] 1. To 
cause to return or depart. 2. To 
change totally. 3. To turn end for 
end, or upside down ; to invert. 4. 
To overthrow ; to subvert. 5. To 
undo or annul for error ; to repeal. 

— n. 1. That which is directly op- 



posite to something else. 2. Com- 
plete change, esp. from better to 
worse. — a. Having a contrary or 
opposite direction. 

Re-verse'ly, adv. On the other 
hand. [reversed. 

Re-vers'I-ble, a. Capable of being 

RE-VER'SION, n. [Lat. reversio.} 1. 
The returning of an estate to the 
grantor or his heirs, after the grant 
is determined ; residue of an estate 
left after the determination of an- 
other estate carved out of it. 2. A 
right to future possession or enjoy- 
ment ; succession. 

Re-ver'sion-a-ry, a. Pertaining to, 
or involving, a reversion. 

Re-ver'sion-er, n. One who has a 
reversion. 

Re-v£rt' (14), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. revertere. ; re, again, back, and 
vertere, to turn.] 1. To turn back ; 
to reverse. 2. To drive back; to 
reverberate. — v. i. 1. To return ; to 
fall back. 2. To return to the pro- 
prietor, [reverted. 

Re-v£rt'i-ble, a. Capable of being 

Re-v£rt'ive, a. Tending to revert ; 
changing. 

Rev'er-y, n. See Reverie. 

Re-vest', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
revestire ; re, again, and vestire, to 
clothe.] 1. To clothe again. 2. To 
vest again with possession or office. 
— v. i. To take effect again, as a title. 

RE-VIEW (-vfl / ), n. [Fr. revue, fr. re- 
voir, Lat. revidere, to see again.] 1. 
A second or repeated view. 2. A crit- 
ical examination of a new publica- 
tion, with remarks ; critique. 3. An 
examination of troops under arms. 
4. A periodical devoted to literary 
criticism. — v. t. [-ED;-ING.] To 
go over and examine critically or 
deliberately. 

Re-view'er (re-vQ/er), n. One who 
reviews ; a critic who publishes his 
opinion of books, &c. 

Re-vile', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
assail with opprobrious language. 

RE-VIL'ER, n. One who reviles. 

Re-vis'al, n. Act of revising, or re- 
examining for correction. 

Re-vise', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
revidere, revisum, to see again.] 1. 
To look at again ; to re-examine. 2. 
To review, alter, and amend. — n. A 
proof-sheet taken after correction. 

RE-vis'ER, n. One who revises. 

Re-vis'ion (-vizh'un), n. 1. Act of 
revising. 2. That which is revised. 

Re-vis'ion- AL ) (-vizh'un-^a. Per- 

Re-vis/ion-a-RY j taining to revis- 
ion; revisory. [again. 

Re-vIs'it,^. "t. [-ED ; -ING.] To visit 

Re-vIv'al, n. Act of reviving, or 
state of being revived ; especially, re- 
newed interest in religion. 

Re-viv'al-ist, n. An advocate for 
religious revivals. 

Re-vive', v. ?'. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
revivere ; re, again, and vivere, to 
live.] 1. To return to life. 2. To 
recover from a state of neglect, ob- 
scurity, or depression. — v. t. 1. To 



bring again to life. 2. To recover 
from a state of neglect or depression. 
3. To renew in the mind. [life. 

Re-viv'i-fi-ca'tion, n. Renewal of 

Re-viv'i-fy, v. t. [-ed; -ing, 142.] 
To cause to revive. 

RE va-Vis'CENrE , 7i. Renewal of life. 

R£v'o-€A-BLE, a. Capable of being 
revoked. [being revocable. 

REV'O-CA-BLE-NESS, n. Quality of 

REV'O-CA'TION, n. [Lat. revocation 
1. Act of calling back. 2. State of 
being recalled. 3. Repeal ; reversal. 

Re-voke', v. t. [-ED; -ing.] [Sea 
Revocation.] To annul by taking 
back ; to reverse, as a thing granted 
by a special act. — v. i. (Card- 
playing.) To fail to follow suit. 

Re-volt', or Re-volt' (20), v. i. 
[From Lat. revolvere, revolutum, to 
roll back.] 1. To renounce allegi- 
ance or subjection. 2. To be grossly 
offended. — v. t. [-ed;-ing.] To 
do violence to; to shock. — n. Re- 
nunciation of allegiance and subjec- 
tion. See Insurrection. 

Rev'O-LU'TION, n. [Lat. revohttio.] 
1. Act of revolving, or turning round 
on an axis ; hence, any analogous 
regular return or change, as of the 
seasons. 2. Space measured by the 
regular return of a revolving body. 
3. A total or radical change ; esp. a 
revolt successfully accomplished. 

REV'0-lu'tion-a-ry, a. Tending or 
pertaining to a revolution. 

Rev'o-lu'tion-Tst, n. One engaged 
in effecting a change of government. 

REVO-LU'TION-IZE, V. t. [-ED ; 

-ING.] To change completely, as by 
a revolution. 

RE-voLVE',r. i. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
revolvere; re, again, back, and vol- 
vere, to roll, turn.] 1. To turn or roll 
round on an axis. 2. To move round 
a center. — v.t. 1. To cause to turn, 
as on an axis. 2. To reflect repeat- 
edly upon. 

Re-volv'en-cy, n. Revolution. 

Re-volv'er, n. A fire-arm with 
several barrels revolving on an axis. 

RE-vtJL'SION, n. [Lat. revulsio, from 
revellere, to pluck or pull away.] 
Act of holding or drawing back ; 
marked repugnance. 

Re-vul'sive, a. Tending to revul- 
sion ; repugnant. 

Re-ward', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [0. 
Fr. rewerdoner, reguerredoner. See 
Guerdon.] 1. To give in return, 
whether good or evil ; — especially 
good. 2. To compensate. — n. 1. 
That which is given in return for 
good or evil received ; — usually for 
good. 2. Compensation for services. 
Syx. — Recompense ; remuneration ; 
requital ; retribution. 

Re-ward' a-ble, a. Worthy of being 
rewarded. 

Re-ward'er, n. One who rewards. 

REY'nard, or REYN'ard, n. [See 
Renard.] A fox ; renard. 

Rhab-dol'O-gy (rab-), n. Same as 
Rabdology. [domancy. 

Rhab'do-mXn'cy, n. Same as Rab- 



( 
i 



or, do, wpLF, TOd, TOOK; urn, rue, pull ! E, I, o, silent ; c, G, soft; c,G, hard; Ag; EjciST; nmNG; this. 



RHAPSODICAL 



366 



RIDICULE 



Rhap-sod'I€-al, a. Consisting of 
rhapsody ; unconnected. 

Rhap'so-dIst, n. One who recites or 
composes a rhapsody . 

Rhap'so-dy (rap'-), n. [Gr. pai//o>Sia, 
from pdnretv. to sew, to unite,' and 
c>8jj, a song.] 1. A portion of an 
epic poem tit for recitation at one 
time. 2. A wild, rambling composi- 
tion or discourse, [the river Rhine. 

Rhen'ish (reu'ish), a. Pertaining to 

Rhet'o-rjc (ret'o-rik, 123), n. [Gr. 
pTjToptKTj (sc. rix vy ))i fr° m p>?Topi/cos, 
rhetorical, oratorical.] 1. Art of 
elegant and accurate composition, 
especially in prose. 2. The power of 
persuasion or attraction. 

Rhe-tor'ic-al (re-), a. Pertaining 
to, or involving, rhetoric. 

Rhetor'IC-al-ly (re-), adv. Ac- 
cording to the rules of rhetoric. 

Rhet'o-rPcian, n. 1. One well 
versed in the rules and principles of 
rhetoric. 2. An artificial orator. 

Rheum (rum), n. [Gr. pevpa, from 
pelv, to flow.] 1. An increased ac- 
tion of the excretory vessels of any 
organ. 2. A thin serous fluid, se- 
creted by the mucous glands. 

Rheu-mat'ic, a. Relating to rheu- 
matism, or partaking of its nature. 

Rheu/ma-t!§m (ru'ma-), n. [Gr. 
pevp.aTicrp.6s, from pev/Aa.Ti£e<r0ai , to 
have a flux.] A painful inflamma- 
tion affecting the muscles and joints. 

Rheum'y (rijnVy), a. Abounding in, 
or causing rheum 

Rhi-noc'e-ros, 
n. [Gr. pivoice- 
pws , from pig , or 
piv, gen. ptvds, 
the nose, and 
icepas, a horn.] 
A pachyderma- 
tous mammal, 
— nearly allied to the hippopotamus. 

Rhi'no-PLAS'TIC, a. [Gr. pi's, pivog, 
nose, and it Aacn-iKos , fit for molding.] 
Forming an artificial nose, by bring- 
ing down a piece of flesh from the 
forehead. 

Rhi-zome' (ri-zom'), n. [Gr. plfana, 
that which has taken root, fr. pi'£a, 
a root.] A creeping stem growing 
beneath the surface of the soil. 

Rho'di-Om, n. [Gr. p6<W, the rose, 
from the rose-red color of its salts.] 
A metal extremely hard and brittle. 

RHO'DO-DEN'DRONjn. [Gr. poSoSev- 
Spov, i. e., rose-tree.] A genus of 
small trees having beautiful flowers. 

Rhomb (romb, 62), n. [Lat. rhombus, 
Gr. pop/3os, from pe'p/3eiz/, to whirl 
round.] A figure of four equal sides 
but unequal angles. 

Rhom'bic (rSm'bik), a. Having the 
figure of a rhomb. 

Rhom'boid (rom'boid), n. [Gr. pop.- 

j3oei5»j? ; pop|8os, 

rhomb, and et- f ,,-■■'') 

fios, shape.] An / ,.---''" / 

elongated rhomb. / ,.--'"' / 

Rhom-boi d'al — 

(rom-), a. Hav- Rhomboid, 
ing the shape of a rhomboid. 



m 

Rhinoceros. 



Rhombus. 



RhoM'bus (rom'- 
bus), n. Same as 
Rhomb. 

Rhu'barb (rp/barb), 
n. [Gr. pa, rhu- 
barb, and /3dp/3apos, 
foreign, strange.] 
A plant of several 
species used in cookery and in medi- 
cine. 

Rhumb (rumb, 62). n. [See Rhomb.] 
(Navigation.) Any given point of 
the compass ; a line making a given 
angle with the meridian. 

Rhumb'-i/ine (rumb'-), n. (Naviga- 
tion.) The course of a vessel which 
cuts all the meridians at the same 
angle. 

Rhyme (rim), n. [From 0. H. Ger. 
hrim, rim, series, number.] 1. Po- 
etry. 2. Correspondence of sound in 
the terminating words or syllables of 
verses. 3. A couplet or triplet. 4. 
A word answering in sound to 
another, —v. i. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To make verses. 2. To accord in 
sound. — v. t. To put into rhyme. 

Rhym'er 1 (rim'-), n. One who 

Rhym'ster I makes rhymes ; a 
poor or mean poet. 

Rhythm (rithm or rithm), n. [Gr. 
puflpds, Lat. rhythmus.] 1. Division 
of time into short portions by a reg- 
ular and agreeable succession of mo- 
tions, impulses, sounds, &c. 2. 
Movement in musical time. 3. Har- 
monious flow of vocal sounds. 

Rhyth'mic, or Rhyth'mic, ) 

RHYTH'MIC- AL,or RHYTH'MIC- AL, j 
a. Pertaining to rhythm. 

Rl'AL, n. A Spanish coin. 

Rib, n. [A.-S.] 1. One of the bones 
inclosing the thoracic cavity. 2. 
That which resembles a rib in form 
or use. — v. t. [-bed ; -bing.] To 
furnish with ribs. 

Rib'ald, ?i. [Cf. Bawd and 0. H. 
Ger. hriba, hr'ipa, prostitute.] A low, 
vulgar wretch ; a lewd fellow. — a. 
Low ; base ; mean ; filthy. 

Rib'ald-ry, n. Low, vulgar lan- 
guage ; obscenity. 

RlB'BON,«. [Fr. ruban, orig. a red 
ribbon, from Lat. rubens, red.] 1. A 
fillet of fine silk or satin. 2. pi. The 
reins, or lines to guide a horse. — v. t. 
[-edj-ing.] Toadorn with ribbons. 

Rib'roast, v. t. To beat soundly. 

RICE, n. [Ar. aroz, 
aruz, Gr. opv£a.] A 
plant and its seed, 
which forms an im- 
portant article of food. 

Rice'-pa'per, n. A 
thin, delicate paper, 
brought from China, 
and used for the man- 
ufacture of fancy arti- 
cles. 

RICH, a. [-ER ; -EST.] 

[A.-S. ric] 1. Pos- Ri ce - 

sessed of an unusually large amount 
of property. 2. Well supplied. 3. 
Productive or fertile. 4. Highly val- 
ued. 5. Abounding in nutritive quali- 




ties ; also, highly seasoned. 6. Vivid, 
bright. 7. Abounding in humor. 

Syn.— -Wealthy ; affluent; opulent; 
abundant ; sumptuous ; precious. 

RlCH'ES, n. pi. 'jj'r. richesse.] Abun- 
dant possessions. [teously. 

RlCH'LY, adv. With - iches ; plen- 

RlCH'NESS, n. 1. State of being rich. 
2. That which makes any thing rich. 

RICK, n. [A.-S. hredc, a heap] A 
covered pile of grain or hay in th« 
field or open air. 

RlCK'ETS, n. pi. [Perh. fr. A.-S. ricg y 
hric, back, spine.] A disease of chil- 
dren, characterized by a crooked 
spine, and other deformities. 

Rick'et-Y, a. 1. Affected with rick- 
ets. 2. Feeble in the joints; weak. 

Ricochet (rik'o-sha' or rik'o-shCt'), 
n. [Fr.] The firing of ordnance so as 
to cause the balls to rebound or roll 
along the ground on which they fall. 

RlD,r.«. [-ded; -DING.] [A.-S. hred- 
dan.] To free ; to deliver. 

Rid'dance, n. 1. Deliverance; a 
clearing up or out. 2. State of being 
rid or free. 

Rid'D£N, p.p. of Ride. 

RiD'DLE (rld'dl), n. 1. [A.-S. hriddel, 
a sieve.] A sieve with coarse meshes. 

2. [A.-S. rsedels, fr. r sedan, to coun- 
sel ; to guess. Cf. Read.] A puz- 
zling question ; enigma. 3. Any 
thing puzzling. — v. t. [-EDJ-ING.] 
1. To separate with a riddle. 2. To 
perforate with balls so as to make 
like a riddle. 3. To solve ; to explain. 

— v. i. To speak enigmatically. 
Ride, v. i. [rode, or rid ; rid, or 

RIDDEN; RIDING.] [A.-S. r'idan.] 
1. To be carried on the back of any 
animal, or in a carriage. 2. To float. 

3. To be supported in motion. 4. 
To manage a horse well. — v. t. 1. 
To sit on, so as to be carried. 2. To 
manage insolently at will. 3. To 
cause to ride. 

Syx. — Drive. — Hide originally meant 
to be carried on horseback or in a vehi- 
cle of any kind. Now, in England, 
drive is the word applied in most cases 
' to motion in a carriage, as, adrive round 
the park, while ride is appropriated to 
motion on a horse, 60 that a " ride on 
horseback " would be tautology. 

— n. Au excursion on horseback or 
in a vehicle. 

RId'er, n. 1. One who rides. 2. An 
additional clause, as to a bill in 
Parliament. 

RIDGE, n. [A.^S. hrycg, hricg, back, 
pediment.] 1. The back, or top of 
the back. 2. The top of any elon- 
gated elevation, great or small, —v. 
t. [-ed; -ING.] 1. To make into 
a ridge or ridges. 2. To wrinkle. 

Ridge'-pole, n. The timber or 
board forming the ridge of a roof. 

R'lDG'Y,_a. Having a ridge or ridges. 

RlD'I-CULE (30), n. [Lat. ridiculum, 
from ridiculus, laughable.] 1. Ex- 
pression of laughter, especially when 
mingled with contempt. 2. Writing 
which excites contempt with laugh- 
ter. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To laugh 
at with expressions of contempt. 



A, b, ?, 6, v,Y,long; !,£,!, 6, 0, y, short; CARE, FAR, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, TERM; PIQUE, firm ; s6n, 



RIDICULOUS 



3G7 



RISIBLE 



RT-Dfe'U-LOUS, a. Fitted to excite 
ridicule. [See LUDICROUS.] 

R'i-Di€'u-LOUS-L*r, adv. In a ridicu- 
lous manner. 

Ri-di€'u-lous-ness, n. Quality of 
being ridiculous. 

Rid'ing, /I. 1. Act of one who rides. 
2. [Corrupted fr. trit/ung or triding, 
third.] One of the three jurisdic- 
tions into which the county of York 
(Eng. ), is divided. [with a hood. 

RiiVing-hood, n. A kind of cloak 

Rid'ing-school (-skobl), «.. A school 
where the art of riding is taught. 

Ri'-DOT'TO, n. [It., from L. Lat. re- 
ductus, a retreat.] A public enter- 
tainment of music and dancing. 

RIFE, a. [A.-S. ryf.] Prevailing. 

RlFE'LY, adv. Prevalently. 

Rife'ness, n. Prevalence. 

RlFF'RAFF, n. Refuse. 

Rl'FLE (rl'fl), n. [Ger. riefelen,riffe In, 
to chamfer, groove.] 1. A gun, the 
inside of whose barrel is formed with 
spiral grooves. 2. A whetstone for a 
scythe. [Amer.] — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[0. H. Ger. rifilon, to pluck, to saw.] 

1. To seize and bear away by force. 

2. To rob ; to pillage. 3. To groove ; 
especially, to groove internally with 
spiral channels. [with a rifle. 

RI'FLE-MAN (150), n. A man armed 
Rl'FLE R, n. One who rifles. 
RiFT,«. [From rive, to rend.] 1. A 

cleft ; a fissure. 2. A fording-place. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To cleave; 

to split. — v. i. To burst open. 
RIG, v. t. [-GED; -GING.] [A.-S. 

wrigan, t-vrlhan, to cover, clothe.] 

1. To dress, esp. in an odd or fanci- 
ful manner. 2. To furnish with ap- 
paratus or gear. — n. 1. Dress; 
clothing. 2. Peculiar manner of 
fitting the masts and rigging to a 
vessel. 3. A sportive trick. 

Rig'ger,/i. One who fits rigging. 

Rig'ging, n. Dress; tackle of a ship. 

RIGHT (rlt), a. [A.-S. riht, relit, Lat. 
rectus, kept straight, guided.] 1. 
Straight ; most direct. 2. Upright ; 
erect. 3. According with truth and 
duty. 4. Fit ; suitable. 5. Not mis- 
taken or wrong. 6 Not left, but its 
opposite. — adv. 1. In a right man- 
ner ; esp., in a right or straight line. 

2. According to law or rule. 3. In a 
great degree; very. — n. 1. That 
which is right or correct, as adher- 
ence to duty, or to truth or fact. 2. 
That to which one has a claim. 3. 
That which is on the right side. 4. 
The outward or most finished sur- 
face.— v.t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To set up- 
right ; to make straight. 2. To do jus- 
tice to. — v. i. To become upright. 

Right'-an'gled (rlt'-), a. Contain- 
ing an angle or angles of 90°. 

RlGHT'EOUS (rl'chiis), a. [0. Eng. 
rightwys, rightwi.se.] Free from 
guilt or sin. 

Right'eous-LY (rl'chus-), adv. In 
a righteous manner ; justly. 

Right'eous-ness (ri'chus-), n. The 
quality of being righteous. 

Right'ful (rit'ful), a. 1. Consonant 



to justice. 2. Having a just claim. 
3. Being by right. 

Right'ful-ly (rlt'-), adv. Accord- 
ing to the right. [being rightful. 

RlGHT'FlJL-NESS (rTt'-), n. State of 

Right'-hXnd'ed (rit/-), a. Using 
the right hand habitually or more 
easily than the left. 

RIght'LY (rTt'-), adv. With right. 

RlGHT'NESS (rit'-), n. 1. Straight- 
ness. 2. Rectitude ; righteousness. 

RIG'ID, a. [Lat. rigidus, to be stiff 
or numb.] 1. So firm as not to be 
easily bent. 2. Severe ; iniiexible. 

Ri-gid'i-TY, n. 1. Want of pliability. 
2. Stiffness of manner. 

RlG'lD-LY, adv. Stiffly ; inflexibly. 

Rig'id-ness, n. Rigidity. 

RfG'MA-ROLE, n. [A corrupt, of Rag- 
man 's-r oil, an old record of the alle- 
giance of the Scottish nobility to Ed- 
ward I. of England.] Foolish talk ; 
nonsense. [Colloq.] 

RtG'OR, n. [Lat., fr. rigere, to be 
stiff.] 1. State of being rigid. 2. A 
convulsive tremor, as in the cold fit 
of a fever. 3. Severity, as of climate. 

RlG'OR-oOs, a. Manifesting, exercis- 
ing, or favoring rigor ; severe. 

Rig'or-OUS-ly, adv. In a rigorous 
manner. 

Rig'or-ous-ness, n. Se/erity. 

RILL, n. [Either fr. L. Ger. rille, a 
small channel, a furrow ; or fr. 0. 
Eng. rigol, a small brook ; or fr. Lat. 
rivulus, a small brook.] A small 
brook ; a streamlet. 

RlM, n. [A.-S. rima, re.oma, edge, lip.] 
Border, edge, or margin of something 
curving. — v. t. [-MED ; -MING.] 
To furnish with a rim. 

RIME, n. [A.-S. hrim. Cf. GRIME.] 
White or hoar frost. 

Rl-MOSE' (125), a. [Lat. rimosus, fr. 
rima, a chink.] Full of chinks, like 
the bark of trees, [fold or wrinkle. 

RIm'ple (-pi), n. [A.-S. hrympele.] A 

RlM'PLE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
rumple ; to wrinkle. [frosty. 

RlM'Y, a. Abounding with rime; 

RIND, n. [A.-S. rind, hrind, Gr. pivds, 
the skin.] The external covering or 
coat, as the skin or bark. 

Rin'der-PEST, n. A contagious dis- 
temper affecting neat cattle and 
sheep. 

Ring, n. [A.-S. hring, hrinc, a circle.] 
1. A circle, or any thing in the form 
of a circular line or hoop. 2. Any 
sound continued or repeated. 3. A 
chime of bells. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
1. To encircle. 2. [RANG, or RUNG ; 
RUNG ; RINGING.] [A.-S. hringan.] 
To cause to sound, esp. by striking, 
as a metallic body. — v. i. 1. To 
sound, as a bell, or other sonorous 
body. 2. To sound ; to resound. 

RiNG'-BOLT, n. An iron bolt with a 
ring at one end. 

RIng'dove (-duv), n. A species of 
pigeon ; the cushat. 

RiNG'ER, n. One who rings. 

R1ng'LEAD-er, n. The leader of men 
engaged in illegal enterprise, [of hair. 

RiNG'LET, n. [Dim. of ring.] A curl 



RlNG'WORM (-wQrm), n. A cutaneous 
eruption formiug discolored rings. 

RINK, n. [Scot., prob. fr. A.-S. hrincg, 
a ring.] An inclosed skating-pond. 

Rinse, v. t. [-ED; -ING] [Icel. 
kreinsa, A.-S. hrxnan, to purge.] 
To cleanse by the introduction, or a 
second application . of water. 

RI'OT, n. [0. Fr. note, It. riotta.] 1. 
Wanton or unrestrained behavior. 
2. Disturbance of the peace by threo 
or more persons assembled together 
for that purpose. 

Syn. — Tumult; uproar; sedition. 
— v. i. [-ed; -ING.] 1. To indulge 
in excess of luxury, feasting, beha- 
vior, &c. 2. To raise an uproar or 
sedition. [riot. 

Ri'ot-er, n. One who engages in a 

Ri'OT-oOs, a. 1. Involving or engag- 
iug in riot. 2. Seditious. [ner. 

Ri'OT-oDs-LY, adv. In a riotous man- 

RlP, v. t. [-PED ; -PING.] [A.-S. ry- 
pan. Cf. Reap and Rive.] 1. To 
tear off or out by violence. 2. To 
take away by cutting or tearing. — n. 
A tear; a place torn ; laceration. 

RI-PA'RI-AN, a. [Lat. riparius ; ripa, 
bank. J Relating to the bank of a river. 

Ripe, a. [-er ; -est.] [A.-S. ripe, 
0. II. Ger. rifi, allied to A.-S. rip, 
harvest.] 1. Having attained per- 
fection, as grain, fruit, &c. 2. Ad- 
vanced so as to be fit for use. 3. 
Consummate ; perfected. 4. Ready 
for action or effect. 
Syn. — See Mature. 

Ripe'ly, adv. Maturely. 

RlP'EN (rlp'n), v. i. [-ED: -ING.] 1. 
To grow ripe. 2. To approach or 
come to perfection. — v. t. 1. To 
make ripe, as fruit. 2. To mature ; 
to fit or prepare. 

Ripe'ness, n. State of being ripe; 
maturity ; completeness. 

RfP'PLE (np'pl), v. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Dim. of rip.] To be covered with 
small waves or undulations. — n. 1. 
The fretting of the surface of water. 
2. A little wave or undulation. 3. 
A kind of comb for flax. 

Rip'rXp, n. A foundation of stones 
thrown together without order, as in 
deep water. 

RIgE (rlz), v. i. [ROSE ; RISEN ; RIS- 
ING.] [A.-S. r'isan, arisan. Cf. 
Raise.] 1. To move or pass in any 
manner from a lower position to a 
higher ; to ascend ; to become ele- 
vated. 2. To seem to rise ; to be- 
come apparent. 3. To increase in 
size, force, or value, &c. 4. To close 
a session ; to adjourn. 

Rise (rls), n. 1. Act of rising, or state 
of being risen. 2. Distance through 
which any thing rises. 3. An ac- 
clivity or ascent. 4. Source ; origin, 
5. Increase; augmentation. 

Ris'ER, n. One who rises. [risible. 

R'I§'I-BIL'I-TY, n. Quality of being 

Ris/I-BLE, a. [Lat. risibilis, fr. ridere, 
risum, to laugh.] Capable or wor- 
thy of exciting laughter. 

Syn. — Ludicrous; laughable; ridicu- 
lous. 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK j URN, RUE, PULL ; e, I, O, silent ; 9, G, soft; €,G,hard; Ag; EJCIST ; NasNG; THIS. 



RISK 



368 



ROGUERY 



RIsk, n. [From Lat. resecare, to cut 
off.] 1. Hazard: peril, or degree of j 
peril. 2 Liability to loss in proper- 
ty. 3. That which is liable to loss, j 

Syn.— See Danger. 
— v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To expose to 
hazard or peril. 

RIsk'er, n. One who risks. 

RlSK'Y, a. Attended with danger. 

Rite, n. [Lat. ritus.] Formal act of 
religion, or other solemn duty. 

Syn. — Ceremony; observance; ordi- 
nance. 

Rl'TOR-N&L'LO, tt. [It., dim. of 
ritorno, return.] A short symphony 
to an air. 

Rit'u-al, a. [Lat. ritualis ; ritus, a 
rite.] 1. Relating to, or consisting of. 
rites. 2. Prescribing rites — n. A 
book containing rites to be observed. 

RlT'U-AL-ISM, n. 1. Prescribed forms 
of religious worship, or the observ- 
ance of such forms. 2. Confidence 
in mere rites. 

Rit'u-al-ist, n. One skilled in, or 
devoted to, a ritual. 

RIt'u-al-ly, adv. By rites, or by a 
particular rite. 

Ri'val, n. [Lat. rivales, two neigh- 
bors having a brook in common, ri- 
vals ; rivus, a brook.] One in pursuit 
of the same object as another ; a com- 
petitor. — a. Having the same pre- 
tensions or claims. — v. t. [ED, -ING, 
or -led, LING, 137 ] 1. To stand in 
competition with. 2. To strive to 
equal or excel ; to emulate. 

Ri'val-ry, ) n. Act of rivaling, or 

Rl'VAL-sHi'P, ) state of being a rival. 
Syn.— See Emulation. 

RlVE,v. t. [-ED; -ED, or -EN ; -ING.] 
[A.-S. red/an, to break, split.] To 
rend asunder by force : to split ; to 
cleave. — v. i. To be split. 

Riv'er, n. [Lat. riparias, belonging 
to a bank, from ripa, a bank] A 
stream of water, larger than a brook. 

Riv'er-horse, n. A hippopotamus. 

Rfv'ET, n. [Fr., fr. river, to rivet.] A 
pin of metal clinched at one or both 
ends. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 
fasten with rivets. 2. To clinch. 

Rtv'u-LET, n. [Lat. rivulus, dim. of 
rivus, a brook.] A small brook. 

Rix'-DOL'LAR, n. [Ger. reichsthaler , 
i. e., dollar of the realm.] A silver 
coin of Germany, Holland, Denmark, 
and Sweden, varying in value from 
60 cents to $1.08. 

ROACH, n. [A.-S. reohha, reohche.] A 
fresh-water fish of the carp family. 

ROAD (20), n. [A.-S. rad, fr. rldan, 
to ride.] An open or public way for 
traveling. 

Syn. — Way; highway; street. — Way 
is generic, denoting any line for passage 
or conveyance; a highway is literally 
one raised for the sake of dryness and 
convenience in traveling; a road is a 
way for horses and carriages; a street is 
a paved way, as early made in towns 
and cities, and hence the word is dis- 
tinctively applied to roads or highways 
in compact settlements. 
[Either from A.-S. rad, or from Icel. 



reida, preparation, fitting out (of 

ships).] A roadstead. 
Road'stead, n. A place where ships 

may ride at anchor, at some distance 

from the shore. 
Road'ster, n. 1. A vessel riding at 

anchor in a road. 2. A horse for 

traveling. 
ROAM, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Orig. to 

go on a pilgrimage to Rome.] To 

walk or move about from place to 

place without any certain purpose. 

— v . t. To range or wander over. 
ROAM/ER, n. One who roams. 
Roan, a. [Sp. roano, from Lat. ravus, 

gray -yellow.] Bay, sorrel, or dark, 

with spots; — said of a horse. — n. 

1. A roan horse. 2. An imitation of 
morocco, made from sheep-skin. 

Roar, t». i. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
rdrian.] 1. To cry with a full, loud, 
continued sound, as a lion, or one in 
pain. 2. To make a loud, confused 
sound, as winds, waves, &c. — n. A 
loud continuous noise, as of billows, 
a wild beast, or the like. 

Roar'er, n. One who roars. 

Roar'ing, n. A loud, continuous 
sound, as of a wild beast, &c. 

Roast, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [0. H. 
Ger. rustjan.] 1. To cook, as meat, 
before the fire. 2. To parch by ex- 
posure to heat. 3. To heat excessive- 
ly. — n. That which is roasted. 

To rule the roast, to take the lead ; to 
domineer ; — of uncertain origin. 

— a. Roasted. 

Roast'ER, n. 1. One who roasts 
meat. 2. A contrivance for roasting. 
3. A pig for roasting. 

Rob, v. t. [-bed ; -BING.] [Goth. 
raubZn, A.-S. reafian, Eng. reave.] 
To take away from by force ; to 
plunder. 

Rob'ber, n. One who commits a 
robbery. 
Syn. — Thief ; plunderer. 

Rob'BER-y, n. The crime of robbing. 

Robe, n. [L. Lat. rauba, raupa, a 
theft, dress, garment, orig. booty. 
See Rob.] 1. An outer garment ; 
esp. one of a rich, flowing, or elegant 
style. 2. A skin of the wolf, buffalo, 
&c, prepared for use. [Amer.] — v. 
t. [-ed; -ing.] To invest with a 
robe ; to dre?s. 

RoB'lN, n. [Prop, an abbrev. of Rob- 
ert.] (a.) A European singing bird, 
having a reddish breast, (b.) An 
American singing bird, having the 
breast of a dingy orange-red color. 

ROB'O-RANT, a. [Lat. roborans, from 
robur, a hard kind of oak, hardness.] 
Strengthening. — n. A strengthening 
medicine ; a tonic. 

Ro-BUST', a. [Lat. robustus, oaken, 
hard, fr. robur, strength.] 1. Indi- 
cating strength and vigorous health. 

2. Requiring strength or vigor. 
Syn. — Strong; powerful. 

Ro-BUST'NESS, n. Quality of being 

robust; strength. 
RSche'-Xl'um (rok'-), n. [Fr. roche, 

rock.] A pure kind of alum. 



Ro-chelle" Pow'der§ (ro-sheP\ 
Same as Sedlitz Powders. 

RoCH'et (rotclPet), n. [A.-S. roc, 
Icel. rockr, a coat, garment.] A linen 
garment resembling a surplice. 

Rock, n. [From a hypoth. Lat. rupica, 
from rupes, a rock.] 1. A large mass 
of stony material. 2. Any natural 
deposit of stony material. 3. That 
which resembles a rock in firmness. 
4. [Icel. rockr, 0. H. Ger. rocco.] A 
distaff used in spinning. — v.t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] [A.-S. redcan, to waver, ex- 
hale, smoke.] 1. To move backward 
and forward on a support. 2. To still ; 
to quiet. — v. i. To be moved back- 
ward andforward. 

Rock'A-way, n. A four-wheeled, 
two-seated pleasure-carriage, with 
full standing top. 

Rock'-crys'TAL, n. Limpid quartz. 

Rock'er, n. 1. One who rocks. 2. 
The curving piece of wood on which 
a cradle or chair rocks. 

Rock'et, n. 1. [It. rocchetta, from 
rocca, a distaff. See Rock ] An 
artificial firework, projected through 
the air. 2. [Lat. eruca.] A plant, 
sometimes eaten as a salad. 

Rock'i-ness, n. State of being rocky. 

R6cK'-oiL,n. Same as Petroleum. 

Rock'-salt (8), n. Common salt 
occurring in rock-like masses in 
mines, or formed in large crystals, 
by evaporation from sea-water. 

Rock'-work (-wfirk), n. Masonry in 
imitation of natural masses of rock. 

Rock'y, a. 1. Full of rocks. 2. 
Formed of rocks. 3. Resembling a 
rock. 

Rod, n. [A.-S. rod, allied to Skr. ridh, 
to grow.] 1. Shoot or long twig of 
any woody plant. 2. Any long slen- 
der stick; as, (a.) An instrument of 
punishment. (&.) A kind of scepter, 
or badge of office. 3. A measure of 
]ength, containing 16£ feet ; a perch. 

Rode (20), imp. of Ride. 

Ro'dent, a. [Lat. rodens.] Gnawing. 
— n. A gnawing animal, as a rat. 

Rod'O-MONT-ade', n. [From Rodo- 
mont, in the Orlando Furioso of Ari- 
osto.] Vain boasting; empty blus- 
ter. — v. i. To boast ; to bluster. 

Roe, n. [0. H. Ger. rogan, rogin.] 
1. Ovary and eggs of a fish. 2. [See 
infra.] Female of any species of 
deer. 

C@- The milt of the male fish is some- 
times called soft roe. 

Roe'BUCK, n. [A.-S. rah, r6, N. H. 
Ger. reh, rehbock.] A small species 
of male deer. 

Ro-GA'TION, n. [Lat. rogatio, from 
rogare, to ask, beg.] Litany ; sup- 
plication. 

Rogation days, the three days imme- 
diately before the festival of Ascension, 
—Rogation week, the second week before 
"Whit-Sunday. 

ROGUE (rog, 20), n. [Icel. hrokr, a 
brave, proud, or haughty man.l 1. 
A deliberately dishonest person; a 
knave. 2. One who is mischievous. 

R6gu'ER-Y (rog'er-5), n. 1. Fraud; 



I, i, 1,5, u, Y,long; X, fi,I,6,t,$,5Aor«,' cAre, fXr, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, t£rm; pique, firm; s6n, 



KOGUISH 



369 



RORIFEROUS 



dishonest practices. 2. Arch tricks ; 
mischievousuess. 

Rogu'ish (rog'i.sh), a. 1. Dishonest. 
2. Slightly mischievous. 

Rogu'ish-ly (rog'ish-), adv. Like a 
rogue. 

R6gu'ish-ness (rog'ish-), n. Quality 
of being roguish ; knavery ; mis- 
chievousness. 

Soil (38), r. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Either 
fr. broil, or from 0. Eng. roile, reile, 
to roll.] 1. To render turbid by 
stirring up the dregs of. 2. To excite. 

fiOIS'TER-ER, n. [Prob. fr. Fr. rustre, 
a boor, a clown, clownish.] A bold, 
blustering fellow. 

Role (rol), n. [Fr. See Roll.] Part 
performed by a play-actor ; hence, 
any conspicuous action or duty. 

Roll, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [L. Lat. 
rotulare, from Lat. rotulus, rotula, a 
little wheel.] 1. To cause to revolve 
by turning over and over. 2. To 
wrap round on itself. 3. To involve 
by winding. 4. To drive forward 
with an easy circular motion. 5. To 
press or level with a roller. — v. i. 1. 
To revolve. 2. To move up and 
down, as waves, or from side to side, 
as a ship. 3. To beat a drum with 
very rapid strokes. — n. [From Lat. 
rotula, a little wheel.] 1. Act of 
rolling, or state of being rolled. 2. 
That which rolls ; a roller. 3. That 
which is rolled up, as a register, or 
a small loaf of bread. 4. The beat- 
ing of a drum with rapid strokes. 

Roll'-€ALL, n. Act or time of call- 
ing over a list of names. 

Roll'er, n. That which rolls on its 
own axis, as a cylinder of wood, 
stone, &c. 

ROL'LIO, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [An 
abbrev. and modif. of frolic, with an 
allusion to roll.] To move in a care- 
Jess, swaggering, frolicsome manner. 

Roll'ING-mill, n. A mill with 
heavy rollers, through which heated 
metal is passed, to form it into sheets, 
&c. 

Roll'ing-pin, n. A wooden cylinder 
to roll out dough with. 

RO-MA'IC, n. [Mod. Gr. 'Pw/xoi'icos.] 
The modern Greek language. — o. 
Relating to modern Greece, or its 
language. 

Ro'MAN, a. 1. Pertaining to Rome, or 
to the Roman people. 2. Pertaining 
to the Roman Catholic religion. 3. 
(a.) Upright; — said of the letters 
ordinarily used, like those in this 
paragraph, (b.) Expressed in letters, 
as I., IV., i., iv., &c. ; — said of nu- 
merals. 

Roman Catholic, pertaining to, or ad- 
hering to, the religion of that church of 
which the pope is the spiritual head. 

— n. A native of Rome. 
Ro-mXnce' (114), n. [L. Lat. roman- 
cium, the common vulgar language, 
which sprung from the Roman or 
Latin language.] 1. A fictitious and 
wonderful tale. 2. The language 
formed from a mixture of Latin with 
the languages of the barbarians in 



the south of Europe. — v. i. [-ED ; 
ING.] To write or tell romances or 
extravagant stories. 

Romancer, n. One who romances. 

RO'man-esque' (-eW), a. Charac- 
terized by the debased style of archi- 
tecture of the later Roman empire. 
— n. 1. A debased style of architect- 
ure adopted in the later Roman em- 
pire. 2. The common dialect of some 
of the districts in the south of France. 

Ro-MXN'I€,a. Pertaining toRomeor 
its people, or to the languages which 
sprung out of the old Roman. 

R6'MAN-i§M, n. Tenets of the church 
of Rome. 

Ro'MAN-ist, n. A Roman Catholic. 

RO'MAN-IZE, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
convert to the Roman Catholic re- 
ligion or opinions. 

Ro-mXnsCH', 1 n. [Gv\s.rumansch,ro- 

Ro-MANSH', ) monsch, ramonsch.] 
Language of the Grisons in Switzer- 
land. 

Ro-mXn'tlg, a. 1. Pertaining to ro- 
mance; hence, fictitious; fanciful. 
2. Characterized by novelty, strange- 
ness, or vaiiety. 

Ro-mXn'ti€-al-ly, adv. In a ro- 
mantic manner. 

Ro-mXn'ti-cism, n. State of being 
romantic. 

ROM'ISH, a. Relating to Rome, or to 
the Roman Catholic church. 

Romp, n. 1. A rude girl. 2. Rude 
play or frolic. — v. i. [-ed; -ing.] 
[A different Spelling of ramp.] To 
play rudely and boisterously. 

Romp'ISH, a. Given to rude play. 

RON-DEAU' (-do'), n. [Fr., fr. rond, 
round.] A musical composition, in 
which the first strain is repeated at 
the end of each of the other strains. 

Rood, n. 1. [SeeROD.] Fourth part 
of an acre. 2. [A.-S. rod, rod, cross.] 
A representation of the crucified 
Christ, or of the Trinity. 

Roof, n. [A.-S. hrof, top, roof.] 1. 
Upper part of «vny house or barn, &c. 




Shed Roof. Conical Ogee Roof. 
Roof. 
2. That which corresponds 
with the covering of a 
house. — v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] 

1. To cover with a roof. 

2. To shelter. Gable Roof. 
ROOF'ING, n. 1. Materials of or for 

a roof. 2. The roof itself. 



f?\ 



Roof'less, a. 1. Having no roof. 2. 
Unsheltered. 

Roof'-tree, n. 1. The beam in the 
angle of a roof. 2. The roof itself. 

Ro*OK, n. 1. [Ar. rokli, or rukli, a fabu- 
lous bird, and the tower at chess.] 
( Chess. ) One of the four pieces on 
the corner squares of the board ; a 
castle. 2. [A.-S. hrOc. Cf. 0. Sax. 
rouca, chattering, and Goth, hruk- 
jan, to croak.] A gregarious bird re- 
sembliug the crow. — v. t ori. [-ed; 
-ing.] To cheat ; to defraud. 

ROOK'ER-Y, n. 1. A place where 
rooks build their nests. 2. A dilap- 
idated cluster of buildings. 

Rq^OK'Y, a. Inhabited by rooks. 

ROOM (29), n. [A.-S. rbm.] 1. Spaco 
which has been or may be set apart. 
2. An apartment in a house. 3. 
Freedom to act. 4. Place left by an- 
other. — v.i. [-ED; -ING.] To oc- 
cupy a room ; to lodge. 

Ro_om'I-ness,«. Spaciousness ; space. 

RooM'Y, a. Having ample room; spa- 
cious ; wide. 

Roost, n. [A.-S. hrost.] A pole on 
which birds rest at night ; a perch. 
— v. i. [-ED; -ING.] To rest, as 
birds on a pole ; to perch. 

Roost'er, n. The male of the do- 
mestic fowl : a cock. 

Root, n. [Icel., allied to Lat. radix.] 
1. The descending axis of a plant. 2. 
An edible root. 3. That which re- 
sembles a rootas a sourceof nourish- 
ment or support ; that fr. which any 
thing proceeds as if by growth ; esp., 
(a.) An ancestor, (b.) A word from 
which other words are formed, (c.) 
That factor of a quantity which when 
multiplied into itself will produce 
that quantity. — v.i. [-ED; -ING.J 
1. To enter the earth, as roots. 2. 
To be firmly fixed. 3. [A.-S. wrotan, 
wrOtian, to root, wrdt, a snout.] To 
turn up the earth with the snout, as 
swine. — v. t. 1. To make deep or 
radical. 2. To tear up by the root ; 
to eradicate. 3. To turn up with the 
snout, as swine. 

Roct'let, n. A little root. 

Root'y, a. Full of roots. 

Rope, n. [A.-S. rap, Goth, raip, raips.) 
1. A large, .stout, twisted cord. 2. 
A string of things united. — v. i. 
[-ED; -ING.] To draw out into a 
filament or thread. — v. t. To draC 
by, or as by, a rope. 

RoPE'-DAN'yER, n. One who dances 
on a stretched rope. [made. 

Rop'ER-Y, n. A place where ropes are 

Rope'-walk (-wawk), n. A long, 
covered building where ropes are 
manufactured. [viscosity. 

Rop'i-ness,m. Quality of being ropy; 

Rop'y, a. [From rope.] Stringy ; vis- 
cous ; glutinous. 

Roq'ue-laure (rSk'e-lor), «. [From 
a Due de Roquelaure, who introduced 
it.] A surtout made to button from 
top to bottom. 

Ro FtF'ER-oGs, a. [Lat. rorifer ; 
*os, roris, dew, and ferre, to bear.] 
Producing dew. 



I 



1 



OR, DQ, WQLF, TOO, TOOK ; Orn, RUE, PULL \ E, 1, O, silent ; £, G, soft; €, G, hard; Ag 5 £ £IST ; N«HG; THIS. 
91 



RORQUAL 



370 



ROUND-SHOULDERED 



RoR'QUAL, n. [Norw. rorqualus, a 
whale with folds.] A whale resem- 
bling the common whale, but having 
a more slender body, as well as longi- 
tudinal folds on the throat and un- 
der parts. , 

Ro-sa'ceotjs, a. [Lat. rosaceus ; rosa, 
rose.] Relating to, or like, the rose. 

Ro'SA-RY, n. [Lat. rosarium ; rosa,& 
rose.] 1. A bed of roses, or place 
where roses grow. 2. (Rom. Cath. 
Church.) A string of beads on which 
prayers are counted. 

Rose, n. [Lat. rosa, allied to Gr. 
poSov.] 1. A well-known plant and 
flower. 2. A rosette. 

Under the rose (Lat. tub rosa), in se- 
cret; privately; in a manner that forbids 
disclosure; —the rose being, among the 
ancients, the symbol of secrecy. 

— v. , imp. of Rise. 
Ro'SE-ATE, a. [Lat. roseus, rosatus ; 

41 rosa, a rose.] 1. Full of roses ; rosy. 
2. Of a rose color. 

RosE'~e6L,'OR-ED,a. 1. Having the 
color of a rose. 2. Uncommonly 
beautiful ; hence, extravagant. 

Ro§E'MA-RY, n. [Lat. rosmarinus ; 
ros, dew, and marinus, marine.] A 
plant having a fragrant smell, and a 
warm, pungent taste. 

Ro-§ETTE', n. [Er., dim. of rose, a 
rose.] 1. An imitation of a rose made 
of ribbon, &c. 2. An ornament in 
the form of a rose. 

R5§e'-wa ter, n. Water tinctured 
with roses by distillation. — a. Hav- 
ing the odor of rose-water ; hence, 
sentimental. _ 

Rose'-win'dow, n. A circular win- 
dow with divisions which bear a re- 
semblance to the leaves of a rose. 

R6§E'WOOD, n. The wood of differ- 
ent kinds of trees, growing in warm 
climates. 

Ros/l-CRU'ciAN, n. [Lat. ros, dew, 
(thought to be the most powerful 
dissolvent of gold), and crux, cross, 
(the emblem of light).] One of a 
sect of hermetical philosophers, who 
made great pretensions to a knowl- 
edge of the secrets of nature. — a. 
Pertaining to the Rosicrucians. 

Ros'IN, n. [A different form of resin.'] 
The resin obtained from turpentine. 

— v. t. To rub with rosin. 
RSs'IN-Y, a. Like rosin, or partaking 

of its qualities. 

Ross, n. [Cf. Prov. Ger. grus, graus, 
coarse sand, rubbish.] Rough, scaly 
matter on the bark of trees. 

Ros'TER, n. [A corruption of regis- 
ter.] An official list of military 
officers. 

Ros'TRAL, a. [Lat. rostralis ; ros- 
trum, a beak.] Like, or relating to, 
a rostrum, or the beak of a ship. 

Ros'trate, ) a. [Lat. rostratus ; 

Ros'tra-ted, ) rostrum, a beak.] 
Furnished or adorned with b^aks. 

RQs'TRUM, n. [Lat., from rodere, to 
gnaw.] 1. Beak or bill of a bird. 2. 
Beak of a ship. 3. An elevated place 
for public speakers. 

Ros/Y, a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] Re- 



sembling a rose in colo r , form, or 
qualities ; blooming ; blushing. 
Rot, v. i. [-ted; -ting.] [A.-S. 
rotian.] To be decomposed; to go 
to decay . 

Syn. — To putrefy; corrupt; decay. 

— v. t. To make putrid ; to bring to 
corruption. — n. Decay; putrefac- 
tion ; specifically , a fatal distemper 
incident to sheep. 

Ro'TA-RY, a. [Lat., fr. rota, wheel.] 
Turning, as a wheel on its axis ; ro- 
gatory. 

Ro'tate, a. [Lat. rotatus, turned 
round like a wheel; rota, wheel] 
Wheel-shaped. — v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To revolve or move round a center. 

— ^\ t. To cause to revolve. 
Ro-ta'tion, n. [Lat. rotatio. See 

Rotate.] 1. Act of turning, as a 
wheel. 2. Any succession in a series. 
3. Frequent change of crop on a 
piece of land. [rotary. 

Ro'ta-tive, a. Turning as a wheel ; 

Ilo'TA-TO-RY (50), a. 1. Turning on 
ah .axis. 2. Following in succession. 

Rote, n. [0. H. Ger. rota, hrota, W. 
crwth.] A musical instrument simi- 
lar to the hurdy-gurdy. — n. [0. Fr. 
rote, N. Fr. route, road, path.] Mere 
repetition without attention to the 
meaning. 

Rot'ten (r5t'tn),a. [See Rot.] Pu- 
trid ; decayed. 

Rot'ten-ness (1C9), n. State cf be- 
ing rotten. 

Rot'TEN-stone, n. * A soft stone 
for polishing metallic substances. 

Ro-TUND', a. [Lat. rntundus, fr. rota, 
a wheel.] 1. Circular ; spherical. 2. 
Complete ; entire. 

Ro-TUN'DA, a. [From Lat. rotundus, 
round.] Any building round both on 
the outside and inside. 

Ro-tund'i-ty, n. Roundness ; sphe- 
ricity : circularity. 

ROUE (rrJb-a/), n. [Fr., prop. p. p. 
of rouer, to break upon the wheel.] 
A debauchee ; a rake. 

Rouge (robzh), n. [Fr. rouge, from 
Lat. rubeus, red.] A red cosmetic for 
the cheeks or lips. — v. i. [-ED; 
-ING.] To paint the face or cheeks 
with rouge. — v.t. To paint with 
rouge. 

Rough (ruf), a. [-ER ; -est.] [A.-S. 
hreoh, kreog, ruh, rhg.] 1. Having 
inequalities, small ridges or points 
on the surface. 2. Lacking refine- 
ment, gentleness, or polish ; rude ; 
uncivil; harsh; austere. — n. A 
rude, coarse fellow; a bully. — v. t. 
To render rough. 

To rough it, to encounter and overcome 
difficulties or hardships. 

RotJGH'-€AST (rtif-), v. t. [-CAST; 
-ING.] 1. To form or mold rudely. 
2. To plaster with a mixture of plas- 
ter and shells. — n. 1. A rude model. 
2. A mixture of plaster with shells. 

RoUGH'-DRAW (ruf-), v. t. To de- 
lineate coarsely. 

RoDgh'en (ruf n), v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] 
To make rough, —v.i. To grow or 
become rough. 



ROUGH'-HEW (rtifhu), v. t. [-ED; 

-N ; -ING.] To hew coarsely. 
Rough'ly (ruf ly), adv. In a rough 

manner ; harshly ; austerely. 
RoOgh'ness (rQf nes), n. Quality or 

state of being rough. 
Rough'-shod (ruf-), a. Shod with 

shoes armed with points. 
Rouleau (rob-16'), «.; pi. rou- 
leaux (rob-loz'). [Fr.,aroll.] A 

roll of coins in paper. 
ROULE TTE (rob-let/), n. [Fr., prop. 

a little wheel or ball ; rouler, to roll.] 

1. A game of chance 2. A small 
toothed wheel used by engravers. 

ROUNCE, n. [Cf. Fr. ronce, bramble, 
thorn.] Handle of a printing-press. 

Round, a. [See Rotund.] 1. Like 
a ball or a circle : spherical : curved. 

2. Full ; complete. 3. Not inconsid- 
erable ; large. 4. Positive ; decided. 

Round number, one approximately near 
the truth. —Round robin, a written peti- 
tion, memorial, remonstrance, or instru- 
ment, signed by names in a ring or cir- 
cle, so as not to show who signed it first. 

— n. 1. That which is round, as a 
circle or a sphere. 2. A series of 
events ending where it began. 3. A 
series of duties to be performed in 
turn, and then repeated. 4. Rota- 
tion, as in office ; succession. 5. Step 
of a ladder. 6. A short, vocal piece, 
in which three or four voices follow 
each other round in a species of 
fugue in the unison. 

Hound of beef, a cut of the thigh 
through and across the bone. 

— adv. 1. On all sides. 2. Circu- 
larly. 3. From one side or party to an- 
other. 4. Back to the starting point. 

— prep. 1. On every side of ; around 
2. About, — v. t. [-ED; -ing.] 1. 
To make circular, spherical, or cylin- 
drical. 2. To complete. 3. To make 
protuberant. 4. To move about. — 
v. ?'. To grow or become round. 

Round'A-bout, a. Indirect; going 
round. — n. 1. A sort of surtout. 2. 
An arm-chair with a rounded back. 

ROUN'DEL, n. [Fr. rondelle, a round, 
a round shield.] 1. A small circular 
shield in the 14th and 15th centuries. 
2. (Her.) An ordinary in the form 
of a small circle. 

ROUN'DE-LAY, n. [0. Fr. rondelet, fr. 
rond, round.] A sort of ancient poem, 
in which certain parts are repeated. 

Round'hLad, n. A Puritan ; —from 
the practice which prevailed among 
them of cropping the hair. 

Round'house, 11. 1. A constable's 
prison. 2. (Naul.) A cabin in the 
after part, of the quarter-deck. 

Round'ing, ) a. Somewhat round? 

Round'ish, ) nearly round. 

Round'let, n. A little circle. 

Round'ly, adv. 1. In a round form. 

2. Openly ; boldly. 3. With speed. 
Round'ness, n. 1. Quality or state of 

being round. 2 Smoothness of flow. 

3. Plainness ; boldness. 
Syn.— Circularity ; sphericity. 

Round'-sh6ul/der.ed, a. Having 
the shoulders projecting behind. 



A, E, I, 5, U, Y, long; A, fi,l, 6, U, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM J S6N, 



ROUSE 



371 



RUGGEDNESS 



Rouse, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. rfi- 
sian. See Raise.] 1. To wake from 
sleep. 2. To excite to lively thought 
or action. 3. To put into motion. 4. 
To startle or surprise. — v. i. 1. To 
awake. 2. To be excited to thought 
or action. — n. [Icel. russ ; russa, to 
get drunk.] A carousal ; a festival. 

Rous'ER, n. One who, or that which, 
rouses or excites. 

ROUT (40), n. [0. Fr. route, rote, com- 
pany, fr. Lat. ruptus, broken.] 1. A 
fashionable assembly, or large even- 
ing party. 2. A rabble. 3. An up- 
roar; a noise. 4. [Lat. ruptus, rupta, 
broken.] Defeat of troops, or the 
disorder and confusion of defeated 
troops. — v. t. [-ED;-ING.] To de- 
feat and throw into confusion. 

ROUTE (rJ"ot or rowt, 40), n. [Fr. 
route, fr. Lat. rupta (sc. via, fr. ruin- 
pere, to break ; hence, lit. a broken 
or beaten way.] The course or way 
traveled : a passing ; a march. 

ROU-TINE' (rub-teen / ), n. [Fr., from 
route, a path, way, road.] 1. A round 
of business, or pleasure. 2. Any reg- 
ular course of action. 

Rove, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Orig. to 
rob, and hence, to range, to wander.] 
To wander ; to ramble ; to range. — 
V. t. 1. To wander over. 2. [Peril, 
fr. reeve.] To draw through an eye 
or aperture ; to card, as wool. 

Rov'er, n. 1. A wanderer. 2. A pi- 
rate : a freebooter. 

Ro\V(r3), n. [A.-S. raw.] 1. Aline 
of persons or things ; a rank. 2. An 
excursion in a boat with oars. — v. t. 
[-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. rowan. Cf. 
Rudder.] 1. To impel, as a boat 
by oars. 2. To transport by rowing. 

— v. i. 1. To labor with the oar. 2. 
To be moved by oars. 

Row (rou), n. [Abbreviated fr. rout.] 
A riotous disturbance. 

Row'dy (rou'dy), n. [From rout, or 
row.] A riotous, turbulent fellow. 

Kovv'EL (rou'el). n. [Fr. roue.Ue ; 
i.;it. rotulit, a little wheel ] 1. The 
little wheel of a spur. 2 A kind of 
seton. — r. t. [-ED, -ING ; or-LED, 
-LING, 137] To insert a rowel in. 

Row'EN (rou'en), n. [Called also row- 
ings, roughings, fr. rough, 0. Eng. 
row, rowe.] Second growth of grass 
in a season. 

Row'er, n. One who rows. 

Row'lock (colloq. riiFuk), n. A con- 
trivance to support an oar in rowing. 

ROY'AL, a. [Fr. royal, fr. Lat. regalis. 
See REGAL.] 1. Pertaining to the 
crown. 2. Becoming a king or queen. 
Syn. — Regal; kindly. 

— n. 1. A large kind of paper. 2. 
A small sail above the top -gallant- 
sail, [duct of royalists. 

ROY'AL-TsM, n. Principles or con- 
Roy'al-Ist, n. An adherent to a 

king, or a kingly government. 
ROY'AL-IZE,«. t. [-EDJ-ING.] To 

make royal. [manner. 

Roy'al-ly, adv. In a royal or kingly 
ROY'AL-TY, n. [0. Fr. royaulte, N. 

Fr. royaute] 1. State of being royal. 



2. Person of a king. 3. Royal pre- 
rogative. 4. Kingdom ; domain. 5. 
A tax paid to the government, as on 
the produce of a mine. t>. A jier- 
centage paid to the owner of an ar- 
ticle or privilege by one who hires 
the use of it. 
ROB, v. i. [-BED; -BING.] [W. 
rhwbiaw, 0. II Ger. rlban. Cf. 
RlVE.] 1. To wipe ; to clean ; to 
scour. 2. To spread a substance 
thinly over the surface of: to smear. 

— v. i. 1. To move along the sur- 
face of a body with pressure. 2. To 
chafe. 3. To pass with difficulty. — 
n. 1. Act of rubbing; friction. 2. 
That which rubs ; a pinch. 3. Sar- 
casm ; joke. 

RDb'BER, n. 1. One who rubs. 2. 
In some games of chance, the deci- 
sive game or games. 3. (pi.) Over- 
shoes made of india-rubber. 

India-rubber, caoutchouc; — originally 
used to rub out pencil marks. 

RDb'bish, n. [Orig. that which is 
rubbed off.] Waste or rejected mat- 
ter ; fragments ; ruins. 

Rub'ble, n. Rough stones, broken 
bricks, &c.,_used in coarse masonry. 

RUB'BLE-STONE, n. 1. Rubble. 2. 
A kind^>f conglomerate rock. 

Ru/be-fa'cient, a. Making red. — 
"n. [Lat. rubefaciens, making red.] 
A substance which produces redness 
of the skin. 

Ru-BES'£ENT, a. [Lat. rubescens, 
growing red.] Becoming red ; tend- 
ing to a red color. 

Ry'Bl-€UND, a. [Lat. rubicundus ; ru- 
ber, red.] Inclining to redness. 

Ru-"BIF'ie, a. [Lat. ruber, red, and 
farere, to make.] Making red. 

Ru-Bf'GO,n. [Lat.] (£«*.) A kind 
of rust on plants ; mildew. 

Ru'ble (rij'bl), n. [Russ. rubl, orig. 
a piece cut off.] A silver coin of 
Russia, worth about $0.75. 

Ry'BRI€, n. [Lat. rubrica, fr. ruber, 
red.] That part of any work which 
in the early manuscripts and typog- 
raphy was colored red ; specifically, 
(a.) (Law-books.) The title of a stat- 
ute, (b.) ( Episcopal Prayer-book.) Di- 
rections for the conduct of service. 

Ry'BRi€-AL, a. 1. Colored in red. 2. 
Pertaining to the rubric. 

Ry'BRic-ATE, v. t. To mark or dis- 
tinguish with red. 

Ry'BY (32), n. [Lat. rubeus, red, red- 
dish.] 1. A precious stone of a car- 
mine red color. 2. A printing type 
smaller than nonpareil ; — so called 
in England. 
ft^T* This type is Ruby or Agate. 

— a. Of the color of the ruby ; red. 
RUCHE (roosh), n. [Fr., fr. ruche, a 

beehive, which was formerly made 
of bark.] A kind of plaited quilling. 

RUCK, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Icel. 
hrucka, to wrinkle.] To draw into 
wrinkles or folds ; to crease. — n. A 
wrinkle or plait in cloth. 

Rue-TA/TION, n. [Lat. ructare, to 
belch.] Act of belching. 



RDdd, n. [A.-S. rud, red, from itl 
red irises.] A fresh-water European 
fish of the carp family. 

ROd'DER, n. [A.-S. rOdher, Cf. Ro\Y.] 
1. The instrument by which a ship 
is steered. 2. That which guides. 

RDd'di-ness, n. Redness; a lively 
flesh color. 

RUD'DLE, n. [A.-S. rud, red.] A spe- 
cies of red earth ; red ocher. 

RCi>'DY,a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] [A.-S. 
rud, reid, red.] 1. Red. 2. Of a lively 
flesh color. 

Rude (32), a. [-ER; -est.] [Lat. ,ru- 
dis.] Characterized by roughness; 
uneven ; rugged ; lacking delicacy or 
refinement. [ly ; uncivilly. 

Rude'ly, adv. Coarsely ; unskillful- 

RUDE'NESS, n. Condition of being 
rude ; unevenness ; coarseness ; inel- 
egance; incivility. 

Ry'DI-MENT (32), n. [Lat. rudimen- 
"tum, fr. r udis, un wrought ; rude.] 1. 
Unfinished beginnings. 2. A first 
principle of any art or science. 3. 
An organ not fully formed. 

Ru'di-ment'AL, ) a. 1. Pertaining 

Ry'Dl-MENT'A-RY, ( to rudiments ; 
initial. 2. Imperfectly developed. 

Rue (32), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
"hreowan.] To lament; to regret. — 
n. [Gr. pvr-q ; A.-S. rdde.] A bitter 
plant with a strong odor. 

Rue'ful, a. 1. Causing one to la- 
*ment ; mournful. 2. Expressing sor- 
row. 

RuE'FyL-LY, adv. Mournfully. 

RUFF, n. [0. Eng. rtiff, equiv. to 
rough.] 1. A collar plaited, crimped, 
or fluted. 2. Something formed in 
plaits or flutings. 3. A bird allied to 
the woodcock. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.1 
To ruffle ; to disorder. 

RDf'FI AN ( raVy an or -t'i-an ), n. [Prob . 
from Ger. raufen, to pluck, scuffle, 
fight.] A boisterous, brutal fellow. 
— a. Brutal ; savagely boisterous. 

RuF'Ff an-Ism (riif/yan- or rdf l'i-an-), 
n. Act orconduct of a ruffian. 

ROf'FIAN-ly (ruf'yan- or rut'fi-an-), 
a. Like a ruffian ; bold in crimes. 

RUF'FLE (raffl), V. t. [-ED,-ING.] 
[From 0. Eng. ruff, equiv. to rough.] 

1. To make into or like a ruff. 2. To 
disturb the surface of. 3. To discom- 
pose; to agitate. 4. To throw into 
confusion. — v. i. To play loosely ; 
to flutter. — n. 1. A strip of plaited 
cambric; a frill. 2. State of being 
ruffled or disturbed. 3. A low, vi- 
brating beat of a drum. 

Ru'FOUS, a. [Lat. rufus.] Reddish; 

brownish-red. 
R0g, n. [A.-S. rhg, rough. See 

Rough.] A coarse, woolen fabrio 

for protecting a carpet, ic. 
ROg'ged (60), a. [From the root of 

rug, rough.] 1. Rough and uneven. 

2. Harsh ; austere. 3. Stormy ; tur- 
bulent; tempestuous. 4. Rough to 
the ear. 5. Violent ; rude ; boister- 
ous^ 6. Vigorous ; robust. [ner. 

Rug'ged-ly, adv. In a rugged man- 
RUG'5ed-ness, n. Quality or state 
of being rugged. 



( 



OR,DO,wpLF, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; 9, G, so/7; €,a,hard; Ag; EXIST; NOJNG; THIS 



RUGOSE 



372 



RUSTLE 



Ru-tiOSE' (125), a. [Lat. rvgosus; 
ruga, a wrinkle.] Full of wrinkles. 

Ry'IN, n. [Lat. ruina, fr. ruere , to fall 
with violence.] 1. That which is fallen 
down and become worthless ; esp., in 
the pi., remains of a destroyed or 
desolate house, city, &c. 2. State 
of being decayed, or worthless. 
Syn. — Destruction ; fall; overthrow. 

— v. t. [ -ED; -ING.] To impair se- 
riously ; to damage essentially. — v. 
i. To fall to ruins ; to perish. 

Ry'lN-A'TlON, n. Subversion ; demo- 
lition. 

Ru'in-er, re. One who ruins. 

Ry'iN-oOs, a. 1. Bringing certain 
ruin. 2. Characterized by ruin. 8. 
Consisting in ruins. 

Ru'in-ous-ly, adv. Destructively. 

Ru'IN-oOs-ness, re. State or quality 
of being ruinous. 

Ryi/A-BLE, a. Accordant to rule. 

Rule (32), re. [Lat. regula, a ruler, 
rule, fr. regere, to lead straight, to 
direct.] 1. An instrument to guide 
in drawing a straight line. 2. That 
which is prescribed as a guide to 
conduct or action. 3. Government ; 
control. 

Rule of Tfiree (Arith.) a rule which 
directs, when three terms are given, how 
to find a fourth; proportion. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ing.] 1. To mark 
with lines by a ruler. 2. To govern. 
3. To establish. 4. To require or 
command by rule. — v. i. 1. To 
have power or command. 2. - To de- 
cide ; to order by rule. 3. To stand 
or maintain on a level. 

RUL'ER, re. 1. An instrument for 
drawing lines ; a rule. 2. One who 
rules ; a governor. 

Rul'ing, p. a. 1. Marking with a 
'ruler. 2. Predominant; reigning. 

ROM, re. [Said to be a West Indian 
word.] A kind of spirit distilled 
from molasses. — a. [Prov. Eng., 
old-fashioned rubbish.] Old-fash- 
ioned ; queer ; odd. [ Cant ] 

RtJM'BLE, re. A low, heavy sound. — 

— v.i. [-ed ; -ing.] To make a low, 
heavy, continued sound, [rumbles. 

RUM'BLE R, re. One who, or that which , 

Ry'MI-NANT, a. [Lat. ruminans, 
chewing the cud, fr. rumen, the 
throat.] Chewing the cud. — n. An 
animal that chews the cud. 

Ry 'MI-NATE, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To chew the cud. 2. To muse ; to 
meditate. — v. t. 1. To chew over 
again. 2. To muse or meditate on. 

Ry/Ml-NA'Tiox, re. 1. Act of chew- 
ing thecud. 2. Deliberate reflection. 

Ru'MI-na'tor, n. One who rumi- 
nates or muses. 

Rum'mage, n. [Fr. remuage, a mov- 
ing or stirring, fr. Lat. re, again, and 
mutare, to move from its place.] A 
thorough or close search. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To search or examine 
thoroughly. 

Ry'MOR, n. [Lat.] 1. A current story, 
without any known authority for the 
truth of it. 2. A story well author- 



Syjt.— Report; hearsay; story. 

— v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To report by 
rumor. 

Ru'mor-er, re. A teller of news. 

RDmp, n. [Icel. rumpr, a tail.] End 
of the back-bone with the parts ad- 
jacent ; buttocks. 

RUM'PLE(rum'pl), v. i. [-ed; -ING.] 
[SeeRlMPLE.] To make uneven ; to 
wrinkle. — re. An irregular fold or 
plait. [and confusion. 

RfiM'PUS, n. A disturbance ; noise 

Run, v. i. [RAN, or RUN; run; 
RUNNING.] [A.-S. rinnan, runnon, 
Goth, and 0. H. Ger. rinnan.] 1. To 
go with a more rapid gait than by 
walking ; hence, — said of inani- 
mate things, — to move with an easy 
or rapid movement. 2. To move or 
go; — said of voluntary or personal 
action. 3. To be moved; to pass ; to 
go ; — said of involuntary motion. — 
v. t. 1. To cause to run, in the va- 
rious senses of the word. 2. To pur- 
sue in thought. 3. To thrust. 4. To 
drive or force. 5. To shape ; to cast. 
6. To mark out ; to determine. 7. To 
smuggle. 8. To hazard ; to venture. 

— n. 1. Act of running. 2. That 
which runs ; also, rate of running; 
mode of conduct. 3. State of being 
current ; currency. 4. A brook ; a 
creek. 5. A pressure on a bank for 
payment of its notes. 

RUN'A-GATE, n. [See RENEGADE.] 
A fugitive ; a renegade. [serter. 

Run'a-way, re. A fugitive; a de- 

Run'dle, n. [Eng. round.] A round; 
a step of a ladder. 

Rune, re. [A.-S. run, a magical letter, 
a* mystery.] One of the letters of an 
alphabet in use among the Norsemen. 

RUNG, imp. & p. p. of Ring. — re. [Ger. 
runge,a. short, thick piece of iron or 
wood; Goth, hrugga, a rod.] 1. A 
floor timber in a ship. 2. One of the 
rounds of a ladder. 

Ry'NI€, a. Pertaining to the runes of 
the ancient Norsemen. [stream. 

RUN'LET, re. [Dim. of run.] A little 

RUN'NEL, n. [From run.] A rivulet 
or small brook. 

RUN'NER, n. 1. One who runs; a 
racer. 2. One employed to solicit 
custom, as for a steamboat, &c. 3. A 
slender branch running along the 
ground. 4. One of the curved pieces 
on which a sled slides. 

ROn'net, n. Same as Rennet. 

Runt, n. [D. rund, a bullock, an ox 
or cow.] Any stunted animal. 

Ru-PEE', n. [Hind, and Per. rilpiyah, 
rupah, fr. Skr. rupya, silver ,wrought 
silver or gold.] A money of account 
in the East Indies. 

is@~The gold rupee of Bombay and 
Madras is worth about $7.00. The silver 
rupee, nearly $0.50. 

RUP'TION, re. [Lat. ruptio, fr. rum- 
pere, to break.] Breach ; rupture. 

ROpt'ure (53), n. [L. Lat. ruptura.] 
1. Act of breaking. 2. State of being 
broken. 3. Breach of peace or con- 
cord. 4. (Med.) Hernia. — v. t, [-ED ; 
-ING.] To break ; to burst. 



Ru'RAL, a. [Lat. ruralis, fr. rus, ruris, 
country.] 1. Belonging to the coun- 
try. 2. Pertaining to agriculture. 

Syn. — Rustic— Rural refers to the 
country itself; as, rural scenes, delights, 
&c. Rustic refers to the character, taste, 
&c, of the original inhabitants of the 
country, who were generally unculti- 
vated and rude. 

Ru'ral-Ist, n. One who leads a rural 
life. 

RugE (32), re. [Fr., from 0. Fr. reilser, 
to turn aside, to shuffle, allied. to re- 
fuser, to refuse.] Artifice; trick. 

RUSH, n. [A.-S. risce, Lat. ruscum, 
allied to Goth, raus, reed.] 1. A plant 
growing in wet ground. 2. A mere tri- 
fle. 3. A driving forward with eager- 
ness and haste. — v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[A.-S. hriscian, to shake, vibrate, 
hreosan, to rush, shake, fall down.] 
To move or drive forward with im- 
petuosity. — v.t. To push forward 
with violence. 

ROsh'er, n. One who rushes. 

Rush'i-ness, n. State of abounding 
with rushes. 

Rush'-light (-lit), n. A rush can- 
dle, or its light ; hence, a small, fee- 
ble light. [of, rushes. 

RfrsH'Y, a. Abounding with, or made 

R&SK, n. [Prob. fr. L. Ger. rusken, to 
crackle.] A kind of light, soft cake -, 
also, a soft, sweetened biscuit. 

RtJSS, or Russ, n. 1. A Russian. 2. 
Language of the Russians. 

Rus'SET, a. [A dim. from Lat. russus, 
red.] Of a reddish color. 

Rus'SET, ( n. An apple of a rus- 

ROs'set-ing, I set color. 

Rtis'siAN (rQsh'an or ru'shan), a. Per- 
taining to Russia. — n. 1. A native of 
Russia. 2. The language of Russia. 

Rust. re. [A.-S. rust, W. rliwd, prob. 
fr. its color, and allied to rod, ruddy.] 

1. A rough, reddish coat on the sur- 
face of iron. 2. That which resem- 
bles rust ; esp . , a dust-like fungus on 
the leaves and stalks of grain. — v. i. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. To contract rust. 

2. To become dull by inaction. — v. 
t. 1. To cause to contract rust. 2. 
To impair by time and inactivity. 

Rus'Tre, o. [Lat. rusticus, from rus, 
country.] 1. Pertaining to the coun- 
try. 2. Rude ; unpolished. 3. Sim- 
ple ; artless. 

Syjt. — See Rural. 
— re. An inhabitant of the country. 

Rus'Tl€-AL-LY,arftJ. In a rustic man- 
ner. 

RUS'TI€-ATE, V. i. [-ED; -ING.] To 
dwell in the country. — v. t. To ban- 
ish froma town or college for a time. 

Rus'Tl-€A'TlON, re. Act of rusticat- 
ing, or state of being rusticated. 

Rus-Tic'l-TY, n. Rustic manners; 
rudeness; simplicity. 

RUST'l-LY, adv. In a rusty state. 

RUST'I-NESS, re. State of being rusty. 

RUS'TLE (rQVl), v. i. [-ed; -ING.] 
[A.-S. hristtan, to rustle. Cf. RAT- 
TLE.] To make a quick succession 
of small sounds, like the rubbing of 
silk or dry leaves. — re. A noise like 
the rubbing of silk ; a rustling. 



A, E, I, 6,U, Y,long; A,E,I, 6, U, ¥, short ; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VglL, TlRMj PIQUE, FIRM; S6N, 



RUSTY 



373 



SACRILEGIOUSNESS 



RusT'Y,a. [-ER; -est, 142.] 1. Cov- 
ered with rust. 2. Impaired by neg- 
lect of use. 3. Covered with a sub- 
stance resembling rust. 

RCt, a. [Lat. rugitus, a roaring ; — 
from the noise made by deer in rut- 
ting time.] Copulation of animals, 
esp., deer. — v. i. [-TED; -ting.] 
To seek copulation. — n. [L. Lat. 



ruta,rutta. SeeRouTE.] A furrow 
or trackworn by a wheel. 

Ru'TA-BA'GA, n. A variety of turnip. 

Ruth, n. [From rue.] Pity; tender- 
ness. 

Ruth'less, a. Cruel 

RUTH'LESS-LY, adv. 
manner. 

Ruth'less-ness, n. Want of corn- 



pitiless. 

In a ruthless 



RBt'TY, a. [From rut.] 1. Lustful 

2.' Full of ruts. 
RYE (ri), n. [A.-S. ryge, rige, Icel. 

rugr ] A hardy plant, closely allied 

to wheat ; also, the esculent grain or 

fruit of this plant. 
RY'OT, n. [Hind, ra^'iyat, a subject, 

tenant.] A peasant; — so called in 

Hindostau. 



s. 



£1 (ess), the nineteenth letter of the 

j^ English alphabet, is a consonant, 
and is often called a sibilant, ;iom 
its hissing sound. See Prin. of 
Pron., §§90-94. 

SXb'a-oth, or Sa-ba'oth, n. pi. 
[Heb. stbaoth, pi. of saba, army.] Ar- 
mies ; hosts ; as, Lord of k'abaoth. 

SXb'BA-TA/RI-AN,?^ [From Sabbath.] 
1. One who regards the seventh day 
of the week as holy. 2. A strict ob- 
server of the Sabbath. — a. Per- 
taining to the Sabbath, or to the 
Sabbatarians. 

SXb'BATH, a. [Heb. shabbath, from 
shabatk, to rest from labor.] 1. 
Among the Jews, the seventh or last 
day of the week ; among Christians, 
the first day of the week. 2. The 
seventh year, observed among the 
Israelites as one of rest and festival. 
Syn. — Sunday. — Sabbath is not 
strictly synonymous with Sunday. Sab- 
bath denotes the institution. Sunday is 
the name of the first day of the week. 
The Sabbath of the Jews is on Saturday, 
and the Sabbath of the Christians on 
Sunday. In New England, the first day 
of the week has been called " the Sab- 
bath," to mark it as holy time; Sunday 
is the word commonly used in the 
Bouthern parts of our country and in 
England. 

SXb'bath break'er, n. One who 

profanes the Sabbath. 

Sab-bXt'I€, ) a. Pertaining to the 

SaB-bXt'I€-AL, I Sabbath. 

SXb'ba-t!s_m, n. [Gr. o-aPfiaTLvnos. 
See Sabbath.] Intermission of la- 
bor, as on the Sabbath. 

Sa'ber, ) n. [Hung, szablya, Cf. L. 

Sa'bre, J Gr. £a/36s, crooked, curved.] 
A sword with a 

broad and heavy -^SL_ ^^ 

blade, curved to- *Hp 3s = — :S ^ 

ward the point. Saber. 

— v. t. [-ED; 

-ING.] To strike, cut, or kill with a 

saber. 

SA'BI-AN, a. Relating to the worship 
of the heavenly bodies. — n. A wor- 
shiper of the heavenly bodies. 

SX'bi-an-Ism, n. A kind of idolatry 
which consisted in worshiping the 
_sun, moon, and stars. 

Sa'ble (-bl), n. [Ger. zobel, Russ. 
sobolj.] 1. A carnivorous animal of 
the weazel familv. 2. The fur of 
the sable. 3. (Her.) Black; — rep- 
resented by vertical and horizontal 



lines crossing. — a. Of the color of 
the sable's fur ; black. 

Sac, n. A bag or receptacle for a 
liquid. See Sack. 

Sac-CADE', n. [Fr., fr. 0. Fr. saquer, 
sadder, to remove, to draw out.] A 
sudden check of a horse by twitching 
the reins with a sudden pull. 

SXc'CHA-RIF'ER-OUS, a. [Lat. sac- 
charum, sugar, and/erre, to bear.] 
Producing sugar. 

SXc'cha-rine (-rin or -rin), a. [Lat. 
sancharum, sugar.] Pertaining to, 
or having the qualities of, sugar. 

SXc'CHA-ROID, a. [Gr. o-d/cxap, sugar, 
and eiSos, form.] Having a texture 
resembling that of loaf-sugar. 

SXc'ER-DO'TAL (110), a. [Lat. sacer- 
dotalis, fr. sacerdos, a priest.] Per- 
taining to priests ; priestly. 

Sa'chem.m. Chief of a tribe of Amer- 
ican Indians ; a sagamore. 

Sack, n. 1. [A.-S. sacc, slice, Gr. 
o-cucKOs.] A bag for holding goods 
of any kind. 2. [Gr. erayos, a coarse 
woolen blanket, — a Celtic word.] A 
loosely hanging garment for men or 
women. 3. [Fr. sec, Lat. siccus, dry.] 
A Spanish wine ; sherry. 4. [From 
Lat. saccus, bag ; orig. booty packed 
up.] Plunder, as of a town or city ; 
ravage.— v.t. 1. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
plunder or pillage, as a town. 2. To 
put in a sack ; to bag. 

SXck'age, n. Act of taking by storm 
and pillaging. 

SXck'BUT, n. [Sp. sacabuche, fr. sa- 
car, to draw, and buche, stomach, 
because they who blow this instru- 
ment draw up their breath with 
great force, as it were from the stom- 
ach.] A brass wind instrument, like 
a trumpet. 

Sack'cloth, n. A kind of coarse 
cloth. [dersatown. 

SXck'er, n. One who sacks or plun- 

SXck'ful, n. As much as a sack 
will hold. 

SXck'ing, n. 1. Cloth of which sacks 
are made. 2. Canvas fastened to a 
bedstead for supporting the bed. 

SXck'-pos'set, n. A posset made of 
sack, milk, &c. 

SXc'RA-MENT, n. [Lat. sarramen- 
tum, an oath, a mystery, fr. sacer, 
sacred.] A solemn religious ordi- 
nance. 

Syn —Eucharist— Protestants apply 



the term sacrament to baptism and the 
Lord's Supper, especially the latter. The 
Romish and Greek churches have five 
other sacraments, viz., confirmation, 
penance, holy orders, matrimony, and 
extreme unction. As sacrament denotes 
an oath or vow, the word has been ap- 
plied by way of emphasis to the Lord's 
Supper, where the most sacred vows are 
renewed by the Christian in commemo- 
rating the death of his Redeemer. Eu- 
charist denotes the givina of thanks ; and 
this term also has been applied to the 
same ordinance, as expressing the grate- 
ful remembrance of Christ's sufferings 
and death. 

SXc'RA-MENT'AL, a. 1. Relating to, 
or constituting, a sacrament. 2. 
Bound by a sacrament. 

SXcra-ment'al-ly, adv. After the 
manner of a sacrament. 

SXc'ra-ment'a-ry, a. Pertaining to 
the sacraments. 

Sa'cred, a. [Orig. p. p. of 0. Eng. 
sacre, to consecrate; fr. Lat. sacer, 
sacred.] 1. Set apart to religious 
use. 2. Relating to religion. 3. En- 
titled to respect or veneration. 4. 
Not to be profaned or violated. 
Syx. — Holy; consecrated. 

Sa'cred-ly, oc/ij. 1. Religiously. 2. 
Inviolably. [of being sacred. 

Sa'CRED-NESS, n. State or quality 

SaCri-fice (-Hz), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[From the n.] 1. To make an offer- 
ing of to some divinity. 2. To 
destroy, surrender, or suffer to be 
lost, for the sake of obtaining 
something. — v. i. To make offer- 
ings for the altar to God, or to a 
deity. — n. [Lat. sarrificium, from 
sacer, sacred.] 1. The offering of 
any thing to God or to a god. 2. 
Any thing so offered. 3. Surrender 
of any thing made for the sake of 
something else ; hence, also, the 
thing surrendered. f 

SXc'ri-fic'er (-fiz'er), n. One who 
sacrifices. [to sacrifice. 

SAc'RI-FI'CTAL (-fTsh'al), a. Relating 

Sac'ri-LEGE, n. [Lat. sacrilegium, 
from sacrilegus, prop, gathering or 
picking up sacred things.] The 
crime of violating or profaning sa- 
cred things. 

Sac'ri-le'GIOUS, a. Violating sacred 
things : profane ; impious, [rilege. 

Sac'RI-le'gious-ly, aaV With sac- 

Sac'ri-le'gioDs-ness, n. Quality 
of being sacrilegious. 



CR.do, WQLF, TOO, TOOK.; URN, rue, PULL; E, J, O, silent ; q,<z,soft; €,a,hard; As,-, EJIST; N as NG ; THIS. 



SACRILEGIST 



374 



SALIFY 



SX€'RI-LE'GIST,n. One guilty of sac- 
rilege. 
SXg'ris-tan, n. [L. Lat. sacrist-aims, 

fr. Lat. sacer, sacred.] An officer of 
the church who has the care of its 
utensils or movables ; a sexton. 

SXg'ris-ty, n. An apartment in a 
church where the sacred utensils, 
vestments, &c, are kept ; vestry. 

Cap, a. [-der; -dest.] [A.-S. sad, 
satisfied, sated, weary, sick.] 1. 
Grave ; dark ; — said of colors. 2. 
Serious. 3. Affected with grief. 4. 
Causing sorrow. 5. Naughty; troub- 
lesome. 

Sad'd.en, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
make sad or sorrowful. 

SXd'dle (-dl), n. [A.-S. sadul, sadl, 
fr. the root of Eng. sit.] 1. A seat 
for a horse's back, for the rider to sit 
on. 2. Something resembling a sad- 
dle in form, use, or the like. — v. t. 
[■ed; -ing.] 1. To put a saddle 
upon. 2. To burden ; to encumber. 

Sad'dle-bags, n. pi. Bags, united 
by straps, for transportation on 
horseback. 

Sad'DLE-BOW, n. The bow in front 
of a saddle, or the pieces which form 
the front. 

SXd'dler, n. One who makes saddles. 

Sad'dler-y, n. A saddler's materials 
or trade. 

SXd'dle-tree, n. The frame of a 
saddle. 

Sad'du-cee (sad'yu-see), n. [From 
SadOk, the founder of the sect.] 
One of a sect among the ancient 
Jews, who denied the resurrection. 

Sad'du-cism, n. Tenets of the Sad- 
ducees. 

Sad'-i'ron (-I'firn), n. A flat iron. 

SXd'ly, adv. Jn a sad manner ; dark- 
ly ; gloomily , sorrowfully. 

Sad'ness, n. State or quality of ba- 
ing sad. 
Syn. — See Grief. 

Safe, a. [-er; -est.] [L&t. salvus.] 

1. Free from harm or risk. 2. Con- 
ferring safety. 3. In secure custody. 
— n. A place to keep things safe. 

Safe'-gon'duct, n. That which 

gives a safe passage, as a convoy or 

pass. 
Safe'guard, n. That which defends 

or protects, as a guard or a passport. 
Safe'-keep'ing, n. Preservation 

from injury or from escape. 
Safe'ly, adv. 1. In a safe manner. 

2. Without injury. 
Safe'ness, n. Condition or quality 

of being safe ; safety. 

Safety, n. 1. Exemption from hurt, 
injury, or loss. 2. Quality of mak- 
ing safe or secure. 3. Close custody. 

Safe'ty-lamp, n. A lamp surround- 
ed with a wire gauze, to give light in 
mines, without danger. 

3AFE'TY-VALVE,n. A valve by which 
a steam-boiler is preserved from 
bursting. 

gAEtfFLOW-ER, «. [From saffron and 
flower.] A plant, the flowers of 
which are used as a dye-stuff. 

Saf'fron, n. [A.r. & Per. za'faran.] 



A bulbous plant, having yellow flow- 
ers. — a. Deep yellow. 

SXg, v. i. [-gej> ; -ging.] [Cf. Sink 
and Swag.] To bend under weight ; 
to give way ; to yield. 

Sa'ga, n. [See Say.] A northern 
European popular tale of olden time. 

SA-GA'CIoDs, a. [Lat. sagax, saga- 
cis.] Of keen penetration and judg- 
ment. 
Syn. — See Shrewd. 

Sa-ga'cious-ly, adv. In a sagacious 
manner. 

SA-GA'ciofrs-NESS, n. Sagacity. 

Sa-gac'i-ty, n. Quality of being sa- 
gacious. 

Syn. — Penetration. — Penetration 
enables us to enter into the depths of an 
abstruse subject, to detect motives, 
plans, &c. Sat/acity adds to penetration 
a keen, practical judgment, which ena- 
bles one to guard against the designs of 
others, and to turn every thing to the 
best possible advantage. 

SXg'a-more, n. [Cf. SACHEM.] The 
head of a tribe, among the Ameri- 
can Indians. 

Sage, n. [Lat. salvia, fr. salvare, to 
save.] 1. A savory plant. 2. A wise 
man. — a. [-Eit ;-est.] [FromLat. 
sapere, to be wise.] 1. Having nice 
discernment and powers of judging. 

2. Proceeding from wisdom. 

Sage'ly, adv. In a sage manner. 

Sage'ness, n. Quality of being sage. 

Sag'it-tal,, a. [Lat. sagitta, an ar- 
row.] Relating to, or like, an arrow. 

Sag'it-ta'ri-uh, n. [Lat., an 
archer; sagitta, an arrow.] One of 
the twelve signs of the zodiac. 

Sag'it-TA-ry, a. Pertaining to, or 
resembling, an arrow, [arrow-head. 

SXG'jt-tate, a. Shaped like an 

SA'GO, n. [Malay. & Javanese sagu.] 
A granulated starch, prepared from 
the pith of certain palms. 

Said (sed), a. Before mentioned ; — 
used chiefly in legal style. 

SAIL, n. [A.-S. segel, segl.] 1. A 
Sheet of canvas, spread to the wind, 
to assist the progress of a vessel. 2. 
(pi. SAIL.) A sailing vessel ; a craft. 

3. An excursion on the water. — v. i. 
[-ED: -ING.] 1. To move with sails, 
as a ship. 2. To be conveyed in a 
vessel. 3. To begin a voyage. 4. To 
move smoothly through the air. — v. 
t. 1. To move upon in a ship with 
sails. 2. To direct the motion of, as 
a vessel. 

Saii/a-ble, a. Admitting of being 
passed by ships ; navigable. 

Sail'-gloth, n. Canvas for sails. 

Saii/er, n. A ship or other vessel. 

Saii/ing, n. 1. Act of .a person or 
thing that sails. 2. Navigation. 

Sail'-l6ft, n. A loft where sails are 
made. [sels. 

Sail'or, n. One who navigates ves- 
Syn. — Mariner; seaman. 

Sail'-yXrd, n. The yard or spar on 
which sails are extended. 

Sain'foin, n. [Fr., fr. sain, whole- 
some, and foin, hay.] A kind of 
leguminous plant. 

Saint, n. [Fr. saint, Lat. sanctus, 



sacred.] 1. A holy or godly person. 
2. One of the blessed in heaven. 3. 
One canonized by the church. 

Saint Vitvs's dance, a disease affecting 
the voluntary muscles with constant, 
irregular movements. 
— v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To make a 
saint of; to canonize. 

Saint'ed, a. Sacred ; holy ; pious. 

Saint'ly, a. [-ER ; -est, 142.] Like, 
or becoming, a saint. 

Saint'skip, n. Character or quali- 
ties of a saint. 

Sake, n. [A.-S. sacv, sac, strife, suit 
at law, fr. sacan, to contend, accuse, 
allied to seek.] Final cause; pur- 
pose ; account ; regard. 

Sal, n. [Lat. See Salt.] Salt; — 
a word used in chemistry, &c. 

Sal'a-ble, a. [From sale.] Capable 
of being sold ; finding a ready mar- 
ket, [salable. 

Sal'A-ble-ness, n. State of being 

Sa-LA'cioCs, a. [Lat. salnx, salads, 
from satire, to leap.] Lustful ; lech- 
erous. 

SA-LAC'I-TY,«. Lecherousness. 

Sal'AD, n. [From Lat. sal, salts, salt.] 
Uncooked herbs, dressed with salt, 
vinegar, or oil, and eaten as a relish. 

Sa-LaM*, n. [Ar. salam, peace, safe- 
ty.] A salutation of ceremony or re- 
spect in the East. 

SXl'A-mXn'DER (110), n. [Gr. aaKa- 
IxdvSpa, Skr. salam an dala.] A genus 
of reptiles allied both to the lizards 
and frogs. 

eg- The belief that the salamander is 
able to endure fire, is a mistake. 

Sal'A-mXn'drine, a. Resembling a 
salamander ; enduring fire. 

SXl'a-ry, n. [Lat. salarium , orig. 
salt money, from sal, salt.] Recom- 
pense stipulated to be paid to a per- 
son for services. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING, 
142.] To pay a salary to one. 

SALE, n. [A.-S. sel/an, to sell.] 1. Act 
of selling ; transfer of property for a 
price in money. 2. Demand ; mar- 
ket. 

Syn.— Sales by auction; sales at auc- 
tion.— In America the more prevalent 
expression has been " sales at auction," 
as if referring to the place where they are 
made. In England the form has always 
been " sales by auction." 

SXl'e-ra'tus, n. [N. Lat sal a'cra- 
tus, lit. aerated salt.] A bi-carbonate 
of potash, used in cookery. 

Sales/man (150), n. One who sells 
goods or merchandise. 

Sale'work (-wurk), n. "Work or 
things made for sale. 

Sal'I€, a. [From the Salian Franks.] 
Designating a law by which males 
only can inherit the throne. 

SX'LI-ENT, a. [Lat. saliens, leaping.] 
1. Moving by leaps. 2. Shooting out 
or up. 3. Prominent ; conspicuous. 
4. Projecting outwardly, as an angle. 

Sa-lif'er-oCs, o. [Lat. sal, salt, and 
ferre, to bear.] Producing salt. 

SXl'i-fi'a-ble, a. Capable of com- 
bining with an acid to form a salt. 

Sal/I-fi-GA'tion.w- Act of salifying. 

SXl'I-FY, v. t. [-ed; -ing, 142.] [Lat. 



A, E, I, o, u, Y,long; X, £,i, 6, v,^, short; cAre, fXr. ask, all, what; ere, veil, t£rm; pique, fIrm; s6n, 



SALINE 



375 



SANCTION 



sal, salt, and facere, to make.] To 
form into a salt, as a base, by com- 
bining it with an acid. 

SA-LINE', or SA'LINE,a. [Lat. sali- 
nus ; sal, salt.] 1. Consisting of, or 
containing, salt. 2. Partaking of the 
qualities of salt. — n. A salt spring. 

Sa-li'va, n. [Lat.] The liquid secreted 
in the mouth ; spittle. 

Sa-LI'VAL, { a. Pertaining to sali- 

Sal'i-va-ry, j va ; secreting or con- 
veying saliva. 

SXl'i-vate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
produce an abnormal secretion of 
saliva, as by the use of mercury. 

SXl'i-va'tion, n. A continued un- 
natural flow of saliva. 

SXl'low, n. [A.-S. salig, sealh.] A 
tree or low shrub of the willow kind. 

— a. [-er;-est.] [A.-S. salu, 0. 
H. Ger. salo.] Of a pale, sickly, yel- 
lowish color. [paleness. 

Sal'low-ness, n. A sickly yellowish 

SXl'ly, i'. /. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] [From 
Lat. satire, to leap.] To rush out ; 
to issue suddenly, as troops. — n. 1. 
A leaping forth. 2. An issuing of 
troops from a place besieged to attack 
the besiegers. 3. Digression ; devia- 
tion. 4. A flight of fancy, liveliness, 
or wit, &c. 5. Frolic ; escapade. 

SXi/ly-p5rt, n. A postern gate, or 
a passage under ground, to afford 
free egress for troops. 

SXl'ma-gCn'di, n. [From Lat. sal- 
gama condita i lit. preserved pickles ; 
or fr. the Countess Salmagondi, who 
invented it.] 1. A mixture of chopped 
meat and pickled herring with oil, 
vinegar, pepper, &c. 2. A medley. 

SXLM'ON (sam'uu), n. [Lat. salmo, 
salmonis.] A fish of a yellowish-red 
color, of northern climates. 

SXlm'on-trout (sam'un-), n. A 
small fish resembling the common 
salmon. 

Sazojw (sii'long'), n. [Fr.] An apart- 
ment for company ; hence, in the 
plural, fashionable parties. 

Sa-LOON', n. [Kr. salon, fr. 0. H. Ger. 
sal, house, hall.] A spacious and 
elegant apartment for company, or 
for works of art ; — applied also to 
apartments for specific public uses. 

SAL/Sl-FY:, n. [Vr. salsifts.] A plant 
having a long, tapering root, like the 
parsnip. [soda. 

SXl'-so'da, n. Impure carbonate of 

SALT (8), n. [A.-S. sealt, salt, Lat. sal, 
Gr. aA?.] 1. Chloride of sodium, a 
substance used for seasoning food, 
&c. 2. Flavor; taste; seasoning. 3. 
Piquancv ; wit. 4. A salt-cellar. 5. 
A sailor' [Colloq.] 6. (Chem.) A 
combination df an acid with a base. 

— a. [-er ; -est.] Prepared with, 
or tasting of, salt. — v. t. [-ed; 
-ING.] To sprinkle, impregnate, or 
season with salt. 

SXl'tant, a. [Lat. saltans, dancing, 
fr. satire, to leap.] Leaping ; dancing. 

SAL-TA'TION, n. [Lat. saltatio.] 1. 
A leaping or jumping. 2. Palpitation. 

SXl'TA-TO-RY (50), a. Leaping or 
dancing ; used in leaping or dancing. 



Sa lt'-cel'lar, n. A small dish for 
salt at table. [made. 

Salt'ern, n. A place where salt is 

SXl/TIER, n. A St. Andrew's cross, 
or cross in the form of an X. 

SXl'ti-grade, a. [Lat. saltus, a 
leap, and gradi, to walk.] Having 
legs formed for leaping. 

Salt'ISH, a. Somewhat salt. 

Salt'-jOnk, n. Ilard salt beef for 
use at sea. 

Salt'ness, ». 1. Quality of being 
"salt. 2. Taste of salt. 

SALT-PE'TER, I n. [N. Lat. sal petrie, 

Salt-pe'tre, J i. e., rock-salt, be- 
cause it exudes from rocks or walls.] 
Nitrate of potassa ; — called also 
niter. 

Salt'-rheum (-rum), n. A kind of 
herpes, or" skin disease; — a vague 
popular name. 

Sa-LU'BRI-oOs, a. [Lat. salubris, or 
salube.r, fr. salus, health.] Favorable 
to, or promoting, health. 

Sa-lu'BRI-ty, n. Wholesomeness ; 
healthfulness. [being salutary. 

Sal'u-ta-ri-ness, n. Quality of 

SXl'U-TA-RY, a. [Lat. salutaris, fr. 
salus, health, safety.] 1. Promoting 
health. 2. Contributing to some 
beneficial purpose. 

SXl/u-ta'TION, n. 1. Act of saluting 
or greeting. 2. That which is ut- 
tered in saluting or greeting. 

Syx. — Greeting; salute. — A greeting 
usually denotes some warm expression 
of feeling when one meets another. Sal- 
utation and salute signify literally a 
wishing of health. Salutation, however, 
is the act of the person saluting, while 
salute is the thing given; that is, the 
thing received by the person addressed. 

Sa-lu'ta-to'ri-an, n. A student of 
a college who pronounces a saluta- 
tory oration. [A?ner.] 

SA-Lfi'TA-TO-RY (50), a. Containing 
salutations ; speaking a welcome. — 
». The opening oration at the com- 
mencement of a college. [Amer.] 

Sa-lute', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
salulare, from salus, health, safety.] 
1. To address with expressions of 
kind wishes. 2. To greet with a kiss, 
or with a wave of the hand. 3. To 
honor, as some person or nation, by 
a discharge of cannon, or by striking 
colors, &c. — n. 1. Act of saluting; 
salutation ; greeting. 2. A kiss. 3. 
A discharge of cannon, or a lowering 
of colors, in honor of some persou or 
ocoasion. 

SXl/VA-BLE, a. [Lat. salvare, to save, 
from salvus, safe.] Capable of being 
saved. 

SXl/VAGE, n. [From Lat. salvare, to 
save.] I. Compensation allowed to 
persons who voluntarily assist in 
saving a ship or her cargo. 2. Prop- 
erty thus saved. 

SAL-VA'TION (110), n. 1. Act of sav- 
ing ; preservation. 2. (Tlieol.) Re- 
demption of man from sin and eter- 
nal death . 

SXl'va-to-ry, n. A place where 
things are preserved. 

Salve (sav), n. [A.-S. seal/, O. H. 



Ger. salba.] An adhesive composi- 
tion to be applied to sores. — v. t. 
[•ED ; -ING.] To apply salve to. 

SXl'ver, 7i. [Lat. salvare, to save.] 
A waiter on which auy thing is pre- 
sented. 

SXl'VO, n. ; pi. sal'vos. [Lat. salvo 
jure, an expression used in reserving 
rights.] 1. An exception ; reserva- 
tion. 2. A discharge of fire-arma 
not intended for a salute. 

SXm'bo, n. ; pi. sam'bos. Offspring 
of a black person and a mulatto. 

SAME, a. [A.-S.] 1. Identical. 2. 
Of like kind; corresponding; simi- 
lar. 3. Just, or just about to be, 
mentioned. 

Same'ness, n. 1. State of being the 
same ; identity ; similarity. 2. Tedi- 
ous monotony.- 

SA'MI-EL, n. [Turk, sam-yeli, from 
Ar. samm, poison, and Turk, yel, 
wind.] A hot and destructive wind 
in Arabia, from the desert ; the si- 
moom. 

SXmp, n. [Mass. Ind. sapac, saupac, 
made soft or thinned] Maize brokeu 
and cooked by boiling. 

SAM'PHIRE (fiSm'fir or sam-Tur), n. 
[Fr. l'herbe de Saint Pierre, fr. which 
the English word is corrupted.] A 
fleshy herb which grows on rocks 
near the sea-shore. 

Sam'ple, n. [See Example.] A part 
shown as evidence of the quality of 
the whole. [work patterns- 

Sam'pler, n. A collection of needle- 

SXn'A-BLE, a. [Lat. sanabilis, from 
sanare, to make sound, to heal.] Ca- 
pable of being cured. 

San'a-tive, a. [Lat. sanare, to heal.] 
Having the power to cure or heal ; 
curative. 

SXN'A-TO-RY,a. Conducive to health ; 
healing ; curative. 

SaNG'TI-FI-CA'TION, n. 1. Act of 
sanctifying; state of being sancti- 
fied. 2. Consecration. 

SXng'TI-fi'er, n. One who sancti- 
fies ; specifically, the Holy Spirit. 

SaN€'ti-fy, v. t. [-ed; -ing, 142.] 
[Lat. sanctificare, fr. sanctus, holy, 
and facere, to make.] 1. To make 
sacred ; to hallow. 2. To make holy 
or free from sin. 3. To secure from 
violation ;_ to give sanction to. 

Sang'ti-mo'ni-ous, a. Making a 
show of sanctity ; hypocritically de- 
vout. 

SXNG'Tl-MO'Nl-ofts-LY, adv. In a 
sanctimonious manner. 

SANe'Tl-MO'Ni-oris-NESS, n. State 
of being sanctimonious. 

Sang'ti-mo-ny (50), a. [Lat. sancti- 
monia ; sanctus, holy.] Artificial 
saintliness ; hypocritical devoutness. 

Sanc'TION, n. [Lat. sanctio, fr. san- 
cire, sanctum, to render sacred, to 
fix unalterably.] 1. Ceremonious 
ratification. 2. Any thing done or 
said to enforce the will or authority 
of another. 

S yn. — Ratification ; authority. 
— v. t. [-ed; -ING.] To give va- 
lidity or authority to. 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PyLL ; e, I, o, silent ; c,G,sq/i; €,G,hard; A§ ; EXIST; N. asNG; THW 



SANCTITY 



376 



SATCHEL 




SXN€'ti-ty, n. [Lat. sanctitas, from 
sanctus, holy.] 1. State or quality 
of being sacred. 2. Religious bind- 
ing force. 

SXnct'U-A-RY, n. [Lat. sanctuarium, 
from sanctus, sacred.] 1. A sacred 
place. 2. A place of refuge and pro- 
tection ; shelter. 

SAng'TUM, n. [Lat., p. p. of sancire, 
to consecrate.] A sacred place; 
hence, a retreat for privacy. 

GAND, n. [A.-S.] 1. Fine particles of 
stone. 2. pi. Tracts of land consist- 
ing of sand. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To sprinkle with sand. 

fiAN'DAL, n. [Gr. 
aa.vZaX.ov, dim. 
o~av8d\i.ov.] 1. A 
kind of shoe con- 
sisting of a sole fast- 
ened to the foot. 2. 
An overshoe with 
parallel openings across the instep. 

SAn'dal-wood, n. [Ar. sandal, san- 
adil, fr. Skr. tshandana.] The yel- 
low fragrant wood of an Eastern 
tree. 

SAn'da-RAG, 1 n. [Lat. sandaracha, 

SAN'DA-RAGH, J Gr. o-av&apdxq.] 1- 
A kind of resin. 2. Realgar. 

SAnd'i-ness, n. State of being sandy. 

San'DI-ver, n. [Corrupted fr. Fr. sel 
de verre, salt of glass.] A whitish 
scum, from melted glass. 

SXnd'-pa'per, n Paper covered on 
one side with a fine gritty substance. 

SAnd'stone, n. A rock made of 
sand more or less firmly united. 

SAND'WICH, n. Two pieces of bread 
and butter, with a thin slice of meat 
between them ; — a favorite dish of 
the earl of Sandioich, — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To make into a sandwich ; 
to form of alternating layers of dif- 
ferent nature. 

SAnd'y, a. 1. Consisting of, or like, 
sand ; full of sand. 2. Of a yellow- 
ish red color like sand. 

SANE, a. [Lat. sanus.] In one's right 
mind ; of sound reason. 

Sang, imp. of Sing. 

San/ga-ree', n. [Sp. sangria, from 
sangre, Lat. sanguis, blood.] Wine 
and water sweetened and spiced. 

Sang-froid (s5ng-frwa/), n. [Fr., 
cold-blood.] Freedom from agitation 
of mind ; coolness. 

San-guif'er-ous, a. [Lat. sanguis, 
blood, audferre, to bear.] Conveying 
blood. 

SXn'GUI-FI-GA'TION, n. Conversion 
of the- products of digestion into 
blood 

SXn'gui-fy, v. i. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] 
(Lat. sanguis, blood, and facrre, to 
make.] To produce blood. 

SXn'GUI-na-ry, a. [hut. sanguina- 
rius. fr. sanguis, blood.] 1. Attended 
with much bloodshed. 2. Eager to 
shed blood. 

SXn'GIJINE, a. [Lat. sangitinpvs, fr. 
sanguis, blood.] 1. Having the color 
of blood. 2. Having abundance and 
active circulation of blood. 3. Warm ; 
ardent. 4. Full of hope : confident. 



SXn/guine-ly, adv. In a sanguine 
manner. 

San'guine-ness (109), n. Condition 
or quality of being sanguine. 

San-guin'E-ous, a. 1. Relating to, 
or abounding with, blood ; sanguine. 
2. Blood-red ; crimson. 

San'HE-brIm, n. [Heb. sankedrin, 
fr. Gr. crave&piov, from avv, with, to- 
gether, and e'6pa, a seat.] The great 
council of the Jews, which had juris- 
diction of religious matters. 

Sa'n1-E£, n. [Lat.] A thin, serous 
fluid at the surface of ulcers. 

Sa'ni-ous,«. 1. Thin and serous. 2. Ef- 
fusinga thin, serous, reddish matter. 

SAn'i-TA-RY, a. [Lat. sanitas, health.] 
Pertaining to, or designed to stcure, 
health ; hygienic. 

SAn'I-TY, n. [Lat. sanitas, fr. sanus, 
sound.] Quality of being sane ; 
soundness of mind. 

SANK, imp. of Sink. 

San'scrtt, n Same as Sanskrit. 

Sans-culotte (song'ku-lot'), n. 
[Fr., without breeches.] A ragged 
fellow ; — a name of reproach given 
in the first Fr. revolution to a mem- 
ber of the extreme republican party. 

San'skrit, n. [Skr. sanskrila, lit. 
perfect, polished, or classical.] The 
ancient language of the Hindoos. 

SAP, ». 1. [A.-S.wy?.] Juice of plants 
of any kind. 2. An approach made 
to a fortified place by secret digging. 
— v.t. [-PED; -ping.] [Fr. saper.] 
To mine; to undermine. — v.i. To 
proceed by secretly undermining. 

Sap'ID, a. [Lat. sapidus, fr. sapere, 
to taste.] Having a relish ; savory. 

Sa-p1d'i-ty, 1 n. Quality of being 

Sap'id-ness, ) sapid; savoriness. 

Sa'pi-enoe, n. Wisdom ; sageness. 

SA'PI-ENT, a. [Lat. sapiens, tasting, 
knowing.] 1. Having wisdom ; sage. 
2. Would-be wise. 

Sap'less, a. Destitute of sap ; not 
juicy. [tree. 

SAP'L1NG,«. [From sap.] A young 

Sap'o-NA'CEOUS, a. [Lat. sapo,sap- 
onis, soap.] Having the quality of 
soap ; soapy ._ [into soap. 

Sa-pon'I-FI-GA'TION, n. Conversion 

Sa-pon'i-fy, v. t. [-ed; -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. sapo, saponis,$odL\i, smdfacere, 
to make.] To convert into soap. 

Sa'por, n. [Lat.] Taste ; savor. 

Sap'C-RIF'IG, a. [Lat. sapor, taste, 
and facere, to make.] Having the 
power to produce taste. 

SXp'o-ROUS,a. [Lat. sapor us, fr. sapor, 
taste.] Yielding some kind of taste. 

Sap'per, n. One who saps, or is em- 
ployed in working at saps. 

Sap'phig (s'afik), a. 1. Pertainingto 
Sappho, a Grecian poetess. 2. In the 
manner of Sappho ; — denoting a cer- 
tain kind of verse. 

Sap'phire (saf'Ir or saf'ur), n. [Lat. 
j sapphirus, Ar. safir.] A precious 
I stone (usually blue) used in jewelry. 

Sap'phir-ine (sSf'ur-), a. Made of 
| sapphire, or like it. 

Sap'pi-ness, n. State or quality of 
I being full of sap. 



SAp'py, a. [-er; -est, 142.] 1 
Abounding with sap ; juicy ; succu- 
lent. 2. Hence, young; weak. 3. 
Weak in intellect. 

Sap'SA-GO, n. [Ger. sc/iabzieger, fr. 
shaben, to shave, to scrape, and zie- 
ger, a sort of whey.] A kind of 
cheese, made in Switzerland. 

Sap'-wood, n. Exterior part of tho 
wood of a tree, next to the bark. 

Sar'A-band,h. [Per. serbend, a kind 
of song.] A grave Spanish dance 

Sar'a-cen, n. [From Ar. sharki, pi. 
sharkiin, oriental, eastern, fr. shar- 
aka, to rise.] An Arabian ; a Mus- 
sulman. [Saracens. 

Sar'a-cen'ic, a. Pertaining to the 

Sar'gasm, n. [Gr. o-apK.ao-y.6s, fr. o~ap- 
icdgeiv, to bite the lips in rage, to 
sneer.] A satirical remark uttered 
with scorn or contempt. 

Sar-cas'TIG, a. Bitterly satirical ; 
taunting. [castic manner. 

Sar-cas'tic-al-ly, adv. In a sar- 

Saroe'net,??. [Cloth made by Sar- 
acens.] A fine, thin, woven silk. 

SAR-€OL'0-GY, n. [Gr. <rap£, o-apxos, 
flesh, and Aoyos, discourse.] That 
part of anatomy which treats of the 
soft parts of the body. [flesh. 

Sar-goph'a-goLjs, a. Feeding on 

SAR-COPH'A-gBs, n. [Gr. <rapKO<pa- 
■j/o?, eating flesh.] 1. A kind of lime- 
stone ; — so called by the Greeks, be- 
cause it quickly consumed bodies de- 
posited in it. 2. A stone coffin. 

Sar-goph'A-gy, n. Practice of eat- 
ing flesh. 

Sar'dine, 7i. [So called from the isl- 
and of Sardinia.] A Mediterranean 
fish, of the herring family. 

Sar-don'IG, a. [Gr. <rap86j/ios, from 
o-apfidvioi^aplantof Sardinia, which 
was said to screw up the face of the 
eater.] Forced, heartless, or bitter; 
— said of a laugh or smile. 

Sar'do-nyx, n. [Gr. o-ap86wij, from 
SapSios, Sardian, or 2otp8a>as, Sar- 
dinian, and bvv% , a nail, a veined 
gem.] A reddish-yellow gem, nearly 
allied to onyx. 

SAR-GAS'SO, 77. [Sp. sargazo, sea- 
weed.] The floating sea-weed of the 
North Atlantic. 

SXr'sa-PA-RIL'la, n. [Sp. zarzapar- 
rilla, from zarza, a bramble, and 
parrilla, a vine.] A Mexican plant, 
whose root is valued in medicine. 

Sash, n. 1. An ornamental belt. 2. 
[L. Lat. cacia, fr. Lat. capsa, a chest, 
box.] The frame of a window. 

Sas'SA-FRAS, n. [Lat. saxifraga (sc. 
herba); saxum, rock, stone, and 
frangere, to break.]. An aromatic 
tree of the laurel family. 

Sat, imp. of Sit. 

Sa'tan, n. [Heb. satan, an adversa- 
ry, from satan, to be adverse.] Tho 
grand adversary of mau ; the devil. 

Sa-tXn'IG, I a. Having the quali- 

Sa tan'I€-al, ( ties of Satan; dev- 
ilish ; infernal. 

Sa-tXn'ic-al-LY, adv. Diabolically. 

Satch'ei,, n. [Lat. sace.llus, dim. of 
sacchus, sack.] A little sack or bag 



A, f, i, 6, v, Y,long; A,£,i,6,tj, y, short; care, far, Ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm ; son 



SATE 



377 



SAWYER 



SITE, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [0. II. Ger. 
salian, satlOn, to r-atiate, fr. A.-S. 
sad, sated.] To satisfy the desire of. 

SXTE (sat), old imp. of Sit. 

SATE'LESS, a. Insatiable. 

Sat'el-LITE, n. [Lat. satelles, satel- 
litis.] 1. A small planet revolving 
round another : a moon. 2. An 
obsequious follower. 

SXt'el-li'tioOs (-ITsh'us), a. Per- 
taining to, or consisting of, satellites. 

Sa'ti-ate (-shi-, 95), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[Lat. satiare, -alum, from sat, satis, 
enough] 1. To feed to the full. 2. 
To fill to repletion or loathing. 

Syx. — To satisfy; content. — These 
words differ principally in decree. To 
content is to make contented, even 
though every desire is not gratified. To 
satisfy is to appease fully the longings 
of desire. To satiate is to fill so com- 
pletely that it is not possible to receive 
or enjoy more. 

Sa'ti-a'tion (-shi-), n. State of be- 
ing satiated. 

Sa-TI'E-ty, n. [Lat. satietas; sat, 
satis, enough.] State of being sati- 
ated; fulluess of gratification even 
beyond desire. 

SXt'IN, n. [From L. Lat. seta, silk, 
orig. seta serica, i. e., silk-hair.] A 
kind of glossy silk cloth. 

SXt'I-NET' (110), n. A certain kind 
of cloth made of cotton warp and 
woolen filling. [satin. 

SXT'IN-Y, a. Like, or composed of, 

Sat'IRE [in E<ig. often proa, sat'ur), 
n. [Lat. sntira, satura,fr. satura,(sc. 
lanx), a medley, fr. satur, full of 
food] 1. An invective poem. 2. 
Keenness and severity of remark. 
Syx. — See Lampoon. 

SA-TIR'ie, ( a. 1. Belonging to, 

SA-TlR're-AL, ) or conveying, satire. 
2. Severe, in language. [manner. 

Sa-tTr'IC-AL-LY, adv. In a satirical 

SAT'IR-IST, n. One who writes satire. 

SXt'ir-Ize, v. t. [-ED; -ing.] To 
censure with keenness or severity. 

Sat'IS-fac'TION, n. [Lat. satisfac- 
tion 1. Act of satisfying, or state 
of being satisfied. 2. Settlement of 
a claim, due, or demand, &c. 3. 
That which satisfies. 

if Xt'is-fac'to-ri-ly, adv. In a sat- 
isfactory manner. 

Sat IS-fag'TO-RI-NESS, n. Quality 
or condition of being satisfactory. 

SXt'Is-f^c'to-ry, a. 1. Giving sat- 
isfaction. 2. Making amends or 
recompense. 

SXt'is-fy, v. t. [-ed ; -ing, 142.] [Lat. 
satixfacere, fr. sat, satis, enough, 
and facere, to make.] 1. To gratify 
fully the desire of. 2. To comply 
with the rightful demands of. 3. To 
give assurance to. 

Syn. — See Satiate. 
— v.i. 1. To give content. 2. To sup- 
ply to the full. 3. To make payment. 

SA'TRAP, or Sat'rap, n. [Gr. o-arpa- 
ittjs, fr. Per. kkshatrapavan, ruler.] 
Governor of a province. [Ancient 
Persia.] 

SXt'ra-py, n. Government or juris- 
diction of a satrap. 



SXt'u-ra-ble, c. Admitting of be- 
ing saturated. 

SAT'U-RANT,a. Saturating. — n. A 
substance which neutralizes the acid 
in the stomach. 

SXt'U-RATE, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
saturare, -ratum, fr. satur, full of 
food, sated.] To cause to become 
completely penetrated or soaked. 

SXt'U-ra'tion, n. Act of saturating, 
or state of being saturated. 

SXT'UR-DAY,n. [A.-S. Sdterdag, Sd- 
terndag, Saturn's day.] The seventh 
or last day of the week. 

SXT'URN, v. [Lat. Saturnus.] 1. 
(Myth.) One of the oldest and prin- 
cipal deities. 2. One of the planets 
of the solar system. 

SlT'UR-NA f Ll-A,n.pl. TLat. Seesw- 
pra.] 1. Festival of Saturn. 2. A 
period or occasion of general excess. 

SXT'UR-NA'LI-AN, a. 1. Relating to 
the Saturnalia. 2. Kiotously merry. 

SA-TUR'NI-AN, a. Relating to Saturn, 
whose reign is called the golden age. 

SXT'UR-N T lNE,a. 1. Under the influ- 
ence of the planet Saturn. 2. Hence,' 
phlegmatic ; dull ; grave. 

Sa'TYR (sa/tur), n. [Lat. satyrus, Gr. 
<rdTvpo<;.] (Myth.) One of a class of 
lascivious sylvan deities, part man 
and part goat. 

Sa-tyr'I€, a. Pertaining to satyrs. 

SAUCE, n. [Fr. sauce, L. Lat. salsa, 
prop, salt-pickle.] A mixture to be 
eaten with food to improve its rel- 
ish. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
apply a sauce or a relish to. 2. To 
be impudent to. [Low.] [fellow. 

Sauce'box, n. A saucy, impudent 

Sau'CER, n. [Fr. saucicre. See 
Sauce.] A small dish, in which a 
tea-cup is set. 

Sau'ci-ly, adv. Impudently. 

Sau'CI-ness, n. Quality of being 
saucy ; impertinence. 

Sau'cy, a. [-ER ; -est, 142.] [Eng. 
"saute, fr. Lat. salsus, salt, sharp.] 
1. Transgressing the rules of deco- 
rum ; impudent. 2. Expressive of 
impudence. 

Sauer' kraut (sour'krout), n. 
[Ger., from sauer, sour, aud kraut, 
c.bbage.] Cabbage preserved in 
brine and allowed to ferment. 

SAUN'TER(san / ter), v. i. [-ED: -ING.] 
[From Fr. sainte terre, the holy land, 
from idle people who roved about 
asking charity under pretense of 
going a la sainte terre, to the holy 
land.] To wander about idly. 
Syx. — See Loiter. 

Sau\'ter-er, n. One who saunters. 

Sau'RI-AN, a. [Gr. aavpa, cravpo?, a 
lizard.] Pertaining to a saurian. — 
n. Any four-legged scaly reptile, as 
the lizard. 

SAU'SAGE, n. [Fr. saucisse. See 
"SAUCE.] Meat minced and seasoned, 
and inclosed in a cylindrical skin. 

SaVA-BI-E, a. Capable of being saved. 

Sav'AGE, a. [0. Eng. salvage, from 
Lat. silva, a wood.] 1. Wild ; un- 
tamed ; uncivilized. 2. Character- 
ized by cruelty. — n. 1. A wild 



person. 2. A man of extreme, brm 
tal cruelty. 

SXv'AGE-LY, adv. In a savage man- 
ner ; cruelly. 

SXv'age-ness, n. State or quality 
of being savage. 

SXv'AGE-RY, n. 1. State of being 
savage. 2. An act of cruelty. 

Sav'AG-ISM, n. Savageness. 

Sa-VAN'NA, n. [Sp. savana, sabana, 
a large plain covered with snow, ft 
Gr. <rdfia.vov, a liuen cloth.] An ex- 
tensive open plain or meadow. 

5"Arytivr(sa'v6ng'),?i. ; pi. savants 
(sa'vong'). [Fr.,fr. savoir, to know.] 
A man of learning. 

Save, v.t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. $al- 

vare, fr. salvus, safe.] 1. To make 
safe ; to preserve from evil of any 
kind. 2. To keep from being spent. 
3. To prevent. — v. i. To hinder ex- 
pense. — prep. Except ; not includ- 
ing. 

Save'-ALL, n. [From save and all.] 
Any contrivance intended to prevent 
waste or loss. 

Sav'er, n. One who saves. 

Sav'in, n. [Lat. sabina.] An ever- 
green tree or shrub. 

SayMng,/). a. 1. Avoiding unneces- 
sary expenses ; frugal. 2. Incurring 
no loss. — p. pr., but commonly 
called a prep. In favor of: except- 
ing. — n. 1. Exception. 2. That 
which is saved- 

Sav'ing-ness, n. Frugality. 

Sav'INGs-bXnk. n. A bank in which 
savings are deposited and put to in- 
terest. 

SXv'IOR 1 (sav'yur), n. [Lat. salva- 

SAV'IOUR ) tor, fr. salvare, to save.] 

1. One who saves or delivers from 
destruction or danger. 2. Specific- 
ally, Jesus Christ. 

SX'VOR, «. [Lat. sapor, fr. sapere, to 
taste, savor.] 1. Quality affecting 
the organs of taste or smell. 2. 
Specific flavor or quality. — v. i. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. To have a particu- 
lar smell or taste. 2. To indicate 
the presence or influence. 

Sa'vor-i-ness, v. Quality or condi- 
tion of being savory. 

Sa'vor-less, a. Having no savor. 

Sa'yor-y, a. Pleasing to the taste or 
smell. — 7i. [Lat. salureia.] An 
aromatic plant, used in cooking. 

Saw, wn/7. of See. — n. [A.-S. sage, 
Icel. s'dg.] A toothed instrument for 
cutting. — v.t. [sawed: sawed, 
or sawn; sawing.] [Allied to Lat. 
secare, to cut.] To cut or separate 
with a saw. — r. ?'. 1. To use a saw 

2. To cut with a saw. 
Saw'dOst, n. Small fragments of 

wood or other material, made by a 
saw. [timber, &c 

Saw'-M?el, «. A mill for sawing 

Saav'-pit, n. A pit over which tim- 
ber is sawed by two men. 

Sa w'-set, n. An instrument k> turn 
the teeth of a saw a little outward. 

Saw'yer, n. [From saw, like law- 
yer from law.] 1. One who saws 
timber. 2. A tree, fallen into a 



OR, do, wolf, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL ; E,I, O, silent ; C, G, soft; €,H,hard; AS; E^IST; Nosng; THIS 



SAXIFRAGE 



378 



SCARIFICATION 



stream, and rocking above and be- 
low the surface of the water, like 
the motion of a saw. [Amer.] 

SXx'I-FRAGE, n. [Lat. saxifraga; 
saxum , rock, a.ndf rang ere, to break.] 
A plaut growing naturally on or 
among rocks. 

gAx'ON (or saks'n), n. [A.-S. Seaxu, 
pi. Seaxe, fr. .seax, a knife, a dag- 
ger.] 1. (a.) One of a German peo- 
ple who conquered England in the 
6th and 6th centuries, (b.) A na- 
tive of Saxony. 2. The language of 
the Saxons. — a. Pertaining to the 
Saxons, to their country, or to their 
language. [idiom. 

SXx'ON-isM {or saks'n-), n. A Saxon 

Say, v. t. [said; saying.] [A.-S. 
secgan, seggan.] 1. To utter in 
words ; to speak. 2. To repeat ; to 
recite. 3. To announce as a decision 
or opinion ; hence, to be sure about. 
— n. Something said. 

Say'ing,7?. An expression ; especially 
a proverbial expression. 

ScXb, n. [A.-S. scdbb ; allied to shave.] 

1. An incrustation over a sore. 2. A 
contagious disease of sheep. 

ScXb'BARD, n. [Cf. Icel. skalpr, scab- 
bard.] Case for the blade of a sword, 
&c. ; a sheath. 

ScXb'bed (60), a. 1. Diseased with 
scabs. 2. Mean; paltry. 

ScXb'bed-NESS, I ». State of being 

ScXb'bi-ness, J scabbed. 

S€AB'BY,« [-er: -est, 142.] 1. Af- 
fected with scabs . 2. Diseased with 
the scab. 

SCA'Bl-ous, a. [Lat. scabiosus ; sca- 
bies, the scab.] Consisting of scabs. 

SCA'BROUS, a. [Lat. srabrosus ; sca- 
ber, rough.] Rough; rug-ged. 

Scaf'fold, n. [L. Lat. escafaldus, 
fr. the llomansch catar, to view, and 
It. falco, a scaffold, stage, from O. II. 
Ger. palcho, balco, beam.] A tem- 
porary stage or elevated platform, 
esp. one for the execution of a crim- 
inal.— v.t. [-ED; -ING.] To fur- 
nish with a scaffold. 

SCAF'FOLD-ING,«. 1. A Scaffold. 2. 
Materials for scaffolds. 

SCAGL-IO'LA (skal-yo'la), n. [Tt. 
scagliuola, dim. of scaglia, a scale, 
shell.] An imitation of marble, formed 
from gypsum mixed with glue, &c. 

Scal'a-BLE, a. Capable of being 
scaled. 

SCA-LADE', n. [See SCALE, v. t.] An 
assault on a besieged place with lad- 
ders to mount the walls. 

Scald, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. ex- 
caldare ; ex, and calcius, calidus, 
warm, hot.] 1. To burn with hot 
liquid. 2. To expose to a boiling or 
violent heat over a fire. — n. 1. A 
burn by some hot liquid, or by steam. 

2. [Originally scall.] Scurf on the 
head ; scab. 

ScXld, n. [Trel. skald, Ger. skalde, 
allied toO. II. Ger. scellan, to sound.] 
A reciter of hex-oic poems, among the 
Norsemen. 

Scald'-tiead, n. A pustular erup- 
tion of the hairy scalp. 



ScXld'ic, a. Pertaining to the scalds 
or poets of antiquity. 

Scale, n. 1. [A.-S. scalu, scealu, dish 
of a balance, balance.] The dish of 
a balance ; hence, in the pi., the bal- 
ance itself. 2. [A.-S. scealu, scalu, 
a shell, parings.] One of the small 
pieces which form the covering of 
many fishes and reptiles. 3. Any 
thin layer or leaf. 4. [Lat. scales, 
scala.] A ladder. 5. Any thing 
graduated, esp. when employed as a 
measure or rule ; in music, the gam- 
ut. 6. Gradation. — v.t.. 1. [-ed; 
-ING.] To climb by a ladder, or as 
if by a ladder. 2. To strip of scales. 
3. To take off in scales. — v. i. To 
come off in thin layers. 

Sca-lene', a. [Gr. o-KaAiji/os.] Hav- 
ing the sides and angles unequal ; — 
said of a triangle. 

Sca'li-ness, n. State of being scaly. 

Scall, n. [See Scald and Scale.] 
Scab; scabbiness ; leprosy. 

ScXll'ion (-yun), n. [Lat. csepa As- 
calonia, fr. Ascalon, a town in Pal- 
estine.] A plant allied to the onion. 

Scal'lop (skol'lup), ii. [See Esca- 
LOP.] 1. A marine shell-fish. 2. A 
curving of the edge of any thing. 3. 
A dish for baking oysters in. — v.t. 
[-ED; -ING.] To mark or cut the 
edge of into segments of circles. 

SCAI/LOPED (skol'lupt), a. Made or 
done with or in a scallop. 

Scalp, n. [Cf. Lat. scalpere, to cut, 
carve.] Skin of the top of the head ; 
— torn off. with the hair belonging to 
it, by Indian warriors, as a token of 
victory, — v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
deprive of the scalp. 

ScXl'PEL, n. [Lat. sralpellum. See 
supra.] A knife used in surgical op- 
erations. 

Sca'ly, a. 1. Abounding with scales ; 
rough. 2. Resembling scales. 

Scam'ble, t. /. [-ed; -ing.] [0. D. 
schampelen, to deviate, to slip.] To 
stir quick ; to be busy. 

ScXm'bler, n. One who scambles. 

SCAM'MO-NY, 11. [Gr. o-KaiXfJ-tDvia.] A 
certain plant and its inspissated sap. 

ScXmp, ii. [See infra.] A great ras- 
cal ; a scoundrel. 

ScXmp'er, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [0. 
Fr. escamper, to escape, to save one's 
self.] To run with speed. 

ScXn, V. t. [-NED; -NING.] [Lat. 
scandere, to climb, to scan.] 1. To 
go through with, as a verse, distin- 
guishing the feet of which it is com- 
posed. 2. To scrutinize. 

Scan'dal, n. [Gr. <rKa.vha\ov, stick 
or spring in a trap, snare, offense, 
scandal.] 1. Imputed disgrace. 2. 
Defamatory speech or report. 

SCAN'DAL-IZE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 

To give offense to. 2. To reproach ; 
to defame. 

ScXN'DAL-o&s,a. 1. Calling out con- 
demnation. 2. Bringing shame or 
infamy. 3. Defamatory. 

ScXn'dal-oDs-ly, adv. Shamefully. 

Scan'dent, a. [Lat. scandens, climb- 
ing.] Climbing, as a plant. 



ScXn'SION, n. [Lat. scansio, fr. scan- 
dere, to climb.] The act of scanning. 

Scan-so'ri-al, a. Climbing, or adapt- 
ed to climbing. 

ScXnt, v. t. [-ED; -ing.] [From the 
adj.] 1. To limit ; to treat illiberal- 
ly. 2. To make small, or scanty. — 
— a. [-ER; -est.] [A.-S. scanned, 
p. p. of scxnan, to break, wound, 
destroy.] Scarcely sufficient. [ner. 

Scant'I-ly. adv. In a scanty man- 

ScXNT'i-NESS,n. Want of sufficiency. 

ScXnt'ling, n. [Fr. echantillon, a 
sample, from cantel, chantel, corner, 
side] A piece of timber sawed or 
cut of a small size. 

Scant'LY, adv. Not fully or suffi- 
ciently, [scant. 

Scantiness, n. Quality of being 

ScXNT'Y,a. [-er; -est, 142]. [From 
scant.] 1. Wanting extent. 2. Hardly 
sufficient. 3. Sparing ; niggardly. 

Scape, v. t. or i. To escape. — n. 
[Gr. a-Kanos, o-ktjttos.] A peduncle 
rising from the ground or a subter- 
ranean stem. 

Scape'-goat, n. A goat upon whose 
head were symbolically placed the 
sins of the people, after which he 
was suffered to escape into the wil- 
derness. _ [brained fellow. 

SCAPE'-GRACE, n. A graceless, hair- 

Scape'ment, ii. See Escapement. 

S^AP'U-LA, 11.; pi. S€AP'U-ZuE. 
[Lat.] The shoulder-blade. 

SCAP'U-LAR, a. Pertaining to the 
scapula. 

Scap'u-LA-ry, n. A part of the habit 
of certain religious orders in the Ro- 
man Catholic church. 

Scar, n. [Dan. skaar, a cut, notch, 
slash, fr. skare, skiare, to cut.] Mark 
of a healed wound ; acicatrix. — v. t. 
[-red; -ring.] To mark with a 
scar. 

Scarce, a. [-er; -est.] [0. Fr. 
escars, eschars, fr. Low Lat. scarpus, 
excarpsus, for Lat. txctrptus, picked 
out, contracted.] Not plentiful or 
abundant. • 

Scarce, )adv. With difficulty ; 

Scar£e'ly,j hardly ; barely. 

Scar^e'ness, ) n. 1. Condition of 

Scar'CI-ty, ) being scarce; de- 
fect of plenty. 2. Inliequeccy. 

Scare (4), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Icel. 
skirra, to drive away.] To terrify 
suddenly; to make afraid. 

Scare 'CROW, n. Any thing set up 
to frighten crows or other fowls from 
cornfields ; hence, a vain terror. 

Scarf, n. 1. [A.-S. scearf, a fragment, 
and hence, a strip cut off.] A light 
cloth, worn loosely over the shoul- 
ders or about the neck. 2. Part cut 
away from each of two pieces of tim- 
ber to be joined longitudinally. 3. 
The joint so formed. — v. t. 1. [-ED; 
-ING.] To put on like a scarf. 2. [Ger. 
scharben, to notch, indent.] To cut 
a scarf on, as for a joint in timber. 

SCARF'SKlN, n. Outer thin integu- 
ment of the body ; cuticle. 

Scar'i-fi-ca'tion, ii. Operation of 
scarifying. 



5., E, i, o. v,Y,long; A,E,I, 6, 0, y, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, fIrm ; soN| 



SCARIFIER 



379 



SCIENTIFICALLY 



ScXr'i-fi'er, n. 1. One who scari- 
fies. 2._ Instrument for scarifying. 

Scar'i-fy, v. t. [-ed; -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. scarificare, from Gr. axapi^acr- 
0ia, to scratch up.] 1. To scratch or 
cut the skin of. 2. To stir the sur- 
face soil of. 

Scar'la-ti'na, n. [N. Lat.] Scarlet 
fever. See Scarlet Fever. 

Scar'LET, n. [L. Lat. scarlalum, Per. 
sakarlat.] A bright orange-red color. 

— a. Of a bright orange-red color. 
Scarlet Fever, a contagious febrile dis- 
ease, characterized by a scarlet rash. 

Scarp, n. [See Escarp.] Interior 
slope of the ditch nearest the para- 
pet. — v. t. [-ED; -ING-.] To cut 
down perpendicularly, or nearly so. 

SCATH, n. [A.-S. scedh, for scadhi.] 
Damage ; injury. 

SCATH, \v.t. [-ED; -ING.] To in- 

Scathe, \ jure ; to damage; to de- 

Scath'ful, a. Injurious. [stroy. 

Scath'less, a. Without damage. 

SCAT'TER, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [A.-S. 

scateran, allied to sceddan, to shed.] 

1. To strew about. 2. To cause to 

separate in different directions. 

Stk.— To disperse; dissipate; spread. 

— v. i. To be dispersed. 
Scat'ter-brain, n. A giddy or 

thoughtless person. 

SCAV'EN-GER, n. [A.-S. sr.nfen, to 
shave, to scrape.] One who cleans 
the streets of a city. 

SCENE (seen), n. [Lat. srena, fr. Gr. , 
<r<r\vr), a covered place, tent, stage.] 
1. Stage of a theater. 2. One of the 
slides, or other devices, used to give 
an appearance of reality to a play. 3. 
Portion of a play, subordinate to the 
act. 4. Place, time, circumstances, 
&c, in which any thing is imagined 
to occur. 5. Spectacle ; exhibition ; 
riew. 6. A striking exhibition of 
passionate feeling, or an interview, 
&c. ; often, action done for effect. 

SCEN'ER-Y, a. 1. Paintings repre- 
senting the scenes of a play. 2. 
Combination of natural views. 
Syx. — Representation; imagery. 

ScEn'ic. or SCEN'IC, ) a. Relating 

S?en'ic-al (110), ) to, or of the : 
nature of. scenery ; theatrical. 

SCEN'O-GRAPH'IC, a. Pertaining to 
scenography ; drawn in perspective. 

SCE-NOG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. cricnvo- 
ypafyia. ; o-nnvij, scene, stage, and 
ypd<}>eiv, to write.] Represen tation of 
a body on a perspective plane. 

Scent, v.t. [-ed; -ing.] [FromFr. 
sentir, to feel, to smell, Lat. senlire.] 

1. To smell. 2. To imbue with odor; 
to perfume. — n. 1. Odor; smell. 

2. Sense of smell. 3. Chase followed 
by the scent. 

Scen't'less, a. Having no scent. 
S^EP'TER, ) n. [Gr. a-K-qirrpov, a staff 
S^EP'TRE, ) to lean upon, a scepter, 
from o-KTJmetv, to lean.] 1. A staff 
borne by kings, as a badge of au- 
thority. 2. Royal authority. — v.t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To invest with royal 
authority. 



Scep'tic, n. See Skeptic ; and for 
Sceptical, &c, see Skeptical, 
&c. 

SCHEU'ULE (sked'yul ; in Eng. com- 
monly shed'yul, 30), n. [Lat. sched- 
ula, dim. of scheda, a strip of papy- 
rus, a leaf of paper, Gr. a-xe&n, a 
tablet, leaf.] An official or formal 
list or inventory. 

Syx.— Catalogue ; list. — A list is a 
bare record of names, titles, &c. A cat- 
aloijue is a list arranged according to 
some principle, and is usually designed 
to describe things more or less particu- 
larly. A schedule is a formal list or in- 
ventory prepared for legal or business 
purposes. 

Schem'a-tism (skem'a-), n. [Gr. 
oxWAaTio-ju.ds, the assuming of a 
shape or posture.] Particular form 
or disposition of a thing; outline. 

SCHEM'A-TIST (skein'-), n. A schemer. 

Scheme (skSm), ». [Lat. schema, Gr. 
trxTJwa, form, shape, outline, plan.] 
1. A combination of things connected 
and adjusted by design. 2. A plan 
of something to be done. 

Syx. — Plan.— Scheme and plan are 
subordinate to design. Scheme is the 
least definite of the two, and lies more in 
speculation. A )>hm is drawn out into 
details with a view to being carried into 
effect. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To plan; to 
contrive. — v. i. To form a plan. 

Schem'ER, I n. One who schemes or 

SCHEM'IST, ) contrives. 

Schism (slzm), n. [Gr. <rxtV/Lia, from 
(rxC&iv, to split.] Permanent divis- 
ion in the Christian church. 

Schis-mat'ic (siz-, 123), a. Relating 
to, or implying, schism ; tending to 
schism. — n. One guilty of schism. 

Schist (shist), n. [Gr. o-xicrros, di- 
vided, divisible.] A rock having a 
slaty structure. 

Schtst-ose' (125), ) a. Admitting of 

S^HIST'OUS, ) natural cleav- 

age into slabs, or slates. 

Schol'ar (skol'ar), n. [See School.] 
1. One who learns of a teacher. 2. A 
learned person. 

Syx. — Pupil. — A scholar is one who 
is under instruction ; a pupil is one who 
is under the immediate and personal 
care of an instructor ; hence, a bright 
scholar and an obedientju/piV. 

Schol'ar-LY, a. Lik-s or becoming, 
a scholar. 

Schol'AR-SHIP, n. 1. Attainments 
in science or literature. 2. A founda- 
tion for the support of a student. 

Scho-Las'TIC, n. One who adheres 
to the method or subtilities of the 
schools. — a. [Gr. (rxoAao-TKcos. See 
SCHOOL.] 1. Pertaining to, or suit- 
ing, a scholar or a school. 2. Per- 
taining to the schoolmen of the mid- 
dle ages. 

Scho-las'tic-al-LY, adv. In a 
scholastic manner. 

Scho-las'ti-cIjm, 7i. The method 
or the subtilties of the schools of 
philosophy. 

Scho'li-ast (sko'lT-), 7i. [Gr. crx<t- 
Aiacmjs, from cr\6ki.ov, a scholium.] 
A commentator or annotator. 



SCHO'LI-XST'IC, a. Pertaining to a 
scholiast. 

SCHO'LI-CM, n. ; Lat. pi. S€HO'- 
LI-A, Eng. pi. SCHO'LI-fJMS. [N. 
Lat. scholium, fr. Gr. o-\6\iov. See 
School.] 1. A marginal annota- 
tion. 2. A remark subjoined to a 
demonstration. 

Scho _ ol (skool), 7i. [Lat. schola, from 
Gr. o-xoAtj, leisure, a school.] 1. An 
institution for learning ; esp. a place 
of elementary instruction. 2. A body 
of pupils. 3. A sect or denomina- 
tion in philosophy, theology, &c. 4. 
[A.-S. sceol, a multitude.] A com- 
pact body, as of fish. — v.t. [-ed; 
-ING.] 1. To train in an institution 
of learning. 2. To chide and ad- 
monish, [a school. 

School'-boy, 71. A boy who attends 

School'-fLl'lSw,'/!. A companion 
at school. [use of schools. 

School'-HOUSE, 7i. A house for the 

Schooling, n. 1. Instruction in 
school. 2. Reproof; reprimand. 3. 
Compensation for instruction. 

SCHOOL'-MAN (150), 7i. One versed 
in the school divinity of the middle 
ages. [teaches a school. 

SCHOOL'-MAS'TER, n. A man who 

SCHOOL'-Mis'TRESS, n. A woman 
who teaches a school. 

SCHOON'ER (skobn'er), 
11. [From scoon, 
word used in so 
parts of New England 
to denote the act of 
making stones skip 
along the surface of^ 
the water. Cf. A.-S. 
scunian, to avoid, Schooner, 
shun.] A small, two-masted vessel, 
with fore-and-aft sails. 

Schorl (shorl), n. [Ger. schorl.] 
Black tourmaline. 

SCI-AT'IC, I 7i. [Gr. IcrxiaSiKo?, 

Sci-at'I-ca, ) subject to pains in the 
hips and loins ; Icrxiov, hip joint.] 
1. Neuralgia of the sciatic nerve. 2. 
A rheumatic affection of the hip 
joint. — a. Pertaiuiug to the hip. 

Sci'ENCE, n. [Lat. scicntia, fr. scire, 
to know.] 1. Penetrating and com- 
prehensive information or skill. 2. 
Knowledge duly arranged, and re- 
ferred to general truths and prin- 
ciples. 

Syx. — Literature ; art. — Science de- 
notes a systematic and orderly arrange- 
ment of knowledge, and hence we speak 
of reducing a subject to n science. In a 
more distinctive sense, science embraces 
those branches of knowledge which give 
a positive statement of truth as founded 
in the nature of things or established by 
observation and experiment. The term 
literature sometimes denotes all compo- 
sitions not embraced under science, but 
is usually confined to the belles-lettres. 
Art is that which depends on practice 
and skill in performance. 

Sci'EN-TIF'IC, a. [Lat. scientia, sci- 
ence, &nd fac e re , to make.] Agreeing 
with, or depending on, the rules or 
principles of science. 

ScPen-tIf'ic-al-ly, ndv. Accord- 
ing to the principles of science. 




6r, do, wolf, too, TO~bK.; fjRN, rue, PVLL ; £,/, o, silent ; c,G, soft; €,&,Jiard; As_; EXIST; jfasNG; this. 



SCILICET 



380 



SCOWL 



SpIz'I-p£ T (sll'i-set). [Lat. contr. 
from scire licet, you may know.] To 
wit ; namely. 

SciM'l-TER, \n. A short sword with 

S^im'i-tar, J a recurved point. 

S^IN'TIL-LANT, a. [Lat. scintillans.] 
Emitting sparks ; sparkling. 

ScI'n'til-late, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[Lat. scintillate, -latum, fr. scintilla, 
a spark.] 1. To emit sparks. 2. To 
sparkle, asthe fixed stars. 

ScIn'til-la'tion, n. Act of einit- 
ing sparks, or of twinkling. 

SCI'O-LISM (sl'o-llzm), n. Superficial 
science!" 

SCI'O-LIST (si'0-list), n. [Lat. sciolus, 
dim. of scius, knowing.] One whose 
knowledge is superficial ; a smatterer. 

Sci'ON, n. [See ClON ] 1. A shoot of 
a plant, especially for ingrafting. 2. 
A descendant ; an heir. 

SCI-OP'TIC, I a. [Gr. cncta, shadow, 

S£l-op'TRI€, J and on-Ti/cos, belong- 
ing to sight.] Pertaining to an opti- 
cal arrangement for forming images 
in a darkened room. 

Scire-facias (sl're-fa'shi-as), n. 
[Lat., cause you to know.] A writ, 
founded upon some record, and re- 
quiring the party proceeded against 
to show cause why the party bring- 
ing it should not have advantage of 
such record, or why the record 
should not be annulled. 

S€lR-RH5s'l-TY(skIr-r5s/i-ty), n. [See 
Scirrhus.] A morbid induration, 
as of a gland. 

ScTr'rhous (sklr'rus), a. Of the na- 
ture of scirrhus ; indurated; knotty. 

Scik'rhus (sklr'rus), n. ; Lat. pi. 
S€IR f RHI, Eng. pi. S€IR'RHUS-E£. 
[Gr. o-Kippos, er/apo?.] 1. An indo- 
lent induration of the glands. 2. A 
hard, cancerous growth. 

Scis'sel (61), n. [See Scissile.] 
Clippings of metals. 

SCIS'SILE (sis'sil).a. [Lat. scissilis, fr. 
scindere, to cut, split.] Capable of 
being cut or divided. 

Scis'siON (sizh'un), n. [Lat. scissio, 
from scindere, to cut, split.] Act of 
cutting [or shears. 

Scis'sor, v. t. To cut with scissors 

S^i's'SORS (slz'zurs), n. pi. [Lat. scis- 
sor, one who cleaves or divides.] A 
cutting instrument consisting of two 
cutting blades movable on a pin. 

Scis'sure (sizh'yur), n. [Lat. scis- 
sura. from scindere, to cut, split.] A 
longitudinal cut, [nian. 

Scla-vo'ni-an, a. & n. See Slavo- 

Scle-ROT'IC, a. [Gr. o-xArjpos, hard.] 
Hard; firm. — n. The firm, white 
outer coat of the eye. 

S-GOBS, n. sing. & pi. [Lat., fr. scabere, 
to scrape.] 1. Raspings of ivory, 
metals, &c. 2. Dross of metals. 

Gcoff, v. i. [-ED ; -l?JG.] [Icel. 
skuppa, to laugh at.] To show inso- 
lent ridicule or mockery. — v. t. To 
treat with derision or scorn. — n. 
Expression of scorn- or contempt. 

Scoff'er, n. One who scoffs. 

?COFF'ING-LY, adv. With mockery. 

Scold, v. i. [-ed ; -ING.] [D. schel 



den, 0. H. Ger. sceltan.] To chide 
sharply or coarsely. — v. t. To chide 
with rudeness ; to rate ; also, to re- 
buke with severity. — n. One who 
scolds ; especially, a rude, clamorous, 
foul-mouthed woman ; a shrew. 

Scol'lop, n, See Scallop. 

SCONCE, n. [D. schans, Icel. skans.] 
1. A fort. 2. A helmet. 3. The head ; 
also, brains ; sense. 4. A fixed hang- 
ing or projecting candlestick. 

SCOOP, n. [Allied to shove and shovel.] 

1. A large ladle ; a vessel for bailing 
boats. 2. A spoon-shaped ladle. 3. 
A basin-like cavity. 4. A sweep ; a 
stroke. — v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] 1. To 
take out with, or as with, a scoop. 2. 
To empty by lading. 3. To excavate. 

Scoop'-net, n. A hand-net, to fish 

from a river. 
SCOPE, n. [Gr. o-ko7tos, fr. aKoirelu, to 

view.] 1. That at which one aims. 

2. Amplitude of opportunity ; free 
course. 3. Length ; extent ; sweep. 
Syn. — Space ; room ; intention ; drift. 

SCOR-BU'TIC, a. [N. Lat. srorbuticus, 
H. Ger. scharbock, schorboc.k, scurvy.] 
Relating to, like, or affected with, 
scurvy. 

Scorch, v.t. [-ed; -ing.] [L. Lat. 
excorticate, from Lat. ex. from, and 
cortex, corticis, bark.] 1. To burn 
superficially ; to parch. 2. To affect 
painfully with heat, or as with heat. 
— v. i. To be burnt on the surface ; 
to be parched. 

Score, n. [A.-S. scor, from sceran, to 
shear, cut.] 1. A notch ; esp. a mark 
made for the purpose of keeping ac- 
count. 2. Debt or account of debt. 

3. Reason ; motive. 4. The number 
of twenty. 5. Original draught, or 
its transcript, of a musical composi- 
tion, with all the parts. — v.t. [-ED ; 
-ing.] 1. To notch. 2. Especially, 
to mark with significant lines or 
notches, for keeping account. 3. To 
set down ; to charge. 4. To write 
down, as music. 

Seo'Ri-A, n.; pi. S€o'ri-jz. [Gr. 
(Mwpia, fr. o-Ktop, dung.] 1. Slag ; 
dross. 2. The cellular, slaggy lavas 
oj" a volcano. 

ScCri-a'ceoOs, a. Relating to sco- 
ria ; like dross. 

Sco'ri-form, a. [Lat. scoria, dross, 
and forma, form.] Like scoria. 

Sc6'ri-fy, v. t. [-ed; -ing, 142.] 
[Lat. scoria, dross, and facere, to 
make.] To reduce to scoria. 

Scorn, n. [0. Fr. escorner, to humil- 
iate, outrage, lit., to break off the 
horns, fr. Lat. ex, from, and cornu, 
a horn.] 1. Extreme and passion- 
ate contempt. 2. That which is 
scorned, —v.t. [-ED : -ING.] To 
hold in extreme contempt. 
Syn. — See Contemn. 

Scorn'ER, n. One who scorns. 

Scorn'ful, a. Full of scorn or con- 
tempt. 

Scorn'ful-ly, adv. In a scornful 
manner. 

Scor'PI-ON, n. [Gr. o-Kop7ri'os, <rxop- 




7710)1/, allied to 

Eng. sharp.] 1. 

A sort of spider, 

with a very acute i 

sting. 2. A pain- j 

ful scourge. 3. 

The eighth sign of 

the zodiac. 4. A _ 

certain sea-fish. Scorpion. 

Scot, n. [A.-S.] 1. A tax or contribu- 
tion ; a fine. 2. A native of Scot- 
land. 

Scotch, a. Pertaining to Scotland 
or its inhabitants; Scottish. — v.t. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. [Cf. Armor, skoaz, 
the shoulder, skoazia, to shoulder 
up, to prop.] To prevent, as a wheel, 
fr. rolling. 2. [Gael, sgoch, to slit.] 
To wound superficially. — n. A 
slight cut ; a shallow incision. 

SCOTCH'COL'LOPS, ) 

SCOTCH-ED'-COL'LOPS (skotcht'-), J 
n. pi. Veal cut into small pieces. 

Scotch'man (150), n. A native of 
Scotland ; a Scot. 

Scot'-free, a. 1. Free from pay- 
ment; untaxed. 2. Unhurt; safe. 

Scots, a. Scotch ; Scottish. 

Scot'ti-ci§m, n. An expression pe- 
culiar to the Scotch. 

Scot'tish, a. Pertaining to the 
Scotch, or to their country cr lan- 
guage. 

SCOUN'DREL, n. [Corrupted fr. Ger. 
schandked, fr. schande, infamy, and 
kerl, fellow.] A mean, worthless 
fellow ; a rascal. — a. Low ; base ; 
mean. [cality. 

Scoun'drel-Ysm, «. Baseness; ras- 

Scour, v t. [-ED ; -ING.] [A.-S. 
sctir, a scouring, N. Fr. ecurer, from 
Lat. ex aud curare, to take care of.] 
1. To rub hard, for the purpose of 
cleaning. 2. To purge violently. 3. 
To remove by rubbing. 4. To pass 
swiftly over. — v. i. 1. To clean any 
thing by rubbing. 2. To be purged 
to excess. 3. To run with celerity. 

SCOURGE, n. [Fr. escourgce, fr. Lat. 
excoriata (sc. scutica), from ex and 
corium, leather.] 1. A lash; a 
strap or cord ; a whip. 2. A pun- 
ishment, or a means of inflicting 
punishment. — v.t. [-ED ; -ing.] 
1. To whip severely. 2. To afflict 
for sins or faults. 

Scout, n. [0. Fr. escout, spy, fr. Lat. 
auscultare, to listen to.] One sent 
out to gain tidings of the movements 
and condition of an enemy. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] [Cf. Prov Eng. scout, 
to pelt.] 1. To spy out. 2. To re- 
connoiter. 3. To sneer at. — v.i. 
To act as a scout. 

Scow (skou), n. [Ger. schauen, to 
look, to see, prob. because it was 
visible by a flag set up.] A large, 
flat-bottomed boat. 

Scowl, v. i. [ed ; -ing.] [H. Ger. 
schielen, to squint.] 1. To wrinkle 
the brows, as in frowning or dis- 
pleasure. 2. To look gloomy, dark, 
or tempestuous. — n. 1. The wrink- 
ling of the brows in frowning. 2. 
Gloom ; dark or rude aspect. 



6, U, Y, long,' A,E,I, 6.0, y, short; CARE, far, Ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; so.y 



I, £, r 



SCRABBLE 



381 



SCULLERY 



ScrXb'BLE (skriib'bl), v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] [Diminutive of scrape. J 1. 
To scramble. [Coiloq.] 2. To scrib- 
ble ; to scrawl. — n. A scramble. 

S€RXft, n [Contr. fr. Gael, scraback, 
rough, rugged.] Somethiug lean 
with roughness ; especially, a neck 
piece of meat. 

SeRAG'UED. Id. [-ER ; -EST, 142.] 

Scrag'gy, ] 1. Rough with irreg- 
ular points. 2. Lean and rough. 

gCRAM'BLE, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Prov. 
EDg. scramb, to rake together with 
the hands. Cf. SCRABBLE.] 1. 
To clamber with hands and knees. 
2. To struggle with others for some- 
thing thrown down. — n. Act of 
scrambling, or clambering. 

S€RAP, n. [From scrape.] A small 
piece ; a bit ; a fragment. 

SCRAP'-BOOK, n. A blank book in 
which extracts may be pasted. 

Scrape, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
screpan, screopan.] 1. To rub the 
surface of with a sharp instrument. 

2. To remove by rubbing. 3. To col- 
lect by coarse and laborious effort. 
4. To express disapprobation of by 
noisy movements of the feet. — n. 1. 
A rubbing with something harsh ; 
hence, the effect produced hy rub- 
bing. 2. An embarrassing predica- 
ment. 

Scrap'er, n. An instrument with 
which any thing is scraped. 

Scrap'ing, n. Something scraped off. 

Scratch, v.t. [-ed;-ing.] [0. H. 
Ger. krazjan, krazun.] 1. To rub 
and tear the surface of. 2. To dig 
with the claws. — v. ?'. To use the 
claws in tearing or digging. — n. 1. 
A slight incision or laceration. 2. 
Test or trial of courage. [Coiloq.] 

3. (pi.) Dry chaps or scabs, between 
the heel and pastern joint of a 
horse. 4. A kind of partial wig. 

Scrawl, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Cf. 
D. sckravelen, to scratch or scrape ; 
Eng. scrabble and crawl.] To draw 
or write awkwardly and irregularly. 
— v. i. To write unskillfully. — n. 
1. Unskillful or inelegant writing. 2. 
A ragged, broken branch. 

Scrawl'er, n. One who scrawls. 

Screak, v. i. [ed; -ing.] [Cf. 
Shriek and Screech.] To creak, 
as a door or wheel. — n. A creaking ; 
a screech. 

Scream, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Cf. 
A.-S. hreman, hryman, to cry out.] 
To utter a sudden, sharp outcry ; to 
shriek. — n. A shriek, or sharp, 
shrill cry, uttered suddenly. 

Screech, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Icel. 
slcrxlcia, to howl, skrikja, to twit- 
ter.] To utter a harsh, shrill cry ; 
to scream; to shriek. — n. A harsh, 
shrill, and sudden cry. [screeches. 

Screech'-owl, n. An owl that 

Screed, n. [Cf. A.-S. screade, a 
shred, leaf. See Shred.] A wooden 
rule for running moldings. 

SCREEN, n. [0. H. Ger. scirm , scerm .] 
1. Any thing that shelters, or shuts 
off view, &c. 2. A long, coarse 







sieve, — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To 
protect by hiding ; to conceal. 2. 
To pass through a screen. 
Screw (skru), n. [Icel. cm 
skrUfa, D. schroef.] 1. A or & v= J 1 
cylinder grooved spirally ; 

— one of the six mechan 
ical powers. 2. Any thing 
like a screw : esp., a form 
of wheel for propelling 
steam-vessels. — t'.(,[-ED;«, nut; b, 
-ING.] 1. To press or fas- handle, or 
ten by a screw. 2. To ^ewl 
squeeze ; to press. 3. To 

distort. 4 L To examine minutely. 

Screw'-driv'er {skru'-), n. An im- 
plement for turning screws. 

Screw'-propel'ler (skru/-), n. A 
steam-vessel pro- 
pelled by a screw ; 
also, the screw it- 
self. 

scrIb'ble (skriny- 

bl), v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING. J [From Lat. 
scribere, to write.] Screw-propeller. 
1. To write with- 
out care. 2. To fill with worthless 
writing. — v. i. To write without 
care, elegance, or value. — n. Hasty 
or careless writing. 

Scrib'bler, n. One who scribbles; 
a petty writer. 

Scribe, n. [Lat. scriba, fr. scribere, 
to write.] 1. A writer; esp., an offi- 
cial writer. 2. (Jewish Hist.) One 
who read and explained the law to 
the people. — v. t. [-ed;-ing.] To 
fit, as one edge of a board, &c, to 
another edge, or to a surface. 

SCRIM'MAGE, n. [Prob. a corrupt, of 
skirmish.] A general row or fight. 

SCRtMP, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [H Ger 
schrumpfen, to crumple, shrink.] To 
make too small or short ; to scant. 

SCRIP, n. 1. [Icel. skreppa, W. ysgrab.] 
A small bag ; a wallet. 2. [Abbrev. 
fr. script.] A small writing or sched- 
ule. 3. Certificate given in exchange 
for a loan. 

Script, n. [Lat. scriptum, something 
written.] A kind of type in imita- 
tion of handwriting. 

ScrIpt'ur-al, a. Contained in, or 
according to, the Scriptures. 

SCRIPT'URE (53), n. [Lat. scriptura, 
fr. .scribe re, to write.] 1. Any thing 
written. 2. The books of the Old 
and New Testament ; the Bible ; 

— chiefly in the pi. 
ScrIpt'UR-Ist, n. One versed in the 

Scriptures. 

ScrIve'ner (skrTv'ner), n. [0. Fr. 
escrivain, fr. Lat. scribere, to write.] 
One who draws contracts or other 
writings. 

Scrof'u-LA, n. [Lat. scrofula:, from 
scrqfa, a breeding sow, because swine 
are subject to it, or by a fanciful 
comparison of the swellings to little 
pigs.] A disease affecting the lym- 
phatic glands, esp. those of the neck. 



Scrof'U-loDs, a. Pertaining to, or 
diseased with, scrofula. 

Scroll, n. [0. Fr. escrol, escrou, fr. 
Lat. ex, con, and rotulus,rotula. See 
ROLL.] 1. A roll of paper or parch- 
ment. 2. (Arch.) A convolved or 
spiral ornament. 

SCRO'TI-FORM, a. [Lat. scrotum, and 
forma, form.] Purse-shaped. 

S€RO'TUM,n. [Lat.] The bag which 
contains the testicles. 

SCRDB, V. t. [-BED; -BING.] [D. 
schrobben, L. Ger. schrubben, to 
scrub.] To rub hard, with a brush, 
or something coarse or rough. — v. i. 
To be diligent and penurious. — n. 1. 
A mean drudge. 2. A worn-out 
brush. 

ScrOb'by, a. [-ER ; -EST, 142.] 
Small and mean ; stunted in growth. 

SCRU'PLE, n. [Lat. scrupulas, a small, 
sharp stone, 24th of an ounce, un- 
easiness, doubt.] 1. A weight of 
20 grains. 2. A very small quantity. 
3. Hesitation as to action from the 
difficulty of determining what is 
right or expedient. — v. i. [-ED; 
-ING.] To doubt or hesitate. 

Scru'pler, n. One who scruples. 

Scru'PU-los'i-ty, n. Quality or state 
of being scrupulous. 

Scru'PU-loDs, a. 1. Full of scru- 
ples. 2. Careful ; cautious ; exact. 

ScRy'PU-Lotfs-LY, adv. With a ni"e 
regard to particulars or to propriety. 

Scru'pu-lo.us-ness, ?i. State or qual- 
ity of being scrupulous ; niceness, or 
caution in determining or in acting. 

Scru'ti-nize, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[From scrutiny.] To examine or in- 
quire into critically. 

Scru'ti-NY, n. [Lat. scrutinium, fr. 
scrutari, lit., to search even to the 
rags, from scruta, gruta, Gr. ypvrq, 
trash, trumpery.] Minute inquiry 
or search. 

Scru-toire' (-twor 7 ), n. [See Es- 
CRITOIR.] A desk, with a lid open- 
ing downward for writing on it. 

ScOd, l'. i. [-DED ; -DING.] [A.-S. 
sceotan, to shoot, haste away.] To 
be driven with haste ; esp. before a 
tempest, with little or no sail spread. 
— n. 1. A driving along. 2. Loose, 
vapory clouds driven swiftly by the 
wind. 

ScOf'fle, n. [See Shove, and cf. 
Shuffle.] 1. A trial of strength 
between two persons who grapple. 
2. A confused contest. — v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To struggle with close 
grapple. 2. To strive or contend 
tumultuously. 

Scuf'fler, n. One who scuffles. 

ScOlk, v. i. See Skulk. 

SCULL, n. 1. A boat. 2. A short 
oar ; esp. one used in propelling a 
boat, by placing it over the stern. — 
v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To impel by 
moving an oar over the stern. 

ScfJL'LER, n. 1. A boat rowed by 
one man with two sculls. 2. One 
who sculls. 

ScOl'ler-Y, n. [0. Fr. esculier, fr. 
escuelle, a dish, porringer, from Lat. 



6r,DO,WQLF,TOO,t6ok; URN,RUE, PULL; e, I, O, silent; q,G,soft; c, 5, hard; Ag; EJIST; N. asTXQ; this. 



SCULLION 



382 



SEASONABLY 



scutella, a square salver.] A place 
for kitchen utensils, &c. 

ScOl'lion (-yun), n. 1. [See Scul- 
lery.] A servant who does menial 
services in the kitchen. 2. A kind 
of imperfect onion. 

SciJL'PIN, n. A certain small fish. 

SCULP'TOR, n. One who sculptures. 

Sculpt'UR-AL, a. Pertaining to 
sculpture. 

oCULPT'URE (53), n. [Lat. sculptura, 
fr. sculpere, to carve.] 1. Art of 
cutting wood, stone, or other mate- 
rial into images. 2. Carved work. — 
v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To carve; to 
engrave. 

ScDm, n. [Tcel. skum, 0. H. Ger. 
sc&??i.] 1. Impurities which rise to 
the surface of liquids, in boiling or 
fermentation, &c. ; also, scoria. 2. 
Refuse. — v. t. [-med ; -MING.] To 
take the scum from ; to skim. 

Scum'ble, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Dim. 
of scum.] To cover lightly with 
opaque or semi-opaque colors. 

SctJP'PER, n. [Prob. from scoop.] A 
channel cut through the side of a 
ship, for carrying off the water from 
the deck. 

Scup'per-ho§e, n. A pipe attached 
to the mouth of the scuppers, on the 
outside of avessel. [broad head. 

ScOp'PER-nail, n. A nail with a 

Scurf, h. [A.-S., from sceorfan, to 
gnaw, bite.] A dry scac or mealy 
crust on the skin of an animal. 

ScOrf'i-ness, n. State of being 
scurfy. [with scurf. 

S€URF'Y,a. [-ER ; -est, 142.] Covered 

SCUR'RILE, a. [Lat. scurrilis, fr. scur- 
ra, a buffoon.] Scurrilous ; low ; 
mean. 

Scur-rTl'1-TY, n. 1. Quality of be- 
ing scurrilous. 2. Gross or obscene 
language or behavior. 

SciJR'RiL-ous, a. 1. Using low and 
indecent language. 2. Containing 
low indecency. 

S€UR'vi-LY,cu/f. Basely; meanly. 

oCUR'vi-NESS, n. Vileness ; mean- 
ness. 

ScfJR'VY, n. [See SCURF.] A disease 
characterized by livid spots, pale- 
ness, languor, spongy and bleeding 
gums, &c — a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] 1. 
Scurfy ; diseased with the scurvy. 2. 
Vile ; mean ; contemptible. 

SCUR'VY-GRASS, n. A plant used as 
a remedy for the scurvy. 

ScuTCH'EON,n. [See Escutcheon.] 
1. An escutcheon. 2. An ornamental 
brass plate over a key-hole. 

Scu'Tl-FORM, a. [Lat. scutum, shield, 
and forma, form.] Having the form 
of a buckler. 

S€UT'TLE,n. 1. [Lat. scutella, dim. 
of scutra, a dish or platter.] A wide- 
mouthed vessel for coal. 2. [0. Fr. 
tscoutille, fr. escouter, to listen.] A 
small outer opening furnished with a 
Ed, or the lid itself, — v. t. [-El) ; 
-ING.] [From the n.] To sink, as a 
ship, by making holes through the 
bottom. 

Scythe (slth), n. [A.-S. sldhe, for 



sigdhe, allied to Eng. saw.] An in- 
strument for mowing grass, grain, 
and the like. 

SCYTH'I-AN, a. Pertaining to Scythia, 
or the northern part of Asia and Eu- 
rope. — n. 1. A native of Scythia. 
_2. Language of the Scythians. 

Sea, n. [A.-S. sse, seo.] 1. A large 
body of salt water, less than an 
ocean. 2. A lake. [Rare.] 3. The 
ocean. 4. A high wave ; a surge. 

Se a'-BOARD, n. [ Sea and board, Fr. 
lord, side.] The sea-shore. 

Sea'-born, a. 1. Born of the sea. 
2. Born at sea. 

SeA'-breach, n. Irruption of the 
sea by breaking the banks. 

Sea'-BREEZE, n. A current of air, 
blowing from the sea. 

Sea'-cXp'tain (42), n. The captain 
of a vsssel. 

Sea'-coal, n. Coal brought by sea ; 
— mineral coal. [sea or ocean. 

Sea'-coast, n. Shore adjacent to the 

Sea'-FAr'er, n. A mariner ; a sailor. 

Sea'-fAr'ing, a. Following the busi- 
ness of a seaman. 

Sea'-fIght (-fit), n. An engagement 
between ships at sea. 

SEA'-FOWL, ii. Any bird that lives 
near, and procures its food from, salt 
water ._ 

Se a'-g age , n. The depth that a ves- 
sel sinks in the water. 

SeA'-god, n. A marine deity. 

Sea'-green,o. Having the color of 
sea- water. 

Sea'-horse, n. 1. The walrus. 2. 
The hippopotamus. 

Sea'-king, n. A Norse pirate chief. 

Seal, n. 1. [A.-S. 
seol, seolh.] An 
aquatic carniv- 
orous mammal. 
2. [Lat. sigillum, 
dim. of signum, 
a mark, figure.] 
An engraved 
stamp. 3. Wax g ea ^ 

or wafer stamped 

with a seal. 4. Hence, that which 
confirms or authenticates. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To aflix a seal to ; 
to ratify. 2. To mark with a stamp, 
as an evideuce of legal size, &c. 3. 
To fasten with a -eal. 4. To shut or 
keep close. 

Sea'-legs_, n. pi. Ability to walk 
steadily on deck in a rough sea. 

SEAL'ER.n. One who seals; especial- 
ly an officer who seals writs, stamps 
weights and measures, &c. 

Seal'ing-wax, n. A resinous com- 
pound for sealing letters. 

SEAM, n. 1. [A.-S. seam, fr. seoivian, 
to sew.] Line on cloth formed by 
sewing. 2. A line of junction ; a 
suture. 3. A narrow vein between 
two thicker ones. 4. A scar. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To form a seam up- 
on or of. 2. To scar. 3. To knit 
with a certain stitch. 

Sea'-man (150), n. A mariner ; a 
sailor. [man. 

SEA'MAN-SHIP, n. Skill of a good sea- 




SEA'-MARK,n. A beacon visible from 
the sea. 

Seam'less, a. Without a seam. 

Seam'stress, or Seam'stress, n. 
[For seamsteress.] A woman whose 
occupation is sewing. [seams. 

SeaM'Y, a. Containing, or showing, 

SiMiVCJE (s;V6ngss'), n. [Fr., fr. Lat. 
sedens. sitting.] Session, as of some 
public body. [of the sea. 

Sea'-NJ?MPH, n. A nymph or goddess 

Sea'-Pie, n. Paste and meat boiled 
together ; — so named because com- 
mon at sea. 

SeA'-Piece, n. A picture represent- 
ing a scene at sea. [shore. 

Sea'-port, n. A port on the sea- 

Sear, v.t. [-ed;-ing.] [A.-S. sear- 
ian, to dry.] 1. To wither ; to dry 
up. 2. To scorch ; to make callous. 
— a. Dry ; withered. 

SEARCH, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [L. Lat. 
cercare, circare, fr. Lat. circum, circa, 
around.] 1. To look over or through, 
to find something. 2. To inquire 
after ; to look for. 3. To put to the 
test. — v. i. To seek ; to make in- 
quiry or exploration. — n. A seeking 
or looking for something. 

SEARCH'A-BLE, a. Capable of being 
searched. [a seeker. 

Search'er, n. One who searches ; 

SEarch'-WAR/RAnt, n. A warrant 
authorizing persons to search for 
stolen goods. 

Sear'-cloth, n. [A.-S. sar-cladh. 
See Sore.] A cloth to cover a sore. 

Sear'ed-ness, n. State of being 
seared^ hence, insensibility. 

Sea'-room, n. Distance from land 
sufficient for a ship to drive or scud 
without danger of shipwreck. 

Sea'-ser'pent, n. A serpent-like 
animal of great size, supposed to 
dwell in the sea. 

Sea'-shell, n. A marine shell. 

Sea'-shore, n. 1. Coast of the sea 
2. {Law.) All the ground between 
the ordinary high-water and low- 
water marks. 

Sea'sick, a. Affected with nausea on 
Recount of the motion of a vessel. 

Sea'sick-ness, n. Sickness occa- 
sioned by the motion of a vessel. 

SEA'-siDE,n. The land bordering on 
the sea. 

Sea's on (se'zn), n. [Fr. saison, fr. 
Lat". satio, a sowing, a planting.] 1. 
One of the four divisions of the year, 
spring, summer, autumn, winter. 2. 
A suitable or convenient time. 3. A 
period of time not very long. — t*. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To prepare. 2. To 
accustom. 3. To prepare by drying 
or hardening. 4. To render palata- 
ble; to spice. 5. To fit for enjoy- 
ment. 6. To imbue ; hence, to com- 
municate first instruction to. — v.i. 
To become mature ; to grow fit for. 
use. 

SEA'S ON-A-BLE (-sS'zn-), a. Occur- 
ring in good time or due season. 

SEA'g ON- a-BLE-ness (se'zn-), n. Op- 
portuneness, [time. 

SEA'S ON-A-BLY (se'zn-), adv. In due 



A, E, I, o,tj, Y, long; X, 5,1,6,0, Y, short; CARE, far, ask, all, what; ere, VEIL, TfiRM; pique, fIrm; s6n, 



SEASONING 



383 



SEDITION 




Sea's on-ing (sG'zn-ing), n. 1. A 
condiment. 2. Something added to 
enhance enjoyment. 

Seat, n. [A.-S. siot, set. See SlT.] 
1. That on which one sits. 2. Place 
where any thing is situated ; site ; 
abode. 3. Something to be set in or 
upon. 4. Posture of sitting on horse- 
back. — V.t. [-EDJ -ING.] 1. To 
place on a seat. 2. To station ; to 
locate. 3. To assign a seat or .'eats to. 
4. To repair by making the seat new. 

Sea'WARD, a. Directed toward the sea. 
— adv. In the direction of the sea. 

Sea'-weed, n. A marine plant. 

Sea'-wor'thy (-wfir'thy), a. Fit for 
a voyage, as a vessel. 

Se-ba'ceous, a. [N. Lat. sebaceus, 
fr. Lat. sebum, tallow.] 1. Made of, 
or pertaining to, fat. 2. Affording 
fatty secretions. 

SE'€ANT,a. [Lat. serans.] Cutting; 
dividing into two parts. — n. 1. A 
line that cuts an- 
other. 2. (Trigo- 
nometry.) A right 
line from the cen- 
ter of a circle 
through one end Secant (2). 
of an arc to a tangent. 

SE-CEDE',t>. i. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
secedere, secessum ; fr. se, aside, and 
cedere, to go.] To withdraw from 
fellowship or association. 

Se-ced'er, n. One who secedes 

Severn', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
seeernere ; se, aside, and cernere, to 
separate.] 1. To separate. 2. To 
secrete. [of secreting. 

Se-cern-MENT, n. Process or act 

Se-^es'sion (-sesh'un), n. [Lat. se- 
cessio. See Secede.] Act of se- 
ceding; separation from fellowship 
or association. [holds secession. 

Se-CES'sion-IsT, n. One who up- 

Seck'.el (sek'l), n. A small, pulpy 
variety of pear. 

Se-clude', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
secludere, seclusum, fr. se, aside, and 
claudere, to shut.] 1. To shut up 
apart from others. 2. To prevent 
from entering ; to exclude. 

Se-CLU'§ion, n. Separation from so- 
ciety or connection. 
Syn.— See Solitude. 

SE€'OND,a. [Lat. secundus, fr. sequi, 
to follow.] 1. Immediately follow- 
ing the first ; next to the first in or- 
der of place or time. 2. Next in 
value, power, excellence, dignity, or 
rank. — n. 1. One who follows. 2. 
One who acts as another's aid in a 
duel. 3. Sixtieth part of a minute. 
4. (Mus.) Second part in a concerted 
piece; — often popularly applied to 
the alto. — v.t. [-ED: -ING.] To 
follow or attend ; to support ; to en- 
courage, [ary manner or degree. 

Sec'ond-A-RI-LY, adv. In a second- 

8eCond-a-ry, a. 1. Of second place, 
origin, rank, and the like. 2. Acting 
by delegated authority. — n. 1. One 
who occupies a subordinate place. 2. 
A satellite. 3. A quill on the sec- 
ond bone of a bird's wing. 



Sec'OND-hXnd, n. Possession by 
transfer from a previous owner. — a. 
1. Not original or primary. 2. Pre- 
viously possessed by another. 

SECOND-LYT, adv. In the second 
place. 

Sec'ond-rate, a. Of the second 
size, rankj^ quality, or value. 

SECOND-SIGHT (-sit), n. Power of 
seeing things future or distant. 

SE'€RE-CY, n. 1. State of being se- 
cret ; retirement ; privacy. 2. Fi- 
delity to a secret. 

Se'cret, a. [Lat. secretus, separated.] 
1. Separate; hence, hid. 2. Known 
only to oue or to few. 
Syn.— See Hidden. 
— n. 1. Something studiously con- 
cealed. 2. A thing not discovered. 
3. pi. The genital organs. 

SeCre-ta-ry (44), n. [From Lat. 
secretum, a secret ; orig. a confidant.] 
1. One employed to write orders, let- 
ters, dispatches, &c. 2. Chief offi- 
cer of a department of government. 
3. A piece of furniture with conve- 
niences for writing. 

SeCRE-ta-ry-bIrd, n. [From the 
feathers at the back of its head, 
which resemble pens stuck behind 
the ear.] A bird of South Africa. 

SE€'RE-TArRY-SHiP, n. Office of a 
secretary. 

SE-CRETE', v. t. [-ED;-JNG.] [Lat. 
secretus, separated, secret, hidden.] 

1. To deposit in a place of hiding. 

2. To separate by natural processes, 
from the circulating fluids, as the 
blood, sap, &c. 

Syn. — To conceal; hide. 

Se-cre'tion, n. 1. Act of secreting. 
2. Matter secreted. 

Se'cre-ti'tioDs (-tlsh/us), a. Pro- 
duced by animal secretion. 

SE-€RET'iVE,a. Tending to secrete. 

Se-cret'ive-ness, n. Quality of 
being secretive. 

Se'cret-ly, adv. In a secret man- 
ner ; with secresy. 

Se'cret-ness, n. State or quality of 
_being secret. 

Se'cre-to-ry, or Se-cret'o-ry, a. 
Performing the office of secretion. 

Sect, n. [Lat. secta, fr. secure, to cut 
off.] A school or denomination ; 
esp.,_a religious denomination. 

Sec-ta'ri-an (89), a. Pertaining or 
peculiar to a sect. — n. One of a sect. 

Sec-ta'ri-an-Isjvi, n. Devotion to 
the interests of a sect. 

SE€'TA-RY,n. [See Sect.] A secta- 
rian ; member of a sect. 

Sec'TILE, a. [Lat. sectilis, fr. secare, 
to cut.] Capable of being cut. 

SECTION, n. [Lat. sectio.] 1. Act of 
cutting off. 2. A part separated 
from the rest; a division ; esp.,(a.) 
A distinct part of a book or writing. 
(b.) A distinct part of a country or 
people, community, or class. 3. 
Representation of any thing as it 
would appear if cut through. 

SeCtion-al, a. Pertaining to a 
section. 



XT^k 



Sector, n. [Lat., a 
cutter ] 1. A part of 
a circle comprehended 
between two radii and/ \J C ] 
the included arc. 2.1 / 

A mathematical in- V J 

strument, used for ^^____ r ^S 
plotting, &c. a, c, b, sector. 

SECU-LAR, a. [Lat. secularis; secw 
lum, a generation, age, world.] L 
Coming or observed once in an ag«. 
2. Pertaining to an age, or the pro- 
gress of ages. 3. Pertaining to this 
present world ; worldly. 4. Not 
bound by monastic vows. — n. 1. 
An ecclesiastic not bound by monas- 
tic rules. 2. A church officer con- 
nected with the choir. 

SeCU-lar'i-ty, n. Worldliness. 

SeCU-LAR-i-ZA'TION, n. Act of ren- 
dering secular. 

SfiCU-LAR-IZE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To make secular. [manner. 

Sec'U-lar-ly, adv. In a secular 

SeCun-dine ,n.pl. The membranes 
in which, the fetus is wrapped in the 
womb ; the aftei -birth . 

Se-cure', a. [Lat. securus, fr. se, for 
sine, without, and cura, care.] 1. 
Free from care or anxiety. 2. Con- 
fident in opinion. 3. Not exposed 
to danger, —v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To make safe ; to guard. 2. To as- 
sure ; to insure. 3. To close, inclose, 
or confine effectually. 4. To get 
possession of. 

Se-cure'ly, adv. In a secure man- 
ner; without danger ; safely. 

Se-cure'ness, n. Confidence of safe- 
ty ; want of vigilance. 

Se-cu'ri-ty, n. 1. Condition of be- 
ing secure. 2. One who, or that 
which, secures cr makes safe. 3. An 
evidence of debt or of property, as a 
bond, &c. 

Se-dXn', n. [Said to be named from 
Sedan, in France.] A covered vehi- 
cle for carrying a single person. 

Se-date', a. [Lat. sedatus.] Un 
ruffied by passion. [ner 

Se-date'ly, adv. In a sedate mam 

Se-date'ness, n. Freedom from agi- 
tation ; composure ; tranquillity. 

Sed'A-tTve, a. [See Sedate.] Tend- 
ing to tranquilize ; allaying irritabil- 
ity. — n. A remedy which allays 
irritability and irritation. 

S£d'en-ta-ry (44), a. [Lat. sedenta- 
rius ; sedere, to sit.] 1. Accustomed 
to sit much. 2. Requiring much sit- 
ting. 3. Inactive. 

Sedge, n. [A.-S. secg.] A kind of 
grass growing in dense tufts. 

SEDG'Y,a. Overgrown with sedge. 

SED'I-MENT, n. [Lat. sedimentum^ 
fr. sedere, to sit, to settle.] Mattel: 
which subsides to the bottom. 
Syn.— Settlings; lees; dregs. 

Sed'i-ment'a-ry, a. Pertaining to, 
or consisting of, sediment. 

Se-dI'TION (-dish'un), n. [Lat. sedv 
tio ; se, sed, aside, and itio, a going.] 
The raising of commotion in a state, 
not amounting to insurrection. Ses 
Insurrection. 



u, do, wqlf, TOO, TOOK; urn, rue, PULL ; S, J, O, silent; c,G, soft ; € t Sr,kard; A§; EjciST; N. as no ; THIS- 



SEDITIOUS 



384 



SELF-POSSESSION 



Se-dI'tioOs (-dish'us), a. Pertaining 
to, or guilty of, sedition. 

Se-di'tioCs-ly (-dlsh'us-), adv. In a 
seditious manner. 

Se-dI'tious-ness (-dish'us-), n. 
Quality of being seditious. 

Sed'litz Powders (1 8). [From 
Secllitz, in Bohemia.] Certain .ape- 
rient powders which form an effer- 
vescing drink. 

Se-duce', v. t. [-En; -ing.] [Lat. 
seducere, fr. se, aside, and ducere, to 
lead.] 1. To draw aside from the 
path of rectitude. 2. To induce to 
surrender chastity. 

SE-DUCE'MENT, n. Seduction. 

Se-du'cer, n. One who seduces. 

Se-dU€'tion, n. 1. Act of seducing. 
2. That which seduces. 

SE-DU€'TIVE, a. Tending to lead 
astray. [try. 

Se-DU'li-TY, n. Unremitting indus- 

SED'U-LOUS, a. [Lat. sedulus, fr. se- 
dere, to sit.] Diligent in application ; 
steadily industrious. [manner. 

SED'U-loOs-LY, adv. In a sedulous 

See, n. [Lat. sedes, a seat.] 1. A dio- 
cese ; jurisdiction of a bishop or arch- 
bishop. 2. Pope or court of Rome ; 
papacy, —v.t. [saw ; seen; see- 
ing.] [A.-S. seon.] 1. To perceive by 
the eye. 2. To perceive mentally. 3. 
To take care of. 4. To have an inter- 
view with. 6. To meet or associate 
with. — v. i. 1. To have or use the 
power of sight. 2. To have intellect- 
ual apprenension. 

SEED, n. [A.-S. seed, fr. s&wan, to sow.] 
1. A matured ovule, the growth of 
which gives origin to a new plant. 2. 
Generative fluid of the male. 3. That 
from which any thing springs. 4. 
Progeny; offspring. — v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To produce seed. — v. t. To 
sow with, or as if with, seed. 

Seed'-bOd, n. Germ or rudiment of 
fruit in embryo. [the seed. 

Seed'ling, n. A plant reared from 

Seeds/man (150), n. One who deals in 
seeds. _ [ing. 

Seed'time, n. Season proper for sow- 

Seed'y, a. [-ER; -est, 142.] 1. 
Abounding with seeds. 2. Old and 
worn out ; shabbily clothed. 

See'ING, p. pr., called a conj. Con- 
sidering ; inasmuch as ; since. 

Seek, v. t. [sought (sawt) ; seek- 
ing.] [A.-S. secan, ssecan, fr. sacati, 
to contend, strive.] To go in search 
or quest of; to try to find. — v. i. 1. 
To make search or inquiry. 2. To 
endeavor. [quirer. 

Seek'er, n. One who seeks ; an in- 

SEEL, v. t. [-ed;-ING.] [Fr. siller, 
ciller, fr. Lat. cilium, an eyelash.] 1. 
To render incapable of seeing by sew- 
ing the eyelids together. 2. To make 
blind. 

Seem, v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] [Prov. Eng. 
seem, to think, imagine ; 0. Eng. 
seem, to become, befit ; A.-S. siman, 
to judge, appease.] To have a show 
or appearance. 

Syn. — To appear. — To appear has 
reference to a tiling's being presented to 




our view; as, the sun appears; to seem 
is connected with the idea tit semblance, 
and usually implies an inference of our 
mind as to the probability of a tiling's 
being so) as, a storm seeing to be coming. 

SEEM'ING,p. a. Appearing like ; hav- 
ing the semblance of. — n. Appear- 
ance ; show ; semblance. 

SEEM'ING-LY, aav. In appearance. 

SEEM'ING-NESS, n. Fair appearance. 

Seem'J,i-ness, n. State or quality of 
being seemly. 

Seem'ly, a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] [From 
seem, v. t.] Suited to the object, oc- 
casion, purpose, or character. 

SEEN,/?, p. of See. 

SEER, n. [From .see.] One who fore- 
sees events ; a prophet. 

See'saw, n. [Prob. a reduplication of 
saw.) 1. A board supported in the 
middle, so as to move alternately up 
and down. 2. A reciprocating motion. 
— v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] To move up- 
ward and downward alternately. 

Seethe, v. t. [seethed; seethed, 
or sodden ; seething.] [A.-S. seo- 
dhan, siodhan.] To prepare for food 
in hot liquid ; to boil. — v. i. To be 
in a state of ebullition ; to boil. 

SEG'MENT, n. [Lat. 

segmentum, from se- as _v ; 

care, to cut off.] 1. 
A section; a por- 
tion. 2. That part 
of a circle contained 
between a chord and 
an arc of that circle. Segment (2). 

SEG'RE-GATE, V. t. a b, cliord ; a, c, b, 
[■ED; -ING.] [Lat. segment. 

segregare, -gatum, fr. se, aside, and 
gregare, to collect into a flock.] To 
separate from others. 

Seg're-ga'tion, n. Separation from 
others ; a parting. 

Seid'litz (sld'lits). SeeSEDLiTZ. 

Seign-eu'ri-al, (seen-yu/-), a. [Fr. 
See Seignior] 1. Pertaining to the 
lord of a manor. 2. Vested with 
large powers. 

Seign'IOR (seen'yur-), n. [Fr. seign- 
eur, 0. Fr. seignor, from Lat. senior, 
elder.] A lord ; the lord of a manor. 
Grand Seignior, the sultan of Turkey. 

Seign'ior-age (seen'yur-, 45), n. A 
certain toll or deduction on bullion 
brought to a mint to be coined. 

Seign'IOR-Y (seen'yur-y"), n. 1. Do- 
minion. 2. A lordship ; a manor. 

SEINE, n. [Fr. seine, Gr. aayqvr}.] A 
large net for catching fish. 

SeIS'IN, n. See SEIZIN. [seized. 

Seiz'A-ble, a. Capable of being 

Seize, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [0. H. Ger. 
bi-sazjan, to occupy ; to seize.] 1. 
To take suddenly or by force. 2. To 
take possession of by legal authority. 
3. To fasten together, as ropes. 
Syn. —To catch; grasp; gripe; snatch. 

Seiz'in, n. [See Seize.] 1. Posses- 
sion of an estate of freehold. 2. 
Thing possessed. 

Seiz'or, h. One who seizes. 

Seiz'ure, n. 1. Act of seizing, or 
state of being seized. 2. Possession. 
3. Thing taken or possessed. 



SE'LAH, n. [Heb.,fr. salak, to be 
silent.] A word occurring in the 
Psaims ; by some supposed to sig- 
nify silence or a pause in the song. 

Sel'DOM, adv. [A.-S. seldon,seldum.] 
Rarely ; not often. 

Se-LE€T', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat- 
seligere, selectum; se, aside, apart, 
and lege.re, to gather.] To chooso 
from a number; to pick out. — a. 
Taken from a number by preference ; 
of special value. 

Se-lec'Tion, n. 1. Act of selecting, 
or state of being selected. 2. That 
which is selected. 

Se-lE€T'mAn (150), n. A town officer 
chosen annually, in New England, to 
manage the concerns of the town. 

SE-LE€T'OR, n. One who selects. 

SEE'E-NOG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. o-eA^ioj, 
the moon, ypdfciv, to describe.] A 
description of the surface of the moon. 

Self (149), n. [A.-S. silf, self, Goth. 
silba, prob. contr. from si-liba, from 
sik, one's self, and Up, body, having 
one's own body.] 1. A person as <t 
distinct individual. 2. Love of pri- 
vate interest. 

Self'-a-base'ment, n. Humiliation 
proceeding from conscious inferior- 
ity. 

Self'-a-buse', n. Abuse of one's own 
person or powers. 

SELF'~eoN-CEiT', n. A high opinion 
of one's powers or endowments. 

Self'-con-ceit'ed, a. Vain ; puffed 
up ; conceited. 

Self'-con'fi-den^e, n. Confidence 
in one's own opinion or powers. 

SElf'-con'scious, a. 1. Conscious 
of one's acts or states as belonging 
to one's self. 2. Conscious of one's 
self as an object of the observation 
of others. 

SELF'-CON-TROL', n. Restraint exer- 
cised over one's self. 

Self'-de-fense', ) n. Act of de- 

Self'-de-fence', J fending one's 
own person, property, or reputation. 

Self'-de-ni'al, n. Denial of one's 
own appetites or desires. 

Self'-es-teem', n. Good opinion of 
one's self; complacency. 

Self'-ev'i-dent, a. Evident with- 
out proof or reasoning. 

SELF'-EJC-IST'ENT (-egz-), a. Exist- 
ing of or by himself. 

SELF'-g6v'ERN-MENT, n. 1. Self, 
control. 2. Government by the peo- 
ple ; democracy. 

SelfMn'ter-est, n. Private inter- 
est ; one's own advantage. 

Self'ish, a. Regarding one's own 
good alone. [ner. 

Self'ish-LY, adv. In a selfish man- 

Self'ISH-ness, n. Quality of being 
selfish. 

Self'-l6ve / , n. Love of one's self 
Syn. — Selfishness. 

SELF'-MADE, a. Made by one's self, 
or by means of one's own talents or 
energies. 

SELF'-POS-SES'SION (-pos-sesh'un or 
-poz-zesh'un), n. Calmness; presence 
of mind. 



A, e, I, 6, u, *,&>«£ > X,£,I,6,u, y, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term.; pique, fIrm; s6n, 



SELF-REPROACH 



385 



SENSUALISM 



Self'-re-proach', n. Act of re- 
proaching one's self. [identical. 

Self'-same, a. Precisely the same ; 

SELF'-SUF-fI'CIENT (-flsh'ent), a. 
Having full confidence in one's self; 
hence, haughty. [stinacy. 

SELF'- will., n. One's own will ; ob- 

Self'-willjed', a. Governed by 
one's own will alone. 

Sell, v. t. [sold; selling.] [A.-S. 
sellan, syllan.] 1. To transfer to 
another for a price. 2. To betray. 
3. To make a fool of; to cheat. — v. 
i. 1. To practice selling. 2. To be 
sold. — ii. An imposition or trick. 

SELL'ER, n. One who sells; a vender. 

SEL'VAGE, I n. [Prob. fr. self and 

Sel'VEDGE, I edge, as if its own 
proper edge. ] Edge of cloth, woven 
so as to prevent raveling. 

SELVES, pi. of Self. 

SEM'A-PHORE, n. [Gr. <rr)\xa, a sign, 
and <f>epecv, to bear.] A kind of tele- 
graph. 

Sem'blan^e, n. [Fr., fr. sembler, to 
seem, resemble.] 1. Seeming: ap- 
pearance. f l. Likeness ; resemblance. 

Se'mejv, n. [Lat.] Male generative 
product oft limals. [yearly. 

Sem'T-an'nu-al (-an'yu-), a. Half 

SeaM-an'nu-al-ly (-an'yjj-), adv. 
Every half year. 

Sem /Y -Xn'nu-lar (-Jtn'yjj-), a. Hav- 
ing the figure of a half circle. 

SEM'I-BREVE, n. A note, of half the 
time of the breve ; — called also a 
whole note. 

SEM'I eHO'RUS, n. [Lat. semichorus.] 
A short chorus by a few singers. 

SEai'l-^lR'CLE, n. The 
half of a circle. 

SEM'i-^iR'eu-LAR, a. 
Having the form of 
half of a circle. 

SEM'l-eo'LON (110), n. 
A point [;] indicating 
a separation between 
parts of a sentence, more distinct 
than that marked by a comma. 

Sem / i-di-am'e-ter, n. Half of a 
diameter ; a radius. 

Sem'I-NAL, a. [Lat. seminalis ; se- 
men, seed.] 1. Pertaining to seed. 
2. Holding the relations of seed or 
first principle. 

Sem'i-na-ry (44), it. [Lat. semina- 
rium ; semen, seed.] An institution 
of education ; a school, academy, 
college, or university. 

Sem'i-na/TION, n. Act of sowing. 

Sem'i-QUA/ver, n. Half the quaver ; 
a sixteenth note. 

gE-MiT'l€, a. [From Sent, or Shetn, 
the son of Noah.] Relating to the 
family of nations or languages of 
wh\ch the Hebrews, the Syrians, and 
the Arabs are the chief members. 

Sem'i-tone, n. (Mus.) Haifa tone. 

Sem'I-ton'ic, a. Pertaining to, or 
consisting of, a semitone. 

SEM'I- vowel, n. 1. A sound be- 
tween a vowel and a consonant, or 
partaking of the nature of both. 2. 
Sign of such a sound. 

SEM'Pl-TER'NAL, a. [Lat. sempiter- 




Semicirclea. 



nus ; semper, always.] Endless ; hav- 
ing beginning, but no end. 

Sem/pi-ter'ni-ty, ii. Future dura- 
tion without end. 

S£mp'stress, n. See Seamstress. 

Sen'ARY, a. [Lat. senarius, fr. sent, 
six each, from sex, six.] Belonging 
to, or containing, six. 

SEN'ATE, n. [Lat. senatus, fr. senex, 
old, an old man.] A legislative body ; 
a state couucil ; especially the upper 
or less numerous branch of a legis- 
lature, as in the United States. 

Senate-house, a house in which a sen- 
ate meets. , 

Sen'a-tor, n. A member of a senate. 

Sen'A-to'ri-al, a. 1. Pertaining to, 
or becoming, a senator or a senate. 
2. Entitled to elect a senator. 

Sen'a-to'ri-al-ly, adv. In the 
manner of a senate. 

Sen'a-tor-ship, n. Office or dignity 
of a senator. 

Send,i<. t. [sent; sending.] [A.-S. 
sendan, allied to sidh, way , journey.] 
1. To cause to go in any manner. 2. 
To procure the going or transmission 
of. 3. To cast; to throw. 4. To 
inflict. 

Se-nes'CENCE, n. [Lat. senescens, 
growing old.] A growing old ; decay 
by time. 

Se-nes'^ent, a. Growing old. 

Sen'es-^hal (sen'e-shal) (95), n. 0. 
Ger. senescalc, senesckalt, fr. the root 
sin, signifying strength, age, and 
scale, scalk, a servant.] A steward, 
esp. of princes and dignitaries. 

Se'NILE, a. [Lat. senilis, from senex, 
senis, old.] Pertaining to old age. 

Se-nil'i-ty, n. Old age. 

Sen'ior (-yur), a. [Lat. senior, com- 
par. of senex, senis, old.] 1. More 
advanced in age or rank ; elder. 2. 
Belonging to the last year of the 
course in American colleges, or in 
professional schools. — n. 1. One 
older in years, or office. 2. An aged 
person. 3. One in the last year of 
his course at an American college or 
at a professional school. 

Sen-ior'i-ty (seen-yoVT-ty), n. 1. 
Priority of birth. 2. Priority or su- 
periority in office or rank. 

Sen'na, n. [Ar. sana or sena.] A 
plant, and its leaves, which last are 
used as a cathartic. 

SEN'NlGHT(sen / nit), n. [Contr. from 
sevennight.] A week. 

Se-n5€'U-LAR, a. [Lat. sent, six each, 
and oculns, eye.] Having six eyes. 

SEN'SATE, a. [Lat. sensatus, gifted 
with sense ; sensus, sense.] Perceived 
by the senses. 

Sen-sa'tion, n. [Lat. sensus, sense.] 
1. An impression upon the mind 
through the organs of sense. 2. 
Feelings occasioned by objects not 
material. 3. A state of excited in- 
terest. 

Sen-sa'TION-al, a. 1. Pertaining to 
the sensations. 2. Fitted to excite 
great interest. 

SEIVSE, n. [Lat. sensus, from sentire, 
to perceive, feel.] 1. Perception by 



the bodily organs ; sensation : feeL 
ing. 2. Apprehension ; discernment. 

3. Sound perception and reasoning. 

4. Judgment; notion. 5. Meaning. 

Syn. — Understanding: reason.— Seine 
is the mind's acting in the direct cogni- 
tion either of material objects or of its 
own mental states. Understanding is the 
power of apprehending under general 
conceptions, or the power of classifying, 
arranging, and making deductionc. 
Reason is the power of apprehending 
those fundamental principles which are 
the conditions of all scientific knowl- 
edge, and which control the mind in all 
its processes of investigation and deduc- 
tion. 

Sense'less, a. 1. Destitute of sense, 
appreciation, sympathy, or under- 
standing. 2. Contrary to reason or 
sound judgment ; foolish. 

Sense'less-ly, adv. In a senselesa 
manner. [ity. 

Sense'less-ness, ?i. Folly; stupi'd- 

SEN'SI-BlL'I-TY, n. 1. Capacity to 
feel or perceive. 2. Capacity of the 
soul for any feeling or emotion ; esp. 
a specific one. 3. Quick emotion or 
sympathy. 4. Delicacy. 

Sen'SI-BLE, a. [Lat. sensibilis, from 
sensus, sense.] 1. Capable of being 
perceived by the senses or the mind- 

2. Having the capacity of receiving 
impressions from external objects. 

3. Easily affected ; especially by nat- 
ural agents. 4. Cognizant ; satisfied. 

5. Having moral perception. 6. Char- 
acterized by good sense. 

Syn. — Intelligent. — We call a man 
sensible whose judgments and conduct 
are marked arid governed by sound 
judgment. We call one intelligent who 
is quick and clear in understanding. 
The sphere of the sensible man lies in 
matters of practical concern ; of the in- 
telligent man, in subjects of intellectual 
interest. 

Sen'si-BLE-ness, n. Sensibility. 

Sen'si-bly, adv. 1. Perceptibly to 
the senses. 2. With good,sense. 

SEN-SIF'ie, a. [Lat. sensifcus ; sen- 
sus, sense, and facer e, to make.] Pro' 
ducing sensation. 

Sen'si-tive, a. 1. Having sense or 
feeling; esp. having quick and acute 
sensibility or susceptibilit)'. 2. Re- 
lating to, or depending on, sensa- 
tion, [manner. 

Sen'si-tive-ly, adv. In a sensitive 

Sen'si-tive-ness, n. State or quality 
of being sensitive. 

Sen-so'ri-al, a. Pertaining to tha 
sensorium. 

SEN-SO'RI-UM, ) n. [Lat. sentire, stn- 

Sen'so-ry, ) sum, to perceive by 
the senses.] 1. The whole nervous 
system so far as it is susceptible of 
sensations. 2. An organ of sense. — 
a. Connected with the sensory, or 
with sensation. 

Sen'su-al ( shij-), a. [Lat. sensualis; 
sensus, sense.] 1. Pertaining to, or 
affecting, the senses. 2. Carnal ; 
fleshly. 3. Luxurious ; voluptuous. 

4. Pertaining to sensualism. 
Sen'su-al-ism (-shu-), n. 1. Condi- 
tion of one who is sensual ; sensual- 
ity. 2. The doctrine that all our 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO , TOOK. ; URN, RUE, PUL^ ; e, 7, o, silent j^6, soft; €, S, hard; AS. ; EJIST ; N. as NG ; THIS. 



SENSUALIST 



386 



SERF 



Ideas are transformed sensations, 
or copies or relics of sensations. 

SEn'su-AL-IST (-shu-), n. One given 
to the indulgence of the senses. 

SEn'su-al'i-ty (-shu-), n. Free in- 
dulgence in sensual pleasures. 

SEN'SU-AL-IZE (-Shij-), V. t. [-ED; 

-ING.] To make sensual. 

SEn'su-AL-ly (-shu-), adv. In a sen- 
sual manner. 

Sen'su-ous (-shu-), a. Pertaining to 
the senses ; connected with sensible 
objects. 

SEn'TENCE, n. [Lat. sententia, from 
senlire, to discern, feel, think.] 1. A 
decision ; especially a philosophical or 
theological opinion. 2. Judgment 
of a court. 3. A combination of 
words, complete as expressing a 
thought, — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
pass judgment upon ; to doom. 

SEN-TEN'TIAL, a. 1. Comprising sen- 
tences. 2. Pertaining to a sentence. 

Sen-tEn'tious, a. Abounding with 
pithy sentences, axioms, and maxims. 

Sen-ten'tious-ly, adv. With strik- 
ing brevity. 

Sen-tEn'tious-ness, n. Quality of 
being sententious. 

SEn'TI-ENT (-Shi-), a. [Lat. sentiens, 
p. pr. of sent ire, to perceive by the 
senses.] Having a faculty of sensa- 
ticn and perception. — n. One who 
has the faculty of perception. 

SEN'TI-MENT, n. [From Lat. sentire, 
to perceive, feel, think.] 1. A 
thought prompted by feeling. 2. 
Decision formed by deliberation or 
reasoning. 3. A maxim ; a toast. 
4% Sensibility ; feeling. 

SEn'ti-mEnt'al, a. 1. Abounding 
with sentiments. 2. Artificially or 
affectedly tender. [tality. 

SEn'TI-mEnt'al-isim, n. Sentimen- 

SEn'ti-mEnt'al-ist, n. One who 
affects exquisite sensibility. 

SEn'ti-men-tal'i-ty, n". Affecta- 
tion of exquisite sensibility. 

SEn'ti-ivient'al-Ize, v. i. To affect 
exquisite sensibility. 

SEn'ti-mEnt'al-ly, adv. In a sen- 
timental manner. 

SEn'ti-nel, n. [Lat. sentina, bot- 
tom of a ship, which the sentinator 
was obliged to take care of, on ac- 
count of the sea-water continually 
entering ; transferred from the navy 
to thearmy.] A soldier set to watch. 

SEN'TRY, ii. [Corrupted fr. sentinel.] 
1. A soldier on guard; a sentinel. 2. 
Duty of a sentinel. 

SEn'try-box, n. A box to shelter 
a sentinel from the weather. 

Se'pal, n. [N. Lat. sepalum.] A leaf 
of the calyx. [separated. 

Sep'a-ra-ble, a. Capable of being 

SEP'A-RATE,t\*. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
separare, -ratum ; se, aside, and pa- 
rare, to make ready, prepare.] 1. To 
part in any manner. 2. To hold apart. 
3. To select from among others. 

Syx. — To disunite ; sever ; disjoin ; 
divide; disconnect. 

— v. i. To become disunited ; to 
withdraw from each other. 



A, E, 1,5 



Sep'A-rate (45), a. 1. Divided from 
another or others ; disconnected. 2. 
Not united ; distinct. 

SEp'A-RATE-LY, adv. Apart; singly. 

SEp'a-ra'tion, n. 1. Act of sepa- 
rating. 2. State of being separate. 
3. Disunion of married persons. 
Syk. — Divorce. 

Sep'a-RA-tism, n. Disposition to 
withdraw, or the practice of with- 
drawing, from a church. 

Sep'a-ra-tIst, n. One who separates 
himself, esp. from a church. 

SEp'A-RA'tor, 11. One who separates. 

Sep'A-ra-to-ry (50), n. A chemical 
vessel for separating liquors. 

Se-pawn', n. Meal of maize boiled 
in water ; hasty pudding. [Aim r.] 

SC'POY, n. [Hind, sipahee.] A na- 
tive of India, employed as a soldier 
in the service of a European power. 

Sept, n. [A.-S. sib, consanguinity ; 
Icel. sift, line of consanguinity.] A 
clan, race, or family ; — in Ireland. 

Sept-an'gu-lar, a. [Lat. septem, 
seven, and angulus, an angle.] Hav- 
ing seven angles. 

Sep-TEM'BER, n. [Lat., fr. septem, 
seven, as being the seventh month 
of the Roman year.] Month follow- 
ing August ; ninth month of the year. 

SEp'TEN-A-RY, a. [Lat. septenarius ; 
septem, seven.] Consisting of, or re- 
lating to, seven. 

Sep-TEN'NI-AL, a. [Lat. septennis ; 
septem, seven, and annus, year.] 1. 
Continuing seven years. 2. Hap- 
pening once in every seven years. 

Sep-tEn'TRI-ON, 11. [Lat. septentrio, 
the north, septentriones, the 7 stars 
near the north pole, called the Great 
Bear, lit. the 7 plow-oxen ; fr. sep- 
tem, seven, and trio, a plow-ox.] 
The north. [the north. 

Sep-ten'tri-on-AL, a. Relating to 

SEP'TI-e, a. [Gr. ctvutlko? , from arj- 
■nreiv, to make putrid.] Having power 
to promote putrefaction. 

Sep-till'ion, n. [From Lat. sep- 
tem, seven.] According to the Eng. 
notation, the product of a million 
involved to the seventh power, or the 
number expressed by a unit with 42 
ciphers annexed; according to the 
Fr. notation, the number expressed 
by a unit with 24 ciphers. 

Sep'tu-AG'e-na-rY, a. [Lat. sep- 
tuagenarius ; septuaginta, seventy.] 
Consisting of seventy ; seventy years 
old. — n. A person seventy years old. 

Sep'tu-a-ges't-ma, n. [Lat. sep- 
tuagesimus, the seventieth.] Third 
Sunday before Lent; — seventy days 
before Easter. [of seventy. 

Sep'tu-a-GES'I-MAE, a. Consisting 

SEp'TU-A-GINT, n. [Lat. septuaginta, 
seventy.] A Greek version of the 
Old Testament ; — the work of 70, or 
rather of 72, interpreters. 

SEP'TVM,n.; pi. sep'ta. [Lat., 
an inclosure, hedge.] A partition 
w jich separates two cells or cavities. 

SEp'TU-PLE, a. [Lat. septuplum.] 
Seven times as much. — v. t. [-ED ; 
ING.] To multiply by seven 



S£p'UL-€HER, ) n. [Lat. sepulchrum, 

Sep'ul-€HRE, ) fr. sepelire, to bury.] 
A grave; a tomb. 

SE-PfjL/€HER, ) V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 

SE-PlJL'CHRE, ) bury ; to inter. 

Se-PUL'€HRAL, a. Pertaining to bur- 
ial, or to monuments to the dead. 

SEp'UL-TURE (53), n. [Lat. sepultura.] 
A burial ; interment. 

Se-qua'cious, a. [Lat. sequax, se- 
quacis, fr. sequi, to follow.] Follow- 
ing ; attendant. 

Se'QUEL, n. [Lat. sequela; sequi, to 
follow.] 1. That which follows ; a 
continuation. 2. Consequence : event. 

Se'quence, 11. 1. Succession. 2. 
_That which follows or succeeds. 

Se'quent, a. [Lat. sequens.] Fol- 
lowing; succeeding. 

SE-QUfiS'TER,r. t. [-EB ; -ING.] [Lat. 
sequestrare, to give up for safe keep- 
ing.] 1. To separate from the owner 
for a time. 2. To take from, as par- 
ties in controversy, and put into the 
possession of an indifferent person. 
3. To separate from other things. — 
v. i. To renounce, as a widow, any 
concern with the estate of her hus- 
band, [being sequestered. 

Se-ques'TRA-BLE, a. Capable of 

Se-ques'trate, v.t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To sequester. 

Seq'ues-tra'tion, n. 1. Act of se- 
questering ; a setting aside a thing 
in controversy. 2. State of being 
separated or set aside ; retirement. 

Seq'ues-tra"tor, n. One who se- 
questers property. 

SE'QUIN, n. [It. zerchino, fr. zecca, 
the mint, fr. Ar. sekkah, a stamp.] A 
gold coin of Italy worth about $2.30, 
and of Turkey worth about $1.85. 

Se-RAGL'IO (-raPyo), n. [It. serraglio, 
an inclosure of palisades, fr. It. ser- 
rare, to shut ; afterward used for the 
Per. serai, a palace.] 1. Palace of 
the Turkish sultan, in which is the 
harem. 2. A house of debauchery. 

Ser'APH (154), n. [Heb. saraph, to 
burn, to be eminent.] An angel of 
the highest order. 

Se-raph'I€, )a. Pertaining to, 

Se-raphTc-al, j or becoming, a 
seraph ; angelic ; sublime. 

SER'A-PHIM, n. pi. [See SERAPH.] 
Angels of the highest order in the 
celestial hierarchy. 

Ser'aph-ine, n. [From seraph.] An 
instrument of the reed-organ kind. 

Sere, a. Dry ; withered. See SEAR. 

Ser'e -nade', n. [Fr. , It. sera, even- 
ing, from Lat. serns, late.] Music in 
the open air at night in compliment 
to some person. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.J 
To entertain with nocturnal music. 
— v. i. To perform nocturnal music. 

Se-rene', a. [Lat. serenus.] 1. Clear 
and calm. 2. Undisturbed. 

ragp* Serene is given as a title to several 
princes and magistrates in Europe. 

Se-rene'ly, adv. Calmly ; quietly. 

Se-ren'1-TY, n. 1. Clearness and 
calmness. 2. Calmness of mind. 

SERF (14), n. [Lat. servus.] A slavo 
employed in husbandry. 



fj, Y,long; Ajfij^OjtfjY, short; cAre, far, ask, all, what ; Ere, veil, i£rm; pique, firm; son 



SERFDOM 



387 



SETTLER 



SyN. — Slave. — A slave is the abso- 
me property of his master, and may be 
•old in any way; a serf is usually one 
bound to work on a certain estate, and 
thus attached to the soil, though in some 
countries serfs are mere slaves. 

S£rf'o6m, re. Condition of serfs. 

Gerge, re. [L. Lat. sargia, sargium, 
fr. Lat. serious, silken; orig. a silken 
stuff.] A woollen twilled stuff. 

Ser'gean-cy (sor'jen- or serpen-), re. 
Office of a sergeant. 

Ser'geant (sar'jent or ser'jent), n. 
[Fr. ; Lat. servients, serving. J 1. (Mil.) 
A non-com missioned officer, next in 
rank above the corporal. 2. A law- 
yer of the highest, rank. [Eng.] 

Serjeant-at-arms' (sax'- or ser'-), 
n. An officer who executes the com- 
mands of a legislative body in pre- 
_serving order, &c. 

Se'ri-al, a. Pertaining to, or con- 
sisting of, a_ series. — re. A work ap- 
pearing in a succession of parts. 

Se-RI'CEO&s (-rlsh'us), a. [Lat. se- 
riceus, from Seres, the Chinese, cele- 
brated for their silken fabrics.] Silk- 
en : _silky. 

Se'ries (se'rSz or se'rl-Sz, 89), n. 
[Lat.^fr. serere, to join or bind to- 
gether.] A connected order or suc- 
cession of things ; sequence ; chain. 

SE'Rl-o-eoM'ie, \a. Having a 

SE'Ri-o-coM'ie-AL, l mixture of 
seriousness and comicality. 

Se'ri-oOs, a. [Lat. serius.] 1. Grave 

in manner or disposition ; earnest. 

2. Really intending what is said. 3. 

Important. 4. Attended with danger. 

Syn. — See Grave. 

SE'Rf-oDs-LY, adv. Gravely ; solemn- 
ly : in earnest ; without levity. 

SE'RI-OSJS-NESS, re. Gravity of man- 
ner or of mind ; solemnity. 

Ser'jeant, re. See Sergeant. 

SEr'MON (14), re. [Lat. sermo, ser- 
monis, a speaking, discourse.] 1. A 
religious discourse delivered in pub- 
lic. 2. A set exhortation or reproof. 

SER'MON-IZE, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] To 
composeor write sermons ; to preach. 

Ser'mon-iz'ER, re. One who ser- 
monizes. 

Se-roon', re. [Sp. seron, a hamper, 
pannier, aUgm. of sera, a large pan- 
nier or basket.] A package of skin 
or leather for drugs, or the like. 

SE-ROS'I-TY, re. A thin, watery liquid 
forming the chief constituent of 
most animal fluids. 

SE'RoDs, a. 1. Thin; watery; like 
whey. 2. Pertaining to serum. 

SER'PENT, n. [Lat. serpens, serpentis 
(sc. bestia), fr. serpere, to creep.] 1. 
A snake ; an ophidian reptile without 
feet. 2. A certain constellation. 3. 
A brass wind instrument. 

Ber'pen-tine, a. Resembling a ser- 
pent ; crooked ; spiral. — re. A min- 
eral or rock of a spotted or mottled 
appearance. 

Ser'rate, la, [Lat. serrntvs, fr. 

S£r'RA-ted, J serra, a saw.] Notched 
on the edge, like a saw. 

Ser'ra-TURE (53), re. [Lat. serratura, 



a sawing.] A notching like that be- 
tween the teeth of a saw. 

SE'RUjf, re. [Lat.] 1. Liquid portion 
of the blood. 2. A fluid of similar 
nature from the blood-vessels. 

SERVANT, re. [Lat. serviens.] 1. One 
who serves, or does service. 2. One 
in a state of subjection. 

Serve (14), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
servire.] 1. To work for ; to be in 
the employment of. 2. To be subor- 
dinate to. 3. To attend at meals. 4. 
To bring forward, arrange, deal, dis- 
tribute. 5. To do the duties re- 
quired in or for. 6. To conduce to ; 
to satisfy. 7. To behave one's self to. 
— v. i. 1. To be a servant. 2. To 
wait ; to attend. 3. To act as a sol- 
dier or seaman, &c. 4. To be of use. 

Ser'VI^'E, n. 1. Act of serving; oc- 
cupation of a servant. 2. Labor 
performed for another. 3. Duty per- 
formed in, or appropriate to, any 
office ; specifically, military or naval 
duty. 4. Benefit ; avail. 5. A set 
of vessels used at table. 6. Mate- 
rials for serving a rope, as spun-yarn, 
&c. 7. A tree and its fruit. 

SER'VrCE-A-BLE, a. 1. Doing ser- 
vice; beneficial. 2. Active; diligent. 

S£R'vTCE-A-BLE-NESS, re. State or 
quality of being serviceable. 

Ser'vile, a. [Lat. servilis, fr. servire, 
to serve.] 1. Slavish ; mean. 2. 
Dependent. 3. Cringing ; fawning. 

SER'VlLE-LY, adv. Slavishly. 

Ser-v?l/i-ty, n. Condition of a slave ; 
slavish deference. 

SEr'vi-tor, re. [Lat.] 1. A servant; 
an attendant. 2. ( University of 
Oxford.) An undergraduate partly 
supported by the college funds. 

SEr'vi-tijde (14), re. [Lat. snvitudo, 
fr. servire, to serve-] Service ; slav- 
ery ; bondage. 

Ses'A-me, n. [Gr. 0-no-aju.re, Ar. sim- 
sim.] An annual herbaceous plant. 

Ses-quip'e-dal, 1 a. [Lat, ses- 

Ses-QUIP'E-DA'LI-AN, ) quipedalis; 
Sfsqui, one and a half, and pes, a 
foot.] Being a foot and a half long. 

Ses'sTle, a. [Lat. sessilis, low, dwarf, 
fr. sedere, to sit.] Attached without 
any sensible projecting support. 

Ses'SION, n. [Lat. sessio, fr. sedere, 
to sit.] 1. Actual sitting of a court, 
legislature, &c, for business. 2. 
Term during which a court, legisla- 
ture, &c, meet for business. 

SEs'SION-AL, a. Pertaining to a ses- 
sion, or_to sessions. 

Sess'-pool, n. [Of. Cess-pool.] A 
cavity sunk in the earth to receive 
the sediment of drains. 

Ses'TERCE, n. [Lat. sestertius (sc. 
nurnmus), fr. sestertius, two and a 
half (asses).] A Roman coin, worth 
about 2 pence sterling, or 4 cents. 

eSp- The sestertium was equivalent to 
1000 sesterces, equal to about $40. 
SET, V. t. [SET ; SETTING.] [A.-S. 
settan.] 1. To cause to sit ; to seat ; 
to place ; to put. 2. To cause to je. 
3. To make fast or permanent j to 
render motionless. 4. To appoint; 



to assign. 5. To put into a desired 
position or condition ; to adjust ; to 
regulate. 6. To variegate with ob- 
jects placed here and there. — v. i. 
1. To go down as the sun. 2. To 
become fixed or rigid. 3. To con- 
geal or concrete. 4. To move on ; to 
tend. 6. To apply one's self. — p. a. 
1. Fixed ; firm. 2. Regular ; uni- 
form. 3. Established, — n. 1. Act 
of setting. 2. That which is set, 
placed, or fixed. 3. A number 
of things of the same kind, ordina- 
rilyused together. 4. A clique. 

Se-ta'ceous, a. [Lat. seta, a bristle.] 
Bristly. 

Set'-6ff, n. 1. That which is set 
off against another thing. 2. A 
counter-claim. 

Syx. — Offset. — Offset originally de- 
noted " that which branches off or pro- 
jects," as a shoot from a tree, but has 
long been used in America in the sense 
of set-off', or equivalent. This use is 
beginning to obtain in England, though 
most English writers use set-off. Set-off 
is the appropriate term in legal proceed- 
ings. 

Se'TON [colloq. sa'tn), n. [Lat. seta, 
a bristle.] A twist of silk or hair 
drawn through the skin to make an 
issue. 

Se-tose' (125), \ a. [Lat. setosus, fr. 

Se'toDs, ) seta, bristle.] Set 

with bristles ; bristly. 

Set-TEE', n. [From set.] A long seat 
with a back. 

Set'TER, n. 
1. One who 
sets. 2. A 
hound that 
indicates by 
crouching 
the place 
where game 
lies hid. 

Set'ting, re. 1. Act of placing or 
fixing. 2. A sinking below the hor- 
izon. 3. Something inserted. 4. 
That in which something, as a gem, 
is set. 5. Direction of a current, 
sea, or wind. 

SET'TLE, n. [A.-S. sitel, setel, fr. sit- 
tan, to sit.] A bench with a high 
back. ■— v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [From 
set.] 1. To place in a fixed or per- 
manent condition ; to make firm or 
stable; to establish. 2. To render 
quiet, clear, or the like ; to still. 3. 
To lower ; to depress. 4. To free 
from uncertainty or wavering. 5. 
To adjust, as something in discus- 
sion ; to liquidate ; to balance. 6. 
To colonize : to people. — v. i. 1. To 
become fixed or permanent ; to be 
established. 2. To become quiet or 
clear ; or to become drv and hard. 
3 To subside. 4. To adjust differ- 
ences or accounts. 
SET'TLE-MENT, re. 1. Act of set- 
tling, or state of being settled. 2. 
That which settles, or is settled, es- 
tablished, or fixed. 3. Residence; 
legal residence. 
SEt'tler, re. One who settles ; a coir 
onist. 




Setter (2). 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PUEL ; E, I, O, silent : C,G,so/2; €, g, hard; Ag; EXIST; N. as NG ; THIS. 



SETTLINGS 



388 



SHALL 



SET'TLINGS., n. pi. Lees ; dregs , 
sediment. 

8et'-to, n. A conflict of any kind. 

SEV'JEN (seVn), a. or n. [A.-S. seofon, 
seofen, allied to Lat. septem.] One 
more than six. [times. 

Sev'£N-Fold, a. Repeated seven 

Sev'.en-nIght (seVnit, 101), n. A 
week. 

££v'.EN-TEEN, a. or n. One more 
than sixteen or less than eighteen. 

gEV'JSN-TEENTH,a. The ordinal of 
seventeen. — n. One of seventeen 
equal parts. 

gEv'.ENTH (sev'nth), a. 1. Next in or- 
der after the sixth. 2. Being one of 
seven equal parts. — n. 1. One of 
seven equal parts. 2. One next in 
order after the sixth. 3. A certain 
interval in music. [place. 

Sfiv'-ENTH-LY, adv. In the seventh 

SEV.EN-TI-ETH, a. The ordinal of 
seventy. — n. 1. One of seventy 
equal parts. 2. One next in order 
after the sixty-ninth. 

Sev'£n-ty, a. & n. Seven times ten. 

SEV'ER, 1'. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
sepamre. See SEPARATE.] 1. To 
separate. 2. To cut or break apart. 
8. To keep distinct or apart. 4. To 
part possession of. — v. i. To be 
parted or rent asunder. 

SEV'ER-AL,rt. [L. Lat. separalis. See 
supra.] 1. Separate ; distinct. 2. 
Diverse ; different. 3. More than 
two, but not very many ; sundry. 

Sev'er-al-ly, adv. Separately ; dis- 
tinctly, [tion. 

Sev'ER-AL-TY, rt. A state of separa- 

Sev'ER-ance, n. Act of severing; 
separation. 

Severe', a. [-er; -est.] [Lat. 
seVerus.] 1. Serious in feeling or 
manner. 2. Very strict. 8. Kigidly 
methodical. 4. Difficult to be en- 
dured, [painfully. 

SE-vere'LY, adv. Rigidly ; strictly ; 

Se-ver'i-TY, n. Quality of being se- 
vere ; extreme strictness ; rigor. 

Sew (so), v. t. _ [-ED; -ing.] [A.-S. 
siwian, seowian.] To unite with a 
needle and thread. — v.i. To prac- 
tice sewing. 

SEWAGE (su'ej, 45), n. 1. Contents 
of a sewer. 2. Systematic arrange- 
ment of sewers. 

SEWER (su'er), n. 1. [From A.-S. 
si/ian , contr. sedn, to strain, filter, 
descend.] A drain to convey off 
water and filth under ground. 2. 
[From 0. Eng. seiv, to follow, to 
bring on and remove meat at table, 
Fr. suivre, fr. Lat. sequi.] An upper 
servant who set on and removed the 
dishes at a feast. 

SeWer (so'er), n. One who sews. 

Sew'er-AGE (sQ'er-, 45). n. 1. Con- 
struction of a sewer. 2. System of 
sewers in a towa 3. Materials dis- 
charged by sewers. 

Sex, n. [Lat. sexus.] 1. The phys- 
ical difference between male and fe- 
male. 2. Womankind; females. 

Sex'a-GE-na'ri-an, n. A person of 
the age of sixty years. 



Sex-Xg'e-na-ry, or Sex'a-ge-na- 
RY, a. [Lat. sexagenarius, fr. s*xa- 
ginta, sixty ] Pertaining to,ordesig- 
liating^ the number sixty. 

SfiX'A-Gfis'I-MA, n. [Lat. sexagesi- 
mus. sixtieth.] The second Sunday 
before Lent, — about the sixtieth 
day before Easter. 

Sex'a-Ges'i-mal, a. Sixtieth. 

Sex-EN'ni-al, a. [Lat. sexennis; sex, 
six, and annus, a year.] Lasting six 
years, or happening once iu six years. 

SEX'FID. «. [Lat. sex, six, and Jin- 
dere, Jidi, to cleave.] Divided into 
six parts. 

Sex'Tain, n. [Lat. sextus, sixth.] A 
stanza of six lines. 

Sex'TANT, n. [Lat. sex, six.] 1. 
Sixth part of a circle. 2. An in- 
strument for measuring angular dis- 
tances between objects. 

Sex'TJLE, n. [Lat. sextus, the sixth.] 
Position of two planets when distant 
from each other sixty degrees. * 

SEX-TiEi/iON (-yun), n. [Lat. sex, 
six.] According to the Eng. nota- 
tion, the number expressed by a unit 
with 36 ciphers annexed ; according 
to the Fr. notation, the number ex- 
pressed by a unit with 21 ciphers an- 
nexed. 

Sex'to-dec'I-MO, n. [Lat. sextus- 
decimus, the sixteenth.] A book, or 
the size of a book, composed of 
sheets folded so as to make sixteen 
leaves, or thirty-two pages. 

Sex'TON, n. [Contr. fr. sacristan.] 
An under officer of a church, who 
takes care of the vessels of the 
church, digs graves, &c. 

SEX'TON-SHlP, n. Office of a sexton. 

SEx'TU-PLE, rt. [L. Lat. sexluplus.] 
Six times as much ; sixfold. 

Sex'U-al (sek'shn-al), a. Pertaining 
to, or distinguishing, sex. 

Sex'u-Xl'i-ty (sek'shu-), n. State of 
being distinguished by sex. 

ShaB, v. i. [bed; -bing] [See 
Scab, 3.] To play mean tricks. 

Shab'bi-ly, adv. Meanly; raggedly. 

ShXb'bi-ness, n. Meanness ; ragged- 
ness. 

ShXb'by, a. [-er ; -est, 142.] [Cf. 
Scabby.] Poor; mean; ragged. 

Shack, n. [See Shake.] 1. Grain 
left after harvest ; fallen acorns. 2. 
A shiftless fellow. 

SHXcK'LE,n. [Generally in the pi.] 
[A.-S. scacul, sceacul, fr. scacan, to 
shake.] 1. A fetter ; gyve. 2. A 
link for connecting railroad cars. — 
v.t. [-ed; -ING.] 1. To confine the 
limbs of, so as to prevent free mo- 
tion ; to fetter ; to join by a link, as 
railroad cars. 2. To impede. 

ShAd, m. sing. & pi. [Cf. Skate.] A 
fish, highly prized for food. 

ShXd'dock, n. [Said to be so called 
fr. a Captain Shaddock.] A tree and 
its fruit; a large species of orange. 

SHADE, n. [A.-S. scndu, scad, scead.] 
1. Obscurity caused by interception 
of the rays of light. 2. An obscure 
or secluded place. 3. A shadow. 4. 
A disembodied spirit ; a ghost. 5. 



Variation of color, as darker or 
lighter. 6. A minute difference ; de- 
gree. 7. A screen. — v.t. ^-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To screen by intercepting 
the light. 2. To protect ; to shelter. 

3. To obscure. 4. To mark with 
gradations of light or color. 

Shad'i-ness, n. State of being shady. 

Shad'ow, n. [A.-S. scadu. Sec 
Shade.] 1. Shade within defined 
limits, representing the form of a 
body. 2. Darkness ; obscurity. 3. 
Secluded retreat ; shelter. 4. Faint 
representation ; hence, mystical rep- 
resentation ; type. 5. Phantom; 
mockery. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To put in shade; to shade. 2. To 
protect. 3. To represent faintly, im- 
perfectly, or typically. 

ShXd'OW-y, rt. 1. Full of shade; 
serving to shade. 2. Hence, dark ; 
obscure; gloomy. 3. Faintly light. 

4. Faintly representative; typical. 
b L Unsubstantial ; unreal. 

Shad'y,o. [-er; -est, 142.] Abound. 

ing with shade or shades. 
SHAFT, n. [A.-S. sceaft, scaft.] 

1. The cylindrical, column-shaped 
part of any thing. 2. An arrow ; a 
missile weapon. 3. The pole or one 
of the thills of a carriage. 4. [Upper 
Ger. schaft, allied to Gr. axa<J)os, a 
trench, a pit, <rica7rTeiv, to dig.] A 
well-like entrance to a mine. 

ShXg, 7i. [A.-S. sceacga, a bush of 
hair, that which is shaggy.] 1. 
Coarse nap, or rough, woolly hair. 

2. Cloth having a long, coarse nap. 
— v. t. [-GED ; -ging.] 1. To make 
rough or hairy. 2. To deform. 

ShXg'ged, la. T-er; -est, 142.] 1. 

ShXg'gy, ) Bough with long hair 
or wool. 2. Rough ; rugged. 

ShXg'GED-NESS, In. State of being 

ShXg'GI-ness, J shagged or shag- 
gy- 

SHA-GREEN', n. [Per. sagri, back of 
a horse, leather of a horse's back ] 
A kind of untanned leather, grained 
so as to be covered with small round 
pimples. 

Shah, n. [Per. shah.] The king of 
Persia. 

Shake, v. t. [shook; shaken; 
SHAKING.] [A.-S. scacan, sceacan.] 
1. To cause to move with quick vi- 
brations ; to make to tremble ; to 
agitate. 2. To cause to waver. 3. 
To trill. — v. i. To be agitated; to 
tremble ; to shiver ; to quake. — n. 
1. A wavering motion ; agitation. 2. 
A fissure in timber, or in rock or 
earth. 3. (Mus.) A trill. 

Shak'er, n. 1. A person or thing 
that shakes. 2. One of a certain 
sect of Christians. 

Shale, n. [See Shell.] 1. A shell 
or husk.] 2. A fine-grained rock, 
having a slaty structure. 

ShXlL, v. ?., auxiliary and defective, 
[imp. SHOULD.] [A.-S. seal, seeal, 
I am obliged.] It is used to form 
the future tense, and indicates a 
duty or necessity whose obligation is 
derived from the person speaking. 



A, e, i, 5, u, Yflong; X, t, 1, 6, 0, y, short, cAre, fXr, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, t£bm ; pique, fIrm ; s6n, 



SHALLOON 



389 



SHEET 



Shal-loon', n. [From Chalons, in 
France.] A worsted stuff. 

SHAL'LOP, ». [H. Ger. schaluppe, 
sclilupe, from schlxipfen, to glide.] A 
large boat with two masts. 

SlIAL'LOW, n. [From shelf, 2.] A 
shoal; a flat; a sand-bank. — a. 
[-ER ; -EST.] 1. Having little depth ; 
shoal. 2. Ignorant; superficial. 

Chal'low-ness, n. State of being 
shallow ; want of depth. 

CHAM, a. [Cf. Icel. skammr, 0. H. 
Ger. scamm t short. Cf. also Shame.] 
False; counterfeit. — n. [See infra.] 
Any trick or device that deludes and 
disappoints. — r. t. [-med; -MING.] 
1. To trick ; to cheat. 2. To imi- 
tate : to ape. — v. i. To make false 
pretenses. 

SHAM'BLE, V. 7. [-ED ; -ING.] [Cf. 

0. D. schampelen, to slip. Cf. SCAM- 
BLE.] To walk awkwardly and un- 
steadily ; to shuffle along. 

Sham'bles., n. pi. [A.-S. scamol, 
sccmul, scamel, a bench, form, stool.] 
Place where butcher's meat is sold. 

SHAME, n. [A.-S. scamu, sceamu.] 

1. A painful sensation excited by a 
consciousness of guilt, or of having 
done something which injures repu- 
tation. 2. Reproach incurred or 
suffered. 3. Cause of shame. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To make ashamed. 

2. To dishonor , to disgrace. 
SHAME'FACED (-fast), a. [Orig. 

shamefast, like steadfast.] Easily 
confused; bashful. 

Siiame'ful, a. 1. Bringing shame 
or disgrace. 2. Raising shame in 
others. [manner. 

SHAME'FUL-LY, adv. In a shameful 

Shame'less, a. Destitute of shame. 

SHAME'LESS-LY, adv. In a shame- 
less manner ; without shame. 

SriAME'LESS-NESS, n. Impudence. 

Sham'my, n. [See Chamois.] A 
kind of leather much esteemed for 
its softness and pliancy. 

Sham-poo', v.t. [-ed;-ing.] [Hind. 
tshampna, to press, to squeeze.] To 
rub and manipulate the body or head 
of, in connection with the hot bath. 

Sham'ROCK, n. [Ir. seamrog.] White 
trefoil ; white clover. 

ShXnk, n. [A.-S. scanc, sceanc] 1. 
Joint of the leg from the knee to the 
foot ; sometimes the bone of the leg. 

2. Corresponding part of an instru- 
ment, tool, or other thing. 

Shan'ty, n. [Ir. sean, old, and tig, 
ahouse.] A mean dwelling. 

Shape, v. t. [shaped; shaping.] 
[A.-S. scapan, sceapan.] 1. To form ; 
to make. 2. To regulate ; to adjust. 

3. To image ; to conceive. — n. Char- 
acter or construction of a thing as 
determining its external appearance. 

Shape'less, a. Destitute of shape 
or regular form. 

Shape'less-ness, n. State of being 
shapeless. 

SHAPE'LY,a. [-ER: -EST, 142.] Sym- 
metrical; well-formed. 

Shard, n. [A.-S. sceard, fr. sceran, 
to shear, cut.] 1. A piece or frag- 



ment of an earthen vessel, &c. 2. 
Hard wing-case of a beetle. 

Share, n. 1. [A.-S. scar, scear.] 
Broad blade of a plow which cuts the 
ground. 2. [A.-S. scearu, scant.] 
A portion ; a part. 3. The part 
allotted or belonging to one. — v. t. 
[•ED; -ING. J [A.-S. scerian, from 
sceran, to shear, cut.] To part 
among two or more ; to divide. — v. 
i. To have part. 

Share'-hold'er, n. One who holds 
a share in a joiut property. 

Shar'ER, n. One who shares. 

SHARK, n. [Gr. Kapxapi'as, fr. Kap^a- 
pos, with sharp or jagged teeth.] 1. 
A voracious cartilaginous fish. 2. A 
rapacious, artful fellow. — v.t. To 
pick up hastily, slyly, or in small 
quantities. — v.i. [ -ed; -ing.] 1. 
To swindle. 2. To live by shifts and 
stratagems. [ing. 

SHARK'ER, n. One who lives by shark- 

SHARP, a. [-ER ; -EST.] [A.-S. srearp, 
fr. the root of siiear.] 1. Having a 
thin edge or fine point. 2. Affecting 
the senses as if pointed or cutting. 
3. (Mm.) (a.) High in pitch. (6.) 
Raised a semitone in pitch. 4. Cut- 
ting in language or import. 5. Ea- 
ger in pursuit. 6. Violent; impetu- 
ous. 7. Of keen perception ; dull. 
8. Whispered, as certain consonants. 
— n. (Mus.) (a.) A note raised a 
6emitone above its proper pitch, {b.) 
The character [£] which directs that 
a note be thus raised. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To sharpen. 2 To raise 
a semitone above the natural tone. 

Sharp'en (sharp'n). v. t. [-ed; 
-ING.] To make sharp ; to give a 
keen edge or fine point to ; to render 
acute. [ing bargains. 

Sharp'er, n. A shrewd man in mak- 

SHARP'LY, adv. Keenly; severely. 

Sharp'ness. n. Quality of being 
sharp, in any of its senses. 

Sharp'- set, a. Eager in appetite; 
ravenous. _ [marksman. 

ShXrp'-shoot'er, n. A skillful 

Sharp'-sight'ed (-slt'ed), a. Having 
acute sight. 

SHARP'wi'T'TED,a. Having an acute, 
discerning mind. 

SHAT'TER, f. (. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. 
scateran.] 1. To break at once into 
many pieces. 2. To disorder; to de- 
range. — v. i. To be broken into 
fragments. — n. A broken piece ; — 
generally in the plural. [pieces. 

Shat'ter-y, a. Easily breaking to 

Shave, t». t. [-ed; -ed, or -en; 
-ING.] [A.-S. scafan.] 1. To cut or 
pare off. 2. To make bare by cutting 
off. 3 To strip : to fleece. — n. 1. 
Operation of shaving. 2. Exorbitant 
discount on a note, &c, for cash in 
hand. 3. A tool for shaving wood. 

Shave'ling, n. A man shaved; 
hence, a monk. 

Shav'er,«. 1. One who shaves. 2. 
A cheat. 3. A plunderer. 4. A lit- 
tle fellow. [Colloq.] 

Shav'in^, n. 1. Act of paring the 
surface. 2. A thin slice pared off. 



Shawl, n. [Per. and Turk, shal.] A 
cloth, used as a loose covering for the 
neck and shoulders. 

Shawm, n. [Lat. calamus, a reed- 
pipe.] A wind instrument of music. 

She, pron. [A.-S. seo, heo.] 1. This or 
that female. 2. A woman ; — used 
as a noun. 

Sheaf (149), n. [A.-S. seed/, fr. sca- 
fan, sceofan, to shove.] Stalks of 
wheat, rye, or oats, &c, bound to- 
gether. — v. i. To make sheaves. 

Shear, v. t. [sheared ; sheared, 
or shorn; shearing.] 1. To cut 
with shears or scissors. 2. To clip 
from a surface. 

Shears, n. pi. 1. A cutting instru- 
ment consisting of two blades, mov- 
j able on a pin. 2. Any thing in the 
form of shears ; esp. an apparatus 
for raising heavy weights. 

Shear'-steel, n. Steel suitable for 
shears, scythes, &c. 

Sheath, n. [A.-S. scaedh, sce&dh, 
prob. fr. Skr. tshid, to cover.] 1. A 
case for a sword ; a scabbard. 2. Any 
thin covering for protection. 

Sheathe, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To 
put into a case or scabbard. 2. To 
furnish with a sheath. 3. To case 
with boards or sheets of copper. 4. 
To cover or line. 

Sheath'ing, n. Covering of a ship's 
bottom and sides, or materials for 
such covering. 

Sheave, n. [0. D. schijve, orb, disk, 
wheel.] A wheel in a block, yard, 
&c, on which a rope works. 

Shed, v. t. [shed; shedding.] 
[A.-S. sr.eddan.] 1. To throw off or 
give forth from one's self; to emit. 
2. To ca use to flow off without pene- 
trating. — v. i. To let fall the parts. 
— n. [Sw. skydd, a defense. Cf. 
Shade.] A slight or temporary out- 
building ; a hut. 

Shed'der, n. One who sheds. 

Sheen, ia. [A.-S. seme, scene, 
jSheen'y, ) bright, splendid. See 
| SHINE.] Bright; glittering; showy. 
, Sheen, n. Brightness; splendor. 
j Sheep, n. sing. & pi. [A.-S. scsep, 
I s-eap.] A small woolly quadruped. 
| Sheep'-€6t, 1 n. A small inclo- 

Sheep'-fold, ) sure for sheep. 

Sheep'ish, a. Like a sheep ; bashful. 

Sheep'ish-ness. n. Excessive mod- 
j esty or diffidence. [ing look. 

Sheeps'-E\e (-1), n. A diffident lov- 
j Sheep'-shear'er. n. One who 
! shears the wool from sheep. 

Sheep'-skin, n. Skin of a sheep, or 
leather prepared from it. 

Sheep'-walk (-wawk), n. Pasture 
for sheep. ' 

Sheer, a. [A.-S. sclr, sajr.] 1. Pure; 
clear. 2. Simple: mere. 3. Clear; 
thin. 4. Perpendicular. — v. i. [-ED; 
-ING.] [See Shear, the sense of 
which is, to separate.] To deviate; 
to turn aside. — n. Longitudinal 
curve of a ship's sides. 

Sheet, n. 1. [A.-S. scete ; sceotan, to 
shoot, extend.] Any broad, uninter- 
rupted expanse; specifically, (a.) A 



0:1, do, wolf, too, took; Orn,rue,pvll; e,i, o, silent ; c, g, soft; €,&,hard; Ag ; exist; n as ng ; this. 



SHEET-ANCHOR 



390 



SHIRE 



broad piece of cloth for a bed. (b.) 
A broad piece of paper, (r.) pi. A 
book or pamphlet. 2. A rope fast- 
ened to the lower corner of a sail. 

SHEET'-ANCH'OR, n. [0. Eng. shoot- 
anchor.] 1. The largest anchor of a 
ship. 2. Chief support ; last refuge 
for safety. 

Sheet'ing, n. Cloth for sheets. 

SHEIK, n. [Ar. sheikh, shaykh, a ven- 

, erable old man, a chief.] A chief; 

— among the Arabians and Moors. 
SHEKEL (sheM), n. [Heb., fr. cha- 

kal, to weigh.] An ancient coin 
among the Jews, in value equal to 
about 624 cents. 

Shelf (149), n. [A.-S. scelfe.] 1. An 
elevated board, to lay things on. 2. 
A sand -bank in the sea, or a danger- 
ous rock under the water. 

Shelf'y, a. Full of dangerous shal- 
lows. 

Shell, n. [A.-S. scell. See Scale.] 
1. A hard outside covering ; esp. that 
serving as the natural protection of 
certain fruits and animals : also, the 
covering of an egg. 2. A bomb. 3. 

, Any frame-work or incomplete exte- 
rior structure. 4. pi. Husks of the 
cacao-nut, used as a substitute for 
chocolate, &c. — v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
1. To strip off the shell of ; or, to 
take out of the shell. 2. To sepa- 
rate from the ear. 3. To bombard. 

— v. i. To fall off, as a crust or ex- 
terior coat. 

Shel'lac, \ n. The resin lac spread 

Shell'-lXc, f into thin plates, after 
being melted and strained. 

Shell'-f'ish, n. An aquatic animal, 
whose external covering consists of 
a shell. 

SHELL'-woRK(-wQrk),n. Work com- 
posed of shells, or adorned with 
them . 

Shell'y, a. Abounding with shells. 

Shel'tek, n. [See Shield.] 1. 
That which covers or defends. 2. 
One who protects. 3. State of being 
protected. — v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 1. 
To cover from harm or injury. 2. 
. To betake to a safe place. — it. i. To 
take shelter. [ter. 

Shel'ter-less, a. Destitute of shel- 

Shel'tie,h. A Shetland pony. 

Shelve, v.t. [-ed; -ing] 1. To 
furnish with shelves. 2. To place on 
a shelf ; hence, to put or thrust aside. 
— - v. i. To be sloping. 

Shelv'y, a. Full of rocks or sand- 
banks : shallow. 

Shep'HERD (shgp'erd), n. [From sheep 
and herd.] 1. A man who tends and 
guards sheep. 2. A rural lover. 

(Shep'herd-ess (shep'erd-), n. A wo- 
man that tends sheep. 

gHER'BET, n. [Ar. sherbet, prop, one 
drink or sip, from shariba, to drink.] 
A drink, composed of water, lemon- 
juice, and sugar, with some drops of 
rose-water. 

Sherd, n. A fragment. See Shard. 

SHER'IFF, n. [A.-S. seir-gercfa, from 
stir, scire, a shire, and gerefa, a 
reeve.] The chief officer of a shire 



or county, to whom is intrusted the 
execution of the laws. 

Sher'iff-al-ty, n. Office or juris- 
diction of sheriff. 

Sher'ry, n. A strong wine of a deep 
amber color ; — from Xeres, in Spain. 

Shewn (shon), ) ED ' feHOWN - 

Q3T- The use of shew (shu) for shewed 
or showed, is a gross vulgarism. 

Slli'B'BO-LETH, n. [Heb. shibboleth, 
ear of corn, a stream, a flood.] 1. A 
word by which the Ephraimites were 
distinguished from the Gileadites. 
See Judges, xi. and xii. 2. Some pe- 
culiarity which distinguishes one 
party from another. 

Shield, n. [A.-S. scild, scyld, from 
skyla, to cover, defend.] 1. A broad 
piece of defensive armor, carried on 
the arm. 2. Any thing resembling 
such a piece of armor. 3. Defense; 
protection.— v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
cover as with a shield ; to protect. 

ShIft, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
sciftan, to divide, declare, appoint, 
decline, drive away.] 1. To change ; 
to alter. 2. To transfer. 3. To put 
off or out of the way. — v. i. 1. To 
change about ; to move. 2. To 
change one's under garments. 3. 
To resort to expedients for accom- 
plishing a purpose. — n. 1. A turn- 
ing from one thing to another ; hence, 
an expedient tried in difficulty. 2. 
Fraud ; artifice. 3. A chemise. 

Shift'er, n. One who shifts. 

SlllFT'LESS, a. Characterized by fail- 
ure to use means requisite for success. 

SHi'ft'LESS-NESS, n. A state of being 
shiftless. 

Shil-la'lah, ) n. An oaken cudgel, 

Shil-la'ly, J said to be from a 
wood in Treland of that name. 

Shil'ling, n. [A.-S. stilling, prob. 
fr. srillan, to sound.] 1. An English 
silver coin, equal to twelve pence, or 
about 24 cents. 2. In New York, 
one eighth of a dollar, or 12£ cents ; 
in New England, one sixth of a dol- 
lar, or 16f cents ;■ — a term in trade. 

SHIM'MEr/v. ?'. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. 
scime.rian, from scimian, sciman, to 
glitter.] To shine faintly ; to gleam ; 
to glimmer. — n. A glimmering. 

SHIN, n. [A.-S. scinu, Ger. schiene.] 
Fore part of the leg between the an- 
kle and the knee. — v. t. To climb 
by the aid of the hands and legs 
alone. [ Colloq. Amer.] 

SHlN'DY,n. A spree ; a row ; a riot. 

Shine, v. i. [shone, sometimes 
SHINED ; SHINING.]- [A.-S. scinan, 
Icel. skina.] 1. To emit rays of light. 
2. To be lively and animated. 3. To 
be eminent or conspicuous. — n. 1. 
Fair weather. 2. Brightness; splen- 
dor ; luster. 3. A liking for a per- 
son. [ Colloq. ] 

Shin'gle (shTng'gl), n. [0. Eng. 
shindle. Lat. stindida,iv.scinilere, to 
split.! 1. A piece of wood with one 
end thinner than the other, used in 
covering roofs, &c. 2. Loose gravel 



and pebbles, on shores and coasts. 
3. pi. [Lat. cingulum, a girdle, from 
cingere, to gird.] A kind of herpes, 
which spreads around the body. — 
v.t. [-ed;-ing.] 1. To cover with 
shingles. 2. To cut, as hair, so that 
one portion overlaps another. 

Shin'ing, p. a. 1. Bright; radiant. 
2. Illustrious ; distinguished. 

Syn. — Brilliant; sparkling.— Shining 
describes the emission of a strong light 
from a clear or polished surface. Bril- 
liant, denotes a shining of great bright- 
ness, but with gleams or flashes. Spark- 
ling implies a shining intensely from 
radiant points or sparks, by which the 
eye is dazzled. 

SHIN'Y, a. [-ER ; -EST, 142.] Bright ; 
luminous. 

SHIP, n. [A.-S. scip. Cf. Gr. aKafa, 
a boat, from o-ko-tttciv, to scoop out.] 
Any large sea-going vessel, esp. one 
with three masts, and square rigged. 



■^W-^-iSfe-Eh^S b i 



Ground Plan of a Ship. 
p, prow ; I, larboard or port ; s, star- 
board ; 1, round-house ; 2, tiller; 3, gra- 
ting; 4, wheel ; 5, wheel-chains ; 6, bin- 
nacle ; 7, rnizzen-mast ; 8, skylight ; 9, 
capstan ; 10, main-mast ; 11, pumps; 12, 
galley or caboose ; 13, main hatchway ; 
14, windlass ; 15, fore-mast ; 16, fore- 
hatchway ; 17, bitts ; 18, bowsprit ; 19, 
head-rail ; 20, boomkins ; 21, bows ; 22, 
fore-chains ; 23, main-chains ; 24, miz- 
zen-chains. 

— V.t. [-PED ; -PING.] 1. To put 
on board of a vessel of any kind for 
transportation ; hence, to get rid of. 
2. To engage for service on board of 
a ship. 3. To fix any thing in its 
place._ [ship. 

SHIP'BOARD, adv. On or within a 

Ship'-chan'dler, n. O^e who deals 
in cordage, canvas, &c. 

SlliP'MATE, n. One who serves on 
board of the same ship. 

Shi'p'ment, n. 1. Act of shippirjg ; 
embarkation. 2. That which is 
shipped. 

SHIP'-MONOEY, n. (Eng. Hist.) An 
imposition formerly charged on the 
ports, towns, &c, for providing cer- 
tain ships for the king's service. 

Ship'per, n. One who places goods 
on board a ship for transportation. 

Ship'ping, v. Collective body of 
ships ; tonnage. 

Ship'-shape, adv. In a seaman -like 
manner; hence, properly. 

ShIp'wreck (-rekj.rc. 1. Destruction 
of a vessel by being driven against 
rocks or shoals, &c. 2. A ship de- 
stroyed on the water. 3. Total de- 
struction. — V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To destroy by natural violence, as a 
ship at sea. 2. To expose to destruc- 
tion by the loss of a ship. 

ShTp'wright (-rlt), n. One whose oc- 
cupation is to construct ships. 

Shire, or Shire, n. [A.-S. scire, scir, 
fr. sciran, sceran, to cut off, divide.] 
1. A territorial division, usually iden- 



A, E, 1, 0,V, Y, long; X, E,I, 6, U, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK; ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM J PIQUE, FIRM; SON, 



SHIRE-TOWN 



391 



SHOVEL 



tical with a county. [Eng.] 2. A 
county. [Amer.] 

Shire'-town, or Shire'-town, n. 
Capital town of a county. 

Shirk (18), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Cf. 
Shark.] To avoid or get off from. — 
n. One who seeks to avoid duty. 

Shirred, a. [Cf. 0. Ger. sckirren, to 
prepare.] Having lines or cords in- 
serted between two pieces of cloth. 

Shirt (18), n. [Prob. fr. the root of 
short. Cf. SKIRT.] A loose garment 
worn by men next the body. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To cover, as with 
a shirt. 2. To change the shirt of. 

ShTrt'ing, n. Cloth for shirts. 

SHIVE, n. [Tcel. sk'ifa, from ski fa, to 
split. Cf. Sheave.] 1. A slice. 2. 
A little piece or fragment. 

ShiVer, n. [Cf. Shive.] 1. A small 
fragment made by sudden breaking. 

2. A thin slice. 3. A shaking, caused 
by cold, pain, or fear, &c. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] [Ger. schiefern, to 
shiver, to scale.] 1. To dash to 
pieces by a blow. 2. To cause to 
shake in the wind, as sails. — v. i. 
[Cf. 0. D. schoeveren.] 1. To quake ; 
to tremble. 2. To quiver from cold. 

3. To fall at once into many small 
pieces. 

ShTv'ER-y, a. 1. Trembling. 2. Easily 
falling into many pieces. 

Shoal,«. [A.-S. scOlu.sceOlu, a school, 
company, crowd.] 1. A multitude, 
esp. offish. 2. [Cf. Shelf, Shal- 
low.] A sand-bank, or bar. — v. i. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To assemble in a 
multitude. 2. To become more shal- 
low. —a. Of little depth ; shallow. 

Shoal'y, a. Full of shoals. 

Shock, n. [Allied to shake.] 1. A 
collision. 2. A blow ; an offense. 3. 
[Ger. schock, a heap, quantity, score, 
threescore.] A pile of sheaves of 
wheat or rye, &c. 4. A violent agi- 
tation of any organ , or of the ner- 
vous system. 5. [From shag.] A 
dog with long hair. 6. A thick mass 
of short hair. 

Syn. — Concussion.— A shock is lit- 
erally a violent shake or agitation ; a 
concussion is a shaking of things to- 
gether. A shock may affect the body or 
the mind ; a concussion properly affects 
only the body or material objects ; as, a 
concussion of the brain. 
— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To strike 
against suddenly. 2. To offend ; to 
disgust. 3. To collect into shocks, 
as sheaves. 

ShSck'ing, a. Striking, as with hor- 
ror; extremely offensive. 

Shock'ing-ly, adv. In a manner to 
shock. 

Shod, imp. & p. p. of Shoe. 

Shod'dy, n. A material obtained by 
tearing into fibers woolen rags, &c. 

SHOE (shoo), n. [A.-S. scCh, set, seeO.] 
A covering for the foot, usually of 
leather ; also, any thing resembling 
ashoein form or use. — v. t. [SHOO ; 
SHOEING, 140.] 1. To furnish with ! 
shoes. 2. To cover at the bottom. I 

SHOE'-BLACK, n. One who cleans) 
and black3 shoes or boots. 



Shoe'-mak'er, n. One who makes 
shoes. [feet. 

Sho'er, n. One who fits shoes to the 
Shoe'-string, n. A string to fasten 
a shoe to the foot. [Shine. 

ShSne, or Shone, imp. & p. p. of 
Sho"ok, imp. of Shake. — n. [Cf. 
Prov. Eng. shook, split, as wood is 
by shrinking.] 1. A set of staves 
for one cask or barrel, &c. 2. A set 
ofjboards for a sugar-box. 
Shoot, v. t. [shot ; shooting.] 
[A.-S. sceotan, scotian; Skr. tskud, 
to send.] 1. To let fly with force, as 
an arrow or bullet. 2. To hit with 
a missile. 3. To discharge ; to emit ; 
to hurl. 4. To push or thrust for- 
ward. 5. To pass rapidly through 
or under. — v. i. 1. To perform the 
act of discharging with force. 2. To 
be shot or propelled forcibly. 3. To 
he felt, as if darting through one. 4. 
To bud ; to sprout. 5. To make pro- 
gress ; to advance. 6. To overspread. 
7. To jut ; to project. — n. 1. Act 
of propelling any thing with vio- 
lence ; discharge. 2. A young branch. 

3. [Fr. chute.] An inclined plane, 
down which timher, coal, &c, are 
caused to slide. [Amer.] 

Shoot'er, n. 1. One who shoots. 2. 
That which shoots, as a fire-arm. 

Shop, n. [A.-S. sceoppa, treasury, 
storehouse.] A building for mechan- 
ical work or for retailing goods, 
wares, kc.—v.i. [-PED ; -PING.] To 
visit shops for purchasing goods. 

Shop'-keep'er, n. A trader who 
sells goods in a shop. 

Shop'-lift/er, ii. One who steals 
any thing in a shop. 

Shop'man (150), n. 1. A shop-keep- 
er ; a tradesman. 2. A salesman. 

SHORE, n. 1. [A.-S. score, fr. sceran, 
to shear, divide.] Coast adjacent to 
a large body of water. 2. [D. schoor.] 
A prop or support. — v. t. [-ed; 
-ING.] To support by a post ; to 
prop. [tourmaline. 

Siiorl, n. [See Schorl.] Black 

Short, a. [-er ; -est.] [A.-S. scort, 
sceort, prob. fr. the root of shear.] 1. 
Not long in space. 2. Notextendedin 
time. 3. Limited in quantity ; scanty. 

4. Insufficiently provided. 5. Defi- 
cient ; defective. 6. Near at hand. 
7. Not tenacious, as memory. 8. 
Less important, efficacious, or pow- 
erful. 9. Abrupt ; petulant. 10. 
Breaking readily ; crisp ; brittle ; 
friable. 11. Pronounced with a less 
prolonged utterance, and with a 
somewhat slenderer sound ; — said 
of vowels as distinguished from the 
same when having the " long " 
sound ; as, a in bit, o in nSt, &c. — 
n. 1. A summary account. 2. pi. 
Part of ground grain sifted out which 
is next finer than the bran. — adv. 
In a short manner. 

Short'-breathed (-bretht), a. 

Having short breath. 
Short'- coming, n. Act of failing 

or coming short. 
Short'en (short'n), v. t. [-ED ; 



-ING J To make short or shorter. — 
v. i. To become short or shorter. 

Short'en-ing, n. 1. A making or 
becoming short. 2. That which ren- 
ders pastry short or friable. 

Short'-hand, n. A compendious 
method of writing ; stenography. 

Short'-lived, a. Not living or 
lasting long. 

Short'ly, adv. In a short or brief 
time or manner ; brieflv. 

Shurt'ness, n. Quality of being 
short ; brevity ; conciseness ; limited 
extent; deficiency. 

Sll6RT'-siGHT / ED(-sTt / cd), a. 1. Not 
able to see far ; near-sighted. 2. 
Of limited forecast or intellect. 3. 
Having little care for the future. 

Short'-waist'ed, a. Short from 
the armpits to the waist, or from the 
shoulder to the commencement of 
the skirt. 

Short'-wind'ed, a. Affected with 
shortness of breath. 

Shot, imp. & p. p. of Shoot. — n. ; pi. 
SHOT, or SHOTS. [See SHOOT.] 1. 
Act of shooting. 2. A ball or bul- 
let. 3. Small globular masses of 
lead, for shooting. 4. Distance to 
which a missile weapon flies. 5. A 
marksman. 6. [See Scot.] Share ; 
reckoning. — v. t. [-TED ; -TING.] 
To load with shot over a cartridge. 

Shote, n. [A.-S. sceota, fr. sceotan, 
to shoot.] 1. A fish resembling the 
trout. 2. A young hog. 

Shot'-free, a. Exempted from any 
share of expense ; scot-free. 

Shot'ten, a. [From shoot.] Hav- 
ing ejected the spawn. 

Shotten herring, a gutted herring dried 
for keeping. 

Shough (shok), n. A kind of shaggy 
dog ; a shock. 

Should (shdbd), imp. of Shall. 

Shoul'der, n. [A.-S. sculdor, prob. 
fr. Icel. skyla, to cover, defend.] 1. 
Joint by which the human arm, or 
the fore leg of a quadruped, is con- 
nected with the body. 2. The up- 
per part of the back. 3. Support. 
4. That which resembles a human 
shoulder. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. 
To push with the shoulder. 2. To 
take upon the shoulder. 

Shoul'der -blade, ?t. The flat 
bone of the shoulder. 

Sh5ul'der-knot (-not), n. An or- 
namental knot worn on the shoulder. 

SHOUL'DER-STRAP, n. (Mil. & iVa- 
val.) A narrow strap worn on the 
shoulder of a commissioned officer, 
indicating the rank he holds. 

Shout, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Perh. 
a contraction fr. shoot out.] To utter 
a sudden and loud outcry. — v. t. 
To utter with a shout. — n. A ve- 
hement and sudden outcry. 

Shove, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
sceofan, scfifan.] To drive along by 
pressing ; to push. — v. i. 1. To push 
or drive forward. 2. To push off.--* 
n. Act of shoving ; a push. 

Shovel (shtiv'l), n. [A.-S. seoj, 

' sceojl, fr. sceofan, to shove.] Anin- 



OB, do, wolf, too, TOOK; fjRN,RUE,PULL; E, I, O, silent : V,&,soJl; e,&,hard; Agj Ejcist; NasNG; this- 



SHOW 



392 



SICK 



Btrumeot to move loose substances. 

— v.t. [-ED.-ING; or -LED, -LING, 

137.] To take up or move with a 
shovel. 
Show, v. t. [-ed ; -n, or -ed ; 
-ING.] [A.-S. scaivian, scemvian, 
to look, see.] 1. To exhibit to view. 

2. To teach ; to point out to. 3. To 
usher or guide. 4. To prove ; to 
explain. 5. To confer ; to afford. — ■ 
v. i. To appear ; to seem. — n. 1. 
Appearance. 2. That which is shown. 

3. Ostentatious display. 4. Sem- 
blance ; likeness. 5. Pretext. 

Show'-bread, n. {Jeivisk Antiq.) 
Loaves of bread, representing the 
twelve tribes, placed on the golden 
table in the sanctuary. 

Show'er, n. One who shows. 

Show'er, n. [A.-S. scur, sccor.] 1. 
A fall of rain of short duration. 2. 
A copious supply bestowed. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ing.] 1. To wet copiously 
with rain. 2. To bestow liberally. 

— v. i. To rain in showers. 
Show'er-bXth, n. A bathin which 

water is showered upon the person, 
by some contrivance, from above. 

ShoWer-y, a. Raining in, or sub- 
ject to, showers. [ner. 

ShoWi-ly, adv. In a showy man- 

ShoWi-ness, n. Quality or state of 
being showy. 

Showy, a. [-er; -est, 142.] Mak- 
ing a show; attracting attention. 

ShrXnk, imp. of Shrink. 

Shred, v. t. [shred ; shred- 
ding.] [A.-S. screddian.] To cut 
or tear into narrow and long pieces. 

— n. 1. A long, narrow piece cut or 
torn off. 2. A fragment. 

Shrew (shnj), n. [Prop, a brawler, 
from L. Ger. schrauen, to bawl.] A 
brawling, turbulent woman ; a scold. 

Shrewd (shrjjd), a. [-er; -est.] 
[Orig. the p. p. of shreiv.] 1. As- 
tute ; penetrating. 2. Involving or 
displaying a sagacious judgment. 

Syn. —Sagacious.— One who is shrewd 
is keen to detect errors, to penetrate 
false disguises, to foresee and guard 
against the selfishness of others. It is 
not, therefore, a word of as much dig- 
nity as sagacious, which leads us to 
think of a man as possessing a compre- 
hensive as well as penetrating mind, 
whereas shrewd does not. See Saga- 
cious. 

Shrewd'ly (shrud'ly/), adv. Saga- 
ciously ; with good guess. 

Shrewd'ness (shrud'-). n. Quality 
or state of being shrewd ; astute- 
ness; sagacity. 

Shrew'ish (shru/ish), a. Like a 
shrew ; peevish. 

SHREWlSH-LY (shru'ish-), adv. Pee- 
vishly ; petulantly. 

Shrewishness. ('shru'iRh-), n. State 
of being shrewish : petulance. 

Shriek, v. i. [-ed : -ing."] [See 
Screak and Screech.] To utter 
a loud, sharp, shrill cry. — n. A 
sharp, shrill outcry or scream. 

Shriev'al-ty, n. " [Contracted from 
sheriffalty.'] Office of a sheriff. 

SHRIFT, n. [A.-S. scrift, fr. sen/an, 



to shrive.] Confession made to a 
priest. [cious European bird. 

Shrike, n. [From shriek.] A rapa- 

SHRiLL,a. [-ER; -est.] [L. Ger. 
schrill.] Sharp ; piercing, as sound. 
— v.i. [-ED; -ING.] To utter an 
acute, piercing sound. 

Shrill'ness, n. State of being shrill. 

SllRIL'LY, adv. In a shrill manner. 

Shrimp, n. [A.-S. scrimman, to dry, 
dry up, wither.] 1. A long-tailed, 
decapod crustacean. 2. A dwarf ; — 
in contempt. 

Shrine, n. [From 0. Eng. serine, fr. 
Lat. scriniitm, a case or chest for 
books, papers, &c.] 1. A case or box 
for sacred relics. 2. Hence, any sa- 
cred or hallowed place ; an altar ; 
a place of worship. 

Shrink, v. i. [shrunk; shrank, 
shrunken; shrinking.] [A.-S. 
scrincan.] 1. To shrivel ; to con- 
tract ; to dry up. 2. To recoil, as 
in fear, horror, or distress. — v. t. To 
cause to contract. — n. Contraction ; 
recoil. [less compass. 

Shrink'age, n. Contraction into a 

ShrIve, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. 
scrifan.] 1. To hear or receive the 
confession of; — said of a priest. 2. 
To confess ; — used reflexively. 

SHRIV.EL (shriv'l), v. i. [Cf. Icel. 
skriJJ, a thing torn, and Eng. ruffle.] 
To draw, or be drawn, into wrinkles. 
— V.t. [-ED, -ING; or -LED, -LING, 
137.] To cause to shrink or contract. 

Shroud, n. [A.-S. 
scrud, a garment, 
shroud.] 1. A wind- 
ing-sheet. 2. That 
which clothes or cov- 
ers, like a shroud. 3. 
pi. A set of ropes 
reaching from the 
mast-heads to the 
sides of a vessel. — 
v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
1. To inclose in a * Shrouds, 
winding-sheet. 2. To cover, as with 
a shroud; to veil. 

Shrove'-tide, ) n. The Tues- 

SHROVE'-TUES/DAY, ) day preced- 
ing the first day of Lent ; — so called 
because formerly the priests shrove, 
or shrived, the people on this day. 

SHRUB, n. 1. [A.-S. scrob, scrobb.] A 
woody plant of a ^ize less than a 
tree. 2. [See Sirup and Sherbet.] 
A liquor composed of acid and sugar, 
with spirit. [shrubs. 

Shrub'ber-Y, n. A collection of 

ShrOb'by, a. [-er ; -est, 142.] 1. 
Full of shrubs. 2. Resembling a 
shrub. 

Shrug, v.t. [-ged; -ging.] [Allied 
to shrink.] To draw up ; esp. by 
way of expressing dislike or doubt, 
&c. — v. i. To raise or draw up the 
shoulders, as in expressing dread or 
doubt. — n. A drawing up of the 
shoulders, as in dislike or doubt. 
Shrunken, p. p. of Shrink. 
Shuck, n. [Allied to Ger. schote, a 
husk, shell.] A shell; a husk or 
pod ; esp., the covering of a nut. 




ShOd'DER, v. i. [ed ; -ING.] [O.D 
schudderen, from D. schudden, to 
shake.] To tremble or shake with 
fear, horror, or aversion ; to quake. 
— n. A shaking with fear ; a hemor. 

Shuf'fle, v . t. [-ED; -ING.] [Dim. 
of shove.] To mix by pushing or 
shoving, as cards in the pack. — v. i. 
1. To change the relative position 
of cards in a pack. 2. To practice 
shifts to elude detection. 3. To use 
arts or expedients. 4. To move in a 
slovenly, dragging manner. — n. 1. 
Act of shuffling. 2. An evasion; an 
artifice. 

Shuffler, n. One who shuffles. 

SllfJN,t. t. [-NED; -NING.] [A.-S. 
scunian, sreonian.] To avoid; to 
get out of the way of; to neglect. 
Shunt, v. t. or i. [-ed;-ing.] [See 
Shun.] To turn off to one side, as a 
railway carriage upon a side track ; to 
switch off. — «. [D. schvinle, slope- 
ness, declivity, or contr. fr. shvn it.] 
A turn off to a side or short rail. 
Shut, v. i. [shut ; shutting.] [A.-S. 
scytlan, scittan, to shut or lock up.] 
1. To close ; to contract. 2. To 
close so as to binder ingress or 
egress. 3. To prohibit; to bar. — 
v. i. To close itself; to become 
closed. — p. a. Having the sound 
suddenly interrupted by a succeed- 
ing consonant, as the o in hop. 
Shut'ter, n. 1. One who shuts. 2. 

A close cover for a window. 
SHUT'TLE, n. [A.-S. scedtel from 
sceotan, to shoot.] An instrument 
for passing the thread in weaving. 
Shut'tle-cock, ) n.. A cork stuck 
Shut'tle-cork, ) with feathers, 
used to be struck by a battledoor in 
play ; also, the play itself. 
Shy, a. [-er; -est.] [A.-S. sreoh, 0. 
H. Ger. scivhan, to shun, be shy.] 1. 
Sensitively timid ; reserved. 2. Easily 
frightened. 3. Cautious : wary. 

Sy>'.— Coy. — Coy has reference to 
that reserve with which a delicate female 
shrinks from the cither sex; shyness is a 
characteristic of sensitive minds, lead- 
ing them to avoid society from the pain 
it gives them to meet others. 

— v.i. [-ed;-ing.] To start sud- 
denly aside, as if a little frightened. 

Shy'LY, adv. In a shy or timid man- 
ner, [being shy. 
Shy'ness, n. Quality or state of 
SlB'l-LANT, a. [Lat. sibilans.] Mak- 
ing, or uttered with, a hissing sound. 

— n. A letter uttered with a hissing 
of the voice, as 5 and z. 

SJb'I-la/tion, n. Utterance with a 
hissing sound: also, the sound itself. 

SlB'YL, n. [Lat. sibylla, Gr. aipvWa, 
a prophetess, prop, she that tells tha 
will of Jupiter, fr. Lone 2ios /SoAAa, 
counsel of Zeus, or Jupiter.] 1. A 
pagan prophetess. 2. A lemale foj- 
tune-teller. 

SIb'YL-lIne, a. Relating to the sib- 
yls ; uttered or composed by sibyls. 

Sice (sTz). n. [From Lat. sex, six.] 
Six at dice. 

StcK. a. [-er; -est.] [A.-S. syc, 
side] 1. Affected with, or attended 



A, E, I, o,u, \,long; A,E,I, 6, 0, v, short; cAre, far, ask, all, what; ERE, veil, t£rm; pique, firm; son 



SICKEN 



393 



SILLY 



by, nausea. 2. Having a strong dis- 
like. 3. Affected with any disease. 
Syn. — See III. 

S1ck'.ex, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To make 
sick ; to disgust ; to disease. — v. i. 
To become sick or disgusted. 

SIck'ISH, a. 1. Somewhat sick. 2. 
Nauseating; nauseous. [sickisb. 

SIcK'ISH-NESS, n. Quality of being 

BIck'le (sik'I), re. [A.-S. s-icol, sicel, 
Lat. secula, from secure, to cut.] A 
hooked instrument for cutting grain. 

SIck/u-ness, n. State of being sick- 
ly ; unhealthiness. 

Sick'ly, a. [-ER; -est, 142.] 1. 
Somewhat sick ; disposed to illness. 

2. Producing or tending to disease. 

3. Appearing as if sick. 
Sick'ness, n. 1. State of being sick. 

2. A disease ; especially, nausea. 
SIDE, n. [A. -3. s'ide, fr. sidan, to be 

extended.] 1. Edge, or border of a 
surface ; especially, one of the longer 
edges. 2. One of the surfaces of a 
solid ; esp. one of the longer surfaces. 

3. The part of the body about the 
ribs. 4. Relative position of a per- 
son or party. 5. A party ; associa- 
tion. — a. 1. Lateral. 2. Indirect; 
collateral, — v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
embrace the opinions of one party, 
or engage in its interest. 

SlDE'BOARD, re. A piece of cabinet 
work, placed on one side in a dining- 
_room to hold dishes, fcc. [sloping. 

SlDE'LlNG, a. Inclining to one side ; 

glDE'LONG, a. Lateral; oblique. — 
adv. 1. Laterally ; obliquely. 2. 
On the side. 

SlD'ER-AL, a. Relating to the stars; 
hence, baleful. 

Sl-DE'RE-AL, a. [Lat. sideralis, and 
sidereus, fr. sidus, a constellation, 
star.] Relating to the stars ; starry. 

SiD'ER-o-GRAPH'ie, 1 a. Pertai'n- 

Sid'er-o-graph'ic-al, j ing to sid- 
erography. 

Sid'er-6g'ra-phy,«. [Gr. o-tS-qpos, 
iron, and ypa<]>eiv, to engrave.] Art 
or practice of steel engraving. 

SLd'er-o-scope, n. [Gr. cri'S^po?, 
iron, and o-Koirelv, to view.] An in- 
strument for detecting small quan- 
tities of iron. [woman. 

STde'-sad'dle, re. A saddle for a 

SlDE'WALK (-wawk), re. A raised foot- 
_path at the side of a street. [Ainer.] 

SlDE'WiSE, adv. 1. Toward one side. 
2. Laterally ; on one side. 

SI'dle, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To go or 
move side foremost. 

Siege, n. jFr. siege, a seat, a siege, 
fr. Lat. sedes, a seat.] 1. The setting 
of an army around or before a forti- 
fied place for the purpose of compel- 
ling the garrison to surrender. 2. A 
continued attempt to gain possession. 

Si'en-ite, re. See Syenite. 

Sf-ES'TA, re. [Sp , fr. Lat. sexto, (sc. 
hora), the sixth hour.] A nap taken 
about noon or in the afternoon. 

Si'EVE. re. [A.-S. sife.] A utensil for 
separating the fine part of any sub- 
stance from the coarse. 

Sift, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To sep- 



arate by, or as if by, a sieve. 2. To 
analyze ; hence, to scrutinize. 

SIft'er, re. One who, or that which, 
sifts ; a sieve. 

SIgh (si), v i. [-ED ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
sican, siofian.] 1. To make a deep 
respiration, as from fatigue or grief. 
2. To make a sound like sighing. — 
v. t. To express by sighs. — n. A sin- 
gle deep respiration ; a long breath. 

SIGHT (sit), re. [From the root of see.] 

1. Act, power, or instrument of see- 
ing. 2. That which is seen. 3. In- 
spection ; examination. 4. A guide 
to the eye in taking aim. 5. A great 
number, quantity, or sum. [Co/loq.] 

Syn. — Vision; view; show; spectacle. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To get 
sight of; to see. 2. To see or aim 
accurately. 

Sight'less (shV-), a. Wanting sight ; 

blind. 
SIght'li-ness (sit'-), re. State of 

being sightly. 
SIght'ly (slt'ly), a. 1. Conspicuous. 

2. Pleasing to the sight. 
Sight'-see'ing (sit/-), a. Eager for 

novelties or curiosities. 

S'IG'MOID, ) a. [Gr. o-i-yjUoeiSTj?, fr. 

Sl«-MOID'AL, J criyna, sigma, and 
etSos, form.] Curved in two direc- 
tions, like the Greek letter s. 

Sign (sin), re. [Lat. signum.] That by 
which any thing is made known or 
represented; specifically, (a.) Any 
symbol or emblem which represents 
an idea. (b.) A significant motion, 
action, or gesture, (c.) A conspicu- 
ous notice before a building to adver- 
tise business, (c/.) Twelfth part of 
the ecliptic or zodiac 

Sign-manual, the royal signature su- 
perscribed at the top of bills of grants 
and letters-patent; the signature of one's 
name in his own handwriting. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To Signify. 
2. To affix a signature to. — v. i. 'i'o 
make a sign or signal. 

P-G'NAL, n. [L. Lat. signale. See 
SIGN.] 1. A sign agreed upon to prive 
notice. 2. A token ; an indic/ifion. 

— a. Distinguished from whr.t is or- 
dinary. — v. t. [-ed; -ING.] To 
communicate by signals. 

STg'nal-ize, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 1. 
To make eminent. 2. To communi- 
cate with by signals. 

SlG'NAL-LY, adv. In a signal man- 
ner ; eminently. 

Sig'na-ture (53), re. [L. Lat. signa- 
tura. See SIGN.] 1. A sign or mark 
impressed. 2. The name of a person 
written with his own hand. 3. A 
letter or figure by which the sheets 
of a book are distinguished. 

Sign'er (sin'er), re. One who signs. 

S'Ig'net, re. [0. Fr., dim. of signe, 
sign.] A seal ; especially the private 
seal of a sovereign. 

Sig-nif'i-€ANCE, re. 1. State of be- 
ing significant. 2. That which is 
signified. 3. Moment ; consequence. 

SlG-NJF'I-€!ANT, a. [Lat. significans, 
signifying.] 1. Standing as a sign 
or token. 2. Important ; momentous. 



Sig-nTf'I-cant-ly, adv. In a signif- 
icant manner. 

SIg'ni-fi-ca'tion, n. 1. Act of sig 
nifying. 2. That which is signified 
or made known. 

SlG-NiF'l-€A-TiVE, a. Having sig. 
nification or meaning. 

Sig'ni-fv, v. t. [-ed;-ing,142.] [Lat 
significare ; signum, a sign, and/a- 
cere, to make.] 1. To make known, 
esp. by a sign. 2. To convey tho 
notion of. — v. i. To express mean* 
ing with force. 

Sign'-post (.-In'-), n. A post on which 
a sign hangs, or on which advertise- 
ments are placed. 

SI'LENCE, n. 1. Entire absence of 
sound. 2. Forbearance of speech. 3. 
Secrecy,. 4. Calmness : quiet. 5- 
Oblivion. — interj. Ee silent. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ing.] To still. 

ST'LENT, a. [Lat. silens, silentis, p. 
pr. of silere, to he silent.] 1. Free 
fr. sound or noise. 2. Indisposed to 
talk. 3. Keeping at rest. 4. Not pro- 
nounced ; having no sound. 5. Not 
engaged in active business ; dormant- 
Syx.— See Mute. 

ST-LE'SI-A (-l5'shi-;\, 95), re. A thin, 
coarse linen, orig. made in Silesia. 

Sl'LEX, re. [Lat., a flint.] The sub- 
stance constituting flint, quartz, and 
most sands and sandstones. , 

Sil'hou-ette (-(Jo-), ii. [From Eti- 
eune Silhouette, a very economical 
Fr. minister of finance, about 1757.] 
A profile filled in with a black color. 

SY-li'ceous I (sT-lish'us), a. [Lat. 

Sl-Ll'CIOfts J siliceus; silex, a flint.] 
Relating to, or containing, silex. 

SlL'l-€ON, v. [See SILICEOUS.] A 
nut-brown elementary substance, the 
base of silex. 

Sil/i-qua, n. ; pi. s'il'I-QUjE. Same 
as SIL.IQUE. 

SlL'IQUE (sll'ik or si-lekO, n. [Lat. 
siliqua, a pod or husk.] A pod with 
seeds fixed to both sutures. 

Sil/i-QUOUS, a. Bearing or resembling 
siliques. 

SlEK, n. [A.-S. seolc, seoloc, fr. Lat. 
sericum, silk.] 1. The fine, soft 
thread, produced by the silk-worm, 
&c. 2. Thread spuu< or cloth woven, 
from the same. 3. The thread-like 
styles of the female flower of maize. 

Silicon, a. Made of, or resembling, 
silk ; soft ; delicate. 

SiLK'l-NESS. n. State of being silky ; 
softness and smoothness. 

S'lLK'-WORM (-warm), n. The cater- 
pillar which produces silk. 

SIlk'y, a. [-er; -est, 142.] Mado 
of, or like, or relating to, silk. 

SlLE, n. [A.-S. syl, syll, prob. from 
Goth, suljan, to lay a foundation.] 
The foundation of a thing, as of a 
house, door, or window, &c. 

Sii/ea-bub, v. [Cf. Prov. Eng. 5?7e, 
to strain, and bub. liquor.] A mixt- 
ure of wine or cider with milk. 

S'lE'Ll-LY, adv. In a silly manner. 

SI'l'li-ness, 7». "Want of sound senfeo. 

SIl'ly, a. [-er ; -est, 142.] [A.-S. 
sselig, gesxlig, happy, good.] L 



OR, do wpLF Too,TtfbKj URN, rue, PULL ; E, I, o, silent ; c, G, soft; €,G, hard; Ag ; exist; n as ng; this. 



SILT 



394 



SINUOSITY 



Weak in intellect. 2. Proceeding 
from want of common judgment. 

Syn. — Simple; stupid. 
SlLT, n. [From Prov. Eng. sile, to 
strain.] Mud deposited from water. 

— v.i. [-ED; -ING.] To flow into, 
or percolate through, crevices or nar- 
row places, as muddy water. 

SIl'va, n. [Lat.] 1. A collection of 
poems. 2. Natural history of the 
forest trees of a country. 

SIl'van, a. [Lat. silva, a wood or 
grove.] Pertaining to woods ; woody. 

SIl/VER, n. [A.-S. si If or, sylfer.} 1. 
A soft, white metal. 2. Money made 
of silver. 3. Any thing like silver. 

— a. 1. Made of silver. 2. Resem- 
bling silver, —v. t. [-ed; -ING.] 1. 
To cover with silver. 2. To cause to 
resemble silver. 3. To make hoary. 

SlL'VER-lNG, «. 1. Art or practice of 
covering with silver. 2. The silver 
thus laid on. 

SlL/VER-SMlTH, n. One who works 
in silver. [with silver. 

SlL'VER-Y, a. Resembling, or covered 

SlM/I-LAR, a. [Lat. similis.] 1. Pre- 
cisely alike. 2. Somewhat like. 

S'lM'I-LAR'l-TY, 11. Resemblance. 

SlM'I-LAR-LY, adv. In like manner. 

Sim'i-le (147), n. [Lat., fr. similis, 
like.] A word or phrase by which any 
thing is likened in one of its aspects 
to another thing ; a similitude. 

Si-mi'l/i-tude, n. 1. Resemblance; 
likeness. 2. Act of comparing. 

StM'MER, v. t. or /. [-ed; -ING.] [An 
onomatopoetic word.] To boil gently. 

Sl-MO'Nl-A€, n. One who buys or sells 
preferment iu the church. 

SlM'o-Nl'A€-AL, a. Consisting of, or 
pertaining to, simony. 

SlM/ON-Y, n. [From Simon Magus. 
See Acts viii.] The crime of buying 
or selling ecclesiastical preferment. 

S'i-MOOM', ) n. [Ar. sam&m, fr. sam- 

S'l-MOON', j ma, to poison.] A hot, 
dry wind, in Arabia, Syria, &c. 

Sim/per, v. i. To smile in a silly, af- 
fected manner. — n. A silly smile. 

Sim'ple, a. [-er;-est.] [lot. sim- 
plex, simplicis, from sine, without, 
and plica, a fold.] 1. Single; not 
complex; not compounded. 2. Plain; 
unadorned. 3. Not given to artifice. 
4. Clear ; intelligible. 5. Weak in 
intellect. — n. 1. Something not 
compounded. 2. A medicinal plant. 

Sim'ple-ness, n. Quality of being 
simple. 

Sim'ple-ton, n. A silly person. 

SlM-PLIC'l-TY, n. 1. Quality of be- 
ing uncompounded. 2. Quality of 
being not complex. 3. Artlessness ; 
sincerity. 4. Plainness. 5. Clear- 
ness. G. Silliness. [ing simple. 

glM / PLl-Fi-€A/TiON, n. Act of mak- 

glM'PLI-FY, v. t. [-ED; -ING, 142.] 
[L. Lat. simplificare ; Lat. simplex, 
simple, and facere, to make.] To 
make simple ; to reduce from the 
complex state. 

SlM'PLlST, n. One skilled in simples. 

S'lM'PLY, adv. In a simple manner ; 
artlessly ; plainly ; merely ; foolishly. 



SfM'U-LATE, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat 
simulare, -latum, from similis, like.] 
To assume the mere appearance of 
without the reality; to feign. — a. 
Feigned ; pretended. 

Sim'U-la'tion, n. Act of simulating, 
or putting on what is not true. 

SPMUL-TA'NE-otJs, a. [Lat. simul, 
at the same time, together.] Being at 
the same time. [same time. 

Sl'MUL-TA'NE-OUS-LY, adv. At the 

SlN, n. [A.-S. synn, sin.] Transgres- 
sion of the law of God ; moral defi- 
ciency in the character. 

Syn. — See Crime. 
— v.i. [-NED ; -NING.] To depart 
voluntarily from any known rule of 
duty. 

SlN'A-PISM, n. [Gr. (nvamcr/jios , fr. 
trCvairi, mustard.] A poultice or 
blister of mustard seed pulverized 

SINCE, adv. [0. Eng. sitkence, from 
A.-S. sldhthan,fv. sldh, lately, after- 
ward, and than, for tham, to the, to 
this.] Before this or now; ago. — 
prep. From the time of; after. — 
conj. 1. Since the time when. 2. 
In view of the fact that ; because. 

Sin-cere', a. [-ER; -est.j [Lat. 
sincerus, fr. sine, without, and cera, 
wax , as if applied originally to pure 
honey.] 1. Pure ; unmixed. 2. Be- 
ing in reality what it appears to be. 
Syn.— See Hearty. 

Sin-oere'ly, adv. Unfeignedly. 

Sin-oere'ness, In. Honesty of mind 

SlN-CER'I-TY, j or intention. 

SiN'pi-PUT, n. [Lat.] Fore part of 
the head from the forehead to the 
_coronal suture. 

Sine, n. [Lat. sinus, a 
bent surface, curve.] 
Length of a perpendic- 
ular drawn from one\ a & 
extremity of an arc to 
the diameter drawn 
through the other ex- Sine, 
tremity ; the perpen- db, sine; d c, 
dicular itself. arc ; cue, di- 

Sl'NE-eORE, n. [Lat. ameter. 
sine, without, and cura, care.] An 
office which requires or involves no 
active service. [sinecure. 

Si'ne-cur'ist, n. One who has a 

Sm'EW (sin'yn), ii. [A.-S. sineive, and 
sinu.] 1. A tendon. 2. That which 
supplies strength. — v. I. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To knit as by sinews. 

Sin'ew-less (sin'yn-), «. Having no 
sinews, or no strength. 

Sin'ew-y (sln'yij-y), a. 1. Consisting 
of sinews. 2. Strong; vigorous; firm. 

Si'N'FUL, a. 1. Wicked; criminal; 
unholy. 2. Consisting in sin. 

STn'ful-LY, adv. In a sinful manner. 

SiN'FUL-NESS, 11. Quality of being 
sinful ; wickedness ; iniquity. 

Sing, v. i. [SUNG, or sang ; sung ; 
singing.] [A.-S. singan.] 1. To ut- 
ter sounds with melodious modula- 
tions of voice. 2. To make a small, 
shrill sound. 3. To celebrate some- 
thing in poetry. — v. t. 1. To utter 
with musical modulations of voice. 2. 
To celebrate in song. 




SINGE, V. t. [SINGED; SINGEING, 
140.] [A.-S. sengan, orig. to cause to 
sing, from the sound produced by 
burning slightly.] To burn the sur- 
face of. — n. A burning of the surface. 

SIng'er, n. One who sings. 

Si'NG'lNG-BObK, n. A book contain- 
ing music for singing. 

Sing'ing-mas'ter, n. One who 
teaches vocal music. 

Sin'gle (sfug'gl, 82), a. [Lat. singu- 
lus.] 1. One only ; individual ; sep- 
arate. 2. Having no companion. 3. 
Unmarried. 4. Performed by one 
person. 5. Uncompounded. 6. Un- 
prejudiced; sincere.' — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To select, as one from among 
a number. [duplicity. 

Sin'gle-heXrtVED, a. Having no 

Si'n'gle-ness, n. 1. State of being 
separate from all others. 2. Purity 
of mind and purpose ; sincerity. 

Sin'gly, adv. 1. Individually. 2. 
Only by one's self. 

SIng'-song, ii. A drawling tone, as 
of a monotonous song. 

Sin'GU-lar, a. [Lat. singtdaris, from 
singidus, single.] 1. Single: individ- 
ual. 2. Denoting one person or 
thing. 3. Out of the ordinary course 
of things. 4. Rarely equaled. — n. 
The singular number. 

Sin/gu-lXr'i-ty, ii. 1. Stateof being 
singular ; peculiarity. 2. Possession 
of a particular privilege or distinc- 
tion. 

Sin'gu-lar-ly, adv. Peculiarly. 

S'l'N'is-TER, a. [Lat.] 1. On the left 
hand ; left. 2. Unlucky ; injurious ; 
evil. 3. Dishonest. 

S'in'is-tror'sal, a. [Lat. sinistror- 
sus, sinistroversus, toward the left 
side, from sinister, left, and vertere, 
versum, to turn.] Rising from left 
to right, as a spiral line. 

Sin'is-trous, a. Being on, or inclined 
to, the left side. 

Sink (82), v. i. [sunk (sank, nearly 
obs.); SINKING.] [A.-S. sincan.] 
1. To descend lower and lower. 2. 
To fall or retire beneath the surface. 
3. To fail in strength ; to decline. — 
v. t. 1. To cause to sink ; to im- 
merse in a fluid. 2. To depress. 3. 
To make by digging. 4. To reduce 
in quantity. 5. To cause to decline. 
Sinking fund, a fund created for sink- 
ing or paying a public debt, or purchas- 
ing the stock for the government. 

— n. 1. A drain to carry off filthy 
water. 2. A shallow box for filthy 
water, &c , as in a kitchen. 

Sin'less, a. Free from sin ; pure. 

Sin'less-ly, adv. Innocently. 

Sin'less ness, n. State of being sin- 
less ; perfect innocence. 

Sjn'ner, n. One who has sinned, es- 
pecially without repenting. 

Sin'u-ate, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat.> 
sinuare, -atum, from sinus, a bend, 
curve.] To wind; to turn. [out. 

SiN'u-A'TroN, n. A winding in and 

SlN'U-os'I-TY, ii. 1. Quality of being 
sinuous. 2. A series of bends and 
turns. 



A, E, I, O, V,Y,long; A,E,S,6, U,Y,s/iOrt; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM ; SON, 



SINUOUS 



395 



SKIP-JACK 




Siphons. 



SLVu-oOs, a. [Lat. sinuosus-] Bend- 
ing in and out. 

SI'irus, n. ; Lat. pi. si'NUS ; Eng. 
pi. si'NUS-Es. [Lat., a curve, bosom, 
bay.] 1. A^hollow. 2. A recess in 
the shore. 

SIp, v. t. [-ped; -PING.] [A.-S. si- 
pan.] To drink or imbibe in small 
quantities. — v. i. To drink a small 
quantity. — n. A small draught with 
the lips. - 

JSi'phox, n. [Gr. air 
<f>u>i>.] A bent tube 
or pipe for drawing 
liquor from a vessel. 

Sir (18), n. [0. Fr. 
sire, fr. Lat. senior, 
an elder, elderly per- 
son 1 1 A HHp of a > common si- 
son.J 1. A title oi h . 

respect to any man proved siplu>u 
of position. 2. A with exhaust- 
knight or baronet ; ing tube. 
— prefixed to the Christian name. 

SlRE,«. [See Sir.] 1. A father. 2. 
One who stands in the relation of a 
father, as a king. 3. Male parent of 
a beast. — v. t. [-ed; -in&.] To 
beget ; used especially of stallions. 

SI'REN (89), n. [Lat.] 1. One of 
three fabled damsels, who sung with 
ravishing sweetness. 2. An enticing 
woman. — a. Pertaining to a siren ; 
fascinating ; alluring. 

SlR'l-Ds, n. [Lat., from Gr. aeiputs, 
creipos, hot, scorching] The large 
and bright star called the Dog-star. 

SlR'LOIN, n. [Fr. surlonge, from sur, 
upon, over, and longe, loin.] A loin 
of beef. [Written also sur loin.] 

SlR'NAME. n. See SURNAME. 

Si-roc'co, n.; pi. si-roc'cos. [Ar. 
shoruk, from shark, the rising of the 
sun, the east.] An oppressive, re- 
laxing wind from the Libyan deserts. 

SlR'RAH, n. [From sir, or fr. Ir. sir- 
reach, poor, sorry, lean.] Sir; — a 
word of contempt or of familiarity. 

StR'UP, n. [Ar. shdrab, sharUb, drink, 
sirup, fr. shariba, to drink.] Sweet- 
ened juice of vegetables or fruits ; 
also, any sweetened liquid. 

Sfs'TER, n. [A.-S. sweostor, suster.] 

1. A female born of the same parents. 

2. A female associate. 
SIs'TER-HO~bD,n. 1. A society of sis- 
ters, or of women united in one faith 
or order. 2. State of being a sister. 

SIs'ter-in-law (155), n. A hus- 
band's or wile's sister ; also, a broth- 
er's wife. 

SIs'ter-ly, a. Becoming a sister ; af- 
fectionate. 

Sit, v. i. [sat ; sitting.] [A.-S. 
sittan, allied to Skr. sad.] 1. To 
rest on the haunches. 2. To perch. 

3. To remain in repose : to abide. 

4. To fit. 5. To incubate ; to brood 
over. 6. To be engaged in public 
business, as legislators, &c. 

Site, n. [Lat. situs, fr. sinere, situm, 
to let, put, or set down.] Place for 
a building ; situation. 

SKt'ter, n. One who sits. 

Sit'ting, n. 1. A resting on a seat. 
2. Time of remaining in session. 



SIt'U-ATE, I a. [L. Lat. siluatus, 

SiT'u-A'TED, J fr. situare, to place. 
See Site.] Seated, placed, or per- 
manently fixed ; residing. 

SIt'U-a'tion, n. 1. Relative position, 
location, or condition. 2. Perma- 
nent position. 

Six, a. or n. [A.-S. six, sex, Lat. sex.] 
Twice three. [many. 

Six'FOLD, a. Six times as much or 

SIx'PENCE, n. An English silver coin, 
worth half a shilling, or about 12 
cents. 

Six'teen, a. and n. Six and ten. 

Six'teenth, a. 1. Sixth after the 
tenth. 2. Being one of sixteen equal 
parts of any thing. — n. 1. One of 
sixteen equal parts. 2. The next 
after the fifteenth. 

SIXTH, a. 1. Next after the fifth. 2. 
Being one of six equal parts of any 
thing. — n. 1. One of six equal 
parts. 2. The next after the fifth. 

SfxTH'LY, adv. In the sixth place. 

Six'Tl-ETH, a. 1. Next after the 
fifty-ninth. 2. Being one of sixty 
equal parts of any thing. — n. 1. 
One of sixty equal parts. 2. The 
next after the fifty-ninth. 

Six'ty, a. and n. Six times ten. 

Siz'a-ble, a. Being of considerable 
or suitable size. 

Sl'ZAR, n. ( Univ. of Cambridge, Eng.) 
One of a body of students next below 
the pensioners. 

Size, n. [Abbrev. fr. assize.] 1. Ex- 
tent of volume. 2. A conventional 
relative measure of dimension. 3. 
[W. syth, glue, size, from sytli, stiff, 
rigid.] A kind of weak glue. — v. t. 
[-ED; -TNG.] 1. To arrange, accord- 
ing to size. 2. To prepare with size. 

SIz'i-ness, n. Glutinousness. 

Siz'lNG, n. A kind of weak glue ; size. 

Siz'Y, a. Glutinous; thick ; viscous. 

SlZ'ZLE, v. i. To make a hissing 
sound, as hot metal dipped into wa- 
ter. — n. A hissing sound. 

Skald, n. See Scald. 

Skate, n. 1. [D. schaats.] A frame 
for the foot with a metallic runner, 
for moving rapidly on ice. 2. [Lat. 
squatus, A.-S. sceadda.] A cartilagi- 
nous fish of a rhomboid form. — v. 
i. [ED ; -ING.] To move on skates. 

Skat'er, n. One who skates. 

Ske-dad'dle, v. i. [Said to be of 
Sw. origin.] To run away with pre- 
cipitation, as if in a panic. [Amer.] 

Skein (skan), n. [0. Fr. escaigne, 
Gael, sgeinn.] A knot, or a number 
of knots, of thread or yarn. 

SKEL'E-TON, n. [Gr. cr/ceAeToV (sc. 
o-w/uta), a dried body, a mummy.] 1. 
Natural frame-work of an organized 
body, as bones, shells, &c. 2. Gen- 
eral structure or frame of any thing. 

Skep'TIC, n. [Written also sceptic] 
[Gr. o-icewTiKos, thoughtful, reflec- 
tive; Lat. scepticus.] 1. One who is 
yet undecided as to what is true. 2. 
One who disbelieves the diviue origin 
of Christianity. [a skeptic. 

Skep'TI€-al, a. Relating to, or being, 

SKEP'Tl-cIgM, n. 1. Doubt ; uncer- 



tainty. 2. A doubting of the truth 
of revelation. 

Sketch, n. [Lat. schedium, (sc. car- 
men), an extemporaneous poem, Gr. 
a\eoiu<;, made suddenly or off-hand.] 
A first rough or incomplete plan of 
any design. 

Syn. — Outline; delineation.— Outline 
explains itself; a sketch tills up the out- 
line in part, giving broad touches by 
which an imperfect idea may be con- 
veyed; a delineation goes further, carry- 
ing out the more striking features of the 
picture, and going so much into detail 
as to furnish a clear conception of the 
whole. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To draw in 
outline ; to make a rough draught of. 

Sketch'y, a. In the manner of a 
sketch ; incomplete. 

Skew'er (sku'er), n. [Prob. allied to 
the root of shove.] A pointed rod for 
fastening meat while roasting. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To fasten with skewers. 

Skid, n. [A.-S. sctde, fr. scidan, to 
cleave.] A piece of timber used 
for support or to protect a vessel's 
side. [boat. 

Skiff, n. [Cf. Ship.] A small, light 

Skill, n. [A.-S. scilian, scylan, to 
separate, to distinguish.] 1. Knowl- 
edge. 2. Familiar knowledge united 
with readiness in performance. 

Syn. — Dexterity. — Skill involves su- 
perior capacity and cultivation of the 
intellect; dexterity implies a greater tal- 
ent for imitation, and a sleight of hand 
obtained by practice. 

Skilled, a. Expert ; skillful. 

Skil'let, n. [0. Fr. escuellette, from 
Lat. scutella, dim. of scutra, a dish] 
A small vessel with a handle. 

SKILL'FUL, I a. Possessed of, or dis- 

Skil'ful, ) playing skill. 

Skill'ful-ly, I adv. With skill; 

SkTl'ful-ly, J dexterously. 

SkI M/FUL-NESS, ) n. Quality of pos- 

Sk'il'ful-ness, I sessing skill. 

SKIM, v. t. [A different form of srum.] 
[-MED; -MING.] 1. To clear, as a 
liquid from scum. 2. To take off by 
skimming. 3. To pass near the sur- 
face of. — v. i. To pass lightlv. 

Sk'IM'MER, n. A utensil for skimming. 

Skim'- MILK, n. Milk from which the 
cream has been taken. 

Skim'mings, n. That which is re- 
moved by skimming. 

SkIn, n. [A.-S. scinn.] 1. Natural 
covering of animal bodies. 2. A hide ; 
a pelt. 3. Exterior coat of fruits and 
plants, —v.t. [-NED; -N1NG.] 1. 
To strip off the skin of; to flay. 2. 
To cover with skin. — v. i. To bo 
covered with skin. 

Skin'- deep, a. Superficial ; slight. 

Skin'flint, n. A miser ; a niggard. 

Skin'less, a. Having no skin. 

SkIn'ner, n. Oue who skins. 

Sk'i'n'ny, a. [-er; -EST, 142.] Con- 
sisting of skin, or of skin only. 

SkIp, v. i. [-ped; -ping.] [Cf. Icel. 
Skopa, skoppa, to run.] To leap ; to 
bound. — v. t. To pass over or by; 
to omit. — n. 1. A leap : a bound. 
2. Act of passing over an interval. 

Skip'-jack, n. An upstart. 



6r, do, wolf, TOO, TOOK; urn, RHE, PULL ; E, I, o, silent ; q,&,sqft; €, g, /»ord; Agj exist; n as NG; this. 



SKIPPER 



396 



SLEEK 



&,<Ip'per, n. [See Skipper and 
3KIP.] 1. The master of a small 
trading vessel. 2. [From skip.] The 
cheese maggot. 

Skir'mish (18), n. [0. Eng. scarmishe, 
scrymishe, fr. 0. H. Ger. skerman, 
skirman, to defend.] A slight fight, 
esp. between detachments and small 
parties. — v. i. [-ED; -ing.] To 
fight slightly or in small parties. 

Skir'MISH-er. n. One who skirmishes. 

SKlRT (18), n. [A.-S. scyrtan, to short- 
en. Cf. SHIRT.] 1. Lower and loose 
part of a garment. 2. Border ; edge. 

3. A woman's garment like a petti- 
coat. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To form 
or to run along the edge of. — v. i. 
To be on the border. 

SKIT'TISH, a. [From A.-S. scedtan, 
scitan, to shoot, cast.] Easily fright- 
ened; shunning familiarity ; shy. 

Skit'tish-ly, adv. In a skittish 
manner. [ness. 

Ski't'tish-ness, n. Timidity ; shy- 

Skit'tles (skWtlz), n. pi. [See Skit- 
tish.] Ninepins. 

Ski'ver, n. [See Shiver.] Split 
sheepskin, tanned with sumac, ana 
dyed. 

Skulk, v. i. [-ed ; -ins.] [Dan. 
skulke, to play the truant, allied to 
skiule, to hide.] To get out of the 
way in a sneaking manner ; to lurk. 

Skulk'er, n. One who skulks. 

Skull, n. [0. H. Ger. sciulla, skull. 
Cf. Scale and Shell.] Bony 
case inclosing the brain. 

Skull'-cap, n. A close-fitting cap. 

Skunk, n. [Abenaki seganku.] Afetid 
animal of North America. 

Sky (72), n. [0. Sax. scio,sceo, region 
of clouds. Cf. A.-S. scUa, schwa, 
shadow.] The vault of heaven. 

Sky'ey, a. Like the sky ; ethereal. 

Sky'-lark, n. A species of lark that 
mounts and sings as it flies. 

Sky'-lark'ing, n. Act of running 
about the rigging of a vessel in 
sport ; frolicking. 

Sky'-lTght (-lit), n. A window in 
the roof or deck. 

Sky'-rock'et, n. A rocket that as- 
cends high, and burns as it flies. 

Sky'-sail (colloq. ski'sel), n. The 
sail set next above the royal. 

Slab, n. [Cf. W. yslab, llab, a thin 
slip.] 1. A thin piece of any thing, 
as of marble or other stone, having 
plane surfaces. 2. An outside piece 
sawed from a log. 

Slab'BER {colloq. slob'ber), v. i. 
■ [-ED; ING.] [H. Ger. schlabbern, 
frequentative form of schlabben. to 
lap] To let the saliva fall from the 
mouth ; to drivel. — n. Saliva care- 
lessly let fall from the mouth. 

Slack, a. [-ER ; -est.] [A.-S. sleac, 
side] 1. Not drawn tight. 2. Not 
holding fast. 3. Not earnest or eager. 

4. Not violent ; not rapid. 

Slack water, the interval between the 
flux and reflux of the tide. 

— adv. In a slack manner : partially. 

— n. The part of a rope that hangs 
loose. — v. t. or i. To slacken 



I, E, I, 5, fj, Y.lon 



SlXck'en, v. i. [slackened; 
slackening.] [A.-S. sleacian, sla- 
cian.] 1. To become less tense or 
rigid. 2. To be remiss; to neglect. 
3. To lose cohesion. 4. To abate. 5. 
To lauguish ; to flag. — v. t. 1. To 
make less tight. 2. To render less 
earnest, rapid, or decided. 3. To 
withhold ; to use less liberally. 4. To 
slake. 

Slack'ly, adv. Loosely ; remissly. 

Slack'ness, n. State of being slack ; 
negligence ; slowness ; tardiness. 

SLAG, n. [II. Ger. sclilacke.] Dross of 
ametal ; also, vitrified ciuders. 

Slake, v.t. [-ed; -ing.] [Allied to 
slack.] 1. To quench ; to extin- 
guish. 2. To mix with water, so 
that a true chemical combination 
shall take place. 

Slam, v. t. [-med; -ming.] [Cf. 0. 
Eng. lam, to beat, Goth. & 0. H. Ger. 
slahan. [See Slay.] To shut with 
violence. — v. i. To strike violently 
and noisily. — n. A violent driving 
and striking or shutting. 

Slan'der,/?. [0. Eng. esclaundre,fv. 
Gr. er/cai/Sa/W. See SCANDAL.] A 
false and malicious report tending to 
injure another's reputation. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] To injure by mali- 
ciously uttering a false report. 
Syn. — To defame. 

Slan'der-er, n. A calumniator. 

Slan'der-ous, a. 1. Disposed to 
slander. 2. Containing slander ; ca- 
lumnious. 

SlAn'der-ous-LY, adv. In a slan- 
derous manner. 

SLANG, n. [Said to be of gypsy origin ; 
but cf. Lingo.] Low, vulgar, unau- 
thorized language. 

Slant, a. [Sw. slinta. to slide, W. 
ysglentiaw.] Inclined ; sloping ; 
oblique. — r. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
turn from a direct line. — v.i. To 
lie obliquely. — n. An oblique direc- 
tion or plane; a slope. 

Slant'ly, ) adv. In an inclined 

Slant'wise,) direction; obliquely. 

SLAP, n. A"blow with something broad 
and flat, as the hand. — v. t. [-ped ; 
-PING.] To strike with the open hand, 
or with something broad. — adv. 
With a sudden blow ; hence, quickly. 

Slap'dash, adv. 1. At random. 2. 
All at once! [ Colloq.] 

Slap'jack, n. A sort of flat cake 
baked upon a griddle. [Local.] 

Slash, '*..*. [-ed ; -ing.] [Cf. Icel. 
slasa, to wound.] To cut in long 
cuts by striking violently and at ran- 
dom. — n. 1. A long cut; a cut 
made at random. 2. A large slit in 
the thighs and arms of old costumes. 

SLAT,n. [SeeSLOAT]. A narrow board 
to fasten together larger pieces. — 
v. t. [-ted; -TING.] To slap; to 
strike ; to throw down violently. 

SLATE, n. [0. Eng sclate, sclat ; 0. 
H. Ger. sleizan, for skleizan, to slit, 
split.] 1. An argillaceous stone 
which readily splits into plates. 2. 
A prepared piece of such stone ; esp. 
for roofing houses, &c, or for writing 



upon. — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 

cover with slate. 
SLAT'ER,n. One who slates buildings. 
SLAT'ING, n. 1. Act of covering with 

slates. 2. The covering thus put on. 

3. Slates collectively. 
Slat'tern, n. [Cf. Slut.] A woman 

negligent of her dress or house. 
SLAT'TERN-LY, a. Negligent ; dirty. 

— adv. Negligently ; awkwardly. 
SLAT'Y, a. Resembling slate ; having 

the nature or properties of slate. 

Slaugh'ter (slaw'ter), n. [Goth. 
slauhts, slaughter.] 1. Extensive and 
unnecessary destruction of human 
life. 2. A killing, as a matter of busi- 
ness ; butchery. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
1. To kill. 2. To butcher. 

Slaugii'ter-house (slaw'ter-). v. 
A_ house where beasts are butchered. 

SLAVE, n. [From the Slavonians, L. 
Lat. Slavi, who were frequently 
made slaves by the Germans.] 1. A 
person held in bondage. 2. One who 
has lost the power of resistance. 3. 
One who labors like a slave. — v. i. 
To drudge ; to toil. [slaves. 

Slave'-hold'er, n. One who holds 

Slav'ER, n. 1. A vessel engaged in 
the slave-trade. 2. One who deals 
in slaves. 

3lav'er, n. [See Slabber.] Saliva 
driveling from the mouth. — v. i. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To suffer spittle to 
issue from the mouth. 2. To be be- 
smeared with saliva. — v. t. To smear 
with saliva issuing from the mouth. 

Slav'er-ER, n. A driveler; an idiot. 

Slav'ER-Y, n. Entire subjection of 
one person_ to the will of another. 

Slave '-trade, n. Traffic in slaves. 

SLAV'ISH,a. Servile ; base; laborious; 
mean. [ly ; basely. 

SLAV'ISH-LY. adv. Servilely; meau- 

SLAV'ISH-NESS, n. Servility. 

Sla-vo'ni-an, n. A native of Sla- 
vonia. — a. Pertaining to Slavonia ; 

— applied especially to the language 
now spoken, in its various dialects, in 
Russia, Poland, Bohemia, &c. 

SLAW, n. [D. sla, slaa, contr. from 
salade. See Salad.] Sliced cabbage, 
cooked, or uncooked. 

Slay,i\ t. [slew; slain; slay- 
ing.] [A.-S. slahan, sleqhan, contr. 
slean,slan, to strike, beat, slay.] To 
put to death by a weapon, or by vio- 
lence ; hence, to kill ; to destroy. 

SLAY'ER. n. One who slays. 

Sleave, ti. [Icel. slefa, a slender 
thread.] Silk or thread untwisted. 

— v.t. To separate, as threads. 
SLEA'ZY, a. [Ger. scldeiszig, schlissig 1 

worn out, fr. schleiszen, to split, de- 
cay.] Wanting firmness of texture. 

SLED, n. [Icel. sledi, A.-S. sl'idan, to 
slide.] A vehicle, or a light seat, 
moved on runners, over the snow. — 
v.t. [-DED ; -DING.] To convey 
on a sled. 

SLEDGE, n. 1. [A.-S. slecge, fr. sla- 
han, to strike, beat.] A large, heavy 
hammer. 2. A vehicle moved ou 
runners, or on low wheels. 

SLEEK, a. [-ER; -EST.] [Icel. slikia, 



ig; A,E,I, 6,U, ¥, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, V£IL, TlRM ; PIQUE, FIRM , SON, 



SLEEKLY 



397 



SLOUCH 



to smooth, polish.] Having an even, 
smooth surface ; glossy. — r. I. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To make even and smooth, 
or soft and glossy. 

Sleek'ly, a/Jv. Smoothly. [sleek. 

Sleek'NESS, n. Quality of being 

Sleep, v. i. [slept; sleeping.] 
[A.-S. slxpan, sldpan.] 1. To take 
rest by a suspension of the volun- 
tary exercise of the powers of the 
body and mind. 2. To be dead. 3. 
To be unemployed ; to rest. — n. A 
natural and periodical suspension of 
the exercise of the bodily and men- 
tal powers for the purpose of rest. 
Sr>-. — Slumber; repose; rest. 

Sleep'er, n. 1. One who sleeps. 2. 
A timber for the support of some 
superstructure, or to steady rails. 

Sleep'i-ly, adv. In a sleepy man- 
ner: drowsily. [sleepy. 

Sleep'i-ness, n. State of being 

Sleep'ing, p. a. Occupied with sleep 
oi for sleeping. 

Sleep'less, a. 1. Having no sleep ; 
wakeful. 2. Perpetually agitated. 

Sleep'less-ness, fi. Want of sleep. 

Sleep'-walk/er (-wawk'-), ji. A 
somnambulist ; one who walks in his 
sleep. 

Sleep'y, a. [-ER ; -EST, 142.] 1. 
Drowsy ; inclined to sleep. 2. Tend- 
ing to induce sleep. 

Sleet, n. [A.-S. sliht, fr. slaJian, to 
strike.] A fall of hail or snow min- 
gled with rain. — v. i. To snow or 
hail with a mixture of rain. 

Sleet'Y, a. Consisting of sleet. 

SLEEVE, n. [A.-S. sief, slefe, fr. sle- 
fan, to put on, clothe.] Part of a 
garment fitted to cover the arm. — 
r. t. To furnish with sleeves. 

SLEEVE'LESS, a. Having no sleeves. 

SLEID (slid), v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [See 
Sley.] To sley or prepare for use 
in the weaver's sley. 

Sleigh (sla), 71. [See Sled.] A ve- 
hicle on runners, for moving on snow 
or ice. 

SLglGH'lNG (sla'ing), n. 1. State of 
the snow which admits of running 
sleighs. 2. Act of riding in a sleigh. 

Sleight (slit), n. [Eng. sly.] 1. An 
artful trick. 2. Dexterity. 

SLEM'DER, 1. [-ERJ-EST.] [0. D. 
slinder, slender, slinderen, slidderen, 
to creep] 1. Thin or narrow in pro- 
portion to circumference or width. 
2. Weak : feeble. 3. Moderate ; in- 
considerable. 4. Small : meager. 

SLEN'DER-LY,rtrfr. Slightly; feebly. 

Slen'der-ness, n. State or quality 
of being slender. 

Slept, imp. & p. p. of Sleep. 

Slew, imp. of Slay. 

SL£Y (sla), n. [A.-S. six.] A weaver's 
reed. — v. t. To part the threads of, 
and arrange them in a sley. 

SLICE, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. 
slitan.] To cut into thin pieces, or 
to cut off a thin piece from. — n. 1. 
A thin, broad piece cut off. 2. That 
which is thin and broad, like a slice. 

Slick, a. Sleek ; smooth. 

Slid, imp. & p. p. of Slide. 



Slide, r.?'. [slid; slid, slidden; 
sliding.] [A.-S. slidan.] 1. To 
move along a surface by slipping; to 
glide. 2. To pa^s inadvertently. 3. 
To move gently onward without fric- 
tion. — r. t. i. To throat along by 
slipping. 2. To pass or put imper- 
ceptibly. — n. 1. A smooth and 
easy passage. 2. One who, or that 
which, slides. 3. Descent of earth 
or rock down a declivity. [slides. 

SLID'ER, /i. One who, or that which, 

Slid'ING-rule, n. An instrument 
for the mechanical performance of 
addition, subtraction, multiplication, 
and division. 

Slid'ing-scale, n. A scale for rais- 
ing or lowering imposts in proportion 
to the fall or rise of prices. 

Slight (slit), a. [-er ; -est.] [Goth. 
slaihts, smooth, even.] 1. Not de- 
cidedly marked ; inconsiderable ; un- 
important. 2. Slender. — n. A mod- 
erate degree of contempt, manifested 
chiefly by neglect. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To disregard, as of little value 
and unworthy of notice. 

Stx. — To neglect. — To alight is 
stronger than to neglect. We may neg- 
lect a dutv or person from inconsldera- 



6. A long, narrow piece. 6. Any 
thing easily slipped on. 7. Space 
between wharves or in a dock. 8. A 
long seat in churches. 

Slip'-knot (-not), r. A knot which 
slips along the line around which it 
is made. 

Slip'per, n. A light shoe, which may 
be slipped on with ease. [slippery. 

SliP'per-i-ness, 7i. State of being 

Slip'per-y, a. 1. Allowing or caus- 
ing any thing to slip : smooth. 2. 
Not affording firm footing or confi 
dence. 3. Apt to slip away. 4. Un- 
stable ; changeable. 

SLTp'SH6D,a. 1. Wearing shoes, with- 
out pulling up the heels. 2. Care- 
less in manners, style, &c. 

SlIt, v.t. [SLIT; slit, or SLIT- 
TED ; SLITTING.] [A.-S. sl'itan.] 
1. To cut lengthwise. 2. To make a 
long fissure in or on. 3. To rend ; 
to split. — n. A long cut, or a nar- 
row opening. 

Slit'ting-mill, n. A mill where 
iron plates are slit into narrow strips. 

SLIV'ER,orSLI'VER,f. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[A.-S. sl'ifan, to split.] To cut or 
divide into long, thin pieces. — n. A 
piece cut or rent lengthwise. 
^STs^Fwlfv^ I SLOB'BER, n. & v lee SLABBER. 

Sloe. n. [A.-S. sla, slahe.] A small, 




Sloop. 



tion, or from 

other concerns. To sligh 

positive and intentional act, resulting 

from feeling* of dislike or contempt. 
SlTght'ly (slit'ly), adv. In a slight 

manner ; negligently. 
Slight'ness (slit'-), 77. . Weakness ; 

want of force or strength. 
Sli'ly, adv. See Slyly. 
SlIm, a. [-MER; -MEST, 136.] [M. H. 

Ger. slim, Icel. slat?ir, ill, bad.] 1. 

Slender. 2. Weak; slight. 
Slime, n. [A.-S. & Icel. slim, 0. H. 

Ger. slim, sllhmo.] Soft, moist, and 

adhesive earth, or clay. 
SLiM'l-NESS,n. Quality of being slimy. 
Slim'ness, n. State of being slim. 
SlIm'y. a. [-ER; -est, 142.] 1. 

Abounding or overspread with slime. 

2. Viscous ; glutinous. 
Sli'ness, n. See Slyness. 
Sling, 7i. [0. H. Ger. slinga.] 1. An 

instrument for throwing stones. 2. 

A throw. 3. A hanging bandage, in 

which a wounded arm is sustained. 

4. A rope, with hooks, by which a 

cask or bale is swung in or out of a ' Slop'ing. p 

ship. 5. [Cf. L. Ger. slingen, to j oblique. 

swallow.] Spirit (usually gin) and ! Slop'py, a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] [From 

water sweetened. — v. t. [SLUNG; slop.] Wet, so as to spatter easily. 

slinging.] 1. To throw with a j Slop'-shop, n. A shop where ready 

sling. 2. To hang so as to swing. mado clothes are sold. 

Slink, v. i. [slunk; slinking.] ! Slosh, n. See Slush. 

[A.-S. slincan.] 1. To steal away ; ; Slot, n. [Cf. slit ; also, Icel. slodi, a 

to sneak. 2. To miscarry, as a beast. path.] A slit jn a plate of metal. 



bitter, wild plum. 

Slo~op, n. [D. sloep, 
H. Ger. scklupe, 
schahtppe.] A vessel 
with one mast. 

Slop, n. 1. [Cf. Ir. & 
Gael, slaib, mud, 
dirt.] Water care-| 
l.essly spilled. 2. pi. ' 
Water in which anyJ 
thing has been * 
washed. 3. [A.-S. slop, 
a frock, fr. sltopan, sledpan, to enter 
secretly.] pi. Ready-made clothes, 
bedding, &c — r. t. 1. To spill. 2. 
To spill liquid upon. — v. i. To over- 
flow or be spilled. 

SLOPE, a. [Allied to A.-S. slopen, a 
slipping.] Inclined, or inclining. — 
n. 1. A direction downward. 2. A 
declivity or acclivity. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-in t g.] To direct obliquely ; to in- 
cline. — v. i. To be inclined. 

Inclining, or inclined ; 



Slip, v. i. [-ped ; -ping.] [A.-S. 
slipan.] 1. To slide; to glide. 2. 
To sneak : to depart secretly. 3. To 
err. 4. To pass unexpectedly or im- 



Sloth, or Sloth (20), n. [A.-S. 
sleicdh, sldivdh, fr. slaw, slow.] 1. 
Sluggishness ; laziness. 2. A slow- 
moving South-American mammal. 



perceptibly. — r. t. -1. To convey Sloth'FUL, or Sloth'ful, a. Slug- 
secretly. 2. To part from the stem , gish : lazy ; indolent. 
as a branch. 3. To let loose. 4. Sloth'fil-ly, or Sloth'FUL-LY, 
To disengage one's self from. — n. I a/lv. In a slothful manner ; lazily. 
1. Act of slipping. 2. An uninten- j Sloth'ful-ness, or Sloth'ful- 
tional error. 3. A twig separated j NESS, n. Quality of being slothfuL 
from the main stock. 4. An escape. SLOUCH, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [C£ 



6r,do,\yolf, TO~b, took: {Jen, rue, pull; e, I, o, silent ; c,G,sq/i; €,S,hard; AS,; EJIST; nosng; this. 



SLOUGH 



398 



SMIRK 



Eng. slug, slack.] To hang down ; 
to have a downcast, clownish look or 
manner. — t\ t. To cause to hang 
down. — ft. [See infra.] 1. A de- 
pression of the head or of some other 
part of the bod}'. 2. An awkward, 
heavy, clownish fellow. 

Slough (slou), n. [A.-S. slug, a hol- 
low place.] A place of deep mud or 
mire. 

SloBgh (sluf), «. [M. II. Ger. sluch, 
skin of a serpent.] 1. Oast skin of a 
serpent. 2. The part that separates 
from a foul sore. — v. i. To separate, 
as the matter formed over a sore. 

Slough'Y (sluf'y), a. Of the nature 
of the dead matter of a sore. 

SLOVEN (or sluv'n, 58), n. [0. D. 
sloe/, slow, squalid, negligent.] A 
man or boy careless of dress and 
cleanliness. 

Slov'en-li-ness (or sluv'n-), n. 
Habitual want of cleanliness. 

SLOV'EN-LY (or sluv'n-), a. 1. Neg- 
ligent of dress or neatness. 2. Disor- 
derly. — adr. In a slovenly manner. 

Slow, a. [-er ; -est.] [A.-S. slaw, 
allied to Goth, slavan, to be silent.] 
1. Not swift ; deliberate. 2. Not 
ready ; not prompt. 

Syn.— Dilatory; tardy. — Slow is the 
wider term, denoting either a want of 
rapid motion or inertness of intellect. 
Dilatory signifies a habitof delaying the 
performance of what we know must be 
done. Tardy denotes the habit of being 
behindhand. 

Slow'ly, adv. In a slow manner; 
not rapidly. [being slow. 

Slowness, n. State or quality of 

Sludge, n. [See Slough.] Soft 
mud ; slush. 

Slue, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Of. Icel. 
snua, to turn, bend.] To turn about 
a fixed point, as a piece of timber. 
— v. i. To turn about ; to slip. 

SLUG, n. [Allied to slack.] 1. A 
drone. 2. A kind of snail. 3. [Prob. 
from the root of slay.] A piece of 
metal, for the charge of a gun. 

Slug'gard, n. [From slug and the 
termination ard.] A person habit- 
ually lazy ; a drone. 

SLiJG'GlSH,a. 1. Habitually idle and 
lazy. 2. Having little motion. 3. 
Stupid ; tame ; simple. 
Syn.- See Inert. 

SlOg'gish-ly, adv. In a sluggish 
manner; lazily. 

Slug'gish-ness, n. State of being 
sluggish ; sloth. 

Sluice, n. [0. Fr. escluse, L. Lai. ex- 
clusa, fr. Lat. excludcre, to shut out.] 
1. A passage for water with a gate, 
for regulating the flow. 2. The 
stream which flows through a flood- 
gate. 3. Any thing regarded as flow- 
ing in a stream. [from a 6luice. 

Slui'cy, a. Falling in streams, as 

SlGm, n. £Said to be a contr. of asy- 
lum, vulgarly pron. as'y-lum ; but 
ef. SLUMP.] A dirty back street of 
a city. 

Slum'ber, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
slumerian, fr. sluma, slumber.] 1. 
To sleep lightly ; to doze. 2. To 



sleep. 8. To be in a state of in- 
activity. — n. Light sleep; repose. 

SlOm'BER-oDs, a. Oausiug or invit- 
ing slumber. 

SLfJMP, v. L [-ed;-ing.] [Of. Icel. 
slumpaz, slembaz, to be jolted sud- 
denly.] To sink suddenly through, 
or in, as when walking on snow, &c. 

Slung, imp. & p. p. of Sling. 

Slung'-sh6t, «. A metal ball, with 
a string attached, used for striking. 

Slunk, imp. & p.p. of Slink. 

Slur, v. t. [-red; -ring.] [D.sleu- 
ren, sloren, to train, drag, to do neg- 
ligently.] 1. To soil; to sully. 2. 
To pass lightly. 3. (Mus.) To per- 
form in a smooth, gliding style. — n. 
1. A stain ; hence, slight reproach ; 
also, an innuendo. 2. (Mus.) A mark 
[ ,-— s or s—' ], connecting notes 
to be sung to the same sellable. 

Slush, n. [SeeSLUDGE and Slough.] 

1. Soft mud. 2. A mixture of snow 
and water. 8. A mixture of grease, 
&c, for lubrication. — v.t. [-ed; 
-ING.] To smear with slush. 

SLUT, ft. [D. slet, a rag, a slut, 0. D. 
slodde, a slut.] 1. An untidy woman. 

2. A bitch. [careless. 
SLUT'TISH, a. Like a slut ; untidy ; 
Slut'TISH-ly, adv. In a sluttish 

manner. [sluttish. 

SLUT'TISH-NESS, n. Quality of being 

Sly, a. [-ER ; -est.] [LI. Ger. schlau. 
Of. Sleight.] 1. Artfully dexter- 
ous ; shrewd. 2. Secretly mischiev- 
ous ; insidious. 3. Marked by artful 
and dexterous secrecy. 
Syn.— See Cunning. 

Sly'-bo"ots, n. A sly person. 

Sly'ly, adv . Craftily; insidiously. 

Sly'ness, ft. Quality of being sly. 

Smack, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
smeccan, to taste.] 1. To kiss with a 
loud sound. 2. To be tinctured. — 
v. t. 1. To kiss with a 6harp noise. 2. 
To make a noise with, as the lips, by 
separating them after tasting. 3. To 
crack, as a whip. — n. 1. A loud 
kiss. 2. A quick, sharp noise, as of 
a whip. 3. Taste; flavor. 4. [D. 
smak, A.-S. snacc] A small coasting 
or fishing vessel. 

SMALL, a. [-ER ; -EST.] [A.-S. smal, 
s'mal.] 1. Not large; little; minute. 
2. Being of slight consequence. 3. 
Evincing little worth or ability. 4. 
Not prolonged induration. 5. Weak ; 
mild. — «. Slender part of a thing. 

SMALL'ISH, a. Somewhat small. 

Small'-Xrm§, n.pl. Muskets, rifles, 
pistols, &c. 

SMALL'NESs,n. State of being small ; 
littleness. 

Small'-Pox, ft. [Small, and pox, 
pocks.] An eruptive febrile disease. 

Smalt, n. [See Smelt.] Glass of a 
fine deep blue, used as a pigment. 

SMART, n. [D. smart, smert, allied to 
Lat. m ors, death ] 1. Pungent, lively 
pain. 2. Severe pain of mind. — v. i. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. To feel a lively, pun- 
gent pain. 2. To be punished. — a. 
[-ER ; -EST.] 1. Causing a keen, lo- 
cal pain. 2. Severe ; poignant 3. Vig- 



orous ; sharp. 4. Active ; efficient. 5. 
Vivacious ; witty. 6. Showy ; spruce. 
Syn.— Clever. —Smart lias been much 
used in New England to describe a per- 
son who is intelligent, vigorous, andact- 
ive; as, a smart workman, &c, coinciding 
very nearly with the English sense of 
clever. The nearest approach to this in 
England is in such expressions as, ho 
was smart (pungent or witty) in his re- 
ply. But grnart nin\,smartness, when ap- 
plied to persons, are more commonly 
used in reference to dress; as, a smart 
appearance, &c. 

SMART'LY, adv. Keenly ; sharplv. 
Smart'-mon'ey (-mun'-), n. Money 

paid by a person to buy himself off. 
Smart'NEss, n. Quality of being 

smart or pungent. 
SmXsh, v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] [From the 

root of smite.] To dash to pieces. — 

ft. A breaking to pieces. 
SmXt'TER, v. i. [From the root of 

smite.] To have a slight, superficial 

knowledge. — n. Slight, superficial 

knowledge. 
Smat'ter-er. ft. One who has only 

a superficial knowledge ; a sciolist. 
Smat'ter-ing, n. A slight, super- 
ficial knowledge. 
Smear, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 

smerwian, smerian, fr. smeru, fat.] 

1. To daub. 2. To soil ; to pollute. 
Smell, v. t. [smelled, smelt; 

SMELLING.] [L. Ger. smellen, schme- 
len, to smoke, to reek.] 1. To per- 
ceive by the nose. 2. To give heed 
to. — v. i. 1. To affect the olfactory 
nerves. 2. To have a particular 
smack of any quality. 3. To exercise 
the sense of smeli — n. 1. Sense of 
perception by the nose. 2. Quality 
of any thing which affects the olfac- 
tory organs. 
Syn. — Scent; odor. 

Smell'er, «. 1. One who smells. 2. 
The nose. 

Smelt, imp. & p. p. of Smell. — n. 
[See SMELL.] A small fish, allied to 
the salmon. It emits a peculiar odor, 
whence the name. — v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] [Of. Melt.] To melt as ore. 
in order to separate the metal. 

Smelt'er, «. One who melts ore. 

Smelt'er-y, ft. A place for smelting 
ores. 

Smick'ER, v. i. [Icel. smeikr, slip- 
pery . ] To look amorously or wan - 
tonly. 

Smile, r.?'. [-ed; -ing.] [0. Ger. 
schmiden, allied to Skr. smi, to 
laugh.] 1. To express pleasure or 
kindness in the features of the face. 

2. To look gay and joyous. 3. To 
be propitious. — v. t. To express by 
a smile. — «. 1. Act of smiling ; a 
peculiar look of pleasure, &c. 2. 
Favor ; propitiousness. 

Smil'ing-ly, adv. With a smile. 

Smirch (18), v. t. [From the root of 
smear.] To cloud; to dusk ; to soil. 

Smirk, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
smercian, smearician. Of. SMILE.] 
To look affectedly soft or kind ; to 
smile in an affected manner. — n. 
An affected, conceited, or silly smile. 



£., e, \, b ,v ,y , long ; &,£,!, 6, ij, ¥, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, ve,il, t£rm; pique, fIrm vs6n, 



SMITE 



399 



SNORE 



SMITE, V. t. [SMOTE ; SMITTEN, 
SMIT; SMITING.] [A.-S. smitan.] 1. 
To strike. 2. To kill. 3. To blast. 
4. To affect with passion, as love. 

Smit'er, n. Oae who smites. 

SMfTH, n. [A.-S. smidh.] One who 
works in metals. 

SmIth'er-Y, n. 1. Workshop of a 
smith. 2. Work done by a smith. 

Sm'ith'y, n. Shop of a smith. 

SM'iT'TJEN, p. p. of Smite. 1. Struck; 
killed. 2. Affected by love ; enam- 
ored. 
^Smock, n. [A.-S. smocc] A woman's 
under garment ; a chemise. 

Smoke (20), n. [A.-S. smocca, smcoc] 
1. The visible vapor from a burning 
body. 2. Watery exhalations. — v. i. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To emit smoke. 2. 
To use tobacco in a pipe or cigar. — 
v. t. 1. To apply smoke to. 2. To 
burn or use in smoking, as a cigar. 3. 
To subject to smoke, for the purpose 
of annoying. 

Smoke'-jXck, n. A contrivance for 
turning a spit by means of the as- 
ceuding air in a chimney. 

Smok'er, n. One who smokes. 

Smok'i-ness, n. State of being smoky. 

Smok'y, a. [-er; -est, 142.] 1. 
Emitting smoke. 2. Filled with 
smoke, or with a vapor resembling 
it. 3. Liable to be filled with smoke. 
4 1 Tarnished with, or as with, smoke. 

SMOL'DER, I v. i. [D. smeulen.] To 

Smoul'der, ) waste away by a slow 
and suppressed combustion. 

Smooth, a. [-er; -est.] [A.-S. 
smMhe, smsedhe.] 1. Even ; not 
rough. 2. Gently flowing. 3. Ut- 
tered without obstruction or hesita- 
tion. 4. Bland ; mild. — v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] To make smooth. 

Smooth'ly, adv. Evenly; unob- 
structedly ; blandly. 

Smooth'ness, n. Quality or condi- 
tion of being smooth. 

Smote, imp. of Smile. 

Smoth'er (smtitb/er), v. t. [-ED; 
-IJfG.] [A.-S. smorian.] 1. To kill 
by suffocation. 2. To stifle. 3. To 
repress the action of; to suppress. — 
v._ i. To be suffocated or stifled. 

Smoul'der, v. i. See Smolder. 

SMUG'GLE, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [L. 
Ger. smuggeln, D. smokkelen ; A.-S. 
smedgan, smfogan, to creep, to flow 
or spread gradually.] 1. To import 
or export secretly, contrary to the 
law. 2. To convey clandestinely. 

Smug'gler, n. One who smuggles. 

SMUT, n. [A.-S. smitta.] 1. Foul 
matter, like soot, or the spot which 
it makes. 2. A parasitic fungus on 
grain. 3. Ribaldry ; obscenity. — v. t. 
[-ted; -ting.] 1. To stain with 
smut. 2. To taint with mildew. — 
v. i. 1. To gather or be converted 
into smut. 2. To give off smut ; to 
crock. 

Smutch, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [From 
smoke.] To blacken with smut. — 
n. Stain ; dirty spot. 

Smut'ti-ly, adv. In a smutty man- 
ner. 



SMUT'TI-NESS, n. Quality of being 
smutty. 

SmOt'ty, a. [-ER ; -est, 142.] 1. 
Soiled with smut. 2. Tainted with 
mildew. 8. Obscene. 

Snack, n. [0. & Prov. Eng. snack, 
to snatch, allied to snap.] A share ; 
an equal part or portion. 

SnXf'Fle, n. [L. Ger. snuff, snvffe, 
snvff, a snout, nose.] A bridle con- 
sisting of a bit without branches. — 
v.t. [-ed; -ing.] To bridle; to 
manage with a bridle. 

SnXg, n. [From Gael. & Tr. snaigh, 
snaidh, to cut down, prune, sharpen.] 

1. A short branch, orarough branch. 

2. Trunk of a large tree fixed to the 
bottom of a river at one end, and 
rising to the surface at the other end. 
— v.t. [-GED; -GING.] To injure 
or destroy by or upon a snag. 

Snag'ged, ) a. Full of short, rough 

Snag'gy, J branches or sharp 
points. . 

Snail, n. [A.-S. sn'dgel, sn'dgl, snzel, 
dim. of snaca, snake.] 1. An air- 
breathing moll usk, which moves very 
slowly by creeping. 2. A sluggard. 

Snake, n. [A.-S. snaca, fr. snacan, 
to creep, to sneak.] A serpent of the 
oviparous kind. — v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 

1. To drag, as a snake from a hole. 

2. To wind round spirally, as a large 
rope with a smaller one. 

Snak'y, a. Pertaining to, or resem- 
bling, a snake ; serpentine. 

Snap, v. t. [-ped; -ping.] [Icel. 
snapa.] 1. To break short. 2. To 
strike with a sharp sound. 3. To 
bite or seize suddeuly. 4. To crack, 
as a whip. — v. i. 1. To break short. 

2. To make an effort to bite. 3. To 
utter harsh, angry words. — n. 1. A 
sudden breaking. 2. A sudden seiz- 
ing, or effort to seize, with the teeth. 

3. A crack of a whip. 4. A sudden 
and severe interval, as of cold weath- 
er. 5. A small catch or fastening. 
6. A crisp kind of gingerbread. 

SnXp'-drXg'on, n. 1. A plant and 
its flower. 2. A play in which rai- 
sins are snatched from burning 
brandy. 

SnXp'pish, a. 1. Apt to snap. 2. 
Apt to speak angrily or tartly. 

SnXp'pish-LY, adv. In a snappish 
manner. [snappish. 

SnXp'PISH-NESS, n. Quality of being 

SNARE (4), n. [Icel. snara, snare; 
Goth, snorjo, a string.] 1. A con- 
trivance for entangling birds, &c. ; a 
trap ; a wile. 2. Any thing by which 
one is entangled. "3. String across 
the lower head of a drum. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To catch with a snare ; 
to entangle. 

Snarl, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [0. D. 
snarren.] 1. To growl, as an angry 
dog. 2. To speak roughly. — v. t. 
[From snare.] 1. To entangle. 2. 
To embarrass ; to insnare. — n. A 
complication of hair, thread, or the 
like ; hence, embarrassing difficulty. 

SnXrl'ER, n. One who snarls. 

SnXtch, v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] [0. Eng. 



snack, to snatch.] To seize abruptly, 
or without permission. — n. 1. A 
hasty seizing. 2. An attempt to 
seize suddenly. 3. A small piece or 
quantity. 

SNXTCH'ER, n. One who snatches. 

SNXTH, n. [A.-S. snsed.] The handlo 
of a scythe. 

SNEAK, V. i. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. 
snican, snacan. Cf. Snake.] 1 To 
creep or steal away privately. 2. To 
behave with meanness and servility. 

— n. A mean, sneaking fellow. 
SNEAK'ING, p. a. 1. Mean; servile. 

2. Covetous ; niggardly. 

SNEAK'ING-LY, adv. Meanly. 

Sneer, v.i. [-ed; -ing.] [Cf. snort, 
to laugh loudly.] To show contempt 
by turning up the nose, by a partic- 
ular cast of countenance, or by a 
covert expression. 

Syx.— To scoff; jeer. — The verb to 
sneer implies to cast contempt indirectly 
or by covert expressions. To jeer is 
Btronger, and denotes the use of severe 
sarcastic reflections. To scoff is stronger 
still, impl) 7 ing the use of insolent mock- 
ery and derision. 

— n. 1. A look of contempt or de- 
rision. 2. An expression of ludicrous 
scorn. 

Sneer'er, n. One who sneers. 

Sneer'ing-ly, adv. With a look of 
contempt. 

Sneeze, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Cf. 
A.-S. fneosan, to sneeze.] To emit 
air through the nose, audibly and 
violently, —rn. A sudden and vio- 
lent ejection of air through the nose. 

Snick'ER, v. i. [Prov. Ger. schnickern, 
from schnicken, to move quickly.] 1. 
To laugh slyly. 2. To laugh with 
small, audible catches of voice. — n. 
A half-suppressed broken laugh. 

Sniff, v. i. [See Snuff.] To draw 
air audibly up the nose. — v. t. 1. 
To draw in with the breath through 
the nose. 2. To scent ; to smell. — n. 

1. Perception by sniffing. 2. That 
which is taken by sniffing. 

SNlG'GER, n. and v. See SNICKER. 

Snip, v. t. [-ped ; -ping.] [Cf. Nip.] 
To cut off ; to nip. — n. 1. A single 
cut, as with scissors. 2. A small 
shred. 

SNIPE, n. [H. Ger. schnebbe, schnibbe, 
bill ; — so named from its long bill.] 
A bird that frequents the banks of 
rivers and the borders of fens. 

Sniv'jel (snlv'l), n. [Cf. Sniff and 
Snuffle.] Mucus running from 
the nose.— v.i. [-ED,-ING ; or -LED, 
-LING, 137.] 1. To run at the nose. 

2. 'lo cry, as children. 
SNlv'-EL-ER, In. One who cries with 
SnIv'£L-ler, ) snivelling. 
SNOB, n. [Prov. Eng. snob, snot, snot 3 

a miserable fellow.] A vulgar person, 
who apes gentility, or affects the in- 
timacy of distinguished persons. 

Snob'bish, a. Relati'ig to a snob. 

Snooze, n. [A modif. of snvff, to 
snort.] A short sleep ; a nap. 
[ Colloq.] — v. i. To sleep ; to doze. 

Snore, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
snora, a snoring ; Icel. snarka, to 



OR, DO, WOLF, TO~OjTOOtt; URN, RUE, PULL ; e, I, O, silent; c,G,sq/i:; €, G, hard; Ag; E£IST ; N as NG ; THIS. 



SNORT 



400 



SOFT 



erackle.] To breathe with a hoarse 
noise in sleep. — n. A breathing 
with a harsh noise in sleep. 

Snort, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [From 
snore.] To force the air with vio- 
lence through the nose, as a horse. 

Snot, n. [A.-S.J Mucus in or from 
the nose. [mean; dirty. 

Snot'TY, a. Foul with snot ; hence, 

SNOUT, n. [Icel. snildr.] 1. The 
long, projecting nose of a beast. 2. 
Nozzle or end of a hollow pipe. 

SNOW, n. f A.-S. snaw.] Watery par- 
ticles congealed into white or trans- 
parent crystals, or flakes, in the air. 
— v. i. [-ED : -ING.] To fall in snow. 

Snow'-ball, n. A round mass of 
snow pressed together. — v. t. [~ED ; 
-ING.] To pelt with snow-balls. 

Snow'-Bird, n. The popular name 
of various birds which appear in 
time of snow. 

Snow'-blind'NESS, n. Blindness 
caused by the light from snow. 

Snow'-drift, n. A bank of snow 
driven together by the wind. 

Snow'-droP, n. A bulbous plant 
bearing white flowers. 



A machine for 
throwing snow 



Snow-shoe. 
White as snow. 



Snow'-plow, 

SnSw'-plough, 
from a railway. 

SNOW'-SHOE,n. 
A light frame, 
worn to prevent 
the feet from 
sinking into 
snow. 

Snow'-whjte, < 

Snow'y, a. 1. White like snow. 2. 
Full of snow. 

Snub, v. t. [-bed; -bing.] [Icel. 
snubba, to rebuke. Cf. Snip.] 1. To 
check or rebuke with a tart, sarcas- 
tic remark. 2. To slight designedly. 

Snub'-nose, n. [Prov. Eng. snub, to 
stunt.] "A, short or flat nose. 

Snuff, n. [Ger. schnuppe, fr. schnup- 
pen, for schnupfen.] 1. Part of a 
candle-wick charred by the flame. 

2. Pulverized tobacco for snuffing up 
into the nose. — v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] 

1. To inhale. 2. To scent; to smell. 

3. To take off the end of the snuff of. 
— v. i. 1. To inhale air with noise. 

2. To take offense. 

Snuff'- bSx, n. A box for carrying 
snuff about the person. 

SNUFF'ER, n. 1. One who snuffs. 2. 
pi. An instrument for cropping the 
snuff of a candle. 

SnOf'fle, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [D. 
snuffelen.] To speak or breathe hard 
through the nose ; to sniffle. — n. 1. 
Sound made by air passing through 
the nostrils. 2. An affected nasal 
twang. 

SnOf'fle R, n. One who snuffles. 

Snuf'flbs (sntifflz), n. pi. Obstruc- 
tion of the nose by mucus. 

SnOff'y, a. Soiled with snuff. 

SnOg, a. [-GER ; -GEST.] [Allied to 
A.-S. snican, to creep.] 1. Closely 
pressed. 2. Concealed. 3. Compact, 
convenient, and comfortable — v. i. 
[See infra.] To lie close. 



Snug'gle, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [From 
snug.] To move one way and the 
other to get a close place. 

Snug'ly, adv. Closely ; safely. 

Snug'NESS, n. State of being snug. 

So, adv. [A.-S. swa.] 1. In that 
manner or degree. 2. Thus. 3. In 
such manner. 4. Very ; in a high 
degree. 5. In this or that condition. 
6. Therefore. — conj. Provided that ; 
in case that. 

SOAK, v.t. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. socian. 
Cf. SUCK.] 1. To steep. 2. To 
drench; to wet thoroughly. — v. i. 

1. To lie .steeped in water or other 
fluid. 2. To enter into pores or in- 
terstices. 

Soak'ER, n. A hard drinker. [Low.] 

Soap (20), n. [A.-S. sape, Lat. sapo.] 
A compound of acids obtained from 
a fatty body, with alkalies or oxides. 
— v. t. [-ed; -Ing.] To rub or 
_wash over with soap. 

Soap'-BOIL/er, n. One who makes 
soap. 

Soap'-stone, n. A soft magnesian 
mineral, having a soapy feel. 

SoAP'-SUDg, n. pi. Water impreg- 
nated with soap. 

SOAP'Y, a. 1. Resembling, or having 
the qualities of, soap. 2. Smeared 
with soap. 

Soar, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [It. sorare, 
fr. Lat. ex andaura, the air.] 1. To 
fly aloft, as a bird. 2. To rise in 
imagination. — n. A towering flight. 

Sob, v. i. [-bed; -bing.] [A.-S. 
sedfian, siqfian, to complain, bewail.] 
To sigh with a sudden heaving of the 
breast. — n. 1. A convulsive sigh. 

2. Any sorrowful cry. 

So'ber, a. [-er;-est.] [Lat. so- 
brius.] 1. Habitually temperate in 
the use of spirituous liquors. 2. Not 
intoxicated. 3. Self-controlled. 4. 
Serious. — v.t. or i. [-ED; -ING.] 
To make or become sober. 

So'BER-LY, adv. In a sober manner. 

So'ber-mind'ed, a. Having a dis- 
position or temper habitually sober. 

So'ber-ness, n. State of being so- 
ber ;_ temperance ; gravity. 

So-BRI'E-TY, n. 1. Habitual sober- 
ness or temperance. 2. Habitual 
freedom from passion. 3. Gravity 
without sadness^ 

Sobriquet (so'bre-ka'), n. [Fr., 
from sot, foolish, and 0. Fr. briquet, 
id.] A nickname. 

Soc, n. [A.-S. sue, power of holding 
court, sway, domain.] 1. Power or 
privilege of holding a court in a dis- 
trict. 2. Liberty of tenants excused 
from customary burdens. 

Soc'AGE, n. A tenure of lands and 
tenements by a determinate service. 

SO'CIA-BIL'I-TY (so'sha-), n. Quality 
of being sociable. 

So'cia-ble (so'sha-bl), a. [Lat. so- 
ciabilis, fr. socius, a companion.] 1. 
Disposed to company. 2. Ready to 
converse. 3. Affording opportuni- 
ties for conversation. 

So'cia-ble-ness (so'sha-bl-), n. In- 
I clination to company and converse. 



S6'CIA-BLY (so'sha-), adv. In a so- 
ciable manner ; familiarly. 

So'ciAL, a. [Lat. socialis ; socius, a 
companion.] 1. Pertaining to soci- 
ety. 2. Disposed to mix in friendly 
converse. 3. Consisting in mutual 
converse. 

So'ciAL-f§M, n. Doctrine or theory 
of a better arrangement of the so- 
cial relations of mankind than that 
which has hitherto prevailed. 

So'cial-isT, n. One who advocates 
socialism. [like, socialism. 

SO'dAL-i'sT'lc, a. Relating to, or 

So/ci-Xl'i-TY (-shi-, 95), n. Quality 
of being social. [render social. 

SO'CIAL-IZE, v. t. [-ED;-ING.] To 

So'cial-ly, adv. In a social way. 

So-cI'E-TY, n. [Lat. soc i etas ; socius, 
a companion.] 1. A number of per- 
sons associated. 2. Any community, 
esp. the more cultivated portion of 
any community. 3. Companionship. 

So-cin'i-an, a. Pertaining to Socinus 
or his religious creed. — n. One of 
the followers of Socinus. 

So-cIn'i-AN-ism, n. Tenets of those 
who deny the Trinity, the deity of 
Christ, the vicarious atonement, &c. 

So'ci-ol'o-GY (so'shl-), n. The phi- 
losophy of human society ; social 



Sock, n. [Lat. so ecus, a low- 
light shoe.] A covering for the foot ; 
esp. the shoe worn by an ancient 
actor of comedy. 

Sock'et, n. [From sock.] An open- 
ing into which any thing is fitted. 

So-crat'ic, ) a. Pertaining to 

So-crat'ic-al, ] Socrates, or to his 
manner of teaching; i. e. by ques- 
tions leading to the desired result. 

So-crAt'ic-al-ly, adv. In the So- 
cratic method. 

Sod, n. [D. zode, zod.] Earth filled 
with the roots of grass ; turf. — v. t. 
[-DED; -DING.] To cover with sod ; 
to turf. 

So'DA, n. [From Lat. salsus, salted.] 
An alkali composed of one equivalent 
of oxygen and one of sodium. 

SO-DAL'I-TY, n. [Lat. sodalitas; so- 
dalis, a comrade.] A fraternity. 

So'da-wa/ter, n. Simple water 
highly charged with carbonic acid. 

Sod'den, p. p. of Seethe. 

So'Dl-tJM, n. [N. Lat., fr. soda.] A 
yellowish-white metallic element; 
the metallic base of soda. 

Sod'OM-ITE, n. 1. An inhabitant of 
Sodom. 2. One guilty of sodomy. 

Sod'om-y, n. Unnatural copulation. 

So'fa (20), n. [At. soffah, fr. saffa, 
to dispose in order.] A long orna- 
mental seat, with a stuffed bottom. 

So'fI, n. ,• pi. so'Flg. [Per. stofi, or 
sDfi.] A dervish. " [the Sofis. 

So'fism, n. Doctrine or principles of 

Sof'fit, n. [It. soffitta, soffitto, fr. 
Lat. suffixus. fastened beneath or be- 
low.] Under side of staircases, arch- 
wavs, cornices, &c. 

Soft (21), a. [-er: -est.] [A.-S. 
sdfte, s8ft.] 1. Easily jielding to 
pressure. 2. Not rougb to the touch. 



A, E, I, 5, u, y, long; X, fi,I, 6, u, ¥, short; cAre, fXr, ask, all, what-, ere, veil, TliRM; pique, fIrm; s6n. 



SOFTEN 



401 



SOLSTICE 



3. Agreeable to any sense or feel. 4. 
Effeminate. 5. Gentle in action or 
motion. 6. Not tinged with salts, 
as water. 7. Easy; quiet. — adv. 
Gently ; quietly. 

S6ft'£N (sofn), v. t. or i. [-ED; 
-ING.] To make or become soft or 
more soft. 

Soft'-heart'ed, a. Gentle ; meek. 

Soft'ly, adv. In a soft manner ; 

gently ; quietly ; mildly. 
^Soft'ness, n. Quality of being soft. 

SOG'GY, a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] [Icel. 
soggr, damp. Cf. SOAK.] Filled 
with water ; wet. 

So-HO', inter]. A word used in call- 
ing from a distant place. 

Sor-D/SAivrfswa'de'zong'), a. [Fr.] 
Calling himself ; self-styled. 

Soil, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [A.-S. sylian, 
sS/an.] 1. To make dirty on the 
surface. 2. To cover with any thing 
extraneous. 3. To manure. — v.t. 
[0. Fr. saoler, saouler, to satiate, 
Lat. satidlare, from satullus, dim. of 
satur, sated.] To feed, as cattle with 
green food cut for them. — n. 1. 
Dirt ; foulness ; spot. 2. Stain ; 
tarnish. 3. [Lat. solum, bottom, 
soil.] Upper stratum of the earth ; 
mold. 4. Compost ; manure. 

Soiree (swa'ra'), n. [Fr., fr. soir, 
evening.] An evening party. 

So'joOrn, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [From 
Lat. sub, under, about, and diurnus, 
belonging to the day.] To dwell for 
a time. — n. A temporary residence. 

So'journ-er, n. A temporary resi- 
dent, [porary residence. 

So'JOURN-MENT (so'jurn-), n. Tem- 

Sol (20), n. A syllable applied to the 
fifth tone of the diatonic scale. 

Sol 'ace, v. t. [-eb ; -iNG.] 1. To 
cheer in grief. 2. To assuage. 

Syn. — To comfort; alleviate; allay. 
— n. [Lat. solatium, fr. solari, to 
comfort.] Alleviation of grief, anx- 
iety, or distress. 
Syn. — See Comfort. 

Sol'ace-ment, n. Act of solacing, or 
state of being solaced. 

Sd'LAR, a. [Lat. Solaris; sol, the 
sun.] 1. Pertaining to, or proceed- 
ing from, the sun. 2. Measured by 
the progress of the sun. 

Sold, imp. & p. p. of Sell. 

Sol'der, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
solidare, fr. solidus, solid.] To unite 
the surfaces of, as metals, by means 
of a more fusible metal. — n. A me- 
tallic composition for uniting the 
surface of metals. 

Sol'dier (solder, 77), n. [Lat. soli- 
dus, a piece of money, pay of a sol- 
dier.] 1. One who is engaged in 
military service, especially a private. 
2. A brave warrior. 

Sol'dier-LY (sol'jer-), a. Like or 
becoming a real soldier ; brave ; 
martial. [body of soldiers. 

SOL'DIER-Y (sol'der-), n. A collective 

Sole, n. [A.-S. ; Lat. solea.] 1. Bot- 
tom of the foot. 2. Bottom of a 
shoe or boot. 3. Bottom or lower 



part of any thing. 4. [Lat. solea.] 
A marine flat fish. — v.t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To furnish witli a sole. — a. 
[Lat. solus.] 1. Being or acting with- 
out another. 2. Unmarried. 

SoL'E-cisM, n. [Gr. o-oAoucto-ju.6?, fr. 
the corruption of the Attic dialect 
by the Athenian colonists of 26Aoi, 
in Cilicia.] 1. Impropriety in lan- 
guage, or a gross deviation from the 
rules of syntax. 2. Any absurdity. 
Syx. — Barbarism. 

Sol'E-cist, n. One wh^ commits a 
solecism. 

Sol'e-cist'I€, a. Pertaining to, or 
involving, a solecism. 

Sole'ly (109), adv. Singly ; alone. 

Sol'emn (sol'em), a. [Lat. solemnis, 
solennis, from Oscan sollus, all, and 
Lat. annus, a year, prop, that which 
takes place every year, esp. religious 
solemnities.] 1. Marked with religious 
rites and pomps. 2. Fitted to awaken 
or express serious reflections. 3. Af- 
fectedly grave. 
Syn.— See Grave. 

So-lem'ni-ty, n. 1. A religious rite 
or ceremony. 2. A steady serious- 
ness. 3. Affected gravity. 4. Ap- 
pearance calculated* to inspire with 
solemn feelings. 

Sol'em-ni-za'tion, n. Act of sol- 
emnizing; celebration. 

SOL'EM-NIZE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To perform with solemn ceremonies 
or legal forms. 2. To celebrate ; to 
make famous. [emn manner. 

Sol'emn-ly (-em-), adv. In a sol- 

Sol-fa', v. i. [-ED ; -ING, 144.] [From 
the syllables sol, fa.] To pronounce 
the notes of the gamut. 

Sol-feg'gio (sol-fed/jo), n. [It., 
fr. solfa, the gamut.] (Mus.) Sys- 
tem of arranging the scale by the 
names do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si, by 
which singing is taught. 

So-lic'it,v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
sollicitare, solid tare, fr. sollicitus. 
wholly moved, from Oscan sollus, 
whole, and citus, moved.] 1. To ask 
from with earnestness. 2. To en- 
deavor to obtain. 3. To excite to 
action ; to invite. 

Syx. — To ask; request; (supplicate; 
entreat; implore; importune. 

So-lIc'it-a'TION, n. 1. Act of so- 
liciting. 2. Invitation. 

So-lIc'it-OR, n. 1. One who solicits. 
2. One admitted to practice in a 
court of chancery or equity. 

SO-LlC'IT-OR-GEN'ER-AL,?!. A legal 
officer of the crown. [Eng.] 

So-Ltc'IT-ous, a. Eager to obtain, or 
anxious to avoid ; concerned. 

So-Llc'lT-oiJS-LY/, adv. Anxiously. 

So-LI^MT-RESS, n. A woman who 
solicits. 

So-Lic'l-TUDE (30), n. Uneasiness 
of mind occasioned by the fear of 
evil or the desire of good. 

Sol'id, a. [Lat. solidus, from solum, 
the bottom.] 1. Having the con- 
stituent parts firmly cohering. 2. 
Not hollow or spongy ; dense. 3. 



Cubic. 4. Worthy of credit, trust, 
or esteem. 

Syx.— Hard. — Solid and hard both 
relate to the internal constitution of 
bodies; but hard denotes a firmer ad- 
herence of the component parts than 
solid. Hard is opposed to soft, and 
solid to fluid or liquid. Wood is always 
solid ; but some kinds of wood are hard, 
and others are soft. 

— n. 1. A firm, compact substance 
held in a fixed form by cohesion 
among its particles. 2. A magnitude 
which has length, breadth, and 
thickness. 

SdL'l-DAR'l-TY, n. [Fr. solidaritd, 
fr. solide, solid.] Consolidation of 
interests and lvsponsibilities. 

So-lid'i-fi-ca/tion, n. Act of mak- 
ing solid. _ 

So-lTd'i-fy, v. t. or i. [-ed ; -ing, 
142 = ] [Lat. solidus, solid, and facere, 
to make.] To make or become solid. 

So-LID'I-TY, 11. 1. State of being 
solid. 2. Moral firmness or sound- 
ness. 3. Solid contents of a body. 

S6l'id-ly, adv. Densely ; compact- 
ly ; firmly. 

Sol'id-ness, n. Quality of being 
solid ; solidity. 

SoL / lD-UN'GU-LOUS,a. [Lat. solidus, 
solid, and ungula, a hoof.] Having 
hoofs that are not cloven. 

SoL'l-Ff d'I-an, 11. [Lat. solus, alone, 
and fides, faith.] One who main- 
tains that faith alone is sufficient for 
justification. — a. Pertaining to the 
Solifidians. 

SO-LIL'O-QUIZE, V. i. [-ED; -ING./ 
To utter a soliloquy. 

So-LIL'O-QUY, n. [Lat. soliloquium \ 
solus, alone, and loqui, to speak.] A 
talking to one's self. 

Sol'I-ped, n. [Lat. solus, alone, and 
pes, pedis, a foot.] An animal whose 
hoof is not cloven. 

Sol'i-taire', n. [Fr. See Solita 
RY.] A certain game which one per- 
son can play alone. [solitary. 

Sol'I-ta-ri-ness, n. State of being 

SOL'I-TA-RY, a. [Lat. solitarius, fr. 
solus, alone.] 1. Inclined to be alone ; 
living alone. 2. Not much visited ; 
retired. 3. Single ; individual. — n. 
One who lives alone ; a recluse. 

Sol'I-tude (30), n. [Lat. solitudo, 
fr. solus, alone.] 1. A state of being 
alone. 2. Destitution of company. 
3. A lonely place. 

Syn. — Loneliness; seclusion ; retire- 
ment. — Retirement is a withdrawal from 
general society. Solitude describes the 
fact that a person is alone; seclusion, 
that he is shut out from others, usually 
by his own choice; loneliness, that hO 
feels the pain and oppression of being 
alone. 

Sol'mi-za'TION, n. [From the mu- 
sical notes sol, mL] Act of sol-faing. 

So'LO, n. ; pi. so'lo§. [It., from 
Lat. solus, alone.] A tune or strain, 
played by a single instrument, or 
sung by a single voice. 

S6l'stI<J:e, «. [Lat. solstitium, from 
sol, sun, and sistere, stiti, to cause 
to stand.] Point in the ecliptic at 
which the sun is furthest from the 



( 



OR, DO, WpLF, TO"0, TOOK ; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; 

26 



C, G, soft; €, G, hard: Ag; EJIST; n as NG; THIS- 



SOLSTITIAL 



402 



SOREL 



equator, or time of the sun's enter- 
ing such point. 

Sol-sti'tial (-stish'al), a. Relating 
to, or happening at, a solstice, esp. 
the summer solstice. [solution. 

Sol'u-bil'i-ty, n. Susceptibility of 

Soi/u-ble, a. [Lat. solubilis, fr. sol- 
vere, to loosen, dissolve.] Capable 
of solution. 

So-LU'TION, n. [Lat. solutio, from 
solvere, to loosen, dissolve.] 1. Dis- 
entanglement of any intricate prob- 
lem or question. 2. Disintegration. 
3. Action by which a solid becomes 
fluid when brought in contact with 
a fluid. 4. Preparation made by 
dissolving a solid in a liquid. 

Sol'u-tive, a. Tending to dissolve. 

Solv'a-bil'i-ty, n. Ability to pay 
all just debts. 

S6lv'a-ble , a. 1. Capable of being 
solved. 2. Capable of being paid. 

Sol v'a-ble -ness, ». Quality of be- 
ing solvable. 

S6lve, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. sol- 
vere.] 1. To loosen or separate the 
parts of. 2. To clear up, as what is 
obscure. [debts. 

Solvency, n. Ability to pay all 

Solv-END', n. [Lat. solvendus, from 
solvere. See SOLUTION.] A sub- 
stance to be dissolved. 

Solvent, a. 1. Having the power 
of dissolving. 2. Able to pay all 
just debts. — n. A fluid that dis- 
solves any substance. 

^olv'er, n. One who solves. 

SO'MA-TOL'O-GrYjM. [Gr. <rw/u.a,tr<Va- 
tos, body,Aoyos, discourse.] Doctrine 
of the general properties of bodies. 

Som'BER, ) a. [From Lat. sub umbra, 

Som'breJ under shade.] Dull; 
dusky ; cloudy ; gloomy. 

Som'broDs, a. Gloomy ; somber. 

S6me (sum), a. [A.-S. sum.] 1. Con- 
sisting of a greater or less portion. 
2. A certain. 3. Not much ; a lit- 
tle. 4. About ; near. 5. A part ; a 
portion ; — used pronominally . 

S6me'bod-y (sum'-), n. 1. A person 
unknown or indeterminate. 2. A 
person of consideration. [other. 

S6me'how, adv. In one way or an- 

Som'er-sault ) (sum'er-), n. [Cor- 

S6m'er-set j rupted fr. Fr. sou- 
bresaut, fr. Lat. supra, over, and 
saltus, a leap.] 1. A leap with heels 
over head. 2. A sudden and com- 
plete change. 

S6me'thing, n. 1. A thing unde- 
termined. 2. A part ; a portion, 
more or less. — adv. In some de- 
gree ; somewhat. 

S6me'time, adv. 1. Once; former- 
ly. 2. At one time or other here- 
after, [and then. 

So ME 'TIME §, adv. At times; now 

S6 ME 'what, n. A certain quantity 
or degree, indeterminate. — adv. In 
some degree or quantity. 

S6me'where, adv. In one place 
or another. 

Som-nXm'bu-la'tion, n. [Lat. som- 
mis, sleep, and ambulatio, a walking 
about.] Act of walking in sleep 



Som-nam'bu-lI€, a. Walking in 

sleep. [sleep. 

Som-nam'bu-lism, n. A walking in 

Som-nam'bu-list, n. One who walks 
in his sleep. 

SOM-NIF'ER-OUS, a. [Lat. somnifer ; 
somnus, sieep, and ferre, to bring.] 
Causing or inducing sleep. 

SOM-NiF'l€,a. [Lat. somnificus ; som- 
nus, sleep, and facere, to make.] 
Causing sleep. [in his sleep. 

Som-nil'o QU'ist, n. One who talks 

Som-nil'o-quous, a. [Lat. somnus, 
sleep, and loqui, to speak.] Apt to 
talk in sleep. [sleep. 

Som-nil'o-quy, n. A talking in 

Som'no-lence, )n. [Lat. somno- 

Som'no-len-'cy, J lentia.] Sleepi- 
ness ; drowsiness. 

Som'no-lent, a. Sleepy ; drowsy. 

S6m'no-lent-ly, adv. In a somno- 
lent manner. 

Son (sQn), n. [A.-S. sunu, Skr. sunu, 
from 5ft, to beget.] 1. A male child. 
2. A male descendant, however dis- 
tant. 3. Any male person spoken 
of as a child. 4. Produce of any 
thing. 5. Jesus Christ. 

So'nant, a. [L&t. sonans, sounding.] 
1. Pertaining to sound. 2. (Pron.) 
Uttered with intonated or resonant 
breath ; vocal, not surd. 

So-na'ta, n. [It , from sonare, to 
sound.] An extended musical com- 
position for one or two instruments. 

Song, n. [A.-S., fr. singan, to sing.] 
1. A short poem to be sung. 2. A 
lay ; a poem. 3. A mere trifle. 

Song'ster, n. One who sings ; espe- 
cially a bird that sings. 

Song'stress, n. A female singer. 

So-nif'er-oOs, a. [Lat. sonus, sound, 
and ferre, to produce.] Producing 
sound. 

Son'-in-law (155), n. A man mar- 
ried to one's daughter. 

Son'net, n, [It. sonetto, fr. suono,& 
sound, song, fr. Lat. sonus, a sound.] 
A rhymed poem of fourteen lines. 

Son'net-eer', n. A composer of son- 
nets or small poems ; — usually in 
contempt. 

So-NO'ROUS (118), a. [Lat. sonorus, 
fr. sonor,n, sound.] 1. Giving a clear 
or loud sound. 2. Yielding sound ; 
vocal. 3. Magnificent in respect of 
sound. [manner. 

So-no'rous-LY, adv. In a sonorous 

So-n5'ro0s-ness, n. Quality of be- 
ing sonorous, [son; filiation. 

SON'SHIP, n. State or character of a 

SOON (28), adv. [A.-S. sona, suna.] 
1. In a short time. 2. Readily ; wil- 
lingly. 

SOOT (sdbt or so"ot), n. [A.-S. & Icel. 
sdt.] A black substance formed by 
combustion, — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To foul with soot. 

So~OT'ER-KiN,n. [Cf. Prov. Ger. sut- 
tern, to boil gently.] A kind of false 
birth. [ality. 

So~OTH, n. [A.-S. sddh.] Truth ; re- 

Soothe, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
gesodhiun, to soothe, flatter.] 1. To 
flatter. 2. To soften ; to assuage. 



So~OTH'ER, n. One who soothes. 

Sooth'say, v. i. To predict. 

Sooth'say-er, n. A prognosticator. 

Sooth'say-ing, n. The foretelling 
of events. 

Soot'i-ness (sd&tf- or soW-), n. 
Quality of being sooty. 

SOOT'Y (sdbt'y or sObfy"), a. [-ER; 
-EST, 142.] Producing, pertaining 
to, consisting of, or soiled by, soot. 

Sop, n. [A.-S. supe, fr. supan, to sip, 
taste, soak.] 1. Something eatable 
steeped in any liquid. 2. Any thing 
given to pacify. — v. t. [-fed; 
-ping.] To steep or dip in liquor. 

So'PHl, n. See Son. 

SOPH'ISM, n. [Lat. cro^iafia, fr. <r«<J>i- 
getrOau, to play the sophist.] Any fal- 
lacy designed to deceive. 

SOPH'IST, n. [Gr. <ro<£ioT7?s.] A cap- 
tious or fallacious reasoner. 

S6ph'ist-er,«. [See supra.] (Eng. 
Universities.) A student advanced 
beyond the first year of his residence. 

So-PHisT'l€-AL,"a. Pertaining to a 
sophist, or embodying sophistry. 

So-ph'ist'I€-AL-ly, adv. In a sophis- 
tical manner. 

SO-PHIST'I-OATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To render worthless by admixture ; 
to pervert. 

So-phist'i-€ATE, ) a. Adulter- 

So-phTst'i-ca'ted, ) ated ; not 
genuine. 

So-PHlST'i-CA'TION, n. Adulteration ; 
debasement^ [adulterates. 

So-PHisT'i-eA'TOR, n. One who 

S6ph'ist-ry,m. Fallacious reasoning. 

Soph'O-more, n. [Prob. fr. Soph or 
Sophisttr, and Gr. fxwpos, foolish.] 
One belonging to the second of the 
four classes in an American college. 

Soph'o-mor'ic, \ a. Pertaining 

S6ph'o-mor'I€-al, J to, or like, a 
sophomore: inflated in style. [Amer.] 

SoP'O-RiF'ie, a. [Lat. sopor, a heavy 
sleep, andfacere, to make.] Causing, 
or tending to cause, sleep. — n. A 
medich2e to induce sleep. 

Sop'o-rose/(125), ) a. [Lat. soporus.] 

SoP'o-RoOs, } Causing sleep. 

So-PR'A'NO, n. [It., fr. soprano, su- 
perior, highest.] The treble ; the 
highest female voice. 

S6r'CER-ER, n. [L. Lat. sortiarius, 
fr. Lat. sors, sortis, a lot, fate.] A 
conjurer ; an enchanter. 

Sor'cer-ess, n. A female sorcerer. 

Sor'^er-OUS, a. Relating to sorcery. 

S6r'CER-y, n. Divination by the as- 
sistance of evil spirits : magic. 

Sor'did, a. [Lat. sordidus.] 1. Vile ; 
base. 2. Meanly avaricious. 

Sor'did-LY, adv. Meanly ; basely; 
covetously. [liness. 

Sor'did-ness, n. Baseness ; niggard- 

Sore, n. [A.-S. s&r.] 1. A part of 
flesh ruptured or bruised, so as to be 
painful. 2. An ulcer. — a. [-ER; 
-EST] 1. Tender ; painful. 2. Easily 
pained, grieved, or vexed. 3. Severe; 
afflictive ; distressing. — adv. i. 
With pain. 2. Greatly ; violently. 

Sor'el, n. [Dim. of sore, a buck.] A 
buck of the third year. 



I, £, I, 6,U, Y,long; X,*,I,6,U, Y, short; CARE, FJVR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM 



s6n, 



SORELY 



403 



SOVEREIGN 



SoRE'LY,a<7i>. Grievously ; greatly, 

Sore'ness, n. State of being sore; 
tenderness ; painfuluess. 

S6r'GHUM (sor'gum), n. A genus of 
canes, of which some species are used 
for the manufacture of sugar. 

SO-Rt'TES, n. [Gr. o-wpeiTTj? (sc. trvk- 
Xoyio-/u.6s), lit. heaped up; hence, a 
heap of syllogisms.] An abridged 
form €>f stating a series of syllogisms. 

So-ROR'I-CIDE, n. [Lat. sororicida, 
fr. soror, a sister, and ciedere, to kill.] 
The murder, or the murderer, of a 
sister. 

Sor'rel, a. [0. Fr. sor, sore, yellow- 
ish, brown.] Of a yellowish or red- 
dish brown color. — n. 1. A yellowish 
or reddish brown color. 2. [A.-S. stir, 
sour.] A plant having a sour juice. 

SoR'RT-LY, adv. In a pitiful manner. 

Sor'row, n. [A.-S. sorg, sorli, allied 
to sore.] Pain of mind produced by 
the loss of any good, real or sup- 
posed, or by disappointment in the 
expectation of good ; regret. 

Syit.— Grief; sadness. — Sorrow de- 
notes suffering of rnind, from the loss of 
some good, or disappointment in our ex- 
pectation of good. Grief expresses a 
poignant or uncontrollable degree of 
6orrow, which presses down the mind 
under a sense of loss. Sadness is that de- 
pression of thought and feeling which is 
a frequent but not invariable result of 
sorrow. 

— v. i. [-ED; -ING.] To feel pain 
of mind in consequence of evil expe- 
rienced, feared, or done. 

Sor'row-ful, a. 1. Full of sorrow. 
2. Producing sorrow. 3. Expressing 
sorrow. [ful manner. 

Sor'ROW-ful-ly, adv. In a sorrow- 

Sor'ROW-ful-ness, n. State of be- 
ing sorrowful ; grief. 

Sor'ry, a. [-ER ; -est, 142.] [Allied 
. to sorrow and sore.] 1. Grieved ; 
pained for some evil. 2. Melancholy ; 
dismal. 3. Poor ; mean. 

SORT, n. [Lat. sors, sortis, a lot, part.] 

1. A kind or species. 2. Manner ; 
form. 3. Degree of any quality. 

Out of sorts, in ill-humor; unwell. 

Syn. — Kind. — Kind originally de- 
noted things of the same family, or 
bound together by some natural affinity ; 
and hence, a class. So7-t signifies that 
which constitutes a particular lot or par- 
cel, notimplying, necessarily, the idea of 
affinity, but of mere assemblage. The 
two words are now used to a great extent 
interchangeably. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To separate 
and place in distinct classes. 2. To 
reduce to order. 3. To select ; to 
cull. — v. i. 1. To be joined with 
others of the same species ; to agree. 

2. To associate. 3. To suit ; to fit. 
S6rt'a-ble, a. Capable of being 

sorted. 
Eor'tie, n. [Fr., from sortir, to go 

out.] The issuing of troops from a 

besieged place to attack the besiegers. 
SGlt'Tl-LE&E, n. [Lat. sors, sortis, a 

lot, and legere, to select.] A drawing 

of lots. 
S6'-so, a. Passable ; tolerable. 
Sot, n. [A.-S. sot, L. Lat. sottus, fr. 



Chald. shoteh, foolish.] An habitual 
drunkard. 

Sot'tish, a. Dull or stupid, especially 
with intemperance. 

S6t'TISH-LY, adv. Stupidly. 

Sot'TISH-NESS, n. Stupidity , especial- 
ly from intoxication. 

Sotto Voce (sot' to vo'chil). [It.] 
With a restrained voice. 

Sou (sob),M. ; pi. sous (soo). [B'r. sou, 
sol, from Lat. solidus. See Soldier.] 
A French money , and coin, worth the 
20th part of a franc. 

Sou-choNG', n. [Chin, se ou r.hong, 
i. e., small, good quality.] A kind of 
black tea. 

Sough (sai), t. i. [-ed; -ing.j [A.-S. 
seqfian, siqftan, to groan. Cf. SIGH 
and Sob.] To whistle or sigh, as the 
wind. — n. A buzzing or hollow mur- 
mur. 

Sought (sawt), imp. & p. p. of Seek. 

Soul, n. [A.-S. saivel, saiul, saul.] 1. 
The spiritual, rational, .and immortal 
part in man. 2. The animating or 
essential part. 3. Leader ; inspirer. 
4. Any noble manifestation of the 
moral nature. 5. A person ; a man. 

Soul'less (109), a. Without a soul ; 
mean ; spiritless. 

Sound, a. [-er ; -est.] [A.-S. sund.] 
1. Entire; unbroken. 2. Healthy. 

3. Firm ; strong. 4. Founded in 
truth ; weighty. 5. Heavy ; laid on 
with force. 6. Profound ; undis- 
turbed. 7. Free from error. 8. Legal , 
valid. — adv. Soundly; heartily. — 
n. 1. [A.-S. sund, a swimming.] Air- 
bladder of a fish. 2. [A.-S. sund, for 
sivumd, fr. swimman, to swim.] A 
narrow passage of water ; a strait. 3. 
[A.-S. sundline,a, sounding line.] A 
probe of any kind. 4. [0. Eng. soun, 
Lat. sonus, noise.] A sensation re- 
ceived by means of the ear. 5. Noise 
without signification. — v. i. 1. To 
use the lead in searching the depth 
of water. 2. To make a noise. 3. To 
be spread or published. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To measure the depth of 
by means of a line and plummet. 2. 
To examine ; to test. 3. To play on. 

4. To utter audibly. 5. To cause to 
be reported. 

Sound'-board, n. A sounding-board. 

Sound'ing,/?. a. Sonorous ; making 
a noise. — n. 1. Act of emitting 
sound. 2. pi. Any part of the ocean 
or other water where a line will reach 
the bottom. 

SOUND'ING-BOARD, J7. 1. A thin 
board to propagate the sound in an 
organ, violin, &c. 2. A structure 
with a flat surface, over a pulpit to 
give distinctness to a speaker's voice. 

SoUND'LY, adv. In a sound manner. 

SoUND'NESS,n. State of being sound ; 
freedom from error or fallacy. 

Soup, n. [See Sop and Sup.] Broth, 
highly seasoned. 

SOUR, a. [-er; -EST.] [A.-S. stir.] 

1. Sharp to the taste; acid; tart. 

2. Coagulated, as milk ; rancid. 3. 
Harsh of temper. 4. Disagreeable to 
the feelings. 5. Expressing discon- 



tent. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
make acid. 2. To make harsh or 
unkindly. 3. To make cross or crab- 
bed. — v.i. 1. To become acid. 2 
_To become peevish or crabbed. 

SOURCE, n. [Fr. source, fr. sourdre, 
to spring forth or up, fr. Lat. surgere, 
to lift or spring up.] 1. That from 
which any thing proceeds. 2. Spring} 
fountain-head. [See ORIGIN.] 

SO(JR'-€ROUT, In. [Ger. saua-krautj 

Sour'-krout, J i. e., sour-cab- 
bage.] Cabbage cut fine, and suf- 
fered to ferment. 

Sour'ish, a. Somewhat 6our. 

SoUR'LY, adv. In a sour manner. 

Sour'ness, n. State of being sour. 

Souse, n. [A modif. of sauce.] 1. 
Pickle made with salt. 2. Something 
pickled; esp. the ears, feet, &c, of 
swine. 3. A plunging into water. — 
f. t. [-ed; -ing] 1. To plunge into 
water. 2. To steep in pickle. — v. i. 
[Cf. Ger. sausen, to rush, bluster.] 
To fall suddenly, as a bird on its prey. 

South, n. [A.-S. shdh, for sundh, fr. 
sunne, the sun.] 1. Point of com- 
pass opposite to the north. 2. Any 
particular land considered as opposed 
to the north. — a. Lying toward the 
south, or in a southern direction. — 
adv. Toward or from the south. 

South, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To 
move toward the south. 2. To coma 
to the meridian ; — said of the moon. 

South-east', n. The point equally 
distantfrom the south and east. 

South-east'er-ly, ( a. Pertaining 

SOUTH-EAST'ERN, J to, or pro- 
ceeding from, the south-east. 

South'er-ly (suth'er-ly ), 1 a. Be- 

South'ern (suth'ern), J longing 
to, or proceeding from, the south ; 
proceeding toward the south. 

South'ern-er, n. A native of the 
south or Southern States. 

South'ern-MOST (sQrh'era-most, 
20), a. Furthest toward the south. 

SOUTH'ING, it, 1. Motion to the 
south. 2. Time at which the moon 
passes the meridian. 3. Course or 
distance south. 

South'ron (suth/-), n. An inhab- 
itant of the south ; a southerner. 

South'ward (or sQth'ard), adv. To- 
ward the south. — n. Southern re- 
gions. 

South-west', n. Point equally dis- 
tant from the south and west. 

South-west', I a. Pertaining 

SOUTH-WEST'ER-LY, ) to, proceed- 
ing from, or lying in the direction of, 
the south-west. 

South-west'er, n. A storm from 
the south-west. 

South- west'ern, a. In the direc- 
tion of south-west, or nearly so. 

Souvenir (soov^neer'), n. [Fr.] A 
remembrancer ; a keepsake. 

Sov'ER-EIGN (sovter-in or sGv'er-in, 
22), a. [0. Fr. soverain, suverain, 
fr. Lat. superus, upper, higher.] 1. 
Supreme in power ; chief. 2. Effica- 
cious in the highest degree ; predom- 
inant. — ft. 1. A supreme ruler. 2. 



( 



OR, do, WOLF, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL ; e,I, o, silent ; C, G, soft; €,G,hard; AS. ; exist; n as NG ; THIS. 



SOVEREIGNTY 



404 



SPECIALITY 



A gold coin of England, worth 20 

shillings sterling, or about $4.84. 

Sov'ER-EIGN-TY (sov'er-in- or stiv'- 

er-in-), n. Exercise of, or right to 

exercise, supreme power, [hog kind. 

Sow, n. [A.-S. sugu.] Female of the 

Sow, v. t. [-ED ; -ED, or -N ; -ING.] 

[A.-S. sawan.] 1. To scatter, as seed. 

2. To spread abroad; to propagate. 

3. To scatter over. — v. i. To scatter 
seed for growth. 

£>6w'ER, n. One who sows. 

Boy, n. A kind of sauce for fish. 

Spa , n. A spring of mineral water ; — 
from a place of this name in Belgium. 

SPA(^E, n. [Lat. spatium ; spatiari, 
to.walk about.] 1. Extension ; room. 
2. Interval between two or more ob- 
jects. 3. Quantity or interval of 
time. 4. A small piece of metal, 
used to separate words or letters. — 
v.t. [-ED; -ING.] (Print.) To ar- 
range the spaces in or between. 

SPA'cious, a. 1. Vast in extent. 2. 
Having large or ample room. 

Syn.— Ample; capacious. — Ample 
implies largeness in quantity or amount, 
as, ample room, ample resources ; spa- 
cious denotes wide physical extent or 
space, as, a spacious hall; capacious de- 
notes, literally, the power of holding 
much, and hence wide or comprehen- 
sive, as, a capacious mind. 

Spa'CIOUS-LY, adv. Widely ; exten- 
sively, [tent. 

SPA'cioBs-NESS, n. Largeness of ex- 

Spade, n. [A.-S. spadu, spad, -Gr. 
<nra0>].] 1. An instrument for dig- 
ging. 2. pi. A suit of cards. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To dig with a spade. 

SPA-Dl'CEODs (-dislVus), a. [Lat. 
spadixf spadicis, a date-brown color.] 
Of a light red color. 

Spa-dillE', n. [Sp. espadilla, dim. 
of espada, a sword.] Ace of spades. 

Span, n. [A.-S. spann.] 1. Space 
from the end of the thumb to the 
end of the little finger when extend- 
ed ; nine inches. 2. A brief portion 
of time. 3. Extent of an arch be- 
tween its abutments. 4. [From A.-S. 
spannan, to span, join.] A pair of 
horses driven together. [Amer.] — 
v. t. [-NED : -KING.] 1. To meas- 
ure with the fingers extended. 2. To 
measure ; to compass. 

Span'DREL, n. [Eng. span, 0. Eng. 
spande.] The irregular triangular 
space between the curve of an arch 
and the rectangle inclocing it. 

gPAN'GLE, n. [Prob. fr. A.-S. span- 
nan, to span, clasp, join.] A small 
plate or boss of shining metal. — v. 
t. [-ED;-ING.] To set or sprinkle 
with spangles. [Spain. 

Bpan'iard (-yard), a. A native of 

Span'iel. (-yel), 
n. [From His- 
paniola, where 
was the best 
breed of this 
dog.] A vari- 
ety of dog. 

SPAN'JSH, a. Pertaining to Spain 
n. The language of Spain. 

SpSnk, v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [From 




Spaniel. 



span.] To strike on the breech with 
the open hand ; to slap. 

Spank'er, n. 1. [From spank.] Af- 
ter-sail of a ship or bark. 2. A stout 
person. [Eng.] 3. Something very 
large. 

SPank'INg, p. a. Moving with a 
quick, lively pace. 

SPaN'ner, n. 1. One who spans, 2. 
An instrument used to tighten nuts 
on screws. 

Spar, n. 1. [0. Eng. spaad, spat. Cf. 
M. II. Ger. spat, a splinter.] Any 
earthy mineral that breaks with reg- 
ular surfaces, and has some degree 
of luster. 2. [Icel. sparra.] A mast, 
yard, boom, or gaff. — v. i. [-red ; 
-RING.] [Cf. A.-S. spyrian, to in- 
quire, argue, dispute.] 1. To con- 
tend with the fists ; to box. 2. To 
dispute ; to quarrel. 

Spar'a-ble, n. [Corrupted fr. spar- 
row-bill.] A small nail used by shoe- 
makers. 

Spare (4), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
spar i an.] 1. To use frugally ; to 
save. 2. To part with reluctantly ; 
to give up, 3. To dispense with. 4. 
To save from danger or punishment. 

— v. i. To be frugal or parsimoni- 
ous. — a. [-er; -est.] 1. Not abun- 
dant. 2. Parsimonious. 3. Over and 
above what is necessary. 4. Held in 
reserve. 5. Wanting flesh. 

SpAre'ness, n. Thinness; leanness. 
Spare'-rib, n. Ribs of pork with 

little flesh on them. 
Spar'ing, a. 1. Scarce. 2. Scanty, 

3. Saving ; chary. 
Spark, n. [A.-S. spear ca, and sprin- 

gan, to spring.] 1. A small particle of 

fire. 2. Asmali, transient light. 3. A 

feeble germ. 4. A brisk, 6howy, gay 

man. 5. A lover. 
Spark'ish, a. 1. Airy ; gay. 2. 

Showy ; well-dressed. 
Spark'le (spark'l), n. A little spark. 

— v. i. [-ed; -ing, 140.] 1. To 
emit sparks. 2. To twinkle. 3. To 
flash, as with sparks. 

Spark'ler, n. One who, or that 
which, sparkles. 

Spakk'ling,/>. a. Emitting sparks. 

Spar'row,ti. [A.-S. spearwa , speara.] 
One of several species of small birds. 

Spar'row-HAWK, n. A species of 
short-winged hawk. 

Spar'ry, a. Resembling spar. 

Sparse, a. [-ER ; -est.] [ Lat. spar- 
sus, p. p. of spargere, to scatter.] Set 
or planted hei'e and there. 

Sparse'ly, adv. Thinly. 

Sparse'ness, n. State of being sparse. 

Sp'ar'tan, a. Pertaining to Sparta ; 
hence, hardy ; undaunted. 

SPASM, n. [Gr. criraarp.6<;, fr cnraeiv, 
<rnav, to draw, convulse.] 1. An in- 
voluntary and morbid contraction of 
muscles. 2. A sudden, violent effort. 

SPA.S-MOD'IG. a. 1. Relating to 
spasm ; consisting in spasm. 2. Soon 
relaxed or exhausted. 

Spas'TI€, a [Gr. a-naariKos.] Re- 
lating to spasm. 

Spat, imp. of Spit. 



SPA-THA'ceous, a. Having or r». 
sembling a spathe. 

SPATHE, w. [Lat. spatha, Gr. airddy).] 
A sheath-formed involucre. 

Spath'I€, a. [Ger. spath, spar.] Like 
spar; foliated or lamellar. 

Spath'i-f6rm, a. [N. Lat. spathvm, 
spar, and Lat. forma, form.] Re- 
sembling spar in form. 

Spath'ose, I a. 1. Having a spathe ; 

SpAth'ous, ) spathaceous. 2. Hav- 
ing the characters of spar. 

SPat'ter, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [From 
the root of spit.] To sprinkle with 
any wet substance, as water, mud, 
or the like. 

Spat'ter-dash'e§, n. pi. [Spatter 
and dash.] Coverings for the legs. 

Spat'U-la, n. [Lat. spatula, dim. of 
spatha, Cf. Spade.] Athin,broad- 
bladed knife, for spreading plasters. 

Spat'u-late , a. Shaped like a spat- 
ula, or like a battledoor. 

Spav'in, n. [From O. H. Ger. spar- 
wari, a sparrow-hawk, because it 
makes a horse raise its leg, like a 
sparrow-hawk.] A swelling in or 
near some of the joints of a horse. 

Spav'injed, a. Affected with spavin. 

Spawn, n. [A.-S. spann, spana, a 
teat ; O. H. Ger. spanian, to milk.] 

1. Eggs offish or frogs when ejected. 

2. Any product or offspring. — v. t. 
[-ed;-ing.] I. To produce or de- 
posit, as fishes their eggs. 2. To 
bring forth ;- -in contempt. — v.i. 
To deposit eggs, as fish or frogs. 

Spay, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Cf. W. 
yspaddu, to geld, Gr. andSwv, a 
eunuch, fr. a-ndeiv, anav, to draw 
out.] To extirpate the ovaries of. 

Speak, v. ?'. [spoke (spake, nearly 
obs.); spoken; speaking.] [A.-S. 
sprecan, specan.] 1. To utter words 
or articulate sounds. 2. To express 
opinions. 3. To utter a speech or 
harangue. 4. To give sound. — v. t. 
1. To utter with the mouth. 2. To 
declare. 3. To converse in. 4. To 
accost. 5. To make known. 6. To 
communicate. [spoken. 

Speak'a-ble, a. Capable of being 

SPEAK'ER, n. 1. One who speaks. 2. 
One who presides over a deliberative 
assembly : a chairman. 

Speak'er-shIp, n. Office of speaker. 

SPEAR, n. [A.-S. spere, speore.] 1. A 
long, pointed weapon ; a lance. 2. 
A shoot, as of grass. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To pierce or kill with a spear. 
— v. i. To shoot into a long stem. 

SPEAR'MAN (150), n. One who is 
armed with a spear. 

Spear'mint, n. A species of mint. 

Spe'cial, (spgsh'al), a. [Lat. speci- 
alise fr. species^] 1. Pertaining to, 
or constituting, a species. 2. Ex- 
traordinary ; uncommon. 3. Lim- 
ited in range. 

Syn. — See Peculiar. 

Spe'cial-ist (sp6sh'al-ist), n. One 
who devotes himself to a specialty. 

Spe'ci-Xl'i-ty (speslvl-), n. 1. A 
particular or peculiar case. 2. A 
special occupation ; a specialty. 



A, e, i, 5, u, Y,long; X, £, I, 6, u, y, short; cAre, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm; s6n, 



SPECIALLY 



405 



SPHINX 



Spe Cial-LY (spgsh'al-), adv. Par- 
ticularly; especially. 

Spe'cial-ty (spesh'al-), n. 1. A par- 
ticular or peculiar case. 2. A con- 
tract under seal. 3. That which one 
makes an object of special attention. 

SPE'CIE (spe'shy'), n. [Cf. obs. spe- 
cies, coin] Coin ; hard money. 

SPE'C1E§ (spJ'shez), n. sing. & pi. 
[Lat., fir. speeere, to behold.] 1. A 
conception subordinated to another 
conception, called a genus. 2. A 
class of beings, associated according 
to attributes, or properties deter- 
mined by scientific observation. 3. 
Sort ; kind. 

SPE-CIF'IC, a. [Lat. species, a par- 
ticular sort, and facerc, to make] 
1. Pertaining to, characterizing, or 
constituting a species. 2. Definite ; 
limited; precise. — n. A remedy 
supposed to be infallible, [manner. 

SPE-ci'F'l€-AL-LY, adv. In a specific 

Spec'i-fi-ca'tion, n. 1. Act of 
specifying. 2. Particular mention. 
3. A written statement containing 
an enumeration of particulars. 4. 
Any thing specified. 

Spec'i-fy, v. t. [-ed ; -ing, 142.] 
[See Specific] To mention, as a 
particular thing. 

SPEC'1-MEN, ?i. [Lat., fr. speeere, to 
behold.] A part intended to exhibit 
the kind and quality of the whole. 

Syn. — Sample. — A specimen isarep- 
resentative of the class of things to 
which it belongs; as. a specimen of pho- 
tography. A sample is a part of the 
thing itself, designed to show the qual- 
ity of the whole; as, a sample of sugar 
or of broadcloth. 

SPE'CIoGs, a. [Lat. speciosus; species, 
look, appearance.] Apparently right; 
superficially fair, just, or correct. 
Syn.— See Plausible. 

Spe'cious-ly, adv. With a fair ap- 
pearance. 

Spe'ciols-ness, n. Plausible ap- 
pearance ; fair external show. 

Speck, n. [A.-S. specca.] 1. A small 
spot or blemish, extraordinary or 
noteworthy. 2. A very small thing. 
— v. t. [-ed; -ING.] To stain in 
spots ; to spot. 

SPECK'LE (spek'l), n. [Dim of speck.] 
A little spot ; a speck. — v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] To mark with small spots of 
a different color. 

SPE€'TA-€LE, n. [Lat. spectaculum , 
fr. spectare, to look at.] 1. Some- 
thing exhibited to view. 2. pi. An 
optical instrument used to correct 
some defect of vision. [cles. 

Spec'ta-€LED, a. Wearing specta- 

Spec-taCu-lar, a. Pertaining to 
spectacles. 

Spec-ta'tor, n. One who sees or 
beholds ; a witness. [er 

Spec-ta'tress, n. A female behold- 

SPEC'TER, I n. [Lat. spectrum, an ap- 

SPEC'TRE, \ pearance, fr. spectre, to 
look.] An apparition; a ghost; a 
phantom. [ter; ghostly. 

SPEC'TRAL, or. Pertaining to a spec- 

Speg'trum, n.; pi. spe€'tra. 



[Lat.] The colored and other rays 
of which light is composed, sepa- 
rated by a prism . 

SPE€'u-L,AR,a. Having the qualities 
of a speculum or mirror. 

SPEC'U-LATE, V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat speculari, -latus, to spy out, 
observe, fr. speeere, to look.] 1. To 
think philosophically or abstractly ; 
to meditate. 2. To buy with the 
expectation of selling at a profit. 

SPEC'U-LA'TION, n. 1. Act of spec- 
ulating ; as, (a.) Meditation; con- 
templation, (b.) A buying, in ex- 
pectation of selling at an advance. 
2. Mere theory ; conjecture. 

Spe€'u-la-t'ive, a. Given to, or 
concerning, speculation ; theoretical. 

SPEC'U-LA'Ti'VE-LY, adv. In a spec- 
ulative manner. [lates. 

SPEC'n-LA'TOR, n. One who specu- 

Spec'u-LA-TO-ry, a. Exercising spec- 
ulation ; speculative. 

Spev'u-lum, n.; pi. spe€'u-la. 
[Lat., fr. speeere, to behold.] A mir- 
ror or looking-glass ; a reflector. 

Sped, imp. & p. p. of Speed. 

Speech, n. [See Speak.] 1. Power 
of speaking. 2. Words, as express- 
ing ideas. 3. A particular language. 
4. A formal discourse. 

Syn. — See Hakangue and Lan- 
guage. 

SPEECH'I-FY, v. i. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] 
[Eng. speech, and Lat. facere, to 
make.] To make a speech. 

Speech'less, a. Destitute or de- 
prived of speech ; dumb ; mute. 

Speech'less-ness, n. State of being 
speechless. 

Speed, v.. i. [sped; speeded; 
speeding.] [A.-S. spedan, fr. spo- 
wan, to succeed.] 1. To make haste. 
2. To prosper ; to succeed. — v. t. 1. 
To cause to make haste. 2. To cause 
to succeed. 3. To bring to a result. 

4. To ruin. 

Syn. — To dispatch ; hasten ; accele- 
rate; hurry. 

— n. 1. A moving forward with ce- 
lerity. 2. Favorable issue ; success. 
Syn. — See Haste. 

Speed'I-ly, adv. In a speedy man- 
ner; quickly. 

Speed'i-ness, n. Haste; dispatch. 

Speed'y, a. [-ER ; -est, 142.] Swift ; 
nimble ; rapid in motion. 

Spell, v.t. 1. [-ed;-ing.] [A.-S. 
spelian, to supply another's place.] 
To relieve ; to help. 2. [SPELLED ; 
or SPELT ; SPELLING.] [A.-S. spel- 
lian, to relate.] To read ; — with 
' out. 3. To tell the letters of, as a 
word. 4. To write or print with the 
proper letters. — v. i. To form words 
with the proper letters. — n. 1. Re- 
lief of one by another in any work. 
2. A short period ; a season. 3. [A.- 

5. spell, history, tale, speech, a magic 
charm.] A verse repeated for its 
magical power; hence, any charm. 

Spell'-bound, a. Locked up by a 

spell or charm. 
Spell'er, n. 1. One who spells. 2 

A spelling-book. [Amer.] 



SPELL'ING, n. 1. Act of naming the 
letters of a word. 2. Formation of 
words with letters : orthography. 

Spell'ing-book (27), «. A book 
for teaching to spell and read. 

Spel'ter, n. [L. Ger. spialter.] [See 
Pewter.] Zinc. 

SPEN'CER,n. [From a certain Lord 
Spencer.] A short over-jacket. 

Spend, v. t. [spent; spending.] 
[A.-S. spendan, fr. Lat. exptndfre or 
dispendere, to weigh out, expend, 
dispense.] 1. To dispose of; to part 
with. 2. To bestow for any purpose. 
3. To consume ; to waste. 4. To 
pass, as time. 5. To exhaust of 
strength. — v. i. 1. To make ex- 
pense. 2. To be lost or wasted. 

Spend'er, n. One who spends. 

Spend'thrYft, n. One who spends 
money profusely ; a prodigal. 

SPERM (14), n. [Gr. o-nepp,a, fr. o-rrei- 
peiv, to sow.] 1. Animal seed. 2. 
Spermaceti. [Colloq.] 3. Spawn. 

SPERM/ A-CE'TI, n. [Lat. sperma, 
sperm, cetus, a whale.] A fatty mat- 
ter from the head of a kind of whale. 

SPER-MAT're, 1 a. Pertaining to, 

Sper-mat'1€-al, j or consisting of, 
semen. 

SPER-MAT'O-CELE, 77. [Gr. <nrepp.a, 
crirepixaTOs, sperm, and ktjAtj, a tu- 
mor.] A swelling of the spermatic 



Spew (spu), v. t. or i. [-ed ; -ing.] 

[A.-S. speoivian.] To vomit. 
SPHAC'E-LA/TION, 71. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Gr. a<j>a.Ke\o<; , gangrene . ] A becom- 
ing gangrenous ; mortification. 
Sphe'noid, ( a. [Gr. <r<j>r]v, a 
SPHE-NOID'AL, J wedge, and elfio?, 

likeness.] Resembling a wedge. 
SPHERE, n. [Lat. sphera, Gr. crfyalpa..] 
1. A body, every part of the surface 
of which is equally distant from a 
point within, called its center. 2. 
An orb or star. 3. Circuit of action, 
knowledge, or influence. 4. Rank ; 
order of society. 

Syn. — See Globe. 
— v.t. [-ed; -ing.] To place in 
a sphere. 
Spher'ic, ) a. Pertaining to, or 
Spher'I€-al, ) having the form of, 
a sphere ; globular. [a sphere. 

Spher'I€-AL-LY, adv. In the form of 
Sphe-RIC'i-ty, n. Quality of being 
spherical ; roundness. [sphere. 

Spher'ics, n. sing. Science of the 
Sphe'ROID, n. [Gr. <r(/)atpoe(.6775, 
spherical ; a(f>a.lpa, sphere, and etSos, 
form.] A body nearly spherical. 
Sphe-roid'al, 1 a. Having the 
Sphe-roid'ic-AL, j form of a sphe- 
roid. 
Spher'ule (53), n. A little sphere. 
Sphinx" t?. [Lat. 
sphinx, Gr. cr^t'-yf, 
from tr^iyyetv, to , 
bind tight, as if the 
throttler.] A fabled 
monster, which 
proposed riddles 
and put to death all who were un- 
able to solve them. 




Sphinx. 



OR, DO, WQL*\ TOO, took; urn, RUE, pyLL ; E, I, o, silent ; c, G, soft; €,G,hard; A§; EXIST; NOSNG; THIS. 



SPHRAGISTICS 



406 



SPLENDIDLY 



SPHRA-gIs'TI€S, n. sing. [Gr. <r$pa- 
•y/s, a seal.] The scieuce of seals. 

SPICE,». [Lat. species, a species ; Late 
Lat. spices, drugs, &c, of the same 
sort.] 1. An aromatic and pungent 
vegetable production. 2. That which 
resembles spices ; also, a small quan- 
tity. — v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] To season 
or perfume with, or as with, spice. 

Spi'CER-y, n. Spices in general. 

SpiCu-lar, a. [Lat. spkulum, a 
dart.] Resembling a dart. 

Spkj'ULE, n. [Lat. spiculum, dim. of 
spicum, spica, a point, dart.] A mi- 
nute, slender granule or point 

Spi'CY, a. [-er; -est, 142.] 1 Per- 
taining to, or abounding -with spices. 
2. Pungent; pointed. 

Spi'der, n. [For spinder, fr. spin, so 
named from spinning his web.] 1. 
An animal that spins webs for taking 
its prey. 2. A frying-pan. 

Spig'OT, n. [From spick, for spike.] 
A peg to stop a small hole in a cask. 

Spike, n. [Icel. sp'ikari, allied to Lat. 
spica, a point, dart.] 1. A sort of 
large nail. 2. An ear of grain. 3. 
A shoot, — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
fasten or set with spikes. 

Spike'let, n. A small spike. 

Spike'nard (collo(j. sp'uVuard), n. 
[See Spike and Nard.] 1. An aro- 
matic plant. 2. A fragrant essential 
oil. [points. 

Spik'y, a. Having a sharp point or 

SPILE, n. [D. spijl.] 1. A small peg 
to stop a hole. 2. A stake driven in- 
to the ground ; a pile. 

Spill, v. t. [spilled; spilt; 
SPILLING.] [A.-S. spillan.] 1. To 
suffer to fall or run out. 2. To shed, 
or suffer to be shed, as in battle. — 
v. i. To be shed ; to be lost or wasted. 

Spin, v. t. [spun; spinning.] [A.-S. 
spinnan, allied to span.] 1. To draw 
out and twist into threads. 2. To 
extend to a great length. 3. To pro- 
tract. 4. To twirl. — v. ?'. 1. To 
practice spinning. 2. To draw and 
twist threads. 3. To whirl, as a top. 
4. To stream or issue in a thread. 

SpIn'ach ) (spin'ej), ji. [Lat. spina, 

Spin'age j a thorn, prickle ; — from 
its pointed leaves.] A garden plant. 

Spi'nal, a. Pertaining to the spine. 

SPIN'DLE, n. [A.-S. spindel, fr. spin* 
nan, to spin.] 1. The rod in spin- 
ning-wheels by which the thread is 
twisted. 2. An axis or arbor. — v.i. 
[■ED; -ING.] To grow in a long, 
slender stalk or body. [person. 

Spin'dle-shanks, n. A tall, slender 

Spine, n. [Lat. spina, a thorn, the 
spine.] 1. A sharp woody process ; a 
thorn. 2. The back-bone. 

Spi'nel, or Spi-NEL', ) n. [L. Lat. 

SPI-NELLE' (spi-nel'), ) spinellus, fr. 
Lat. spina, a thorn, prob. from its 
pointed crystals.] A mineral of great 
hardness. 

SPIN'ET, or SpY-nET', n. [From Lat. 
spina, a thorn, because its quills re- 
semble thorns.] An instrument of 
music resembling a harpsichord ; — 
now superseded by the piano-forte. 



SpTn'ner, n. One who spins. 

Spin'ner-et, n. An organ with which 
spiders and some insects form their 
silk or webs. 

Spin'ning-jen'ny, n. A machine for 
spinning wool or cotton. 

SpIn'ning-wheel, n. A machine 
for spinning, in which a wheel drives 
a single spindle. 

Spi-nos'i-ty, n. State of being spiny. 

Spinous, a. Full of spines ; thorny. 

CPIN'STER, n. [From spin and the 
termination ster.] An unmarried wo- 
man ; — used in legal proceedings. 

SPIN'Y, a. 1. Full of spines ; thorny. 
2. Perplexed ; difficult. 

SP'iR'A-CLE (or spl'ra-kl, 89), n. [Lat. 
spiraculum, fr. spirare, to breathe.] 
A small aperture in animal and veg- 
etable bodies, by which air or other 
fluid is exhaled or inhaled. 

Spi'RAL (89), a. [Lat. spira, a coil, 
spire.] Winding like a screw. 

Spi'ral-ly, adv. In a spiral form. 

Spi'RANT, n. [Lat. spirans, spirantis, 
breathing.] A consonant sound ut- 
tered with perceptible emission of 
breath ; — said of/, v, th, &c. 

SPIRE, n. [Lat. spira, Gr. anelpa, a 
coil, spire ; Icel. spira, pinnacle.] 1. 
A winding line like the threads of a 
screw. 2. A body that shoots up to a 
point ; a steeple. 3. A stalk or blade 

SPIR'IT, n. [Lat. spiritus, fr. spirare, 
to breathe.] 1. Breath. 2. Life, 
considered independently of corpo- 
real existence. 3 The intelligent and 
immortal part of man. 4. A disem- 
bodied soul. 5. A specter ; a ghost. 
6. Any remarkable manifestation of 
life. 7. One of great activity or pe- 
culiar characteristics of mind. 8. 
Temper or disposition of mind ; often 
in the pi., animation ; cheerfulness. 
9. pi. Hence, a liquid produced by 
distillation ; esp. alcohol. 10. In- 
tent ; real meaning. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] 1. To excite ; to encourage. 
2. To convey rapidly and secretly. 

Spir'it-ed, p. a. Animated; full of 
spirit or fire. [manner. 

Spir'it-ed-ly, adv. In a spirited 

SPIR'IT-LESS, a. Wanting animation ; 
dejected; depressed. 

SPIR'IT-LESS-LY, adv. In a spiritless 
manner. [or vigor. 

Spir'it-less-ness, n. Want of life 

Spir'it-ous, a. Like spirit; refined. 

Spir'it-U-al, a. 1. Consisting of 
spirit ; incorporeal. 2. Mental ; in- 
tellectual. 3. Pertaining to the soul ; 
pure ; holy. 4. Ecclesiastical. 

Spir'it-u-al-ism, n. 1. State of be- 
ing spiritual. 2. Doctrine that all 
which exists is spirit or soul. 3. A 
belief in the frequent communication 
of intelligence from the world of 
spirits. [in spiritualism. 

Spir'it-u-AL-ist, n. One who believes 

Spir'it-u-al'i-ty, n. 1. State of be- 
ing spiritual. 2. That which belongs 
to the church, or to an ecclesiastic. 

SPIR'IT-U-AL-1-ZA'TION, n. Act of 
spiritualizing. 

SpTr'it-u-al-1/.E, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 



1. To refine. 2. To imbue with spir. 
ituality. [manner. 

Spir'it-u-AL-ly, adv. In a spiritual 

Spir'it-u-oDs, a. 1. Having the qual- 
ity of spirit ; active ; pure. 2. Con- 
sisting of refined spirit ; ardent. 

Spi-Rom'e-ter, n. [Lat. spirare, to 
breathe, and Gr. fxerpov, measure.] 
An instrument for measuring the ca- 
pacity of the lungs. 

SpIkt, v. t. & i. See SPURT. 

SpIr'y, a. 1. Of a spiral form. 2. 
Pyramidical. 

Spis'si-tude (30), n. [Lat. spissitudo; 
spissus, deuse.] Thickness of soft 
substances. 

SPIT, n. [A.-S. spitu, Icel. sp'ita, a 
wooden nail , spiot , a spear.] 1. An 
iron prong on which meat is roasted. 

2. A point of land running into the 
sea. 3. Saliva. — v. t. [-ted ; -TING.] 
1. To thrust a spit through. 2. To 
pierce. 3. [spit ; spitting.] [A.-S. 
spittan, spselan.] To eject from the 
mouth, as saliva. — v.i. To throw 
out saliva from the mouth. 

Spite, n. [Abbreviated from despite.] 
Rancorous ill-will ; malignity. 

Stn. — Malice. — 3ffilice denotes a spir- 
it which desires evil to others. Spile is 
a temper which delights to express itself 
in hitter and cutting language, or in law 
and irritating actions. 

— v.t. [-ed;-ing.] 1. To be angry 
at ; to hate. 2. To injure ; to thwart. 

Spite'eul, a. Filled with spite ; ma- 
lignant; malicious. [manner. 

Spite 'ful-ly, adv. Tn a spiteful 

Spite'ful-ness, n. State of being 
spiteful: malice. 

Spit'fire, n. A passionate person. 

Spit'ter, n. One who spits. 

Spit'tle,™. [From. Eng. spit.] The 
matter secreted by the salivary 
glandsj saliva. [spittle. 

Spit-toon', n. A vessel to receive 

Splash, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] Allied 
to plash.] To spatter with water, or 
mud. — v. i. To strike and dash 
about water. — n. Water, or water 
and dirt thrown upon any thing. 

Splash'y, a. Full of dirty water; 
wet and muddy. 

SPLAY', a. [Abbrev. fr. display.] Dis- 
played ; turned outward. 

Splay'-foot, n. A foot having the 
sole flattened instead of concave. 

SPLAY'-FOOT'ED, a. Having a wide 
foot. [in derision. 

Splay'-MOUTH, n. A mouth stretched 

SPLEEN, n. [Gr. o-ttAjjv.] 1. A gland- 
ular organ to the left of the stomach ; 
the milt. 2. Anger; ill-humor. 3. 
Melancholy. 

Spleen'ish, a. Spleeny. 

Spleen'y, a. 1. Peevish ; fretful. 2. 
Melancholy. 

SplEN'dent, «. [Lat. splendens.] 1. 
Shining. 2. Illustrious. 

Splen'did, a. [Lat. splmdidus, fr. 
splendere, to shine.] 1. Shining; 
very bright. 2 Showy; magnifi- 
cent. 3. Illustrious ; famous. 

Spl£n'DID-ly, adv. In a splendid 
I manner; brightly. 



A, £, l, o, u, Y, long; A,£,1, 6,0, y, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, TERM; pique, firm; son, 



SPLENDOR 



407 



SPRIGHTLLNESS 



Splen'dor, n. 1. Great brightness ; 
brilliancy. 2. Great show of richness 
and elegance. 3. Eminence. 

Splen'e-tI€ (123), a. Affected with 
spleen. — n. A person affected with 
spleen. 

SplIce, v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] [Allied 
to split.] 1. To unite as two ropes, 
by interweaving. 2. To unite, by 
lapping two ends together, and bind- 
ing. — n. 1. Union of ropes by inter- 
weaving the strands. 2. Connection 
by means of overlapping parts. 

Splint, n. [See Spexnter.] 1. A 
piece split off ; a splinter. 2. A thin 
piece of wood to protect a broken 
bone when set. — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
To confine with splints, as a broken 
limb. 

SplTn'ter, n. A thin piece of wood 
split off. — v. t. or i. [See Split.] 
To split or be split into long thin 
pieces ; to shiver. 

Splin'ter-y, a. Resembling splinters. 

Split, v. t. [split; splitting.] 
[Icel. splita.] 1. To' divide length- 
wise ; to cleave. 2. To burst ; to 
rend. 3. To separate into parts or 
parties. — v. i. 1. To part asunder. 
2. To burst with laughter. — n. 1. 
A crack, or longitudinal fissure. 2. 
A breach, as in a political party. 

Splut'ter, n. .A bustle; astir. — v. 
t. [-ED ; -ING.] To speak hastily 
and confusedly. 

Spoil, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. spo- 
liare.] 1. To plunder ; to rob. 2. To 
seize by violence. 3. To vitiate ; to 
mar. 4. To ruin ; to destroy. — v. ?'. 
1. To practice plunder. 2. To be 
corrupted; to decay. — n. That 
which is taken by violence; pillage. 

Spoil'er, n. 1. One who spoils; a 
plunderer. 2. One who corrupts. 

SPOKE (20), imp. of Speak. — n. [A.-S. 
spaka.] 1. One of the small bars of 
awheel. 2. Round of a ladder. 

SPOK'EN (spok'n. 20), p. p. of Speak. 

Spokesman (150), n. [From speak, 

spoke, and man.] One who speaks 

for another. 

/ Spo'li-ate, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 

/ spoliate, -atum.] To plunder; to pil- 

L lage. — v. i. To practice plunder. 

SPO'LI-A'TION, n. 1. Act of plunder- 
ing; despoliation. 2. Robbery in 
war, esp. at sea, under authority. 

SPON-DA'I€, a. Pertaining to a spon- 
dee ; consisting of spondees. 

SPON'DEE, n. [Gr. o-nwSeios (sc. 
ttov?), fr. <rnovhr), a libation; slow, 
solemn melodies, chiefly in this me- 
ter, having been used at libations.] 
A poetic foot of two long syllables. 

Sponge (spunj), n. [Lat. spongia, Gr. 
neayyia..] 1. A fibrous and porous 
marine substance. 2. One who live3 
on others. 3. Dough before it is knead- 
ed.— v.t. [-ED; -ing.] 1. To cleanse 
with a sponge. 2. To efface : to de- 
stroy all trace of. — v. i. 1. To im- 
bibe, as a sponge. 2. To gain or live 
by mean arts. 

Spon'ger, n. 1. One who uses a 
sponge. 2. A hanger-on. 



Sp6n'gi-ness, n. Quality of be:^ 
spongy. 

Spon'Ging-house, n. A bailiffs 
house to put debtors in before being- 
taken to jail. 

Spon'gy, a. 1. Soft and full of cavi- 
ties. 2. Wet; drenched. 

SPON'SAL, a. [Lat. sponsalis, from 
sponsus, a betrothal] RelatiLg to 
marriage. 

Spon'sion, n. [Lat. sponsio, from 
spondere, to promise solemnly.] Act 
of becoming surety for another. 

Spon'sor, n. [Lat.] 1. A surety. 2. 
A godfather or godmother. 

Spon'ta-ne'i-ty, n. Quality or state 
of being spontaneous. 

Spon-ta'ne-oDs, a. [Lat. spontaneus, 
fr. sjwnte, of free will.] 1. Proceed- 
ing from natural feeling or disposi- 
tion , or from a native internal prone- 
ness or tendency. 2. Proceeding 
from internal impulse, without ex- 
ternal force. 

Syx. —Voluntary. —What is volun- 
tary is the result of a volition, or act of 
choice: it therefore implies some degree 
of consideration, and may be the result 
of mere reason, without excited feeling. 
What is spontaneous springs wholly from 
feeling by a kind of outburst of the mind 
which admits of no reflection: as, n spon- 
taneous burst of applause. Hence, the 
term is sometimes applied to things in- 
animate. 

SPON-TA'NE-of}s-LY,arfr. 1. Of one's 
own accord. 2. By its own force. 

SPON-TOON', n. [It. spontone, from 
spuntare, to break off the point.] A 
kind of half pike. 

SPOOL, 7i. [D. spoel.] A hollow cyl- 
inder of wood, used to wind thread 
on. — v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] To wind 
on spools. 

Spo"on, n. [A.-S. spOn, spoon, a chip.] 
A small concave basin with a handle, 
used in partaking of food. 

SPOON'B'lLL, n. A wading bird, al- 
lied to the heron : — so named from 
the shape of the bill. 

Spoon'ful (155), n. As much as a 
spoon wiH hold. 

Spoon'-meat, h. Pood eaten with a 
spoon ; liquid food. 

SPO-RAD'IO, \a. [Gr. o-7ropa5i- 

SPO-RAD'I€-AL, } kos, scattered, fr. 
enreipeiv, to sow seed.] Occurring 
singly or in scattered cases ; single. 

SP5RE, 1 n. [Gr. enropoq, a sow- 

SPOR'ULE, | in$r, seed.] One of the 
minute grains in tto.verless plants 
which performs the function of seeds. 

SPORT, n. [Abbrev. fr. disport.] 1. 
That which diverts and makes mirth. 
2. Contemptuous mirth. 3. A toy. 
4. Diversion of the field, as fowling, 
fishing, &c. — v. t. 1. To divert; to 
make merry ; — used reflexively. 2. 
To bring out in public. — r. i. [-ED ; 
-TNG.] 1. To play ; to frolic. 2. To 
trifle. [some. 

Sport'ful, a. Full of sport : frolic- 

Sport'ive, a. Gay ; frolicsome. 

Sport'i've-LY, adv. Plavfullv. 

Sports'man (150), n. One who hunts, 
fishes, and fowls. [sportsmen. 

Sports'MAN-shIp, n. Practice of 



SpSt, n. [From the root of spit.] 1 
A mark on a substance made by 
foreign matter. 2. A stain on char- 
acter. 3. Any particular place. — 
v. t. [-TED ; -TING.] 1. To dis- 
color ; to stain ; to blot. 2. To note 
so as to insure recognition. 3. To 
tarnish, as reputation. 

Spot'less, a. Without a spot ; esp. 
free from reproach or impurity. 

Spot'less-ly, ado. In a spotless 
manner. 

Spot'less-ness, n. Freedom from 
spot or stain. [spotty. 

Spot'ti-ness, n. State of being 

Spot'ty, a. Full of spots. 

SPOUS/AL, a. Pertaining to a spouse, 
or to a marriage. — n. Marriage; 
nuptials ; — generally in the plural. 

SPOUSE, n. [0. Fr. espous, espos. fern. 
espouse, spouse, Lat. sponsus, sponsa, 
from spondere, to promise solemnly.] 
A married person ; husband or wife. 

Spouse'less, a. ' Destitute of a 
spouse. 

Spout, n. [Allied to spit.] 1. A pipe 
for conducting a fluid. 2. A pro- 
jecting mouth for directing a stream 
of a liquid poured out. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To throw out, as liquids, 
through a narrow orifice. 2. To 
throw out, as words, with affected 
gravity. — v. i. 1. To issue with 
violence, as a liquid through a nar- 
row orifice. 2. To utter a speech, 
especially in a pompous manner. 

Sprain, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [0. Fr. 
espreindre, to press, to force out, fr. 
Lat. exprimrre. See EXPRESS.] To 
weaken or overstrain, as a joint or 
muscle. — n. Excessive strain of 
the muscles or ligaments of a joint. 

Sprang, imp. of Spring. See 

Spring. [herring. 

Sprat, n. A small fish, allied to the 

Sprawl, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Dan. 
sprdlle, sprdlde, to palpitate.] 1. To 
lie with the limbs stretched out or 
struggling. 2. To spread irregularly, 
as vines. 

Spray, n. 1. [A.-S. spree, a twig, 
branch. 0. H. Ger. sprahhdn, to cut. 
Cf. Sprig.] (a.) A small shoot; a 
twig. (6.) Small branches collect- 
ively. 2. [A.-S. spregan, to pour.] 
Water. 

Spread, v. t. [spread ; spread- 
ing.] [A.-S. sprxdan ] 1. To ex- 
tend in any direction. 2. To divulge ; 
fee publish. 3. To set and furnish 
with provisions. — v. i. 1. To ex- 
.tend in any or every direction. 2. 
To be propagated. — n. 1. Extent; 
compass. 2. Expansion of parts. 3. 
A table, furnished with a meal. 

Spree, ». [Fr. sprc, a spark, spirit,] 
A merry frolic ; a carousal. 

SPRIG, n. [A.-S. spree. See SPRAY.; 
A small shoot or twig.— 1\ t. [-ged ; 
-GTNG.] To mark or adorn with 

SprIg'gy, a. Full of sprigs, [sprigs. 

Sprig HT (sprit), n. [Contr. fr. spirit.] 
A spirit: a soul : an apparition. 

SPRIGHT'LI-NESS (sprit 7 -), n. Qual- 
ity of being sprightly ; liveliness. 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO. TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, o, silent ; 9, G, soft; €, 5, hard; AS; EXIST ; N as NG ; THIS. 



SPRIGHTLY 



408 



SQUARE 



Spright'ly (sprit'-), a. Spirit-like, 
or spright-like ; lively ; animated. 

SPRING, v. i. [SPRUNG (formerly 
SPRANG); SPRUNG; SPRINGING.] 
[A.-S. springan.] 1. To leap ; to jump. 

2. To issue suddenly. 3. To fly back ; 
to start. 4. To proceed ; to result. — 
v. t. 1. To cause to spring up or 
forth. 2. To produce unexpectedly. 
S. To cause to explode. 4. To burst ; 
to break. 5. To crack or split. — n. 

1. A leap ; a jump. 2. A flying back. 

3. Elastic force. 4. An elastic body. 
5- Any source of supply ; esp. a foun- 
tain. 6. Cause; origin. 7. Season 
of the year when plants begin to 
vegetate. 

SPR'lNGE,«. [From spring, v. i.] A 

noose or snare. [which, springs. 

Spring'er, n. One who, or that 

SPRING'-HALT, n. A lameness in 

which a horse suddenly twitches up 

his legs. [source. 

Spring'-hEad, n. A fountain or 

Spring'i-ness, n. 1. Elasticity. 2. 

Wetness or sponginess, as of land. 

Spring'-tide, 11. 1. The tide at, or 

soon after, the new and full moon. 

2. Time of spring. 
SPRlNG'Y,a. [-ER; -EST, 142] 1. 

Elastic ; light. 2. A Vet ; spongy. 

SprI'nk/le (sprink'l), v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] [Dim. of A.-S. sprengan, 
sprencan, to sprinkle.] 1. To scatter 
in small drops or particles. 2. To 
scatter on. 3. To baptize ; hence, to 
purify. — v. i. 1 To perform the 
act of scattering small drops or par- 
ticles. 2. To rain moderately. — n. 
A small quantity scattered. 

Sprink'ling, n. 1. Act of scattering 
in small drops or particles. 2. A 
small quantity. 

SPRlT, n. [A.-S. spredl, a sprit, spear.] 
A small pole, crossing the sail of a 
boatdiagoually. 

Sprite, n. [Con tr. from spirit.] A 
spirit ; an apparition. [a sprit. 

SPRlT'-SAIL, n. A sail extended by 

Sprout,^.*'. [-ed;-ing.] [A.-S. 
spreotan, spryttan.] To shoot as a 
seed ; to germinate. — n. The shoot 
of a plant. 

Spruce, a. [-er; -est.] [Perh. fr. 
spruce, or Prussia, leather, which was 
an article of finery. Cf. also Prov. 
Ger. spreuszen, to boast of.] Neat, 
without elegance or dignity. 

Syn. — See Finical. 
—v. t. or t. [-ed ; -ING.] To dress with 
affected neatness. — n. [0. Eng. 
Pruse, so named because it was first 
known as a native of Prussia.] A 
certain coniferous tree; — applied in 
the United States to the hemlock 
spruce. [spruce. 

SPRUCE'-BEER, n. Beer flavored with 

SPRUCE'LY, adv. With affected neat- 
ness, [spruce; trimness. 

SPRUCE'NESS, n. State of being 

SPRANG, imp. & p. p. of Spring. 

SPRY, a. [-er; -est.] Nimble: act- 
ive; vigorous. [Prov. or Co'loq.] 

Spud, n. [Dan. spyd, a spear.] An 
implement for destroying weeds. 



SPUME, n. [Lat. spuma, from spuere, 
to spew.] Froth ; foam ; scum. — v. 
i. [-ed ; -ing.] To froth ; to foam. 

Spu-mes'CENCE. n. Frothiness. 

SpOm'oDs, I a. [Lat. spumosus ; spu- 

Spum'y, I ma, foam.] Consisting 
of froth or scum ; foamy. 

SPUN, imp. & p. p. of Spin. 

SPUNGF,n. See Sponge. 

Spunk, n. [A.-S. sponge, a sponge, 
spon, spoon, a chip, tinder. Cf. 
PUNK.] 1. Touchwood ; also, a kind 
of tinder made from a species of 
fungus ; punk 2. Spii-it ; pluck. 

Spunk'y, a. [-ER; -est, 142.] Full 
of spunk ; spirited. [Colloq.] 

Spun'-yarn, n. A line formed of 
two or three rope-yarns twisted. 

SPUR,«. [A.-S. spura, allied to spear.] 
1. An instrument with sharp points, 
worn on a horseman's heels, to prick 
a horse. 2. Incitement. 3. The pro- 
jectionon a cock's leg. 4. A moun- 
tain that shoots laterally from any 
other mountain or range. 5. Ergot. 

— v.t. [-red; -ring.] 1. To prick 
with spurs ; to iucite. 2. To urge 
or encourage to action. — v. i. 1. 
To hasten. 2. To press forward. 

Spur'-gael, n. A place galled or 
excoriated by much using of the spur. 

SPU'RI-OUS, a. [Lat. spurius.] 1. 
Not genuine. 2. Not legitimate. 
Syn. — Counterfeit; false; fictitious. 

Spu'RI-ous-ly, adv. Falsely. 

Spu'ri-oDs-ness, n. Quality of be- 
ing spurious. 

Spurn, v.t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
spurnan, allied to spura, heel.] 1. 
To kick. 2. To reject with disdain. 

— v. i. 1. To kick. 2. To manifest 
disdain in rejecting any thiDg — n. 
1. A kick. 2. Contemptuous treat- 
ment. 

Spurred, p. a. 1. Wearing spurs, 
or having shoots like spurs. 2. Af- 
fected with ergot. 

Spurt, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Written 
also spirt, formed fr. 0. Eng. sprit, to 
sprout, by transposing the i and r.] 
To throw out, violently , as a liquid in 
a stream. — v. i. To gush out in a 
stream. — n. A sudden gushing of a 
liquid from a tube or orifice ; a jet. 

SPUT'TER, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [From 
the root of spout aDd spit ] 1. To 
emit saliva from the mouth in small 
portions, as in rapid speaking. 2. 
To utter words hastily and indis- 
tinctly. — v.t. To utter with indis- 
tinctness. — n. Moist matter thrown 
out in small particles. 

Sput'ter-er, n. One who sputters. 

Spy, n [See Espy.] 1. One who 
constantly watches the conduct of 
others. 2. A person sent into an 
enemy's camp to gain information, 
and secretly communicate it to the 
proper officer. — v.t, [-ED; -ING, 
142.] 1. To discover at a distance ; 
to espy. 2. To examine secretly. — 
v. i. To search narrowly. 

Spy'-glass, n. A small telescope. 

Squab, a. [Icel. qvap, soft, fat, 
qvapa, to tremble with loose fat, Ger. 



quabbe, a dewlap.] 1. Fat; thick, 
bulky. 2. Unfledged. — n. 1. A young 
pigeon. 2. A person of a short, fat 
figure. 

Squab'ble, v. t. [ed ; -ING.] [Al- 
lied to L. Ger. kabbeln, to quarrel.] 
1. To contend for superiority. 2. To 
debate peevishly. — n. A wrangle; 
a brawl ; a petty quarrel. [son. 

SQUAB'BLER, n. A contentious per- 

Squad (skwod), n. [Lat. ex and qua- 
dra, a square, fr. qvatuor, four.] A 
small party of men for drill, inspec- 
tion, or service. 

SQUAD'ron, n. [See supra.] 1. A 
body of cavalry comprising two com- 
panies or troops. 2. A detachment 
of vessels under the command of 
the senior officer. 

SQUAL'ID (skwol'id), a. ILat. sqvali- 
dn's.] Foul ; filthy. [ness. 

Squa-lId'i-TY, n. Foulness; filthi- 

Squal'id-ness, n. State or quality 
of being squalid. 

Squall, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Sw. 
sqvd'a, to cry out.] To (-cream or 
cry violently. — n. 1. A loud scream 
or cry. 2. A sudden and violent gust 
of wind. 

SQUALL'ER, n. One who squalls. 

SQUALL'Y.a. Abounding with squalls. 

Squa'loid. a. [Lat. squahis, a shark, 
and Gr. elfios, likeness.] Resembling 
a shark. 

Squa'lor, n. [Lat.] Filthiness ; 
squalidity. 

SQUA-MOSE' (125), ) a. [Lat. squa- 

SQUA'MOUS, } mosus ; squa- 

ma, a scale.] Covered with, or con- 
sisting of, scales. 

Squan'der (skwon'-), v. t. [-ed ; 
-ing.] [0. II . Ger. suandian, su en- 
tan, fr. swindan, swintan, to vanish, 
dwindle.] To spend lavishly or prod- 
igally, [ders. 

Squan'der-er, n. One who squan- 

SquAre (4), a. [From Lat. ex, and 
quadra, a square.] 1. Having four 
equal sides and four right angles. 2. 
Forming a right angle. 3. Exactly 
correspondent; true ; just. 4. Ren- 
dering equal justice: fair; honest. 
5. Even ; leaving no balance. 6. Of 
greater length than usual ; as, a 
square sail. — n. 1. A figure having 
four equal sides and four right an- 
gles. 2. That which is square, or 
nearly so, or is reckoned by squares. 
3. An area of four sides, 
with houses on each 
side. 4. An instrument 
used to lay out or test 
square work. 5. Prod- 
uct of a number or 
quantity multiplied by I 
itself. 6. Relation of ex- Carpenter's 
act agreement: equali- Square. 
ty. — v. t. [-ED : -ING.] 1. To form 
with four equal sides and four right 
angles. 2. To form to right angles. 

3. To reduce to any given measure. 

4. To adjust ; to regulate. 5. To 
make even ; to leave no difference or 
balance. 6. To multiply by itself. — 
v i. To suit ; to fit. 



'I^HH 



A, E, I, O, U, Y,long; A,E,I, 6, 0, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM ; PIQUE, FIRM; SON 



SQUARELY 



409 



STALACTITE 



SQUARE 'LY, adv. In a square form 
or manner. [square. 

SquAre'ness, n. State of being 

Square'-riggjed, a. Having the 
chief sails extended by yards, sus- 
pended by the middle. 

Squash (skwosh), v. t. [Eng. quash, 
or from 0. Fr. fscacher, esquachier.] 
To press into pulp ; to crush. — n. 1. 
A sudden fall of a heavy, soft body. 
2. [Mass. Ind. asq, pi. asqiiash, raw, 
green; askutasquash, vine-apple.] A 
gourd-like plant and its fruit. 

SQUAT (skwot), v. i. [-TED; -TING.] 
[Of. It. quatto, squat, cowering, from 
Lat. coactus, driven or urged to- 
gether.] 1. To sit upon the hams or 
heels. 2. To settle on another's land 
without title. [Amer.]. — a. 1. Sit- 
ting on the hams or heels ; cowering. 
2. Short and thick. 

Squat'ter, n. 1. One who squats or 
sits close. 2. One who settles on new 
land without a title. [Amer.] 

SQUAW, n. [Massachusetts squa,esh- 
qua.] An Indian woman. 

Squeak, v. i. [-ed;-ing.] [0. Sw. 
sqvdka, to cry out, II. Ger. quieken, 
to squeak, squeal.] To utter a sharp, 
shrill cry ; or to make a sharp noise. 
— n. A sharp, shrill sound suddenly 
uttered. 

Squeal, v. i. [-ed; -ijjg.] [Sw. 
sqvala, to cry out. See SQUALL.] 
To cry with a shrill , prolonged sound, 
as certain animals do. — n. A shrill, 
a,nd somewhat prolonged cry. 

SQUEAM'ISH, a. [From qualmish.] 
Having a stomach that is easily nau- 
seated ; hence, nice to excess in taste. 
Syn.— See Fastidious. 

Squeam'ish-ly, adv. Fastidiously. 

Squeam'ish-ness, n. Fastidiousness. 

Squeeze, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [A.-S. 
cwisan, cwissan, to crush, squeeze.] 
1. To press between two bodies. 2. 
To oppress. 3. To compel, or cause 
to pass. — 1\ i. To urge one's way ; 
to pass by pressing. — n. Act of one 
who squeezes ; compression. 

SQUIB, n. 1. A little pipe, filled with 
combustible matter ; a cracker. 2. 
[Allied to quib.] A brief, sarcastic or 
witty essay or paragraph. 

SQUID, n. The cuttle-fish. 

Squill, n. [Lat. squilla, Gr. o-kiAao..] 

1. A lily-like plant, with a medicinal 
root. 2. A crustaceous sea animal. 

Squint, a. [D. schuinte, a slope. Cf. 
Askant.] 1. Looking obliquely. 2. 
Looking with suspicion. — v. i. 
[-ED; -ing.] 1. To see obliquely 

2. To have the axes of the eyes not 
coincident. — n. 1. Act, or habit, of 
squinting. 2. Want of coincidence 
of the axes of the eyes. [squints. 

SquTnt'-eye (-T), vi. An eye that 
SQUIRE, n. Same as Esquire . — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ing.] 1. To attend as a 
squire. 2. To attend as a beau, or 
gallant. [Colloq.] 
Squirm (18), v. i. or t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Allied to Skr. krimi, a worm. Cf. 
SWARM, v. j',,5.] 1- To move, or 
cause to move, like a worm. 2. To 



climb, by embracing with the hands 
and feet. 

Squir'rel (skwlr'rel or skwur'rel), n. 
[L. Lat. squirelus, dim. of Lat. sciu- 
rus, Gr. oxiovpos, from <r/«a, shade, 
and ovpd, tail.] A small, rodent 
mammal having a bushy tail. 

SquIrt (18), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Cf. 
L. Ger. swirtjen, to squirt, 0. Sw. 
squatta, id.] To eject out of a nar- 
row pipe, in a stream. — v. i. To 
throw out liquid from a narrow ori- 
fice, in a rapid stream. — n. An in- 
strument with which a liquid is 
ejected. 

Stab, v. t. [-bed; -bing.] [From 
the root of staff, stave.] 1. To wound 
with a pointed weapon. 2. To injure 
secretly. — v.i. To give a wound 
with a pointed weapon. — n. A 
thrust or wound with a pointed 
weapon. 

St A' BAT Ma'ter. [Lat.] A cele- 
brated Latin hymn, beginning with 
these words. 

Stab'ber, n. One who stabs. 

Sta-bil'i-ty, n. 1. State of being 
stable or firm. 2. Steadiness of 
character or purpose. 

STA'BLE, a. [Lat. stabilis, fr. stare, 
to stand.] 1. Firmly established. 
2. Steady in purpose. — n. [Lat. sta- 
bulum, fr. stare, to stand.] A build- 
ing for beasts. — v.i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To put or keep in a stable. — v. i. 
To dwell or lodge in a stable. 

STA'BLING, n. 1. Act of keeping 
cattle in a stable. 2. A house for 
horses and cattle. 

STA'BLY, adv. Fixedly ; steadily. 

Stav-va'to, a. [It.] (Mus.) Dis- 
connected ; distinct ; — a direction to 
perform the notes of a passage in a 
short, distinct, and pointed manuer. 

Stack, n. [From the root of stick.] 
1. A large pile of hay or grain, &c. ; 
a conical pile of muskets. 2. A num- 
ber of funnels or chimneys standing 
together. 3. Chimney of a locomo- 
tive or steam-vessel. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To make into a conical or 
other pile. 

Stad'dle, n. [From the root of stead, 
steady.] 1. Support of a stack of hay 
or grain. 2. A small forest tree. 

Sta'DI-UM, n. ; pi. sta'di-A. [Tat., 
from Gr. o-rddiov.] A Greek measure 
of length, equal to 606 feet 9 inches 
English. 

Stadt'hold-er (stilt'-), n. [D. stad- 
houder; stud, a city, a town, and 
houder, a holder.] Formerly, the 
chief magistrate of Holland. 

Staff, n. ; pi. staves or staffs (in 
the first three senses), STAFFS (in 
the last sense). [A.-S. staf, a staff, 
prop.] 1. A stick for support or de- 
fense ; hence, a support. 2. The five 
lines and the spaces on which music 
is written. 3. A pole to hoist a flag 
upon. 4. [From staff", as an ensign 
of authority.] A corps of officers 
attached to a superior officer. 

Staff'-of'fi-cer. n. An officer be- 
longing to the staff of a regiment. 



StXg, n. [Tcel. steggr, male of several 
animals.] 1. The male red deer. 2. 
A young bull castrated. 

Stage, n. [0. Fr. estage, N. Fr. ttage, 
as if fr. a Lat. staticus, fr. stare, to 
remain.] 1. A platform slightly ele- 
vated. 2. A scaffold. 3. A theater; 
hence, also, the drama. 4. A placo 
where any thing is publicly exhib- 
ited. 5. Distance between two places 
of rest on a road. 6. A degree of 
advancement or progress. 7. A pub- 
lic coach running from station to 
station. _ [coach. 

Stage'-€OAch (20), n. A public 

Stage'-play, n. A dramatic enter- 
tainment. 

Sta'ge'r, n. 1. One who has long 
acted on the stage of life. 2. A horse 
used in drawing a stage. 

Stag'ger, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [0. 
D. staggeren, fr. striken, staecken, to 
stop.] 1. To reel ; to vacillate. 2. 
To begin to give way. 3. To hesi- 
tate. — v. t. To make less steady or 
confident. 

Stag'gers, n. pi. Apoplexy in horses 
and other animals. 

Sta'ging, n. A structure of posts 
and boards for supporting workmen, 
&c, in building. [nant. 

Stag'nan-cy, n. State of being stag- 

Stag'nant, a. [Lat. stagnans.] 1. 
Motionless ; impure from want of 
motion. 2. Not active ; dull. 

Stag'nate, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
stagi\ja.re , -natum, from stagnum, 
standing water.] 1. To cease to flow. 
2. To cease to be brisk or active. 

Stag-na'tion, n. 1. Cessation of 
flowing, as of a fluid. 2. State of being 
dull. 

Staid, imp. & p. p. of Stay. — a. 
[From stay, to stop.] Sober; not 
wild, volatile, flighty, or fanciful. 

Staid'ness, n. State or quality of 
being staid. 

STAIN, v.t. [-ED; -ing.] [Abbrev. 
from distain.] 1. To discolor by the 
application of foreign matter. 2. To 
color, as wood, glass, &c. 3. To im- 
press with figures, in colors different 
from the ground. 4. To bring re- 
proach on. — n. 1. A discoloration. 
2. Taint of guilt. 3. Cause of re- 
proach . 

Stain'er, n. One who stains. 

Stain'LESS, a. Free from any stain. 

Stair, n. [A.-S. stieger, fr. stigan, to 
ascend.] 1. One step of a series. 2. A 
series of steps ; — usually in the pi. 

Stair'-gase.w. A flight of stairs with 
their supporting framework, &c. 

Stake, n. [From the root of stick.\ 
1. A stick, pointed at one end. 2. 
Martyrdom, esp. by fire. 3. That 
which is laid down as a wager. — v.t. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. To fasten, defend, 
or mark off, with stakes. 2. To 
wager. 

Sta-LA€'TI€, a. Pertaining to stalac- 
tites ; resembling a stalactite ; stalac- 
titic. 

Sta-lag'tite (147), n. [From Gr. 
a-Takatcroi , oozing out in drops.] A 



( 
I 



i, do, wolf, too, took; urn, rue, PULL ; E, I, o, silent ; c.G, so/i/ €,G,hard; A§; ejist; Soskg; this 



STALACTITIC 



410 



START 



pendent cone of carbonate of lime, 
resembling an icicle. 

StAi/ac-tit'ic, )a. Relating to, 

STAi/A€-TiT'l€-AL,, ) or resembling, 
a stalactite. 

StA-LAG'MITE, n. [Gr. oraAay/ua, 
that which drops, a drop.] A deposit 
of earthy or calcareous matter, made 
by calcareous water dropping on the 
floors of caverns. [of stalagmites. 

Dtal/ag-mit'ic, a. Having the form 

Stale, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [From A.-S. 
steall, Eng. stall, a stable.] To dis- 
charge urine ; — said of beasts. — a. 
[From stale (obs.), urine, — first used 
of beer.] 1. Vapid or tasteless from 
age. 2. Not freshly made. 3. Worn 
out by use ; trite; common. 

Stale'ness, ii. State of being stale. 

STALK (stawk), n. [Cf. A.-S. stealc, 
s'twlc, high, steep.] 1. Stem or main 
axis of a plant. 2. Petiole, pedicel, or 
peduncle of a plant. 3. Stem of a 
quill.— v.i. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
st&lcan, stealcian, from stxlc, stealc, 
high.] To walk with high, proud 
steps. — v. t. To approach under 
cover of a screen, or by stealth. 

Stalk'er (stawk'er), n. One who 
stalks. 

Stalk'ing-horse (stawk'-), n. 1. 
A horse, or a figure resembling a 
horse, behind which a fowler con- 
ceals himself from the sight of game. 
2. Hence, a pretense. [stalk. 

Stalk'y (stawk'y), a. Resembling a 

STALL, n. [A.-S. steall, stall, a place, 
station, a stable, condition, fr. the 
root stal,$kr. st.'.al, to stand.] 1. 
Place where a horse or an ox is kept 
and fed. 2. A stable. 3. A slight 
shed for the sale of merchandise. 4. 
Seat of an ecclesiastic in the choir 
of a church. — v. t. [-ed; -ING.] 
1. To put into a stall or stable. 2. 
To plunge into mire so as not to be 
able to proceed. 

Stall'age, n. Rent paid for a stall. 

Stall'-feed, v. t. [-fed; -feed- 
ing.] To feed and fatten in a sta- 
ble, or on dry fodder. 

Stall'ION (stal'yun), n. [From A.-S. 
steall, Eng. stall, a stable.] A male 
horse used for raising stock. 

STAL'WART,rt. [Cf. A.-S. St&lweordh, 
worth stealing or taking, afterward 
extended to other causes of estima- 
tion.] Brave; bold; strong._ 

Sta'men, ii. ; Eng. pi. sta'mens 
(used only in the fourth sense) ; hat. 
pi. STAHfl-NA (in the first three 
senses). [Lat. stamen, a thread, 
fiber, fr. Gr. i(rra.vai, to stand.] 1. 
A thread. 2. pi. Fixed, firm part 
of a body. 3. pi. Whatever consti- 
tutes the principal strength of any 
thing. 4. The male organ of flow- 
ers for furnishing the pollen. 

Stam'I-nal, a. Pertaining to, or con- 
sisting in, stamens or stamina. 

Stam'i-nate, a. Furnished with, or 
producing, stamens. 

Sta-mTn'e-OUs, a. Consisting of, or 
pertaining to, stamens. 

Stam'mer, v. i. [-ed ; -ING.] [0. H. 



Ger. stammalon, stammen, A.-S. 
stommettan.] To hesitate in speak- 
ing ; to stutter. — v. t. To utter with 
hesitation, or imperfectly. — n. De- 
fective utterance ; a stutter. 

Stam'mer-er, n. One who stammers. 

Stamp, v.t. [-ed;-ing.] [0. H. Ger. 
stamphun.] 1. To strike with the 
bottom of the foot. 2. To impress 
with some mark. 3. To imprint; to 
fix deeply. 4. To coin ; to mint. — 
v. i. To strike the foot forcibly down- 
ward. — n. 1. Act of stamping. 2. 
Any instrument for making impres- 
sions. 3. Mark made by stamping. 
4. A thing stamped. 5. A stamped 
or printed device, required by law to 
be affixed to certain papers. 6. An 
instrument for cutting out mate- 
rials. 7. Make ; form ; character. 

Stamp'-act, n. An act of the Brit- 
ish Parliament, imposing a duty on 
all paper and parchment used in 
the British American colonies. 

Stam-pede', n. [From stamp.] A 
sudden fright and running away of 
large bodies of cattle or horses. 

Stanch (66) v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [L. 
Lat. stancare, fr. Lat. stagnare, to be 
or make stagnant.] To stop the flow- 
ing of, as blood. — v.i. To stop 
flowing, as blood. — a. [-ER ; -EST.] 
[From stanch, v. t., and hence, lit. 
stopped.] 1. Strong and tight. 2. 
Firm in principle ; steady. 

Stan'chion (stan'shun), n. [See 
Stanch, v. t.] A prop ; a small 
post. 

Stand, v.i. [stood; standing.] 
[A.-S. standan.] 1. To remain at 
rest in an erect position. 2. To be 
situated. 3. To stop ; to halt. 4. 
To endure. 5. To be fixed, steady, 
or firm. 6. To be in some particu- 
lar state. 7. To continue in force. 
— v.t. 1. To endure; to sustain. 

2. To withstand. 3. To abide by ; 
to admit. — n. 1. A place where one 
stands. 2. A stop: a halt. 3. An 
structure erected for spectators. 4. 
Something on which a thing rests or 
is laid. 5. Resistance. 

STAND'ARD, ii. [From Lat. eztendere, 
to spread out.] 1. A staff with a 
flag or colors. 2. That which is es- 
tablished as a rule or measure of 
quantity. 3. Model ; criterion. 4. 
A standing tree or stem. 5. An up- 
right support. — a. Having a fixed 
or permanent value. 

Standing, p. a. 1. Established; 
settled ; permanent. 2. Stagnant. 

3. Remaining erect. — n. 1. "'State 
of being erect. 2. Duration ; con- 
tinuance. 3. Power to stand. 4. 
Reputation : rank. 

Stand'ish (146), «. [From stand and 
dish.] A stand for pen and ink. 

STAND'-POINT, n. A fixed point or 
station ; point of view. [Recent.] 

Stand'-stTll, n. A stop. 

STAN'HOPE (colloq. startup), n. A 
light carriage, without a top ; — 
named from Lord Stanhope. 

STAN'NA-RY, a. [Lat. stannum, tin.] 



Pertaining to tin. — n. A tin-mine ; 
or tin- works. [tained from, tin. 

StAn'nic, a. Pertaining to, or ob* 

STAN'ZA, n. [It. stanza, lit. a stop, 
fr. Lat. stans, standing.] A combi- 
nation of verses, whether like or un- 
like in measure. 

Sta'ple, n. [A.-S. slapul, stapel, 
step, prop, post, fr. stapan, to step, 
go, raise.] 1. A principal production 
of a country. 2. Principal element. 
3. Thread or pile of wool, cotton, or 
flax. 4. A loop of metal to hold a 
hook. — a. Chief; principal. 

Star, n. [A.-S. steorra, Skr. stri.] 1. 
One of the innumerable luminous 
bodies iu the heavens. 2. Figure 
of a star. 3. A person of brilliant 
and attractive parts. — v. t. [-red ; 
-RING.] To set or adorn with stars. 

Star'board (colloq. star'burd), n, 
[A.-S. stcorbord, fr. steoran, to steer, 
and bord, a board, border.] The 
right-hand side of a ship, looking 
forward. — a. Pertaining to the 
right-hand side of a ship. 

STARCH, a. [A.-S. slearc, strong, 
rough. See Stark.] Stiff ; precise. 

— n. A granular substance, used for 
stiffening cloth. — v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To stiffen with starch. 

Star'-cham'ber, ii. [Either from 
A.-S. steoran, to steer, govern, or 
from being held in a room where cer- 
tain Jewish contracts and obliga- 
tions called Starrs were kept.] Ad 
ancient criminal court in England. 

Starched (starcht), p. a. Stiff 1 , 
precise; formal. [starched. 

Starcii'ed-ness, n. State of being 

Starch'ly, adv. Formally ; stiffly. 

StArch'ness, n. Stiffness ; precise- 
ness. [starch ; stiff. 

Starch'y, a. Consisting of, or like, 

Stare, v.i. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. sta- 
rian.] To look with fixed eyes wide 
open. — v. t. To look earnestly at. 

— n. A fixed look with eyes wide 
open. 

STAR'ER i n. One who stares. 

Star'-gaz'er, n. One who gazes at 
the stars ; an astronomer ; — in con- 
tempt. 

Star'-gaz'ING, n. Act of observing 
the stars with attention. 

Stark, a. [-ER ; -est.] [A.-S. stearc, 
strong, rough ; formed on the root 
of Ger. starr, stiff.] 1. Stiff; strong. 
2. Mere ; sheer ; downright. — adv. 
Wholly ; absolutely. 

Star'less, a. Having no stars visible. 

Star'ligiit (-lit), n. Light proceed- 
ing from the stars. — a. Lighted by 
the stars. 

Star'ling, n. [See Stare.] A small 
bird, common in Europe. 

STAR'RY,a. 1. Adorned with stars. 2. 
Consisting of the stars ; stellar. 3- 
Shining like stars. 

Start, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [0. Eng. 
stirte, sterte, allied to the root of stir.] 
1. To move suddenly, as with a 
spring. 2. To shrink ; to wince. 3. 
To set out; to begin. — v.t. 1. To 
cause to move suddenly. 2. To pro- 



l, E, I, 5, u, Y,long; i.E/i.d, G, y, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son, 



STARTING-POST 



411 



STEEL 



duce suddenly to view. 3. To bring 
within pursuit. — n. 1. A sudden mo- 
tion. 2. An unexpected movement; 
a sally. 3. Act of setting out. 4. 
[A.-S. steort, a tail, an extremity.] 
A projection ; a horn ; a tail. 

Start'ing-post, n. A post from 
which competitors in a race start. 

StXrt'LE (start'l), v. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Dim. of start.] To shrink on feeling 
a sudden alarm. — v. t. To excite 
fcy sudden alarm. — n. A sudden 
motion or shock occasioned by an 
unexpected alarm, surprise, or ap- 
prehension of danger. 

Star-va'tion, h. Act of starving, 
or state of being starved. 

Starve, v. i. [A. -8. steor fan, slear- 
Jian: N. H. Ger. sterben, to die.] 1. 
To perish or die with cold. [Eng.] 
2. To perish with hunger ; to be very 
indigent. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To kill with cold. [Eng.] 2. To kill 
with hunger or want. 

Starve'ling (starv'ling), a. Hun- 
gry ; pining. — n. An animal or 
plant pining from want of nutri- 
ment. 

State, n. [Lat. status, a standing, 
position.] 1. Circumstances or con- 
dition. 2. Any community of a par- 
ticular character. 3. Whole body of 
people united under one government. 
4. A commonwealth. 5. Pomp. 

Syn. —Situation: condition.— State is 
generic; the situation of a thing is its 
state in reference to external objects and 
influences; its condition is its internal 
state., or what it is in itself considered. 

— v. t. [-ED: -ING.] To express 
the particulars of ; to narrate. 

Stat'ed, a. Settled; occurring at 
regular times. 

STAT'ED-LY,rtf/i'. Atappointed times. 

State'-hoi;se, n. The building in 
•which a legislature holds its sessions. 

State'li-ness, n. Condition of being 
stately. 

State'ly, a. [-er; -est, 142.] 
Evincing state or dignity. — adv. 
Majestically ; loftily. 

Statement, ». 1. Act of stating. 
2. A narrative : a recital. 

STATE'-ROOM (28), n. 1. A magnifi- 
cent room. 2. A lodging-room in a 
ship's cabin. 

States'man (150), n. A man versed 
in the arts of government. 

States'man-ship, it. Qualifications 
or employments of a statesman. 

Stat'IC. I a. [Gr. ora-rticos, from > 

Stat'I€-al, ) iaraixu, to cause to j 
stand.] 1. Pertaining to bodies at 
rest, or in equilibrium. 2. Acting ! 
by mere weight. 

Etat'I€S, 7i. sing. That branch of 
mechauics which relates to bodies as | 
held at rest by the forces acting on 
them. 

STA'TION, n. [Lat. statio, fr. stare, 
statum, to stand.] 1. Place where 
any thing stands, or is appointed to 
remain for a time; esp. (a.) A stop- 
ping-place on railways, (b.) Rendez- 
vous of a police force. 2. Situation ; 



position. 3. Employment ; occupa- 
tion. 4. Condition of life. 

Sy>*. — Depot. — It is unfortunate 
that, in America, the stopping-places on 
our railways first received the name of 
depot — a gross misapplication of the 
term, since it means simply a store-house, 
or magazine. In England, the name 
has always been "station." or "station- 
house; " and there is now a strong ten- 
dency to adopt this in America as the 
only proper word. 

— v. t. [-EDj-ING.] To place; to 
set. [tion. 

Sta'TION-al, a. Pertaining to a sta- 

STA'TION'-A-RY, a. 1. Not moving; 
stable ; fixed. 2. Not improving. 

Sta'tion-er, n. One who sells pa- 
per, pens, ink, &c. 

Sta'tion-er-y, n. Articles usually 
sold by stationers. [man. 

Sta'tist, it. [From state.] A states- 

Sta-tIs'tI€, ) a. Pertaining to 

Sta-tis'ti€-al, ) statistics. 

Stat'IS-tj'cian (-tlsh'an), n. A per- 
son familiar with statistics. 

Sta-tist'ics, n. pi. [From Eng. sta- 
tist, a statesman.] 1. A classified col- 
lection of facts, respecting the con- 
dition of a people or class. 2. sing. 
The science which has to do with the 
collection of such facts. 

Stat'U-a-ry, n. 1. Art of carving 
statues. 2. One who makes statues. 
3. A collection of statues. 

Stat'UE, n. [Lat. statua. i. e., stat- 
iva effigies, from slativus, standing 
still.] An image carved out of mar- 
ble or other solid substance. 

Stat'U-esque' (-esk'), a. Statue- 
like in character or appearance. 

Stat'u-ette', n. A. small statue. 

Stat'URE, n. [Lat. statura, fr. stare, 
statum, to stand-] Natural height 
of the body. 

STA'TUS,n. [Lat.] State; condition. 

Stat'U-ta-ble, a. Made by, or be- 
ing in conformity to, statute. 

Stat'UTE,». [L. Lat. statutum, fr. 
statuere, to set, ordain.] An act of 
the legislature of a country ; a posi- 
tive law. 

Stat'U-to-ry, a. Enacted by statute. 

Staunch, a. See Stanch. 

STAVE, n. [Eng. staff, Ger. stab.] 1. 
A thin, narrow piece of wood for a 
cask. 2. A stanza. — v. t. [staved, 
or stove : staving.] From stave, 
staff, n.] 1. To break a hole in ; to 
burst. 2. To push, as with a staff. 
3^^ To delay ; to drive away. 

Stay, v. i. [stayed, or staid ; 
staying.] [Sw. sta, to stand. Cf. 
Lat. stare.] 1. To remain ; to con- 
tinue in a place ; to stop. 2. To wait ; 
to attend. 3. To dwell ; to tarry. 4. 
To rely; to trust. — v. t. 1. To 
withhold ; to restrain. 2. To delay : 
to obstruct. 3. [0. Fr. estayer, to 
prop, fr. Icel. stedia, to confirm.] To 
prop; to support. — n. 1. Continu- 
ance ; sojourn. 2. Stand : stop. 3. 
That which serves as a prop. 4. pi. 
A corset. 5. A large, strong rope, to 
support a mast. [a stay. 

Stay'-sail, n. Anv sail extended on 



STEAD, n. [A.-S. stede, a place, sta- 
tion.] Place or room which another 
had, or might have. 

Stead'fast, a. [From stead and 
fast, i. e., fast in place.] 1. Fast 
fixed; firm. 2. Constant; resolute. 

Stead'fast-ly, adv. In a steadfast 
manner. [steadfast. 

Stead'fast-ness, n. State of being 

Stead'i-lv, adv. Firmly. 

Stead'i-ness, n. State of being 
steady ; firmness. 

Stead'y, a. [-er ; -est, 142.] L 
Firm in standing or position. 2. 
Constant in feeling, purpose, or pur- 
suit. 3. Constant; uniform. — v.t. 
[-ED ; -ING, 142.] To hold or keep 
firm ; to support. 

Steak, n. [Icel. steik, broiled meat, 
steikia, to broil. Cf. A.-S. sticce,a, 
piece, steak.] A slice of beef, pork, 
or venison, &c, broiled or cut for 
broiling. 

Steal, v. t. [stole; stolen; 
STEALING.] [A.-S. stelan, staslan.] 
1. To take without right or leave. 2. 
To gain or win by address or imper- 
ceptible means. 

SYK. — To filch; pilfer; purloin. 

— v. i. 1. To practice theft. 2. To 
slip in, along, or away, unperceived. 

Steal'er, r. One who'steals ; a thief. 

Stealth, n. A secret or clandestine 
procedure. 

STEALTH'I-LY, adv. By stealth. 

Stealth'i-ness, n. State of being 
stealthy . 

Stealth'y, a. [-er; -est, 142.] 
Done by stealth ; secret ; private ; sly. 

Steam, n. [A.-S. steam, stem. Low 
Ger. stinn, weather when snow or 
rain is drifted.] 1. Vapor into which 
water is converted, when heated to 
the boiling point. 2 Mist formed 
by condensed vapor. — v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To rise or pass off in va- 
por. 2. To travel by the agency of 
steam. — v. t. 1. To exhale" 2. To 
apply steam to. [by steam. 

Steam'-boat, n. A vessel propelled 

Steam'-boil'er, n. A boiler for 
generating steam. 

Steam'-en'gine, n. An engine 
moved by steam. 

Steam'er, s. 1. A vessel propelled 
by steam. 2. A steam fire-engine. 
3. A culinary vessel in which articles 
are subjected to the action of steam. 

Steam'-pack'et, n. A packet or 
vessel propelled by steam. 

STEAM'-SHIP, n. A ship propelled by 
steam. [bling. steam. 

STEAM'Y, a. Consisting of, or resem- 

Ste'A-RINE, n. [Gr. oreap, tallow, 
suet.] One of the proximate princi- 
ples of animal fat. 

STE'A-TITE, M. [Gr. a-reap, orea-ros, 
fat, tallow.] A soft magnesian rock ; 

— called also soap-stone. 

STEED, n. [A.-S. stcda, stcdha, from 
stud, a stud of breeding steeds.] A 
spirited horse for state or war. 

Steel, n. [A.-S. stel, styl, for stsehel.] 
1. Iron combined with carbon. 2. 
An instrument made of steel. 3. 



( 



OR, do, wolf, too, TOOK. ; t>RN, RTJE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; C', G, soft; €, G, hard; AS ; exist ; ^ as NG ; THIS. 



STEELY 



412 



STIBIUM 




Hardness : sternness ; rigor. — v. t, 

[-ED ; rlNti-.] 1. To overlay, point 

or edge with steel. 2. To harden. 3. 

To cause to resemble steel. 
STEEL'Y,a. 1 Made of steel. 2. Re 

sembling steel ; hard ; firm. 
Steel'yard (col- 

loq. stil'yard), n. 

A form of balance. 
Steep, a. [-ek ; 

-EST.] [A.-S. 

stedp.] Descend- steelyard, 
ing with great in- 
clination ; precipitous. — n. A pre- 
cipitous place, hill, or mountain. — 
v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Ger. stippcn s 
to steep, dip.] To soak in a liquid ; 
to macerate. [are steeped. 

Steep'er, n. A vat in which things 

Stee'PLE,«. [Cf. steep.] Atowerofa 
church, ending in a point; aspire. 

Stee'ple-chase, n. A race between 
a number of horsemen, to see which 
can first reach some distant object 
(as a church steeple) in a straight 
course. 

Steep'ly, adv. With steepness. 

Steep'ness, n. State of being steep ; 
precipitous declivity. 

STEER, n [A.-S. stedr, Skr. sthourin, 
sthurin, Gr. Taupo?.] A young ox. — 
v.t. [-ED ; -ING.] [A.-S. sleoran, 
st iora?i, to establish.] To guide ; to 
govern; — applied to a vessel in the 
water. — v. i. 1. To direct and gov- 
ern a vessel in its course. 2. To be 
directed and governed. 

Steer'age, n. 1. Act or practice of 
steering. 2. An apartment in a ship 
for an inferior class of passengers. 3. 
That by which a course is directed. 

Steers'man (150), n. One who steers. 

Steeve, v. i. [Cf. 0. D. steve, staff.] 
To make an angle with the line of a 
vessel's keel ; — said of the bowsprit. 

STEG'A-NOG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. areya- 
j/6s, covered, and ypa<f>eiv, to write.] 
The art of writing in ciphers. 

Stel'LAR, la. [Lat. stellarls ; stel- 

STEL'LA-RY, ) la, a star.] Pertain- 
ing to, or full of, stars ; starry. 

Stel'late, a. [Lat. stellatus, set or 
covered with stars; Stella, & star.] 
Resembling a star ; radiated. 

Stel-lYf'er-oDs, a. [Lat. stellifer ; 
Stella, a star, and ferre, to bear.] 
Abounding with stars. 

Stel'li-form, a. [Lat. Stella ,& stav , 
and forma, a form.] Like a star ; 
radiated. 

STEL'LU-LAR (stel'yu-), a. [Lat. stel- 
lula, dim. of Stella, a star.] Shaped 
like little stars. 

Ste-LOG'ra-PHY, n. [Gr. o-tijAtj, a 
post, pillar, and ypa<]>etv, to write.] 
Art of inscribing characters on pil- 
lars. 

STEM, n. [A.-S. stemn, stefn ; allied to 
the root of staff .] 1. Main body of a 
tree, or other plant. 2. A little branch 
bearing a fruit or flower. 3. Stock of 
a family. 4. [A.-S. stefn, Icel. stqfn.] 
A curved timber at the fore end of 
a vessel ; hence, the forward part of a 
• v. t. [-MED ; -MING.] 1. To 



oppose, or cut, as with the stem of 
a vessel.; to make progress against, 
as acurrent. 2. To oppose, as a stream 
or moving force. 

STENCH (66), n. [A.-S. stenc, fr. stin- 
can, to stink.] An ill smell ; stink. 

STEN'CIL, n. [Cf. A.-S. stenge, a bar, 
stake, pole.] A thin plate of metal, 
or other material, on which a pat- 
tern is cut, used in painting, mark- 
ing, &c. — t\ t. [-ED; -ING, 137.] 
To paint or mark with stencils. 

Ste-nog'ra-pher, n. One skilled in 
stenography. 

Sten'o-graphTG, \ a. Pertain- 

Ste.Vo-graph'ic-al, J ing to ste- 
nography. 

STE-NOG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. <rrei/d<r, 
narrow, close, and ypd<f>eiv, to write.] 
The art of writing in short-hand. 

STEN-TO'RI-AN, a. [From Stentor, a 
herald, spoken of by Homer, having 
a very loud voice.] Extremely loud. 

Step, v. i. [-ped ; -ping.] [A.-S. 
steppan. stapan.] 1. To advance or 
recede by moving the feet. 2. To 
walk gravely or slowly. — v. t. 1." To 
set, as the foot. 2. To fix the foot 
of, as a mast, in its place. — n. 1. 
An advance made by one removal of 
the foot; apace. 2. One remove in 
ascending or descending. 3. Space 
passed by the foot in walking or run- 
ning. 4. A small distance. 5. Gra- 
dation ; degree. 6. Footprint ; trace. 
7. Proceeding ; action. 8. pi. A port- 
able frame-work of stairs. . 

Step'-br6th/er, n. A brother by 
marriage. [riage only. 

Step'-child, n. A child by mar- 

Step'-daugh'ter (-daw'ter), n. A 
daughter by marriage only. 

Step'-fath'er, n. A father by mar- 
riage only. 

Step'-moth/er (-mtitb/er), n. A 
mother by marriage only. 

Steppe, n. [Russ. stepj.} One of the 
vast barren plains in South-eastern 
Europe and Asia. 

Step'ping-stone, n. 1. A stone to 
raise the feet above the water or 
mud. 2. A means of advancement. 

StEp'-sYs'ter, n. A sister by mar- 
riage only. [riage only. 

Step'-s6n (-sHn), n. A son by mar- 

StEr'co-RA'ceoDs, a. [Lat. sterr.us, 
stercoris, dung.] Pertaining to dung, 
or partaking of its nature. 

Ste're-o-graphTG, a. Delineated 
on a plane. 

STE'RE-OG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. o-repeos, 
firm, solid, and ypa<f)eiv, to write.] 
Art of delineating the forms of solid 
bodies on a plane. 

STE'RE-OM'E-TRY, 11. [Gr. o-repeds. 
firm, solid, and jueVpov, a measure.] 
Art of measuring solid bodies. 

STE'RE-O-SCOPE, n. [Gr. crrepeds, 
firm, solid, and ano-relv, to view.] 
An optical instrument for giving to 
pictures the appearance of solid 
forms, as seen in nature. 

Ste're-o-scop'ic, a. Relating or 
adapted to the stereoscope. 

STE'RE-OT'O-MY, n. [Gr. o-repeds. 



firm, solid, and tojiaij, a cutting.} 
Science or art of cutting solids into 
certain figures. 

STE'RE-O-TYPE, n. [Gr. orepeds, 
firm, solid, and rviros, type.] 1. A 
plate of type-metal, resembling a 
page of type. 2. Art of making plates 
of type-metal in imitation of pages of 
type. — v. t. [-ED; -ing.] To mako 
stereotype plates for, as for a book. 

Ste'RE-o-typ'er, n. One who makes 
stereotype plates. 

STER'iLE,a. [Lat. sterilis.] 1. Bar- 
ren ; unfruitful. 2. Destitute of 
ideas. 

Ste-rii/i-ty, n. Quality or state of 
being sterile ; unproductiveness. 

STER'LING, a. [From Easterling, the 
name of German traders in England, 
whose money was of the purest qual- 
ity.] 1. Pertaining to the British 
coinage. 2. Genuine; pure. 

Stern (14), a. [-ek; -est] [A.-S. 
sterne, allied to 0. H. Ger. star, stiff ] 
1. Severe in look or manner. 2. Rigid- 
ly steadfast. — //. [A.-S. stearn, from 
the root of steer.] 1 Hind part of 
a vessel, or boat. 2. Hinder part of 
any thing. [bone. 

StErn'AE, i7. Pertaining to the breast- 

STERN'-CHASE, n. A chase in which 
one vessel follows in the wake of the 
other [from the stern. 

StErn'-chas/er, n. A gun to fire 

Stern'ly, arJv In a stern manner. 

Stern'ness (109). n Rigor ; severity. 

Stern'-sheets, n. pi. Part of a boat 
between the stem and the aftermost 
seat of rowers. 

Ster'num, n. [N. Lat. ; Gr. orep- 
vov.] The breast-bone. 

Ster'NU-TA'TION, n. [Lat. sternu- 
tatio.] Act of sneezing. 

Ster-nij'ta-tive, ) a. Provoking 

Ster-nu'ta-to-ry, I to sneeze. 

StErn'-way, n Movement of a ship 
with her stern foremost. 

StEr'TO-ROIJS, a. [Lat. stertere, to 
snore] Breathing hoarsely or heav- 
ily ; snoring. 

Steth'o-scope, n. [Gr. o-ttj0os, 
breast, and a-Korrelv, to examine.] 
An instrument used to distinguish 
sounds in the human chest. 

Steve, v. t. [From the root of stow.] 
To stow,_as in a ship's hold. 

Ste've-dore, n. One whose occu- 
pation is to load and unload vessels. 

Stew (stu), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [See 
STOVE.] To boil slowly and gently ; 
to seethe. — v. ?'. To be seethed in a 
slow, gentle manner. — n. 1. A house 
for bathing, sweating, &c. 2. A house 
of prostitution. 3. A dish cooked by 
stewing. 4. Confusion. [ Colloq.] 

Steward (stu'ardl.n. [A.-S. slige- 
weard, stiweard.] 1. A man who man- 
ages the domestic concerns of an- 
other. 2. A waiter on board a ship. 

Ste Ward-ess, n. A female waiter 
on shipboard. [ard. 

Ste Ward-shTp, n. Office of a stew- 

Stib'i-al, a. Like, or having the qual- 
ities of, antimony. 

Stib'i-0m, n. [Lat.] Antimony. 



I, e, i,o,u, y long; a,e, 1,5,0, Y, snort ; c.iRE, far, Ask, all, what ; Ere, veil, tErm ; pique, firm; s6n, 



STICH 



413 



STOCKHOLDER 



StYch (stik), n. [Gr. oti'xos, a row, 
line.] A verse or line in poetry. 

STICK, n. [A.-S. sticca, allied to sle- 
can, stician, to stab, prick.] 1. A 
small shoot of a tree or shrub, cut 
off. 2. Any stem or branch cut for 
fuel or timber. 3. Any thing shaped 
like a stick. — v. t. [stuck ; stick- 
ing.] 1. To pierce ; to stab. 2. To 
set ; to fix in or on. — v. i. 1. To ad- 
here. 2. To be united closely. 3. To 
be hindered from proceeding. 4. To 
hesitate. [sticky. 

Stick'1-ness, n. Quality of being 

Stick'le (stlk'l), v. i. [-ED'; -ING.] 
[From the practice of prize-fighters, 
who placed seconds with sticks to 
interpose occasionally.] To con- 
tend pertinaciously on insufficient 
grounds. 

Stick'ler, n. One who stickles. 

Stick'y, a. [-ER ; -EST, 142.] In- 
clined to stick ; adhesive ; tenacious. 

Stiff, a. [-er;-est.] [A.-S. stif.] 

1. Not easily bent. 2. Not liquid or 
fluid. 3. Not easily subdued ; firm. 
4. Formal in manner. 

Stiffen, v. t. or ?'. [-ed ; -ing.] To 
make or become stiff. 

Stiff'ly, adv. In a stiff manner. 

Stiff'-neck.ed (-nekt), a. Stubborn. 

Stiff'ness, n. State of being stiff. 

Sti'fle, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Dim. 
of stive,] 1. To stop the breath ; to 
choke. 2. To extinguish ; to quench. 

3. To suppress; to conceal. — n. 
[From stiff.] 1. Joint on the hind 
leg of a horse next to the flank. 2. 
A disease in the knee-pan of a horse. 

Stig'ma,w, ,• Eng.pl. st/g'ma§ ; Lai. 
pi. STIG'MA-TA. [Gr. <rTiyiJ.a, from 
o-TifJ-eiv, to prick, brand.] 1. A brand. 

2. Any mark of infamy. 3. (Bot. )The 
top of the pistil. [ma. 

Stig-mat'1€, a. Marked with a stig- 
Stig'ma-tize,*\ t. [-ed; -ing.] To 

set a mark of disgrace on ; to brand. 
Stile, n. [A.-S. stigel, ladder, fr. sti- 

gan, to ascend.] A set of steps, for 

passing a fence or wall. 
StI-let'to, n. ; pi. sti-let't5s. 

[It., dim. of stilo, a dagger, fr. Lat 

stilus, stylus, a pointed instrument.] 

1. A small round dagger. 2. A point- 
ed instrument for making eyelet 
holes.— v. t. [-ED; -ING, 144.] To 
stab with a stiletto. 

Still, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 1. [A.-S. 
stillan, fr. stille, still.] To stop, as 
noise, motion, or agitation ; to quiet. 

2. [Abbrev. from distill.] To distill. 
— a. [-er; -est.] 1. Silent. 2. 
Undisturbed. 3. Motionless. — adv. 
1. To this time. 2. Habitually ; al- 
ways. 3. By an additional degree. 

4. Nevertheless ; — sometimes used 
as a conjunction. 5. After that. — n. 
A vessel used in distillation. 

StIl'la-ti'tioDs (-tTsh'us), a. [Lat. 

stillatitius ; stilla, a drop.] Falling in 

drops. 
Still'-born, a. Dead at the birth. 
Still'-life, n. The class or style of 

painting which represents fruits, 

flowers, dead game, &c 



StTll'NESS, n. Freedom from noise, 
motion , agitation, or excitement, &c. 

Sti'l'ly (109), adv. 1. Silently. 2. 
Calmly ; quietly. 

STILT, n. [0. H. Ger. stclza.] A piece 
of wood constructed to raise the foot 
above the ground in walking. — v. t. 
[■ED; -ing.] 1. To raise ou stilts. 
2. To raise by unnatural means. 

STi'M'u-LANT, a. Serving to stimu- 
late. — n. That which stimulates, 
provokes, or excites. 

Stim'u-late, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
stimulare, -latum ; stimulus, a goad.] 
To excite, rouse, or animate to action 
or more vigorous exertion. 

Stim'u-la'tion, n. Act. of stimu- 
lating, or state of being stimulated. 

STIM'U-L a'TIVE, a. Having the qual- 
ity of stimulating. — n. That which 
stimulates. [lates. 

Stim'u-la'TOR, n. One who stimu- 

StIm'u-lus, n . ; pi. stim'u-lI. 
[Lat.] Something that rouses the 
mind or spirits, or increases vital ac- 
tion. 

Sting, n. [A.-S. sting, stincg. Cf. 
Stick.] 1. A sharp-pointed weapon 
with which certain animals are armed 
by nature for their defense. 2. Wound 
made by a sting. 3. Any thing that 
gives acute pain. 4. Point of an epi- 
gram, or sarcasm. — v. t. [stung ; 
stinging.] 1. To pierce with a 
sting. 2. To pain acutely. 

STlNG'ER, n. One who, or that which, 
stings. 

Stin'gi-LY, adv. In a stingymanner. 

Stin'gi-ness, n. State or quality of 
being stingy. 

Stin'gy, a. [-er; -est, 142.] [Orig. 
eager, greedy, stimulated, fr. sting.] 
Meanly avaricious ; niggardly. 

Stink, v. i. [stank or stunk; 
stinking.] [A.-S. stincan.] To 
emit a strong, offensive smell. — n. 
A strong, offensive smell. 

STINT, v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [A.-S. stin- 
tan, to blunt. Cf. STUNT.] 1. To 
restrain within certain limits. 2. To 
assign a certain task to. — n. 1. Lim- 
it ; restraint ; extent. 2. Quantity 
assigned. 

STIPE, n. [Lat. stipes, a stock, post.] 
(Bot.) (a.) Base of a frond, as of a 
fern, {b.) Stalk of a pistil, (c.) Stem 
of a fungus or mushroom. 

STI'PEND, n. [Lat. stipendium ; stips,& 
gift in small coin, and pendere , to pay 
out.] Settled pay or compensation. 

Sti-PEND'i-a-ry, a. Receiving wages. 
— n. One who receives a stipend. 

STlP'PLE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [D. stip- 
pe.len, to spot, dot ; stip, stippel, a 
dot, spot.] To engrave by means of 
dots. — n. A mode of engraving by 
means of dots instead of lines. 

StYp'U-LATE, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
stipulari, -latus, orig. to conclude a 
money transaction, from stips, a gift 
in small coin.] To make an agree- 
ment ; to bargain ; to contract. — a. 
Furnished with stipules. 

StIp'u-la'tion, n. 1. Act of stipu- 
lating. 2. That which is stipulated. 



One who stlptu 



St'/P'U-la'tor, n. 
lates. 

StIp'ULE, n. [Lat. stipula, a stalk, 
straw.] A leaf-like appendage at tne 
base of petioles or leaves. 

Stir (18), v. t. [-red; -ring.] [A.-S. 
styrian.] 1. To change the place of 
in any manner. 2. To bring into de- 
bate. 8. To instigate ; to prompt. 

— v. i. 1. To move one's self. 2. 
To be in motion. — n. 1. Agitation.; 
tumult. 2. Public commotion. 

STIR'RUP (stor'rup or stir'rup), n. 
[A.-S. stigerap, stirap ; st'igan, to 
mount, and rap, a rope.] A ring for 
the foot of a rider, attached to a 
strap which is fastened to the saddle. 

Stitch, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
stician, to prick.] 1. To form stitches 
in. 2. To sew together. — v. i. To 
practice stitching. — n. 1. A single 
pass of a needle, or the loop made by 
it. 2. Space between two double 
furrows in plowed ground. 3. An 
acute pain. 

Stith'y,ti. [Icel. stedhi.] An anvil 

Stive, v. t. [Allied to stew, stow, 
stuff.] To make hot and close. 

STl'VER, n. [D. stuiver.] A Dutch 
coin, worth two cents. 

Stoak, v. t. [Cf. Ger. stocken, to 
stop.] To choke. [dish color. 

Stoat, n. The ermine, when of a red- 

STOC-CADE', n. See STOCKADE. 

Stock, n. [A.-S. stocc, a stock, stick. 
See Stick.] 1. Stem of a tree or 
plant. 2. Something fixed, solid, 
and senseless. 3. One who is as dull 
and lifeless as a post. 4. The prin- 
cipal supporting part. 5. Original 
progenitor; also , lineage ; family. 6. 
Money invested in business ; pi. 
shares in joint-stock companies 
[Amer.], or in the obligations of a 
government for its funded debt. 
[L'ng.] 7. Supply provided, 
mestic amimals 
used, or raised, 
on a farm. 9. A 
stiff, wide band 
for the neck. 10. 
pi. A frame in 
which the feet or 
feet and hands of 
criminals were Stocks (10). 

confined. 11. pi. Frame on which 
a ship rests while building. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ing.] To provide with ma- 
terial requisites ; to store ; to supply. 

— a. Standard; permanent. 
Stock-ade', 77. [See Stock.] A line 

or inclosure of posts, set as a fence 
or barrier. — v. t. [-ED : -ING.] To 
fortify with sharpened posts fixed in 
the ground. [deals in stocks. 

Stock'-BRO'KER, n. A broker who 
Stock'-d6ve (-duv), n. The wild 

pigeon of Europe. 

Stock'-ex-change', n. 1. Place 

where stocks are bought and sold. 

2. An association of stock -brokers. 

[Eng .] [without salt. 

Stock'-F?SH, n. Cod dried in the sun 

Stock'h5ld-ER, n. A proprietor of 

stock in any public funds. 



8. Do- 




( 
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STOCKING 



414 



STOWAGE 



3TOCK f ING,n. [From.^ocfc.] A close- 
fitting covering for the foot and leg. 

StocK'-joB'ber, n. One who spec- 
ulates in stocks. 

Stock'-job'Bing, n. Act or art of 
dealing in stocks. [post. 

Stock'-stTll, a. Still as a fixed 

Stock'y, a. [-ER ; -est, 142.] [From 
stock.] Thick and firm ; stout. 

Gt6'I€, n. [Gr. otcoLVcos, from crrda, a 
porch, esp. one where Zeno taught.] 

1. A disciple- of the philosopher Zeno. 

2. One n r t easily excited ; an apa- 
thetic pe?son. 

STO're, ) a. Unfeeling ; manifest- 

STOT€-A T ,, f ing indifference to 
pleasrre or pain. 

STOTS-AL-LY, adv. In the manner 
of the Stoics. [stoical. 

Sto'io-al-ness, n. State of being 

STO'i-cIsm, n. 1. Opinions and max- 
ims of the Stoics. 2. Indifference to 
pleasure or pain. 

Stok'er, n. [Prov. Eng. stoke, to 
stir the fire, fr. stoke, a stock, stick.] 
One who tends the furnace of a loco- 
motive or steam-engine. 

Stole , imp. of Steal. — n. [Gr. o-toAtJ, 
dress, robe, from oreAAeiv, to array.] 
1. A long, loose garment. 2. A nar- 
row band worn by Roman Catholic 
deacons, bishops, and priests. 

Stolen (stoln, 68), p. p. of Steal. 

Stol'ID, a. [Lat. stolidus.] Hope- 
lessly insensible or stupid. 

Sto-lid'i-TY, n. Dullness of intel- 
lect; stupidity. 

Stom'ACH (stum'ak), n. [Gr. <tt6>- 
a^os, from a-rofna, a mouth, outlet.] 

1. The principal organ of digestion. 

2. Appetite. 3. Inclination ; liking. 
— v. t. [-ED; -ing.] 1. To resent. 
2. To brook. 

STOM/A-CHER (-cher), n. An orna- 
ment worn on the breast by women. 

Sto-mXch'I€, a. Exciting the action 
of the stomach. — n. A medicine 
that strengthens the stomach and 
excites its action. 

Stone (20), ft. [A.-S. stan.] 1. A 
mass of concreted earthy or mineral 
matter. 2. A monument to the 
dead. 3. A calculous concretion in 
the kidneys or bladder. 4. Nut of a 
drupe. 5. A weight which legally is 
fourteen pounds, but in practice 
varies, — v. t. [-ED;-ING.] 1. To 
pelt or kill with stones. 2. To free 
from stones. 3. To wall with stones. 

STONE'-BLIND, a. Perfectly blind. 

STONE'-€OAL, n. Anthracite coal. 

Stone'-€UT'ter, n. One who cuts 
or hews stones. 

Stone'-fruit, n. Fruit whose seeds 
are covered with a hard shell envel- 
oped in the pulp ; a drupe. 

STON'ER, n. 1. One who stones. 2. 
One who walls with stones. 

St6ne's/-Throw, ti. Distance which 
a stone may be thrown. 

Stone'-still, a. Motionless. 

Stone '-ware, n. A species of pot- 
ter's ware. 

Ston'i-ness, n. Quality or state of 
being stony. 



STON'Y, a. Relating to, made of, 
abounding in. or resembling, stone. 

STO~OD, imp. of Stand. 

Stook, n. A small collection of 
sheaves set up in the field. 

STOOL, n. [A.-S. stol, allied to 0. H. 
Ger. stellan. to put, set.] 1. A seat 
without aback. 2. A discharge from 
the bowels. 

Stoop, «. ?'. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
stapian.] 1. To bend downward and 
forward. 2. To descend from rank or 
dignity. 3. To come down on prey, 
as a hawk ; to swoop. 4. To alight 
from the wing. — n. 1. Act of stoop- 
ing. 2. Condescension. 3. Fall of 
a bird on its prey ; a swoop. 4 [0. 
D. stoepen, to sit.] A porch with 
balustrade and seats on the sides. 
[Amer.] 5. [A.-S. stoppa, a large 
cup] A vessel of liquor ; a flagon . 

Stop, v. t. [-PED; -ping.] [From 
Lat. stupa, stuppa, coarse part of flax, 
oakum.] 1. To close, as an aperture, 
by filling. 2. To arrest the progress 
of. 3. To hinder Irom moving. 4. To 
punctuate. — v. t. To cease from 
any motion or course of action. — n. 

1. Act of stopping or state of being 
stopped. 2. That which stops. 3. A 
contrivance by which the sounds of 
a musical instrument are regulated. 
4. A mark of punctuation. 

Stop'-€ock, n. A pipe for a fluid, 
stopped by a turning-cock. 

Stop'-gXp, n. 1. That which closes 
a gap. 2. A temporary expedient. 

STOP'PAGE, n. Act of stopping, or 
state of being stopped. 

Stop'per, n. One who, or that 
which, stops; that which closes a 
hole in a vessel. — v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] 
To close or secure with a stopper. 

STOP'PLE, n. That which stops the 
mouth of a vessel ; a stopper. 

Stor'age (45), n. 1. A putting in a 
store. 2. Price for keeping goods in 
a store. 

StS'rax, n. [Lat.] A fragrant resin 
resembling benzoin. 

STORE, n. [Cf. A.-S. stCr, great, large, 
vast.] 1. A great quantity, or num- 
ber. 2. A store-house ; a magazine. 
3. Any place where goods are sold. 
[Amer.] 4. pi. Articles accumulated 
for some object. 

Syn. — Shop.— The English call the 
place where goods are sold a shop, and 
confine the word store to its original 
meaning ; viz., a warehouse or place 
where goods are stored. Our American 
application of the word store to all places, 
except the lowest, where goods are sold, 
marks a tendency to " scale upward " in 
the use of terms, which we have in com- 
mon with the French, among whom 
boutique has, in like manner, given place 
to rnagasin as a place for the 6ale of 
goods. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To fur- 
nish ; to supply. 2. To lay up 
against a future time. 3. To deposit 
for preservation. 

Store'-house, n. A building for 
keeping goods ; a ware-house. 

Sto'rIed, p. a. 1. Told in a story. 

2. Having a history. 



large 




STORK, n. [A.-S. store] A 
wading bird. 

STORM, n. [From 
the root of stir.] 
1. A violent dis- 
turbance of the at- 
mosphere, pro- 
ducing wind, rain, 
snow, hail, or 
thunder and light- 
ning; hence, often, 
a fall of rain or ,M$%* 
snow. 2. A civil, "' 

political, or domes- Stork, 

tic commotion. 3. Assault on a for- 
tified place, — v. t. [ED ; -ING.] To 
attack and attempt to take by scal- 
ing the walls, &c. — v.i. 1. To 
raise a tempest. 2. To blow with 
violence : also, to rain, hail, snow, 
or the like. 3. To rage. 

Storm'-beat, a. Beaten by storms. 

Storm'i-NESS, ft. Tempestuousness. 

Storm'y, a. [-ER ; -est, 142.] 1. 
Agitated with furious winds ; bois- 
terous. 2. Violent : passionate. 

Storth'ikg (storting), n. [Norw. 
storting, fr. star, great, and ting, 
court.] The Parliament of Norway. 

STd'RY (20), ft. [From history.] 1. 
A recital of that which has occurred ; 
esp. a short narrative ; a tale. 2. A 
falsehood. 3. [Either frcm store, or 
allied to Stair.) A set of rooms on 
the same floor ; a loft. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING, 142.] To narrate or describe. 

STO'RY-TELL'ER.n. One who tells 
stories. 

Stoup, n. [See Stoop.] Basin for holy 
water at the entrance of churches. 

Stout, a. [-er; -est.] [Icel. stoltr, 
D. stout.] 1. Strong; vigorous; ro- 
bust. 2. Bold ; valiant ; brave. 3. 
Big in stature ; large. 

Syn. — Corpulent.— Stout, in our early 
writers, was used chiefly or wholly in 
the sense of strong or bold; as, a stout 
champion, a stout heart, a stout resist- 
ance. At a later period it was used for 
thick-set or bulky: and more recently, 
especially in England, the idea has been 
carried still further, so that Taylor says 
in his Synonyms, " The stout man has 
the proportions of an ox ; he is corpu- 
lent, fat, and fleshy in relation to his 
size." Few in America entirely drop 
the original sense; and many who have 
read Washington Irving's story of the 
" Stout Gentleman " never suspected 
that he was merely a very fat man. 
— n. A strong kind of beer. 

STOUT'LY, adv. Lustily ; boldly ; 
obstinately. [stout. 

Stout'ness, n. Condition of being 

Stov-e, n. [A.-S. stofe, a stove, bath.] 
An apparatus for warming a room or 
house, or for culinary or other pur- 
poses. — v. imp. of Stave. 

STO'VER, n. [0. Fr. estover, neces- 
sity, provisions.] All kinds of pro- 
vision for cattle. 

STOW, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Cf. A.-S. 
stov, a place, a fixed mansion ] 1. 
To arrange in a compact mass. 2. 
To fill, by packing closely. 

Stowage, n. 1. Act of stowing. 2. 
Room for the reception of things. 
3. State of being laid up. 



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STRABISMUS 



415 



STRETCHER 



STRA-BIs'MUS, n. [Gr. <rTpaj3icr/x6s ; 
<rrpafii£e<.v , to squint, orpifyeiv, to 
twist, .turn.] Squinting. 

STRXD'DLE, V. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[From the root of stride.] To stand 
or walk with the legs far apart. — 
v. t. To stand or sit astride of. — n. 
Act or position of one who straddles. 

StrXg'gle,?-. ('. [-ED ; -ING.] [From 
stray.] To wander from the direct 
course ; to rove. 

Strag'GLER, n. One who straggles. 

Straight (strat), a. [-er ; -est.] 
[A.-S. streht, p. p. of streccan, to 
stretch.] 1. Direct; not deviating 
or crooked. 2. According with jus- 
tice ; upright. — adv. Directly: in 
the shortest time. 

STRAIGIIT'EN (strat/n), v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To make straight. 

Straight'for-ward (strat'-), a. 
Proceeding in a straight course ; not 
deviating. [right line. 

Straight'ly (strat'Jy), adv. In a 

STRAIGHT'NESS (strat 7 -), n. Quality 
of being straight ; rectitude. 

Straight'way (strat'-), adv. Im- 
mediately. 

Strain, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [0. Fr. 
straindre, Lat. stringere, to draw or 
bind tight.] 1. To draw with force ; 
to stretch. 2. To exert to the ut- 
most. 3. To harm by over-exertion. 

4. To filter, —v.i. 1. To make vio- 
lent efforts. 2. To be filtered. — n. 1. 
A violent effort. 2. A sprain. 3. A 
particular portion of a tune. 4. Style. 

5. Tendency ; inborn disposition. 
STRAIN'ER, n. 1. One who strains. 

2. That through which any liquid 
passes for purification. 

Strait, a. [-er ; -est.] [From Lat. 
strictus. drawn together, close, tight.] 
1. Narrow. 2. Difficult ; distress- 
ful. — n. 1. A narrow pass or pas- 
sage ; — chiefly in the pi. 2. Dis- 
tress : difficulty. 

Strait'en, t>. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
narrow ; to confine. 2. To make tense 
or tight. 3. To distress. [coat. 

Strait'-jXck'ET, n. A strait-waist- 

STRAIT'-LACED (-last), a. 1. Bound 
tightly with stays. 2. Strict in man- 
ners or morals. 

Strait'LY, ado. Narrowly ; strictly. 

Strait'ness, n. State or quality of 
being strait. 

Strait'-\vaist'€OAT, n. A dress 
used for restraining maniacs. 

Strake, n. [See Streak.] 1. An 
iron band by which felloes are se- 
cured to each other. 2. A continu- 
ous range of planks on the bottom or 
sides of a vessel, from stem to stem. 

Stra-MO'ni-Cm, n. [N. Lat.] A plant 
used in medicine as a narcotic. 

StrXnd, n. [A.-S.] 1. Shore of the 
sea, or of a lake. 2. One of the 
twists of a rope. — v. t. or i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To drive or run aground 
on a shore. 2. To break one of the 
strands of, as a rope. 

Strange, a. [-er; -est.] [0. Fr. 
estrange, fr. Lat. extraneus, being 
without, externally.] 1. Not before 



known, heard, or seen. 2. Causing 
surprise ; exciting curiosity. [ner. 

STRANGE'LY, adv. In a strange man- 

STRANGE'NESS, n. Condition of be- 
ing strange ; reserve ; uncouthness : 
estrangement ; wonderfulness. 

Stran'ger, n. One who is strange ; 
a foreigner ; a guest. 

StrXn'gle, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
strangulqre, Gr. or p ayy a\$v , from 
orpayyaArj, a halter.] 1. To destroy 
the lite of by stopping respiration ; 
to suffocate ; to choke. 2. To sup- 
press. 

Strag'GLER, n. One who strangles. 

Stran'gles, n. A swelling in a 
horse's throat. 

STrXn'GU-LA'TION, n. 1. Act of 
strangling ; suffocation. 2. Inordi- 
nate constriction. [strangury. 

STRAN-GU'Rl-OUS,a. Of the nature of 

StrXn'GU-RY, n. [Lat. stranguria, 
Gr. crrpayyovpCa., fr. rrrpay£, orpay- 
yos, a drop, and ovpelv, to make 
water.] A painful discharge of 
urine, drop by drop. 

StrXp, n. [Lat. stroppus, Gr. <rrpo<po$, 
from oTpe'cpeti/, to twist.] 1. A long, 
narrow slip of leather, or other mate- 
rial. 2. An iron plate for connecting 
timbers.— Vit. [-PED; -ping, 136.]' 
1. To chastise with a strap. 2. To 
fasten with a strap. 3. To sharpen by 
rubbing on a strap, as a razor. 

STRAP-PA'DO, n. [It. strappata, a 
pull.] A military punishment con- 
sisting in drawing an offender to the 
top of a beam, and letting him fall. 

STRAP'PING, a. Tall; lusty. 

Stra'TA, n. ; pi. of Stratum. 

STRXT'A-GEM, n. [Gr. <npa.Ty\yr\l>-a. ; 
crrpanryos, a commander.] 1. A 
scheme for deceiving an enemy. 2. 
Any artifice. 

STRA-te'gic, ) a. Pertaining to, 

Stra-te'gi-g-AL, j or effected by, 
strategy. [egy. 

StrXt'e-gist, n. One skilled in strat- 

StrXt'E-GY, n. Science of directing 
great military movements. 

StrXt'i-fi-ca'tion, n. A forming 
or being formed into layers in the 
earth. 

StrXt'1-FORM, a. [Lat. stratum and 
forma, form.] Having the form of 
strata . 

StrXt'i-fy, V. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. stratum and facere, to maKe.] 
To form or deposit in strata. 

STRA-TOG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. crrpaTos, 
an army, and ypa.<f>etv, to write.] 
Description of an army. 

STRA'TUM(147), n.; Lat. pi. STRA'- 
TA. [Lat.,fr. sternere, stratum, to 
spread.] A layer of earth or rock. 

STRAW, n. [From the root of strew.] 
1. Stalk of certain species of grain, 
pulse, &c. 2. A mass of such stalks. 
3. Any thing proverbially worthless. 

Straw'BER-RY, n. A plant and its 
fruit. [lowish color. 

Straw'-c6l'OR, n. A delicate, yel- 

STR£W'Y,a. Made of, or like, straw. 

Stray, v.i. [-ed;-ing.] [0. Fr. 
estrayer, fr. Lat. extra, without, and 



vagare, to stroll about.] To wander, 
as from a direct course or from com- 
pany , or the proper limits. — a. Wan- 
dering. — n. Any domestic Muata] 
that is lost. 

Streak, n. [A.-S. strica, a line, 
stroke, fr. strican, to go.] 1. A line 
of a different color ; a stripe. 2. 
(Ship-building.) A range of planks, 
reaching from the stem to the stern. 

• — v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] To form streaks 
or stripes in ; to stripe. 

Streak'y, a. Having streaks ; striped.' 

STREAM, n. [A.-S. stream.] 1. A 
current of water or other fluid. 2. 
Any thing continuously issuing from 
a source. 3. Drift ; tendency.* 

Sth. — Current. — Current gives us 
but one idea, that of naming; stream 
adds the idea of this onward flow being 
the result of some uniform force ; hence 
we speak of a shifting current and a 
steady stream. 

— v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To flow 
in a current, as a fluid or whatever 
resembles fluids. 2. To emit an 
abundant stream. — v. t. To send 
forth in a current or stream. 

Stream'er, n. A* flag; a pennon. 

Stream'let, n. A small stream. 

Stream' y, a. 1. Abounding with 
streams. 2. Flowing with a current. 

Street, n. [L. Lat. strata (sc. pio), 
a paved way ; Lat. sternere, stratum, 
to pave.] A way or road in a town. 
Stx. — See Roah. 

Street'-walk'er (-wawk'-), n. A 
common prostitute who offers her- 
self to sale in the streets. 

Strength, n. [A.-S. sfrengdhu, 
strengdh. See STRONG.] 1. Capac- 
ity for exertion or endurance. 2. 
Power of resisting attacks. 3. Legal 
or moral force. 4. Amount or num- 
bers of any body. 5. Vigor of style. 
6. Intensity of the distinguishing 
and essential element. 
St^. — See Force. 

Strengthen, v. t. or i. [-ed ; 
-ING.] To make or grow strong or 
stronger. 

Strength'en-er, n. One who, or 
that which, increases strength. 

Stren'U-oCs, a. [Lat. strenuus.] 
Eagerlv pressing or urgent. 

STREN'U-oOs-LY, adv. Vigorously. 

Stren'u-oPs-ness, n. Eagerness ; 
earnestness ; active zeal. 

Stress, n. [Abbrev. from distress.] 
That which bears with weight ; that 
which constrains ; pressure. 

Stretch, v. t. [-ed;« -ing.] [A.-S. 
streccan.] 1. To extend, esp. in 
length. 2. To spread ; to expand. 
3. To reach out. 4. To strain. 5. 
To exaggerate. — v. i. 1. To bo 
drawn out in length or in breadth, 
or both. 2. To be extended. 3. To 
exaggerate. 4. To make violent efforts 
in running. — n. 1. Act of stretch- 
ing, or state of being stretched ; ef- 
fort. 2. Any extended portion or 
division. 3. Reach or extent; a tack. 

Stretch'er, n. 1. One who, or 
that which, stretches. 2. A brick or 



6r.do,wqlf, too, TOOK; Cbn, rue.pvll; jb, /, O, silent ; c,G, so/*; €,&,hard; As.; exist j jasNG; this. 



STREW 



416 



STUCCO 



stone laid with its longer dimension 
in the line of direction of the wall. 
. 3. A frame for carrying wounded or 
dead persons. 

Strew (stru, or stro), v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] [A.-S. strewian, stredwian, 
Goth, straujan.} 1. To scatter; to 
spread by scattering. 2. To cover by 
scattering. 

tSTRi'A,n.; pi. STRI'JE [Lat.] A 
small channel, or thread-like line, it 
the surface of a shell, &c. 

Stri'ATE I a. [Lat. strinlus.] 

Stri'a-ted, J Formed with small 
channels. 

Strick'en, p. p. of Strike, and p. a. 
Strnek ; smitten. 

Strick'le (strlk'l), n. An instru- 
ment to strike grain to a level with 
the measure. 

StrIct, a. [-er; -est.] [Lat. stric- 
lus, drawn or bound tight.] 1. Drawn 
close; tight. 2. Tens c . 3. Exact; 
rigorously nice. 4. Observing exact 
rules ; rigorous. 5. Rigidly inter- 
preted ; restricted. 

Syn. — Severe. — Strict points to a 
person or th ng, asvne that binds closely 
or keeps under control, as, strict in dis- 
cipline, strict rules ; severe marks a 
readiness or disposition to inflict pain. 

Strict'ly, adv. Tightly ; exactly ; 
rigorously. [tion of being strict. 

StrIct'ness, n. Quality or condi- 

StrTct'ure (53), n. 1. Critical re- 
mark ; censure. 2. A morbid con- 
traction of any passage of the body. 

STRIDE, V. i. [STRID, STRODE ; 
STRID, STRIDDEN ;' STRIDING.] 
[A.-S. stridan, to walk about.] 1. 
To walk with long steps. 2. To 
straddle. — v. t. To pass over at a 
step. — n. [See infra, j A long, meas- 
ured, or pompous step. 

Stri'd'u-LOUS, a. [Lat. stridulus.] 
Making a small, harsh, creaking 
sound. 

Strife, n. [See Strive.] 1. Ex- 
ertion or contention for superiority. 
2. Contention in battle. 

Stri-gose', a. [Lat. strigosus ; strin- 
gcre, to scrape.] Set with stiff bristles. 

Strike, v. t. [struck; struck, 
stricken; striking.] [A.-S. stri- 
can.] 1. To touch or hit with some 
force. 2. To cause to sound by one 
or more beats. 3. To let or take 
down. 4. To impress strongly. 5. 
To affect by a sudden impression. 6. 
To make and ratify. 7. To level, as 
a measure of grain, &c. — v. i. 1. 
To make a quick blow or thrust. 2. 
To hit; to dash. 3. To sound by 
percussion. 4. To combine in order 
to compel an increase, or prevent a 
reduction, of wages. 5. To lower a 
flag in token of respect or surrender. 
— ft. 1. An instrument for leveling 
grain, &c. 2. Act of combining and 
demanding higher wages for work. 

Strik'er, n. One who strikes. 

StrIk'ing, a. Impressive. 

String, n. [A.-S.] 1. A slender line 
or cord. 2. A line or a series of 
things. — v.t. [STRUNG; STRING- 



ING.] 1. To furnish with strings. 
2. To make tense. 3. To strip the 
strings from. 

Strin'gen-cv, n. Severe pressure. 

Strin'Gent,«, [Lat. stringens, draw- 
ing or binding tight.] Urgent; mak- 
ing severe requirements. 

STRlNG'ER, n. 1. One who strings 
or makes strings. 2. (Railways.) A 
longitudinal sleeper. 

String'-halt, n. A convulsive 
twitching of the hinder leg of a horse ; 
spring-halt. [stringy. 

String'i-iness, n. State of being 

STRING'Y, a. 1 Consisting of strings; 
fibrous. 2. Ropy; viscid. 

Strip,!-, t. [-ped; -ping, 136.] [A.- 
S. strypan.) 1. To pull or tear off, 
as a covering. 2. To deprive of a 
covering. 3. To bereave — v.i. To 
undress. — n. A narrow piece, com- 
paratively long. 

Stripe, n. [See Strip, v. t.] 1. A 
line or long narrow piece of a differ- 
ent color from the ground. * 2. A 
blow with a rod or scourge. — v. t. 
[-ED;-ING.] To form with stripes. 

Stripping, n. [As if a small strip 
from the main stock.] A lad. 

StrIp'pings, n. pi. The last milk 
drawn from a cow at a milking. 

Strive, v.i. [strove, striven ; 
STRIVING.] [0. Fr. estriver, 0. H. 
Ger. streban.] 1. To make efforts ; 
to use exertions ; to labor hard. 2. 
To struggle in opposition. 3. To con- 
tend reciprocally. 
Syn. — To emulate ; endeavor. 

Striv'er, n. One who strives. 

Strob'/le, n. [Gr. <rTpoj3iA.os, from 
o-rpe'^eti/, to twist.] A cone, as that 
of the hop or pine. 

Stroke, n. [From strike.] 1. A blow. 
2. A sudden attack, as of disease or 
death. 3. Sound of a clock. 4. Touch 
of a pen or pencil. 5. A masterly 
effort. 6. An effort suddenly pro- 
duced. 7. Sweep of an oar in rowing. 
— v.t. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. stracian, 
fr. strlcan, to strike.] 1. To rub gently 
with the hand. 2. To make smooth. 

Strokes'man (150), ft. (Rowing.) 
The man who rows the aftermost oar. 

Stroll, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] To ram- 
ble idly or leisurely. — ft, A wan- 
dering idly and leisurely ; a ramble. 

Stroll'er, n. One who strolls. 

Strong, a. [-er; -est, 82.] [A.-S. 
Strang, strong, fr. the root of string.] 
1. Having great power to act or to 
endure. 2. Violent; impetuous. 3. 
Zealous ; earnestly engaged. 4. Full 
of spirit ; intoxicating. 5. Affecting 
any sense forcibly. 6. Having great 
vigor or power, as the mind. 
Syn. — See Robust. 

Strong'hold, ft. A fortified place. 

Strong'ly, adv. With strength. 

Stron'ti-a 1 (-shT-), n. • [From 

Stron'TI-AN j Strontian, in Ar- 
gyleshire.] An earth of a white color. 

Strop, n. [See Strap.] An instru- 
ment for sharpening razors, &c. — 
v. t. [-ped ; -ping, 136.] To 



draw over a strop with a view to 
sharpen. 

STRO'PHE, n. [Gr. o~Tpo<jyrj, fa. crrpe<f>- 
eiv, to turn.] That part of an an- 
cient song, or dance, which was per- 
formed by turning from the right to 
the left of the orchestra. 

STROVE, imp. of Strive. 

Strow, v. t. Same as Strew. 

Struck, imp. & p. p. of Strike. 

Structural, a. Pertaining to 
structure. 

Struct'ure, n. [Lat. structura, fr. 
strvere, to join together.] 1. Form; 
construction. 2. Arrangement of 
parts. 3. Manner of organization. 
4. An edifice. 

Strug'gle, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Cf. 
Icel. striugr, a hostile disposition.] 
1. To use great efforts. 2. To labor 
in any kind of difficulty or distress. 

Syn. — To strive ; contend ; labor. 
See Endeavor. 

— ft. 1. Great labor or effort. 2. 
Contention; strife. 3. Agony. 

Syn. — See Endeavor. 

Strug'GLER, n. One who struggles. 

Stru' ma, n. [Lat.] Same as Scrof 
ula. 

Stru-mose', ) a. Scrofulous ; having 

Stru'mous, j struma. 

Strum'pet, n. [Lat. stuprata, from 
stuprare, to debauch.] A prostitute. 

STRUNG, imp. &p. p. of String. 

Strut, v. i. [-ted ; -ting.j [Dan. 
strutte.] To walk affectedly with a 
lofty, proud gait, and erect head.— 
ft. 1. Affectation of dignity in walk- 
ing. 2. A brace. 

STRYCH'NI-A, I n. [From Gr. en-pu'x- 

Strych'nine, ) vos, a kind of night- 
shade.] A vegetable alkaloid, used 
as a medicine, but very poisonous 
when taken in excess. 

STiJB, «. [A.-S. stybb, steb, allied to 
Lat. stipes.] Stump of a small tree. 

— v.t. [-bed; -bing.] 1. To grub 
up by the roots. 2. To strike, as the 
toes, against a stump or stone, &c. 

Stub'bed (60), a. Short and thick. 

Stub'bed-ness, «. State or quality 
of being stubbed. 

STiJB'BLE,n. [Dim. of stub.] Stumps 
of grain, left in the ground. 

StOb'born, a. [From stub.] 1. Un- 
reasonably obstinate ; not to be per- 
suaded. 2. Enduring without com- 
plaint ; hardy. 

Syn.— Obstinate. — Stubborn describes 
a high degree of obstinacy. He who is 
obstinate is one who will not yield to the 
appeals we make to his reason and his 
better feelings. He who is sttibbom 

frows more obstinate the more clearly 
is unreasonableness is exposed. 

STUB'BORN-LY adv. Obstinately. 

Stub'born-ness (109), ». Obstinacy ; 
contumacy. 

Stub'by,<z. 1. Abounding with stubs. 
2. Short and thick. 

Stub'-nail, «. A short, thick nail. 

Stuc'co, «. [It., fr. O. H. Ger. stue- 
chi, shell, stucco.] 1. Plaster for 
walls ; esp., a fine kind used for in- 
ternal decorations. 2. Work made 



A, e, i, o,fj,Y,fo»£; A,£,I, 6, u,y, short; cAre, far. ask, all, what •, ere, veil, tIrm; pique, fIrm; s6n, 



STUCK 



417 



SUBDUE 



of stucco. — v. t. [ ED ; -ING, 144.] 
To overlay with stucco. 

StCck, imp. & p. p. of Stick. 

StOd, n. [A.-S. stitdu.] 1. A small 
piece of timber used to support 
beams. 2. A large-headed orna- 
mental nail. 3. An ornamental but- 
ton for a shirt. 4. [A.-S. stud. Cf. 
Steed.] A collection of breeding 
horses and mares ; or the place where 
they are kept. — v. t. [-ded; -Dimtr, 
136.] To adoru or set with studs. 

Stud'ding-sail, n. A light sail set 
outside of a square sail of a vessel. 

Stu'dent, n. [Lat. studens, study- 
ing.] 1. One engaged in study ; a 
scholar. 2. A bookish man. [ing. 

Stud'-horse, it. A horse for breed- 

StDd'I£D, p. a. 1. Well-considered. 
2 1 Premeditated. 

Stu'di-o (147), n. [It., study, school.] 
The workshop of an artist. 

Stu'di-ous, a. 1. Given to study. 
2. Diligent; attentive. 3. Planned 
with study. 

Stu'di-ous-ly, adv. With study; 
attentively. [studious. 

Stu'DI-OUS-NESS, n. Quality of being i 

STUD'Y, n. [Lat. sludium, fr. studere, ! 
to study.] 1. Application to books, j 
to arts or science, or to any subject. ! 

2. Thoughtful attention. 3. Any j 
object of attentive consideration. 4. 
A room devoted to study. — v. i. 1. j 
To apply the mind to books or to ! 
any subject. 2. To endeavor dili- 
gently. — v. t. [-ed; -ing, 142.] 1. 
To apply the mind to. 2. To con- 
sider attentively. 

Stuff, n. [Prob. fr. Lat. stuppa, tow, 
oakum.] 1. Material to be manufac- 
tured. 2. Cloth not made into gar- 
ments. 3. Refuse or worthless mat- 
ter ; hence, nonsense. — v. t. [-ed; 
-ing.] 1. To fill by crowding. 2. To 
thrust or crowd. 3. To fill by being 
put into. 4. To fill with seasoning. 
— v. i. To feed gluttonously. 

Stuff'IXG, n. 1. That which is used 
for filling^ 2. Seasoning for meat. 

Stul'ti-fyt, v. t. [-ed; -ing, 142.] 
[Lat. stultus, foolish, facere. to make.] 
1. To make a fool of. 2. To allege 
or prove to be insane. 

STUM, n. [D. stom.] Unfermented 
grape-juice; must. — v. I. To re- 
new, as wine, by mixing must with it. 

STUM'BLE, v. i. [-ED ; -ING ] [Prov. 
Eng. stummer, to stumble.] 1. To 
trip in walking or running. 2. To 
err. 3. To light by chance. — n. 1. 
A trip in walking or running. 2. A 
blunder ; a failure. 

StOm'bler, n. One who stumbles. 

StBm'bling-block, ) n. Any cause 

Stum'bling-stone, j of stumbling 
or error. 

STUMP, n. 1. The part of a tree re- 
maining in the earth after the trunk 
is cut off. 2. Part of a limb or other 
body remaining after a part is lost. 

3. pi. Legs. [ Colloq.] 
Stump-orator, one who harangues the 

populace from the stump of a tree, or 
other elevation. [Amer.] 



— v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] 1. To strike 
with the toe. 2. To travel over, de- 
livering speeches for electioneering 
purposes. [Amer.] 
Stump'y, a. Pull of stumps. 

STDN, V. t. [-NED ; -NING.] [A.-S. 
stunian.] 1. To make senseless with 
a blow. 2. To overpower the hear- 
ing of. 

Stung, imp. & p. p. of Sting. 

Stunk, imp. & p. p. of Sti?ik. 

Stunt, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
stintan, to blunt, stunt, blunt.] To 
hinder from growth. 

Stupe, n. [Lat. stupa, stitppa, tow. 
Cf. Stuff.] Medicated cloth applied 
to a hurt or sore. 

Stu'pe-fa€'tion, n. 1. Act of stu- 
pefying. 2. Insensibility ; stupidity. 

STU'PE-FAC'TIVE, a. Causing insen- 
sibility^ [which, stupefies. 

Stu'pe-FI/ER, n. One who, or that 

Stu'pe-fv, v. t. [-ed; -ing, 142.] 
[Lat. stupefacere ; stupere, to be 
struck senseless, and facere, to 
make.] To make stupid ; to blunt 
the sensibility of. 

STU-PEN'DOUS, a. [Lat. stupendus.] 
Astonishing ; especially, of aston- 
ishing magnitude or elevation. 

Stu-pen'dous-LY, adv. In a stu- 
pendous manner. 

Stu-pen'doDs-ness, n. Quality or 
state of being stupendous. 

Stu'pid, a. [Lat. stupidus.] 1. Tery 
dull ; wanting in understanding. 2. 
Resulting from, or evincing, stu- 
pidity. 
Svn. — See Silly. 

Stu-pid'1-ty, n. Extreme dullness of 
perception or understanding. [ner. 

Stu'pid-ly, adv. In a stupid man- 

Stu'pid-ness, n. Stupidity. 

STU'POR, n. [Lat., from stupere, to be 
struck senseless.] Great diminution 
of sensibility ; numbness. 

STU-PRA'TION, n. [Lat. stuprare, 
-pratum, to ravish.] Tiolation of 
chastity by force. 

Stur'di-ly, a/lv. In a sturdy man- 
ner ; hardily ; stoutly. [sturdy. 

Stur'di-ness, n. Quality of being 

Stur'dy, a. [-er; -est, 142.] [0. 
Fr. estourdi, stunned, thoughtless, 
rash. Cf. Icel. styrdr, rigid, hard.] 
1. Foolishly obstinate. 2. Charac- 
terized by strength or force. 

Stur'geon (stur'jun), n. [L. Lat. 
sturio, sturgio, A.-S. styria, styriga.] 
A large cartilaginous fish. 

Stut'ter, t\ i. [-ed; -ing.] [H. 
Ger. stottern.] To hesitate in utter- 
ing words ; to stammer. — n. Actof 
stuttering. 

Stut'ter-er, n. One who stutters. 

Sty, n. 1. [A.-S. stigend, fr. stlgan, 
to rise.] An inflamed tumor on the 
edge of the eyelid. 2. [A.-S. stige.] 
A pen for swine. — v. t. To shut up 
in a sty. 

STYG'I-AN, a. [Lat. Stygius, fr. Gr. 
2tv'£, 2-rvyos, Styx, i. e., the Ilate- 
ful.J Relating to Styx, a fabled 
river of hell over which the shades 
of the dead passed ; hence, infernal. 




Style, n. [Lat. stylus, Gr. 
trrvAo?, a pillar, a writiug 
instrument. 1 1. An instru- 
ment for writiug ou waxed 
tablets. 2. Any thing 
resembling the ancient 
style ; as, (a.) The pin of 
a dial, (b.) The cylin- 
drical and tapering por- 
tion of a pistil. 3. Choice _ 
of words. 4. Mode f Style (2,6). 
presentation, in music or the fino 
arts. 5. Fashion. 6. Title ; official 
designation. 7. A mode of reckon- 
ing time. — v. t. [-ed; -ING.] To 
give a title to in addressing. 
Svx. — To call; name; denominate. 

Styl'ET, n. [Dim. of style.] A small 
dagger ; a stiletto. [genteel. 

Stvl'ish, a. Highly fashionable; 

Styp'ti€, n. Something which serves 
to arrest hemorrhage. — a. [Gr. 
tm>7rT(xo5, fr. o"rv<$>eiv, to contract.] 
Having the quality of restraining 
Jiemorrhage ; astringent. 

Su'A-BLE, a. Capable of being sued. 

Sua'sion, n. [Lat. suasio.] Persua- 
sion. 

Sua'sive, a. Persuasive. [suade. 

SUA'SO-RY, a. Able or tending to per- 

Suav'I-ty (swav'i-ty), n. [Lat. suav- 
itas, fr. suuvis, sweet.] Agreeable- 
ness ; pleasantness ; sweetness. 

SOb'-ac'e-tate, n. An acetate hav- 
ing an excess of the base. 

SOb-AC'ID, a. Moderately acid or sour. 

SDb-a€'rid, a. Moderately acrid. 

SUB-AL'TERN (113), a. [Lat. sub, un- 
der, and alternus, one after another.] 
Subordinate; inferior. — n. A per- 
son holding a subordinate position. 

Sub'al-tEr'nate, a. Succeeding by 
turns ; successive. [ter. 

Sub-a'que-ous,«. Being under wa- 

Sub-as'tral, a. Beneath the stars. 

Sub'as-trin'gent, a. Moderately 
astringent. 

Sub'au-dPtion (-dTsh'un), n. [Lat. 
subauditio, fr. sub, under, and au- 
dire, to hear.] Act of understanding 
something not expressed. 

Sub'-base (109), I n. Deepest pedal 

Sub'-bass, f stop, or the low- 

est tones of an organ. 

Sub'go.m-mTt'tee, n. An under 
committee. [servant. 

SDB-DEA^€ON(-d3 / kn), n. A deacon's 

SCB'Di-VIDE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 

divide again, as what has already 
been divided. 

SUB'Dl-vis'lON (-vTzh'un), n. 1. Act 
of subdividing. 2. Part made by 
subdividing. [above the tonic. 

SDb-dom'i-NANT, n. The fourth tone 

SUB-DU€T', v. t. [Lat. subducere, 
-ductum.] 1. To withdraw. 2. To 
subtract by arithmetical operation. 

Sub-dDc'tion, n. Act of subducting. 

Sub-due', v. t. [-ed; -ing, 140.] 
[Lat. sub, under, sndducere, to lead.] 
1. To conquer permanently ; to over- 
power. 2. To overcome by persua- 
sion, or other mild means. 3. To 
make mellow ; to break, as land. 
Stx. — See Conquee. 



( 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL J JB, I, O, silent 

27 



9, G, soft; €, u, hard; A3 ; E^ST ; J}(WN&; THIS. 



SUBDUER 



418 



SUBSIDY 



SUB-Dti'ER, n. One who subdues. 

Su-BER'I€, a. [Lat. suber, the cork- 
tree.] Pertaining to cork. 

Sub'i-ta'ne-ous, a. Sudden ; quick. 

Sub-ja'cent, a. [Lat. subjacens, ly- 
ing under. J Being in a lower situa- 
tion, though not directly beneath. 

SfJB'JECT, a. [Lat. subjectus, lying 
under.] 1. Placed or situate under. 
2. Placed under the power of an- 
other. 3. Exposed ; disposed. 

Syn.— See Liable. 
— n. 1. One under the authority of 
a ruler. 2. That which is brought 
under any physical operation or ex- 
amination ; that which is taken up 
for discussion. 3. That of which 
any thing is affirmed or predicated. 
4. That in which any quality, attri- 
bute, or relation, inheres ; sub- 
stance. — V.t. [-EDJ-ING.] 1. To 
bring under the power of. 2. To 
make liable. 3. To make accounta- 
ble. 4. To cause to undergo. 

SUB-JE€'TlON, n. 1. Act of subject- 
ing. 2. State of being subject. 

Sub-jegt'ive, a. 1. Pertaining to a 
subject. 2. Pertaining to, or de- 
rived from, one's own consciousness. 
Syn.— See Objective. 

Sub-ject'ive-ly, adv. In relation 
to the subject. 

SUB-JE€T'ivE-NESS, n. State of be- 
ing subjective. 

SUB'JEGT-lVi-TY, n. 1. State of be- 
ing subjective. 2. That which is 
treated in a subjective manner. 

SOb'ject-mat'ter, n. The matter 
.presented for consideration. 

Sub-join', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
add after something else has been 
said or written. 

SDb'ju-gate, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[Lat. subjugate, -gatum ; sub, un- 
der, and jugum, a yoke.] To sub- 
due and bring under the absolute 
control of another. [gating. 

SOb'JU-ga'tion, n. Act of subju- 

Sub-JUN€'tion, n. A subjoining, or 
being subjoined. 

Sub-JUN€'tive, a. [Lat. subjunc- 
-tivits.] 1. Added to something be- 
fore said or written. 2. Expressing 
contingency, hypothesis, or condi- 
tion.— n. The subjunctive mode. 

Sub-la'tion, n. [Lat. sublatio, fr. 
sublollete, sublatum, to take away.] 
Act of taking away. 

SUB-LET', V. t. [-LET; -LETTING.] 
To underlet ; to lease, as a lessee to 
another person. [sublimated. 

Sub-lIm'a-ble, a. Capable of being 

SOb'li-mate , v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. sublimate, -matum, to elevate, 
fr. sublimis, high.] 1. To bring by 
heat, as a solid, into the state of va- 
por. 2. To refine and exalt. 

SOb'li-mate , n. Product of a subli- 
mation. — a. Vaporized by heat, and 
again condensed, as solid substances. 

StJB'Ll-MA'TiON, n. Act of sublimat- 
ing, or state of being sublimated. 

Sub-lime', a. [-er; -est.] [Lat. 
sublimis.] 1. High in place. 2. Dis- 



tinguished by lofty traits. 3. Awak- 

euing or expressing the emotion of 

awe, adoration, heroic resolve, &c. 

— h. A grand or lofty style. — v. t. 

[-ed; -ing.] 1. To sublimate. 2. 

To dignify ; to ennoble. [ner. 

SUB-LIME'LY, adv. In a sublime man - 

SUB-LIME'NESS, n. Sublimity. 

Sub-lim'i-ty, n. 1. Lofty height. 2. 

Nobleness of nature or character. 3. 

Feeling of astonishment and awe, at 

the contemplation of what is lofty or 

exalted. 4. Loftiness of sentiment or 

style. 

Syn. — Grandeur. — The mental state 
indicated by these two words is the same; 
namely, a mingled emotion of aston- 
ishment and awe. In speaking of the 
quality which produces this emotion, we 
call it grandeur when it springs from 
what is vast in space, power, &c. ; we 
call it sublimity when it springs from 
what is elevated far above the ordinary 
incidents of humanity. An immense 
plane is grand. The'heavens are not 
only grand, but svblime (as the predom- 
inating emotion), from their immense 
height. 

Sub-lin'e-a'tion, n. A mark under 
a word in a sentence. [tongue. 

StJB-Lljv'GUAL, a. Situated under the 

SUB-LU'NAR, 1 a. Being beneath the 

SUB'LU-NA-RY, ) moon ; terrestrial. 

SUB'MA-RINE', a. Being, or growing, 
under water, in the sea. [scale. 

Sub-me'di-ant, n. Sixth tone of the 

Sub-merge', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
submergere, fr. sub, under, and met- 
gere, mersum, to plunge.] To put 
under water ; to plunge ; to drown. 

SUB-MfiRSjBD^-merstO.rt. [See supra.] 
Being or growing under water. 

Sub-MER'sion, n. 1. Act of sub- 
merging. 2. State of being put under 
water or other fluid. 

Sub-m'is'sion (-mish'un), n. 1. Act 
of submitting ; obedience. 2. State 
of being submissive ; meekness ; res- 
ignation. 3. Acknowledgment of a 
fault. [submit. 

Sub-mis'sive, a. Inclined or ready to 

SuB-Mls'siVE-LY, adv. With submis- 
sion, [submissive. 

SuB-Mis'stVE-NESS, n. State of being 

Sub-mit',^. t. [-ted; -ting.] [Lat. 
submittere ; sub, under, and mittere, 
to send.] 1. To yield to power, will, 
or authority. 2. To leave to the dis- 
cretion or judgment of another. — 
v. i. 1. To yield one's person to the 
power, or one's opinion to the opin- 
ion, of another. 2. To yield without 
murmuring. 

Sub-mul'ti-ple, n. A number or 
quantity which is contained in an- 
other an exact number of times. 

Sub-nas'cent, a. [Lat. subnascens.] 
Growing underneath. 

Sub-6r'di-na-cy, n. [Lat. sub % under, 
and ordinans, arranging.] State of 
being subordinate. 

SUB-OR'DI-NATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. sub, under, and ordinate, -na- 
tum, to arrange.] 1. To place in a 
lower order. 2. To subdue. 

Sub-or'di-nate, a. 1. Holding a 
lower position. 2. Inferior in order, 



nature, power, or importance, &c. — 
n. One who ranks below another. 

Su b-6r'di-nate-ly, adv. In a sub- 
ordinate manner. 

Sub-6r / di-na'tion, n. 1 Act of sub- 
ordinating. 2. State of being subor- 
dinate. 3. Place of rank among in- 
feriors. 

SUB-ORN', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
subornare ; sub, under, secretly, and 
ornate, to furnish.] 1. To cause t« 
take a false oath. 2. To procure by 
collusion. [ing, 

SiJB'OR-NA'TiON, n. Act of suborn- 
SU b-orn'er, n. One who suborns. 

Sub.o'val. a. Nearly oval. 

Sub-pce'na, n. [Lat. sub, under, and 
pozna, punishment.] A writ com- 
manding the attendance in court of 
a witness, under a penalty. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ing, 144.] To serve with a 
writ of subpoena. 

SUB'SALT, n. A compound of an acid 
containing oxygen and a salifiable 
base, but having fewer equivalents 
of the acid than of the base. 

SUB-S€RlBE',r. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
subset ibete ; sub, under, and sctibete, 
to write.] 1. To sign with one's own 
hand ; to bind one's self by writing 
one's name beneath. 2. To attest. 3. 
To promise to give, by writing one's 
name. — v. i. 1. To give consent by 
signing one's name; hence, to as- 
sent. 2. To enter one's name for a 
newspaper or a book, &c. 

SUB-S€RIB'ER, n. One who subscribes. 

SUB'SCRIPT, a. Written underneath. 

Sub-S€R1P'tion, n. 1. Act of sub- 
scribing. 2. That which is sub- 
scribed. 3. Sum subscribed. 

Sub'se-quence, n. State of being 
subsequent. 

SGb'se-quent, a. [Lat. subsequens.] 
Following in time or order of place. 

Sub'se-QUENT-ly, adv. In a subse- 
quent time, manner, or position. 

Sub-serve', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
subsetvite ; sub, under, and setvire, 
to serve.] To serve in subordination 
or instrumentally ; to promote. 

Sub-s£rv'i-en£E, In. Use or oper- 

Sub-sERV'i-en-^y, J ation that pro- 
motes some purpose. 

Sub-serv'i-ent, a. Fitted or dis- 
posed to subserve ; subordinate. 
Syn.— Subject ; inferior ; submissive. 

Sub-side', v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
subsidete ; sub, under, below, and si- 
dere, to settle.] 1. To sink or fall to 
the bottom. 2. To fall into a state of 
quiet. 3. To descend ; to sink. 
Syn. — See Abate. 

Sub-sId'en^e, n. Act of subsiding. 

SUB-siD'l-A-RY (44), a. Furnishing a 
subsidy ; auxiliary. — n. One who 
contributes aid ; an auxiliary. 

Sub'si-dize, v. t. [-ed ; ing.] To 
purchase the assistance of by pay- 
ment of a subsidy. 

SOb'si-dy, n. [Lat. subsidium, orig., 
troops stationed in reserve, fr. sub- 
sidete, to sit down.] 1. Support ; 
aid. 2. Money paid by one prince or 



A, £, I, 5, u, y, long; X, E, 1, 6, u, y, skott; cAre, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, fTrm ; s6N r 



SUBSIST 



419 



SUCCULENT 



nation to another, to purchase the 
service of auxiliary troops. 

Syn. — Tribute. — A subsidy is volun- 
tary ; a tribute is exacted. A subsii/y is 
paid to an ally for his services ; a tribute 
is given in acknowledgment of depend- 
ence or subjection. 

Sub-sist', v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
subsislere ; sub, under, amAsistere, to 
stand, be fixed.] 1. To be ; to have 
existence. 2. To continue. 3. To 
be supported; to live. — v. t. To 
feed ; to maintain. 

Sub-sist'en^e,™. 1. Real being. 2. 
Inherency. 3. Means of support. 

Sub-sIst'ent, a. 1. Having real be- 
ing. 2. Inherent. 

SDb'soil., n. The bed or stratum of 
earth which lies immediately beneath 
the surface soil. [of a species. 

SUB-SPE'CIES (-shez), n. A division 

SUB'STANOE,"n. [Lat. substantia, fr. 
sub, under, and stare, to stand.] 1. 
That which constitutes any thing 
what it is ; nature. 2. The charac- 
teristics of any thing. 3. Body ; mat- 
ter. 4. Estate ; property. 

Sub-stan'tial, a. 1. Belonging to 
substance ; actuallv existing. 2. Real ; 
true. 3. Strong: stout ; solid. 4. Mod- 
erately wealthy. 

SUB-STXN'TI-AI/I-TY(-shl-al'T-ty), n. 
St ite of being substantial. 

Sub-stXn'tial-ly, adv. Really; 
essentially. [material parts. 

SUB-ST\N'TIALS, n. pi. Essential or 

Sub-stXn'ti-ate (-shi-at), v. t. 
[-ED : -ing.] To establish by proof 
or competent evidence. 

SUB'STAN-TlVE, a. 1. BetokeniDg ex- 
istence ; real. 2. Enduring ; firm. — 
n. A noun ; the part of speech which 
designates something that exists. 

SDb'stan-tive-ly, adv. 1. In sub- 
stance. 2. As a substantive name, or 
noun. 

SUB'STI-TUTE, V.t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. substitute, -tutum; sub, under, 
and statuere. to put.] To put in the 
place of another. — n. One who, or 
that which, is put in the place of an- 
other. 

SBb'sti-tu'tion, n. Act of substi- 
tuting, or state of being substituted. 

Sub'STI-tO'tion-al, a. Pertaining 
to substitution. 

SUB-STRA'TUM, 11. .- pi. SUB-STRA'- 
TA. [Lat. substratus, strewed under.] 

1. That which is laid or spread under. 

2. The subsoil. 3. Substance. 
SUB-STRUC'TION, n. [Lat. substruc- 

tio, from sub, under, and struere, to 
build.J Under-building ; foundation. 

Sub'stvle, n. A right line, on which 
the style of a dial is erected. 

SUB-sOl/TO-RY. a. [Lat. subsilire, 
-sidtum, to spring up.] Moving by 
sudden leaps. 

Sub-tend', v. t. [-ed:-ing.] [Lat. 
subtend ere, fr. sub, under, and ten- 
dere, to extend.] To extend under, 
or be opposite to. 

SUB-TENSE', n. [Lat. subtendere, -ten- 
sum, to stretch underneath.] A line 
subtending; chord. 



Sub-tEr'FEU-ENT, ) a. [Lat. subter- 

Sub-ter'flu-oOs, ) fluens, flowing 
beneath.] Running uuder. 

SDb'ter-fOge, n. [L. Lat. subter- 
fugium, fr. Lat. subter, under, and 
fugere, to fiee.] That to which a per- 
son resorts for escape or concealment ; 
an evasion. 

SUB'TER-RA'NE-AN (124), ) a. [Lat. 

SOb'TEK-RA'NE-OUS, J Subter- 

raneus ;sub, under, and terra, earth.] 
Being under the surface of the earth . 

S0b'tile,«. [Lat. subtitis ; sub, under, 
slightl}', and tela, a web, warp.] 1. 
Thin ; rare. 2. Nice ; fine ; delicate. 
3 Acute ; piercing. 4. Refiued. 

Syn. — Acute. — In acute the image is 
that of a needle's point ; in subtile that 
of a thread spun out to extreme fineness. 
Hence, he who is acute has a piercing 
judgment, which enables him to discern 
and discriminate with the nicest accu- 
racy ; he who has a subtile intellect can 
spin the finest thread of thought, and 
follow out a subject in its most compli- 
cated relations. Aciiteness guards against 
error ; subtilty carries forward our inves- 
tigations into tenuous and recondite 
truths. 

Sub'TILE-ly (109), adv. In a subtile 
manner. [of being subtile. 

SUB'TiLE-NESS, n. State or quality 

SUB'TIE-I-ZA'TION, n. 1. Act of 
making subtile. 2. A making so 
volatile as to rise in steam or vapor. 
3. Refinement. 

SUB'TIL-IZE, V. I. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To make thin or fine. 2. To refine. 

SUB'TIL-TY, n. 1. Thinness; fine- 
ness. 2. Refinement. 3. Cunning. 

SUBT'LE (sut'l), a. [-ER; -EST.] 
[Contr. fr. subtile.] 1. Sly; artful; 
cunning. 2. Cunningly devised. 

SUBT'LE-NESS (sat'1-nes), n. Quality 
of being subtle. 

SObt'le-ty (sut/l-tj-), n. 1. Cun- 
ning; craftiness; artfulness. 2. 
Acuteness ; shrewdness. 

SDbt'ly (sut'ly), adv. 1. Slyly ; art- 
fully. 2. Delicately. [consonant. 

SUB-TON'IC, n. A vocal or sonant 

SUB-TRACT', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
subtrahere, -tr actum ; sub, under, and 
traker e, to draw.] To withdraw or take 
from the rest, as a part. [tracts. 

Sub-TRACT'er, n. One who sub- 

Sub-trac'tion, n. The taking of a 
lesser number or quantity from a 
greater. 

SUB-TRA€'TtVE, a. Tending, or hav- 
ing power, to subtract. 

Sub'tra-hend', n. Number to be 
subtracted from another. 

SUB'-TREAS'U-RY,?!. A subordinate 
treasury or place of deposit. 

StJB'URB,n. [Lat. suburbium ; sub, un- 
der, near, and urbs, a city.] Region 
on the confines of any large town, 
including buildings, streets, &c. 

Sub-Or'BAN, a. Relating to, or being 
in, the suburbs of a city, [variety. 

SDb'VA-RI'E-TY, n. A" subordinate 

SUB-VER'SION, n. Act of subverting; 
entire overthrow ; utter ruin. 

Sub-ver'sTve, a. Tending to subvert 
or overthrow and ruin. 

Sub- vert', v.t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 



subverterc, -versum; sub, under, an& 
vertere, to turn.] 1. To overthrow 
from the foundation ; to ruin utterly. 
2. To pervert, as the mind. 

Sub-v£rt'er, n. One who subverts. 

SUB-VERT'l-BLE, a. Capable of being 
subverted. [ordinate worker. 

SDb-work'er (-wurk'er), n. A sub- 

SDCce-da'ne-oOs, a. [See Suc- 
ceed.] Supplying the place of 
something else. 

S&€' pE DA'NE-ftM, n. ; pi. S&€*- 
pE-DA'NE-A. [Lat. See infra.} A 
substitute. 

SUCCEED', V. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
succedere, -cessum ; sub, under, and 
cedere, to go, to go from.] 1. To fol- 
low in order. 2. To be subsequent 
or consequent. 
Syn. — See Follow. 

— v. i. 1. To come next in order. 

2. To come in the place of another. 

3. To obtain the object desired. 

SUC-CEED'ER, n. One who succeeds. 

SUC-^ESS', n. [Lat. sur.cessus.] Fa- 
vorable termination of any attempt. 

Suc-f/ESS'FUL, a. Resulting in, as- 
suring, or promotive of, success. 

Sue-CESS'FUL-LY, adv. In a success- 
ful manner. [conclusion. 

SU€-CESS'FUL-NESS, n. Prosperous 

SUC-^ES'slONf-seWun), n. 1. A fol- 
lowing of things in order of time or 
place, or a series of things so follow- 
ing. 2. Line of descendants. 3. Power 
or right of inheritance. 

Suc-ces'sion-al (-sesh'un-), a. Per- 
taining to succession ; consecutive. 

SUC-CES'SIVE, a. Following in order. 

Suc-^es'sive-ly, adv. In a series or 
order. [ing successive. 

Suc-^es'sive-NESS, n. State of be- 

SUC-CES'sor, n. One who succeeds or 
follows. 

Sue-CIN€T', a. [Lat. succinctus, gird- 
ed below, or from below, tucked up.] 
Compressed into a narrow compass. 
Syn. — Short; concise; compendious. 

SU€-CIN€T'LY, adv. Briefly ; con- 
cisely, [ciseness. 

SiJ€-ciN€T'NESS, ii. Brevity; cou- 

Suc-CIN'IC, a. [Lat. succinum, am- 
ber.] Pertaining to amber. 

SOe'CI-NOUS, a. Pertaining to, or re- 
sembling, amber. 

SDc'COR, v.t. [-ED; -ING.] [It. soc- 
correre, Lat. succurrer.e, fr. sub, un- 
der, and currere, to run.] To relieve 
when in difficult}', want, or distress. 
Syn.— To relieve; deliver; comfort. 

— n. Aid ; help ; assistance, especial- 
ly in distress. [cor. 

S0e'€OR-ER, n. One who affords suo- 
StJe'CO RY, n. [Corrupt, fr. chicory} 

A plant ; chicory. 
Stic'eo-TASH, n. [Narraganset Ind. 
msickquatash, corn boiled whole.] 
Green maize and beans boiled to- 
gether. 
SDc'CU-LENCE, \n. Condition of 
SDe'cu-LEN-CY, ) being succulent. 
SOe'cu-LENT, a. [Lat. succulentus, 
from succus, juice.] Full of juice; 
juicy. 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL, ; E, I, O, silent ; C,G, sq/2; €, 5,/iard; AS.; EJIST; NasNG; THIS. 



SUCCUMB 



420 



SULPHATE 



gU€-€UMB' (62), V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. succumbere ; 51/6, under, and 
cumbere, for cubare, to lie down.] To 
yield ; to submit unresistingly. 

SU€-€US'sioN (-kusb/un), n. [Lat. suc- 
cussio ; sub, under, below, and qua- 
tere, to shake.] A shaking; a shake. 

SUCH, a. [0. Eng. swiche, swilk, A.-S. 
sweltCf sivilc, Goth, svaleiks, fr. sva, 
so, and leiks, like.] 1. Of that kind ; 
of the like kind. 2. Of a character 
specified. 3. The same that. 

SUCK, v. t. [-£» ; -ING.] [A.-S. sucan.] 
1. To draw up, in, or out, with the 
mouth. 2. To draw milk from, with 
the mouth. 3. To inhale ; to absorb. 
4. To draw in, as a whirlpool. — v. i. 

1. To draw by exhausting the air. 

2. To draw the breast. — n. 1. Act 
of drawing with the mouth. 2. Milk 
drawn from the breast. 

StrcK'ER, n. 1. One who, or that 
which, sucks. 2. The shoot of a 
plant. 8. A fish. [at the breast. 

SucK'LE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To nurse 

SDck'LING, n. A child or animal 
nursed at the breast. 

Sue'TlON, n. [Lat. sugere, suctum, to 
suckj Act of sucking. [ing. 

Su€-TO'RI-AL, a. Adapted for suck- 

Su'DA-TO-RY, a. [Lat. sudatorius.] 
Sweating; perspiring. — n. A sweat- 
ing-bath. 

SCd'den (58), a. [0. Fr. sodain, su- 
dain,i>oubdain, fr. Lat. subitus, sud- 
den, fr. sub, under, secretly, and ire, 
to go.] 1. Coming unexpectedly. 2. 
Hastily prepared or em ployed ; quick. 

Sud'den-LY, adv. In an unexpected 
manner. 

StJD'DEN-NEss, n. A coming or hap- 
pening without previous notice. 

Su'DOR-IF'IG, a. [Lat. sudor, sweat, 
andfacere, to make.] Causing sweat. 
— n. A medicine that produces sweat. 

Suds, n. sing. [Ger. sud, a seething ; 
sieden, to seethe.] Water impreg- 
nated with soap. 

Sue (64), v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [See 
Sew.] 1. To follow up. 2. To pros- 
ecute judicially. — v.i. 1. To peti- 
tion ; to plead. 2. To prosecute ; to 
make legal claim. 

SO'ET, n. [Fr. suifl&t.sevum.] Hard 
fat about the kidneys and loins. 

Su'ET-Y, a. Consisting of suet. 

SOf'FER, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
suff'erre : sub, under, and ferre, to 
bear.] 1. To feel with pain or an- 
noyance ; to undergo. 2. To endure 
without sinking. 8. To allow. — v.i. 

1. To feel or undergo pain. 2. To 
be injured. [suffered. 

SKf'fer-a-BLE, a. Capable of being 
SBf'FER-a-ble-NESS, n. State or 
quality of being sufferable; tolerable- 
ness. [manner. 

StJF'FER-A-BLY, adv. Tn a sufferable 
Suf'fer-ance, n. 1. Pain endured. 

2. Submission. 3. Negative consent 
by not forbidding. 

SfiF'FER-ER, n. One who suffers. 

80f'FER-ING, n. The bearing of pain ; 
pain endured ; distress, loss, or in- 
jury incurred. 



SVY--Flc-E f {-X\2,',G5),v. i. [-ED;-ING.] 
[Lat. sufficere ; sub, under, and fa- 
cere, to make.] To be enough. — v. t. 
To satisfy : to content. 

SUF-Fi'^lEN-CY (-fish/en-), n. 1. 
State of beiug sufficient. 2. Ability ; 
capacity. 8. Competence. 4. Ample 
stock. 

SUF-FI'CIENT (-fish'ent), a. 1. Ade- 
quate to suffice. 2. Of competent 
power or ability. [Enough. 

SUF-Fl'CIENT-LY (-t'Tsh'ent-), adv. 

SOf'FIX, n. [See infra.] A letter or 
syllable added to the end of a word. 

SUF-F1X', v. t. [-ED: -ING.] [Ult.suf- 
figere, -fixum, to fix below or on.] To 
add to the end, as a syllable to a word. 

SUF-FLATE', v. t. [Lat. suffare, -fla- 
turn, from sub, under, and ./fare, to 
blow.] To inflate. 

SUF-FLA'TION, n. Act of inflating. 

SUF'FO-€ATE, v. t. [-E»; -ING.] 
[Lat. suffocare, -catum ; sub, under, 
and fauces, the throat.] To kill by 
stopping respiration : to smother. — 
v. i. To become choked. 

SUF'FO-CA'TiON, n. Act of suffocat- 
ing, or state of being suffocated. 

SuF'FO-eA'Ti'VEja. Tending to suffo- 
cate. 

SUF-Fos'SION, n. [Lat. suffosio.] A 
digging under ; an undermining. 

SOf'FRA-GAN, a. [Lat. suffragans, fr. 
suffragium , a vote.] Assisting. — n. 
A bishop considered as an assistant 
to his metropolitan. 

SlJF'FRAGE, n. [Lat. suffragium:] A 
voice given in deciding a question, or 
choosing a man for an office ; vote. 

SUF-FU'MI-GATE, V. t. [-ED : -ING.] 
[Lat. suffumigare, -galuin; sub, un- 
der, below, and fumigare. to smoke.] 
To apply fumes or smoke to the parts 
of. 

SUF-FU'MI-GA'TION, n. Operation of 
smokiug any thing; fumigation. 

SUFFUSE', v. t. [-EDJ-ING.] [Lat. 
suffundere, -fusum ; sub, under, and 
fundere, to pour.] To overspread, as 
with a fluid or tincture. 

Suf-fu'sion, n. 1. Act of suffusing. 
2. State of being suffused. 3. That 
which is suffused. 

SUG'AR (shcibg'ar), n. [Lat. saccha- 
rum, Gr. aa.Kyjxp, o~6.K\a.pov, Ar. suk- 
kar.] 1. A sweet, crystalline vegeta- 
ble substance. 2. That which re- 
sembles sugar in taste or appearance, 
&c — v. t. [-ED, -ing.] To sweet- 
en or cover with sugar. 

Sug'ar-cane (shdbg'ar-), n. The 
plant from whose 
juice sugar is ob- 
tained. 

SUG 'AR-LOAF 
(shdbg'ar-), n. 
A conical mass 
of refined sugar. 

Sug'ar-plOm 
(shdbg'ar-), n. A 
small ball or 
disk of candy ; a 
sweetmeat. 




SUG'AR-Y (shfTog' 



Sugar-cane. 



ar-), a. Like, or containing, sugar. 



SUG-GE8T' (sug-jesf or sud-jest'), v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] [Lat. svggtrere, -ges- 
tum ; sub, under, and gerere, to car- 
ry.] 1. To introduce indirectly to 
the thoughts. 2. To propose with 
diffidence. 
Syn.— To hint; allude; insinuate. 

SUG-GEs'TlON (sug-jest'yun or sud- 
jest'yun), n. 1. Act of suggesting. 
2. A diffident proposal or mention. 

Syn.— Hint. — A hint is literally a 
nod, and is the briefest mode of colling 
one's attention to a subject; a suggestion 
is literally a throicing of something be- 
fore the mind, a modest or delicate mode 
of presenting argument or adviee. A 
hint is usually something slight or cov- 
ert, and may be merely negative in its 
character: a suggestion is ordinarily in- 
tended to furnish us with some practical 
assistance or directions. " He gave me 
a hint of my danger, and added some sug- 
gestions as to the means of avoiding it." 

SUG-GEST'IVE(sug-jost / -orsud-jest / -), 
a. Containing a suggestion. 

SU'l-CJ d'ai. (110), a. Partaking of, or 
pertaining to, the crime of suicide. 

Su'I-CIDE (92), n. [L. Lat. suicidium, 
fr. Lat. sui, of one's self, and csedere, 
to kill.] 1. Self-murder. 2. One 
_guilty of self-murder. 

SUIT, n. [Fr. suite, fr. suivre, to fol- 
low.] 1. Act of suing; endeavor. 2. 
Courtship. 3. Prosecution of right 
before any legal tribunal. 4. A ret- 
inue : company of attendants. 5. 
Individuals of a series, as of rooms, 
cards, &c. 6. A number of things 
used together ; a set. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To fit; to adapt. 2. To 
become. 3. To please. — v. i. To 
agree ; to accord. 

Suit'a-bee, a. Capable of suiting; 
likely to suit. [priety. 

SlllT'A-BLE-NESS, n. Fitness ; pro- 

SuiT'A-BLY, adv. Fitly ; agreeably. 

Su'iTE (sweet), n. [Fr. See SUIT, n.] 
1. Retinue. 2. A connected series, 
as of objects ; a set, as of rooms. 

SuiT'OR, n. 1. One who sues ; a peti- 
tioner ; esp. a wooer ; a lover. 2. One 
who prosecutes a demand in court. 

SUL'CATE, )a. [Lat. sulcatus, fur- 

SUL/CA-TED, ) rowed, fr. sulcus, a 
furrow.] Furrowed or grooved lon- 
gitudinally. 

SRek'i-ly, adv. Sullenly ; morosely. 

Sulk'i-ness, n. State or quality of 
being sulky. 

Sulks, n. pi. A sulky mood or humor. 

StJEK'Y, a. [-ER; -est, 142.] [From 
sulk.] Sullen; sour: morose. — «. 
[From sulky, a., from the owner's 
desire of riding alone.] A two- 
wheeled carriage for a single person. 

SOl/LEN, a. [0. Eng. so/.ein, solain, 
fr. Lat. solus, alone.] 1. Gloomy ; 
dismal. 2. Gloomily angry and si- 
lent ; cross. 3. Obstinate. [ly. 

Sui/len-ly, adv. Gloomily ; morose- 

Sui/LEN-NESS (109), n. State or qual- 
ity of being sullen. 

SUL'LY,v. t. [-ED; -ING, 142.] [See 
Soil.] 1. To soil ; to dirt. 2. To 
tarnish. 3. To injure, as the purity 
of reputation. — v. i. To be soiled. 

SOl'phate (45), n. A salt formed by 



A, e, 1,0, v,Y, long; X,£,t, 6,0, V, short; cAre, far. Ask, all, what: ere, veil, term; pique, firm; s6n, 



SULPHUR 



421 



SUPERFICIALLY 



sulphuric acid in combination with 
any base. 

SCl'phur, n. [Lat.] A combustible 
mineral of a yellow color ; brimstone. 

S&L/PHU-RATE, a. Belonging to, or 
resembling, sulphur. 

SOL'PflU-RA'TION, ft. The subjecting 
a thing to the action of sulphur. 

Sul-phu're-OUS, a. Consisting of, 
or having the qualities of, sulphur. 

SOL'PHU-RET, n. A combination of 
sulphur with another element. 

SDl'phu-ret'ed, a. Containing, or 
combined with, sulphur. 

SUL-PHU'RI€, a. Pertaining to, or 
obtained from, sulphur. 

SOl/PHUR-ofis, a. Pertaining to, re- 
sembling, or containing, sulphur. 

SiJL'PHUR-Y, a. Partaking of sulphur. 

SOL'TAN, n. [Ar. sultan, sulutan, fr. 
salita, to be strong]. Emperor of the 
Turks. [a sultan. 

Sul-ta'na, or Sul-ta'nA, n. Wife of 

Sul'tan-ess, 11. A sultana. 

Sui/tri-ness, n. Heat with a moist 
or close air. 

SDl/try, «■ [-ER ; -EST, 142.] [Cor- 
rupted from siveltry.] Hot, close, 
stagnant, and oppressive. 

SUM, ft. [ Lat. summa, from summits, 
highest.] 1. Aggregate of two or 
more numbers, quantities, or par- 
ticulars. 2. A quantity of money or 
currency. 3. Amount ; substance ; 
compendium. 4. Height; completion. 
5. A problem to be solved in arith- 
metic. — v.t. [-MED; -MING.] 1. 
To cast up, as a column of figures. 
2. To bring into a small compass. 

Sy'MAO I (colloq. shu/mak), «. [Ar. 

Sy'MA€H ) sumniak ; samaka, to be 
"high or tall.] A shrub of many species. 

StJM'MA-RI-LY, adv. 1. Briefly; con- 
cisely. 2. Without delay. 

Sum'ma-rv, a. 1. Summed up; re- 
duced into a narrow compass. 2. 
Quickly performed. — n. Anabridged 
account ; an abstract. 

Sum-ma'tion, ■/(. 1. Act of summing. 
2. An aggregate. 

SOM'MER, n. 1. [A.-S. sumor, sume.r.] 
Warmest period of the year. 2. 
[Fr. sommier, a rafter.] A large stone 
or beam placed horizontally on col- 
umns, piers, or posts, &c. — v. i. 
[-ED; -ING.] To pass the summer. 

SOm'mer-fal'low, n. A fallow 
made during the warm months. 

SDm'mer-house, n. A house in a 
garden, to be used in summer. 

SUM'MER-SET,n. See SOMERSET. 

SUM'MIT, n. [Lat. summits, highest.] 
The top ; the highest point. 

SOm'mon, v t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
summanere, to give a hint, fr. sub, un- 
der, secretly, and monere, to warn.] 

1. To call, cite, or notify to appear. 

2. To excite into action or exertion. 
Syn.— To convene; invite; bid. 

Som'mon-e r, n. One who summons. 

SOm'mons, n. sing.; pi. siJM'MONS- 
E§.] l.'Command to appear at "a 
place named, or to attend to some 
public duty. 2. A warning to ap- 
pear in court at a day specified. 



SGMP'TER, n. [N. Fr. xommirr, a 
beast of burden, Lat. sagmarius, a 
pack-horse ; sanma, a pack-saddle.] 
An animal that carries packs or bur- 
dens. 

StJMPT'U-A-RY, a. [Lat. sutnptuarius, 
fr. smnere, sumptum, to take, spend.] 
Regulating expense or expenditure. 

Sumpt'u-ous (84), a. Involving large 
expense. 
Svx. — Costly; splendid; magnificent. 

SDmpt'u-ous-ly, adv. In a sumpt- 
uous manner. [expensiveness. 

Sumpt'u-oos-ness, n. Costliness; 

SUN, n. [A.-S. sunna, sunne, Skr. 
surt/r, fr. stmr, heaven.] 1. The lu- 
minous orb, round which the earth 
and planets revolve. 2. The sun- 
shine. 3. Whatever resembles the 
sun. — V. t. [-NED; -NTXG.] To 
warmor dry in the light of the sun. 

Sun'-BEAM, n. A ray of the sun. 

SUN'BURN, V. t. [-BURNED, or 

-burnt; -burning.] To burn or 
tan by the sun. 

SUN'DAY, n. [Anciently dedicated to 
the Sun.] First day of the week. 
Syx.— See SABBATir. 

StJN'DAY-scHdbE, n. A school for 
religious instruction on Sunday. 

Sun'der, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [A.-S. 
sunrJerian, fr. suwlor, sunder, sepa- 
rate, apart.] To disunite in almost 
any manner ; to part ; to sever. — n. 
A separation into parts. 

SDn'-DUAL, n. An instrument to 
show the time of day by a shadow on 
a plate, marked off for the hours. 

Sun'down, n. Sunset. 

SOn'DRIEs, n.pl. Many different or 
small things. 

SDn'DRY, a. [A.-S. sundrig, fr. sun- 
der, sunder, separate.] Several; 
more than one or two. 

SDn'flow-er, n. A plant having a 
large flower, with yellow rays, which 
turns toward the sun. 

SDng, imp. & p. p. of Sing. 

Sunk, imp. & p. p. of Sink. 

SDnk'en (sunken), a. Lying at the 
bottom of water ; sunk. 

SUN'LESS, a. Destitute of sunlight. 

SOn/LIGHT (-lit), n. Light of the sun. 

Sun'ny, a. [-ER; -est. 142.] 1. Re- 
lating to, proceeding from, or like, 
the sun. 2. Exposed to the suns 
rays L 

Sun'rise, ) ft. First appearance, 

Sun'ris-ing, f or time of appear- 
ance, of the sun above the horizon in 
the morning. 

SDn'set, ) «. Descent of the 

SOn'set-ting, ) sun below the ho- 
rizon ; hence, evening 

SOn'shine, n. Light of the sun, or 
the place where it shines. 

StJN'SHlN-Y, a. 1. Bright with the 
sun's ravs. 2. Bright like the sun. 

Son'-stroke, n. A sudden prostra- 
tion of the physical powers, occa- 
sioned by excessive heat. 

Sop, r. f. [-ped : -ping.] [A.-S. sh- 
pan, to sip, drink. See Sip.] To take 
into the mouth with the lips ; to sip. 



— v. i. To eat the evening meal. — n 
A small mouthful, as of liquor ;a sip 

Su'PER-a-BLE, a. [Lat. superabilis, 
fr. super, above, over.] Capable of 
being overcome. 

Su'per-a-bound', v. i. To be very 
abundant. [enough. 

SO'per-A-BDN'dance, n. More than 

Su'per-A-bun'dant, a. Abounding 
to excess. [than sufficient. 

Su'per-a-bun'dant-ey, adv. More 

Su'per-add', v.t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
add over and above. 

SO'PER-AD-Dl'TIONt-dlsh/un), ft. 1. 
Act of adding to something. 2. That 
which is added. 

Su'per-an-Gel'I€, a. Superior in 
nature or rank to the angels. 

SU'PER-AN'NU-ATE,f. t. [-ED;-ING.] 
[Lat. super, above, over, and annus, 
a year.] To impair or disqualify by 
old age. 

SO'PER-AN'NU-A'TION, n. State of 
being superannuated ; decrepitude. 

Su-p£rb', a. [Lat. superbus, fr. su- 
per, above, over.] 1. Grand ; mag- 
nificent ; stately. 2. Rich ; elegan t. 
3. Showy : pompous. [ner. 

Su-PERB'LY, adv. In a superb man- 

SO'PER-CAR'GO, n. A person in a 
merchant ship, whose business is to 
superintend the commercial concerns 
of the voyage. 

Su'PER-cli/I-oiJS, a. [Lat. supercil- 
iosus, fr. superc.ilium, an eyebrow, 
pride.] 1. Lofty with pride ; haugh- 
ty. 2. Manifesting haughtiness ; 
overbearing. 

Su'per-cil'J-ous-ly, adv. In a su- 
percilious manner. 

SU'PER-CIL'I-OUS-NESS, n. An over- 
bearing manner ; haughtiness. 

Su'PER-DOM'I-NANT,n. (Mm.) Sixth 
tone of the scale ; that which is next 
above the dominant. 

Su'per-em'i-nence, n. State of 
being supereminent. 

Su'per-em'i-nent, a. Eminent in 
a superior degree. 

SU'PER-EM'l-NENT-LY, adv. In a 
superior degree of excellence. 

SU'PER-ER'O-GATE, V. i. [-ED; 

-ING.] [Lat. supererogarc, -gatum, 
to spend or pay out over and above.] 
To do more than duty requires. 

Su'PER-ER'O-GA'TION, ft. A doing 
more than duty or necessity requires. 

Su'per-E-rog'a-TO-ry, a. Per- 
formed to an extent not required by 
duty or necessity. 

SO'per-ex'cel-lence,?!. Superior 
excellence. 

Su'PER-EX'CEL-LENT, a. Excellent 
in an uncommon degree. 

Su'PER-FE-TA/TlON, n. [Lat. super, 
above, over, and fetare, to bring 
forth.] A second conception after a 
prior one, and before the birth of 
the first. 

Su'per-fT'cial (-flsh/al), a. [See 
Superficies.] 1. Lying on, or 
pertaining to, the surface. 2. Not 
_profound ; shallow. 

Su'per-fi'cial-ly (-fish/al-), adv. 
On the surface only. 



( 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TCfbK; URN, RUE, PULL; JS,i, O, silent ; C,G, soft; €,5, hard; Ag ; EJIST; gosN&; THIS. 



SUPERFICIALNESS 



422 



SUPPLICATE 



Su'per-fi'cial-ness (-fish/al-), n. 
State of being superficial. 

SfJ/PER-Fl'CIE.s (-fish'Sz), n. [Lafc., 
from .super, above, over, and fades, 
make, figure.] Surface ; exterior part 
of a thing. 

Su'PER-FiNE (110), a. Very fine ; sur- 
passing others in fineness. 
* Su'PER-FLU'I-TY, n. 1. A greater 
quantity than is wanted. 2. Some- 

. thing beyond what is wanted. 

Svn. — Superabundance; excess; re- 
dundancy. 

Su-p£r'flu-ous, a. [Lat. superfluus, 
fr. superjiue.re, to overflow.] More 
than is wanted or sufficient. 
Syx. — Unnecessary ; exuberant. 

Su-per'flu-oOs-LY, adv. In a su- 
perfluous manner. 

Su-per'flu-oOs-ness, n. State of 
being superfluous. 

Su'per-hu'man, a. Above what is 
human ; divine. 

SU/PER-IM-POSE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 

To lay or impose on something else. 

Su'per-in-cDm'bent, a. Resting on 
something else. 

SO'PER-IN-DUCE', V. t. [-ED : -ING.] 
To bring in, or upon, as an addition. 

Su'PER-IN-Dfre'TIONjn. Act of su- 
perinducing. 

Stl'PER-IN-TEND', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To have or exercise the charge and 

, oversight of. 

SO'PER-IN-TEND'ENCE, ) n. Care 

Su'per-in-tend'en-cy, ) and over- 
sight for the purpose of direction. 

SU'PER-IN-TEND'ENT, (ll0),«. One 
who has the oversight and charge of 
something. 

Su-PE'RI-OR (89), a. [Lat. superior, 
com par. of sit perm, being above, fr. 
super, above.] 1. More elevated in 
place, rank, or character, &c. ; sur- 
passing others. 2. Beyond the power 
or influence of. — n. 1. One older or 
more elevated in rank. 2. One who 
surpasses others in excellence, or 
qualities of any kind. 3. Chief of a 
monastery, consent, or abbey. 4. A 
small letter or figure standing near 
the top of the line, as, a or l. 

Su-pe'ri-or'I-ty (89), n. State or 
quality of being superior. 

Su-per'la-tive (14), a. [Lat. super- 
lativus, fr. super, over, and ferre, 
latum, to bear.] 1. Most eminent ; 
supreme. 2. Expressing the highest 
degree of a quality, as among ob- 
jects that are compared. — n. 1. That 
which is most eminent. 2. Highest 
degree of comparison. 

Su-pEr'LA-TIVE-LY, ado. In a su- 
perlative manner, [ing superlative. 

Su-per'la-tive-ness, n. State of be- 

Su'per-lu'nar, ) a. Being above 

Su'per-lu'na-ry, I the moOD. 

Su-PER'NAL, a. [Lat. supernus, from 
super, above.] 1. Being in a higher 
place or region. 2. Relating to things 
above: celestial. 

SU'PER-NA'TANT. a. [Lat. superna- 
tans, swimming above.] Swimming 
or floating on the surface. 



Su'per-nXtTj-ral, a. Being beyond 
the powers or laws of nature ; mirac- 
ulous. 

Syn. — Preternatural. — Preternatural 
signifies beside nature, and supernatural, 
above or beyond nature. The dark day 
which terrified all Europe nearly a cen- 
tury ago was preternatural; the resur- 
rection of the dead is supernatural. 

SU'PER-NAT'U-RAL-IgM, n. . 1. State 
of being supernatural. 2. Doctrine 
of a supernatural agency iu the mir- 
acles and revelations of the Bible. 

SU'PER-NAT'U-RAL-LY, adv. In a 
supernatural manner. 

Su'per-nu'mer-A-ry, a. Exceeding 
the number stated, prescribed, nec- 
essary, or usual. — n. A person or 
thing beyond what is necessary or 
usual. 

Sll'PER-PO-SI'TION (-zish'un), n. 1. 
A being placed above. 2. That which 
is situated above something else. 

Su'PER-ROY'AL, a. Denoting the 
largest regular size of printing paper. 

Su'per-salt, n. A salt with a greater 
number of equivalents of acid than 
of the base. 

SO'PER-SAT'U-RATE, V. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To add to beyond saturation. 

Supper-scribe', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[Lat. superscribere.] To write on the 
top, outside, or surface ; to write the 
address of a person on the cover of. 

Su'PER-seRiP'TION, n. 1. Act of 
superscribing. 2. That which is su- 
perscribed. 

SfJ'PER-SEDE', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. supersedere, to sit above, omit.] 
1. To displace ; to replace. 2. To 
set aside ; to render unnecessary. 

Su'per-se'de-Xs, n. [Lat., sus- 
pend, set aside.] A writ to stay pro- 
ceedings under another writ. 

Su'per-sed'ure, n. Act of super- 
seding. 

Su'per-sti'TION (-stish'un), n. [Lat. 
superstitio, orig. a standing still over 
a thing; hence, amazement.] 1. Ex- 
cessive exactness or rigor in religious 
opinions or practice. 2. Worship of 
false gods. 3. Belief in omens and 
prognostics. 

Syn. — Fanaticism. — Superstition 
springs from the imagination in a 
gloomy state; fanaticism from this same 
faculty in a state of high-wrought and 
self-confident excitement. The former 
leads to weak fears or excessive scrupu- 
losity as to outward observances; the 
latter to an utter disregard of reason un- 
der the false assumption of enjoying a 
direct guidance from on high. 

Su'per-stY'tioOs (-stTsh'us), a. 1. 
Pertaining to superstition. 2. Full 
of idle fancies and scruples in regard 
to religion. 

Su-per-stT'ttous-ly (-stjsVus-), 
adv. In a superstitious manner. 

SU/PER-STI'TIOUS-NESS (-Stl'tiouS-), 
n. Superstition. 

SO'PER-STRA'TUM, n. ; pi. SU'PER- 

stra'ta. A stratum or layer above 
another. 
SU'per-struc'TION, n. [Lat. super- 
struere, -structum ; super, over, and 
struere, to build.] 1. Act of build- 



ing upon something. 2. That which 
is built upon some foundation. 

Su'per-struot'ure (53), n. Any 
structure built on something else. 

SU'PER-VENE', V. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. supervenire , to come over or 
upon.] To come upon as something 
extraneous ; to happen. 

Su'per-ven'ient, a. Coming upon 
as something additional. [vening. 

Su'per- ven'tion, 11. Act of super- 

Su'per-vis/al, n. Act of supervis- 
ing : supervision. 

SU'PER-VISE', V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. super, over, and visere, to look 
at attentively, survey.] To oversee 
for direction ; to superintend. 

Su'per-vIs'ion (-vizh'un), n. Act 
of overseeing ; superintendence. 

Su/PER-vi§'OR, n. An overseer. 

Su'per-vis'o-ry, a. Pertaining to, 
or having, supervision. 

Su'PI-NA'TlON, n. [See SirpiNE.] 
Lying with the face upward. 

Su'PlNE, n. [Lat. svpinus, thrown 
backward ; — though furnished with 
substantive case-endings, it throws 
itself back, as it were, on the verb.] 
A substantival modification of the 
infinitive mood, in Latin. 

Supine', a. 1. Lying on the back. 
2. Inclining with exposure to the 
sun. 3. Negligent ; heedless. 

Su-pIne'ly, adv. In a supine man- 
ner ; carelessly. [ing supine. 

Sn-PiNE'NESS (109), n. State of be- 

SOp'per. n. [See Soup and Sup.] A 
meal taken at the close of the day. 

SOp'per-less, a. Wanting supper. 

Sup-plant', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
supplantare, to trip up one's heels, 
to throw down.] 1. To displace by 
stratagem ; or to remove and take 
the place of. 2. To undermine. 

Sup'plan-ta'tion, n. Act of sup- 
planting, [plants. 

Sup-plant'er, n. One who sup- 

StJP'PLE, a. [Lat. svprdtx. bending 
the knees.] 1. Easily bent. 2. Com- 
pliant ; not obstinate. 3. Bending 
to the humor of others. — r. t. or i. 
[-ED; -ING.] To make or become 
soft and pliant. 

SUP'PLE-MENT, n. [Lat. svppleiven- 
tum.] Something added to a book 
or paper to supply deficiencies or 
correct errors. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To supply by additions. 

Sup'ple-MENT'al, ) a. Added to 

SDp'PLE-ment'a-ry, I supply what 
is wanted ; additional. [supple. 

Sup'ple-NESS, 11. Quality of being 

SDp'ple-tory, a. Suppling defi- 
ciencies. 

SUP'PLI-ANT, a. [Fr. suppliant, p. 
pr. of supplier, to entreat.] 1. Ask- 
ing earnestly and submissively. 2. 
Manifesting entreaty. — 11. A hum- 
ble petitioner. 

SOp'pei-ant-ly, adv. In a suppli- 
ant manner. [ca tes. 

Sup'pli-cant, n. One who suppli- 

SUP'PLI-OATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. supplicare, -catum, fr. supplex, 
kneeling down.] 1. To seek by ear- 



l, E, I, 6,u, Y,long; X, E,I, 6, u, Y, short- &RE, far, ask, all, what; ere, veii^ term; pique, fIrm ; son, 



SUPPLICATION 



423 



SURREJOIN 



nest petition. 2. To address in 
prayer. — c. i. To offer a petition. 

SCp'pli-ca'tion. ?i. Act of suppli- 
cating : humble petition or prayer; 
earnest request. 

SCp'PLI-ca-TO-RY, a. Containing sup- 
plication ; submissive. 

Sup-pli'er. h. One who supplies. 

fcCP-PL V, v. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] [Lat. j 
supplere fr. sub, under, and pie re , to j 
fill.] 1. To furnish with what is 
wanted. 2. To serve iustead of. 3. i 
to bring or furnish. — ?! Sufficiency 
of things for use or want. 

SUP-POPvT', i\ t. [-eu; -ing.] [Lat.; 
supponare ; sub, under, and portnre , 
to carry.] 1. To keep from falling. 
2. To endure 3. To keep from faint- 
ing. 4. To furnish with the means : 
of livelihood. 5. To carry on : to 
enable to continue. 6. To uphold 
by aid or countenance. 

Syx.— To maintain; nurture; shield; j 
protect; forward. 

— 7i. 1. Act of upholding or sustain- I 
ing. 2. That which upholds. 3. 
That which preserves from being 
overcome, f.iling, sinking, &c. 

Sup-port'a-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing supported. 

Si'P-port'er, n. One who, or that 
which, supports. 

SUP ^>6s'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
supposed. 

Slp-po^'al, n. Supposition. 

Sup-pose', v. t. (-ed: -ing.] [Lat. j 
sub. under, and pausare, to pause : 
or Lat. stipponere, -positum, fr. sub, \ 
under, and ponere, to put.] 1. To j 
assume to be true. 2. To require to 
exist or be true. 
Syx. — To imagine; conjecture; assume. 

— v. i. To think : to believe. 
SBp'po-si'tion (-zfeh'nn),*.' 1. Act! 

of supposing. 2. That which is sup- 
posed; hypothesis. 

Sup-po-VI-ti'tiol's (-tlsh'us). a. 
[Lat. supposiltiius.] Put by trick in 
the place of another: spurious. 

Sup-posi-ti'tious-ly (-tish'us-ly), 
adv. Bv trickish substitution. 

SuP-Pos'i-TiVE,a. Implying suppo- j 
sitionf 

Sup-press', v. t. [-ed: -ing.] [Lat. I 
supprimtre, -nressinn. fr. sub. under, 
and premere, to press.] 1. To over- 
power and crush. 2. To restrain | 
from utterance or vent. 3. To re- 
tain without disclosure. 

SUP-PRES'sioxi-preWun),*!. 1. Act 
of suppressing, or state of being sup- '. 
pressed. 2. Concealment; obstruc- ! 
don. 

SUP-PRESS'1'VE, a. Tending to sup- 
press : subduing : conceaung. 

SUP-PRESS'OR, n. [Lat.] One who 
suppresses. 

StjP'PU-RATE, V. ?'. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. sup.'iurare , -ralum ; sub, under, 
and pus, puris, matter.] To gener- 
ate pus. _ [ing pus. 

SOP PU-RA'TION, n. Process of'form- 

SCp'PU-ra-TIVE, a. Promoting sup- 
puration. — it. A medicine that pro- 
motes suppuration. 



Su'pra-min'dane, a. Being above: 
the wor.d. 

Su'pra-nat'U-ral-ism, n. Same as 
Supernaturalism. 

Su-PREM'A-rv. n. State of being su- 
preme: higher authority. 

Su-PREME' (92), a. [Lat. supremus, I 
superl. of super us, being above.] 1. 
Highest in government or power. 2. I 
Highest, greatest, or most excellent. 
3. Utmost. [degree, i 

Su-preme'ly, adv. In the highest 

Su'RAL,«. [Lat. sura, calf of the leg.] 
Pertaining to the calf of the leg. 

Sur'base. n. A cornice on the top of 
the base of a pedestal, &c. 

SUR-CHARGE\- V. t. [-ED: -INC] 
[Fr. surcharger. See CHARGE ] To 
overload: to overburden. — n. An 
excessive load or burden, [charges. j 

Sur-char'ger, n. One who sur- j 

SUR'CIN-GLE (-sing-gl), n. [Prefix! 
sur and eingle.] A girth, which 
passes over a saddle, or over any- 
thing laid on a horse's back. 

SUR'UOAT, n. [Prefix sur and coat.] 
A short coat worn over the other 
garments. 

SC'RD.o. [Lat. surdus, lit. deaf.] 1. 
Not capable of being expressed in 
rational numbers. 2. Uttered with 
simple breath : not sonant. — ». A 
quantity which cannot be expressed 
by rational numbers. 

Sure (shrjr), a. [-er ; -est.] [Fr. 
"sur. See Secure.] 1. Certainly- 
knowing. 2. Certain to find or re- 
tain. 3. Certain not to fail. 

Syx.— Certain \ unfailing : firm ; 
stable ; secure ; confident : positive. 
— adv. Without doubt. 

Sure'-fooT'ED (shur 7 -), a. Not apt 
to stumble. 

SURE'LY (shur'-), adv. Certainly : 
undoubtedly ; steadily. [sure. 

Sure'ness (shur'-), 7i.' State of being 

SURE'TY (shyjr'-), n. 1. Certainty : 
"security. 2. Ground of confidence. 

3. Security against loss or damage. 

4. A bondsman; a bail. 
Si:re'ty-sh'ip (shijr'-), n. State of 

"being suretv. 

Surf, n. [Cf. 0. Fr. surjlot. the rising 
of billow upon billow.] Swell of the 
sea which breaks upon the shore. 

SiJR'FACE, n. [Fr. surface. See 
Superficies, and Face.] 1. Ex- 
terior part of any thing that has 
length and breadth : superficies ; 
outside. 2. Outward appearance. 

Sur'feit, n. [0. Fr. surf ait, excess. 
arrogance, crime, fr. surfaire. to aug- 
ment, exaggerate, from sur, over, and 
/aire, to make, do, Lat. facere.] 1. 
Fullness and oppression, occasioned 
by excessive eating and drinking. 2. 
Disgust caused by excess : satiety. — 
v. t. [-ED : -ING.] To overfeed," and 
produce sickness or uneasiness. 

SC t r'feIt-er, n. One who surfeits. 

SOrge, n. [Lat. surgere, to rise.] A 
large wave. — v.i. [-ed;-ing.] 1. 
To swell : to rise high and roll, as 
waves. 2. To slip back, as a cable. 

SC-R'GEON(sQr'jun), n. [Contr. from 



chirurgeon.] One who undertakes to 
cure injuries of the body by manual 
operation. 

S0r'geon-cy,7i. Office of a surgeon. 

SCr'GER-y, n. [Contr. from 0. Eng. 
surgeonry.] 1. Art of healing by 
manual operation. 2. A place where 
surgical operations are performed, or 
medicines prepared. [or surgery. 

S0r'GI€-AL, a. Relating to surgeons 

SCr'gy, a. Rising iu billows. 

Sur'li-ly, adv. In a surlv manner. 

SCR'Ll-NESS, n. State of being surly. 

SOr'LOIN, 7i. [Fr. surlonge ; sur, 
upon, and longe, loin.] Upper part 
of the loin of beef. See Sirloin. 

Sur'ly, a. [-er; -est, 142.] [From 
sour.] 1. Gloomily morose ; crab- 
bed : 2. Rough : tempestuous. 

SUR-MISE',?!. [0. Fr. surmise, accusa- 
tion.]" The thought that something 
may be, on feeble or scanty evidence. 
— i". /. [-ED ; -ING.] To imagine with- 
out certain knowledge : to suppose. 

Sub-mount', v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Fr. 
Slirm outer ; fr. sur, over, and monter, 
to mount.] 1. To rise higher than. 
2. To overcome. 3. To surpass. 

Sur-MOUNT'a-BLE, a. Capable of 
being surmounted. [mounts. 

Str-mount'er, ?t. One who sur- 

Sur'name, 7i. [Prefix sur and name.] 

1. A name added to the baptismal or 
Christian name ; a family name. 2. 
An' appellation added to the original 
name. 

SUR-NAME', V. t. [-ED : -ING.] To 
call by an appellation added to the 
original name. 

SUR-PASS', V. t. [-ED : -ING.] [Fr. 
surpasser ; sur, over, and passer, to 
pass.] To go beyond in any thing. 

Sur-pass'a-BLE, a. Capable of being 
surpassed. [eminent degree. 

Sur-pass'ing, p. a. Excellent in an 

SuR'pr/iCE, n. [Fr. surptis, L. Lat. 
superpellicium , from super, o\er, and 
pallidum, a robe of fur.] A white 
ecclesiastical garment. 

SUR'PLUS, n. [Fr. surplus, from sur, 
over, and plus, more.] Excess be- 
yond what i< prescribed or wanted. 

Sur'plus-age, 7i. 1. Surplus; ex- 
cess. 2. Matter iu pleading not 
necessary or relevant to the case. 

Sur-prIs'al, ?i. Act of surprising, or 
state of being surprised. 

Sur-prise', v. t. [-ED; -ing.] [Fr. 
surprendre. p. p. surpris, fr. Lat. su- 
per, over, andpreud ere, prehmdere, to 
take.] 1. To come on unexpectedly. 

2. To strike with astonishment. 3. 
Toconfuse. — n. 1. Act of surprising 
or state of being surprised. 2. A 
moderate degree of sudden wonder. 

Sur-pr7s'ing.;?. a. Exciting surprise ; 
wonderful : astonishing. 

Sur-prIs'ing-ly, adv. In a sur- 
prising manner or degree. 

SE'R'RE-BL'T', v. i. [Prefix sur and 
rebut.] To reply, as a plaintiff to a 
defendant's rebutter. 

StjR'RE-BtT'TER. 71. The plaintiff's 
reply to a defendant's rebutter. 

SCr'RE-JOIN'. v. i. [Prefix sur and 



6r 5 DO, wolf, TOO, TOOK; Urn, RUE, PULL ; E,l, o, silent ; C,G,5q/i; €,G,hard; A§; exist; N as NG ; THIS, 



SURREJOINDER 



424 



SWAMPY 



rejoin ] To reply, as a plaintiff to a 
defendant' s rejoinder. 

SBr're-join'der, n. Answer of a 
plaintiff to a defendant's rejoinder. 

SUR-REN'DER,r. t. [-ED : -ING.] [0. 
Fr. surrender ; sur, over, and rendre, 
to render.] 1. To give up possession of 
on compulsion or demand. 2. To yield 
to any influence, passion, or power. 
— v. i. To give up one's self into the 
power of another. — n. Act of sur- 
rendering or yielding to another. 

Sur-ren'der-or (127), ra. One who 
makes a surrender. 

Sur'REP-ti'tious (-tlsh'us), a. [Lat. 
surreptitius.] Done by stealth or 
fraud. 

SOr'rep-tI'tious-ly (-tish/us-), 
adv. By stealth; fraudulently. 

SUR'RO-GATE, n. [Lat. surrogare, 
-gatus, to substitute, fr. sub, under, 
and rogare, to ask, propose.] 1. A 
deputy, esp. the deputy of an eccle- 
siastical judge. 2. An officer who 
presides over the probate of wills. 

SuR-ROUND',r. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Pre- 
fix sur and lound.] 1. To inclose on 
all sides. 2. To lie or be on all sides of. 
Syn.— To encompass ; environ ; invest. 

SUR-SOL'ID, n. (Math.) Fifth power of 
a number. 

SUR-TOUT' (-tout'), n. [Fr. surtout ; 
sur, ovr , and tout, all.] An overcoat, 
esp. when long and fitting closely. 

SUR VEILLAXCE (sur-val'yongss'), 
n. [Fr.] Watch ; inspection. 

SUR-VEY' (115), V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[0. Fr. surveoir, from sur, over, and 
veoir, Lat. videre, to see.] 1. To in- 
spect, as from a high place. 2. To 
view with a scrutinizing eye. 3. To 
examine with reference to condition, 
situation, and value. 4. To measure, 
as a tract of land or a coast, &c. 

SUR'VEY, n. 1. A general view. 2. 
A particular view ; esp. an official ex- 
amination. 3. Act of measuring any 
part of the earth's surface ; also, a de- 
lineation of any portion of country. 

SUR-VEY'ING, n. That branch of 
mathematics which teaches the art 
of measuring and delineating land. 

SUR-VEY'OR, n. 1. An overseer, in- 
spector, or examiner. 2. One who 
measures land. 3. ( Customs.) (a.) An 
officer who ascertains the contents of 
casks; a gauger. (b.) (U. S.) An offi- 
cer who ascertains the weight and 
quantity of goods subject to duty. 

SUR-VEY'OR-SHIP, n. Office of a sur- 
veyor, [another. 

Sur-vIv'al, n. A living longer than 

SUR-vivE', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] [Fr. 
survivre. from sur, above, beyond, 
and vivre, to live.] To live beyond, 
or longer than. — v. ?'. To remain 
alive J [outlives another. 

SUR-VIV'OR, n. One who survives or 

SUR-viv'OR-snip, n. 1. State of 
being a survivor. 2. Right of one 
who has a joint interest in an estate, 
to take the whole estate upon the 
death of the other. 

Sus-cep'ti-bii/i-ty, a. Capability 
of receiving impressions. 



SVS-cep'TI-ELE, a. [Lat. su.scipere, 
to take up, undertake, admit.] 1. 
Capable of admitting any thing ad- 
ditional, or any change. 2. Capable 
of impression ; tender. 3. Having 
nice sensibility. 

SUS-ClP'l-ENT, a [Lat. suscipitns, 
taking up, admitting.] Receiving ; 
admitting. — n. One who admits. 

SUS-PEGT', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
suspicere, -spectum ; sub, under, and 
specere, to look.] 1. To imagine to 
exist, or to be guilty , often upon weak 
evidence or no evidence at all. 2. To 
hold to be uncertain. — v. i. To 
imagine guilt. [suspected. 

Sus-PE€T'ED-NESS, n. State of being 

Sus-PE€T'ER, n. One who suspects. 

SUS-PEND', V. t. [-ED ; -ING ] [Lat. sus- 
pendere, -pensum, from sus or subs, 
for sub, under, and pendere, to hang.] 

1. To attach to something above. 

2. To make to depend. 3. To cause 
to cease for a time. 4 To hold in a 
state undetermined. 5- To debar 
from any privilege. 

Syn.— To hang; delay; intermit. 
— v. i. To cease from operation or 
activity ; especially, to stop payment. 

Sus-PEND'ER, n. 1. One who sus- 
pends. 2. pi. Straps for holding up 
pantaloons ; braces. 

Sus-pense', n. 1. A state of uncer- 
tainty. 2. Cessation for a time. 

Sus-pen'sion, n. 1. Act of suspend- 
ing, or state of being suspended; 
esp. temporary delay or cessation. 
2. A conditional withholding, inter- 
ruption, or delay. [Suspending. 

Sus-pen'so-ry, a. 1. Suspended. 2. 

Sus-Pi'dON (-pish'un), n. [Lat. sus- 
picio.] Act of suspecting. 

Syn. — Jealousy; mistrust; doubt. 

Sus-Pi'cious(-pish / us),a. 1. Inclined 
to suspect. 2. Indicating suspi- 
cion. 3. Liable to suspicion. 
Syn.— See Jealous. 

Sus-pi'cious-ly (-pish'us), adv. In 
a suspicious manner. 

Svs-p'i'ciofjs-NEss (-pish'us), n. 
Qualitvof being suspicious. 

Sus / pi-ra'tion, n. Act of sighing. 

Sus-PIRE', v. i. [Lat. suspirare, fr. 
sub, under, and spirare, to breathe.] 
To sigh. 

Sus-tain', v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
sustinere, from sus or subs, for sub, 
under, and tenere, to hold.] 1. To 
keep from falling; to bear. 2. To 
maintain ; to keep alive. 3. To aid, 
vindicate, comfort, or relieve. 4. To 
endure. 5. To suffer; to undergo. 

Sus-tain'a-BLE, a. Capable of be- 
ing sustained. 

Sus-tain'er. n. One who sustains. 

Sfis'TE-NANCE, n. [0. Fr. suste- 
nance. See Sustain.] 1. Act of 
sustaining. 2. That which supports 
life : foodj provisions. 

Strs'TEN-TA'TiON, n. [Lat. sustenta- 
tio. See Sustain.] Support ; susten- 
ance- 

SUT'LER, n. [0. D. soeteler, from 
soetflen, to undertake low offices.] 



| One wrho follows an army, and sells 
to the troops provisions, liquors, 
| cigars, &c. 

ISut-tee', n. [Skr. sati, f. of sat, 
real, true, good.] 1. A widow who 
burns herself on the funeral pile of 
her husband. 2. The burning it- 
self. [India.] 

Sut-tee'ism, n. Practice of self- 
immolation among widows in Hin- 
dostan. 

Sut'ur-a L, a. Relating to a suture or 
seam. 

Sut'ure, n. [Lat. sutura, from 
suen ■-, sutum, to sew.] 1. Act of 
sewing ; also, the line along which 
two things are sewed together : a 
seam. 2. Seam or joint of the bones 
of the skull. 

Su'ZE-RAIN, n. [Fr. suzerain, from 
sus, above, over. See SOVEREIGN.] 
A superior lord, to whom fealty is 
due. 

SWAB, n. [From the root of sweep.] 

1. A mop. 2. A bit of sponge or 
cloth fastened to a handle for cleans- 
ing the mouth.— v. t. [-BED ; -BING.] 
To clean with a swab. 

SWAB'BER, n. One who uses a swab. 

Swad'dle (swod'dl), n. [A.-S. swsed- 
hil, swedhel, a bundle, fr. sivedkian, 
to bind.] Clothes bound tight round 
the body. — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
bind, as with a bandage ; to swathe. 

SWAD'DLING-BAND, I 11. A cloth 

Swad'dling-cloth, J wrapped 

round an infant. 

Swag, v. i. [-ged; -ging.] [Allied 
to swing.] To sink down by its 
weight ; to lean. 

Swage, n. A tool for shaping metal 
work. — v. t. To shape by means of 
a swage. 

Swag'ger, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Cf. 
A.-S. swi'gan, to make a noise, swe- 
gian, to prevail.] To boast or brag 
noisily; to bluster. — n. Uoastful- 
ness of manner. 

Swag'ger-er, n. A blusterer; a 
bully^ 

Swag'gy, a. Hanging by its weight. 

Swain, n. [A.-S. su-an'.] A rustic; 
especially, a country lover. 

Swale, n. [Gael, sgail, a shade, 
shadow.] A tract of low, and usu- 
ally wet, land. [Amer.] — v. t. & t. 
To waste ; to sweal. 

Swal'low, n. [A.-S. su-alewe, 
sivealwe.] A small bird with a 
forked tail. — v. t. [ED : -ing.] [A.- 
S. swelgan, swilgan, 0. Ger. schwalg, 
the throat.] 1. To take into the stom- 
ach. 2. To draw into an abyss. 3. 
To receive, as opinions, without ex- 
amination. 4. To appropriate. 5. To 
exhaust. 6. To retract. — n. 1. The 
gullet or esophagus. 2. As much as 
can be swallowed at once. 

Swamp (swomp), n. [From the root of 
swim.) Land wet and spongy. — v. 
t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To plunge, or 
sink in a swamp, or as in a swamp 

2. To overset, or sink, as a boat. 
Swamp'y, a. Consisting of, or like, a 

swamp. 



A,E, 1, 5,tJ, Y, long; A,£,l, 6, 0, ¥, short; care, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM; pique, FIRM ; s6n, 



SWAN 



425 



SWINGLE 




Swan, n. [A.-S.] 
A large web-foot- 
ed bird, like the 
goose. 

Swan's' - down, 
n. A fiue, soft, 
thick cloth of 
wool mixed with 
Bilk or cotton. Swan. 

SWAN'-SKIN, n. A kind of fine flannel. 

Swap, v. t. [-ped; -ping.] [O.Eng., 
to strike. Cf. to strike a bargain.] 
To exchange; to barter. — n. An 
exchange ; barter. 

SWARD, n. [A.-S. sweard.] The 
grassy surface of land ; turf. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] To cover with sward. 

Swarm, n. [A.-S. swearm, from the 
root of Skr. swar, to sound.] 1. A 
large number of small animals or in- 
sects, esp. when in motion. 2. Any 
great number or multitude. — v. i. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. To leave a hive in 
a body, as bees. 2. To throng togeth- 
er. 3. To be crowded. 4. To be filled, 
as with a crowd of objects. 5. [Allied 
to worm.] To climb, as a tree, em- 
bracing it with the .arms and legs. 

SWART, la. [A.-S. swf art.] Being 

SWARTH, j of a dark hue ; tawny. 

Swarth'i-ness, a. State of being 
swarthy. 

SWARTH'Y, a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] 
[From swartli, or sivart.] Being of 
a dark hue or dusky complexion ; 
black or tawny. 

Swash, v. i. [Sw. swassa, to bully ; 
Ger. schwatzen, to talk, prate.] 1. 
To bluster. 2. [From ivash, with s 
prefixed.] To dash or flow noisily , as 
water. — n. 1. Impulse of water 
flowing with violence. 2. A narrow 
channel of water within a sand-bank, 
or between that and the shore. 

SWA.TH (swawth), n. [A.-S. swadhu.] 
l.'A band or fillet. 2. A line of grass 
or grain cut down in mowing. 3. The 
whole sweep of a scythe. 

Swathe,i'. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
swed/iian, to bind.] To bind with a 
swath or bandage. — n. A bandage. 

SWAY,r.«. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. swe- 
gian, to prevail. Cf. SWAG.] 1. To 
move or wield with the hand. 2. To 
influence or direct. 3. To cause to 
incline to one side. — v. i. 1. To bear 
rule. 2. To have weight or influence. 
3. To be drawn to one side by weight. 
— n. 1. Power exerted in governing. 
2. Influence, weight, or authority 
that inclines to one side. 3. Prepon- 
deration. 4. Swing of a weapon. 

SWEAL, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. 
swilan, to burn slowly and without 
a flame.] To melt and run down, as 
the tallow of a candle. 

Swear (4), v. i. [swore ; sworn : 
swearing.] [A.-S. swerian, allied 
to swarian, to affirm.] 1. To affirm, 
with an appeal to God for the truth 
of what is affirmed. 2. To give evi- 
dence on oath. 3 To be profane. — 
v. t. 1. To administer an oath to. 2. 
To declare or charge upon oath. 

Swear'er, n. One who swears. 



Sweat, n. [A.-S. swat, allied to Skr. 
svedas.] 1. Sensible moisture ex- 
creted from the skin. 2. Moisture 
issuing from any substance. — v. i. or 
t. [SWEAT ; SWEATED ; SWEAT- 
ING.] 1. To excrete, or cause to ex- 
crete, sensible moisture from the skin. 

2. To toil ; to drudge. 3. To emit 
moisture, as green plants in a heap. 

SWEAT'I-NESS, n. State of being 
sweaty. [with sweat. 

Sweat'y, a. [-er ; -est, 142.] Moist 

SWED'ISH, a. Pertaining to Sweden. 
— n. Language of the Swedes. 

Sweep, v. t. [swept ; sweeping.] 
[A.-S. swapan.] 1. To brush, or 
clean, with a broom. 2. To carry 
along or off by a long stroke. 3. To 
destroy or carry off many at a stroke. 
4. To carry with a long swinging or 
dragging motion. 5. To draw or drag 
over. — v. i. 1. To pass swiftly and 
violently. 2. To pass with pomp. 3. 
To move with a long reach. — n. 1. 
Act of sweeping. 2. Compass of a 
stroke or of any turning body. 3. Di- 
rection and extent of any motion not 
rectilinear. 4. One who sweeps. 5. The 
pole used to raise and lowera bucket. 

SWEEP'ER, n. One who sweeps. 

Sweep'ings, n.pl. Things collected 
by sweeping. 

Sweep'stakes,h. sing, or pi. 1. The 
whole money or other things staked 
or won at a horse-race. 2. One who 
wins all. [a great compass. 

Sweep'y, a. Passing with speed over 

Sweet, a. [-er; -est.] [A.-S. 
swete.) 1. Having a taste like that 
of sugar. 2. Pleasiug to any sense. 3. 
Fresh, not salt. 4. Not changed from 
a sound or wholesome state. — n. 1. 
That which is sweet to the taste. 2. 
That which is pleasing to any of the 
senses or to the mind. 3. A darling. 

Sweet'-BREAD, n. Pancreas of an 
animal, used for food. 

Sweet'-bri'er, n. A shrub of the 
rose kind. 

SWEET'EN, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 

make sweet to the taste. 2. To make 
pleasing to the mind. 3. To make 
delicate. 4. To restore to purity. — 
v. i. To become sweet. 

Sweet'en-er, n. One who, or that 
which, sweetens. [tress. 

Sweet'HEART, ii. A lover or mis- 

SwEET'iNG,n. 1. A sweet apple. 2. 
A darling. 

Sweet'ISH, a. Somewhat sweet. 

Sweet'LV, adv. In a sweet manner. 

Sweet'MEAT, n. Fruit preserved 
with sugar. sweet. 

Sweet'NESS. »7. Quality of being 

Swell, v. ?'. [swelled ; swelled 
(swollen or SWOLN,obsolescent) ; 
SWELLING.] [A.-S. sivellan.] 1. To 
grow larger, esp. by matter added 
within. 2. To be driven into billows. 

3. To be puffed up. 4. To be bombast- 
ic. — v.t. 1. To increase the size of. 
2. To aggravate. 3. To raise to arro- 
gance. — n. 1. Act of swelling. 2. 
Gradual increase. 3. A fluctuation of 
the sea after a storm. 4. A gradual in- 



crease and decrease of the volume Jf 

sound. 5. A showy, boastful person. 
Swell'ing, n. 1. Protuberance ; 

prominence. 2. A tumor. 
SWELL'-MOB, n. Well-dresKed thieves. 
SWELT'ER, v. i. [-ED;-ING.] [A.- 

S. swellan, to perish.] To be over 

come with heat. — v. t. To oppress 

with heat. 
Swept, imp. & p. p. of Sweep. 
Swerve, v. i. 1-ed: -ing.] [D. 

zwerven. Cf. Swarm.] To wander 

from any line prescribed, or from a 

rule of duty ; to deviate. 
Swift, a. [-er; -est.] [A.-S. Cf. 

Sweep.] 1. Moving with celerity. 

2. Ready: prompt. — n. 1. A reel. 

2. A small bird, like the swallow- 3. 

A species of lizard. 
SwiFT'LY, adv. With celerity. 
Swift'ness, n. State or quality of 

being swift : speed. 
Swig, v. t. and i. [A.-S. swilgan, to 

swallow.] To drink by large draughts. 

— n. A large draught. [ Vulgar.] 
Swill, v. t. or/, [-ed : -ing.] [A.- 

S. swilgan, to swallow, .swilian, to 
wash.] To drink grossly or greedily. 
— 11. 1. Large draughts of liquor. 2. 
Mixture of liquid substances, given 
to swine. 

Swill'er, n. One who swills. 

Swim, v. i. [swam, swum ; swim- 
ming.] [A.-S. swimman.] 1. To float. 
2. To move in water by the hands and 
feet, or fins. 3. To be borne along by 
a current. 4. To glide along. 5. To 
be dizzy. 6. To abound. — v. t. 1. To 
pass by swimming. 2. To cause to 
swim or float. — n. Act of swimming. 

Swim'mer, ii. One who swims. 
J Swi'm'ming-ly, adv. In an easy, 
gliding manner, as if swimming ; 
hence, successfully, 
j SWIN'DLE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [N. H. 
j Ger. schwindeln, to be giddy, to 
cheat, from schwinden, to vanish, 
dwindle.] To cheat grossly, or with 
deliberate artifice. — n. Act of de- 
frauding by systematic imposition. 

SwiN'DLER, n. One who swindles. 

Svn. — Sharper. — One who obtains 
money or goods under false pretenses is 
a swindler; 'me who cheats by sharp 
practice, as in staking what he can not 
pay, is a sharper. 

Swine, n. sing. & pi. [A.-S. stain.] 
A hog ; a boar or sow ; a pig. 

Swine'-h£rd, v. A keeper of swine. 

Swing, v.i. [swung: swinging.] 
[A.-S. swinsan.] 1. To move to and 
fro, as a body suspended ; to vibrate. 
2. To piactice swinging. 3. To movo 
or float. 4. To be hanged. — v.t. 
1. To cause to wave, or vibrate. 2, 
To move to and fro : to brandish. 

— n. 1. Act of swinging : vihratory 
motion. 2. A line suspended, on 
which anv thing may swing. 3. Un- 
restrained liberty ; tendency. 

Swinge, v. t. [A -S. stvingan, to 

swing, whip.] To beat soundly. 
Swi'nge'ING, a. Huge. [ Vulgar.] 
SwiN'GLE, v. t. [From swing.] To 
clean, as flax, by beating it with a 



( 



OR. DO, WQLF, too, TO~Ol£ ; URN, RUE, PULL ; e, I, O, silent ; c,G,sq/i; €,G,hard; Ag: EXIST; NosNG; Tills. 



SWINGLE-TREE 



426 



SYNiERESIS 



swingle. — n. A sort of large knife 
for cleaning flax. 

Swin'gle-tree, n. A whiffle-tree. 

Swin'ish, a. Like swine : gross ; 

Swipe, n. A sweep. [hoggish. 

Swip'LE (swTp'l), n. Part of a flail 
which strikes the grain. 

Swirl, n. [Icel. swirra, to whirl.] 
An eddy ; a whirl. 

fiwTss, n. sing. & pi. A native, or 
the people, of Switzerland. — a. Per- 
taining to Switzerland. 

SWITCH, n. [from swing, sivinge.] 
1. A small, flexible twig. 2. A mov- 
able part of a railway track, for 
transferring a car to another track. 
— v. t. [-ed; -ING.] 1. To strike 
with a small twig or rod. 2. To turn 
from one railway track to another. 

Switch'man (150), n. One who tends 
a switch on a railway. 

SWIV'EL,?!. [A.-S. 
swlfan, to move 
quickly, revolve. 
Cf. SWIFT.] 1. Swivel and Chain. 
A turning ring, link, or staple. ?. A 
small cannon turning on a pivot. — 
v. i. To turn on a staple, or pivot. 

Swob, n. & v. Same as Swab. 

Swoon, v. ?'. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
swunan, to fail in intellect, allied to 
swanian, to faint.] To sink into a 
fainting fit. — n. A fainting fit. 

Swoop, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Allied 
too sweep..] To fall on with a sweep- 
ing motion and seize. — v. i. To de- 
scend with closed wings from a height 
upon prey. — n. A pouncing, as of 
a rapacious fowl on his prey. 

Swop, v. t. Same as Swap. 

Sword (sord), n. [A.-S. sweord, 
sword.] A weapon for cutting or 
thrusting. 

Sword'-bllt (sord 7 -), n. A belt to 
suspend a sword by. [a sword. 

Sword'ed (sord'ed), a. Girded with 

SWOKD' - FISH 

(sord 7 -), n. A 

large fish hav- 
ing the upper 

jaw elongated Sword-fish. 

into a sword-shaped process. 
Sword'-knot (sord'uot), n. A rib 

bon tied to the hilt of a sword 
Swords'man (sordz'-, 150), n. 

skilled'in the use of the sword. 
Swore, imp. of Swear. 
Sworn, p. p. or p. a. of Swear. 
SWUM, imp. & p. p. of Swim. 
Swung, imp. & p. p. of Swing. 
Syb'A-rIte, n. [From Sybaris, 

Italy, noted for voluptuousness.] 

person devoted 

to luxury and 

pleasure. 
Syb'A-rIt'IG, a. 

Luxurious ; wan- 
ton. 
Syc'a-mine, n. 

[fir. (TVKOL^LVO';.] 

The mulberry- 
tree. 
SY€'A-MORE, n. Sycamore 



One 




[Gr. (ruKOfiopoq, the fig-mulberry, fr. 
(tvkov, a fig. and p.6pov, the black 
mulberry ; Heb. si fa mah.] A large 
Eastern tree allied to the fig; in Amer- 
ica, the plane tree, or button-wood ; 
in England, a large mapie. 
Sy-cee', n. Silver in the form of 
small lumps, used as a currency. 
[China.] [tery ; servility. 

Syc'o-phan-cy, n. Obsequious flat- 
Syc'O-PHANT, n. [Gr. <rv/co(/>aim)s, fr. 
o-vkov, a fig, and (paCveiv, to show.] 

1. Originally, an informer, who 
sought favor by denouncing those 
who exported figs contrary to law. 

2. A base parasite ; a mean flatterer, 
especially of great men. 

Syco-phXnt'ic, I a. Obsequi- 

SY€'o-phant'I€-AL, J ously flat- 
tering ; parasitic. 

Sy'e-nite, n. A crystalline rock re- 
sembling granite ; — named from 
Syene, in upper Egypt. 

SYLLAB'I€, a. Pertaining to, or con- 
sisting of, a syllable or syllables. 

Syl-lab'I€-al-ly, adv. In a sylla- 
bic maniier : 

Syl-lab'i-cate, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] 
To form into syllables. 

Syl-lab'I-ca'tion, n. Division of 
words into syllables. 

SYL-LAB'I-FY,1>. t. (-ED ; -ING, 142.] 
To divide into syllables. 

SYL'LA-BLE, n. [Gr. crvAAa/Srj, from 
a-uWafji^aveiv, to take together.] 1. 
An elementary sound, or a combina- 
tion of elementary sounds, uttered 
by a single effort of the voice. 2. 
Part of a written or printed word 
separated from the rest. [See Prin. 
of Pron. § 129.] [and milk. 

SYL'LA-BUB, n. A drink made of wine 

Syl'la-bus, n.; Eng. pi. syl'la- 
bus-es ; Lal.pl. syl'la-BI. [Lat., 
fr. the same source as syllable.] A 
compendium containing the heads 
of a discourse. 

Syl'LO-gism, n. [Gr. o-vWoyLo-fxo-, 
a reasoning, from cn/AAoy i£ecr9ai., to 
reckon all together, to infer.] The 
logical form of every argument, con- 
sisting of three propositions. 

Syl'LO-GIS'TIC, a. Pertaining to, or 
consisting of, a syllogism. 

Syl'lo-gis'tic-al-ly, adv. In the 
form of a syllogism ; by means of 
syllogisms. 

Syx'lo-gize, v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] To 
reason by syllogisms. 

Sylph, n. [Gr. o-ikfy-}. a kind of grub 
or moth.] A kind of fairy inhabiting 
the air. 

Sylph'id, n. A little or young sylph. 

Syl'van, n. [From Lat. sylva, a 
wood or forest.] A fabled deity of 
the wood ; a satyr ; a faun ; some- 
times, a rustic. — a. 1. Forest-like ; 
also, rural ; rustic. 2. Abounding in 
forests or in trees. 

Symbol, n. [Gr. o-vpfioXov, fr. o-op.- 
fidXkeiv, to throw or put together, to 
compare.] 1. Sign of something moral 
or intellectual by the images or prop- 
erties of natural things. 2. A siginfi- 
cant letter or character. 



SYM-BOL'IC, n. That branch of the- 
ology which treats of creeds. 

Sym-b6l'1€, I a. Pertaining to, or 

Sym-bol'ic-al, J in the nature of, 
a symbol ; representative. 

Sym-bol'I€-al-ly, adv. By signs. 

Sym-b6l'I€S, n. sing. Same as SYM- 
BOLIC. 

Sym'bol-ism,?i. 1. A system of sym- 
bols. 2. The science of creeds. 

Sym'bol-i-za'tion, n. Act of sym- 
holizing._ 

Sym'bol-ize, v. i. [-f:d; -ing.] To 
have a resemblance of qualities or 
properties. — v. t. 1. To make rep- 
resentative of something. 2. To rep- 
resent by a symbol. 

SYM-BOL'O-GY, n. [Gr. (rv/x/SoAov, 
symbol, and Aoyo?, discourse.] Art 
of expressing by symbols. 

Sym-met'ric-al, a. Proportional or 
harmonious in its parts. 

Sym-MET'ric-al-LY, adv. In a sym- 
metrical manner. 

Sym'me-trize, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To reduce to symmetry. 

SYM'ME-TRY,-n. [Gr. a-u^ixerpia, fr. 
o~uv, with, together, and pirpov, 
measure.] A due proportion of the 
several parts of a body to each other. 

Sy3I'pa-thet'I€, \ a. 1. Inclined 

SYM'PA-THET'IC-AL, J to, or exhibit- 
ing, sympathy.' 2. Produced by sym- 
pathy. 

Sym'pa-thet'ic-al-ly, adv. With 
or by sympathy. 

SYM'PA-THlZE,r. i. [-ED; ING.] To 
have a common feeling. 

SYM'PA-THY,??. [Gr. <rv/«.7ra0eia, fr. 
c~uv, with, and rrdOos, suffering.] 1. 
Feeling corresponding to that which 
another feels. 2. An agreement of 
affections or inclinations. 3. Recip- 
rocal influence of the parts of the 
body on one another. 

S?N. — Commiseration.— Sympathy is 
literal'y a fellow-feeling with others in 
their varied conditions of joy or of grief. 
This term, however, is now move com- 
monly appMed to a fellow-feeling with 
others under affliction, and then coin- 
cides very nearly with commiseration. 

Sy~m-pho'nious, a. Agreeing in 
sound ; harmonious. 

SYM r PHO-NY, ;%. [Gr. crvp^uivia, from 
crtiv, with, and $o>vr), a sound.] 1. A 
consonance or harmony of sounds. 2. 
An elaborate instrumental composi- 
tion for a full orchestra. 

Sym-po'si-ac, n. [See Symposium.] 
A conference, as of philosophers at a 
banquet. 

SYM-P6'$I-UM,n.:pl.SYM-PO'£I-A. 
[Lat. ; Gr. o~vij.tt6o-i.ov, fr. o-vv, with, 
and TTiveiv, to drink.] A drinking to- 
gether ; a merry feast. 

SYMP'TOM (84), n. [Gr. o-vp-n-TUipa, fr. 
o-vixTTi-meiv, to fall together.] 1. A 
perceptible change which indicates 
disease. 2. That which indicates the 
existence of something else. 

SYMP'TOM-AT'ie, a. Pertaining to, 
or according to, symptoms. 

SYN-jER'E-sIs, n. JGr. ervr-aipeo-is, a 
taking or drawing together. J A figure 
by which two vowels that are ordi- 



A, E, I, 5, u, \,long; A,E,I, 6,u, y, short; cAre, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, TfiRM; pique, firm; s6n. 



SYNAGOGICAL 



427 



TABLE-D'HOTE 



narily separated are drawn together 
into one s\ liable. [synagogue. 

Syn'A-g6gM€-AL, a. Pertaining to a 

Syn'a-GOGUE, u. [Gr. crvvayoifn, an 
assembly, fr. ovvdyeiv, to bring to- 
gether, from <tvv, with, and dyeiv, to 
lead.] An assembly of Jews met for 
worship, or their place of worship. 

Syn'chro-nal (slrik'ro-), a. Same as 
Synchronous. 

SYN'CHRO-NisM, n. [Gr. auyxpovtcr- 
/u.6?.] Concurrence of two or more 
events in time. 

Syn'chro-nTze, v.i. [-eij; -ING.] 
To agree in time; to be simultaneous. 

Syn'€HRO-noDs, a. Happening at 
the same time ; simultaneous. 

Syn'co-pate (sTyk/o-), v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] [See Syncope.] To contract, 
as a word, by taking one or more 
letters or syllables from the middle. 

Syn'CO-pa'tion. n. Contraction of 
a word by taking a letter or letters 
from the middle. 

SYN'€d-PE, n. [Gr. o-vyiiOTrq, from 
(TuyKonretv, to beat together.] 1. Re- 
trenchment of one or more letters 
from the middle of a word. 2. A 
fainting. 

Syn'€RE-tism, n. [Gr. cruy/cprjTicrMos, 
from o-uyKprjTt'^eiv, to make two par- 
ties join against a third.] Attempted 
union of principles or parties irrecon- 
cilably at variance with each other. 

Syn'DIC, n. [Gr. crwSixo?, helping 
in a court of justice, an advocate.] 
A magistrate or agent 

S YN'DI€-ATE ,n. A body of sj ndics, 
or persons chosen to transact busi- 
ness for others ; an association of 
persons authorized to negotiate some 
business. 

SYN-EC'DO-CHE. n. [Gr. <rvveK§oxn ; 
o-vv, with, and eKSe'xea-0ai. to receive.] 
A trope by which the whole is put for 
a part, or a part for the whole. 

Syn'ec-doch'ic-al (-dSk'-), a. Ex- 
pressed by synecdoche. 

Syn'od, n. [Gr. cwoSoj, a meeting.] 



1. An ecclesiastical council. 2. A 
meeting or convention. 

Syn-od'ic, I a. Relating to, or 

Syn-6d'I€-AL, J transacted in, a 
synod. 

Syn-6d'I€-al-LY, adv. By the au- 
thority of a synod. 

Sy.n'o-nym, ( n. [See Syxony- 

Syn'o->yme. ) mo us ] Oneofcwoor 
more words iu the same language 
which are equivalents of e^ch other. 

Syn-ON'Y-MIZE, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To express iu different words of the 
same meaning. 

Syn-on'Y-moDs, a. [Gr. (tvvojvv^o<; ; 
o-vv, with, together, and ovoiJ.a.,ovvfxa, 
name.] Conveying the same idea; 
pertaining to synonyms. 

Snr.— Identical. — If no words are 
si/noni/mous except those which are iden- 
tical in use and meaning, so that the one 
can in all cases be substituted for the 
other, we have scarcely ten auch words 
in our language. But the term more 
properly denotes that the words in ques- 
tion approach so near to each other, 
that, in many or most cases, they can be 
used interchangeably. 

SYN-ON'Y-MOUS-LY, adv. In a syn- 
onymous manner. [synonymous. 
SYN-5N'Y-MY, n. Quality of being 
Syn-op'sis, n.; pi. syn-op'ses. [Gr. 
owo»//is, o-vv, with, together, and 
! ot^ts, view.] A collection of parts so 
arranged as to exhibit a general view 
of the whole. 
Syx. — See Abridgment. 
Syn-op'TIC, ) a. Affording a gen- 
I Syn-op'tic-AL, j eral view of the 

whole. 
S Syn-tac'tic, ) a. Pertaining to, 
j Syn-tac'tic-al, j or according to 
j the rules of, syntax. 
SYN'TAX,n. [Gr. owTafi.<?; crw,with, 
j and raa-a-eiv, to put iu order.] Due 
j arrangement of words in sentences, 
i according to established usage - . 

SYN'THE-SJS, n. ; pi. SYN'THE-SES. 
j [Gr. crwflecris, fr. avvrtOevat, to put 
' together.] 1. The putting of two or 



more things together. 2. Combina- 
tion of separate elements of thought 
into a whole. 

Sy.n-thet'ic, \a. Pertaining to, 

Syn-th£t'I€-al, j or consisting in, 
synthesis. [thesis. 

SYN-THET'I€-AL-LY, adv. By syn- 

Syph'I-LIS, n. [From Sypliilus, a 
shepherd in a Latin poem , published 
in 1530; from Gr. oi>s, swine, and 
<£iAos, loving, a friend.] An in- 
fectious venereal disease. 

Syph'I-lIt'ic, a. Pertaining to, or 
infected with, syphilis. 

SY'REN, n. The same as Siren. 

Syr'I-X€, 7i. The ancient language of 
Syria. — a. Pertaining to Syria. 

SY-rTn'GA, 7i. [Gr. trvpiyg, avpiyyos, 
a pipe, tube.] A genus of plauts ; 
the lilac ; also, the mock orange. 

Syr'inge, ti. [Gr. <rupiy£, a pipe or 
tube.] An instrument for injecting 
or expelling liquids. — v. t. [-EU; 
-ING.] To inject or cleanse by means 
of a syringe. 

SYR'UP, n. See SIRUP. 

SYS'TEM, n. [Gr. aiia-rqiia ; crovicrra.- 
vai, to place together.] 1. An assem- 
blage of objects arranged after some 
distinct method. 2. The universe. 3. 
Regular method or order. 4. The 
body as a functional unity or whole. 

Sys'tem-at'IC, { a. Pertaining 

Sys'TEM-at'IC-AL, ) to, or consist- 
ing in, system ; methodical. 

Sys'tem-at'ic-al-ly, adv. In a 
systematical manner. 

S\ r S'TEM-A-TlZE, P. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To arrange methodically. 

SYS'TEM-A-TIZ'ER, n. One who sys- 
tematizes. 

Si'S'TO-LE, ti. [Gr. ctvo-toAtj, fr. ava- 
reWeiv, to contract.] 1. The shorten- 
ing of a long syllable. 2. The con- 
traction of the heart and arteries. 

SYZ'Y-GY, ti. [Gr. (TvCyyLa, union.] 
Point of an orbit, as of the moon, at 
which it is in conjunction or opposi- 
tion ; — commonly in the plural. 



( 



T. 



T(te), the twentieth letter of the 
English alphabet, is a simple con- 
sonant. See Prin. of Pron. §§ 96 — 
100. [ladies' bonnets. 

T\B, ti. A border of lace, worn in 

Txb'ard, n. [W. tabar.] A sort of 
tunic formerly worn over the armor. 

Kb'aru-er, n. One who wears a 
tabard. 

Tab'by. n. [Per. utabi. a rich, undu- 
lated silk.] 1. A waved silk, usually 
watered. 2. A cat of a tabby color. 
— a. 1. Having a wavy appearance. 
2. Brindled ; diversified in color. — 
v. t. [-ED : -ING, 142.] To water, 
or cause to look wavy by calendering. 

Tab'er-na-cle, n. [Lat. tabernacu- 
lum, dim. of taberna, a hut, shed.] 



1. A slightly built habitation : a tent. 

2. A portable structure for worship, 
used by the Jews during the exodus. 

3. The Jewish temple ; sometimes, 
any place of worship. — v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To dwell or reside for a time. 

Tab'id, a. [Lat. tabidus.] Wasted 
away by disease. 

Tab'LA-TURE (53), n. [Lat. tabula, 
a board, tablet.] A painting on a 
wall and ceiling. 

Ta'ble, n. [Lat. tabula, a board, 
tablet.] 1. A smooth, flat surface. 
2. A slab, leaf, or flat superficies of 
wood, stone, metal, or other mate- 
rial : a tablet. 3. A condensed state- 
ment which may be comprehended 
by the eye in a single view ; a synop- 



sis ; an index. 4. An article of fur- 
niture used to eat, work, or write 
upon. 5. Fare : stylo of living. — v. t. 
[-ED;-ING.] 1. To form into a table; 
to tabulate. 2. To postpone the con- 
sideration of, by a formal vote 
Tableau (tab-lo'), n. ; pi. tab- 
leaux' (tab-loz'). [Fr. See Ta- 
ble.] A vivid representation ; esp. 
the representation of some scene by 
persons grouped in the proper man- 
ner, and remaining silent and per- 
fectly still. [dum-book. 
TA'BLE-BO~bK (27), ti. A memoran- 
Table-d'hote (ta'bl-dof), n. 
[Fr., lit. landlord's table.] A com- 
mon table for guests at a French 
hotel. 



&R, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; c,G,so/2; €.5, hard; ASj EXIST; Na^NG; THIS 



< 

: 



TABLE-LAND 



428 



TALK 



Ta'ble-land (109), n. Elevated flat 
Jand ; a plateau. 

Ta'ble-spoon, n. One of the lar- 
ger spoons used at the table. 

Tab'let, n [Dim. of table.] 1. A 
small table or flat surface. 2. pi. A 
kind of pocket memorandum-book. 
3. A solid kind of medicinal confec- 
tion ; a lozenge or troche. 

; Ja ; ble-talk (-tawk), a. Conversa- 
tion at table. 

Ta'bling, n. 1. A forming into ta- 
bles. 2. The letting of one timber 
into another by alternate scores or 
projections. 

TA-BO~o\ n. A political and religious 
prohibition among the inhabitants 
of the islands of the Pacific ; hence, 
a total prohibition of intercourse 
with or approach to any thing. — v. 
t. [-ED; -ing, 144.] To interdict 
approach or use. 

Ta'bor, n. [Ar. & Per. tumbhr, tam- 
bur, a drum.] A small drum. 

Tab'o-rine, n. [Cf. Tambourine.] 
A small, shallow drum ; a tabor. 

TAB'OU-RET, n. [Fr. ; from its re- 
semblance to a drum. See TABOR.] 
1. A cushioned seat without arms 
or back. 2. An embroidery frame. 

Tab'U-LAR, a. [Lat. tabular is ; tabu- 
la., a board, table.] Having the form 
of, or pertaining to, a table. 

Tab'u-late, v. l. [-ed; -iffG.] [L. 
Lat. tabulate.] 1. To reduce to ta- 
bles or synopses. 2. To shape with 
a fiat surface. 

Ta€'a-ma-ha€ (110), n. A tree of 
North America. 

TA-€HYG'ra-phy, n. [Gr. rax^'s, 
quick, and ypd^etv, to write.] Ste- 
nography ; short-hand writing. 

TAC'IT, a. [Lat. taritus, fr. tacere, to 
bo silent.] Implied, but not ex- 
pressed ; silent. [cation. 

TXe'IT-LY, adt\ Silently; by impli- 

Tac'i-turn, a. Habitually silent ; not 
free to converse. 

Syn. — Silent. — Silent has reference 
to the act; taciturn, to the habit. A man 
may be file nt from circumstances; he is 
taciturn from disposition. The loqua- 
cious man is at times silent ; one who is 
taciturn may now and then make an ef- 
fort at conversation. 

TXc'i-turn'i-ty, n. Habitual si- 
lence or reserve in speaking. 

TXCK, v, t. [-ed; -ing.] [Allied to 
take.] 1. To fasten or attach, esp. in a 
slight or hasty manner, as by stitch- 
ing or nailing. 2. To change the 
«ourse of, as a ship by shifting the 
position of the sails and rudder.— v. i. 
To change the course of a ship, by 
shifting the tacks and position of the 
6ails and rudder. — n. [D. talc.] 1. A 
small, short, sharp-pointed nail. 2. 
(a.) A rope to confine the foremost 
lower corners of a sail, (h.) Part of 
a sail to which the tack is fastened, 
(c.) Course of a ship as to the posi- 
tion of her sails. 

TXck'le (tak'l, not fca'kl), p. [Allied 
to take.] 1. A machine for raising 
or lowering heavy weights. 2. Weap- 
ons. 3. Rigging and apparatus of a 



ship. — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To 
harness. 2. To seize ; to lay hold of. 

Tack'ling, n. 1. Furniture of the 
masts and yards of a ship. 2. Car- 
riage-harness. 

TA€T, n. [Lat. tangere, tactum, to 
touch.] Ready power of appreciating 
and doing what is required by cir- 
cumstances. 

Ta€'TI€, a. Pertaining to tactics. 

TA€-ti'cian (-tTsh'an), n. One versed 
in tactics ; hence, an adroit manager. 

TA€'TI€S, n. sing. [Gr. Ta/cTucd, pi., 
fr. rdaaeiv, rdrreiv, to put in order.] 
Science and art of disposing military 
and naval forces in order for battle, 
and performing evolutions. 

TACTILE, a. [Lat. tactilis, fr. tan- 
gere, to touch.] Capable of being 
touched or felt. [touch. 

Tac-tii/i-ty, n. Perceptibility by 

Ta€'tion, n. [Lat. tactio.] Act of 
touching ; touch. 

Ta€T'u-al, a. Pertaining to touch. 

TXd'POLE, n. [0. Eng. tadde, now 
toad, and the root of Lat. pullus, a 
young animal, Eng. foal.] Theyoung 
of a frog, in its first state. 

Tm'di-um, n. See Tedium. 

Ta'en (tan). A contraction of Taken. 

Taf'fer-el, n. See Taffratl. 

T.Xf'FE-TA, in. [Per. taftah, i. e., 

Taf'fe-ty, J orig , twisted, woven.] 
A fine, glossy stuff of silk. 

TXff'RAIL, n. [D. tafereel, a panel, 
picture, from tafel, table.] The rail 
around a ship's stern. [molasses. 

Taf'fy, n. A kind of candy made of 

Tag, re. [Allied to tark.] 1. A metal- 
lic point a t the end of a string. 2. A 
direction-card, or label. 3 Some- 
thing paltry ; the rabble. 4. [Allied 
to tack, to fasten, attach.] A play in 
which one runs after and touches an- 
other, then runs away. — v. t. [-GED ; 
-GING, 136.J 1. To fit with a point 
or points. 2. To fit, as one thing to 
another. — v. i. To follow closely. 

Taglia (tal'.Na), n. [It.] A peculiar 
combination of pulleys. 

TAIL, n. [A.-S. txgel, trrgl, fr. Goth. 
tagl, hair.] 1. The part of an ani- 
mal which terminates its body be- 
hind. 2. Back, lower, or inferior part 
of any thing. 3. Side of a coin op- 
posite that which bears the effigy. 4. 
Whatever resembles the tail of an an- 
imal. 5. [Fr. tailler, to cut.] Limita- 
tion ; abridgment. — a. [See supra.] 
Limited ; abridged : curtailed. 

TAI'LOR, n. [Fr. tailleur, fr. tailler, 
to cut.] One who cuts out and makes 
men's garments. 

TXl'LOR-ESS, n. A female tailor. 

TAINT, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Fr. teindre, 
teint, to dye, tinge, fr. Lat. tingere, 
to tinge.] 1. To impregnate, as with 
some extraneous matter, esp. with 
something odious, noxious, or poi- 
sonous. 2. To stain : to sully. — v. i. 
1. To be infected. 2. To be affected 
with incipient putrefaction. — n. 1. 
Tincture; stain. 2. Infection; cor- 
ruption. 3. A blemish on reputa- 
tion. 



Taint'ure (53), n. Taint. 

TAKE, v t. [TOOK; TAKEN; TAK- 
ING.] [A.-S. tacan.] 1. In a more ac- 
tive sense, to lay hold of; to seize ; to 
get into one's hold or possession; 

— often used in general senses, lim- 
ited by the following complement, in 
many rather idiomatic phrases. 2, 
In a more passive sense, («.) To ac- 
cept, as something offered, (b ) To 
swallow, (c.) To undertake readily. 
(d.) To submit to; to tolerate. {e.\ 
To admit mentally ; also, to under- 
stand ; to suppose. (/.) To admit ; 
to receive ; to bear ; to submit to ; 
to agree with ; — used in general 
senses. 3. With prepositions, to con- 
vey, move, or remove ; to conduct ; 
to transfer ; to recover ; to assume ; 
&c. — v. i. 1. To catch. 2. To have 
effect. 3. To gain reception. 4. To 
betake one's self; to go. — n. Quan- 
tity of fish caught at one haul. 

Take'-off (147), n. An imitation ; 

especially, a caricature. 
Tak'er, n. One who takes. 
Tak'ing, p. a. Alluring ; attracting. 

— n. 1. Act of gaining possession. 
2. Distress of mind. 

TAL'BOT, n. A quick-scented dog. 
TaL€, n. [Ar. talk.] A soft magne- 

sian mineral, of a soapy feel. 
TALCK'Y, 1 a. Pertaining to, com- 
Tal-cose', J posed of, or resembling, 
Talc'oOs, ) talc. 
TALE, n. [A.-S. tain. fr. telian. to tell.] 

1. That which is told. 2. Enumera- 
tion ; a number reckoned or stated. 

Tale'-BeAr'er, n. One who offi- 
ciously tells tales. 

Tale'-bear'ing, n. Act of inform- 
ing officiously. 

Tal'ent, n. [Lat. taUntum, fr. Gr. 
Takavrov, a balance, a definite weight, 
a talent, fr. t\o.v, to bear.] 1. Among 
the ancient Greeks, a weight (about 
57 lbs.) and a denomination of money 
(about $1180). 2. Among the He- 
brews, a weight (93| lbs.) and a de- 
nomination of money, variously es- 
timated at from f lh45 to $1916. 3. 
Intellectual ability, natural or ac- 
quired ; a special gift. See Matt. xxv. 

Tal'ent-ed, a. Furnished with tal- 
ents or skill. 

TA'Litg, n . pi. [Lat. , pi. of talis, such.] 
A supply of persons from those in or 
near the court-house to make up any 
deficiency in the number of jurors. 

TALEg'MAN (150), n. A person called 
to make up the deficiency in the 
number of jurors. 

TXl'is-man (15<>), n. [Ar. tilistn, a 
magical image, pi. talasim, from Gr. 
Te'AecTfAa, tribute, tax, Late Gr , in- 
cantation.] 1. A magical figure, to 
which wonderful effects are ascribed. 

2. Something that produces extraor- 
dinary effects ; a charm. 

Tal'is-'man'I€, a. Pertaining to, or 
having the properties of, a talisman. 

Talk (tawk), v. i. [-ED ; -ing.] [Al- 
lied to tell.] To converse familiarly 

— v. t. 1. To use for conversing. 2. 
To mention in talking. 3. To spend 



A, E, I, 6, v,Y,long; A,E,I, 6, U,¥, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, FIRM; SON f 



TALKATIVE 



429 



TAPESTRY 



in talking — n. 1. Familiar con- 
verse. 2. Report ; rumor. 
Syn.— See Conversation. 

Talk'a-tive (tawk'-), a. Given to 
much talking ; loquacious. 
Syn. — See Garrulous. 

Talk'a-tIve-ness (tawk'-),n. Qual- 
ity or condition of being talkative. 

TALK'ER(tawk / -),n. 1. One who talks. 
2. A loquacious person. 

Tall,, a. [-er;-est.] [W.tal,talau, 
to make or grow tall.] High in stat- 
ure ; long and comparatively slender. 
Syn. - High: lofty. — High is the ge- 
neric term, and is probably allied to the 
verb to hang, as hung up. Tall describes 
that which has a small diameter in pro- 
portion to its height: hence, we speak of 
a tall man, a tall steeple, a tall mast, &c, 
but not of a tall hill, or a tall house. 
Lofty has a special reference to the ex- 
panse above us, and may be applied to 
extension in breadth as well as height; 
as, a lofty mountain, a lofty room. Tall 'is 
applied only to physical objects: high 
and lofty have a moral acceptation, as, 
high thought, lofty aspirations. 

Tall'ness, n. State of being tall. 

Tal'low, n. [A.-S. telg, talg.] 1. 
Fat of certain animals, esp. those 
of the sheep and ox kinds. 2. The 
fat obtained from certain plants. — 
v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To grease or 
smear with tallow. 

Tal'low-chand'ler, n. One who 
makes or sells tallow candles. 

Tal'low-ish, a. Resembling tallow. 

TXl'low-y, a. Having the qualities 
of tallow ; greasy. 

TXl'ly, n. [Fr. taille, a cutting, 
tally, fr. tailler, to cut.] 1. A stick 
on which notches are cut, as the 
marks of number. 2. One thing 
made to suit another. — v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING, 142.] To score with corre- 
spondent notches ; to make to cor- 
respond. — v. i. To be fitted ; to suit. 

TXl'LY-HO, interj. & n. The hunts- 
man's cry to urge on his hounds. 

TXl'ly-MAN(IdO), n. One who keeps 
the tally. 

Tal'mud, n. [Chald. talmhd, in- 
struction.] The body or the book of 
the Hebrew laws, traditions, &c. 

Tal-mOd'I€. a. Relating to, or con- 
tained in, the Talmud. [Talmud. 

Tal'mud-ist, n. One versed in the 

Tal'mud-istTc, a. Pertaining to, or 
resembling, the Talmud. 

TXl'on, n. [L. Lat. talo, from Lat. 
talus, ankle, heel.] Claw of a fowl. 

Ta'lus, n. [Lat., ankle.] 1. That 
bone of the foot which articulates 
with the leg. 2. The slope of a work. 

TAM'A-BLE,a. Capable of being tamed. 

Tam'a-rack, n. The larch. 

TXm'a-rind, n. [Ar. tamar-hindi, 
i. e., Indian date.] (a.) A tropical 
tree and its fruit which abounds with 
an acid pulp. [tree or shrub. 

TAm'a-rIsk, n. [Lat. tamariscus.] A 

Tam'bour, n. [Fr. tambour, a drum. 
See Tabor.] 1. A small flat drum ; 
a tambourine. 2. A small circular 
frame, for embroidery ; also, em- 
broidery in which threads of gold 
and silver are worked. 




Tambourine. 



TAM'BOUR-'I'NE', n. 
[See supra.] 1. A 
shallow drum, 
with one skin, 
placed on with 
the hand. 2. A 
French dance. 

TAME, v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] [A.-S. 

tarn fan, allied to Skr. dam. Or. 
6a(i.<Li>.] 1. To reduce from a wild to 
a domestic state : to reclaim : to do- 
mesticate. 2. To subdue ; to conquer. 

— a. [-ER: -EST.] 1. Having lost its 
native wildness ; accustomed to man. 
2. Crushed ; spiritless. 3. Deficient 
jn animation. 

Tame'lw adv. In a tame manner. 
Tame 'ness, n. Quality or state of 

being tame. 
TaM'er, n. One who tames. 
Tam'is, I n. A woolen cloth, often 
Tam'MY, ) used for straining sauces. 
TXMP, v. t. [See TAP.] To fill up, as 

a hole for blasting, esp. by driving 

in something with frequent strokes. 
TXm'per, v. i. [-ed; -ING.] [A 

modif. of temper.] To meddle ; to 

try little experiments. 
TXm'PI-ON, n. [Fr. tampon, fr. Eng. 

tap. See TAP, n., 4.] Stopper of a 

cannon, &c. 
Tan, n. [Prob. fr. Armor, tann, an 

oak, and oak- bark, allied to Ger. 

tanne, a fir.] 1. Bark of certain 

trees, broken and used for tanning 

hides. 2. A yellowish-brown color. 

— v.t. [-NED; -NING.] 1. To con- 
vert into leather, as skins. 2. To 
make brown by exposure to the sun. 

— v. i. To become tanned. 
Tan'dem, adv . [Lat., at length.] One 

after another ; — said of horses har- 
nessed one before another. 

TANG, n. [Icel. tangi; Gr. Tayyds, 
rancid.] 1. A strong taste, esp. of 
something extraneous to the thing 
itself. 2. Relish. 3. A projecting 
part by means of which a thing is 
secured to some other part. [ing. 

Tan'Gen-cy, n. A contact or touch- 

Tan'gent, n. [Lat. 
tangens, p. pr. of tan- 
gere, to touch.] A 
right line which 
touches a curve but 
does not cut it. — a. 
Touching at a single 
point. 

TAN-GEN'TIAL, a. Per- 



Tangent. 
c, tangent ; 
ad, tangen- 
tial radius ; 
be, arc. 



; taining to, or being in the direction 
I of, a tangent. 

Tan'gi-bH/i-ty, n. Quality of being 
I tangible. 

TXN'GI-BLE, a. [Lat. tangibilis, from 
tangere, to touch.] 1. Perceptible 
by the touch. 2. Readily apprehen- 
sible by the mind. 
TXn'gi-bly, adv. So as to be felt ; 

palpably. 
TXn'gle,«. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Prob. 
afiied to Goth, tagl, hair.] 1. To 
unite or knit together confusedly. 
2. Toinsnare; to entrap. — e. t. To 
I be entangled or united confusedly. 



— n A knot of threads, or otbei- 
things aot easily disengaged. 

TX.\K, i. [0. Fr. ettanc, Lat. stag- 
num.i A large basin or cistern. 

TA.NK'ARD, n. [0. Fr. tnnquart, 0. 
D. tanckaerd.] A drinking vessel, 
with a cover. 

T.Xn'ner, n. One who tans hides. 

j TXn'NER-Y. n. The house and appa- 

! ratus for tanning. [from, tan. 

Tan'nio, a. Relating to, or derived 

TXN'NIN, n. [See Tan.] The as- 
tringent principle of oak-bark, &c. 

TAN'gY, n. [Fr. tanaisie, from Gr. 
aOavao-Ca, immortality.] An extreme- 
ly bitter plant. [hopes. 
! Tan'TA-lism, n. A teasing with vain 

Tan'ta-li-za'TION, n. Act of tan- 
talizing. 

TaN'TA-LIZE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[From Tantalus. See infra.] To 
torment with a prospect of good that 
can not be realized. 

Syx. — To disappoint. —To disappoint 
is literally to do away what was ap* 
pointed ; hence, the peculiar pain from 
hopes thus dashed to the ground. To 
tantalize describes a most distressing 
form of disappointment, as in the case 
of Tantalus, a Phrygian king in fabu- 
lous history, whu was condemned to 
stand up to his chin in water, with a tree 
of fair fruit over his head, both of which, 
as he attempted to allay his hunger or 
thirst, fled from his approach. Hence, to 
tantalize is to visit with the bitterest 
disappointment, — to torment by ex- 
citing hopes or expectations which can 
never be realized. 

TXn'ta-MOUNT/, a. [Lat. tantus, so 
much, and Eng. amount.] Equiva- 
lent in value or signification. 

TAN-TlVY,orTXN'Tl-VY,atfr. [From 
the note of a hunting-horn.] Swift- 
ly ; — a hunting term. 

Tan'trum, n. A whim or burst of 
ill-humor. [leather is tanned. 

Tan'-yard, n. An inclosure where 

Tap, v. t. [-ped;-ping.] [Prov. Ger. 
lapp, tapps, a blow, tappe, a paw, 
fist.] 1. To strike with a very gentle 
blow. 2. To put a new sole or heel on. 
3. [A.-S. tappan, tappian.] To pierce 
so as to let out a fluid. 4. To draw 
from in any analogous way. — v. i. To 
strike a gentle blow. — n. 1. A slight 
blow. 2. The piece of leather used in 
repairing a sole or heel. 3. [A.-S 
lappa. Cf. TAMPION.] A bole or pipe 
through which liquor is drawn. 4. 
A plug for stopping a hole in a cask. 
5. A place where liquor is drawn for 
drinking ; a bar. 6. A conical screw, 
for cutting threads in nuts. 

Tape, n. [A.-S. tappe, a fillet. Cf. 
Tippet] A narrow piece of woven 
fabric used for strings, &c. 

TA'PER, n. [A.-S. tapur, taper.] 1. 
A small wax-candle or light. 2. A 
gradual diminution of diameter. — 
a. [Prob. from the form of a taper.] 
Regularly narrowed toward the point. 

— v. i. [-ED; -ING.] To become 
gradually smaller toward one end. 

TX'PER-ING, a. Becoming smaller in 

diameter toward one end. 
TXp'es-TRY, ti. [Fr. tapisserie, from 

tapis, a carpet, carpeting ; from Lat. 



( 



i 



or, Dp, WOLF, TO~o, TO"bK; ©RN,RyE,PULL; E, I, o, silent; c,G, sq/2; €,&,hard; AS; E^IST; j? cwNG; this. 



TAPE-AVORM 



430 



TAUNT 



tapes, or tapete, tapetis, rarpet, tap- 
estry.] Woven hangings of wool and 
silk, often enriched with figures in 
gold and silver. 

Tapestry carpet, a kind of two-ply or 
jngrain carpet, in which the wurp or weft 
is printed before weaving. 

— v. t. To adorn with tapestry. 

Tape'-WORM (-warm), n. A broad, 
flat, many-jointed intestinal worm. 

Jap'-house, n. A house where 
liquors are retailed. 

Tap'i-6'cA, n, A granular substance 
from the roots of a Brazilian plant. 

Ta'PIR, n. [Braz. tapi/ra.] A hoofed 
mammal, somewhat like a pig. 

Ta'pis {or ta-pS'), n. [Fr. See TAP- 
ESTRY.] Carpeting; tapestry; for- 
merly the cover of a council-table. 

Upon the tapis, on the table, or under 
consideration. 

TAp'-ROOM, n. A room where liquors 
are served; — commonly applied to 
the kitchen of a public house in 
England, where the meaner custom- 
ers drink and smoke. 

Tap'-root, n. The root which runs 
directly downward. 

TAp'STER, n. [From tap, to pierce.] 
One who draws ale or other liquor. 

TAR, n. [A.-S. teru, teor.] 1. A thick, 
resinous substance, obtained from 
pine and fir-trees, by burning the 
■wood with a close, smothering heat. 
2. A sailor ; — from his tarred 
clothes. — v. t. [-RED ; -ring.] To 
smear with tar. 

Ta-rAnt'u-la, m. 
[From Taranto, in 
Italy.] A species 
of spider. 

Tar'di-ly, adv. 
Slowly. 

Tar'di-ness, n. 

Slowness ; lateness. Tarantula. 

Tar'dy, a. [-er ; -EST, 142.] [Lat. 
tardus, slow.] 1. Moving with a 
slow motion. 2. Not in season ; late. 
Syn. — See Slow. 

Tare, n. [Cf. Prov. Eng. tare, brisk, 
eager.] 1. A weed growing among 
other grain. 2. (a.) A plant of sev- 
eral species, which are troublesome 
weeds. 3. [Ar. tarah, thrown away, 
removed.] Allowance of a certain 
weight or quantity from the weight 
or quantity of a commodity sold in 
a cask, chest, bag, &c. 

TXR'GET, n. [A.-S. targe. Cf. 0. H. 
Ger. zarga, frame, edge.] 1. A kind 
of small shield. 2. A mark for 
marksmen to fire at. [a target. 

TXr'get-eer', n. One armed with 

Tar'gum, n. [Chald. targbm, inter- 
pretation.] A paraphrase of the 
Scriptures in Chaldee. 

TXr'iff, n. [Ar. ta">rif, information, 
explanation, definition.] (a.) A list 
or table of goods with the duties or 
customs to be paid for the same. (b. ) 
A list of duties. [muslin. 

Tar'la-tan, #. A thin, transparent 

TXrn, n. [Icel. tib'rn.] A small lake 
among the mountains. 




Tar'NISH,i\ t. [-ed:-ing.] [Fr. trr- 
nir, p. pr. ternissant, to tarnish, fr. 

0. II. Ger. tarnjan, A.-S. dernan, to 
hide.] To diminish or destroy the 
luster or the purity of. — v. i. To lose 
luster ; to become dull. — n. A being 
soiled or tarnished ; soil ; blemish. 

TAR-PAU'LIN, n. [Cf. 0. Eng. pall, a 
sort of fine cloth, and Prov. Eng. 
pauling, a covering for a cart.] 1. 
Canvas covered with tar or a water- 
proof composition. 2. A sailor's 
painted or tarred hat ; hence, a sailor. 

Tar'ras, n. See Trass. 

Tar'ry (5), v. i. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] 
[0. Fr. larger, targier, as if fr. a Lat. 
word tardicare, fr. tardare, to make 
slow.] 1. To stay behind. 2. To 
delay. 3. To remain. 

Syx. — To abide; continue; lodge. 
— ft. Stay ; stop ;. delay. 

Tar'ry (5), a. Consisting of, covered 
v»ith, or like, tar. 

Tart, a. [A.-S. teart, fr. tearan, to 
tear, split.] 1. Sharp to the taste; 
acid. 2. Keen; severe. — n. [Lat. 
tortus, twisted, bent ; — because orig. 
of a twisted shape.] A species of small 
open pie, containing jelly or conserve. 

TAR'TAN, n. [Fr. tiretaine, linsey- 
woolsey, Sp. tiritana, a thin silk, fr. 
tiritar, to shiver with cold.] Woolen 
cloth, checkered, worn in Scotland. 

TAR'TAR, n. [L. Gr. rdpTapov.] 1. 
An acid concrete salt, deposited from 
wines. When it is pure, it is called 
cream of tartar. 2. A concretion 
which often incrusts the teeth. 3. A 
native or inhabitant of Tartary. 

Tar-TA're-an, a. Pertaining to Tar- 
tarus; hellish. 

TAR-TA'RE-ous,a. 1. Consisting of, or 
like, tartar. 2. Relating to Tartarus. 

Tar-T.Xr'I€, a. Pertaining to, or ob- 
tained from, tartar. 

TaR'TAR-IZE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
impregnate with tartar. 

Tar'TA-rOs, ft. [Lat. ; Gr. Taprapo?.] 
( Gr. Myth. ) The place of punish- 
ment for the spirits of the wicked. 

TART'LY, adv. Sourly ; sharply. 

TART'NESS, ft. Quality of being tart. 
Syn. — Acrimony; sourness; keen- 
ness; poignancy; severity; asperity. 

TAR'TRATE,n. A salt formed by com- 
bining tartaric acid with a base. 

Tar-tuffe', n. A hypocritical dev- 
otee f — so called from the name of 
the hero in a comedy of Moliere. 

Tar'-wa/ter, n. A cold infusion of 
tar, used as a medicine. 

Task, n. [L. Lat. tasca, taxa. Cf. 
Tax.] 1. Business or study imposed 
by another. 2. Business ; undertak- 
ing. 3. Burdensome employment. 
4. A lesson. — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. 
To impose a task upon. 2. To op- 
press with burdens. 

Task'er, In. One who im- 

TAsk'-mAs'TER, j poses a task ; an 
overseer. 

TAs'SEL, n. [Lat. taxillus, a little die.] 

1. A sort of pendent ornament, end- 
ing in loose threads. 2. Pendent 



flower or head of some plants. — v. t 
[-ed,-ing; or -LED, -ling, 137.] To 
adorn with tassels. [being tasted. 
TAST'A-BLE, a. Capable or worthy of 
TASTE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [0. Fr. tas- 
ter, fr. Lat. taxare, to touch sharply, 
to estimate, from tangere, to touch.] 

1. To try the relish or flavor of by the 
touch of the tongue. 2. To eat a small 
quantity of. 3. To experience ; to 
undergo. 4. To partake of; to par- 
ticipate in . — v. i. 1 . To eat or drink*, 
sometimes to eat or drink a little only. 

2. To have a particular quality or 
character. 3. To partake. — n. 1. Act 
of tasting. 2. Sensation excited by 
the application of a substance to the 
tongue. 3. Sense by which the sav 7 or 
of bodies is ascertained. 4. Intellec- 
tual relish. 5. Nice perception ; crit- 
ical judgment ; discernment. 6. Man- 
ner ; style. 7. A small specimen; a 
bit. 8. A narrow ribbon. 

Syn.— Sensibility; judgment.— Some 
consider taste as a mere sensibility, and 
others as a simple exercise of judgment ; 
but a union of both is requisite to the 
existence of any thing which deserves 
the name. 

TAsTE'FUL, a. 1. Having a high rel- 
ish. 2. Having, or showing, good taste. 

Taste'ful-ly, adv. With good taste. 

Taste'ful-ness, ft. State or quality 
j)f being tasteful. 

Taste'less, a. Having no taste ; in- 
sipid; vapid. [tasteless. 

Taste'less-ness, «. State of being 

Tast'er, n. One who tastes. 

Tast'I-ly, adv. With good taste. 

Tast'y, a. [-ER; -est, 142.] 1. Hav- 
ing a nice perception of excellence. 
2. Being in conformity to the princi- 
ples of good taste. 

TXt'ter, v. t. & i. [Cf. Icel. tetr, 
tetur, a torn garment.] To tear into, 
or to be in, tatters; — obsolete, ex- 
cept in the p. p. — «. A rag, or a 
part torn and hanging. 

TAt'ter-de-mal'ion, n. [Eng. tat- 
ter, andO. Fr. maillon, long-clothes.] 
A ragged fellow. [woven or knit. 

TAt'ting, n. A kind of lace edging 

TAt'tle, v. i. [-ED ; ING.] [L. Ger. 
tateln, tatern, Upper Ger. tattern.] 1. 
To prate. 2. To tell tales or secrets. 

— n. Idle, trifling talk ; prate. 
TAt'tler, ft. One who tattles. 
Tat-too', n. 1. [D. taptoe, fr. tap, 

a tap, faucet, and toe, to shut (i. e., 
the taps, or drinking-houses, shut 
from the soldiers).] A beat of drum 
at night, to call soldiers to quarters. 
2. Indelible figures made by intro- 
ducing some pigment under the skin. 

— v. t. [-ED ; -ING, 144.] [Prob. by 
reduplication of Polynesian ta, to 
strike.] To color indelibly, as the 
flesh, by pricking in dve-stuffs. 

Taught (tawt, 75), a. [From the root 
of tight.] Tightly drawn or strained. 

— v., imp. & p. p. of Teach. 
TAUNT, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [0. Sw. 

tanta, danta, to reproach, 0. D. tan- 
den, to attack.] To reproach with 
severe or insulting words. 



'— a — -*' •— o ■— — -"- - — — — <=> 

T, o,u, Y.long; A, £,1,6,^,5, short; ckRV, fXr, ask, all, what; ere, veil, t£rm; pique, fIrm; son 



A.,E. 



TAUNTER 



431 



TEETHING 



Syn.— To revile; upbraid. See Dekidb. 

— n. Upbraiding words ; bitter or 
sarcastic reproach. 

Taunt'er, n. One who taunts. 

Taunt'ing-ly, adv. Insultingly. 

TAU'RI-FORM, a. [Lat. tauriformis > 
taurus, a bull, and forma, a form.] 
Having the form of a bull. 

TAU'RINE,a. [Lat. taurinus ; taurus, a, 
bull.] Relating to a bull, or to the 
common ox and cow. 

Ta.WR.US, n. [Lat. ; Gr. ravpos.] The 
Bull, one of the 12 signs of the zodiac. 

TAUT, a. Tight. See TAUGHT, a. 

Tau-tog', n. [PL of taut, the Indian 
name.] A fish found on the coast of 
New England. 

Tau'TO-log'IC-AL, a. Having the 
same signification. [tautology. 

Tau-tol'o-gist, n. One who uses 

Tau-tol'o-gize, v. i. [-ed ; -ING.] 
To repeat the same thing in different 
words. 

TAU-TOI/O-GY, n. [Gr. ravrokoyia ; 
ravro, the same, and Adyo?, speech.] 
A repetition of the same meaning in 
different words. 

Syn. — Repetition. —There may be 
frequent repetitions (as in legal instru- 
ments) which are warranted either by 
necessity or convenience; but tautology 
is always a fault, being a sameness of ex- 
pression which adds nothing either to 
the sense or the sound. 

TAU'TO-PHON'ie-AL, a. [Gr. ravro- 
<jiu>vo<;, fr. ravro, the same, and (jxuvri, 
sound.] Repeating the same sound. 

Tau-toph'o-ny, ». Repetition of 
the same sound. 

TAVERN, n. [Lat. taberna.] A pub- 
lic house for the accommodation of 
travelers ; an inn ; a hotel. 

Taw, t\ i. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. tawi- 
an, to prepare, to taw, Goth, taujan, 
to do.] To dress and prepare in white, 
as skins for gloves, &c. — n. 1. A 
large marble. 2. A game at marbles. 

Ta w'dri-ly, adv. In a tawdry man- 
ner, [being tawdry. 

Taw'dri-ness, n. State or quality of 

Taw'dry, a. [-er; -est, 142 ] [Cor- 
rupt. fr. Saint Audrey, or Aiddrey, i.e. 
Saint Ethelreda; originally implying, 
bought at the fair of St. Audrey.] 
Very showy in colors, without taste. 

Taw'er, n. A dresser of white leather. 

TaWny, a. [-er; -est, 142.] [Fr. 
tannc, p. p. of tanner, to tan.] Of a 
dull yellowish -brown color, like 
things tanned. 

Tax, n. [L. Lat. taxa, for Lat. taxa- 
tio, from taxare, to estimate.] 1. A 
charge, especially a pecuniary burden 
imposed by authority. 2. A task ex- 
acted. 3. A disagreeable or burden- 
some duty. 

Syn. — Impost; tribute; duty; assess- 
ment; exaction. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To subject 
to pay a tax or taxes. 2. To assess, 
as the amount of cost on actions in 
court. 3. To accuse. 

TAx'A-BLE, a. Capable of being 

taxed ; liable to be taxed. 
Tax-a'tion, n. Act of laying a tax, 

or of imposing taxes. 



TXx'ER, n. One who taxes. 

TAx'i-d£r/:viist, n. A person skilled 
in taxidermy. 

Tax'I-der'MY, n. [Gr. raft?, ar- 
rangement. 8epixa, skin.] Art of pre- 
serving the ski us of animals, so as to 
represent their natural appearance. 

TEA, n. [Chin, tsha, Prov. Chin, tha, 
the.] 1. Leaves of a Chinese shrub, 
or an infusion of them in boiling 
water. 2. Any decoction, esp. when 
made of the dried leaves of plants. 
3. The evening meal ; supper. 

Teach, f. f. [taught; teaching.] 
[A.-S. tsecan, to show, teach, allied 
to tihan, tton, to say, accuse.] 1. 
To impart the knowledge of ; to tell. 
2. To guide the studies of. 

Teach'A-BLE. a. Capable of being 
taught ; also, readily receiving in- 
struction, [being teachable. 

Teach'a-BLE-ness, n. Quality of 

Teach'er, n. One who teaches. 

Teach'ing, n. Act or business of 
instructing. 
Syn. — See Education. 

Tea'-€UP, n. A small cup for drink- 
jng tea from . 

TEAK, n. [Malabar thrka, telclca.] A 
tree of the East Indies, which fur- 
nishes very excellent ship timber; 
also, the timber of the tree. 

Teal, n. A web-footed water -fowl, 
nearly allied to the common duck. 

TEAM, n. [A.-S. team, for tedham, off- 
spring, any thing following in a row 
or team, from tedmian, teman, to 
bear, teem.] Two or more horses, 
oxen, or other beasts harnessed to- 
gether for drawing. 

Team'ster, 71. [From team and the 
term, ster.] One who drives a team. 

Tea'-pot, n. A vessel to serve tea in. 

Tear, n. [A.-S., Goth, tagr ; Gr. 
66.kqv, Sdicpvixa, Lat. lacrima, for 0. 
Lat. dacrima.] 1. A drop of the fluid 
secreted by the lachrymal gland, and 
flowing from the eyes. 2. Something 
in the form of a transparent drop. 

TEAR, V. t. [TORE ; TORN ; TEAR- 
ING.] [A.-S. teran, Goth, tairan.] 1. 
To separate by violence ; to pull apart 
by force ; to rend ; to lacerate. 2. To 
move violently. — v. i. To move or 
rush with violence; hence, to rage; 
to rave. — n. A rent ; a fissure. 

Tear'er, n. One who rends or raves. 

Tear'ful, a. Abounding with tears. 

Tear'less, a. Free from tears. 

Tease, v. t. '_-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. tx- 
san. Cf. Touse.] 1. To comb or card, 
as wool or tlax. 2. To annoy by petty 
requests, or by jests and raillery. 

Syn. — To vex. — To tease is literally 
to pull or scratch, and implies a pro- 
longed annoyance in respect to little 
things. Vex meant originally to seize 
andl}ear away hither and thither, and 
hence, to disturb ; as, to vex the ocean 
with storms. This sense of the term now 
rarely occurs; but rex is still a stronger 
word than tease, denoting the disturb- 
ance or anger created by minor provoca- 
tions, losses, disappointments, &c. 

TEASEL (te'zl), n. [See supra.] 1. 
A plant which bears a bur used for 



raising a nap on cloth. 2. The bin 
of the plant, or any substitute there- 
for. — v. t. [-ED; -ing, 137.] Tc 
subject to the action of teasels. 

TEAS'ER, n. One who, or that which, 
teases. _ [drinking tea, &c 

TEA'-SPOON,rt. A small spoon used in 

TEAT, n. [A.-S. tit. titt.] That organ 
through which milk is drawn from 
the breast or the udder. 

Tea'-ta'BLE, n. A table on which 
tea furniture is set. 

TECH'I-LY, adv. Touchily. 

Tech'i-NESS, n. Touchiness. 

TE€H'Nl€, I a. [Gr. re X viKo^, fr. 

TE€H'NI€-AL, ) Te'xvT?, an art.] Re- 
lating to, or specially appropriate to, 
any art, science, business, or the like. 

TE€H'NI-€AL'I-TY, n. 1. State or 
quality of being technical. 2. That 
which is technical. [manner. 

Te€H'NI€-al-ly. adv. In a technical- 

TE€H'Nl€S, n. sing, or pi. Doctrine 
of arts in general ; such branches of 
learning as respect the arts; in the 
pi., technical terms. [technology. 

TE€H'NO-l66'I€-al, a. Relating to 

TE€H-nol/o-gist. n. One who treats 
of the terms of art. 

Tech-nol'o-gy, n. [Gr. Te'xnj, an 
art, and Aoyos, discourse.] 1. A 
treatise on the useful arts. 2. An 
explanation of technical terms. 

TECH'Y, a. [Corrupted from touchy.] 
Peevish ; fretful. 

TE€-TON'I€, a. [Gr. Te(c-roi'iK6?,fr. reK- 
ri»v, a carpenter, builder.] Relating 
to building. 

Ted, r. !. [-ded; -ding.] [W. teddu, 
to spread out, display.] To spread, 
as new-mowed grass from the swath. 

Ted'der, n. A tether. See TETHER. 

Te De'vm. [Lat.] An ancient 
Christian hymn ; — so called from 
the first words, " Te Deum lauda- 
mus " — We praise thee, God. 

Te'DI-OUS {or tod'yus), a. [Lat. tsedi- 
osus, fr. tasdhnn. See TEDIUM.] Tire- 
some from continuance, prolixity, or 
slowness. 

Syx. — Wearisome ; fatiguing ; slug- 
gish. See Irksome. 

Te'di-ous-ly (or tsd'yus-), adv. In a 
tedious manner. 

Te'di-oCs-ness (or tSd'yus-), n. 
Quality of being tedious ; wearisome- 
ness. 

Te'di-UM, n. [Lat. txdium, fr. tsedet, 
it disgusts, wearies one.] Irksome- 
ness ; wearisomeness. 

Teem, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. ty- 
man, teman, tedmian] 1. To bring 
forth , as an animal : to produce fruit; 
to bear. 2. To be pregnant ; to con- 
ceive. 3. To be full or prolific — 
f. t. To produce ; to bring forth. 

TEEM-ER, n. One who teems. 

Teens, n. pi. The years of one's age, 
beginning with thirteen and ending 
with nineteen. 

Tee'ter,v. i. To ride on the ends of a 
balanced board. 

Teeth, n. ; pi. of Tooth. [teeth. 

Teeth, t>. t. [-ed;-ing.] To breed 

Teeth'ing, n. Process by which first 



6r, dq, w<?lf. too, took; urn, rue, pull; e, i, o, silent : c,G,5q/i; €,&,hard; as; EXIST; N as ng ; this. 



TEETOTAL 



432 



TENDER 



teeth make their way through the 
gums. 

TEE-TO'TAL, a. Total. [Colloq.] 

Tee-t5'TUM, n. A child's toy. 

Teg'U-LAR, a. [L. Lat. tegularis : 
tegula, a tile.] Pertaining to, or 
arranged like, tiles. 

Teg'u-MENT, n. [Lat. tegitmenhrm ; 
tegere, to cover.] A covering, esp. 
of a living body, or of sonic organ. 

TEg'U-ment'a-RY, a. Relating to, or 
consisting of, teguments. [linden. 

TEIL, n. [Lat. tilia.] The lime-tree or 

TEL'E-GRAM, n. [Gr. ttjAc, afar, and 
ypaixfj-a, that which is written.] A 
message sent by telegraph. 

Tel'e-graph, n. [Gr. rrjAe, afar, far 
off, and ypd4>€t.v, to write.] An ap- 
paratus for communicating intelli- 
gence rapidly between distant points, 
by means of certain signals. — v. I. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To convey or announce 
by telegraph. [operator. 

ITEL'E-GRAPH'ER, n. A telegraphic 

Tel'e-graph'ic, la. Pertaining 

TEL'e-graph'ic-al, I to, or com- 
municated by, telegraph. 

Te-leg'ra-phist, or TEl'e- 
GRXph'ist, n. A telegrapher. 

TE-LEG'RA-PHY, n. Science or art of 
constructing, or of communicating 
by means of, telegraphs. 

Te'LE-ol'O GY (110), n. [Gr. Te'Aos. 
re'Aeos, end, and Aoyos, discourse.] 
Doctrine of the final causes of things. 

TEL/E-PHONE, n. (Gr. rrjAe, fir, ;,nd 
<£«K)j, sound.] An instrument for 
reproducing articulate speech at a 
distance, by the aid of electricity or 
electro-magnetism. 

TEL'E PHON'ie, n. Relating to the 
telephone. 

TEL'E-S€OPE, n. [Gr TTjAeoxoTros, 
viewing afar, fr. rrjAe, far, far off, 
and o-Koirelv, to view.] An optical in- 
strument for viewing distant ob- 
jects. 

TEl/E-S€OP'l€, ) a. Relating to 

T£l/e-S€op'I€-al, J a telescope. 

Te-LES'TI€II, n. [Gr Te'Aos, end, and 
<rri\os, line, verse.) A poem in which 
the final letters of the lines make a 
name ; — the reverse of an acrostic. 

T%L.L.,V.t. [TOLD; TELLING.] [A.- 
S. tellian, tellan.] 1. To enumerate ; 
to count. 2. To give an account of. 
3. To make known ; to publish. 4. 
To teach. 5. To find out ; to dis- 
cover. — v. i. 1. To give an account. 
2. To produce a marked effect. 

Iell'er, n. 1. One who tells. 2. 
A bank officer who pays money out on 
checks. 3. One appointed to count 
votes in a public meeting. 

Tell'-tale, a. Telling tales ; bab- 
bling. — n. An officious informer. 

TEL-LU'RI€, a. [Lat. teUus, telluris, 
the earth.] Pertaining to, or pro- 
ceeding from, the earth. 

Tel-lu'ri-um, n. [From Lat. tellus, 
telluris, the earth.] A metal of a 
silver-white color. 

l'E-MER'l-TY, n. [Lat. temeritas, fr. 
tern ere, rashly.] Unreasonable con- 
tempt of danger. 



Syn. — Rashness.— Temerity refers to 
the disposition, ran/mess to the act. We 
show temerity in our resolutions, con- 
clusions, &c. We : how rashness, from 
time to time, in the actions of life. 

TEM'PER, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat, 
temperare, from tempus, time, orig. a 
piece cut off, a part, Gr. refivetv, to 
cut off.] 1. To mingle in due pro- 
portion ; to modify, as by adding 
some new element. 2. To soften ; to 
assuage. 3. To bring to a proper de- 
gree of hardness. — n. 1. Due mixt- 
ure of different qualities. 2. Con- 
stitution of body ; temperament. 3. 
Constitution ofthe mind, particularly 
with regard to the passions and affec- 
tions. 4. Proneness to anger. 5. State 
of a metal, esp. as to its hardness. 

TEM'PER-A-MENT, n. 1. Actof tem- 
pering or modifying. 2. A system 
of compromises in the tuning of or- 
gans, piano fortes, &c. 3. The pecul- 
iar physical and mental character of 
an individual. 

Tem'per-an<?E, n. [Lat, lemperan- 
tia. See Temper.] Habitual mod- 
eration in regard to the indulgence 
of the natural appetites and passions. 

Tem'per-ate, a. [See Temper.] 1. 
Moderate, esp. in the indulgence of 
the appetites and passions. 2. Not 
violent. [perate manner. 

TEM'PER-ATE-LY, adv. In a tem- 

Tem'per-ate-ness, n. Moderation. 

Tem'per-a-TURE,»i. 1. Constitution; 
state. 2. Degree of heat or cold. 

Tem'PEST, n. [Lat. tempestas, sea- 
son,weather, storm, fr. tempus, time.] 

1. A storm of extreme violence. 2. 
Any violent tumult or commotion. 

Syn.— See Storm. 

Tem-pEst'tj-ous, a. Involving, like, 
or pertaining to, a tempest ; stormy. 

Tem-pest'U-ous-LY, adv. In a tem- 
pestuous manner. 

Tem-pest'u-oDs-ness, 7i. State or 
quality of being tempestuous. 

TEM'PLAR, n. 1. One of a religious 
military order, who occupied an 
apartment near the Temple at Jeru- 
salem. 2. A student of law, so called 
from having apartments in the 
Temple at London. 

TEM'PLE, n. [Lat. templum, for tem- 
pulum, as a dim. of tempus, accord- 
ing to its primary sense, a piece cut 
off.] 1. An edifice for the worship 
of some deity. 2. The edifice at Je- 
rusalem for the worship of Jehovah. 
3. A church. 4. [Lat. tempora, tem- 
pus, prop, the right place, fatal spot, 
from tempus, temporis, fitting or ap- 
pointed time.] Portion of the head 
between the forehead and ear. 

TEM'PLET, n. [L. Lat. templatus, 
vaulted, from Lat, templum, a small 
timber.] 1. A mold used by brick- 
layers and masons. 2. A thin mold or 
pattern used by machinists, &c. 3. A 
short piece of timber under a beam. 

TEM'PO-RAL, a. [Lat. temporalis, fr. 
tempus, time.] 1. Pertaining to the 
present life, or this world ; secular. 

2. Pertaining to the temples of the 



head. — n. Any thing temporal or 
secular; a temporality. 

T£m'po-rXl'i-ty, n. 1. State of be- 
ing temporary. 2. pi. Revenues of 
an ecclesiastic proceeding from lands, 
tenements, tithes, &c. 

Tem'po-ral-LY, adv. In a temporal 
manner. [rary manner. 

Tem'PO-rA-ri-ly, adv. In a tempo- 

Tem'po-ra-ri-ness, n. State of be- 
ing temporary. 

Tem'po-ra-ry (44), a. [Lat. tempo- 
rarius.} Lasting for a time only. 

TEM'PO-RIZE, V. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. tempus, temporis, time.] To 
humor or yield to the current of 
opinion or to circumstances. 

TEM'PO-Rlz'Er, n. A time-server. 

Tempt (84), v. t. [-ed;-ing.J [Lat. 
tentare, templar e , intens. form of 
tendere, to stretch.] 1. To try. 2. 
To incite ; to instigate. 3. To test ; 
to prove. 4. To lead, or endeavor to 
lead, into evil. 

Syn. — To allure ; seduce. 

TEMPT'A-BLE,a. Liable to be tempt- 
ed ; exposed to temptation. 

Temp-ta'tion (84), n. 1. Act of 
tempting. 2. State of being tempted. 
3. That which tempts ; allurement. 

TEMPT'ER, n. One who tempts. 

TEN, a. & n. [A.-S. ten, tin, tyn, Lat. 
decern, ;»kr. dagan.] Nine and one 

Ten'a-ble (110), a. [Fr. unable, fr. 
tenir, to hold.] Capable of being 
held or maintained. 

Te-na'cious, a. [Lat. tenor, tenacis, 
fr. unere, to hold ] 1. Apt to retain; 
retentive. 2. Adhesive. 3. Obsti- 
nate ; stubborn. [firmly 

Te-NA'CIOUS-LY, adv. Retentively, 

TE-MA'CIOUS-NESS, n. Quality or 
state of being tenacious. 

Te-nac'i-ty, n. Quality of being 
tenacious 

Ten'an CY, n. [L. Lat. tenentia, te- 
nantia.] A holding, or a mode of 
holding, an estate ; tenure. 

TEN'ANT, n. [Fr. tenant, holding] 
1. One who has the occupation of 
lands or tenements whose title is in 
another. 2. A dweller, — v.t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To hold as a tenant. 

T£N'ANT-A-BLE,a. Fit to be tenanted 
or reuted ; in a stare of repair suit- 
able for a tenant. 

Ten'ant-less, a. Having no tenants. 

Ten'ant-ry,m, Tnebody of tenants. 

TEND, v. t. [-ED; -ING ] [Abbrev- 
fr. attend.'] l. To care for the wants 
of; to watch. 2. To note carefully ; 
to attend to. — r. i. [Lat. tendere.] 
1. To move in a certain direction. 2. 
To be directed, as to any tnd or pur- 
pose. 3. To contribute. 

T£nd'en-cy, n. Direction or course 
toward any place, object, or result. 

Syn. — Inclination; drift; scope; aim. 
See Disposition. 

Tend'er, n. [From lend.] 1, One 
who tends another. 2. A small vessel 
employed to attend a larger one with 
provisions, &c. 3. A car attached to 
a locomotive, to supply fuel and wa- 
ter. 4. [See Tender, v. t.] An offer; 



i, E,T, d,a,Y,long; A^Ej^OjU, Y,sAor*,- CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TfiRMj PIQUE, FIRM ; s6«« 



TENDER 



433 



TERRIBLE 



aproposal. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
(Lat. tendere. See TEND, v. ?'.] To 
offer or present for acceptance. 

Ten'der, «. [-ER; -EST.] [Vr. ten- 
dre, Lac. tetter.] 1. Easily impressed, 
broken, or injured. 2. Easily pained. 
3. Weak and feeble. 4. Easily ex- 
cited to pity, forgiveness, or favor. 

Syn. — Delicate; soft ; compassionate; 
humane; pitiful. 

Ten'der-loin, n. A tender part of 
the hind quarter of beef. 

TEN'DER-LV, adv. With tenderness. 

Ten'DER-NESS,». State or quality of 
being tender. 

Syn. — Benignity; humanity; benev- 
olence; kindness; clemency. 

Ten'di-noOs, a. Pertaining to, or full 
of, tendons ; sinewy. 

TEN'DON, n. [Lat. tendere, to stretch, 
extend.] A hard, insensible cord, by 
which motion is communicated from 
a muscle to a bone. 

Ten'dril, n. [From render, prop, the 
tender sprig of a plant.] A slender 
spiral shoot of a plant that wiuds 
round another body for support. 

Te-ne'bri-ous, ) a. [Lat. tenebrasus ; 

Ten'e-brous, ) tenebrse, dark- 
ness.] Dark; gloomy; obscure. 

TEN'E-MENT, n. [L. Lat. tenementum, 
fr. Lat. tenere, to hold.] A dwelling- 
house ; often , an inferior dwelling- 
house rented to poor persons. 

Syn. — House. — There v.iay be many 
houses underone roof, but they are com- 
pletely separated from each other by par- 
ty-walls. A tenement may be detached 
by itself, or it may be part of a house di- 
vided off for the use of a distinct family. 

Ten'et, n. [Lat., he holds.] Any 
opinion, principle, or doctrine, which 
one holds or maintains as true. 
Syn. — See Dogma. 

Ten'fold, a. Ten times as much. 

TEN'Nis, n. [Fr. tenez, hold or take 
it.] A play in which a ball is contin- 
ually keptin motion. 

Ten'on,w,. [Fr., from tenir, to hold.] 
End of a piece of wood cut for inser- 
tion into a cavity in another piece. 
— v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] To fit for in- 
sertion into a mortise. [tenons. 

Ten'on-saw, n. A saw for cutting 

TEN'OR, n. [Lat. tenor, fr. tenere, to 
hold, i. e., a holding on in a contin- 
ued course.] 1. General drift or 
course of thought ; purport; intent. 
2. (a.) The higher kind of adult 
male voice. (6.) One who sings tenor. 

TENSE, a. [Lat. tendere, tensus, to 
stretch.] Stretched; strained to 
stiffness; rigid. — n. [Fr. temps, 
Lat. tempus, time.] Form of a verb 
indicating the time of action. 

Tense'ness, n. State of being tense. 

TEN'SILE,a. [Lat. tend ere, tensum, to 
stretch.] Capable of extension. 

TEN'SION, n. [Lat. tensio, fr. tendere, 
to stretch.] 1. Act of stretching or 
straining. 2. State of being stretched, 
or degree of being bent or strained ; 
hence, strong excitement of feeling. 

Tent, n. [L. Lat. tenia, prop, some- 
thing stretched out, fr. Lat. tendere, 



to stretchy 1. A pavilion or portable 
lodge of canvas or other coarse cloth. 
2. [Lat. tentare, to handle, feel.] A 
roll of lint or linen used in surgery. 
— v. t. [-ED: -ING.] 1. To cover 
with tents. 2. To probe. 

T£n'TA-€LE, n. [Lat. tentare, to han- 
dle, feel.] A filiform process from the 
head of a snail, insect, or crab, &c, 
for feeling or motion. 

Ten-TA€'u-lar, a. Pertaining to, or 
in the nature of, tentacles. 

Ten'TA-tIve, a. [Lat. tentare, to 
try.] Trying ; experimental. 

TEN'TER, n. [Lat. tendere, tentum, 
to stretch.] A frame for stretching 
cloth, by means of hooks. — v. t. To 
stretch on tenters. 

Ten'ter-hook, n. A hook used in 
stretching cloth on a tenter. 

TENTH, a. 1. Next after the ninth. 2. 
Being one of ten equal parts into 
which any thing is divided. — n. 1. 
One of ten equal parts. 2. Interval 
between any tone and that on the 
tenth degree of the staff above it. 

Tenth'ly, adv. In the tenth place. 

Te-nu'i-ty, n. [Lat. tenuitas ; tenuis, 
thin.] 1. Smallness in diameter ; 
thinness or slenderness. 2. Rarity ; 
rareness. 

TEN'U-oDs, a. [Lat. tenuis, thin.] 1. 
Thin ; slender. 2. Rare ; subtile. 

TEN'URE, n. [Lat. tenere, to hold.] 1. 
Act or right of holding, as real estate. 
2. Consideration or service given for 
the use of land. 3. Manner of hold- 
ing in general. 

Tep'E-fa€'tion, n. Making tepid. 

Tep'e-fy, v. t. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. tepefacere ; tepere, to be tepid, 
and face re, to make.] To make mod- 
erately warm, [warm ; luke-warm. 

Tep'id. a. [Lat. tepidus.] Moderately 

Te-pid'1-ty, In. Moderate warmth ; 

TeP'id-ness, J lukewarmness. 

Te'por, n. [Lat.] Gentle heat. 

Ter'A-PHIM, n. pi. [Heb. teraphlm.] 
Household deities or images. 

Terce'-ma'jor, n. [See Tierce.] 
A sequence of the three best cards. 

TER'E-BINTH, n. [Gr. Tepe'/3i|/0o?.] 
The turpentine-tree. [pentiue. 

Ter'e-bin'thine, a. Relating to tur- 

TE-RETE', a. [Lat. teres, teretis, 
rubbed or rounded off; terere, to 
rub.] Cylindrical and slightly taper- 
ing. 

T£r'gi-VER-sa'TION, n. [Lat. tergi- 
versatio ; tergum, the back, and ver- 
sare, to turn.] 1. A shift; subterfuge; 
evasion. 2. Fickleness of conduct. 

Term (14), n. [Lat. termen, and ter- 
minus.} 1. A bound or boundary ; 
limit. 2. Any limited time. 3. Time 
during which instruction is regularly 
given to students. 4. Time in which 
a court is held. 5. A word or expres- 
sion, esp. one peculiar to an art. 6. 
pi. Propositions stated or promises 
made ; conditions. 

Syn. — Word. — Term signifies a word 
of specific meaning, applicable to a defi- 
nite class of objects. It is therefore more 
determinate and technical than word, 
which denotes an utterance that repre- 



sents or expresses our thoughts and feeK 
ings. Hence we sjieuk of a scientific term 
(not word), mid of stating things in dis- 
tinct term*, &C. Still, in n Inosersense, it 
is used to a great extent interchangeably 
with word, for variety of expression. 

— v t. [-BD; -ING.] To name; to 
denominate. [multuousness. 

T£r'ma-gan-cy, n. Turbulence; tu- 

Ter'MA-gant, n. [Orig. a supposed 
deity of the Mohammedans, very vo- 
ciferous in the ancient moralities.] A 
boisterous, brawling woman. — a. 
Boisterous or furious ; scolding. 

TErm'er, n. One who has an estate 
for a term of years or for life. 

Ter'me%, n.; pi. TER'MI-TES. 
[Lat.] A tropical species of ant very 
destructive to wood. [bounded. 

T£r'mi-na-ble, a. Capable of being 

T£r'mi-nal, a. [Lat. terminate.] 
See Term] Pertaining to, or form- 
ing, the end. 

T£R'MI-NATE,t\ t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
terminare, -natv?n. See TERM.] 1. 
To set a limit to. 2. To put an end to. 
Syn. — To complete; finish; end. 

— v. i. 1. To be limited; to stop 
short. 2. To end ; to close. 

TEr'MI-NA'TION, n. 1. Act of termi- 
nating. 2. Limit in space or extent. 
3. End in time or existence. 4. Con- 
clusion -.result. 5. Ending of a word. 

TEr'mi-na'tion-at,, a. Pertaining 
to, or forming, a termination. 

Ter'mi-ner, n. [Fr. terminer, to 
limit, end. J A determining. 

Ter'Mi-n6l'0-GY,w. [Lat. terminus, 
term, and Gr. Aoyos, discourse.] 1. 
The doctrine of terms ; a treatise on 
terms. 2. The terms actually used 
in any business, art, science, or the 
like ; nomenclature. 

TER'Ml-NUS, n.; pi. TER'MI-NI. 
[Lat.] 1. A boundary. 2. Extreme 
point at either end of a railway. 

Ter'mite, n.; pi. ter'mites. The 
white ant. See Termes. 

Tern, n. [Icel. therna, sea-swallow, 
maid-servant.] An aquatic fowl. 

T£r'NA-RY, a. [Lat. ternarius ; terni, 
three each; three.] Proceeding by 
threes ; consisting of three. 

Ter'ra^e, n. [Lat. terra, the earth.] 
1. A raised platform of earth, sup- 
ported by a bank of turf. 2. Flat 
roof of a house. — v.t. [-ED; -ING] 
To form into a terrace. 

Terra cotta. [It.] A kind of pottery 
made from fine clay hardened by heat. 

Ter'ra-pin, n. A kind of tortoise. 

TER-RA'QUE-oiJS, a. [Lat. terra, the 
earth, and aqua, water.] Consisting 
of land and water, as the earth. 

TER-RENE',a. [Lat. terrenus ; terra, 
the earth.] 1. Pertaining to the 
earth ; earthy. 2. Terrestrial. 

TER-RES'TR1-AL, a. [Lat. terrestris.] 

1. Pertaining to the earth ; earthly. 

2. Representing, or consisting of, the 
earth. 3. Pertaining to the present 
state. 

Ter-res'tri-al-ly, adv. After an 

earthly manner. 
Ter'ri-ble, a. [Lat. terribilis.] 1. 



OR, do, wolf, too, TOOK; ORN,RyE,Pi/LL; e, i, o, silent; c,G,so/*; e,G,,kard; Ag; ejcist; n. as NG ; THIS. 



TERRIBLENESS 



434 



TEUTONIC 




Adapted to excite terror, awe, or 
dread. 2. Excessive ; severe. 
Syn. — Fearful; formidable; awful. 

Ter'ri-ble-ness, n. Quality or state 
of being terrible. 

Ter'ri-bly, adv. 1. In a manner to 
excite terror. 2. Very greatly. 

Ter'ri-er, n. 
[From Lat. terra, 
the earth.] A 
dog, remarkable 
forgoing into the 
ground after ani- 
mals that bur- 
row. *^Ss. 

TER-RIF'I€, a. Terrier Dog. 
[Lat. terrificus; terrere, to frighten, 
and facere, to make.] Causing, or 
adaptedto cause, terror. 

TEr'ri-fy, v. t. [-ed; -ing, 142.] 
To alarm with fear ; to frighten. 

Ter'ri-to'ri-al, a. 1. Pertaining 
to territory or land. 2. Limited to 
a certain district. 

Ter'RI-to-ry (110), n. [Lat. territo- 
rium, fr. terra, the earth.] 1. Extent 
of land within certain limits or juris- 
diction. 2. A distant tract of land 
belonging to a prince or state. 3. 
In the United States, a portion of the 
country not yet admitted as a State 
into the Union, but organized with a 
separate legislature, a governor, &c. 

Ter'ROR, n. [Lat.] Extreme fear. 
Syn.— See Alarm. 

TER'ROR-'igM, n. A state of impress- 
ing terror. 

Terse (14), a. [-er ; -est.] [Lat. 
tersus, rubbed or wiped off.] Ele- 
gantly concise or compact. 

Syn. — Concise. — Terse was defined 
by Johnson " cleanly written," i. c, free 
from blemishes, neat, or smooth. Its 
present sense is compact, with smooth- 
ness, grace, or elegance, as in the follow- 
ing lines of Whitehead: — 
" In eight terse lines has Phsedrus told 
(So frugal were the bards of old) 
A tale of goats; and closed with grace, 
Plan, moral, all, in that short space." 
It differs from concise in not implying 
perhaps quite as much condensation, 
but chiefly in the additional idea of 
" grace or elegance." 

Terse'LY, adv Neatly ; concisely. 

TErse'ness. n. Neat conciseness. 

TER'TIAL, n. [Lat. tertius, third, be- 
• cause feathers of the third row.] One 
of the large feathers near the junc- 
tion of the wing with the body. 

TfiR'TIAN, a. [Lat. tertianus ; tertius, 
the third.] Occurring every third 
day. — n. A fever whose paroxysms 
return every third day. 

TER'TI-A-RY (-shi-, 44, 95), a. [Lat. 
tertiarius ; tertius, the third.] Of 
the third formation, order, or rank. 

Ter'ti-ate (-shi-), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
To do for the third time. 

TES'SEL-LATE, V. t. [-ETJ ; -ING.] 
[Lat. tessellare, from tessella, a little 
cube, dim. of tessera, a square piece, 
fr. Gr. re'cro-epes, four.] To form in- 
to squares or checkers. 

Tes'sel-la'tion, n. Mosaic work. 

TEST, n. [Lat. testa, an earthen pot.] 



1. Any critical trial and examina- 
tion. 2. Means of trial. 3. A stand- 
ard of comparison. 4. A substance 
employed to detect any unknown 
constituent of a compound. 

Syn.— Trial. — Trial is the wider term ; 
test is a searching and decisive trial. It 
is derived from the Latin testa, which 
term was early applied to the jiriing-pot, 
or crucible, in which metals are melted 
for trial and refinement. Hence, the pe- 
culiar force of the word, as indicating a 
trial or criterion of the most decisive 
kind. 

— v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] To prove the 
truth or genuineness of by experi- 
ment, or by some fixed principle or 
standard. 

Test'A-BLE. a. [Lat. testabilis.] Ca- 
pable of being given by will. 

Tes-ta'ce-a (-she-), ( n. pi. Marine 

Tes-ta'ceans, ) animals cov- 

ered with shells; shell-fish. 

Tes-TA'CEOUS, a. [Lat. testaceus; 
testa, a shell.] Consisting of, or hav- 
ing, a hard, continuous shell. 

TES'TA-MENT, n. [Lat. testamen- 
tum, fr. testari, to be a witness, to 
make one's last will.] 1. An instru- 
ment in writing, by which a person 
gives directions as to the disposal of 
his property after death ; a will. 2. 
One of the two general divisions of 
the Scriptures. [testament. 

Tes'ta-ment'al, a. Pertaining to a 

TES'TA-MENT'A-RY, a. Pertaining 
to, or given by, a testament or will. 

Tes'tate, a. Having left a will. 

Tes-ta'tor, a. A man who leaves a 
will at death. 

Tes-ta'trtx, n. A woman who leaves 
a will or testament. 

Tes'ter,m. [Lat. testa, earthen pot, 
skull.] 1. A flat canopy, as over a 
pulpit or tomb, &c. 2. Top covering 
of a bed, supported by the bedstead. 
3. [0. Fr. teston, from teste, head, 
the head of the king being impressed 
on it.] An old French silver coin. 

TES'TI-€LE, n. [Lat. testicalus, dim. 
of testis, a testicle.] A gland which 
secretes the seminal fluid in males. 

Tes'ti-fi-ca'tion, n. Act of testi- 
fying, [mony. 

Tes'ti-fT'er, n. One who gives testi- 

Tes'ti-fy, v. i. [-ed; -ing, 142.] 
[Lat. testificari ; testis, a witness, 
and facere, to make.] To make a 
solemn declaration ; to establish 
some fact ; to give testimony. — v. t. 
To bear witness to ; to affirm or de- 
clare solemnly, or under oath. 

Tes'ti-ey. adv. In a testy manner. 

Tes'ti-mo'ni-al, n. A certificate in 
favor of one's character or good con- 
duct. — a. Relating to testimony. 

TEs'Tl-MO-NY (50), n. [Lat. testi- 
monium, from testari, to testify, at- 
test.] 1. A solemn declaration made 
to establish some fact. 2. Affirma- 
tion. 3. Open attestation. 4. Wit- 
ness ; proof of some fact. 

Syn. —Proof; evidence. — Proof is 
used more frequently as to facts and 
things of common occurrence. Evidence 
is more generally applied to that which 
is moral or intellectual; as, the evidences 



of Christianity, &c. Testimony is strictly 
the evidence of a witness given under 
oath; when used figuratively or in a 
wider sense, the word testimony has Btill 
a reference to some living agent as its 
author, as when we speak of doing a 
thing in testimony of our affection, &c, 

Tes'ti-ness, n. Fretfulness. 

Tes-tu'di-nal, a. Relating to, or 
resembling, the tortoise. 

Tes-tu'do, n. [ Lat . , fr. testa, shell 
of shell-fish.] 1. The tortoise. 2. A 
cover or screen formed by troops with, 
their shields held over their heads. 

Tes'ty, a. [-er;-est, 142.] [0. 
Fr. testu, fr. teste, the head.] Fret- 
ful ; peevish ; petulant. 

Te te-a-te te (tat'ji-tat'), n. [Fr., 
head to head.] 1. Private conversa- 
tion. 2. A sofa for two persons, so 
curved as to bring them face to face. 

Teth'er, n. [See Tedder.] A rope 
or chain by which a beast is confined 
for feeding — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
confine, as a beast, with a rope or 
chain, for feeding within certain lim- 
its. 

TET'RA-CHORD, n. [Gr. rerpdxopSov, 
from rerpaxopSos, four-stringed.] A 
series of four sounds, of which the 
extremes, or first and last, consti- 
tuted a fourth. 

Tet'ra-gon, n. [Gr. i -it — -j 

rerpdyiovov ; Terpa,/ 11 I 

four, and-yiovia, an- ' ' — ' 

gle.] A plane figure, i \c v 

having four angles ; \\ \ 
a quadrangle. ' ^ * 

Te-trag'o-NAL, a., 1 | j 

Having four angles 

or sides. ' ' ' ' 

TET'RA-HE'DRAL,a. Tetragons. 
Having four sides. 

Tet'ra-he'dron, 

[Gr. Terpa, four, and 
e8pa, seat, base.] A sol- 
id figure inclosed by^ 
four triangles. Tetrahedron. 

Te-tram'e-ter, n. [Gr. 
T6Tpri/u.eTpos, from rerpa, four, and 
(lirpov, a measure.] A verse con- 
sisting of four measures, or of four 
feet. 

TE'TRAR€H, n. [Gr. TeTpapx*??, re- 
Tpapxos, from rerpa, four, and apxos, 
ruler.] A Roman governor of the 
fourth part of a province. 

Te-trarch'ate, ) n. Fourth part 

Tet'rar€H-y, j of a province un- 
der a Roman tetrarch. 

Te-tras'tI€H (-tras'tik), n. [Gr. 
T€Tpd<rTixov , Terpa, four, and <rri- 
Xo?, averse.] A stanza of four verses. 

TET'RA-STYLE, n. [Gr. Terpdo-rvAoi' ; 
Terpa., four, and otvAos, column.] A 
building with four columns in front. 

Tet'ra-syl-labM€, ) a. Consist- 

TET'RA-SYL-LAB'IC-AL, J ing of 
four syllables. 

TET'RA-SYL'LA-BLE, n. [Gr. Terpa- 
<rvAAa/3os, of four syllables ; Terpa, 
four, and <rv\\a^, syllable.] A word 
of four syllables. 

TET'TSR, n. [A.-S. teter, te.tr. Cf. 
Tatter.] A cutaneous disease. 

TEU-TON're, a. Pertaining to the 




A, E 3 T, 6, v,Y,long; A,E, I, 6,0, ¥, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, VEIL, TERM; pique, firm; s6n, 



TEXT 



435 



THEORY 



Teutons, a people of ancient Ger- 
many, or to their descendants. 

TEXT, n. [Lat. textus, structure, con- 
text, fr. texere, to weave, compose.] 
1. A composition on which a note or 
commentary is written. 2. A verse 
or passage of Scripture. 

TfiXT'-BcfbK, n. A manual of in- 
struction ; a school-book, [writing. 

TEXT'-HAND, n. A large hand in 

Tex'TILE, a. [Lat. tfxtilis; Uxere, 
to weave.] Woven, or capable of be- 
ing woven, [ing. 

Tex-to'rial, a. Pertaining to weav- 

TEXT'U-AL, a. Pertaining to, or con- 
tained in, the text. 

TEXT'U-A-RIST, I n. One well versed 

Text'U-a-ry, j in the Scriptures. 

Text'u-a-ry, a. 1. Contained in the 
text._ 2. Serving as a text. 

TEXT'URE (53), n. [Lat. textura; tex- 
ere, to weave.] 1. A fabric formed by 
weaving 2. Connection of threads or 
other slender bodies interwoven. 3. 
Disposition of the several parts of any 
body in connection with each other. 

Th\N, conj. [A.-S. thanne, tlienne. 
See Then.] A particle expressing 
comparison. 

Thane, n. [A.-S. thesren, thegn, th?n, 
a servant of a king, a nobleman, a 
soldier.] An Anglo-Saxon dignitary, 
corresponding to baron. 

ThXnk. n. [Generally in the pi.] [A.- 
S. thane, tlwnc, thought, thanks, 
allied to thencean, thencan, to think, 
remember.] Expression of gratitude. | 
— (.• t. [-ED] -ING.] To express 
gratitude to for a favor. 

Thank/eul. a. Disposed to acknowl- 
edge kindness received; grateful. 

Tha.\k'ful-ly, adv. Gratefully. 

ThXnk'ful-ness, n. State of being 
thankful. [grateful. 

ThXnk'less, a. Unthankful; un- 

TH \NK'LESS-NESS, n. Ingratitude. 

ThXnks'uiv-er, n. One who ac- 
knowledges a kindness. 

ThX.nks'gIV-ING, n. 1. Act of giving 
thanks. 2. Public celebration of 
divine goodness, or a day set apart 
therefor. [of gratitude. 

Thank'-of'FER-ING, n. An offering 

ThXnk'-wor'THY (-wfir'thy), a. De- 
serving thanks ; meritorious. 

ThXt (123), pi. those. 1. [A.-S. I 
tie,se, m.,th*6, seo,f., that.] A pro- j 
noun referring usually to something 
before mentioned or understood, or 
to something more remote ; — often j 
used adjectively. 2. [A.-S. that, 
Goth, thatei, contr. fr. thaia and ei, | 
that.] A conjunction, introducing a 
clause, as the object of the preceding 
verb, or introducing a reason or pur- 
pose, and sometimes a result. 

Thatch, n. [A.-S. thdr, thac] Straw 
or other substance used to cover roofs 
or stacks, —v. t. [-ed;-ing.] To 
cover with straw, reeds, or the like. 

TllATCH'ER, n. One who thatches. 

Thau'MA-tur'gic, a. Exciting won- 
der. 

Thau'MA-tOr'GUS, n. [Gr. 0<xvjoi.a- 
rovpyos, wonder-working; 6avp.a, a 



wonder, and 



epye 



.v, to work.] A 



miracle-worker 

Thau'ma-tuk'Gy, n. Actof perform- 
ing something wonderful. 

Thaw, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
thawan, Icel. thdma, to consume, 
digest.] 1. To melt, as ice or snow. 
2. To become so warm as to melt ice 
and snow. — v. t. To cause to melt, 
as ice or snow. — n. The melting of 
ice or snow, &c. 

T-HE (128), definite article, or definitive 
a. [A.-S. the or se.] A word placed 
before nouns, and before adjectives 
in the comparative and superlative 
degree, and used to limit or qualify 
the meaning more or less definitely. 

The'AR-CHY, n. [Gr. 0eapx"i, ©eds, 
God, and ap\eiv, to rule.] Govern- 
ment by God. 

The'A-TER, I n. [Gr. Bearpov, from 

THE'A-TRE, ) Beaa-OaL, to see.] 1. A 
building for dramatic performances ; 
a playhouse. 2. Any room adapted 
to the exhibition of any performance 
before an assembly. 3. That which 
resembles a theater in form or use. 

The-at'ric. ) a. Pertainiug to 

The-at'RI€-AL, J a theater, or to 
scenic representations ; resembling 
the manner of dramatic performers. 

TilE-XT'Rl€-AL-LY, adv. In a theat- 
rical manner. [performances. 

The-Xt'RI€-AL§, n. pi. Dramatic 

TllE'BAN, n. A native or inhabitant 
of Thebes ; also, a wise man — a. 
Of, or pertaining to, Thebes. 

THEE, pron. ; objective case of Thou. 

Theft, «. [A.-S. theofdh. See 
Thief.] Act of stealing. 

THE'lNE, n. A bitter principle, ob- 
tained from tea and coffee. 

THEIR (12), a. pron. [A.-S. thara, 
t/urra, prop. gen. pi. of the, se. See 
THAT.] Of them ;— employed iu 
the sense of a pronominal adjective. 
When the word qualified by it is 
omitted, it has the form theirs : and 
may be the subject of a verb, or the 
object of a verb or preposition. 

THE'ISM, n. [Gr. ©eds, God.] Belief 
or acknowledgment of the existence 
of a God. 

The'ist, n. One who believes in the 
existence of a personal God. 

The-ist'I€, I a. Relating to the- 

THE-IST'1€-AL, j ism, or to a theist. 

THE3I, pron. ; objective case of They. 

Theme, n. [Gr. 0e>a, fr. TifleVai. to set, 
place.] 1. A subject or topic on which 
one writes or speaks. 2. A short dis- 
sertation. 3. A verb in its primary 
state, not modified by inflections. 

Them-selves.', pron.; pi. of Him- 
self, Herself, or Itself. 

Then, adv. [A.-S. thonne, thanne, 
thenne. Cf. THAN.] 1. At that time. 
2. Soon afterward. 3. Therefore. 4. 
At another time. — conj. In that 
case ; in consequence. 

Syx. — Therefore. — Both these words 
are used in reasoning: : but therefore 
takes the lead, while then is rather sub- 
ordinate or incidental. Therefore states 
reasons and draws inferences in form ; 
then, to a great extent, takes the point as 



proved, and passes on to the general con» 
elusion. " Tltere/bre, being justified by 
faith, we have |>eaee with God." " So, 
then, faith cometh !>y hearing, and hear- 
ing by the word of God." 

T*ENCE, adv. [0. Eng. thenne, or 
uith the termination of a genitive, 
t/ienn(S,thens. Cf. supra.] 1. From 
that place. 2. From that time. 3. 
For that reason. [time. 

ThEnce'forth, adv. From thai 

THENrE-FOR'WARD,atfr. From that 
time onward. 

THE-0€'RACY, 11. [Gr. BfOKparia ; 
©eo?, God, and updros, strength.] 1. 
Government of a state by the imme- 
diate direction of God. 2. The state 
thus governed. 

The'0-€RXt'I€, ) a. Pertaining 

Th£'o-€RAT'I€-AL, j to a theocracy. 

The-od'o-LITE, n. [Prob. cither fr. 
Gr. tfeaofAtu, (Jewjaai, I see, or Betu, I 
run, and ooAixds, long.] An instru- 
ment used for the accurate measure- 
ment of angles. 

THE-OG'ONY,n. [Gr. fleoyovio. ; 0ed?, 
a god, and yovTj. yovos, yivoq, race, 
birth.] The generation or genealogy 
of heathen deities. 

THE'O-LO'GI-AN. n. [Gr. BeoXoyos ; 
©eos, God, and Aeyeii', to speak.] 
One well versed in theology : a divine. 

THE'O-LOG'ie, («. Pertaining to 

The'0-l6G'I€-AL, f theology. 

The'o-log'ic-al-ly/, adv. Accord- 
ing to the principles of theology. 

THE-61/O-GY, ?i. Science that treats 
of the existence, character, and at- 
tributes of God, his laws and govern- 
ment, the doctrines we are to believe, 
and the duties we are to practice. 

TllE-OM'A-CHY, n. [Gr. Beo/xaxta ; 
0eds, a god, and ndxn, a battle.] A 
fighting against the gods 

The-OP'A-THY. n. [Gr. ©ed?, God, 
and v-ados, suffering, violent feeling.] 
Capacity for religious affections or 
worship. 

THE-OR'BO, n. [Fr. thcorbe.lt. tiorba.] 
A musical instrument made like a 
large lute, but with two heads. 

THE'O-REM, n. [Gr. Oeup-nixa, from 
Oetopeiv, to look at.] 1. A principle ; 
a rule. 2. A statement of a principle 
to be demonstrated. 

The>o-rem-at'I€, I a. Pertaining to, 

The'o-rem'ic, j or comprised in, 
a theorem. 

Th£'o-ret'I€, ) a. 1. Pertaining 

The'o-reT'ig-al, j to, or depend- 
ing on, theory ; speculative. 2. Un- 
practical, [theory. 

The'o-ret'ic-al-ly, adv. In or by 

The'o-rist, n. One given to theory. 

The'o-rize, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] To 
form theories : to speculate. 

The'O-r'iZ'ER. n. One who theorizes. 

THE'O-RY. n. [Gr. Geoipia, fr. deupelv, 
to look at.] 1. Speculation. 2. An 
exposition of the general principles 
of any science. 3. The science dis- 
tinguished from the art. 4. Philo- 
sophical explanation of phenomena. 
Syx. — Hypothesis. — A hypothesis is, 
literally, a sujiporition, and is brought 
forward to account for certain phenom- 



OR, DO, WOLF, TO"o, TOOK ; CRN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; C, G, soft; €, G, hard; AS, ; EXIST ; N as NG ; THIS. 



THE0S0PH1C 



436 



THIRST 



ena ; it rests for its proof solely on the 
fact that it explains the phenomena. 
Theory is a deduction from established 
truths, from which it follows as a neces- 
sary consequence. Hypothesis: might at- 
tempt to explain the tides by assuming 
a magnetic virtue in the sun and moon ; 
theory does it by deducing them from 
the known laws of gravitation. 

The'o-sofh'IG, ) a. Pertaining 

THE'o-soPH'ie-AL, J to theosophy. 

'Xhe-6s'o-phism, n. Theosophy, or 
a process of it. 

The-os'o-phist, n. One addicted to 
theosophy. 

THE-tfs'O-PHY, n. [Gr. 0eo<ro</ua, fr. 
©e<5s, God, and <ro$6s, wise.] A di- 
rect, as distinguished from a revealed, 
knowledge of God, thought to be at- 
tained by extraordinary illumination. 

TheR'A-PEU'TI€, I a. LGr. 0epa- 

THER/A-PEU'Tie-AL, J Treim/cos, fr. 
Oepairevei.v, to serve, to heal.] Per- 
taining to the healing art ; curative. 

THER'A-PEU'TICS, n. sing. That part 
of medicine which respects the use 
of remedies for diseases. 

There (12), adv. [A.-S. thser, titer.] 
In that place. 

®* There is used to begin sentences, 
or before a verb, without adding essen- 
tially to the meaning. 

There'a-BOUT', ) adv. 1. Near that 
There'a-bouts', ) place. 2. Near 

that number, degree, or quantity ; 

nearly. [afterward. 

Tbere-aft'er, adv. After that; 
There-at', adv. 1. At that place. 

2. On that account. 
Taere-by', adv. By that; by that 

means ; in consequence of that. 

Trere-for', adv. For that, or this. 

TflERE'FORE (ther'- or thur'-), conj. 
& adv. [From there and. for.] 1. For 
that or this reason. 2. Consequently. 

3. In return for this or that. 
Syn.— See Then. 

The re -FROM', adv. From this or 

that. 
TflERE-iN',arft'. In that or this place, 

time, or thing. [that place. 

There'IN-TO', adv. Into that, or 
TRERE-6F' ('ther-off' or ther-ov', 71), 

adv. Of that or this. 
TflERE-oN', adv. On that or this. 
The re-out', adv. Out of that or this. 
There-to', adv. To that or this. 
There-UN'TO, adv. Unto that or 

this : thereto. 
There'UP-on', adv. 1. Upon that 

or this. 2. In consequence of that. 

3. Immediately. 
THERE-WITH' (-with' or -wTth', 99), 

adv. With that or this. 
TllE'Rl-A€, n. [Gr. OripiaKOS, good 

against the poison of animals, from 

Oripiov, a beast.] An ancient compo- 
sition, esteemed efficacious against 

poison. 
The'RI-a€, ) a. Pertaining to 
The-ri'ac-AL, \ theriac ; medici- 
The'ri-al, ) nal. 
THER'MAL, a. [Gr. Oepfiai, hot 

springs.] Pertaining to heat ; warm. 
Ther'mo-e/lec-trIc'i-ty,??. [Gr. 

tfepfxos, hot, and Eng. electricity.] 



Electricity develo:>ed by the action 
of heat. 

Ther-mom'E-TER, n. [Gr. Qipp.r\, 
heat, and perpov, measure.] An in- 
strument to measure temperature. 

THER'MO-MET'RIC, ( a. Pertain- 

THER'MO-MET'RIC-AL, ) ing to, or 
made by means of, a thermometer. 

Ther'mo-scope, n. [Gr. 0epju.6s, hot, 
and (TKOTrelv, to view.] Any instru- 
ment for indicating changes of tem- 
perature. 

THE-SAV'RVS,n. [Lat.] A treasu- 
ry ; —often applied to a dictionary 
or cyclopedia, &c. 

These, pron. ; pi. of This. 

THE'sis,n. ; ^. THE'SES. [Gr. 0eVis, 
fr. 7t0evat, to place, set.] 1. A prop- 
osition which a person advances and 
offers to maintain, or which is main- 
tained by argument. 2. An essay 
upon a specific theme. 

Thes'PI-AN, a. [From Thespis, the 
founder of the Greek drama.] Re- 
lating to tragic acting. 

The-0r'GK\ 1 a. Pertaining to 

The-Or'GI€-AL, ) theurgy. 

THE'UR-SY, n. [Gr. 9eovpyia ; ©eo?, 
God,andepyeii/,towork.] Among the 
Egyptian Platonists, a supposed abili- 
ty, by means of certain acts, words, 
&c, to move the gods to impart se- 
crets surpassing the powers of reason, 
and to render themselves visible. 

THEW(thu), n. [A.-S.thedw.] Muscle 
or strength ; nerve ; brawn. 

THEY, pron. [A.-S. tha.] The plural 
of He, She, or It. 

Thick, a. [-er; -est.] [A.-S. thicce. 
Cf. Tight.] 1. Dense; not thin. 
2. Not transparent or clear. 3. 
Close or crowded in space. 4. Measur- 
ing in general dimension other than 
length. 5. Deeper from one surface 
to its opposite than usual. 6. Some- 
what deaf. 7- Intimate ; familiar. — 
n. Thickest part, or time when any 
thing is thickest. — adv. 1. Fast ; 
quick. 2. Closely. 3. To a great depth. 

ThIck'jBN, v. t. or i. [-ed; -ing.] 
To make or become thick. 

ThIck'EN-ing, n. Something put 
into a liquid or mass to thicken it. 

Thick'et, n. A collection of trees or 
shrubs closely set. 

Thick'ish, a. Somewhat thick. 

Th'i'ck'LY, adv. In a thick condition 
or manner. [being thick. 

THICK'NESS, n. Quality or state of 

ThIck'sET, a. 1. Close planted. 2. 
Having a short, thick body. 

ThIcK'-skULL, n. Dullness, or a dull 
person . 

Thief (149), n. [A.-S. thedf, thidf, 
the/.] One who secretly and feloni- 
ously takes the goods or personal 
property of another. 

Syn. — Robber. — A thief takes our 
property by stealth; a robber attacks us 
openly, and strips us by main force. 
The robber braves the laws; the thief en- 
deavors to evade them. 

THIEVE, v. i. [-ED; -ing.] To practice 

theft , to steal. [theft. 

THIF V'ER-Y, n. Practice of stealing ; 



Thiev'ish, a. 1. Given to steaimg 

2. Acting by stealth ; sly ; secret. 
Thiev'ish-ly. adv. By theft. 
Thiev'isii-ness, n. State or quality 

of being thievish. 
Thigh (thi), «. [A.-S. thedh.] The 

thick, fleshy portion of the leg above 

the knee. 
Thill, n. [A.-S. thile, thill, allied to 

Eng. deal.] A shaft of a carriage. 
Thim'ble, n. [Prob. a dim. of thvmb.] 

1. A kind of metallic cap for the 

finger, used in sewing to protect the 

finger. 2. Any thinible-shaueJ ap-, 

pendage or fixture. 
Thim'ble-eer/ry, k. A kind of 

black raspberry. 
Th'im'ble-rTg, n. A sleight-of-hand 

trick phayedwith three small cupa 

and a ball. 
Thin, a. [-NER ; -NEST.] [A.-S. thyn- 

ne, thin, allied to thenian, to extend.] 

1. Having little thickness. 2. Bare; 
not dense. 3. Not close ; not crowd- 
ed. 4. Not full or well grown. 5. 
Lean ; gaunt. 6. Slight ; flimsy. — 
adv. Not thickly or closely ; in a 
scattered state. — v. t. or i. [-NED ; 
NING.] To make or become thin. 

THINE, pronominal a. [A.-S. th\n, 
orig. gen. of thu or thU, thou.] Be- 
longing to thee ; thy. 

ThIng, n. [A.-S. thing, thincg, allied 
to thingan, to become heav>.] 1. 
Whatever exists or is conceived to 
exist, as a separate being, whether 
animate or inanimate. 2. Any ob- 
ject viewed as merely existing. 

Think, v. i. [thought ; think- 
ing.] [A.-S. thencean, thynceav, 
thync.an.] To employ any of the in- 
tellectual powers except sense and 
perception. 

Syn. — To expect ; guess ; reflect ; 
ponder; contemplate: meditate: muse; 
imagine; suppose; believe. See Expect. 

— v. t. 1. To imagine. 2. To plan or 

design. 3. To believe ; to consider. 
Think'er, n. One who thinks. 
ThInk'ing, p. a. Having the faculty 

of thought. — n. Imagination ; 

judgment. 
ThInk'ing-ly, adv. By thought. 
ThIn'ly, adv. In a thin, scattered 

manner. 
Thin'ness (109), n. State of being thin. 
ThIn'-skInned. a. 1. Having a thin 

skin. 2. Sensitive; irritable. 
THIRD (18), a. [A.-S. thridda. See 

Three.] 1. Next after the second. 

2. Being one of three equal parts 
into which any thing is divided. — n. 
1. One of three equal parts. 2. 
Sixtieth part of a second. 3. (Mus.) 
Interval of a tone and a semitone, 
embracing three diatonic degrees of 
the scale. 4. pi. The third part of 
an estate, which the widow is enti- 
tled by law to enjoy during her life. 

Third'ly, adv. In the third place. 

ThTrst (18), r. ?. [-ED : -ING.] [A.-S. 
thyrstan, allied to Goth, thairsan, to 
be dry.] 1. To experience a painful 
sensation of the throat, or fauces, 
for want of drink. 2. To have a 



A, e, I,o,u, Y,long; X,E,I,6,t),1?,s/u>*t t - cAre, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, TERM; pique, fIrm; s6n, 



THIRSTER 



437 



THRIFTLNESS 



vehement desire. — n . 1 . The de- 
sire or suffering occasioned by want 
of drink. 2. A want and eager de- 
sire after any thing. 

fHlRST'ER, n. One who thirsts. 

Thirst'i-ly, adv. In a thirsty man- 
ner ; with thirst. 

ThIrst'i-ness, n. State of being 
thirsty ; thirst. 

ThIrst'y, a. [-er; -est, 142] 1. 
Feeling a distressing sensation from 
want of drink. 2. Deficient in moist- 
ure ; dry ; parched. 3. Having a ve- 
hement desire of any thing. 

Thir'TEEN, a. & n. [A.-S. thredtyne, 
fr. tkr'i, m., three, and tyn, ten, ten.] 
Ten and three. 

Thir'teenth, a. 1. Next after the 
twelfth. 2. Being one of thirteen 
equal parts into which any thing is 
divided. — n. One of thirteen equal 
parts into which any thing is divided. 

Thir'ti-eth, a. 1. Next after the 
twenty-ninth. 2. Being one of thirty 
equal parts into which a thing is di- 
vided. — n. One of thirty equal parts. 

THlR'TY, a. & ». [0. Eng. thritly, 
A.-S. tkrltig.] Three times ten. 

THIS, pron.; pi. these. [A.-S. tkes, 
m., theos, f., this, n.] A pronoun or 
pronominal adjective, denoting some- 
thing present or near in place or time, 
or something just mentioned, or just 
about to be mentioned. 

This'tle (thTs'sl), n. [A.-S. t/tislel, 
allied to Eng. teasel.] One of nu- 
merous prickly plants. [thistles. 

ThIs'TLY (this'ly), a. Overgrown with 

Thith'er, adv. [A.-S. thitler, thyder. 
See That.] 1. To that place. 2. To 
that point or result. 

Syn.— There.— TJtithcr denotes mo- 
tion toward a place; there denotes rest 
in a place ; as, I am goinjc thither, and 
6hall meet you there. But thither has 
now become obsolete, except in poetry, 
or a style purposely conformed to the 
past, and hence there has taken the place 
of thither; as. I shall go there to-morrow; 
we shall go there together. 

ThIth'er-ward, adv. Toward that 
place. 

Thole, n. [A.-S. thol] A pin in the 
gunwale of a boat, to confine the oar 
in rowing. 

Thong, n. [A.-S. thwang, thwong, 
fr. 0. Sax. tkuingan, to press, force.] 
A strap of leather, for fastening any 
thing. [thorax. 

THO-RAC'I€, a. Pertaining to the 

THO'RAL, a. [Lat. thorns, torus, a 
couch.] Pertaining to a bed. 

Tho'rax (89), n. [Gr. 0wpa£.] Por- 
tion of the trunk between the neck 
and abdomen ; the chest. 

Thorn, n. [A.-S.] 1. A sharp, woody 
shoot from a tree or shrub ; a spine. 

2. A tree or shrub armed with spines. 

3. Any thing troublesome. 
Thorn'y, a. [-er; -est, 142] 1. 

Full of thorns. 2. Sharp ; pricking. 

3. Troublesome ; vexatious. 
TH6R'6uGH(thQr'o),re. [A.-S. thuruh, 

thurh. See THROUGH.] Passing 

through or to J;he end : complete. 
Thor'ough-base (thur'o-), n. Rep- 



resentation of chords by figures 
placed under the base. 

Thor'ough-bra(,'e (thur'o-), n. A 
leather strap supporting the body of 
a carriage. 

Thor'ough-bred (thfir'o-), a. 1. 
Bred from the best blood, as horses. 
2. Conipletely accomplished. 

Thor'ough-fare (thur'o-), n. A 
passage through ; a frequented street. 

Th6r'ocjgh-go'ing (thttr'o-), a. 
Very thorough ; complete. 

Th6r'ough-ly (thur'o-), adv. Fully ; 
entirely ; completely. 

Thor'ough-ness (thur'o-), n. State 
or quality of being thorough. 

THOR'OUGH-PAfED ( thur'o-past), a. 
Perfect in what is undertaken. 

THOR'OUGH-WORT (thur'o-wQrt), n. 
Amedicinal plant ; boneset. 

THOSE, pron. ; pi. of That. 

Thou, pron. [A.-S. thfi, thu.] The 
second personal pronoun, in the sing, 
number ; — used in the solemn or po- 
etical style. 

Though (tho, 75), adv. & conj. [A.-S. 
theah, thch.] 1. Granting; admit- 
ting. 2. However. 

Syn.— Although. — These words dif- 
fer only in one respect; atthouyhis the 
stronger and more emphatic of the two, 
and is therefore usually chosen to begin 
a sentence, as, "Although I have many 
competitors, I still hope to succeed." See 
While. 

Thought (thawt), n. [A.-S. theaht, 
tholit, from thencean, tkencan, to 
think.] 1. Act of thinking; reflec- 
tion ; meditatiou. 2. That which is 
thought. 3. A small degree or quan- 
tity. — v., imp. & p. p. of Think. 

Thought'ful (thawt'-), a. 1. Em- 
ployed in meditation. 2. Having the 
mind directed to an object. 3. Fa- 
vorable to meditation. 

Syn. — Considerate. — He who is ha- 
bitually thought/til rarely neglects his 
duty or his true interest; he who is con- 
siderate pauses to reflect and guard him- 
self against error. One who is not 
thoughtful by nature, if he can be made 
cousitlerate, will usually be guarded 
against serious mistakes. 

THOUGHT'FUL-LY (thawt 7 -), adv. In 
a thoughtful manner. 

Thought'ful-ness (thawt'-), n. 
State or quality of being thoughtful. 

THOUGHT'LESS (thawt'-), a. Lacking 
or free from thought; careless. 

THOUGHT'LESS-LY (thawt'-), adv. 
Without thought ; carelessly. 

Thought'less-ness, n. State or 
quality of being thoughtless. 

Thousand, a. or n. [A.-S thtisend, 
Goth, thusundi, fr. thus, for tigus, 
tai/iun, ten, and hund, hundred.] 
Ten hundred. 

Thousandth, at. 1. Next after nine 
hundred and ninety-nine. 2. Be- 
ing one of a thousand equal parts 
into which anything is divided. — ». 
One of a thousand equal parts. 

THRALL, n. [A.-S. l/iral, thrall, fr. 
thrdla, to serve, drudge.] 1. A slave ; 
a bondman. 2. Slavery ; bondage. 

Thrall'dom, ) n. Slavery ; bond- 

Thral'dom, J age; servitude 



ThrXsh, v. t. [-EDJ-ING.] [A -S. 
thriscan, t/irescan.] 1. To beat out 
grain from. 2. To beat soundly. 

Thrash'er, n. One who thrashes 
grain. 

Thra-son'I€-AL, a. [From Thraso, 
a braggart 6oldier in Terence's 
" Eunuch."] Braggart ; boastful. 

THREAD, 7i. [A.-S. Uir*'d,fr.thraivan, 
to twist.] 1. A small twist of flax, 
wool, cotton, silk, or the like, drawn 
out. 2. A filament. 3. The promi- 
nent spiral part of a screw. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. To pass a thread 
through the eye of. 2. To pass 
through, as a narrow channel. 

THREAD'BARE, a. 1. Having the nap 
worn off. 2. Trite ; hackneyed. 

Thread'y, a. Like thread. 

THREAT, n. [See infra.} Declaration 
of an intention to inflict punish- 
ment, loss, or pain, on another. 

Syn. — Menace.— Threat is the more 
familiar term ; the latter is employed 
only in the higher kinds of style. We 
are threatened with a. drought ; the 
country is menaced witli war. 

THREAT'JSN, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. 
thredtian, to urge, threaten.] 1. To 
hold up to the expectation of evil ; 
to menace. 2. To exhibit the appear- 
ance of something evil or unpleasant 
as approaching to. — v. i. To use 
threats. [threat. 

THREAT'EN-ING,p. a. Indicating a 
Syn. — See Imminent. 

THREE, a. or n. [A.-S. thri, allied to 
Lat. tres, Skr. tri.] Two and one. 

Three'-dEck'er, n. A vessel of 
war, carrying guns on three decks. 

Three'fold, a. Consisting of three, 
or thrice repeated. 

Threepence (thrip'ens), n. A small 
silver coin worth three pennies. 

Three'pen-ny (thrip'en-ny), a. 
Worth three pence only ; * hence, 
poor; mean. 

Three'-ply, a. [From ply, a fold.] 
Consisting of three distinct webs iu- 
wrought together in weaving. 

Three'score, a. Thrice twenty ; 
sixty. 

THREN'O-DY, rt. [Gr. fyrr/i/coSta; 0prj- 
yos, lamentation, and «o5^, a song.] 
A song of lamentation : a dirge. 

Thresh, v. t. See Thrash. 

THRESH'ER, n. A thrasher. 

THRESH'OLD, n. [A.-S. thresrwaUU 
prob fr. threscan, to rhrash, and 
wald, wood.] 1. A door-sill ; hence, 
entrance, door. 2. Place or point of 
entering or beginning ; outset. 

THREW (thru), imp. of Throw. 

Thrice, adv. [0. Eng. thries, from 
three ] Three times. 

ThrYd, v. t. [-ded : -DING.] [From 
thread, v. t.] To slide through, by 
a narrow passage ; to thread. 

Thrift, n. [From thrive.] 1. A 
thriving state or condition. 2. Suc- 
cess in the acquisition of property. 

ThrTft'I-ly, adv. In a thrifty man- 
ner. 

ThrYft'i-ness, n. State or quality 
of being thrifty. 



( 



0R,DO,wpLF, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; r, g,so/*; €,ti,hard; Ag; exist; n as NG ; this. 






THRIFTLESS 



438 



TICKET 



Thrift'less, a. Not thrifty ; not 

thriving. [thriftless. 

Thrift'less-ness, n. State of being 
ThrIft'y, a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] 1. 

Given to, or evincing, thrift. 2. 

Thriving by industry and frugality. 

3. Growing rapidly , as a plant. 

Syn. — Frugal; sparing; economical. 

Thrill, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
thyrkelian, thyrlian. See Drill.] 1 
To bore ; to drill. 2. To affect, as 
if by something that pierces, pricks, 
or causes a tingling sensation. — v. i. 

1. To penetrate ; esp. to cause a 
tingling sensation that runs through 
the system. 2. To feel a sharp, 
shivering sensation. — n. 1. A drill. 

2. A warbling ; a trill. [See TRILL.] 

3. A thrilling sensation. 
Thrive, v. i. [-ed; -ed or -en; 

-ING.] [Tcel. thrifa, to care, thrlfaz, 
to grow, flourish, A.-S. thrajian, to 
urge, allied to Eng. drive.] 1. To 
prosper by industry and good man- 
agement. 2. To grow vigorously, as 
a plant. 

Thriv'er, n. One who thrives. 

Throat (20), n. [A.-S. thrate.] 1. 
Portion of the neck anterior to the 
spinal column. 2. Passage into the 
lungs or the stomach. 

Throb, v. i. [-bed; -bing.] [Prob. 
contr.fr. throw up.] To beat forcibly, 
as the heart or pulse ; to palpitate. — 
n. A strong pulsation ; a palpitation. 

Throe, n. [A.-S. threa, chiding, afflic- 
tion.] Extreme pain ; anguish ; esp., 
the anguish of travail in childbirth. 

Throne, n. [Gr. 6p6vo<;, allied to 
Opavos, a bench.] A chair of state, 
commonly a royal seat. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To enthrone. 2. To exalt. 

Throng, n. [A.-S., fr. thringan, to 
press.] A multitude of people press- 
ing or pressed into a close body. 

Syn. — Multitude; crowd.— Any great 
number of persons form a multitude; a 
thronff is a large number of persons who 
prees together into a collective body; a 
crowd is a mass of persons who press 
bo closeb/ together as to bring their 
bodies into immediate contact. 

— v. i. or t. [-ed ; -ing.] To crowd 
together ; to press, as persons. 

Thros'tle (thros'l), n. [A.-S.] See 
Thrush. — n. A machine for spin- 
ning wool, cotton, &c. 

Throt'tle, n. [Dim. of throat.] The 
windpipe. — v. t. or i. [-ED; -ing.] 
To choke ; to strangle ; to suffocate. 

Through (throb, 21), prep. [A.-S. 
thurh, thuruh.] 1. From end to end 
of, or from side to side of. 2. By 
wieans of. 3. Over the whole extent 
of. 4. From beginning to end. — 
adv. 1. From one end or side to the 
other. 2. From beginning to end. 

Through-out' (throb-), prep Quite 
through ; in every part of. — adv. In 
every part 

Throw, v. t. [threw; thrown; 
THROWING.] [A.-S. thrawan, to 
twist, turn, throw ] 1. To fling or cast 
in any manner ; to propel. 2. To twist 
two or more filaments of, as silk, so 



as to form one thread. 3. To over- 
turn in wrestling. — v. i. To per- 
form the act of casting ; to cast. — n. 
1. Act of hurling or hinging. 2. A 
cast of dice. 3. Distance which a 
missile is or may be thrown. 

Thrower, n. One who throws. 

Throwster, n. One who throws or 
twists silk. 

Thrum, n. [Icel. thfCm, edge, lip.] 
1. One of the ends of weavers' 
threads. 2. Any coarse yarn. — v. 
?'. [Icel. thnmia, to groan, thunder.] 
To play rudely or monotonously on 
an instrument with the fingers. — v. 
t. [-MED; -MING.] 1. To insert tufts 
in. 2. To play, as an instrument, 
in a rude or monotonous manner. 

THRUSH, n. [A.-S. thrysce.] 1. A 
small singing bird. 2. [From thrust.] 
Minute ulcers in the mouth and 
throat. 

Thrust, v. t. [thrust ; thrust- 
ing.] [Icel. thrista, to force, urge.] 
To push with force ; to drive or im- 
pel. — v. i. To attack with a pointed 
weapon. — n. 1. A violent push. 2. 
Outward pressure, as of an arch 
against its abutments. 

Thrust'er, n. One who thrusts. 

Thug, n. [Hind, thag, a deceiver, 
robber.] One of a Hindoo sect who 
practiced murder stealthily and from 
religious motives. 

THUMB (thQm), n. [A.-S. thuma or 
thfoma.] The short, thick finger of 
the hand. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING. 1. 
To handle awkwardly. 2. To soil or 
wear with the thumb or the fingers. 

TiitiMB'-scREW (thum'tkru), n. A 
screw having the head flattened in 
the direction of its length. 

Thumb'-stall (thum'-), n. A kind 
of thimble of iron or leather, for 
protecting the thumb. 

TlIUM'MlM,n.pl. [SeeTJRIM.] Per- 
fections; — name of an ornament 
worn in the breastplate of the Jewish 
high priest. 

Thump, n. [An onomatopoeia.] Sud- 
den fall of a heavy weight or the 
sound made by it. — v. I. [-ed ; 
-ING.] To strike or beat with some- 
thing thick or heavy. — v. i. To 
sti-ike or fall with a heavy blow. 

THUN'DER, n. [A.-S. thunor, thunder.] 
1. The sound which follows light- 
ning. 2. Any loud noise. 3. De- 
nunciation published, — v. i. [-ed; 
-ING.] 1. To rattle or roar, as an ex- 
plosion of electricity. 2. To make a 
loud noise of some continuance. — 
v. t. To emit with noise and terror. 

Thun'der-bolt, n. 1. A shaft of 
lightning. 2. Ecclesiastical denun- 
ciation : fulmination. 

Thun'der-CLAP, n. Sudden report 
of an explosion of electricity. 

THUN'DER-ER,M. One who thunders. 

TlltJN'DER-SHOW'ER. n. A shower 
accompanied with thunder 

Thun'der-storm, n. A storm with 
lightning and thunder. 

THfTN'DER-STRUCK, p. a. Struck 
dumb with amazement ; astonished. 



Thu'ri-BLE (30), n. [Lat. thvribulum, 
from thus, thuris, frankincense.] A 
censer of metal, for burning incense. 

THU-RIF'ER-OUS, a. [Lat. tkurifer ; 
thus, thuris, frankincense, and ferre, 
to bear.] Producing frankincense. 

Thu'ri-fi-ca'tion, ii. [Lat. tints, 
thuris, frankincense, and facere, to 
make.] Act of burning incense. 

ThOrs'day, n. [Orig. consecrated to 
Thor. the god of thunder.] Fiftk 
day of the week. 

T«us, adv. [A.-S.] 1. In this or that 
manner. 2. To this degree ; so. 

Thwack, v. t. [-ed; -ing. J [A.-S. 
thaccian, to touch gently, to stroke.] 
To strike with something fiat or 
heavy, — n. A heavy blow ; a thump. 

Thwart, a. [A.-S. Ihweorh, thveor, 
oblique, athwart. Cf. QUEER.] 
Across something else : transverse. — 
v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. Tomoveacross. 
2. To cross, as a purpose ; hence, to 
frustrate. — n. Seat of a boat on 
which the rowers sit. [ship. 

Thwart'-ships, adv. Across the 

TfiV,)OT". [Abbrev. fr. thine.] Of 
thee, or belonging to thee. 

THYME (tim), 11. [Lat. thymum, thy- 
mus, Gr. Qvfxov, 0v|uos, fr. Oveiv, to 
sacrifice, to smell.] A pungent aro- 
matic plant. [thyme ; fragrant. 

Thym'y (tim'y), a. Abounding in 

Thy'roid, a. [Gr. 0ypeoet6>js, shield- 
shaped.] Resembling a shield. 

Thy-self', pron. An emphasized 
Jorm of Thou. 

Ti-a'ra,ji. [Gr. Tl- 
apa.] 1. A sort of 
hat with a high 
crown, worn by the 
ancient Persians. 
2. The pope's triple 
crown. 

Tib' i- A, v. [Lat.], 
The shin-bone. 

TlB'I-AL, a. 1. Per-, 
taining to the large 
bone of the leg. 2. 
Pertaining to a pipe or flute. 

Tie, n. [See infra.] An habitual con- 
vulsive motion of some of the mus- 
cles of the face. 

Tic- D o ul oureux (tTkWo-lob- 
rob'), n. [Fr., fr. tic, a knack, and 
douloureux, painful.] Neuralgia in 
the face. 

Tick, n. 1. [Prob. abbrev. fr. ticket.] 
Credit ; trust. 2. [Fr. tiqve, D. Uek.] 
A little insect that infests sheep, 
dogs, cows, &c. 3. [Lat. theca, case, 
Gr. 0}j/o}.] Cover or case of a bed. 
4. A kind of cloth, for making such 
a cover. 5. The beat of a watch or 
clock. 6. Any small mark to direct 
attention.— v. i. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To go on credit. 2. To trust. 3. To 
make a small noise, as a watch or 
clock ; to click. [ing. 

Tick'en, n. Cloth for bed-ticks ; tick- 

TlCK'ET, 11. [For sticket, fr 0. Fr. es- 
licquette, a label, ticket, small point- 
ed piece of wood, fr. L. Ger. stikke, 
a tack, peg.] A small piece of paper 
serving as a notice, certificate, or 




Tiara (2). 



A, E, I, 6,u, Y,long; A.EjI.O, U, ¥, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, t£rm; PIQUE, firm; son, 



TICKING 



439 



TIMOROUSLY 



distinguishing token of something. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ing.] To distinguish 
by, or furnish with, a ticket. 

TIck'ing, n, [from tick.] Cloth for 
making bed-ticks. 

Tick'le (tlk'l), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Dim. of tick, to beat, pat.] 1. To 
touch lightly, so as to cause a pecul- 
iar thrilling sensation. 2. To please 
by slight gratification. — v. i. To 
feel, or to excite the sensation of, tit- 
illation. 

Tick'ler, n. One who tickles. 

TlCK'LISH, a. 1. Easily tickled. 2. 
Liable to totter and fall at the slight- 
est touch. 3. Critical. 

Tick'lish-ness, n. State or quality 
of being ticklish. 

TlD'AL, a. Pertaining to tides ; peri- 
odically rising and falling. [sel. 

TlD'B.IT, n. A delicate or tender mor- 

TIDE, n. [A.-S. t'uJ, for tl/iadh, time.] 

1. The alternate rising and falling 
of the waters of the oceau, &c. 2. 
Stream ; current. 3. Tendency of 
causes, influences, or events. — r. t. 
or i. To drive with the tide or 
stream. 

TIde'-lock, ii. A lock situated be- 
tween an entrance-basin and a canal, 
harbor, or river. 

TIdes'-MAN (150), n. An officer who 
remains on boai-dof a merchant ship 
_till the goods are landed. 

TlDE'-WAlT'ER, n. An officer who 
watches the lauding of goods. 

Ti'di-ly, adv. With neat simplicity. 

Tl'DI-NESS, n. State of being tidy. 

TI'DlNGS, n. pi. [A.-S. ttdian, to hap- 
pen, Eng. betide, fr. tide.] Account 
of what has taken place, and was 
not before known. 

Syn. — News. — The term news de- 
notes recentintelli^em-e from smv quar- 
ter: the term ti</i/i;/s denotes intelligence 
expected from a particular quarter, 
showing: what has there betided. We 
may l>e curious to hear the news; we are 
always anxious for tidings. 

Ti'dy, a. [-ER : -EST, 142.] [From 
tide, time. | Arranged in good order ; 
neat ; cleanly. — n. A cover for the 
back of a chair, arms of a sofa, &c. 

Tie, v. t. [tied ; tytxg, 141.] [A.-S. 
tygan. contr. ti/an, t'inn.] 1. To 
fasten with a hand or cord and knot. 

2. To knit ; to complicate. 3. To 
constrain ; to restrain : to confine. 

— n. 1. A knot: fastening. 2. Bond ; 
obligation, moral or legal. 3. An 
equality in numbers, as of votes, &c. 
4. A beam, rod, or the like, for hold- 
ing two bodies or 
parts together. 5. 
A curved line over 
or under notes, sig- -^4 
nifying that they 
are to be closely united in perform- 
ance 

Tl'ER, n. 1. One who ties. 2. A child's 
apron, coverimr, the breast. 

Tier (tor), n. [A.-S. tier, rank, heap, 
attire.] A row or rank, esp. when two 
or more are placed one above another. 

TIERCE (or terss), n. [From Lat. ter- 





tiwt, the third] 1. A cask holding 
one third of a pipe, or 42 wine gal- 
lons. 2. A certain thrust in fencing. 

T7.E.fiS-.£:zvir(te-erz / a / ta'), n. [Fr.] 
The third estate, or commonalty ; — 
so called as inferior to the nobles and 
clergy. [France.] 

TiFF, n. [Allied to tip, with reference 
to pouring liquor from one vessel in- 
to another.] 1. A small draught of 
liquor. 2. A fit of peevishness. 

Tif'fa-ny, n. [Cf. 0. Fr. tiffe, orna- 
ment.] A species of gauze. 

Tl'GER,n. [Gr. Tt- a 

■ypis.] A fierce and fgg\ #\,W. 
rapacious animal 
found in Southern 
Asia. 

Ti'uer €AT, n. A 
carnivorous ani- 
mal resembling 
the tiger, but Bengal Tiger, 
smaller. 

Tight (tit), a. [-er ; -est.] [0. Eng. 
tight, p. p. of tie, to bind.] 1. Com- 
pact. 2. Not leaky ; close. 3. Fitting 
close to the body. 4. Parsimonious. 
5. Somewhat intoxicated. [Collor/.] 

Tighten (fit'n), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
To draw tighter : to straighten. 

Tight'ly (tlt'ly), adv. In a tight 
manner; closely. 

TIght'ness (tit'-), n. Quality or con- 
dition of being tight ; closeness ; 
compactness. [taloons. 

Tights (tits), n. pi. Close-fitting pan- 

Ti'GRESS, n. The female of the tiger. | 

TIKE, n. [Armor, tick, a housekeeper, 
farmer, fr. ti, a house.] 1. A coun- 
tryman or clown. 2. [Icel. tik.] A 
dog ; a cur. 

TlL'BU-RY, n. [Prob. fr. Tilbury fort, 
in Essex, Eng.] A two-wheeled car- 
riage, without a top or cover. 

TILE, n. [Lat. tegula, fr. tegere, to 
cover.] 1. A plate of slate-stone or 
of baked clay, for covering roofs, or 
for floors, drains, &c. 2. A hat. — v. 
t. [-ED ; -ING.] To cover with tiles. 

TTl'er, ii. 1. A man who lays tiles. 
2. A doorkeeper at a masonic lodge. 

TfLL, n. [A.-S. tilian, to prepay, pro- 
vide, compute.] A money-box in a 
shop. — prep. [A.-S. til, prob. ace. 
of til, till, an end.] 1. To the time 
of. 2. Up to the time ; — that is, to 
the time specified. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] [A.-S. tilian. teolian. Cf. 
TOIL.] To plow and prepare for 
seed ; to cultivate. 

TTll'a-BLE, a. Capable of being tilled. 

TlLL'AGE, ii. 1. Operation or art of 
tilling. 2. A place tilled. 

TiLL'ER, 11. 1. A husbandman. 2. 
The bar used to turn a rudder. 3. 
The shoot of a plant, springing from 
the root. — v. i. [-ed:-ing.] To 
put forth new shoots from the root 
of the original stalk 

TILT, n. [A.-S. teld, ge/eld, fr. teldan, 
to cover, shut in.] 1. A covering 
overhead ; an awning ; a tent. 2. 
Cloth covering of a cart. 3. A thrust, 
as with a lance. 4. A sportive com- 
bat on horseback. 5. A tilt-hammer. 



6. Inclination forward. — v. t. [A.S. 
tealtrian. tealtian, to waver.] 1. To 
raise one end of. 2. To point or 
thrust, as a lance. 3. To hammer or 
forge with a tilt-hammer.— v. i. 1. To 
run, or ride, and thrust with a laucc. 
2. To lean ; to fall, as on one side. 

Tilt'er. n. One who tilts, [culture. 

TILTH, n. State of being tilled; 

Tilt'-H.Xm'mer, ». A heavy ham- 
mer in iron-works ; a trip-hammer. 

TlM'BER, »?. [A.-S. tiwbor, timber, 
wood, building.] 1. Wood proper 
for buildings or for tools, utensils, 
&c. 2. Trunk of a tree. 3. A 
single squared stick of wood for 
building.— v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] To 
furnish with timber. 

Tdi'bered, p. a. 1. Furnished with 
timber. 2. Wooded. 

TiM'BREL, ii. [It. tamburello, dim. 
of tamburo, a tabor.] A kind of 
drum or tabor. 

TIME, n. [A.-S. tlma, for tihama, fr. 
tlhan, to say.] 1. A particular period 
or part of duration. 2. An oppor- 
tunity. 3. Duration of one : s life. 
4. Age ; period. 5. Repetition. 6. pi. 
State of things at a particular period. 

7. The present life. 8. Measure of 
sounds; tone. — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
1. To adapt to the occasion. 2. To 
regulate as to time. 3. To ascer- 
tain the time or rate of/ 

Time'-keep'er, n. A clock or watch. 

TpiE'LI-NESS, n. Seasonableness. 

Time'ly, a. [-er; -est, 142.] Being 
in good time; seasonable. — adv. 
Early ; in good season. 

Time'-piece, n. A clock or watch. 

Time'-sErv'er, 11. One who suits his 
opinions and manners to the times. 

TblE'-SERV'ING, a. Obsequiously 
complying with the spirit of the 
times, or the humors of men in pow- 
er. — n. An obsequious compliance 
with the spirit of the times, cr the 
humors of men in power. 

Svx. — Temporizing. — Both these 
words are applied to the conduct of one 
who adapts himself servilely to times' 
and seasons. A time-server is rather 
active, and a temporizer, passive. One 
whose policy is time-serrinrj comes for- 
ward to act upon principles or opinions 
which may promote his advancement? 
one who is temporizing yields to the cur- 
rent of public sentiment or prejudice, 
and shrinks frotn a course of action 
which might injure him with others. 
The former is dishonest; the latter is 
weak; and both are contemptible. 

TTme'-ta'ble, n. A tabular state- 
ment of the time when something is 
to take place. 

TDI'ID, a. [Lat. timidvs.] Wanting 
courage to meet danger ; afraid. 
Sy>'. —Fearful; timorous; cowardly. 

Tl-MID'I-TY, n. "Want of courage. 

Toi'ID-LY, adv. Without courage. 

Tim'ist, n. A performer spoken of 
with reference to his ability to keep 
good time. 

TTM'o-ROfJS, a. [L. Lat. timorosus, 
from Lat. timor, fear.] Fearful of 
danger : timid. 

Tim'o-RoOs-ly, adv. Fearfully. 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, Pl/LL ; E, I, O, silent ; C,G, soft; €,a,/iard; Ag; EXIST; NosNG.; THIS. 



TIMOROUSNESS 



440 



TOAST 



TIM'o-roOs-ness, n. Timidity. 

TIm'o-thy, In. [From. Tim- 

TIm'o-thy-grass, I otky Hanson.] 
A kind of grass prized for fodder. 

TIN, n. [A.-S.] 1. A well-known white 
metal. 2. Thin plates of iron covered 
vrithtin.— v. t. [-NED ; -NiNG.] To 
cover with tin or tinned iron. 

TInc'al, n . [Malay, tingkal, Per. 
ti.nkar^ tinkal] Crude borax. 

TlN€T'URE (53), n. [Lat. tinctura, fr. 
tingere, to dye.] 1. A tinge or shade 
of color. 2. One of the metals, 
colors, or furs used in armory. 3. 
A spirit containing medicinal sub- 
stances in solution. 4. Slight taste 
or quality added to any thing. — v. I. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. To tinge; to im- 
pregnate with some extraneous mat- 
ter. 2. To imbue the mind of. 

TTn'der, n. [A.-S. tender, tynder, fr. 
tendan, tindan, to kindle.] Some- 
thing very inflammable, used for 
kindling fire. [tinder is kept. 

Tin'der-box, n. A box in which 

TINE, n. [A.-S. tind, a prickle, tindas, 
a harrow.] Tooth or spike, as of a 
fork ; a prong. [leaf. 

TIn'-foil, n. Tin reduced to a thin 

Ting, n. [An onomatopoeia.] A sharp 
sound, as of a bell ; a tinkling. 

TINGE, f. t. [TINGED: TINGEING, 
140.] [Lat. tingere.] To imbue or 
impregnate with something foreign ; 
esp., to color slightly. — n. A slight 
degree of some color, taste, or the 
like, infused into something else. 

TlN'GLE, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Dim. 
of ting.] To feel a thrilling pain or 
a slight pricking sensation. 

TInk/er, n. [From the tinkling noise 
he makes.] A mender of metal ware. 
— v. t. To mend, as metal wares; 
hence, generally, to mend. 

TTnk'le (tlnk'l), v. i. [Allied to tingle.] 
1. To make small, sharp sounds, as 
by striking on metal. 2. To resound 
with a small, sharp sound. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To cause to clink. — n. 
A small, sharp, metallic sound. 

TTn'man (150), n. A manufacturer 
of, or dealer in, tin ware. [ware. 

TlN'NER, n. One who works in tin 

TfN'NY, a. Pertaining to, consisting 
of, or like, tin. [with tin. 

TIn'-plate, n. Sheet-iron coated 

TlN'SEL, n. [Fr. ctincelle, a spark, 
Lat. scintilla.] 1. A shining material 
used for ornament. 2. Something 
shining and gaudy, of little value. 3. 
A kind of lace. —v. t. [-ED, -ING ; 
or -LED, -LING, 137] To adorn with 
cheap bit showy ornaments. 

TlNT,ra. [Fr.teinte. teint, from Lat. 
tinctus,ip. p. of tingere, to dye.] A 
slight coloring distinct from the 
principal color. — v. t. [-ED; -ing ] 
To give a slight coloring to ; to tinge. 

TIn'tin-nab'u-la-ry. a. [Lat. tin-. 
■ tinnabulum. a little bell.] Having 
or making the sound of a bell. 

TIn'tin-nXb'u-la'tion, n. A tink- 
ling sound, as of a bell. 

ITI'NY. a. [-ER: -EST. 142.] [Prob. a 
dim. of thin, Dan. tynd.] Very small. 



Tip, n. [Tcel. typpi.] Extremity of 
any thing small ; end. — v. t. [-PED ; 
-ping.] 1. To form a point on ; to 
cover the end of. 2. [L. Ger. tippen.] 
To tap. 3. To give to. [Eng.] 4. To 
lower one end of. — v, i To fall on 
or toward one side ; to fall headlong. 

TiP'PET,??. [A.-S. tappet; tappe, tape.] 
A narrow covering for the neck. 

TlP'PLE, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Dim. 
of tip.] To drink spirituous or strong 
liquors habitually, esp., without ab- 
solute drunkenness. — v. t. Todrink, 
as strong liquors, in excess. 

TlP'PLE R, n. One who tipples. 

TlP'STAFF, n. A constable. 

TlP'SY,a. [Cf. Tipple.] 1. Fuddled; 
partially intoxicated. 2. Staggering. 

TlP'TOE,n. End of the toe or toes. 

TlP'-TOP, n. Highest or utmost de- 
gree. — a. Yery excellent ; perfect. 

Tl-RADE', n. [Fr., fr. tirer, to draw.] 
A strain of invective ; a series of 
violent declamation. 

Tire, n. [See Tier.] 1. A row or 
rank. 2. A head-dress. 3. Attire. 
4. A child's apron, covering the 
breast; a tier. [See TIER.] 5. A 
hoop of iron for a wheel. — v. t. 
[-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. terian, tirian, 
to vex, irritate, teorian, to weary, fr. 
teran, to tear.] To exhaust the 
strength of, by toil. 

Syx. — To jade ; weary ; fatigue ; 
harass. See Jade. 

— v. i. 1. To become weary. 2. [Fr. 
tirer, to draw or pull.] To seize and 
tear prey, as a bird does. 

TIRE'SOME, a. Exhausting the 
strength or patience ; fatiguing ; te- 
dious. 

TlRE'SOME-NESS, n. Quality or state 
of being tiresome. [a theater. 

TlRE'-WOM>AN (150), n A dresser in 

TlR'ING-ROOM, n. Room where play- 
ers dress for the stage. 

Tis'suE (tlsh'shij), n. [Fr. tissn.fr. 
tisser, tistre, to weave.] 1. Cloth 
interwoven with gold or silver. 2. 
The texture of anatomical elements 
of which any part of the body is 
composed. 3. A connected series. 

— v. t. [-ed; -ing, 144.] To form 
tissue of: to interweave. 

TIT, n. [Cf. I eel. tita, a tender thing.] 
1. A small horse. 2. [Cf. Eng. TEAT 
and Titmouse.] A small bird; a 
titmouse. 

TI-ta'ni-Dm, n. [So called from the 
Titans, giants of the Greek mythol- 
ogy.] A metal of a deep-blue color. 

TTt'b'j't, n. See Tidbit. 

TlTH'A-BLE, a. Subject to the pay- 
ment of tithes. 

Tithe, n. [A.-S. teodha, the tenth.] 
Tenth part of any thing, esp. of the 
increase from the profits of land and 
stock. — v.t. [-ed; -ING.] To tax 
to the amount of a tenth. 

Tith'ing, n. Act of taking tithe; 
that which is taken as tithe : a tithe. 

Tith'ING-MAN (150), n. 1. An under 
constable. 2. A parish officer elect- 
ed to enforce the observance of the 
Sabbath. 



TlT'IL-LATE,r.?'. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat 
titillar e l -latum.] To tickle. 

TiVlL-LA'TlON/tt. 1. Act of tickling, 
or state of being tickled. 2. Any 
pleasurable sensation. 

Ti'TLE (tl'tl), n. [Lat. titvlvs.] 1. An 
inscription, esp. one in the beginning 
of a book, containing the subject of 
the work. 2. An appellation of dig- 
nity or distinction. 3. A just cause 
of exclusive possession ; right. 4. In- 
strument which is evidence of a right. 

Sy>\— See Epithet, Name. 
— v.t. I-ed; -ing.] [Lat. titnlare.] 
To call by title ; to name ; to entitle. 

TPtee-page, ■>/. The page of a book 
which contains its title. 

Tit'mouse (150), n. [From tit, 
small, and A.-S. mase, a titmouse.] 
A small perching bird. 

Ti't'ter, v. i. [-ed : -ing.] [Cf. Tcel. 
titra, to tremble, N. II. Ger. zittern, 
to tremble. See Didder.] To laugh 
with the tongue striking against the 
root of the upper teeth. — n. A re- 
strained laugh. 

TTt'tle,ti. [Dim. of tit, small.] A 
small particle ; a jot; an iota. 

TlT'TLE-TAT'TLE, n. [A reduplica- 
tion of tattle.] Idle, trifling talk. 

TlT'U-LAR, a. [See TITLE.] Existing 
in name only ; nominal. 

TiT'u-LAR-LY, adv. Nominally. 

TiT'u-LA-RY, n. A person invested 
with a title, in virtue of which he 
holds an office. — a. Consisting in, 
or_ pertaining to, a title. 

Tme'sis (me'sis), n. [Gr. i>aj<ri?, fr. 
refxveiv, to cut.] A figure by which a 
compound word is separated, by the 
intervention of one or more words. 

To (128), prep. [A.-S. *6\] 1. It in- 
dicates approach and arrival ; also, 
motion or tendency without arrival. 
2. It indicates motion, course, or ten- 
dency toward a time, condition, aim, 
or any thing capable of being regard- 
ed as a limit to movement or action. 
S3P" To is also used as the sign of the 
infinitive; and it is used adverbially to 
modify the sense of verbs. 

Toad (20), n. [A.-S. tadie, tadigt.] A 
jimall reptile, having a warty body. 

TOAD'-EAT'ER, n. [From an old 
practice among mountebanks' boys 
of eating toads (supposed to be pois- 
onous), that their masters might 
have an opportunity of pretending 
to effect a cure] A fawning, obse- 
quious parasite ; a toady. 

Toad'-stool, n. A mushroom ; a 
fungous plant. 

Toad'y, n. [See Toad-eater.] A 
toad-eater ; a sycophant. — v. t. 
[-ed ; -ing, 142.'] To fawn upon 
_with mean sycophancy. 

Toast, v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] [Lat. torrere, 
tostum. to parch.] 1. To dry and 
scorch by the heat. 2. To warm 
thoroughly. 3. To drink to the 
health of, or in honor of. — n. 1. 
Bread dried and scorched ; — former- 
ly thought to be a great delicacy 
when put into liquor. 2. The name of 
any person, in honor of whom health 



A, E, I, 0,fj, Y, long; A, E,lj6 3 tj, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, T£RM; PIQUE, FIRM; SON, 



TOASTER 



441 



TONNAGE 



is drunk ; also, any thing commemo- 
rated in \ similar way. 

Ioast'ER, n. 1. One who toasts. 2. 
An instrument for toasting. 

TOAST'-MAS'TER, n. One who, at 
public dinners, announces the toasts. 

To-BX€'€0, n. [Ind. tabaco, pipe in 
which the Indians smoked the plant, 
transferred to the herb itself.] A 
plant or Us leaves, used for smoking 
and chewing, and in snuff. 

To-BAe'eo-NJST. n. A dealer in, or a 
manufacturer of, tobacco. 

Toe'SIN, n. [Fr., fr. 0. Fr. toquer, to 
touch, strike, and sein, seint, a bell.] 
An alarm-bell. 

T6d, n. [Icel. toddi,a, piece of a thing, 
tola, a little branch.] 1. A bush ; a 
thick shrub. 2. Twenty -eight pounds 
of wool. 

To-DAY', n. The present day. — adv. 
On this day. 

Tod'dle , v. i. [Allied to totter, dad- 
die, and topple.] To walk with short 
steps, as a child. 

Tod'dy, n. [Hind, l&r'i, juice of the 
pahmra tree, vulgarly toddy.] 1. 
A spirituous liquor prepared from va- 
rious kinds of palm in the East In- 
dies. 2. Spirit and water sweetened. 

To-do', n. Bustle ; stir ; ado. 

TOE, it. [A.-S. toh, to.] 1. One of the 
small members at the extremity of 
the foot. 2. The member of a beast's 
foot corresponding to the toe in man. 
— v. t. [-ed; ing, 140.] To touch 
or reach with the toes. 

TO'GA, n. [Lat. tegere, to cover.] The 
loose outer garment worn by the 
ancient Romans. 

To'GA-TED, ) a. [Lat. togatus, from 

To'GED, | toga.] Dressed in a 
gown ; wearing a gown. 

To-G£TH'ER, adv. { A. -S. to gad 'ere, 
i. e.,at gddere, together, fr. gador, at 
once. Cf. Gather.] 1. In "the same 
place. 2. In the same time. 3. In com- 
pany ; unitedly. 4. In or into union. 

T<jG'ger-y, n. [0. Eug. toge, a toga, 
gown.] Clothes ; articles of dress. 

ToG'GLE, n. [Cf. ^g-,and Ger. stbckel, 
a little stick.] A small wooden pin 
tapering toward both ends with a 
groove around its center. 

ToG'GLE-JOINT. n. i 1 _w?>^^ |— I 

An elbow -like joint. GiC^-^^^b) 



[-ed;L_j 1 — I 

Toggle-joint. 



Toil. 

-ING.] A.-S. teo- 
lian, tili an. See 
TILL.] To labor ; to work hard. — 
n. 1. Labor with pain and fatigue. 
Syn. — Labor; drudgery. — Labor im- 
plies strenuous exertion, but not neces- 
sarily such as overtasks the faculties; 
toil denotes a severity of labor which is 
painful and exhausting; drudgery im- 
plies mean and degrading work, or, at 
least, work which wearies or disgusts 
from its minuteness or dull uniformity. 
2. [Fr. toiles, pi. toils, nets.fr. toile, 
cloth, fr. Lat. tela, any woven stuff.] 
A net or snare. 

ToiL'ER, n. One who toils. 

TOI'LET, n. [Fr. toilette, from toile, 
cloth, linen.] 1. A dressing-table. 
2. Mode of dressing ; attire; dress. 



TOIL's6me, a. Laborious. 

Toil's6me-ness, n. Laboriousness. 

Toise, n. [Fr.] A fathom in France, 
or about 6.39459 English feet. 

To-KAY',n. A wine produced at Tokay 
jn Hungary. 

To'KEN, n. [A.-S. tar.on, tacun. fr. 
tsecan, to teach, show.] 1. Some- 
thing intended or supposed to repre- 
sent or indicate something else. 2. A 
memorial : a souvenir. 

Syn. — Sign; note; symbol; badge. 

Told, imp. & p. p. of Tell. 

TOLE,t. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Prob.fr. 
toll, to call by a bell.] To allure by 
som': bait. 

TOL'ER-A-BLE, a. [Lat. tolerabilis.] 
1. Capable of being endured ; sup- 
portable. 2. Moderately good. 

ToL'ER-A-BLE-NESS, n. State of 
being tolerable. [manner. 

T6l'er-A-BLY, adv. In a tolerable 

Tol'ER-ANCE, n. Toleration. 

TOL'ER-ANT, a. [Lat. tolerans.] For- 
bearing; indulgent. 

TOL'ER-ATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
tolerare, -ratum, fr. the root tol, 
to bear.] To suffer to be or to be 
done without hindrance. 

Tol'ER-a'TION, n. Act of tolerating ; 
allowance of that which is not wholly 
approved. 

TOLL, n. [A.-S. toll, fr. Gr. Te'Aos, a 
tax, toll.] 1. A tax or fee for passing 
over a bridge or on a highway. 2. 
Portion of grain taken by a miller as 
a compensation for grinding. — v. t. 
or i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Cf. W. tol, tolo, 
a loud sound.] To sound, as a bell, 
with strokes uniformly repeated at 
intervals." — n. The sounding of a 
bell with strokes slowly and uniform- 
Jy repeated. 

Toll'booth, n. [From toll and 
booth.] A prison. 

Toll'-BRIdge, n. A bridge where 
toll is paid for passing it. 

TOLL'-HOUSE, n. A house occupied 
by a receiver of tolls. [toll. 

TOLL'MAN (150), n. One who collects 

To-LU', n. A resin, or oleo-resin, first 
brought from Santiago de Tolu, in 
New Granada. 

TOM'A-HAWK. n. 
[Ind.] "A kind 
of war-hatchet 
used by the 
American In- 
dians. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To 
cut or kill with 
a tomahawk. 

TO-MA'TO, or Tomahawks. 
To-ma'to, n. [Of American origin.] 
A plant and its fruit 

Tomb (tobm), n. [Gr. tv>j3os.] 1. A 
grave. 2. A vault for the reception 
of the dead. 3. A tombstone. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To place in a tomb ; 
to bury ; to inter. [a tomb. 

Tqmb'less (tobm'-), a. Destitute of 

ToM'BOY.n. [From Tom. for Thomas, 
and hoy.] A rude, romping girl. 

Tomb'stone (tobm'-), n. A memorial 
stone erected over a grave. 




ToM'eXT, n. A full-grown male cat 

TOME, n. [Gr. tojao?, a piece cut off, 
a volume.] A ponderous volume ; a 
book. 

To-m6r'row, n. Day after the pres- 
ent. — adv. On the day after the 
present day. 

T6m'pi-on, n. See Tampion. 

Tom'tIt, or Tom-tIt', n . [From Tom, 
for Thomas, and tit.] The titmouse. 

Ton, n. [Fr. See Tone.] Prevail- 
ing fashion. 

Ton (tan),n. [See Tun.] 1. The weight 
of 2240 pounds. In the U. S. com- 
monly estimated at 2000 pounds, this 
being sometimes called the short ton. 

2. Forty cubic feet, — by which the 
burden of a ship is estimated. 

Syn.— Tun. — The spelling ton has 
long been appropriated to the dry meas- 
ure, and tun to the wet measure, denot- 
ing a large cask, and also a certain 
measure for liquors, which varies in 
different countries. This distinction is 
a convenient one, and is now generally 
prevalent. 

Tone, n. [Gr. ToVos,a straining, rais- 
ing of the voice, tone, accent, fr. 
reiVeif, to stretch.] 1. Sound, or the 
character of a sound. 2. Modulation 
of the voice. 3. A whining style of 
speaking. 4. A sound considered as 
to pitch. 5. The larger kind of in- 
terval between contiguous sounds in 
the diatonic scale. 6. Healthy state 
of the system. 7. General or pre- 
vailing character or style, as of 
morals, manners, &c. 8. Prevailing 
color of a picture. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To utter with an affected 
tone. 2. To tune. 

Tone'less, a. Having no tone. 

Tongs, n. pi. [A.-S. tange.] An in- 
strument for handling fire or heated 
metals. 

Tongue (tung), n. [A.-S. tunge, O. 
Lat. dingua, afterward lingua.] 1. 
The instrument of taste, and, in man, 
of articulation. 2. Speech ; discourse. 

3. A language, or a nation, as distin- 
guished by language. 4. Something 
considered as resembling an animal's 
tongue. 

Syn.^- See Language. 
— v. t. [-ed ; -inc.] To modify with 
the tongue in playing the flute, &c. 

T6ngu.ed (ttingd), a. Having a 
tongue. [tongue. 

Tongue'less (tang'-), a. Having no 

T6ngue'-tied (tuug'tid), a. Unable 
to speak freel- , from whatever cause. 

Ton'io, a. [See Tone.] 1. Relating 
to tones or sounds. 2. Increasing 
strength, or the tone of the animal 
system. — n. 1. A medicine that 
gives vigor to the system. 2. (Mu\ 
Key-tone, or first tone of the scale.' 

To-nIght' (-nit/), n. The present 
night. — adv. On this night. 

T6n'nage (tun'naj, 45), n. [From 
ton.] 1. Weight cf goods carried in 
a boat or ship. 2. The cubical con- 
tent of a ship or ships in tons. 3. A 
duty or impost on ships, estimated 
per ton. 4. Whole amount of ship- 
ping estimated by tons. 



( 



6r, do, wolf, too, took; urn.rije.pull; e,I, o, silent; C, G, soft; €,G,hard; A£; exist; ncwng; this. 



TONSIL 



442 



TORY 



TbN'siL, n. [Lat. tonsillar, pi.] One 
of two glands in the throat. 

ToN'slLE, a. [Lat. tonsilis; londere, 
to clip.] Capable of being clipped. 

TON-SO'RI-AL, a. [Lat. tonsorius.] 
Pertaining to a barber, or to shaving. 

Ton'sure (tSn'shur), n. [See supra.] 
Act "of shaving the crown of the 
head ; or the state of being shorn. 

Ion-tine' (-ten')< n [From its in- 
ventor, Ton It, an Italian.] An an- 
nuity or survivorship, or a loan. 

^oo, adv. [A.-S. to.] 1. More than 
enough. 2. Likewise ; also. 
Syn. — See Likewise. 

Took (27), imp. of Take. 

Tool, n. [A.-S. tol. for tawil, fr. ta- 
wian, to make, prepare.] 1. Any in- 
strument, used in the manual arts ; 
an implement. 2. A person used as 
an instrument by another person. — 
v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To shape, form, 
or finish with a tool. 

Toot, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Ger. tuten, 
tuten, to blow the horn.] To make a 
peculiar noise by contact of the 
tongue with the upper gum. 

Tooth (150), n. [A.-S. kdh, pi. t&dh, 
allied to Skr. danta, fr. dang , dag , to 
bitei] 1. One of the small bones at- 
tached to the jaws for chewing food. 
2. Taste ; palate. 3. Any projection 
resembling the tooth of an animal. 
— v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To furnish 
with teeth. 2. To indent. 

Tooth'aohe (-ak), ji. Pain in the 
teeth. [extracts teeth. 

Tooth'-draw'er, n. One who 

Toothed (tootht), p. a. Having 
teeth or jags. 

TOOTH'-EDGE, n. Sensation excited 
by grating sounds, and by the touch 
of keen acids. 

TOOTH'LESS, a. Having no teeth. 

TOOTH'-PlCK, 11. An instrument for 
cleaning the teeth. 

TOOTH'SOiUE, a. 

Top, n. [A.-S.] 1. 
Highest part ; the 
upper end, edge, 
or side. 2. Utmost 
degree. 3. Highest 
rank. 4. A plat- 
form, surrounding 
the head of the 
lower mast. 5. 
[Up. Ger. top/.] A 
child's toy. — v. i 
1. To be eminent, 
nate. 3. To rise above others. — is. t. 
1. To cover on the top. 2. To rise 
above or to the top of. 3. To take 
off the top or upper part of. 

lo'PARGH, 11. [Gr. T07rdpxT?s, from 
tojtos, a place, and ap\eiv, to rule.] 
The principal man in a place. 

3!o'PAR-€HY, n. A small state, con- 
sisting of a few cities or towns. 

lo'PAZ, n. [Gr. T<>7ra£o?, tottol^lov, 
prob. fr. Skr. tapus, fire, the sun.] 
A yellowish mineral, highly valued 
as a gem. 

TOP'-BOOTS, n. pi. Loots with bright- 
colored leather around the top. 

Tope, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Cf.O.Eng. 



Grateful 




Top (Aaw«.). 

[-PED ; -PING.] 

2. To predomi- 



to top off, to empty at one draught.] 
To drink spirituous liquors to excess. 

To'per, n. A drunkard ; a sot. 

ToP'-gal'lant, a. Situated between 
the topmast and the royal mast. 

TOP'-HEAV'Y, a. Having the upper 
part too heavy for the lower. 

To'PHET, n. [Heb. tophet, literally, a 
place to be spit upon.] A place south- 
east of Jerusalem, where fires were 
continually kept to burn dead bod- 
ies; hence, hell. 

Top'I-A-ry, a. [Lat. lopiar ius, belong- 
ing to ornamental gardening.] Shaped 
by cutting. 

Top'ig, n. [Gr. TOTTiKd. See infra.] 
Subject of any distinct portion of a 
discourse, argument, or literary com- 
position ; also, a matter treated of ; a 
point; a head. 

ToP'I€-AL, a. [Gr. tottikos,- tottos, a 
place, topic] 1. Pertaining to a 
place ; local. 2. Pertaining to, or con- 
sisting of, a topic or topics. [ner. 

Top'I€-al-ly, adv. In a topical man- 

Top'-knot (-not), n. A crest of feath- 
ers, or an ornamental knot, on the 
head. 

Top'mast, n. The second mast, or 
that next above the lower mast. 

Top'most, a. Uppermost. 

To-pog'ra-pher, n. One skilled in 
topography. 

Top'O-GRAPH'lf, ) a. Pertaining 

T6p'o-GRAPH'ie-AL, J to topogra- 
phy ; descriptive of a place. 

Top'o-graph'ic-al-ly, adv. In a 
topographical manner. 

TO-POG'RA-PHY, 11. [Or. TOnoypa<f>Ca, 
fr. tottos, a place, and ■ypd^etv, to de- 
scribe.] Exact and scientific delinea- 
tion and description in minute detail 
of any place or region. 

Top'ping,77. a. 1. Kisiug above ; sur- 
passing. 2. Proud. 

Top'PLE, v. i. [-ed; -ING.] [Dim. 
of top.] To fall forward ; to pitch or 
tumble down. 

Top'-sail, n. A sail extended across 
the topmast. 

T6p'SY-TUR'VY,f/t\ [ Tops, or heads, 
in the turf.] With the head down- 
ward ; upside down. 

Toque (tok), \n. [Fr.] A kind 

To QUET' (to-ka'), ) of head-dress. 

Torch, n. [Fr. torche, fr. Lat. tor- 
quere, tortum , to twist, because it is 
twisted like a rope.] A light formed 
of some combustible substance, to be 
carried in the hand. 

Topch'-light (-lit), ii. Light of a 
_torch,or of torches. 

Tore, imp. of Tear. 

To-REU'TIG, a. [Gr. TopevTixds, be- 
longing to work in relief.] Highly fin- 
ished ; — applied to figures in hard 
wood, ivory, &c. 

TOR'MENT, n. [Lat. tormentum, prop. 
an instrument with which any thing 
is turned or twisted, fr. torquere, to 
turn, to twist.] 1. Extreme pain; 
anguish. 2. That which gives pain. 

TOR-MENT', V. t. [-ED: -ING.] 1. To 
put to extreme pain. 2. To distress ; 
to afflict. 3. To tease ; to vex. 



TOR-MENTER, ) n. One who tor 

Tor-m£nt'or, ) ments or tortures. 

TORN, p.p. of Tear. 

. TOR-NA'DO, n. ; pi. TOR-NA'DOES. 

I [From L. Lat. tornare, to turn.] A 

tempest distinguished by a whirling. 

progressive motion ; a hurricane. 

TOR-PE'DO, n.; pi. TOR-Pf/DOES. 

[Lat., fr. torpere. to be stiff or numb;] 

1. A species of ray, having electric 
power. 2. An engine for blowing 
up ships. 3. A small pellet, which ex- 
plodes when thrown on a hard object. 

TOR'PID, a. [Lat torpidus.] 1. Hav- 
ing lost motion, or the power of ex- 
ertion and feeling ; numb. 2. Dull ; 
stupid ; sluggish ; inactive. [ness. 
TOR-Pi'D'i-TY, n. Numbness ; dull- 
Tor'pid-ness, 1 n. 1. Stateof being 
Tor'pi-tude, J torpid ; numbness. 

2. Dullness ; sluggishness. 
Tor'por, ii. [Lat.] 1- Loss of motion, 

or of the power of motion. 2. Dull- 
ness ; sluggishness. 

Tor / por-If'J€, a. [Lat. torpor and 
facere, to make.] Tending to produce 
torpor. 

Tor're-fag'tion, n. Operation of 
torrefying, or state of being torrefied. 

TOR'RE-FY, r. t. [-ED j -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. torrefac.ere ; torrere., to dry by 
heat, and facere, to make.] 1. To 
parch. 2. To roast, as metallic ores. 

TOR'RENT, it. [Lat. torrens, torrentis, 
fr. torrens, burning, boiling.] 1. A 
violent stream. 2. A strong current. 

Tor'rid, a. [Lat. torridus.] 1. 
Parched ; dried with heat. 2. Vio- 
lently hot. 

TOR'SION, n. [Lat. torquere, torsi, tor- 
tum, to twist.] Turning or twisting. 

Tor^so, n. ; Eng. pi. tor'sos ; Il.pl. 
TOR'sjf. [It. torso, fr. Gr. 0vpo-os, a 
straight staff, a stalk.] Trunk of a 
statue, mutilated of head and limbs. 

TORT, n. [From Lat. tortus, twisted, 
crooked.] Any wrong or injury for 
which an action will lie. 

Tor'TILE, a. [Lat. tortilis, fr. tor- 
quere, to twist.] Twisted ; wreathed. 

Tor'tious, a. [Yvomtort.] Injurious; 
done wrongfully. 

Tor'tive, a. "[From Lat. tortus, 
twisted.] Twisted; wreathed. 

TOR'TOISE (tor'- 
tis), n. [0. Fr., 
from tortis, tor- 
tisse, crooked, 
from Lat. tortus, 
twisted, crook- Tortoise, 

ed ; — from its crooked feet.] A rep- 
tile inclosed in a scaly or horny case. 

TORT'U-oOs, a. [Lat. tortuosus : tor- 
tus, twisted, crooked.] 1. Twisted; 
winding. 2. Wrong ; deceitful. 

j TORT'URE (53), n. [Lat. tortura : tor- 
quere, to? turn, to twist, torture.] Ex- 
treme pain ; anguish of body or 
mind; torment.— v. t. [-ED: -ing.] 

I To put to torture : to pain extremely. 

ToRT'fR-ER, n. One who tortures. 

,To'RUS,n. [Lat., protuberance.] A 
large molding used in the bases of 
columns. 

I To'RY, n. [Said to be an Ir. word,de- 



A, e, i, o, u, y, long; a, e, 1,6,0, y, short; cAre, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, t£rm; pYque, fIrm; sow. 



TORYISM 



443 



TRACTILITY 



noting a robber or a savage, or fr. to- 
ree, give ine (your money).] 1. A mem- 
ber of the conservative party in Eng- 
land. 2. Oue who, in the time of the 
Amer. Revolution, lavored the claims 
of Great Britain against the colonies. 
— a. Relating to the tones. [ries. 

T5'ry-1'sm, ft. Principles of the to- 

I6SS (21), V. t. [-E1); -ING.] [W. 
losiaio, tosio.] 1. To. throw with the 
hand; to throw upward. 2. To cause 
to rise and fall. 3. To agitate. — v. 
i. 1. To roll and tumble. 2. To be 
tossed. — n. A throwing upward, or 
•with a jerk. [drunkard. 

Toss'POT, n. A toper: an habitual 

Tost, imp. & p. p. of Toss. 

To'tal, a. [Lat. totus, all, whole.] 
1. Full; complete. 2. Not divided. 

Syn. — Whole; entire; integral. 

— n. The whole. [amount. 

To-tal'i-ty, n. The whole sum or 
TO'TAL-LV,«(/y. Wholly; entirely. 
Tote, r. f. [-ed; -ing.J [Said to be 

of African origin] To carry or bear. 

[Southern States.] 
Tot'TER, r. i. [-ED;-ING.] [Allied 

to Prov. Ger. daitern, dottern, to 

tremble, shake, Eng. titter, didder.} 

1. To shake so as to threaten a fall. 

2. To reel ; to lean. 

Tou'CAN, n. [Sp. & S. American tucd, 
tulcdn.} A bird of tropical America. 

TOUCH, v.t. [-ED; -ING.J [Fr. tou- 
cher. Of. Goth. tHkan, to touch; 
Lat. tangere, orig. tagere.] 1. To ex- 
tend the hand or foot, &c, so as to 
come in contact with. 2. To reach ; 
to attain to. 3. To relate to. 4. To 
speak of, or deal with, gently or 
slightly. 5. To meddle or interfere 
with. 6. To affect. 7. To make an 
impression on. — v. i. i. To be in 
contact. 2. To treat any thing slight- 
ly in discourse. — ». 1. Contact. 2. 
The sense of feeling. 3. Power of ex- 
citing the affections. 4. A stroke ; 
hence, animadversion : censure. 5. 
A small quantity intermixed ; a little. 

ToDcii'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
touched ; tangible. 

TOUCH'-HOLE, n. Tent of any fire- 
arm, by which fire is communicated 
to the powder. 

TOUCH'I-NESS, n. Irritability. 

TotJCH'ING, p. a. Alfecting; mov- 
ing; pathetic. — prep. Concerning. 

TOUCH'-STONE, n. 1. A variety of 
schist, used for ascertaining the pu- 
rity of gold and silver by the streak 
impressed on the stone. 2. Any test 
or criterion. 

3toucH'-wo"OD, n. Decayed wood, 
used like a match for taking fire from 
a spark. [cible. 

TO0CH'Y,a. Peevish; irritable; iras- 

ToiJGH(tuf), a. [-ER; -EST.] [A.-S. 
toll.} 1. Flexible brittleness. 2. Not 
easily broken ; firm : strong. 3. Se- 
vere ; violent 

ToDgh'.en (tafn), v. t. or i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To make or grow tough, or 
tougher. [manner. 

ToDGH'LY (tafly), adv. In a tough 



TOOgh'ness (tHPnes), n. Quality of 
being tough. 

Tou-pee', I n. [Fr. toupet, 

Tou-pet' (too-pa'), J dim. of 0. Fr. 
top, a tuft.] 1. A curl or artificial 
lock of hair. 2. A small wig. 

Tour (toor), n. [Fr., fr. Gr. ropvos, a 
turner's chisel, a circle.] 1. A jour- 
ney in a circuit. 2. Any thing done 
successively, or by regular order. 

Syn. — Excursion ; circuit ; jaunt. 
See Joursey. 

Tour'ist, n. One who makes a tour. 

ToUR'MA.-1/iNE, n. [Ceylonese tour- 
namal.] A mineral of a black color. 

ToOr'NA-MENT (tOVna-), n. [See 
Tourney.] A mock-fight or military 
sport on horseback. 

Tour'ney, v. i. [From the root of 
turn ] To perform tournaments ; to 
tilt. — n. A tournament. 

ToOr'NI-QUET , ». [Fr. , from tourner, 
to turn.] A surgical instrument or 
bandage, used to check hemorrhage. 

Tournure (tobr / uo~or'), n. [Fr., 
from tourner, to turn.] 1. Turn: 
contour; figure. 2. A bustle for ex- 
panding a lady's skirt. 

Touse, v. t. & i. [L. Ger. tbsen. Cf. 
Tease.] To pull ; to haul; to tear. 

TOU'sle (tou'zl),^. t. [Dim. of touse.] 
To put into disorder ; to tumble. 

TOW, f. (. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. tco- 
han, teon, to lead, draw.] To drag 
through the water by a rope. — n. 
[A.-S. taiv, tow.] Coarse broken part 
of flax or hemp. 

Towage, n. 1. Act of towing. 2. 
Price paid for towing. 

To'ward (to'ard), I prep. [A.-S. 

To' wards (to'ardz), J tuioeard, tu- 
weardesTSze To and Ward.] 1. In 
the direction of. 2. With respect to ; 
regarding. 3. Nearly ; about. — adv. 
_Near ; at hand. 

To'ward (t5'ward), a. [A.-S. tO- 
weard.] Ready to do or learn ; apt. 

To'ward-LI-NESS (to'ward-), ». 
_Quality of being toward ; docility. 

To'ward-ly (to'ward-), a. Ready to 
^lo or learn ; apt ; docile. 

To'WARD-NESS (to'ward-), ft. To- 
wardliness. 

Tow'-boat, n. A steamer used for 
towing other vessels. 

TOWEL, ». [0. H. Ger. dunhilla, 
dicahilla, from dwahan, to wash.] 
A cloth used for wiping the hands, 
and for other purposes. 

Tow'ER, n. [A.-S. ton, Lat. turn's.] 
1. A lofty building much higher 
than broad. 2. A citadel; a fortress. 
— v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To be lofty ; 
hence, to soar. 

TOW'ER-ING, p. a. 1. Yery high ; 
elevated. 2. Extreme; violent. 

Tow'ER-Y, a. Adorned or defended 
_by towers. 

Tow'-line, ». A small hawser, to 
tow a ship, &c. 

Town, n. [A.-S. thn, inclosure, house, 
town, tynan, to inclose, shut.] 1. A 
collection of houses larger than a 
village ; in Eng., one having a regu- 
lar market. 2. The inhabitants resi- 



dent in a town. 3. A township. 
[Local, Amer.] 

Town'-clerk, n. An officer who 
keeps the records of a town. 

Town'-crPer, », A public crier. 

Town'-iiall, ji. A public hall for 
transacting the business of a town. 

TOWN'-HOUSE, ». 1. The house for 
transacting public town business. 2. 
A house in town. 

TOWN'SHIP, n. Territory of a town. 

Towns'man (150), n. An inhabitant 
of the same town with another. 

TOWN'-TALK (-tawk), n. Common 
talk of a place ; subject of common 
conversation. [toxicology. 

Tox'I-€0-LOG'[€-AL, a. Relating to 

Tox'I-COL'O-GY, ft. [Gr. to£i.k6i>, 
poison, and Aoyoq, a discourse.] The 
science which treats of poisons. 

TOY, n. [D. tooi, attire, ornament, 
allied to toogen, toon, to show.] A 
plaything, — v. i. [-ed;-ING.] To 
trifle ; to play ; to wanton. [sold. 

To\"'-sh6p, n. A shop where toys are 

Trace, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Fr. tra- 
cer, fr. Lat. trnhere, tractus, to draw.] 
1. To walk over. 2. To draw or de- 
lineate with marks. 3. To follow by 
footsteps, or some mark that has 
been left. — n. 1. A mark left by 
any thing passing ; a footprint. 2. 
A visible appearance of any thing 
left when the thing itself no longer 
exists. 3. One of the two straps or 
ropes by which a vehicle is drawn 
by horses. [traced. 

TRJiCE'A-BLE, a. Capable of being 

TRA'CER, ft. One who traces. 

Tra'cer-y, ft The subdivisions of 
groined vaults, &c. 

TRA'CHE-A (tra'ke-a), ft. [N. Lat. 
trachea; Gr. rpa\ela (sc. aprvpia), 
from Tpa^v's, rough.] The windpipe. 

TRA'CHE-oT'O-MY, ft. [Gr. rpa\ela, 
windpipe, and Te^veiv, to cut.] Op- 
eration of making an opening into the 
windpipe. 

TRACK, ». [D. trech. trek, a drawing, 
trecken, trekken, to draw.] 1. A mark 
left by something that has passed 
along; trace; vestige; footprint. 2. 
A beaten path. 3. Permanent way 
of a railroad. — v. t. [-ed ; -ing.[ 
To follow when guided by a trace, or 
by footsteps. [as of a boat. 

Track/age, n. A drawing or towing, 

TRACK'LESS, a. Having no track. 

TRACT, n. [Lat. trahere, tractum, to 
draw.] 1. A region, or space, of in- 
definite extent. 2. A short treatise, 
especially one on practical religion. 

Tract'a-bil'i-ty, n. Quality or 
state of being tractable ; docility. 

TRACT'A-BLE, a. [Lat. tractabilis ; 
tractare, to handle, treat.] Capable 
of being easily led, taught, or man- 
aged ; docile. 

Tract'a-ble-ness, n. Quality of 
being tractable. [maimer. 

TrXct'a-BLY. adv. In a tractable 

TRACT'JLE, a. [Lat. trnhere, irar.tum, 
to draw.] Capable of being drawn 
out in length ; ductile. 

Trac-til'i-ty, «. Ductility. 



OR, DO, wolf, Toc>, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; c, G, soft; €,a,hard; ASj Ejust ; a as NG j THIS. 



( 
i 

: 



TRACTION 



444 



TRANSCEND 



TrX€'TION, n. [Lat. trahere, tractum, 
to draw.] Act of drawing, or state 
of being drawn. 

Tract'ive, a. Serving to draw. 

Tra€T'or, u. That which draws, or 
is used for drawing. 

Trade, n. [Fr. traite, fr. trailer, to 
handle, trade, Lat. tractare.] 1. Busi- 
ness of buying and selling for money. 
2. Mechanical employment. 3. Busi- 
ness pursued. 4. Men engaged in 
the same occupation. 

Syn. — Business; occupation; com- 
merce; traffic. 

— v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To barter, or 
to buy and sell ; to traffic ; to bargain. 

— v. t. To sell or exchange. 
Trade'-mark, n. A distinguishing 

mark or device used by a manufac- 
turer on his goods or labels. 

Trad'er, n. One engaged in trade ; 
amerchant. [for booksellers. 

Trade'-sale, n. An auction by and 

Trades/man (150), n. One who 
trades; ashopkeeper. 

Trades'-un'ion, n. A combination 
among workmen for maintaining 
their rights and privileges. 

Trade'-wind, n. A wind which 
blows fr. the same quarter through- 
out the year, — of great advantage to 
navigators and to trade. 

Tra-di'tion (-dlsh'un), n. [Lat. tra- 
ditio, fr. tradere, trad i turn, to give 
up, transmit.] 1. Delivery. 2. Trans- 
mission of opinions, practices, and 
customs, from father to son. 3. 
Knowledge or belief transmitted 
without the aid of written memorials. 

Tra-dl'tion-al (-dlsh'un-), a. Per- 
taining to, or derived from, tradition. 

TRA-Di'TION-AL-LV (-dish/un-), adv. 
By tradition. [al. 

Tra-di'tion-A-ry (44), a. Tradition- 

Tra-di'tion-er I (-dish/un-), v. One 

Tra-di'tion-IST J who adheres to 
tradition. 

Tra-duce', v. t. [-ed; -jng.] [Lat. 
traducere, to lead along, esp. as a 
spectacle, to disgrace, from trans, 
across, over, and duccre, to lead.] To 
misrepresent willfully. 

Syn\— To calumniate; defame; slan- 
der. 

TRA-DU'^ER, n. One who traduces. 

TRA-Due'TtON, n. 1. Derivation from 
one of the same kind. 2. Transmis- 
sion from one to another ; trsidition ; 
also, a translation. 3. Conveyance ; 
transportation. 

TrXf'FI€, v. i. [-ed : -ing, 135.] [L. 
Lat. trajicare, traffigare.] ' To barter ; 
to trade. — v. t. To exchange in traf- 
fic. — n. Commerce; trade. 

Traf'FICK-ER, n. A trader. 

TrXg'A-€ANTH, n. [Or. rpa.ya.Ka.vQa, 
from rpayos, a he-goat, and aKavOa. 
a thorn.] The concrete juice of 
several plants. [actress 

Tra-ge'i>i-an, n. A tragic actor or 

TrXg'E-DY, n. [Or. jpayy)Ua, lit. a 
goat-song, either fr. tragedies being 
orig. exhibited when a goat was sac- 
rificed, or because a goat was the 
prize.] 1. A dramatic poem repre- 



senting some signal action having a 
fatal issue. 2. A fatal and mournful 
event. 

TrXg'ig, ) a. Pertaining to trag- 

TRAG'ie-AL, ) ' edy ; calamitous ; 
mournful. [manner. 

TrAg'1€-AL-LY, adv. In a tragical 

Trag'I€-al-ness, n. Quality of be- 
ing tragical ; sadness. 

Trag'i-com'e-dy, n. A composition 
partaking both of tragedy and com- 
edy. 

TrXg'I-€OM'I€, ) a. Partaking 

Tra&'i-com'ic-al, J of a mixture 
of grave and comic scenes. 

Trail, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Norm. 
Fr. traiUer, to search after, Fr. trail- 
let^ tirailler, to trail a fishing-line ; 
D. treilen, to draw with a rope, to 
tow.] 1. To hunt by the track. 2. 
To draw along the ground. 3. To 
carry, as a fire-arm, with the breech 
near the ground. — v. i. To be drawn 
out in length. — n. 1. Scent left on 
the ground by an animal pursued. 2. 
Any thing drawn behind in long un- 
dulations ; a train. 3. Entrails of a 
fowl, especially of game. 

Train, v.t. [-ed;-ing.] [L. Lat. 
trahinare, trainare, fr. Lat. trahere, 
to draw.] 1. To draw along ; to trail. 
2. To entice ; to allure. 3. To exer- 
cise ; to discipline. 4. To break, 
tame, and accustom to draw, as ox- 
en. 5. To lead or direct, and form 
to a wall. — n. 1. Persuasion, arti- 
fice, or enticement. 2. That which 
is drawn along in the rear of or after 
something. 3. A retinue. 4. A suc- 
cession of connected things ; a series. 
5. Process ; course. 6. A line of 
gunpowder, to lead fire to a charge. 
7. A continuous line of carriages on 
arailroad. [of militia. 

Train'-band, n. A band or company 

TRAIN'ER, n. One who trains. 

Train'-oil, n. [Allied to Ger. thrdne, 
a tear, drop.] Oil from the blubber 
or fat of whales. 

TRAIPSE, v. i. [Ger. trapsen, trapp- 
sen, to tread or walk noisily.] To 
walk or run about sluttishly or 
thoughtlessly. 

TRAIT (trat), n. [Fr. ; Lat. trartvs, 
from trahere, to draw.] 1. A stroke. 
2._ A marked feature or peculiarity. 

TRAl'TOR, n. [0. Fr. tra'Ueur, tradi- 
ttur, Lat. traditor, fr. tradere, to give 
up, betray.] 1. One guilty of trea- 
son. 2. A betrayer. [trays. 

Trai'tor-ess, ii. A woman who be- 

TRAl'TOR-O&s, a. 1. Guilty of trea- 
son ; treacherous ; perfidious. 2. 
Consisting in treason. 

TRAI'TOR-oOs-NESS, n. Treachery. 

TRAI'TRESS, n. A female traitor. 

TRA-JE€T', v. t. [-EO; -ING.] [Lat. 
trajicere, -jeetum, fr. trans, across, 
and jace re, to throw.] To throw or 
cast through. 

Tra-JE€'tion, n. A throwing or 
casting through or across. 

TRA-JE€T'o-RY, n. Curve which a 
moving body describes in space. 

TRAL'A-Tl'Tiofis (-tTsh'us), a. [Lat. 



tralatitius, fr. transferre, translatum, 
or tralatum. See TRANSFER.] Met- 
aphorical ; figurative. 

TrXm, n. [See Train, and cf. 0. Ger. 
tram, a beam.] 1. A coal wagon used 
in some parts of England. 2. One 
of the rails of a tram-road. 

TrXm'MEL, n. [L. Lat. tramaUum, 
tramela, a net for taking fish.] 1. A 
kind of long net. 2. Shackles for 
regulating the motions of a horse. 
3. Whatever impedes activity, pro- 
gress, or freedom. 4. A hook for 
hanging other vessels over the fire. 
— V.t. [-ED, -ING: or -LED, -LING, 
137.] To confine ; to hamper. 

Tra-m5n'tane, or Tram'on-tane. 
a. [It. tr am ontano, from Lat. trans, 
across, and mons, mountain.] Being 
beyond the mountain ; foreign. 

TrXjvip. v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Icel. 
trampa, Ger. trappen.] To tread 
forcibly and repeatedly. — v.t. To 
wander or stroll. — n. 1. A foot- 
journey. 2. A foot-traveler. 

Tramp'er, n. A stroller; a vagrant. 

TRAM'PLE, v. t. [-ED;-ING.] [Ger. 
trampeln, fr. tratnpen. See supra.] 
1. To tread under foot; especially 
with contempt or scorn. 2. To pros- 
trate by treading. 

Tram'pler, n. One who tramples. 

TrXm'-road, In. A road laid with 

TrXm'-way, ) narrow tracks of 
iron, &c, for wagons. 

Trance, n. [Lat. transitus, a pas- 
sage, fr. transire, to pass over.? A 
state in which the soul seems to have 
passed out of the body ; an ecstasy. 

TrXn'QUIL (traijk'wil), a. [Lat. tra'n- 
qnillus.] Quiet ; calm ; undisturbed. 

TrXn'quil-'ize ) (trSnk'wil-), v. t. 

TrXn'quil-lize ) [-ed ; -ing.] To 
render tranquil ; to calm. 

TrXn'QUIL-IZ'ER, In. One who 

TrXn'QUIL-LIZ'ER, J tranquilizes. 

TRAN-QUIL'LI-TY, n. [Lat. tranquil- 
litas.] State or quality of being tran- 
quil ; a calm state. [manner. 

TrXn'QUIL-LY, adv. In a tranquil 

TrXn'quil-ness. n. State or quality 
of being tranquil. 

TRANS-X€T', v.t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
transigere, -actum; trans, across, 
through, and agere, to lead, act.] To 
do ; to perform : to manage. — v. i. 
To conduct matters. 

Trans-ag'TION, n. 1. Management 
of any affair. 2. That which is done. 

Syx. — Proceeding. — A transaction is 
something .-llready done and completed; 
a. proceeding is either (something which 
is now going on, or, if ended, is still con- 
templated with reference to its progress 
or successive stages. The proceeding?: at 
the trial of Lord Russell were marked by 
deep injustice, and they led to a transac- 
tion, in his beheading, of flagrant enor- 
mity. 

Trans-X€T'or, n. One who transacts. 

TRANS-Xlp'INE, a. [Lat. transalpi- 
nus; trans, beyond, and Alpinns, 
Alpine.] Being; bevond the Alps in 
regard to Rome [the Atlantic. 

TrXns'AT-L \ N'TI<?, a. Being be.* ond 

TRAN-SCEND', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 



A, E, I, 6, V,Y,long; X,E,I, 6, 0, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM ; SON, 



TRANSCENDENCE 



445 



TRANSOM 



transcend f re ; trans, beyond, over, 
and scandere , to climb.] To surpass; 
to excel ; to exceed. 

Tran-scend'ence, In. Superior 

TRAN-sf;E!VD'EN-CY, j excellence ; 
supereminence. 

Tran-scend'ent, a. 1. Very excel- 
lent ; surpassing others. 2. ( Kant- 
ian Philosophy.) Transcending the 
bounds of human knowledge. 

5kan / S9END-ent'AL. a. 1. Super- 
eminent. 2. Pertaining to that 
which can be determined a priori, in 
regard to the fundamental principles 
of all human knowledge. 

Syn.— Empirical. —These terms, with 
the corresponding nouns, transcendent- 
alism and empiricism, are of compara- 
tively recent origin. Empirical refers to 
knowledge which is gained by the expe- 
rience of actual phenomena, without ref- 
erence to the principles or laws to which 
they are to be referred, or by which they 
are to be explained. Transcendental has 
reference to those beliefs or principles 
which are not derived from experience, 
and yet are absolutely necessary to make 
experience possible or useful. 

TrXn'scend-ent'al-Ism, n. A go- 
ing beyond empiricism, and ascer- 
taining a priori the fundamental 
principles of human knowledge. 

Tran's^end-ent'al-Ist, n. One 
who believes in transcendentalism. 

Tran'scend-ent'al-ly, adv. In a 
transcendental or very excellent 
manner. 

Tran-s^end'ent-ly, adv. In a 
transcendent manner. 

Tran-s^end'ent-ness, o. Superior 
or unusual excellence. 

TRAN-S€RlBE', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Lat. transcribere ; trans, across, over, 
and scribere, to write.] To write 
over again ; to copy. 

Tran-scrib'er, n. A copyist. 

TRAN'SCRIPT, n. [Lat. transr.riptum. 
See supra.] 1. A written copy. 2. 
A copy of any kind; an imitation. 

Tran-S€RIP'tion, n. Act of tran- 
scribing. 

Tran'sept, n. [Lat. trans, across, 
and septum, an iuclosure.] A part 
of a church projecting at right angles 
to the body ; in a cruciform church , 
one of the arms of the cross. 

Trans-fJEr',*.*. [-red; -ring.] [Lat. 
transferre ; trans, over, across, and 
ferre, to bear.] 1. To convey from 
one place or person to another. 2. 
To make over the possession or con- 
trol of. 

TRANs'FER,n. 1. Act of transferring, 
or of being transferred. 2. That 
which is transferred. 

Trans-fer'a-ble, a. 1. Capable of 
being transferred or conveyed. 2. 
Negotiable, as a note, &c. 

TrXns'fer-ee', n. One to whom a 
transfer is made. 

Trans'fer-ence, n. Act of trans- 
ferring ; transfer. [a transfer. 

TRANS-FgR'RER, n. One who makes 

Trans-fEr'ri-ble, a. Same as 
Transferable. 

Trans-fIg'u-ra'tion, n. A change 
of form ; especially, the supernatural 



change in the personal appearance of 
our Savior on the mount. 
TRANS-FIG'OrE, V. I. L-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. trans/igurare ; trans, across, 
over, and Jigurare, to form, shape.] 

1. To change the outward appearance 
of; to transform. 2. To change to 
something glorious. 

Trans-fIx', r. t. [ -ed; -ING.] [Lat. 
transfigere, -fixum ; trans, across, 
through, andj^ere, to fix.] To pierce 
through. 

Trans-form', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. transformare ; trans, across, 
over, and formare, to form.] To 
change the form or substance of. 

TrXns'FOR-MA'TION, n. Act of 
transforming, or state of being trans- 
formed ; metamorphosis. 

Trans-form'ing, p. a. Effecting, or 
able to effect, a change of form or 
state. 

Trans-fuse', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
transfundere, -fit sum ; trans, over, 
across, aud. fundere, to pour.] I. To 
pour out of one vessel into another. 

2. To transfer, or cause to pass from 
one to another. [ing transfused. 

Trans-fus'I-ble, a. Capable of be- 

TRANS-FU'giON, n. A transfusing, or 
pouring from one into another. 

Trans-gress', v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] 
[Lat. transgredi, -gressus; trans, 
across, and gradi, to pass.] To over- 
pass or break, as a law, civil or 
moral. — v. i. To offend by violat- 
ing a law. 

Trans-gres'sion (-gresb/un), n. 1. 
Act of transgressing. 2. Fault ; of- 
fense. 

Trans-gress'ive, a. Disposed to 
transgress ; faulty ; culpable. 

Trans-gress'or, n. One who breaks 
a law ; a sinner. 

Tran-ship', v. t. See Tranship. 

Tran'sient (-shent), a. [Lat. tran- 
siens, going or passing over.] 1. 
Passing over, as it were, or away ; 
hence, of short duration ; not sta- 
tionary. 2. Hasty ; momentary. 

Tran'sient-LY (-shent-), adv. In 
passage ; for a short time. 

Tran'sient-ness (-shent-), n. State 
of being transient. 

Tran-sil'i-ence, )n. [Lat. tran- 

TRAN-SIL'i-en-CY, ] siliens, p. pr. 
of transilire, to leap across or over.] 
A leap across or from thing to thing. 

TRAN'SIT, n. [Lat. transitus, fr. tran- 
sire, to go over.] 1. Act of passing 
through or of causing to pass ; con- 
veyance. 2. A line of conveyance 
through a country. 3. Passage of a 
heavenly body over the meridian of 
a place. 4. Passage of a smaller 
body across the disk of a larger. 

TRAN-sf'TION (-sizh'un or -zish'un, 
109), n. [Lat. transitio.} A passing 
from one place, state, or subject, to 
another ; change. 

Tran-sI'tion-al (-sizh'un- or -zish'- 
un-), a. Containing or denoting 
transition. 

TrXn'si-tive, a. Effected by trans- 
ference of signification. 



Transitive verb, one which is or may 
be followed by an object. 

TrXn'si-to-RI-ness, n. Speedy de- 
parture or evanescence. 

Tran'si-to-ry (50), o. Continuing 
only for a short time. 
Syn. — See Flketinq. 

Trans-late', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
transferre, -latum. See TRANSFER.] 
1. To remove. 2. To render into 
another language ; to interpret. 

Trans-lA'TION, n. 1. Act of trans- 
lating. 2. State of being translated. 
3. Thatwhich is translated ; version. 

TRANS-LAT'OR, n. One who translates. 

TRANS'LO-CA'TION, n. [Lat. trans, 
across, and locatid, a placing.] Re- 
moval of things reciprocally to each 
other's places. [patency. 

Trans-LU'cen-cy, n. Partial trans- 

TRANS-LU'CENT, a. [Lat. translu- 
cens, p. pr. of translurere, to shine 
through.] Transmitting rays of light 
without permitting objects to be dis- 
tinctly seen. 

Sy.v. — Transparent. — A thing is 
translucent when it merely admits the 
passage of light without enabling us to 
distinguish objects through it: it is trans* 
jjarent when we can clearlv discern ob- 
jects placed on the other side of it. Glass, 
water, &c, are transparent; ground 
glass, horn, &c, are translucent. 

TrXns'iYIA-RINE', a. [Lat. transma- 
rinus ; trans, beyond, and marinus, 
marine.] Being beyond the sea. 

TrXns'mi-grant, a. Migrating. 

TrXns'mi-grate, v. i. [-ed; -ING.] 
[Lat. transmigrare , -gratum; trans, 
across, and migrare, to migrate.] To 
pass from one country, body, or 
state, into another. 

TrXns'mi-gra'TION,/!. Act of trans- 
migrating. 

Trans-mis'si-ble, a. Capable of 
being transmitted. 

Trans-mis'sion (-mlsh'un),n. Act of 
transmitting, or state of being trans- 
mitted, [transmitted. 

Trans-mIs'sive, a. Capable of being 

Trans-mit', v. t. [-ted ; -ting.] 
[Lat. transmittere ; trans, across, 
over, and mittere, to send.] 1. To 
send from one person or place to an- 
other. 2. To suffer to pass through. 

Trans-MIT'ter, n. One who trans- 
mits, [ing transmitted. 

Trans-MIT'ti-ele, a. Capable of be- 

Trans-mut'A-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing transmitted. 

Trans-MUT'a-bly, adv. In a trans- 
mutable manner. 

TrXns'mu-ta'tion, n. Act of trans- 
muting, or state of being trans- 
muted. 

Trans-mute', v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[Lat. transmutare ; trans, across, and 
mutare, to change.] To change from 
one nature, form, or substance, into 
another. [mutes. 

Trans-MUT'ER, n. One who trans- 

TrXn'SOM, n. [Lat. trans, across, 
and sumere, sitmptum, to take. Cf. 
Lat. transenna, a rope, noose, L. Lat., 
a lattice, window.] 1. (Arch.) (a.) A 
crossbar in a window, (b.) A lintel 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TtfbK ; URN, RUE, PULL ; e,i, o, silent ; c,G,se/f; €.5, hard; Ag; EXIST; EfosNG; THIS. 






TRANSPARENCY 



446 



TREASON 



over a door. 2. A beam across the 
stern-post of a ship. 

Trans-pAr'en-9Y, n. 1. Quality or 
state of being transparent. 2. That 
which is transparent ; esp. a picture 
on thin cloth, porcelain, or the like. 

Trans-PAR'ent, a. [Lat. trans, 
across, through, and parere, parens, 
to appear.] Transmitting rays of 
light, so that bodies can be distinctly 
seen through. I 

Syn. — See Translucent. 

Trans-par'ENT-ly, adv. In a trans- 
parent manner. [parency. 

Trans-par'enT-NESS, n. Trans- 

TraN-SPI€'U-OUS. a. [Lat. transpi- 
cere, to see or look through.] Trans- 
parent. 

TrXns'pi-ra'Tion, n. Cutaneous 
exhalation. 

Trans-PIRE', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
trans, across, through, and spirare, 
to breathe.] To emit through the 
pores. — v. i. 1. To pass off in in- 
sensible perspiration. 2. To become 
public. 

TRANS-PLXNT', V. t. [-ED; -TNG.] 
To remove and plant or settle in an- 
other place. 

TRANS'PLAN-TA'TION, n. Act of 
transplanting, or state of being trans- 
planted, [plants. 

TRANS-PLANT'ER, n. One who trans- 

TRANS-PORT',r. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
transportare ; trans, across, and por- 
tare, to carry.] 1. To carry or con- 
vey from one place to another. 2. 
To carry into banishment. 3. To 
ravish with pleasure. 

Trans'port, n. 1. Carriage; con- 
veyance. 2. A ship or vessel em- 
ployed for transporting. 3. Ecstasy ; 
rapture. 4. A convict transported or 
sentenced to exile. 

Trans-port'a ble, a. Capable of 
being transported. 

Trans'por-ta'tion, n. 1. Act of 
transporting. 2. State of being 
transported. [ecstatic. 

Trans-PORT'tng,;?. a. Passionate; 

Trans-pos/al, n. Act of transposing, 
or stateof being transposed. 

Trans-pose', v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. transponere, -positum ; trans, 
across, and ponere, to put, place.] 
To change the place or order of. 

TrXns'PO-sPtion (-zish'un), n. Act 
of transposing, or state of being 
transposed . 

TrXns'po-si'tion-al (-zish'un-), a. 
Relating to, or involving, transposi- 
tion. 

Trans-ship', v. t. To transfer from 
one ship or other conveyance to an- 
other, [shipping. 

Frans-shTp'ment, n. Act of trans- 

Tran'sub-stan'ti-ate (-shT-, 91), v. 
t. [-ED ; -ING.] [L. Lat. transubstan- 
tiare,-atum, from Lat. trans, across, 
over, and substantia, substance.] To 
change into another substance. 

Tran'sub-stXn'ti-a'tion (-stan'- 
shi-), n. 1. A change into another 
substance. 2. The doctrine that the 
bread and wine in the eucharist is 



converted into the body and blood of 
Christ. 

Tran'sU-da'TION, n. Act or process 
of transuding. 

TRAN-sfJDE',t\ i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
trans, across, through, and sudare, to 
sweat.] To pass through the pores or 
interstices of texture. [ing across. 

Trans-veR'SAE, a. Running or ly- 

TRANS-vERSE', a. [Lat. transvertere, 
transversus, to turn or direct across.] 
Lying across, or in a crosswise direc- 
tion, [an ellipse. 

Trans'VERSE , n. The longer axis of 

Trans-verse'ey, adv. In a trans- 
verse manner. 

TrXp, n. [A.-S. treppe, trappe.] 1. 
A contrivance that shuts suddenly, 
used for taking game. 2. An am- 
bush ; a stratagem. 3. pi. Goods ; 
furniture. 4. [Sw. trapp, fr. trappa, 
stairs, because often occurring in 
large masses, rising above one an- 
other.] A heavy, igneous rock, of a 
greeuish-black or grayish color. — v. 
t. [-fed; -PING.] 1. To catch in 
a trap. 2. To insnare. 

TRA-PAN', V. t. [-NED ; -NTNG.] To 
insnare ; to catch by stratagem. — n. 
[Fr. trappe, a trap, and pan, a piece 
of string, noose.] A snare ; a strat- 
agem. 

Tra-PXn^NER, n. One who insnares. 

Tr \ p'-door, n. A door, as in a floor, 
which shuts like a valve. 

Tra-peze', n. A trapezium. 

TRA-PE'ZI-Uivt,n. ; Eng. pi. tra-Pe'- 
zi-Cms ; Lat. pi. TKA-PE'ZI-A. 
[Gr. Tpanegiov, a little 
table, an irregular 
four-sided figure.] A 
plane figure contained 
under four right lines, 
of which no two are Trapezium, 
parallel. 

TRAP'E-ZOID, n. [Gr. rpane^tov, and 
etSos, shape.] A plane, four-sided 
figure, having two of the opposite 
sides parallel to each other. 

Trap'per, n. One who sets traps to 
catch animals. 

TrXp'pings, n. pi. Ornaments ; esp. 
ornaments put on horses. 

Trash, n. [See Thrash.] That which 
is worthless ; especially loppings of 
trees, and the like. 

Trash'y, a. [-ER ; -EST, 142.] Like 
trash ; waste ; worthless. 

Trass, n. [Prob. allied to Fr. terrasse, 
earth -work, fr. Lat. terra, earth.] 1. 
A volcanic earth, used as a cement. 
2. A coarse sort of mortar, durable in 
water. 

TRAU-mXt'I€, a. [Gr. TpavjuaTi/cds , 
fr. Tpavfxa., a wound.] Pertaining, or 
applied, to wounds. — n. A medi- 
cine useful in the cure of wounds. 

Trav'ail (42), v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Fr. 
travailler, to labor, toil, torment.] 1. 
To labor with pain. 2. To suffer the 
pangs of childbirth. —n. 1. Severe 
toil. 2. Parturition. 

Travel, v. i. [-ed, -ing ; or -led, 
-LING, 137.] [A different form and 
use of travail.] To go in any manner ; 




to journey, —v t. To journey over. 

— n. 1. Act of traveling fi om place 
to pi ice; a journey. 2. pi. Account 
of a journey. 

Trav'el-er 1(137), n. One who 

Trav'el-ler ) travels in any way. 

Tra v'ers-a-ble, a. Capable of be- 
ing traversed or denied. 

TR.Xv'ERSE, a. [It. trasverso, Lat. 
transcersus, p. p. of transvertere,, to 
turn or direct across.] Lying across. 

— n. Any thing that traverses or 
crosses. — v.t. [-ed;-ing.] 1. To 
lay in across direction ; to cross. 2. 
To thwart ; to obstruct. 3. To wan- 
der over. 4. To pass over and view. 
6. To deny formally. — v. i. 1. To 
use the posture or motions of oppo- 
sition or counteraction , as in fencing. 
2. To turn, as on a pivot. 

Trav'ers-er, n. One who, or that 
which, traverses. 

Trav'erse-sail'ing, n. The meth- 
od of finding the resulting course 
and distance from a series of different 
shorter courses and distances passed 
over by a ship. 

TRAV'ES-TY, a. [Fr. travestir, to dis- 
guise, fr. Lat. tra, trans, across, over, 
and vestire, to clothe.] A burlesque 
translation or imitation. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING, 142.] To translate so as to 
render ridiculous. 

Trawl, n. A long line, having short 
lines with baited hooks attached to 
it, used for catching certain fish. — 
v. i. To take fish with a trawl. 

TRAWL'ER, n. One who trawls. 

Trawl'-net, n. A drag-net to 
catch fish that live near the bottom. 

TRAY, n. [Same as trough, differently 
written.] A waiter or salver. 

TrEACH'er-OTjS. a. Like a traitor ; 
involving treachery ; betraying a 
trust. [ly. 

TREACH'ER-ofjs-LY, adv. Perfidious- 

Treach'er-oOs-ness, n. Perfidy. 

TREACH'ER-Y, n. [Fr. tricherie, a 
cheating, trickery. SeeTRICK.] Vio- 
lation of allegiance, or of faith and 
confidence. 

Trea'cle, n. [Gr. OnpiaKov, an anti- 
dote against poisonous bites, fr. 0tj- 
piov, a wild beast.] A viscid, uncrys- 
tallizable sirup of sugar ; molasses. 

Tread, v. i. [trod; trod, trod- 
den; TREADING.] [A.-S. tredan.] 
1. To set the foot. 2. To walk or go. 

— v. t. 1. To step or walk on. 2. 
To crush under the foot. — n. 1. A 
step or stepping. 2. Manner of step- 
ping; gait. 

Tread'er, n. One who treads. 

Tread'le (tred'l). v. The part of a 
loom, or other machine, which is 
moved by the foot. 

TrEad'-mIll, n. A mill worked by- 
persons treading on steps on a wide 
wheel. It is used as a punishment. 

TREA'gON, n. [0. Fr. tra'ison, trais- 
son, Lat. traditio, fr. tradere, to give 
up, betray.] The offense of attempt- 
ing to overthrow or betray the gov- 
ernment of the state to which the of- 
fender owes allegiance. 



I, e,i, o,u, Y,long; A,£,I,6,tJ,Y,sAo^;cARE, far, Ask, all, what; Ere, veil, term; pique, firm; son. 



TREASONABLE 



447 



TRIBRACH 



Trea'son-a-Ble, a. Pertaining to, 
or consisting of. treason. 

Trea'§on-able-ness, n. State or 
quality of being treasonable. 

TREAS/fJRE (trezh'!]r),ji. [Gr. Oyaav- 
p<J5, from Be, root of ndevat, to put, 
place.] 1. Wealth accumulated. 2. 
A great quantity collected for use. 3. 
That which is very much valued. — 
v.t. [-ee; -ing!] To collect and 
lav up ; to hoard. 

Treas'UR-er (trezh'nr-), n . One 
who'has the care of a treasure or a 
treasury. 

Treas'ure-trove (trezh'jjr-), n. 
[From treasure, and 0. Fr. trove, 
trouve, found.] An\ r money, &c, 
found hidden, the owner of which is 
not known. 

Treas/UR-y (trezh'ijr-y), n. 1. A 
place where public revenues or any 
collected funds are deposited and 
kept. 2. A repository of abundance. 

TREAT, v. t. [-ED; -ing.] [Fr. trailer, 
fr. Lat. traclare, to handle, treat.] 1. 
To manage ; to use. 2. To handle, 
in writing or speaking. 3. To enter- 
tain with food or drink. 4. To sub- 
ject to the action of. — v.i. 1. To 
discourse. 2. To come to terms of 
accommodation. 3. To give an en- 
tertainment. — n. 1. An entertain- 
ment gi>en as an expression of re- 
gard. 2. Something which affords 
pleasure. 

Trea'tIse, n. A written discussion or 
explanation on a particular subject. 

Treat'ment, n. 1. Manner in which 
a subject is treated. 2. Manner of 
using ; behavior toward a person. 

TREA'TY, n. [Fr. traite. See TREAT.] 
1. Negotiation. 2. A formal agree- 
ment, league, or contract between 
two or more independent nations or 
sovereigns. 

TREB'LE (treVl), a. [0. Fr. See 
TRIPLE.] 1. Threefold ; triple. 2. 
(a.) Acute; sharp. (b.) Playing or 
singing the highest part. — n. The 
part usually sung by women ; sopra- 
no. — v.t.ori. [-ed: -ing.] To 
make or become threefold. 

TREB'LY, adv. With a threefold num- 
ber or quantity. 

TREE, n. [A.-S. tr*ou\ trc.] A large 
plant, woody, branched and peren- 
nial. — v. t. [-D; -ing, 144.] To 
cause to ascend a tree [trees. 

Tree'-frog, n. A frog which climbs 

TREE'NAIL {commonbj pron. trQn'- 
nel), n. [ Tree and nail.] A long, 
wooden pin, for fastening the planks 
of a ship to the timbers. [frog. 

Tree'-toad, n. Same as Tree 

Tre'FOIL, n. [Lat, 
trifoh 
three. 

of^many' 7p£cU^ Trefoils. 

including the white clover, red clo- 
ver, &c. 2. An ornament of three 
cusps in a circle. 
TrEIL'lage, n. [Fr. treillage. See 
infra.] Rail-work for supporting es- 
paliers, &c. 



OIL, n. [Lat. ss*-„ N a ^ 
hum, fr. fr«,Q A^7 
b, and folium, T^ M&^TLF 
f.] LA plant __ ▼ 



TREL'LTs, n. [Fr. trrittis, fr. treille, 
fr. Lat. trichila, a bower, arbor.] A 
frame of lattice-work, used for va- 
rious purposes. 

TREM'BLE, v. i. [-ED; -ING] [Lat. 
tremuUis, trembling, fr. tremere, to 
tremble.] 1. To shake involuntarily, 
as with fear or cold ; to shiver. 2. 
To totter. 3. To quaver, as sound. 

TREM'BLER, n. One who trembles. 

Tre-MEN'dols, a. [Lat. tremendus, 
that is, to be trembled at, fearful.] 
Such as may astonish or terrify by 
its magnitude or violence. 

S«r. — Terrible; dreadful; awful. 

Tre-men'doDs-LY, adv. In a tre- 
mendous manner. 

Tre'.aior, or Trem'or, n. [Lat., fr. 
tremere, to tremble.] An involun- 
tary trembling or shaking. 

TREM'U-LOUS, a. [Lat. tremulus, fr. 
tremere, to tremble.] Shaking ; shiv- 
ering ; quivering. 

Trem'U-lous-ly, adv. In a tremu- 
lous manner. [tremulous. 

Trem'u-lous-NESS, n. State of being 

Trench (66), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Prob. fr. Lat. truncare, to cut off.] 
To dig, as a ditch, or a channel for 
water. — v.i. To encroach. See IN- 
TRENCH. — n. A long, narrow cut 
in the earth ; a ditch. 

TRENCH'ANT, a. [0. Fr. trenchant, 
p. pr. of trancher, trencher. See su- 
pra.] 1. Cutting; sharp. 2. Un- 
sparing; severe. 

TRENCH'ER, n. A large wooden plate. 

Trench'er-man (150), n. A great 
eater ; a gormandizer. 

Trench'-Plow, » n. A plow for 

Trench'-plough, J opening land 
to a greater depth than usual. — v. 
t. To plow with deep furrows. 

Trend, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] lOrig. to 
bend round, from Dan. & Sw. trind, 
round.] To have a particular direc- 
tion; to run. — n. Inclination in a 
particular direction ; tendency. 

TREN'DLE, n. [A.-S. trendel, tryndel, 
circle, ring. See TREND.] A little 
wheel ; a trundle. 

Tren'tal, n. [L. Lat. trentale, from 
trenta, Lat. triginta, thirty.] An 
office for the dead, consisting of 30 
masses rehearsed for 30 days. 

TRE-PAN', n. 1. [L. Lat. trepanum, 
from Gr. rpviravov, a borer, auger.] 
A cylindrical saw for perforating the 
skull. 2. A snare ; a trapan. — v. t. 
[-NED ; -ning.] 1. To perforate with 
a trepan. 2. [See TRAPAN.] To 
insnare ; to trapan. 

Tre-phine', or Tre-phine', n. 
[Dim. of trepan.] Au instrument for 
trepanning. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
perforate with a trephine. 

TREP'I-DA'TION, ». [Lat. trepidatio, 
from trepidare, to hurry with alarm, 
to tremble.] An involuntary trem- 
bling ; a state of terror. 

Syn. — Tremor ; agitation ; fear. 

Tresspass, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [0. 
Fr. trespasser, transpasser, from Lat. 
trans, across, over, and passare, to 



pass.] 1. To pass unlawfully over 
the boundary line of another's land. 
2 To intrude. 3. To commit any 
offense; to violate any known rule 
of duty. — n. 1. Any offense done 
to another. 2. Any violation of a 
known rule of duty. 

TRES'PASS-ER, n. One who commits 
a trespass ; a transgressor : a sinuer. 

Tress, n. [Gr. rpi'xa, threefold, be- 
cause formed by interlacing threo 
pieces.] A braid or curl of hair ; a 
ringlet. 

Tres'TLE (treVl), n. [D. driestal, a 
tripod, from drie, three, and stal, a 
place, stall.] A frame or support for 
any thing. 

Tres'tle-board (treVl-), n. A 
board used by architects, draughts- 
men, &c, for drawing designs upon. 

TRET,n. [Norm. Fr. trett. draught, 
from Lat. trahere, to draw.] An al- 
lowance in weight for waste or refuse 
matter, after tare is deducted. 

TREv'ET, n. [From Lat. tripes, tripe- 
dis, having three feet.] A stool or 
other thing supported by three legs. 

TREY (tea), n. [O. Fr. trei, 'trois, three.] 
A three at cards, or dice. 

Tri'a-ble, a. Fit, possible, or liable, 
to be tried. 

Tri'ad, n. [Gr. Tpias, rpiaSo?, from 
rpets, three.] Three objects united. 

TRi'AL,n. [See Try.] 1. Act of try- 
ing or testing in any manner. 2. 
That which tries, afflicts, or tempts 
to evil. 3. State of being tried. 
Sys.— See Test. 

TRI'AN-GLE, n. 
[Lat. triangu- 
lum, from tres, 
three, and angu- 
lus, corner.] A 
figure bounded 
by three lines, 
and containing 
three angles. 

TRI'AN-GLED, { 

TRI-AN'GU-LAR, } Triangles. 
a. Having three *. equilateral trian- 

ancrlp, S le •• & isosceles 

angles. triangle ; 3, right- 

TRI-AN/GU-LA'- angled triangle; 4, 

TION, n. Men- obtuse-angled tri- 

suration by a se- angle; 5, scalene 

Ties of trianp-lps triangle. 1,2, and 

rroT^lxTt S 6 ' are als0 acute * 

1RI ARCH-Y, n. angled triangles. 

[Gr. rp'.apxta ) rpi 

and apxn, sovereignty.] Government 

by three persons. 

Tri'bal, a. Belonging to a tribe. 

Tribe, n. [Lat. tribus, orig. a third 
part of the Roman people, afterward 
a tribe.] 1. A family, race, or series 
of generations from the same progen- 
itor. 2. Any division or class of per- 
sons or things. 

TRIB'LET, n. [Fr.triboulet.] A gold* 
smith's tool for making rings. 

TrI-BOM'E-TER, n. [Gr. rpi/3eiv, to 
rub, and p.irpov, measure.] An in- 
strument to ascertain the degree of 
friction in rubbing surfaces. 

TrI'BRACH, n. [Gr. rpt/3paxv?, from 
rpi and /Spaxvs, short.] A poetic foot 
of three short syllables. 




OR, do, WOLF, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PyLL ; jB, I, o, silent ; C,G, soft ; e,&,/uxrd; AS; EXIST; ^osng; THIS. 



: 



TRIBULATION 



448 



TRIPE 



TrYb/u-la'tion, n. [Lat. tribulatio.] 
Severe affliction. 

Tri-bu'nal, n. [Lat., fr. tribunus, a 
tribute.] 1. Seat of a judge in court. 
2. A court of justice. 

TrYb'une, n. [Lat. tribunus, prop, 
chief of a tribe (tribus).] 1. {Rom. 
Antiq.) A magistrate chosen by the 
people. 2. An elevated place in a 
legislative assembly for a speaker. 

Tri'b'une-shYp, n. Office of atribuue. 

Trib'U-ni'tial (-nlsh'al),a. Pertain- 
ing to, or suiting, a tribune. 

Trib'u-ta-ry, a. 1. Pitying tribute 
to another. 2. Paid in tribute. 8. 
Contributing. — n. One who pays 
tribute. 

Trib'ute, n. [Lat. tributum, from 
tribuere, to bestow, pay.] 1. A tax 
paid by one prince or nation to an- 
other. 2. A personal contribution. 

TRICE, v. t. [Ger. trisse, brace.] To 
haul by means of a rope. — n. [Perh. 
fr. thrice, while one can count three.] 
An instant ; a moment. 

Tri-C£N'ni-AL, a. [Lat. tricennalis, 
fr. triginta, thirty , and annus, year.] 
Consisting of, or occurring once in, 
thirty years. 

TRl-€HI'NA,n. ; pi. TRl-€Hl'NJE. 
[Gr. Tpi'xii/os, hairy, made of hair.] 
An animal parasite found in the 
muscles of animals. 

Trick, n. [D. trek, a pull, or draw- 
ing, a trick ; 0. Fr. tricher, trecher, to 
trick.] 1. Artifice; a sly procedure. 
2. A peculiarity. 3. The whole num- 
ber of cards played in one round. — 
v.t. 1. [-ed; -ING.] To deceive; 
to cheat. 2. [Cf. W. treciaw, to fur- 
nish, equip.] To dress ; to decorate. 
— v.i. To live by fraud. 

TrYck'er-y, n. Artifice; stratagem. 

Trick'ish, a. Given to tricks ; kna- 
vish, [trickish. 

Trick'ish-ness, n. State of being 

Trick'le (trlk'l), v. i. [-ED ; -ING. J 
[Cf. Dribble.] To flow in a small, 
gentle stream. 

Trick'ster, n. A deceiver ; a cheat. 

TRICK'Y, a. Given to tricks ; knavish. 

Tri'c6l-or, n. [Lat. tri and color.] 
A three-colored flag. 

TrI-cor'po-RAL, \ a. [Lat. tricor- 

Tri-cor'po-rate, J por.] Having 
three bodies. 

TRI-€US'PID, a. [Lat. tricuspis, -cus- 
piclis; tri, three, thrice, and cuspis, 
a point.] Having three points. 

TRI'DENT, n. [Lat. tridens, a 
-dentis, from tri, and dens, yj 
tooth.] A scepter or spear 
with three prongs. 

Tri'dent, » a. Having 

TrI-dent'ate, J three teeth 
or prongs. 

Tri-EN'ni-al, a. [Lat. trien- 
nium, space of three years; T r ;_ 
tri, tris, three, thrice, and an- dent. 
nus, year.] 1. Continuing 
three years. 2. Happening once in 
every three years. [years 

TRI-EN'NI-AL-LY, adv. Once in three 

TRI'ER, n. One who tries. 

TrI'fXl-low, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 



[Prefix tri, three, thrice, and fallow.] 
To plow the third time before sowing. 

TRl'FiD, a. [Lat. trifidus; tri, three, 
thrice, and Jindere, fidi, to split.] 
Divided half way into three parts. 

TRI'FLE, V. i. f-ED; -ING.] [0. D. 
treyfelen, to trine.] To act or talk 
with levity or folly. — V. t. To spend 
in vanity ; to dissipate. — n. 1. A 
thing of little value or importance. 
2. A dish of sweetmeats and cake, 
with syllabub. 

TrI'FLER, n. One who trifles. 

Tri'fling, p. Being of small value 
or importance ; trivial. [ner. 

Tri'FLING-LY, adv. In a trifling man- 

TRI-FO'LI-ATE,a. [Lat. tri, and fo- 
lium, leaf.] Having three leaves. 

Tri'FORM, a. [Lat. triformis; tri, 
tris, three, thrice, and forma, form.] 
Having a triple form. 

TrIg, v. t. [A.-S. /An/a an, to stay, tar- 
ry.] To stop, as a wheel, by placing 
something under it. — a. [Allied to 
trick, to decorate.] Trim ; neat. 

Trigger, n. [From trig.] 1. A catch 
to hold a wheel. 2. Catch of fire- 
arms, used to loose the lock for strik- 
ing fire. 

TrI'glyph, n. [Gr. 
Tpi"yAu<|>os, from rpi, 
Tpis, three, thrice, and 
ykv^etv, to carve.] An 
ornament in the frieze Triglyphs. 
of the Doric column. 

Trig'o-nal (110), a. Having three 
angles or corners ; triangular. 

TRi'G'O-NO-MET'Rie, I a. Per- 

Trig'o-no-met'ric-al, J taining 
to, or performed by, trigonometry. 

TRlG'O-NOM'E-TRY, n. [Gr. rpiyto- 
vov, a triangle, and p.erpov, measure.] 
That branch of mathematics which 
treats of triangles. 

TRI'GRAPH, n. [Gr. rpi, rpts, three, 
thrice, and ypa<f>rj, a writing.] Three 
letters with but one sound. [sides. 

Tri-HE'drai,, a. Having three equal 

TrI-he'dron, n. [Gr. rpi, rpi-;, three, 
thrice, and e&pa, a seat, base.] A 
figure of three equal sides. 

TrYj'U-GOUS, or TRI-JU'GOOs, a. 
[Lat. trijugus, threefold, fr. tri, tris, 
three, thrice, and jugum, a yoke.] 
In three pairs. 

Tri-lXt'er-AL, a. [Lat. trilaterus; 
tri, tris, three, thrice, and latus, side.] 
Having three sides. 

Tri-lIt'er-AL, a. [Lat. tri, tris, 
three, thrice, and litem, letter.] Con- 
sisting of three letters. 

Trill, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [D. trillen, 
to tremble, to shake. Cf. Thrill.] 
To utter with a quavering ; to shake. 
— v. i. To flow in a small stream. — 
n. A quaver of the voice in singing, 
or of the sound of an instrument 

TrIll'ION (-yun), n. [Lat. tri, and 
Eng. million.] According to the 
Eng. notation, a million involved 
to the third power, or the number 
represented by a unit with 18 ciphers 
annexed ; according to the Fr. nota- 
tion, a unit with 12 ciphers annexed. 

Tri-lo'bate, or TrI'lo-bate, a. 



[Gr. rpi, rpt's, three, thrice, and ao- 
/36s, a lobe.] Having three lobes. 

Tri-lo€'U-lar, a. [Lat. tri, tris, 
three, thrice, and loculus, a little 
place.] Having three cells. 

TRIM, a. [-MER ; -MEST.] [A.-S. 
trum, firm, strong. See infra.] Be- 
ing in good order, or made ready for 
use. — v. t. [-ME D ; -MING.] [A.-S. 
trymian, trymman, to prepare, make 
strong.] 1. To put in order ; toad- 
just. 2. To dress; to adorn. 3. To 
clip or lop. 4. To dress, as timber ; 
to make smooth. 6. To balance or 
adjust, as a ship. — v. i. To fluctu- 
ate between parties. — n. 1. Dress ; 
gear. 2. State or condition. 3. State 
of a ship or of her cargo, ballast, &c. 

TRIM'E-TER, n. [Gr. rpt/aerpos ; rpi, 
rpis, three, thrice, and /xerpov, mea- 
sure.] A division of ver.-e, consist- 
ing of three measures. 

Tri-met'RJ€-al, a. Consisting of 
three poetical measures. 

TrTm'ly, adv. Nicely ; in good order. 

Trim'mer, n. One who trims. 

Trim'ming, n. That which serves to 
trim ; esp. ornamental appendages. 

Trim'ness, n. State of being trim. 

Tri'nal, a. [Lat. trinus, trini, three 
each.] Threefold. 

TrIne, n. Aspect of planets 120° 
apart, or one third of the zodiac. 

Trin'gle, n. [Fr., of Celtic origin.] 
A little square ornament in building. 

TrYn'I-ta'ri-an, a. Pertaining to the 
Trinity. — n. One who believes the 
doctrine of the Trinity. 

Trin'i-ta'ri-an-'ism, n. Doctrine of 
Trinitarians. 

TrYn'1-TY, n [Lat. trinitas, fr. trini, 
three each.] The union of three per- 
sons in one Godhead. 

Tr^nk'et, n. [Perh. orig. tricket, fr. 
Prov. Eng. trick, trig, elegant, neat.] 
1. A small ornament, as a jewel. 2. 
A thing of little value. 

Tri-no'mi-al, n. [Gr.Tpi',Tpis, three, 
thrice, and vop-rj, distribution.] A 
quantity consisting of three terms. 

TrI'o, or TRl'O, n. [It., fr. Lat. tres, 
three.] 1. Three persons acting to» 
gether. 2. (Mus.) A composition for 
three parts. 

Trip,u. ?'. [-PED ; -PING.] [Ger. trip- 
pen, trippeln, Goth, trimpan.] 1. 
To move nimbly. 2. To make a false 
step. 3. To commit an offense ; to 
err. — v. t. .1. To cause to take a 
false step. 2. To loose, as the anchor, 
from the bottom, by its cable. — n. 
1. A brief journey or voyage. 2. A 
false step ; a misstep. 3. A slight er- 
ror ; a failure. 4. A stroke by which 
a wrestler supplantshis antagonist. 

Trip'ar-tite, or Tri-part'Ite, a. 
[Lat. tripartilus ; tri, tris, three, 
thrice, and partitus, divided.] 1. Di- 
vided into three parts. 2. Made be- 
tween three parties. 

TrYp'ar-ti'tion (-tlsh'un), n. A di- 
vision by threes. 

TRIPE, n. [Fr. tripe, D. tripe.] The 
large stomach of ruminating ani- 
mals, prepared for food. 



i, E, I, 5, u, Y, long; i,E,I, 6, 0, y, short; care, fXr, ask, all, what; ere, veil, TfiKM; PIQUE, FIRM; sdN, 



TRIPEDAL 



449 



TROUBLESOMELY 



TrIp'E-DAL, a. [Lat.. tripedalis ; trz, 
tris, three, thrice, and pes, a foot.] 
Having three feet. 

Tri-p£r'son-al, a. [Lat. trr, and 
persona, a person.] Consisting of 
three persons. 

Tri-per'son-Xl'i-ty, n. Existence 
of three persons in one Godhead. 

TRi-PET'AL-oOs, a. [Gr. rpi, rpi's, 
three, thrice, and ireYaAo*', a leaf.] 
Having three petals. 

TRlP'-HAM'iVlER, n. A heavy hammer, 
raised or tripped by projecting teeth, 
on a revolving shaft. 

TrTph'thong (fcritf- or trip'-),"- [Gr. 
t/k, Tp«, three, thrice, and <£0oyyi7, 
voice, sound.] 1. A combination of 
three vowels in a single syllable, 
forming a simple or compound sound. 
2. A trigreph. 

Triph-thon'gal (trif- or trip-, 82), 
a. Of, or pertaining to, a triphthong, 

TRIP'LE (trip'l), a. [Lat. triplex, from 
tri, tris, three, thrice, and plicare, to 
fold.] 1. Consisting of three united. 
2. Three times repeated ; treble. — 
v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] To make thrice 
as much ; to treble. 

Trip'let, n. [From triple.] Three 
verses rhyming together. 

Trip'LI-cate, a. Made thrice as 
much. — n. A third paper or thing 
of the same kind. 

Trip'li-ca'tion, n. Act of tripling, 
or state of being tripled. 

TRI-PLIC'I-TY, n. State of being triple. 

TRI'POD, n. [Gr. TpiVovs, TpiVoSos ; 
rpi, rpi?, three, thrice, and 7rovs, iro- 
fios, a foot.] Any utensil supported 
on three feet. 

TrIp'O-lT, n. An earthy substance 
(orig. from Tripoli), used in polishing. 

Tri'pos (147), n. [Of uncertain ety- 
mology.] A university examination 
of candidates for honors. [Cam- 
bridge, Eng.\ 

TRIP'PER, n. One who trips. 

Trip'ping, n. 1. Act of one who 
trips. 2. The loosing of an anchor 
from the ground by its cable or buoy- 

Trip'ping-ly, ado. Nimbly, [rope. 

TRIP'TOTE, n. [Gr. rplmuiTOV ; rpt, 
Tp«, three, thrice, and 7ttwt6s, fall- 
ing.] A noun having three cases only. 

TRl'REME, ft. [Lat. triremis ; tri, tris, 
three, and remits, an oar.] A galley 
with three ranks of oars on a side. 

TRl-SE€T', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat 
tri, three, thrice, and secure, sectum, 
to cut.] To cut into three equal parts. 

Tri-se€'tion, n. Division of a thing 
into three equal parts. 

Tris'yl-lab'ic, la. [Gr. rpttrvk- 

TRlS'YL-LAB'ie-AL, J Ao/3o? ; rpi, 
three, thrice, and (rvAAa/3»j, a sylla- 
ble.] Consisting of three syllables. 

Tri-s¥l'la-ble, n. A word consist- 
ing of three syllables. 

TRITE, a. [Lat. tritus, p. p. of terere, 
to rub.] Used until so common as to 
have lost its novelty and interest. 

Trite'ly, adv. In a trite manuer. 

TRITE'NESS, n. Quality of being trite. 

TRI'THE-ISM, n. (Prefix tri, iris, three, 
thrice, and theism.] The opinion 



that the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit 
are three distinct Gods. 

TrI'the-ist, a. One who holds to 
Tritheism. [theism. 

TRI'THE-IST'ie, a. Pertaining to tri- 

TRfT'U-RA-BLE, a. Capable of being 
ground down to a fine powder. 

TRIT'U-RATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. triturare, -ratum, to thrash.] 
To rub to a very fine powder, [ing. 

TRjfT'u-RA'TlON, n. Act of triturat- 

TRI'UMPH, h. [Lat. triumphus, allied 
to Gr. 0piofi|3o;, a procession in hon- 
or of Bacchus.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) 
1. A magnificent ceremonial in honor 
of a victorious general. 2. Exultation 
for success. 3. Victory. — v. ?'. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To celebrate victory with 
pomp or exultation. 2. To obtain 
victory ; to prevail. 

Tri-umph'AL, a. Relating to, indicat- 
ing, or in honor of, a triumph. 

Tri-Omph'ant, «. 1. Rejoicing for, or 
celebrating, victory. 2. Victorious. 

TrI-umph'ant-ly, adv. In a tri- 
umphant manner. 

Tri-um'viu, n.f Lat. pi. tri-um'- 
vi-rI; Eng. pi. TRl-tJM'VlRs. [Lat., 
fr. tres, gen. trium, three, and vir, a 
man.] One of three men united in 
office. [umvirate. 

Tri-um/VI-ral, a. Relating to a tri- 

Tri-Osi'vi-rate, ft. Government by 
three in coalition. 

Tri'une, a. (Lat. tri, three, and unus, 
one.] Being three in one ; — an epi- 
thet used to express the unity of the 
Godhead in a trinity of persons. 

Tri-u'ni-ty, n. Trinity. 

Triv'et, n. See TREVET. 

Triv'I-al, a. [Lat. trivialis, prop, 
that which is in, or belongs to, the 
cross-roads or public streets ; hence, 
common, from trivium,a. cross-road, 
public street.] Of little importance ; 
inconsiderable; trifling. [ner. 

TRtv'l-AL-LY, adv. In a trivial man - 

TrIv'I-al-ness, n. State or quality 
of being trivial. 

TrI'-week'ly, a. Performed or ap- 
pearing three times a week. 

TRO'€AR, n. [Fr. trocar, or trois 
quars, i. e., three quarters, fr. trois, 
three, and quart, a fourth; — from 
its triangular point.] A surgical in- 
strument. 

TRO-€HA'l€, la. Pertaining to, 

Tro-€HA'1€-al, J or consisting of, 
trochees. 

Tr6'€HE (tro^ee), n. [Gr. Tpoxos, 
any thing round, a wheel, fr. rpe\etv, 
to run.] A medicine in a circular 
cake, to be dissolved in the mouth. 

TRO'€HEE, n. [Gr. rpoxato?, (se. novs), 
fr. Tpoxaios, running.] A poetic foot 
of two syllables, the first long and 
the second short, or the first accented 
and the second unaccented. 

TRO-€HlL'ies, n. sing. [Gr. Tpoxi^ia, 
a cylinder revolving on its own axis, 
fr. Tpe'x«i / , to run.] The science of 
rotary motion. 

Tro€H'le-a, n. [Lat.] See Tro- 
CHIL1CS.] A pulley -like cartilage. 

TROD, imp. of Tread. 



Trod, I . „ . 

Trod'denJ P-P° f Tread - 

TROG'LO-DVTE, n. [Gr. TptjyAoSvrr/? ; 
rpdiyKn. cavern, and Svctv, to enter.] 
A dweller in a subterraneous cave. 

Troll, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Ger. 
trollen, W. troliaw.] 1. To roll; to 
turn. 2. To sing the parts of in suc- 
cession. — v. i. 1. To roll; to run 
about. 2. To fish by drawing the 
hook through the water. 

TROL'LOP, n. [From troll, to roll, to 
stroll. 1_ A slattern; a slut. 

TROM'BONE, n. [It. augm. of tromba, 
a trumpet.] A deep-toned brass in- 
strument of the trumpet kind. 

Tromp, n. (See Trump.] A blowing 
apparatus. 

Troop, n. [Fr. troupe, prob. fr. Lat. 
turba, a crowd, troop.] 1. Amultitude. 
2. pi. Soldiers taken collectively. 3. A 
small body of cavalry, light-horse, or 
dragoons, — v. i. [-ED; -ing.] 1. 
To come or gather in crowds. 2. To 
march on. 

Troop'er, ft. A horse-soldier. 

TROPE, n. [Gr. rponos, fr. Tpe'Treif, to 
turn.] Use of a word or expression 
in a different sense from that which 
properly belongs to it. 

TRO'PHY, n. [Gr. TpoTracoi', strictly a 
monument of the enemy's defeat, fr. 
rpoirq, a turn, a rout.] Any memo- 
rial of victory. 

Trop'I€, n. [Gr. Tpo7rcie6?, (sc. kvkKos, 
fr. TpeVetc, to turn.] 1. One of the 
two small circles that bound the sun's 
greatest declination from the equa- 
tor. 2. (pi. ) The regions between or 
near the tropics. 

TROP'I€-AL,a. 1. Being within, or in- 
cident to, the tropics. 2. Figurative. 

Tro-pol'o-GY, n. [Gr. rpoTros, a 
trope, Aoyos, discourse.] A rhetorical 
mode of speech, including tropes. 

Trot, v. i. [-ted ; -ting.] [Fr. 
trotter, Ger. trotten, W. trotiaw.] To 
move faster than in walking. — v. t. 
To cause to trot. — n. Pace of a quad- 
ruped when he lifts one fore foot and 
the hind foot of the opposite side at 
the same time. 

TROTH, n. [An old form of truth.] 1. 
Faith ; fidelity. 2. Truth ; veracity. 

Trot'ter, n. 1. A beast that trots. 
2. A sheep's foot. 

Trou'ba-dqur' (110), n. [Fr. trouba- 
dour, fr. trouver, to find, invent.] One 
of a school of poets who formerly 
flourished in the south of France. 

TroOb'le (trub'l ), v. t. [-ed ; -ING.] 
[From Lat. turbare, to disturb, turba, 
a disorder, tumult, crowd.] 1. To ag- 
itate. 2. To give disturbance or dis- 
tress to. — n. [From Lat. turbula, a 
disorderly group, diminutive of tur- 
ba, a crowd.] 1. The state of being 
troubled. 2. That which gives dis- 
turbance or annoyance. 

Troub'ler, n One who troubles. 

TROi'iB'LE-soME, a. Giving trouble. 
Syn. — Uneasy; perplexing! harass- 
ing; annoying; wearisome; importunate. 

Troub'le-some-ly, adv. So as to 
give trouble. 



or, do, wolf, too,to"ok; urn, rue, pull; e, i, o, silent: c,G,*o/*,- €,a,Aard; Ag; Ejcist; 3<«ng; this. 



i 

( 



TROUBLESOMENESS 



450 



TRY 



TROtJB'LE-s6ME-NESS, n. State or 
quality of being troublesome. 

Trolb'lous, a. Full of trouble ; agi- 
tated; afflicted. 

TROUGH (trawf, 21), n. [A.-S. trog. Cf. 
Tray.] A long, hollow vessel, or 
narrow receptacle, or depression. 

Trounce, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [0. Fr. 
troncer, to cut.] To punish or beat 
severely. 

Troupe (troop), n. [Fr. See Troop.] 
A company ; esp. of performers in a 
play or opera. 

Trou'sers, n. pi. [0. Fr. trousses, 
breeches worn by pages, fr. trousse, 
trosse, a bundle, a truss.] A loose 
lower garment worn by males. 

Syn. — Pantaloons. — In the United 
States, the original word trousers is al- 
most laid aside, the term being only ap- 
plied to the loose garment of sailors or 
laborers, while pantaloons is used in all 
other cases. The English adhere to the 
old term in respect equally to the dress 
of gentlemen and all others, making 
much less use than we do of the word 
pantaloons in speaking of this part of 
the dress. 

Troussea tfftroVso'), n. [Fr., from 
trousse, a bundle.] The collective 
lighter equipments of a bride. 

Trout, n. [A.-S. truht, Lat. tructa, 
tructus, fr. Gr. TpcoKTi;?, a sea-fish 
with sharp teeth, from rpoiyeiv, to 
gnaw.] A fresh-water fish. 

TRO'VER, n. [0. Fr. trover, truver, to 
find.] (Law.) (a.) The gaining pos- 
session of any goods, (b.) An action 
to recover damages against one who 
found and would not restore goods. 

TROW (tr5), v. i. [A.-S. treowian, 
treowan.] To believe ; to think. 

Trow'el, n. [Lat. trulla, dim. of 
trua, a ladle] A mason's or a gar- 
dener's tool. [SERS. 

Trow'sers., n. pi. Same as Trou- 

TROY, " \ n. [Said 

TROY'-WEIGHT (-wait), ] to have its 
name fr. Troyfs, in France.] A weight 
of 12 ounces to the pound, used for 
weighing gold, silver, jewels, &c. 

TRU 'AN-c Y, n. Act of playing, or state 
of being, truant. 

TRTJ'ANT, n. [0. Fr., a vagrant, beg- 
gar ; of Celtic origin.] An idler, esp. 
a pupil who absents himself from 
school. — a. Idle, and shirking duty. 

TRUCE, n. [0. Eng. trewis, trewse, fr. 
0. H. Ger. triwa, triuwa, faith, com- 
pact. See True.] 1. A temporary 
cessation of hostilities. 2. Short 
quiet. [lates a truce. 

Truce'-break/er, n. One who vio- 

Truck, v. t. or i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Fr. 
troquer.] To barter. — n. 1. Ex- 
change of commodities ; barter. 2. 
Commodities appropriate to barter ; 
hence, small commodities, and some- 
times, luggage. [Colloq.] — n. [Gr. 
Tpoxos, a wheel.] 1. A small, solid 
wheel. 2. A low carriage for heavy 
articles. 3. A frame with wheels, 
&c, to carry one end of a locomotive 
or car. 4. A small wooden cap at 
the summit of a mast, &c. 

TrOck'age, n. 1. Exchange ; barter. 
2. Pay for conveyance on a truck. 



TRUCK'LE, n. [Dim. of truck, a 
wheel.] A small wheel or caster. — 
v. i. [A.-S. trucian, to fail ; diminish.] 
To yield obsequiously to the will of 
another ; to submit. 

Truck'le-bed, n. A bed that runs 
on wheels, and may be pushed under 
another. 

TrOck'man (150), n. One who con- 
veys goods on a truck. 

Tru/CU-lence, ) n. 1. Ferocious- 

Tru'€U-len-cy, J ness. 2. Ter- 
ribleness of countenance. 

Tru'cu-lent (110), a. [Lat. trucu- 
lentus, fr. trux, wild, fierce.] 1. 
Fierce ; savage. 2. Of ferocious as- 
pect. 3. Cruel ; ruthless. 

Trudge, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [Allied to 
tread.] 1. To go on foot. 2. To 
travel or march with labor. 

True, a. [-er ; -est, 140.] [A.-S. 
tredioe, triwe, faithful. Cf. Trow.] 
1. Conformable to fact, or to a rule 
or pattern ; exact. 2. Faithful ; 
loyal. 3._ Genuine ; pure ; real. 

True'-blue, a. Of inflexible honesty 
and fidelity ; — alluding to the once 
celebrated true or Coventry blue. 

TRUE'-BORN, a. Of genuine birth. 

TRUE'-HEART'Ei), a. Honest; sin- 
cere. 

TRUE'LOVE'-KNOT (-not), n. A com- 
plicated knot ; — an emblem of inter- 
woven affection. [truth. 

True'ness, n. Quality of being true ; 

True'-pen'ny, n. An honest fellow. 

TRUF'FLE (tru'fl), n. [0. Fr. trufe, 
Lat. tuber.] A kind of mushroom 
found buried in the soil. 

Tru'ism, n. An undoubted or self- 
evident truth. 

Trull, n. [See Trollop and 
Troll.] A strumpet. [fact. 

Tru'ly, adv. According to truth ; in 

TR0MP, n. 1. [Fr. trompe, Lat. tuba; 
Icel. trumba, drum.] A trumpet. 2. 
[See Triumph.] A winning card. — 
v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To take with 
a trump card. 2. [Fr. tromper.] To 
trick. 3. To impose unfairly ; to 
obtrude. 

TrOmp'er-y, ii. [Fr. tromperie, de- 
ceit.] Worthless but showy matter ; 
hence, rubbish. — a. Worthless or 
deceptive in character. 

TrOmp'et, 11. [See Trump.] A wind 
instrument of music. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To publish by sound of 
trumpet ; to proclaim. 

TrOmp'et-er, n. 1. One who sounds 
a trumpet. 2. One who proclaims, 
publishes, or denounces. 

TR0N€'ATE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
truncare, -catuin, fr. truncus, trunk 
of a tree.] To cutoff; to maim. — a. 
Appearing as if cut off at the tip. 

TRUN-CA'TION, n. Act of truncating, 
or state of being truncated. 

Trun'CHEON (trfin'shun), n. [Fr. 
troncon, O Fr. tronc/wn, fr. Lat. 
thyrsus, a stalk, stem, staff.] 1. A 
club. 2. A staff of command. 

Trun'dle, n. 1. A little wheel. 2. A 
low cart with small wooden wheels. 
— v. t. 1. To roll, as a thing on little 




wheels. 2. To cause to roll. — v. i. 
[-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. tryndded, made 
round, fr. tryndel, a sphere, a circle.] 

1. To roll, as on little wheels. 2. To 
roll, as a hoop. [little wheels. 

TrOn'dle-bed, v. A low bed on 

Trunk, n. [Lat. truncus.] 1. Stem 
or body of a tree. 2. Body of an 
animal, apart from the limbs. 3. 
Main body of any thing. 4. Pro- 
boscis of an elephant. 5. A chest 
covered with leather or hide, for coa- 
taining clothes, &c. 

Trunk'-hose, n. 
Large breeches 
formerly worn. 

Trun'nel, n. A 
tree-nail. 

Trunn'ion (-yun), 
n. [0. Fr. trognon, 
stump or trunk 
of a tree. See 
TRUNK] A knob Trunk-hose, 
on each side of a cannon, &c, serv- 
ing to support it on the carriage. 

TRUSS, n. [Fr. trousse, from trousser, 
to pack, pack up, fr. Lat. torquere, 
to twist.] 1. A bundle, as of straw. 

2. An apparatus used in cases of 
hernia. 3. The rope or iron used to 
keep the center of a yard to the 
mast. 4. A framed assemblage of 
timbers. — v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] 1. To 
bind close. 2. To skewer, as a fowl. 

Trust, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Icel. 
treysta, to confide, confirm, traustr, 
faithful, firm ; 0. Sax. trostian, to 
console.] 1. To confide in ; to rely 
on. 2. To believe ; to credit. 3. To 
commit, as to one's care ; to intrust. 
— v. i. To be confident, as of some- 
thing present or future. — n. 1. Re- 
liance on, or confidence in, another. 
2. Credit given ; belief. 3. Depen- 
dence upon something future or con- 
tingent. 4. That which is committed 
to one. 

Trust-ee', n. One to whom property 
is legally committed in trust. 

Trust'ful, n. Full of trust ; trusting. 

TRtJST'I-LY, adv. Faithfully ; hon- 
estly, [ness. 

Trust'i-ness, n. Fidelity ; faithful- 

TRUST'WORTH-Y (-wOr'thy), a. 
Worthy of trust ; trusty ; reliable. 

TrOst'Y, a. [-ER ; -E^T, 142.] 1. Fit 
to be confided in ; reliable. 2. Not 
liable to fall ; strong. 

Truth, n.,-/^. truths (99) 1. The 
quality of being true. 2. Real state 
of things ; reality. 3. An established 
principle, fixed law, or the like. 

Truth'fvl, a. Veracious; reliable. 

Truth'fvl-ly, adv. In a truthful 
manner. [truthful. 

Truth'ful-NES3, v. State of being 

Try, v. t. [-ed; -ing, 142.] [Fr. 
trier, to cull, to pick out, as if from 
a Lat. word tritare, fr. terere, tritum, 
to rub, bruise, grind.] 1. To prove ; 
to test. 2. To refine, as metals ; to 
melt out, as tallow, lard, &c. 3. To 
subject to severe trial. 4. To ex- 
amine judicially. 6. To experience. 
6. To essay. 



X, £, I, 6,v,Y,long; £,£,!, 6, 0, If, short; cAre, far, Ask, all, what; ere, veil, t£rm; pique, fIrm; s6n, 



TRYING 



451 



TURGESCENCY 



Syn. — To attempt. — To try is the 
generic, to attempt is the specific, term. 
We may be indifferent as to the result 
of a trial, but we rarely attempt any 
thing without a desire to succeed. 
— v. i. To endeavor ; to attempt. 

TRY'ING, p. a. Adapted to try ; se- 
vere : afflictive. 

Tryst, n. An appointed meeting, or 
a place for such meeting. 

TOb, n. [D. tnbbe ; O. II. Ger. zuipar, 
fr. ziv'i, two, and beran, to bear.] An 
open wooden vessel for various do- 
mestic purposes. 

Tube, n. [Lat. tubus.] A hollow 
cylinder ; a pipe ; a duct ; a conduit. 

Tu'ber, n. [Lat., a hump, knob.] A 
fleshy, rounded root, as the potato. , 

TO'BER-€LE, n. [Lat. tuberculum, 
dim. of tuber.] A small mass, or 
aggregation of diseased matter. 

Tu-bEr'_€U-LAR, a. Having tubercles. 

TUBE'RO.jE, or TU'BER-OSE, n. [Lat. 
tuberosus, tuberous.] A beautiful 
plant with a tuberous root. 

Tu'BER-6s'l-TY, n. State of being 
tuberous. 

Tu'ber-oDs, a. [Lat. tuberosus.] 
Covered with, or full of, tubers. 

Tub'ing,h. A series of tubes ; mate- 
rial for tubes. 

Tu'bu-lar, ) a. [From Lat. tubu- 

Tu'BU-LATE, ( lus, dim. of tubus, a 
tube.] Consisting of a pipe ; fistular. 

Tu'BULE,n. A small tube. 

Tu-BU 'LI-FORM 7 , a. [Lat. tubulus, a 
little tube, and forma, form.] Having 
the form of a small tube. 

Tu'BU'LOtJs, a. Resembling, or in 
the form of, a tube. 

Tuck, n. [W. twca, a kind of knife, 
twc, a cut, or chip. See infra.] 1. 
A long, narrow sword. 2. A hori- 
zontal fold in a garment. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] [H. Ger. zucken, to 
draw with a short and quick motion.] 
1. To fold under. 2. To inclose by 
pushing the clothes closely around. 

TDck'er, n. A small, thin piece of 
the dress for covering the breast. 

Tues'day (tuz'dy), n. [A.-S. Tiwes- 
dag, fr. Tiw, the god of war, and 
flag, a day.] Third day of the week. 

Tu'FA, or Tu'FA, n. [It. tufo, soft, 
sandy stone.] A soft porous or 
friable stone. 

TUFT, n. [Fr. touffe, for touppe, Prov. 
Fr. touffette, Icel. toppr, a curl, tuft 
of hair.] 1. A collection of small, 
flexible things in a bunch. 2. A 
cluster — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
separate into, or adorn with, tufts. 

TUFT'Y, a. Growing in tufts. 

Tug, r. J. or i. [-GED ; -ging.] [A.-S. 
teolian, tcon (p. p. togen), teogan, to 
pull, draw.] To pull or draw with 
great effort. — n. 1. A pull with the 
utmost effort. 2. A steam-vessel to 
tow ships. 3. A drawing-strap, of a 
harness. 

Tu-i'tion (-lsh'un), n. [Lat. tuitio, 
from lueri, to see, watch.] 1. Guar- 
dianship. 2. Instruction. 3. Money 
paid for instruction, [ing to tuition. 

Tu-f 'TION-A-RY (-Tsh'un-), a. Pertain- 

Tu'LIP, n. [Turk. & Per. tulbend, 



duibend, a turban ; — from its shape.] 

A bulbous plant, and its beautiful 

flower. 
TULLE, n. [Fr.,from Tulle, in France, 

where it was first made.] A kind of 

silk lace. 
TUM'BLE, V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [0. II. 

Ger. lumilGn, tftmGn, A.-S.tumbian.] 

1. To roll about by turning one way 
and the other. 2. To be precipitated. 
— v. t. 1. To turn over for exami- 
nation ; to precipitate. 2. To dis- 
turb. — n. A rolling over ; a fall. 

TfiM'BLER, ti. 1. One who tumbles. 

2. Part of a lock. 3. A drinking 
glass. 4. A variety of pigeon. 6. A 
sort, of dog. 

TUM'BREL,ln. [0. Fr. tomberel, fr. 

Tum'bril, J tomber, to tumble.] 1. 

A ducking-stool. 2. A rough cart. 

3. A military wagon. 4. A kind of 
cage for keeping food for sheep. 

TU'ME-F.Xe'TJON, n. Act or process 
of swelling. 

Tu'ME-FY,r. t.ori. [-ED ; -ing, 142.] 
[Lat. tumefacere ; tumere, to swell, 
and facere, to make.] To swell; to 
puff up ; to distend. 

TO'MID, a. [Lat. tumidus, fr. tumere, 
to swell.] 1. Swelled or distended. 
2. Protuberant. 3. Bombastic. 

Tu-MlD'l-TY, I ii. State or quality of 

TU'MID-NESS, ( being tumid. 

TO'MOR, n. [Lat., from tumere, to 
swell.] A morbid swelling on any 
part of the body. 

Tump, n. [W. twmp. txvm, a round 
heap.] A little hillock; a knoll. — 
v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To form a mass 
of earth round, as a plant. 

TU'MU-LAR, a. [Lat. tumulus, a 
mound.] Formed or being in a heap. 

Tu'MULT, n. [Lat. tumultus, fr. tu- 
mere, to swell.] 1. Commotion, or 
agitation of a multitude, usually ac- 
companied with great noise. 2. High 
excitement. 

Syn. — Uproar ; disturbance ; dis- 
order ; confusion ; hubbub. 

Tu-MULT'U-A-Rl-LY, adv. In a tu- 
multuary manner. 

Tu-mOlt'U-a-ry (44), a. Attended 
by, or producing, a tumult. 

TU-MULT'U-OUS,a. 1. Conducted with 
tumult. 2. Greatly agitated. 3. Tur- 
bulent ; violent. 

Tu-3iULT'u-oDs-LY, adv. In a tu- 
multuous or disorderly manner. 

Tu-mDlt'u-ous-ness, ii. Commotion. 
Tu'mu-lus, n. ; pi. tu'mu-li. 
[Lat., a mound.] An artificial hill- 
ock, especially one raised over an 

• ancient grave. 

TUN,n. [A.-S. tunne.] 1. A largecask. 
2. A measure for liquids, consisting 
of two pipes or four hogsheads. — v. 
t. [-NED: -NING.] To put into 
tuns or casks. 

TUN'A-BLE,a. Capable of being tuned; 
hence, musical ; tuneful. 

Tune, n. [A different spelling of lone.] 
1. A rhythmical, melodious series of 
musical tones ; a melody. 2. Pitch 
of the voice or an instrument. 3- 
Order ; concord. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 



To put in tune. — v. ?. To form ac 
cordant musical sounds. 

TCne'ful, a. Melodious ; musical. 

Tune'lESS, a. Unmusical. 

TUN'ER, n. One who tunes. 

TU'NI€, n. [Lat. tunica.] 1. (Antiq. r 
An under-garment worn by both 
sexes. 2. A natural covering ; an 
integument. 

TU'ni-€LE, n. [Lat. tvnictda, dim. 00 
tunica, a. tunic] A natural covering. 

TUN'ING-FORK, n. An instrument 
for ascertaining the pitch of tunes. 

TCn'nage.h. See Tonnage. 

TDn'nel, n. [From tun.] 1. A ves- 
sel with a tube at one end, for trans- 
ferring liquors. 2. An arch or pas- 
sage under ground for railways, &c. 
— v. t. [-ED; -ing, 137.] 1. To 
form into a tunnel. 2. To make an 
opening for passage through or un- 
der, as a mountain or river. 

Tun'ny, n. [Gr. Qvvvos, Ovvos, from 
Ovveiv, to rush or dart along] A fish 
of the mackerel family. 

TUR'BAN, n. [0. Eng. turband, tuli- 
bant, from Per. dulband, from ilulai, 
double, and band, a bandage.] A 
head-dress, consisting of a cap and a 
sash wound about the cap. 

TUR'BA-RY, n. [L. Lat. turbaria, from 
Lat. turba, turf.] 1. A right of dig- 
ging turf on another man's laud. 2. 
Ground where turf is dug. 

TOr'BID, a. [Lat. turbidus, fr. turba, 
tumult, disturbance.] Roiled: mud- 
dy ; thick. [being turbid. 

TUR'BID-NESS, n. State or quality of 

TOr'bi-nate, la. [Lat. turbindtus, 

TUR'BI-NA'TED, ) fr. turbo, turbinis, 
a whirl, top.] Shaped like a top or 
cone inverted. 

TOr'bi-na'tion, n. Act of spinning 
or whirling, as a top. 

TUR'Bi'NE, n. [Lat. turbo, turbinis, 
that which whirls round.] A hori- 
zontal water-wheel, with a series of 
curved floats upon the periphery. 

TUR'BOT, n. [Fr. turbot, W. torbwt.] 
A flat fish, nearly circular. 

Tur'bu-lence, n. Quality of being 
turbulent ; a disturbed state. 

TOr'BU-LENT, a. [Lat. turbulentus, 
fr. turba, disorder.] 1. In violent com- 
motion. 2. Disposed to insubordina- 
tion. 3. Producing commotion. 

Syx. — Disturbed ; agitated ; tumult- 
uous ; riotous. 

Tur'bu-LENT-LY, adv. In a turbu- 
lent manner ; tumultuously. 

TU-REEN', n. [From Fr. terrine, from 
terre, earth.] A large, deep vessel for 
soup, at table. 

TOrf,«. ; pi. turfs. [A.-S., allied 
to Gael, larp, a clod.] 1. Upper stra- 
tum of earth filled with roots ; sward. 
2. Peat. 3. Horse-racing. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To cover with turf. 

TOrf'y, a. [-er ; -est, 142.] Abound- 
ing with turf. 

TUR'GENT, a. [Lat. turgens, swelling.] 
1. Swelling. 2. Bombastic. 

TUR-GES'CENCE, \ n. 1. Act of swell- 

Tur-ges'cen-cy, ) ing, or state of 
being swelled. 2. Pompousness. 



OR, DO, WQLF,TOO, TOOK; fjRN, RyE, PULL; E, I, o, silent ; c, G, soft; €, G, hard; Ag; BJIST; # as NG ; THIS 



TURGID 



452 



TWINGE 



TOr'gid, a. [Lat. turgidus, from tur~ 
gere, to swell.] 1. Distended beyond 
the natural state ; bloated. 2. Swell- 
ing in style or language ; bombastic, 

9vs.-=- Tumid ; pompous ( inflated. 

Tur-gid'1-TY, ) n. State or quality 

Tur'gid-ness, ) of being turgid. 

■Eur'kEY, n. [Erroneously thought 

. to have come orig. from Turkey.] A 

' large fowl, a native of America. 

Surk'ish, a. Relating to Turkey or 
the Turks. [TURQUois. 

Tur-Kois' (-keez', 38), n. Same as 

Tur'MER-ic (123), n. [N. Lat. terra- 
merka, tutmerica.] An East Indian 
plant and its root, used for dyeing. 

TUR'MOlL, n, [From turn and moil. 
to labor.] Harassing labor; trouble. 

Turn, v. t. [-ED ; -ING,] [Gr. ropvos, 
a turner's chisel, ropveveiv, to turn, 
to work with a lathe ; A.-S. tyrnan, 
to turn.] 1. To form in a lathe. 2, 
To give form to. 3. To cause to re- 
volve. 4. To cause to present a 
dilferent side. 5. To give another di- 
rection or tendency to. 6. To use or 
employ. 7. To alter ; to transform. 
■=?!«. t. 1. To have a circular mo- 
tion ; to change position. 2. To 
hinge ; to depend. 3. To be changed ; 
also, to become by changes. 4. To 
become acid; to sour. — n. 1. Act 
of turning. 2. Change of direction. 
3. Change; alteration. 4. A wind- 
ing; a brief walk. 6. Incidental oc- 
casion or deed. 6. Occasion ; pur- 
pose. 7. Form ; shape ; fashion. 

TuRN'-COAT, n. One who forsakes 
his party or principles ; a renegade. 

TOrn'ER, n. One who turns; esp, 
one who forms articles with a lathe. 

TurN'ER-Y,h. Art of fashioning solid 
bodies by means of a lathe. 

TOrn'ING, n. 1. A winding: flexure. 
2. Deviation from the proper course. 

TURN'ING-POINT, n. Point on which 
a question turns, and which decides 
a case. 

Tur'niP, n. [Perh. fr. W. turn, round, 
and rneipen, maip, a turnip, A.-S. 
nape, Lat. uapus.] A plant and its 
bulbous edible root. 

TurN'Key (148), n. One tvho has 
charge of the keys of a prison. 

TURN'-OUT (147), n. 1. A short side 
track on a railroad ; 2. An equipage. 

TURN'PIKE, n. 1. A turnstile. [Obs.] 
2. A toll-gate, or gate set across a 
toad. 8. A turnpike-road. — v. t. 
['ED ; -TNG.] To form in the man- 
ner of a turnpike-road. 

T0rn'PIKE-r6ad, n. A road on 
which toll-gates are established. 

*E0rn's6le, n. [Fr. tournesol, from 
tourner, to turn, and Lat. sol.] A 
heliotrope. 

TurN'spTt, n. One 
who turns a spit; 
hence, a menial. 

TURN'STILE, n. A 
revolving frame in 
a footpath. 

TOrn'-ta'BLE, n. 
A large revolving 




Turnstile. 




Turtle (2). 



platform, for turning locomotives, 
and the like. 

T0R'PEN-TINE,n. [Lat, terebinthinus, 
of the turpentine-tree. See TERE- 
BINTH.] An oleo-resinous substance, 
from several species of trees. 

TOr'FI-TUDE (53), n. [Lat. turpitudo; 
turpis, foul, base.] Inherent base- 
ness of principle, words, or actions. 

Tur-quois' (-koiz/ or -keez', 38), n. 
[Fr. turquoise. ; — it came first from 
Turkey.] A bluish green mineral, 

Tur'REL,«. A coopers tool. 

Tur'ret, n. [0. Fr. tourette, dim. 
of tower, tower.] A small eminence 
or spire attached to a building. 

Tur'reT-ed,/?. a. Having turrets. 

TGr'TlE (tur'tl), n. 1. [A.-S. turtle, 
Lat. turtur, dim. 
turturilla.] A gal- 
linaceous bird ; — 
called also turtle- 
dove. 2. [Prob. : 
corrupted fr. tor' 
toise.] A sea-tor- 
toise ; — often ap- 
plied to any kind of tortoise. 

TUr'tle-d6ve,»i. See Turtle 

Tus'can, a. Pertain- 
ing to one of the or- 
ders of architecture. 

Tush, interj. Indi- 
cating check, rebuke, 
or contempt. 

Tusk, n. [A.-S. tusr, 
tux.] The long, point- 
ed tooth of certain 
animals. 

TC9K.ED (tuskt), a. 

Furnished with tusks. Tuscan Order. 

Tus'SLE, n. [See Tousle and Touse.] 
A struggle; a conflict. — v. i. [-ED; 
jiNG.] To struggle ; to scuffle. 

T0T, interj. Be still; — an exclama- 
tion used for checking or rebuking. 

Tu'TE-LAGE, n. [Lat. tutela, protec- 
tion.] 1. Guardianship. 2. State of 
being under a guardian. 

Tfi'TE-LAR, \a. Guardian; pro- 

TU'TE-LA-RY, ) tecting. 

TO 'TOR, n. [Lat. tutor, fr. tueri, to 
watch, defend] One who watches 
over, or has the care of, another ; 
specifically, (a.) A private or public 
teacher, (b.) An instructor of a lower 
rank than a professor. — v.t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To have the guardianship 
or care of ; to teach ; to Instruct. 2. 
To treat with authority or severity. 

Tu'TOR-AGE , n. Office of a tutor. 

Tfl'TOR-ESS, n. A female tutor. 

Tu-TO'RI-AL. a. Belonging to, or ex- 
ercised by, a tutor. 

TWAD'DLE, v. i. [See TATTLE.] To 
talk in a weak and silly manner. — 
n. Silly talk ; gabble. 

TWAD'DLER, n. One who twaddles. 

TWAIN, a. or n. [A.-S. twegen, twa, 
two.] Two. 

TwXNG, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Cf. TANG, 
3, and Ger. zivang, constraint, 
force.] To make the sound of a tense 
string suddenly pulled. — v. t. To 
make to sound, as a tense string. — 
n. 1. A harsh, quick sound, like 



that made by a stretched string sud- 
denly pulled and let go. 2. A nasal 
sound of the voice. 

TWAT'TLE, f. i. [See TATTLE.] To 
prate ; to talk much and idly. 

TWEAK, v. t. [A.-S. twiccian, to 
twitch, pull. See Twitch.] To pinch 
and pull with a sudden jerk and 
twist. — n. A sharp pinch or jerk. 

Tweed, n. A light, twilled cotton or 
woolen stuff. 

TWEE'DLE,r. t. To handle lightly; 
hence, to coax ; to allure. 

TWEE'ZEHg, n. pi. [0. Eng. tweeze, 
a surgeon's box of instruments, fr. 
Fr. etui, a case.] Small pincers 
used to pluck out hairs, &c. 

TWELFTH, a. The ordinal of twelve 

— n. One of twelve equal parts. 
Twelfth'-night (nit), n. The 

evening of the twelfth day after 
Christmas, or Epiphany. 

TWELVE, a. & n. [A.-S. twelf, 
Goth, tvalif, from tva, two, and -lif, 
ten.] Two and ten ; a dozen. 

TWELVE'MONTH (101), n. A year, 
or twelve calendar months. 

TWELVE'-PENCE, n. A shilling ster- 
ling, or about twenty-four cents. 

TWELVE'score, a. & n. Twelve 
times twenty. 

Twen'ti-eth, a. Ordinal of twenty. 

— n. One of twenty equal parts. 
TWEN'TY, a. & n. [A.-S. twentig, 

twentig, fr. twegen, two, and tig, a 
decade.] Twice ten. 

Twice, adv. [Cf. Thrice.] 1. Two 
tinies. 2. Doubly. 

TWI'FXL-l6w, V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[A.-S. twi, two, and Eng. fallow.] 
To plow a second time ; — said of 
land that is fallowed. 

Twig, n. [A.-S. tw\g, from twi, twig, 
two, i. e., a bisection of the trunk.] 
A small shoot of a tree or shr»b. 

TWIG'GY, a. Abounding with twigs. 

Twi'LIGHT (-lit), n. [A.-S. tweon- 
leoht, i.e., doubtful light, fr. tiveona, 
doubt, fr. twi, two, and ledht, light.] 
The faint light before sunrise and 
after sunset. — a. 1. Shaded; ob- 
scure. 2. Seen or done by twilight. 

TwIll, v. t. [See Quill.] To weave, 
so as to produce diagonal lines on 
the surface. — n. 1. An appearance 
of diagonal lines in textile fabrics. 
2. A fabric with a twill. 

Twin, n. [A.-S. twin, double; twi, 
two. Cf. Twine.] 1. One of two pro- 
duced at a birth. 2. pi. A constella- 
tion and sign of the zodiac. — a. Be- 
ing one of two born at a birth, or of 
a pair much resembling one another. 

Twine, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
twinan, fr. twi, two.] 1. To twist 
together ; to form by twisting. 2. To 
embrace; to entwine. — v.i. 1. To 
unite closely. 2. To wind ; to bend. 

— n. [D. twijn, Icel. tvinni, a 
double thread. See supra.] 1. A 
twist. 2. Act of twining or winding 
round. 3. A small cord or string. 

TwlNGE,f. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Allied 
to tweak, and tioang.] 1. To pinch. 
2. To torment with pinching or sharp 



I, E. I, 6,fj, y,long; A,£,S, 6, u, Y, short; cAre, far, ask, all, what; ere.V£IL, t£rm; pique, firm; s6n. 



TWINKLE 



453 



ULCERATE 



pains. — v. i. To have a sudden, 
sharp pain. — n. 1. A pinch. 2. A 
darting, local pain. 

TWINK'LE (twiQk'l), V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[A.-S. twinclian.] 1. To wink. 2. 
To sparkle ; to flash at intervals. 

Twink'le, ) n. 1. A quick motion 

TwInk'ling, ) of the eye ; a wink. 
2. Time of a wink; a moment. 3. 
Scintillation : a sparkling. 

TWIRL ( J8), V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. 
t/iwiril, a churn-staff, a flail. Cf. 
Thwart, Quirl.] To move and 
tnrn rapidly with the fingers. — v. i. 
To revolve with velocity. — n. A 
rapid circular motion; a whirling. 

TwIsT, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S., 
cloth of double thread, fr. ttei. two.] 
1. To contort. 2. To pervert. ?. To 
wreathe ; to wind. 4. To unite by 
winding one thread or strand round 
another. — v. i. To be contorted or 
united by winding round each other. 
— n. 1. A contortion; a bending. 2. 
Form given in twisting. 3. That which 
is formed by twisting. [twists. 

Twist'ER, ft. One who, or that which, 

Twit, v. t. [-ted ; -ting.] [A.-S. at- 
witan, to blame, from at, at, to, and 
witan, to know, reproach.] To vex 
by reminding of a fault or defect, &c. 

Twitch, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. tioic- 
cian.] To pull with a sudden jerk ; 
to snatch. — n. A pull with a jerk. 

TWIT'TER,f. t. [-ED; -ING.] [0. H. 
Ger. zwizarGn. Cf. TITTER] 1. 
To make a succession of small, trem- 
ulous, intermitted noises. 2. To have 
a slight trembling of the nerves. — 
n. 1. A small, intermitted noise. 2. 
A slight trembling of the nerves. 

Two (tub), a. & n. [A.-S. twepan, tiva, 
two, Lat. duo, Gr. Svo, Skr. divi.] 
One and one. 

Twp'-EDGED (tcTo'-ejd), a. Having 
an edge on both sides. 

Two'fold (tub'-), a. Double; mul- 
tiplied by two. — adv. In a double 
degree. 

TWo'-HAND'ED (too'-), a. 1. Having 
two hands. 2. Used with both hands. 

Two'-PENCE (too/-), n. A small Eng- 
lish coin, equivalent to two pennies. 

Two'-PLY (too 7 -), a. Woven double 
by incorporating two sets of threads 
of the warp and two sets of the weft. 



TYKE,n. [See TIKE, 2.] A dog, or 
one who is as contemptible as a dog. 

Tym'BAL, n. [Gr. rup-navov, fr. rvw- 
reiv, to beat.] A kind of kettle-drum. 

Tym'pan, r». [Gr. TV(j.Trai>oi>, a kettle- 
drum, a door-panel.] 1. A panel. 

2. A frame on which the blank sheets 
are put for printing. 

Tym'PA-NL'M, n. [Gr. tv(j.ttovov, a 
kettle-drum, panel of a door.] 1. 
Middle portion of the ear, or the 
membrane separating it from the ex- 
ternal passage. 2. Panel of a door. 

TY3I'PA-NY, n. [Gr. Tv».i7avlas, from 
rv/xiravov, a kettle-drum.] A flatu- 
lent distention of the belly. 

TYPE, n. [Gr. -ru-os, from rvVretv, to 
beat, strike.] 1. Mark or impression 
of something ; stamp. 2. Kind ; sort. 

3. Aggregate of characteristic qual- 
ities ; the representative. 4. A token ; 
a sign. 5- (a.) A letter or other 
character for printing from, (b.) 
Types collectively. 

G©"~ The types which compose an or- 
dinary' book-font consist of Roman 
CAPITALS, small capitals, end 
lower-case letters, and Italic CAP- 
ITALS and lower-case letters, with ac- 
companying figures, points, and refer- 
ence-marks. Besides the ordinary 
Roman and Italic, the most impor- 
tant varieties of face are 

©tti ettQlfs!), or 33laclt SLetter, 

. §gj,«m<ro §pv*t, 

Full-face, Antique, 
Old Style, GOTHIC. 

Type'-found'er, n. One who man- 
ufactures t\ pe. 

Tvpe'-met'al (-met'al or -met'l), n. 
A compound of lead and antimony, 
_used fcr making type. 

Ty'PHOID, a. [Gr. tv^wSt/s. fr. tu^o?, 
stupor from fever, and el^os, like- 
_ness.]_Pertaining to, or like, typhus. 

TY-PHOON', n. [Lat. typhon, Gr. 
tv<$hx)v, a violent whirlwind.] A vio- 
Jent tornado in the Chinese seas. 

Ty'phus. h [Gr. tv(/>o«, smoke, stu- 
por from fever, fr.Tii^etc, to smoke ] 
A continuous fever attended with 
great prostration. 



Tvp'ic, I a. [Gr. tvttucos, from 

Tvp'I€-AL,) tvttos, type] Repre- 
senting something by a form, model, 
or resemblance ; figurative. 

Tvp'IC-al-lv, adv. In a typical man- 
lier ; figuratively. 

Typ'I€-AL-NESS, n. State or qual- 
ity of being typical. 

Typ'I-fy, v. t. [-ed: -ing, 142] 
[Gr. tutto?, type, and Lat. facere, to 
make.] To represent by an image, or 
resemblance. 

Ty-pog'ra-pher, or Ty-pog'ra- 
PHER, n. A printer 

TvP'o-GRAPH'ie^rTr'PO-] a. Per- 



I taming 
f to ty- 
J pogra- 



or Ty'po- 
By 



GRAPH-IC, 
TYP'O-GRAPH'IC-AL, 
T Y'PO-GRAPH'ie-AL , 

pny- 

TV'P'O-GRAPH'IC-AL-LY 
GRAPHTe-AL-LY, adv 

of type. 

TY-POG'RA-PHY,.OrTY-P6G'RA-PHY, 
ft. [Gr. TV7ros, type, and ypd<f>eiv, to 
write.] Art of printing. 

Tv-RAN'Nie, j a. Pertaining to 

Ty-ran'NI€-al, J a tyrant : uujust- 
ly severe in government. 

Ty-ran'NI€-al-LY, adv. In a ty- 
rannical manner. 

Ty-ran'NI-CIDE, n. [From Lat. ty- 
ratmus, a t rant, and csedcre, to 
kill.] 1. Act of killing a tyrant. 2. 
One who kills a tyrant. 

TfR'AN-NIZE, v. i. [-ED; -ing.] To 
act the tyrant ; to exercise arbitrary 
power. 

TYR'AN-NOUS, a. Like a tyrant ; ty- 
rannical : arbitrary. 

Tyr'an-ny, n. [Gr. rupavvia. See 
Tyrant.] 1. Arbitrary or despotic 
exercise of power. 2. Cruel govern- 
ment or discipline. 

Ty'RANT, n. [Gr. rvpawos, orig. an 
absolute sovereign, afterward a cruel 
ruler.] 1. An absolute ruler. 2. A 
despotic ruler ; a cruel master. 

T\ r R'l-AN,a. 1. Relating to Tyre. 2. 
Being of a purple color, like a cele- 
brated dye formerly prepared at Tyre. 

Tv'RO, «.; pi. TY'ROg. [Lat. tiro.] 

1. A beginner in learning; a novice. 

2. A person imperfectly acquainted 
with a subject. 

Tzar (zar), n. The emperor of Rus- 
sia. See Czar. 



U. 



TT (yo"o) is the twenty-first letter and 
U the fifth vowel in the English 

alphabet. See Principles of Pro nun- 
_ ciation. §§ 29-34, and §§ 52, 53. 
U-BI'E-TY*, n. [Lat. "w6/, where.] 

The state of being in a place ; local 

relation. 
C'-BIQ'OI-TA-RY, ) a. Existing every 
L'-BIQ'UI-TOUS, J where at once ; 
_ omnipresent. 
U-BIQ'UI-TY, n. [Lat. vbique, every 



where.] Existence in all places at 

the same time : omnipresence. 
Cd'der, it. [A.-S. uder, ddr, Skr. 

hdhar.] The gland of a female mam- 
_ nial in which milk is secreted. 
U-DOM'E-TER, n. [Lat. udus, wet, 

moist, and Gr. \Urpov, a measure.] 

A rain-gauge. 
Cg'li-ness, n. 1. Want of beauty. 

2. Turpitude of mind. 3. Ill-na- ; 

ture ; crossness. 



TjG'LY, a. [-ER ; -EST, 142.] [A.-S. 
egle, egele, troublesome, hateful.] 1. 
Offensive to the sight. 2. Ill-na- 
tured ; cross-grained. 

U-KASE', n. [Russ. ukds, fr. kasatj, to 
show, say.] In Russia, an imperial 
order, having the force of law. 

Cl'cer, ft. [Lat. ideus, ulceris.] A 
continuous sore discharging pus. 

t'L'CER-ATE, V. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
become ulcerous. — v. t. [Lat. idce- 



6r, do, wolf, too, took; Orn, rue, pull; e, i, o, silent ; (;,d,soft; e, g, hard; as. ; exist; ngsng; this 



ULCERATION 



454 



UNANSWERABLE 



rare, -ratum, fr. ulcus, ulcer.] To 
make ulcerous. 

fjL'^ER-A'TION, n. 1. The forming 
of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. 

Ux'^er-ous, a. 1. Having the na- 
ture of an ulcer. 2. Affected with 
ulcers. 

TJ-LIG'I-iVOUS, a. [Lat. uliginosus, fr. 
uligo, moisture.] Oozy ; slimy. 

"Cl'lage, n. [Prob. fr. D. vullen, to 

c fill.] What a cask wants of being 
full. [the fore-arm. 

Ul'nar, a. Relating to the bones of 

Ul-te'ri-or, a. [Lat., compar. of ul- 
ler, that is beyond.] 1. Situated 
beyond. 2. Remoter ; more distant. 

tfr/Tl-MATE (45), a. [L. Lat. ultima- 
tits, last, extreme, fr. Lat. ultimus, 
furthest, last.] 1. Furthest; most re- 
mote. 2. Last in a train of progres- 
sion. 3. Incapable of further analysis. 

Syn.— See Final. 

UL'TI-MATE, v. t. & i. [-ED ; -1NG.] 
To come or bring to an end. 

UL'TI-MATE-LY, adv. Finally. 

Ul'ti-ma'tum, n. IN. Lat.] A 
linal proposition or condition. 

UL'Tl-3to,n. [Lat. (sc. me?ise), in 
the last month.] The last month 
preceding the present. 

tfL'TRA, a. [Lat., fr. niter, that is 
beyond or on the other side.] Dis- 
posed to go beyond others ; radical. 
— n. Une who advocates extreme 
measures. 

t/L'TRA-isM, n. Principles of men 
who advocate extreme measures. 

"TJl/tra-Ist, n. A radical. 

tfl/TRA-MA-RlNE', a. [Lat. ultra, 
beyond, and marinns, marine.] Sit- 
uated or being beyond the sea. — ». 
[So called because it was originally 
brought/row beyond the sea, or from 
Asia.] A bluepigment. 

t^L/TRA-MON'TANE, a. [Lat. ultra, 
beyond, and montanus, belonging to 
a mountain.] Being beyond the 
mountains, or Alps. 

tjL/TRA-MON'TA-NtgM, n. The prin- 
ciples of those who maintain ex- 
treme views as to the Pope's su- 
premacy ; — so used by those living 
north of the Alps. 

tfr/u-LA'TJON, n. [Lat. ululatio.] A 
howl, as of the wolf or dog. 

Cm'BEL, n. [Lat. umbella, dim. of 
umbra, shade.] A kind of flower 
cluster, as in the carrot. 

tj r M'BEL-LAR, a. Pertaining to, or 
having the form of, an umbel. 

fTM'BEL-LATE, ) a. Bearing um- 

Cm'bel-la'ted, ) bels ; pertaining 
to, or resembling, an umbel. 

Um'bel-lif'er-oOs, a. [Lat. nm- 

' bella andferre, to bear.] Bearing 
umbels. 

tJM'BER, n. [From Umbria, in Italy, 
where it is said to have been first 
obtained.] An oc^herous ore of iron, 
used as a pigment. 

Um-bil'I€, I a. [Lat. umbilicus, 

UM-B?L'l€-AL, ) the navel.] Per- 
taining to the navel. 

Um'bles (flm'blz), n. pi. [See HUM- 



BLES and Nombl.es. ] Entrails of 
a deer. 

fjM'BRAGE, n. [Lat. umbra, a shade.] 
1. Shade, or that which affords a 
shade. 2. Suspicion of injury ; 
offense ; resentment. 

Um-bra'geous, a. [Lat. umbra, a 
shade.] 1. Forming a shade. 2. 
Shady; shaded. 

Um-bra'geous-ness, n. State or 
quality of being umbrageous. 

UM-BREL'LA, n. [Lat. umbra, a 
shade. See Umbel.] A concave 
portable screen from the sun, or 
from rain or snow. 

fjM'PI-RAGE, n. 1. Right of an um- 
pire to decide. 2. Decision of an 
umpire. 

fJM'PiRE, n. [0. Eng. impier, um- 
pier, also nompeyr, fr. Fr. impair, 
nompair, uneven, i. e., a third.] A 
third person, to whose decision a 
controversy is referred. 
Syn.— See Judge. 

On. [A.-S. un, allied to Gr. av, d, 
Skr. an, a, Lat. ?'«.] A negative 
prefix which may be attached at will 
to almost any English adjective, or 
participle used adjectively, while it 
is also attached to less numerous 
classes of nouns and verbs. As the 
former class of words is unlimited 
in extent, and such compounds may 
be formed by any writer or speaker 
from almost all the adjectives and 
participles in the language, very 
many of them will be omitted from 
this Dictionary, more especially such 
as are negations of the simple word, 
and are explained by prefixing a not 
to the latter ; also, derivatives of 
these words in ly and ness. A pretty 
full list of these words is subjoined. 

Un is prefixed to adjectives, or to 
words used adjectively; as, (1.) To ad- 
jectives, to denote the absence of the 
quality designated by the adjective ; as, 
unaccordant, unalterable, unambitious, 
xtnanxious, unapprcciable, unapproach- 
able, unartificial, unattainable, unbear- 
able, unbroihcrly, uncandid, uncanon- 
ical, unchangeable, uncheerful, unclassic- 
al. uncommercial, uncongenial, uncor- 
dial, uncourtly, undefinable, undemo- 
cratic, undesirable, undevoitt, undistin- 
gviahable, 'undutiful, unendurable, un- 
English, unenviable, uneventful, unfa- 
miliar, unfeminine, unfraternal, unge- 
nial, ungenteel, ungentle, vngentlemanly, 
ungrammatical, unimportant, uninhabit- 
able, unintelligible, unjustifiable, unking- 
ly, unmaidenly, unmanageable, unmeet, 
unmelodious, unmindjul, unmotherly, 
unmusical, unobservant, unpardonable, 
unpatriotic, unphilanthrojric, unphilo- 
sophic, unpoetic, unpronounceable, un- 
quenchable, imrational, unremunerative, 
unromantic, unsalable, unsatisfactory, 
unscholarly, unscientific, Unselfish, un- 
serviceable, unsubstantial, unsuspicious, 
untenable, unthankful, untidy, unvocal, 
unwarlike, nnivatchful, nnweary, unwel- 
come, unwomanly, unworldly, nnd the 
like. (2.) To past passive participles, to 
indicate the absence of the condition 
or state expressed by the participle ; as, 
unabated, unabridged, unaccented, una- 
dorned, unadidterated, unaided, unal- 
tered, unanswered, unappreciated, un- 
armed, unasked, unassisted, nnattempted, 
unattended, unbaplized, unbiased, un- 
bleached, unbought, uncalled, unchanged, 



unchecked, uncircumcised, unclouded, 
uncompounded, unconflned, uncongealed, 
unconquered, unconstrained, uncultivat- 
ed, undecided, undefended, undefiled, 
undeserved, undesigned, undigested, un- 
diminished, undimmed, undisguised, un- 
disturbed, uneducated, unemployed, un- 
enlightened, unexhausted, unexplained, 
unexiAored, myathomed, unforeseen, un- 
fulfilled, unfwnished, unguarded, un- 
guessed, unharmed, unheeded, unhelped, 
unhonored, unimjieached, uninclosed, 
uninhabited, uninspired, unleavened, un- 
lettered, unloved, unmarried , unmasked, 
unmatched, unmingled, unmitigated, un- 
mixed, unmoved, unnerved, unnoticed, 
unobserved, unobstructed, unornamented, 
unperceived, unpolished, unpracticed, 
unpremeditated, unprepared, unpro- 
tected, unprovoked, unpunished, unread, 
unreconcded, unrefined, unrelated, un- 
represented, unresisted , unrewarded, un- 
satisfied, unscathed, unsettled, unshared, 
unsheltered, unshod, unshorn, unskilled, 
unsolicited, unsought, unstinted, unstud- 
ied, unsullied, unsurpassed, unsuspected, 
untasted, untaught, unterrified, untried, 
untutored , unvaried, unwarranted, un- 
wedded, unwept, and the like. (3.) To 
present participles which come from 
intransitive verbs, or are themselves em- 
ployed as adjectives, to mark the ab- 
sence of the activity, disposition, or con- 
dition implied by the participle; as un- 
accommodating, unaspiring, unavailing, 
unblenching, uncalculating, unchanging, 
uncomplaining, unconsnming, unconvin- 
cing, undeserving, uudiminishing, undis- 
cerning, undoubting, unedifying, unenvy- 
ing, unfading, unfaltering, unflinching, 
ungrudging, unheeding, uninteresting, 
uninviting, unloving, vnmoving, unob- 
serving, unoffending, unpi1ying,mipleas- 
ing, unquestioning, unrepiuing, unresist- 
ing, unresting, unsearching, unseeing, 
tinshrinking, unsuspecting, unsympathiz- 
ing, unvavying, unwavering, and the like. 

Un-A'ble (-a'bl), a. Not able ; not 
having sufficient strength, knowl- 
edge, skill, or the like. 

Cn'ac-^ept'a-ble, a. Not accept- 
able ; not welcome ; displeasing-. 

tjN/Ae-eoM'PLlsHJED (-plisht), a. 1. 
Not performed. 2. Not refined by 
culture. 

tWA€-€OUNT'A-BLE, a. 1. Not re- 
sponsible. 2. Not to be accounted 
for; inexplicable. 

tWAC-eouNT'A-BLY, adr. In an un- 
accountable manner. 

UVad-vis'a-ble, a. Not advisable ; 
inexpedient. 

UN' ad-vised', a. 1. Not advised; 
not discreet. 2. Rash ; inconsiderate. 

fjN'AD-vig'ED-LY, adv. Without due 
consideration. 

Cn'af-fect'ed, a. 1. Not affected 
or moved. 2. Not affected or arti- 
ficial ; simple ; natural. 

tjN'AF-FECT'ED-LY, adv. In an un- 
affected manner. [mixed ; pure. 

fjN'AL-LOY-ED', a. Not alloyed ; un- 

Un-a'MI-a-ble, a. Not amiable ; un- 

_ lovely : ill-natured. 

U'na-nim'1-ty, v. Agreement in 
opinion or determination. 

U-NAN'I-MOUS, a. [Lat. unanimus, 
fr. units, one, and animus, mind.] 1. 
Of one mind ; harmonious. 2- With 
the agreement of all. 

U-nXn'i-moOs-ly, adv. In a unani- 
mous manner. 

Un-an'swer-A-ble (-ser-), a. Not an, 
swerable ; not capable of refutation. 



A, e, 1,6,0", Y,long; a,e,i, 6, u, ¥, short ; cAre, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, t£rm; pique, firm; s6x, 



UNANSWERABLY 



455 



UNDERMOST 



Un-an'swer-a-bly (-Sn'ser-), adv. 
In a manner not to be answered. 

Un-apt', a. Not apt ; dull ; unskill- 
ful ; unsuitable. [ner. 

Un-apt'ly, adv. In an unapt man- 

Un'as-sum'ing, a. Not assuming; 
not bold ; humble ; modest. 

Cn'A-void'a-BLE, a. 1. Incapable 
of being made null or void. 2. Ne- 
cessary ; inevitable. 

UN'a-void'a-bly, adv. Necessarily. 

Un'a-ware', a. Not aware ; without 
thought ; inattentive. 

frN'A-WARE', ) adv. Without previ- 

fjN' A- wares', > ous design or prep- 
aration ; suddenly. 

Un-bar', v. t. To unfasten ; to open. 

tJ'N'BE-coM'lXG, a. Not becoming; 
unsuitable ; indecent ; indecorous. 

fjN'BE-KXOWN'f-non/), n. Unknown. 

Un'be-lief', v. 1. Incredulity. 2. 
Skepticism ; infidelity. 
Stx. — See Disbelief. 

Cn'be-liev'er,?!. 1. An incredulous 
person. 2. A skeptic ; an infidel. 
Srx. — See Ixfidel. 

fjN'BE-LlEV'lNG, a. 1. Incredulous. 
2. Infidel. 

UN-bend', v. t. 1. To make straight. 

2. To set at ease for a time ; to relax. 

3. To unfasten from the yards and 
stays, as sails. 

UN-BEND'ING, p. a. 1. Not suffering 
flexure. 2. Unyielding ; inflexible. 

UN-BIND', V. t. [-BOUND ; -BINDING.] 
To untie ; to loose. 

Ux-blest', a. 1. Not blest. 2. 
Wretched; unhappy. 

Un-b6et', v. t. To remove a bolt 
from ; to open. 

Un-born' (126), a. Not born; still 
to appear ; future. 

Un-bq'som, v. t. To disclose freely ; 
to reveal in confidence. 

Un-BOUND'ed. a. Having no bound ; 
unlimited in extent ; infinite ; unre- 
strained. 

Un-braid', v. t. To undo, as a braid ; 
to disentangle. 

Un-bri'dl ed, p. a. Loosed, as from 
the bridle ; unrestrained. 

Un-bOr'den, v. t. 1. To relieve from 
a burden. 2. To throw off, as a bur- 
den. 

UN-cfiR'TAlN,n. 1. Not certain; not 
positively known. 2. Not to be de- 
pended upon. 3. Not having certain 
knowledge. 4. Not sure of the direc- 
tion or the result. 

Un-^er'tain-ty, n. 1. Quality or 
state of being uncertain. 2. Some- 
thing unknown or undetermined. 

Un-chain', v. t. To free from chains 
or confinement. 

Un-char'i-ta-ble, a. Not charita- 
ble; severe in judging; censorious. 

Un-chaste', a. Not chaste ; lewd. 

UN-€HRTs'TIAN(-krTst/yan),a. 1. Not 
Christian ; infidel. 2. Contrary to 
Christianity ; unbecoming a Chris- 
tian, [church. 

UN-CHURCH', v. t. To expel from a 

fjN'CIAL (Qn'shal), a. [Lat. uncialis, 
amounting to the 12th part of a 



pound or a foot, fr. unria, an ounce, 
inch.] Pertaining to letters of a large 
size, compounded between the capital 
and smaller characters. — n. An un- 
cial letter. 

UN-CIV'IL, a. Not civil ; not courteous. 
Syx. — Uncourteous; impolite; rude. 

Un-civ'il-Iz£D, a. Not civilized; 
not reclaimed from savage life. 

UN-CIV'IL-LY, adv. In an uncivil 
manner ; rudely. 

Un-clasp', v. t. To open or loose, as 
what is clasped. 

fjN'CLE (unM), a. [From Lat. avun- 
culus, a maternal uncle.] A father's 
or mother's brother. 

Un-clean', a. 1. Not clean; foul; 
dirty. 2. Ceremonially or morally 
impure. 

Un-€l'jnch', c. I. To open, as the 
closed hand. [disclose. 

Un-close', v. t. 1. To open. 2. To 

Un-€OM'fort-a-ble,«. 1. Not com- 
fortable ; affording no comfort. 2. 
Giving uneasiness. 

Un-com'fort-a-bly, adv. In an 
uncomfortable manner. 

Un-com'mon, a. Not common ; not 
usual ; hence , remarkable ; strange. 
Syn. — Rare; scarce; infrequent. 

UN-€OM'MON-LY, adv. In an uncom- 
mon manner or degree. 

Un-com'mon-ness (109), n. Rareness 
of occurrence ; infrequency. 

Un-com'pro-mIs'ing, a. Not admit- 
ting of compromise ; obstinate. 

Cn'€ON-c£rn', a. Want of concern ; 
freedom from solicitude. 

Cn'CON-CERNjed', a. Not concerned ; 
feeling no solicitude ; easy in mind. 

Cn'con-CERN'ED-LV. adv. In an un- 
concerned manner ; without anxiety. 

fjN'CON-Dl'TlON-AL (-dish'un-), a. 
Not conditional or limited; absolute. 

fjN'CON-DI'TION-AL-LY (-dish'un-), 
adv. Without conditions. 

Un-con'scion-a-ble, a. 1. Not con- 
scionable ; unreasonable. 2. Enor- 
mous; vast. [sonably. 

Un-con'scion-a-BLY, adv. Unrea- 

UN-€ON'scious, a. 1. Not conscious ; 
not having consciousness. 2. Imper- 
ceptible. 

Un-con'scioBs-LY, adv. In an un- 
conscious manner. 

UN con'scious-ness, ». State of 
being unconscious. 

UN-CON'STI-TU'TION-AL, a. Not 

agreeable to the constitution, or con- 
trary to it. 

Un'eon-vert'ed. a. Not converted ; 
not regenerate ; sinful; impenitent. 

UN-€OUP'LE, v. t. To set loose; to 
disjoin. [uncivil. 

Un-court'e-OUS, a. Not courteous ; 

Un-couth' (-kobth'), a. [A.-S. un- 
ritdh, fr. mm, not, and chdh, known.] 
Having awkward manuers ; not 
pleasing in appearance. 

Stx. — Unfamiliar; strange; odd ; 
awkward; clumsy. 

UN-€QUTH'LY, adv. In an uncouth 

manner. [oddness. 

Un-€OUTH'ness, n. Awkwardness ; 



Un-€6v'er (-kdv'er), v. t. 1. To take 

the cover from ; to lay open. 2. To 

take off the hat or cap of. — v.i. To 

take off the hat. 
t?N€'TION, ?i. [Lat. unctio,fr.ungere, 

to anoint.] 1. Act of anointing. 2. 

An ointment. 3. That quality which 

excites strong devotion ; religious 

fervor and tenderness. 
| Cnct'u-os'i-ty, n. State or quality 

of being unctuous. 
Cn€T'U-oDs, a. [L. Lat. vnctuosus, 

fr. Lat. unctus, an ointment.] Fat; 

oily ; greasy. 
Un-da.unt'e"d, a. Not daunted; not 

to be subdued or depressed by fear. 

Syx. — Bold; fearless; brave; intrepid. 

UN-DEC' A-GON, n. [Lat. undecim, 
eleven, and Gr. ycoi/ta. an angle.] A 
figure of eleven angles. 

TjN'DE-CElVE', v. t. To free from de- 
ception, cheat, fallacy, or mistake. 

frN'DE-Nl'A-BLE, a. Not deniable; 
palpably true ; obvious. 

t'N'DE-Ni'A-BLY, adv. In an unde- 
niable manner. 

Cn'DER, prep. [A.-S. under, allied to 
Skr. antar.] 1. In a lower position 
with respect to ; beneath ; below. 2. 
In a state of subjection or inferiority. 
— adv. In a lower or subordinate 
condition. — a. Lower in rank or de- 
gree ; subject. [less than. 

fjN'DER-BiD', v. t. To bid or offer 

Cn'der-brush, n. Shrubs and small 
trees growing beneath large trees. 

Cn'DER-CLOTHES (colloq. -kloz), n. 
pi. Clothes worn under the others. 

t'N'DER-eDR/RENT, n. A current be- 
low the surface of water. 

Cn'der-do',v. t. or /. [-did ; -done ; 
-doixg.] To do less than is requi- 
site. 

tN'DER-GO', V. t. [-WENT ; -GONE ; 
-going.] To bear ; to pass through ; 
to suffer. 

t?N'DER-GRAD'TJ-ATE,n. A student 
in college, who has not taken his 
first degree. 

T^N'der-ground, a. Being below 
the surfaceof the ground. 

Cn'der-growtii, n. Shrubs or 
small trees growing among large 
trees. 

C'n'der-hand, la. Secret ; clan- 

C'N'DER-hand/ed, ) destine. 

Cn'der-lay', V. t. [-laid; -lay- 
ing.] To lay beneath. 

fJN'DER-LET', v. t. To let below the 
value, orat second hand. 

Cn'der-lie', v. t. [-lay; -lain; 
-lying.] 1. To lie under. 2. To 
form the foundation of. — v. i. To 
lie below or under. 

fjN'DER-LlNE', v. t. To mark a lino 
below, as woids. [or agent. 

T^n'der-ling, n. An inferior person 

fjN/DER-MlNE', v. t. 1. To excavate 
the earth beneath ; to sap. 2. To 
remove the foundation or support of 
by clandestine means. [mines. 

TjN'der-mjn'er, n. Onewhounder- 

Cn'der-most, a. Lowest in place, 
rank, or state. 



or, do,WQLF, TOO, TOOK; URN, rue, PULL; E, I, O, silent ; C.G, soft; €,G,kard; A§; EJIST; NasNG; THIS. 



UNDERNEATH 



456 



UNGODLINESS 



ttWDER-NEATH', or tfjV'DER- 

NEATH', adv. or prep. [A.-S. under, 
under, and neodhan, beneath, down- 
ward.] Beneath ; below. 

trN'DER-PlN'NlNG, n. The stones on 
which a building rests. 

tlN'DER-PLOT, n. A subordinate 
plot ; a clandestine scheme. 

ttN'DER-RATE', v. t. To rate below 
the value ; to undervalue. [under. 

thv'DER-RUN', v. t. To run or pass 

UN'DER-SCORE', v. t. To draw a mark 
or line under. 

"TJn'DER-SELL', V. t. [-SOLD ; -SELL- 
ING.] To sell cheaper than . 

tJN'DER-snoT, a. Moved by water 
passing beneath ; — said of a water- 
wheel. 

tfN'DER-siGN' (-sin'), v. t. To write 
one's name at the foot or end of. 

frN'DER-STAND'. V. t. [-STOOD ; 
-standing.] 1. To have just and 
adequate ideas of; to apprehend the 
meaning of. 2. To have information 
of. 3. To suppose to mean. 4. To 
imply. 

Stn. — To comprehend. — To tinder- 
stand is simply to receive into the intel- 
lect; to crmi/>rehevd a subject is to em- 
brace it in all its relations and dependen- 
cies. It is easy to understand that there 
is a God, but impossible to comprehend 
the vastness of his existence, wisdom, 
and power. 

— v. i. 1. To have the use of the in- 
tellectual faculties. 2. To be in- 
formed by another. 

En'der-stand'ing, n. 1. An agree- 
ment of opinion or feeling. 2. Power 
to understand ; intellectual faculty. 
Sru.— See Sense. 

tfN'DER-STATE', v . t. To state less 
strongly than the truth will bear. 

Un'der-strap'per (110), «. An in- 
ferior agent. 

t'N'DER-TAKE', V. t. [-TOOK ; -TAK- 
EN ; -TAKING.] 1. To engage in ; 
to attempt. 2. To covenant or con- 
tract to perform. — v. i. To prom- 
ise ; to be bound. 

tfaf/DER-TAK'ER, n. One who under- 
takes, especially one who takes the 
charge of funerals. 

"TJn'DER-TAK'ING, n. Any business 
or project which a person engages in. 

UN'DER-TEN'ANT,n. The tenant of 
a tenant. [nate tone. 

ttN'DER-TONE, n. A low or subordi- 
Cn/DER-TO-OK', imp. of Undertake. 

tTN'DER-TOW, n. A current of water 
below, in a different direction. 

tjN'DER-VAL'UE, v. t. 1. To value 
below the real worth. 2. To esteem 
lightly; to despise. 
tfri'DER-WENT', imp. of Undergo. 
tJN'DER-WOO D , n . Small trees that 

grow among larger ones. 
tfai'DER-WORK' (-wurk / ), V. t. 
[-WORKED, Or -WROUGHT; 

-WORKING.] To do like work at 
a less price than. 
tfofDER-WRITE' (un'der-rif), v. t. 
[-WROTE ; -WRITTEN ; -WRITING.] 
1. To write under ; to subscribe. 2. 
To set one's name to, as a policy of 
insurance. 



En'der-wrIt'er (-rit'er, 110), n. An 
insurer. 

t?N'DE-siGN'lNG (-sin'-, or -zin'-), p. 
a. Sincere : upright ; artless. 

UN-DINE' (-deen'), n. [From Lat. un- 
do., a wave.] One of a class of fabled 
water-spirits. [plined ; raw. 

Un-dis'ci-plin.ed, a. Not disei- 

UN-DO', V. t. [-DID ; -DONE ; -DO- 
ING.] 1. To reverse, as what has 
been done. 2. To loose ; to open ; to 
take to pieces. 3. To bring to pov- 
erty ; to ruin. 

Un-do'er, n. One who undoes. 

UN-DONE' (-dun'), p. p. of Undo. 

UN-DOUBT'ED(-dout'-), a. Not doubt- 
ed ; indubitable ; indisputable. 

Un-doubt'ed-ly (-douf-), adv. 
Without doubt ; indubitably. 

UN-DREss', v. t. To divest of clothes ; 
to strip. 

fjN'DRESS, n. 1. A loose, negligent 
dress. 2. Authorized habitual dress 
of officers and soldiers, but not full 
uniform. 

UN-due', a. 1. Not due ; not yet ow- 
ing. 2. Not agreeable to a rule or 
standard, or to duty ; excessive. 

tfN'DU-LATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[From Lat. undula, a little wave.] To 
move backward and forward, or up 
and down, as waves. — v. i. To vi- 
brate ; to wave. 

Un'du-la'tion, n. 1. A waving mo- 
tion or vibration. 2. A motion to 
and fro, up and down, or from side 
to side, in any fluid medium. 

t?N'DU-LA-TO-RY (50), a. Moving in 
the manner of waves. 

Un-du'ly, adv. In an undue man- 
ner ; excessively. 

Un-earth', v. t. To drive or draw 
from the earth ; to bring to light. 

UN-EARTH'LY, a. Not terrestrial ; su- 
pernatural ; preternatural. 

Un-ea'si-ly, adv. With uneasiness 
or pain. 

Un-ea'si-ness, n. Want of ease ; dis- 
quiet ; perturbation. 

Un-ea'§y, a. 1. Not easy ; restless ; 
disturbed. 2. Not easy in manner ; 
stiff. 3. Cramping ; disagreeable. 

IJN-END'ING, a. Everlasting; eternal. 

Un-e'qual, a. 1. Not equal; not 
matched. 2. Not uniform ; not reg- 
ular, [different degrees. 

UN-E'QUAL-LY, adv. Not equally ; in 

UN-ERR'JNG,a. 1. Incapable of er- 
ror. 2. Incapable of failure; certain. 

TJn-e'VJ?n, a. 1. Not even ; not lev- 
el ; rough. 2. Not of equal length. 
3. Not exactly divisible by two ; odd. 

Un-e'V£N-ness (1(9), v. Quality of 
being uneven ; want of uniformity. 

TjN'ex-AM'pl.ED, a. Having no ex- 
ample ; without precedent. 
Cn'EX-CEP'TION-a-BLE, a. Not lia- 
ble to any exception or objection. 
Un'ex-CEp'tion-a-bly, adv. In an 

unexceptionable manner. 
Un'ex-pect'ed, a. Not expected; 

coming without warning ; sudden. 
fjN'EX-PE€T'ED-LY. adv. Suddenly. 
Un-fail'ing,/>. a. Not failing: not 
liable to fail. 



UN-FAiR' (4), a. Not fair ; disingenu- 
ous ; dishonest ; partial. 

Un-fAir'ly. adv. In an unfair or 
unjust manner. 

Un-fAir'ness, n. State or quality of 
being unfair. 

Un-faith'ful, a. Not observant of 
promises, vows, allegiance, or duty. 
Syn.— Perfidious: treacherous; disloyal. 

Un-FAITH'fvl-ly, adv. In violation 
of promises, vows, or duty. 

Un-faith'ful-ness, n. Quality of 
being unfaithful. 

Un-fas'TjEN (-i'as'n), v. t. To loose; 
to unfix : to untie. 

Un-fath'om-a-ble, a. Not to be 
sounded with a line of ordinary 
length. 

Un-fa'vor-a-BLE, a. Not favorable; 
not disposed or adapted to coun- 
tenance or support. 

Un-fa'vor-A-bly, adv. Unpropiti- 
ously ; unkindly. 

Un-feel'ing, a. 1. Yoid of sensibil- 
ity. 2. Hard-hearted. 

Un-fet'ter, v. t. 1. To loose from 
fetters. 2. To free from restraint. 

Un-fil'IAL (-i'll'yal), a. Unsuitable 
to a son or child ; undutiful. 

UN-FIN'ISH.ED (-ifn'isht), a. Not fin- 
ished ; imperfect; incomplete. 

Un-f'it', a. Not fit ; unqualified; im- 
proper. 

Syn. — Unsuitable; inexpedient; in- 
competent. 

— v. t. [-ted; -ting.] 1. To make 
unsuitable. 2. To disqualify. 

UN-FlT'LY, adv. Not properly ; un- 
suitably. 

Un-fjt'ness, v. Quality of being un- 
fit; want of suitable powers or quali- 
fications. 

UN-FOLD', v. t. 1. To open the folds 
of; to expand. 2. To lay open to view. 

Un-f6rt'u-nate, a. Not fortunate ; 
unlucky ; unhappy. 

UN fort'u-nate-ly, adv. In an 
uufortunate manner. 

Un-FOUND'ed, a. Having no founda- 
tion ; baseless ; vain. 

Un-fre" 'QUENT,a. Not frequent ; not 
happening often. 

tjN'FRE-QUENT'ED, a. Rarely visited. 

Un-friend'li-ness, n. Quality of 
being unfriendly. 

Un-friEND'ly, a. 1. Not friendly ; 
hostile. 2. Not favorable. 

UN-FRUlT'FUL,a. Not fruitful ; bar- 
ren ; "unproductive. 

Un-fruit'ful-ness, 7i. Barrenness ; 
unproductiveness. [state. 

UN-FURL', v. t. To loose from a furled 

UN-GAIN'LY, a. [A.-S. vngsegne, un- 
gengne, of no effect, vain.] Not ex- 
pert or dexterous; awkward; un- 
couth. 

Un-6en'er-oCs, a. Not generous; 
illiberal ; ignoble ; unkind. 

UN-GEN'ER-otis-LY, adv. In an un- 
generous manner. 

UN-GIRD', V. t. [GIRDED, or -GIRT ; 
-GIRDING.] To loose from a girdle 
or band; to unbind. 

UN-god'li-ness, 71. Impiety; disre- 
gard of God and his commands. 



A, E, I, 5, u, Y,long; A,E,1, 6,v,f,short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, T£RxM; PIQUE, FIRM ; SON. 



UNGODLY 



457 



UNKNIT 



Cn god'ly, a. Not godly; wicked; 
impious; sinful. 

Un-g6v'ern-A-ble, a. Not capable 
of being governed ; licentious ; wild 

Un-gov'ern-a-bly, a. Without re- 
straint ; wildly. 

Un-grace'ful, a. Not graceful; 
wanting beauty and elegance ; awk- 
ward . 

Un-grace'fut,-l y, adv. Awkwardly. 

Un-GRA'cioDs, a. Not gracious ; 
without good-will ; offensive ; un- 
pleasing ; unacceptable. 

Un-grate'ful, a. 1. Not grateful; 
not thankful. 2. Unpleasing ; dis- 
agreeable. 

Un-grate'ful-ly, adv. In an un- 
grateful manner. 

Cn'GUENT (-gwent), n. [Lat. unguen- 
tum, from unguere, to anoint.] A soft 
composition used as a topical remedy, 
as for sores, burns, &c. ; ointment. 

UN-GUie'u-LATE, a. [From Lat. un- 
guicu/us, dim. of unguis, a nail or 
claw] Having claws. 

tTN'GU-LATE, a. [Lat. ungxdatus, fr. 
ungida, a hoof.] 1. Shaped like a 
hoof. 2. Having hoofs. 

Un-hXi/l5w, v. t. To profane. 

Un-hand'i-ly, adv. Awkwardly ; 
clumsily. 

Un-hand's6me (-han'sum), a. 1. 
Not handsome ; homely. 2. Unfair; 
illiberal. 3. Uncivil ; impolite. 

Un-hand's6me-ly (-han'sum-), adv. 
In an unhandsome manner. 

Un-hand'y, a. 1. Not handy; not 
dexterous ; awkward. 2. Not con- 
venient. 

Un-Hap'pi-ly, adv. Unfortunately. 

Un-hap'pi-ness, n. State or quality 
of being unhappy. 

UN-HAP'PY, a. 1. Not happy ; un- 
fortunate ; unlucky. 2. In a degree 
miserable. 3. Marked by infelicity. 
Syn. — Distressed ; afflicted ; calam- 
itous ; wretched. 

EN'HAR-MO'Nl-ofis, a. Not harmo- 
nious ; inharmonious. 

Un-har'ness, v. t. 1. To strip of 
harness. 2. To disarm. 

Un-health'fvl-ness, n. Insalu- 
briousness; unwholesomeness. 

Un-health'i-ly, adv. In an un- 
healthy manner. 

Un-HEALTH'i-ness, n. Quality or 
condition of being unhealthy. 

UN-HEALTH'Y,a. 1. Wanting health ; 
unsound. 2. Unfavorable to the 
preservation of health. 3. Insalubri- 
ous : unwholesome. 4. Morbid. 

Un-heakd', a 1. Not heard 2. 
Not known by fame : obscure. 

UN-HINGE', v. t. 1. To take from the 
hinges. 2. To displace. 3. To ren- 
der unstable. [unholy. 

Un-ho'li-ness, n. Quality of being 

Un-ho'ly, a. Not holy; profane; 
wicked: impious. 

Un-horse', v. t. To throw from a 
horse : to cause to dismount. 

Un-house', v. t. To dislodge ; hence, 
to deprive of shelter. 

Un-hOrt', a. Not hurt ; safe and 
sound. 




Unicorn (1). 



U'NI-€6RN.n. [Lat. 
unicornuus; unus, 
one, and cornu, a 
horn.] 1. A fabu- 
lous animal with 
one horn. 2. An 
animal of some un- 
known kind, so 
called in the Script- 
ures. 

U'NI-FI-CA'TION, n. 
Act of unifying, or 

_ state of being unified. 

U'Nl-FORM, a. [Lat. uniformis, from 
unus, one, and forma, form.] 1. 
Having always the same form, man- 
ner, or degree. 2. Conforming to 
one rule or mode. 3. Consistent with 
itself at all times. — n. A dress of 
the same kind, by which persons who 
belong to the same body are assimi- 

_ lated. 

U'ni-form'i-ty, n. 1. Resemblance 
to itself at all times. 2. Conformity 
to a pattern or rule. 3. Consistency ; 
sameness. 4. Similitude between the 

_ parts of a whole. [tion. 

U'NI-FORM'LY, adv. Without varia- 

U'NI-FY, v. t. [-ED; -ING,142.] [Lat. 
unus, one, and facere, to make.] To 
cause to be one ; to view as one. 

fjN'IM-PEACH'A-BLE. a. Not to be 
impeached ; irreproachable. 

Un-In'ter-est-ed, a. 1. Not inter- 
ested ; having nothing at stake. 2. 
Not having the mind or the passions 
engaged. 

Un-in'ter-rupt'ed, o. Not inter- 

_ rupted : continuous. 

UN'ION (yun'yun), n. [Lat. unio, fr. 
unus, one.] 1. Act of uniting, or 
state of being united. 2. Agreement ; 
harmony. 3. Something formed by 
a combination of parts or members ; 
a consolidated body. 4. Upper and 
inner corner of an ensign. 

Syn\ — Unity. — Union is the net of 
bringing two or more things^ together so 
as to make but one. Unity is a state of 
simple oneness, either of essence, as the 
unit// of God, or of action, feeling, &c, 
as unity of design, of affection, &c. Thus, 
we may speak of effecting a union of in- 
terests which shall result in a perfect 
unity of labor and interest in securing a 
given object. 

Un'ION-Ist, n. A supporter of union, 
especially of a federal union, as that 

_ of the United States. 

Un'ion-Jack, n. A small flag con- 
taining only th« union. 

U-NlP'A-ROOs, a. [Lat. unus, one, and 
■parere, to bring forth.] Producing 
one at a birth 

U-n'ique' (yyj-neekO, a. [Fr. ; Lat. 
unicus, from unus, one.] Without 
a like or equal; unmatched. — n. 

_ Something unequaled. 

U'NI-SON, n. [Lat. units, one, aud 
sonus, a sound.] 1. Harmony ; 
agreement. 2. An accordance or 
coincidence of sounds. — a. 1. 
Sounding alone. 2. Sounded to- 
gether. 

U-nTs'o-nance, n. Accordance of 
sounds. 



U-nTs'O-NANT, ) a. [Lat. unus, one. 

U-Nts'O-NOUS, I and ; wnans, sound- 

_ ing.] Being in unison. 

U'NIT, n. [Lat. unilvm. from unus, 

_ one.]_ A single thing or person ; one. 

U'NI-TA'RI-AN, n. [From Lat. unitas, 
unity.] One who believes that God 
exists only in one person. — a. Per- 
taining to Unitarians, or to their 

_ doctrines. [Unitarians. 

U'Nr-TA'RI-AN-IsM, n. Doctrines of 

U-NITE', v. t. 1-ed; -ING.] [Lat 
unite, -Hum , from unus, one.] 1. To 
put together or join, as two or more 
constituents; to cause to adhere. 2. 
To join by a legal or moral bond. — 
v.i. 1. To become one; to coalesce. 
2. To act in concert. 

U-nit'ED-ly, adv. With union. 

U'NI-TY, n. [Lat. unitus, from unus, 
one.] 1. State of being one. 2. 
Agreement; uniformity. 3. Any defi- 
nite quantity, or aggregate of quan- 
tities or magnitudes, taken as one. 
4. One o*" the principles by which a 
uniform tenor of story and propriety 
of representation are preserved. 5. 
A combination of parts such as con- 

_ statutes a kind of symmetry of style. 

U'ni-valve, n. A mollusk whose 
shell is composed of a single piece. 

U'NI-VAEVE, \n. [Lat., unus, 

U'ni-valved, J one, and valva, 

U'ni-valv'u-lar, ) a valve.] Hav- 

_ ing one valve only. 

U'ni-vers'AL, a. 1. Unlimited. 2. 
Total ; whole. 3. Comprising all the 
particulars. 

U'NI-vErs'al-Ism, n. Belief that all 
_men will be saved. 

U'ni-vers'al-ist, n. One who holds 
that all men will be saved. 

U'NI-VER-sal'I-ty, n. State or qual- 

_ ity of being universal. 

U'ni-vers'al-LY, adv. With exten- 

_ sion to the whole. 

U'NI- VERSE, n. [Lat. universum, fr. 
units, one, and vertere, to turn, i. e., 
combined into one whole.] All cre- 
ated things viewed as constituting 
one system or whole : the world. 

U'ni-ver'si-ty, n. [Lat. universitas, 
from universits, universal.] A uni- 
versal school, in which are taught 
all branches of learning, or theology, 
medicine, law, and the sciences and 
arts. 

U-NlV'o-€AL, a. [Lat. univocus, fr. 
unus, one, and vox, a voice, word.] 

1. Having one meaning only. 2. 
Having unison of sound. 

Un-jDst', a. 1. Actiug contrary to 
the standard of right established by 
the divine law. 2. Contrary to justiea 
and right. [ner. 

UN-JUST'LY, adv. In an unjust man- 

Un-kind', a. Wanting in kindness; 
cruel ; harsh. 

UN-KlND'LY,a. 1. Not kind ; unkind. 

2. Unnatural. 3. Unfavorable. — 
adv. 1. In an unkindly manner; 
without affection ; cruelly. 2. Un- 
naturally, [unkind. 

Un-kInd'ness, n. Quality of being 
Un-knIt' (-nit', 109), v. t. [-knit, 






6r, do, wpLF 3 too, TOOK; urn, rue, pull; e, I, O. silent; c,G,s0/f; €,u,hard; A§; exist; jfasNG; this. 



UNLACE 



458 



UNSHIP 



Or -KNITTED ; -KNITTING.] To 
separate, as threads that are knit. 

Un-lace', v. t. 1. To loose from 
lacing. 2. To loose the dress of. 

Un-LADE', V. t. [-LADED; -LADED, 

-laden ; -lading.] To unload ; to 
discharge. [the latch. 

Un-latch', v. i. To open by lifting 

XJn-la w'ful, a. Not lawful ; illegal. 

Un-law'ful-ly, adv. In violation 
of law or right; illegally. 

Un-law'ful-ness, n. Contrariety 
to law ; illegality. 

Un-learn'ed, a. 1. Ignorant ; illit- 
erate. 2. Not gained by study. 3. 
Not suitable to a learned man. 

Un-LESS', conj. [Prefix vn and less.] 
If not ; supposing that not. 

Syn. —Except. — Except and unless 
were formerly confounded, as, " I will 
not let thee go except thou bless me." In 
present usage, except has always refer- 
ence to some general fact, rule, &c, of 
which the speaker goes on to state an 
" exception," as, "none can enter except 
by permission." TTnless has reference to 
some result as affected by our talcing 
away or setting aside some specified 
thing, as, " Unless we eat, we shall die ; " 
that is, if we take away the fact or sup- 
position of our eating, the certain result 
is death. 

Un-lTke', a. Not like ; dissimilar ; 
diverse. 

Un-like'ly, a. 1. Not likely; im- 
probable. 2. Likely to fail ; unprom- 
ising. — adv. Improbably. 

Un-like'ness, n. Want of resem- 
blance ; dissimilitude. [ber from. 

UN-LIM'BER, v. t. To detach the lim- 

Un-lim'it-ed, a. 1. Boundless. 2. 
Undefined ; indefinite. 3. Not re- 
strained, [to disburden. 

Un-load', v. t. To take the load from ; 

Un-lock', v. t. To open, in general ; 
to lay open. [liness. 

Un-l6ve'li-ness, n. Want of love- 

Un-l6ve'lv, a. Destitute of the 
qualities which attract love ; disa- 
greeable. 

TJN-LUCK'I-LY, adv. In an unlucky 
manner. 

Un-lOck'I-NESS, n. A being unlucky. 

UN-LUCK'Y, a. 1. Not lucky ; un- 
fortunate ; not successful. 2. In- 
auspicious. 

UN-MAKE', V. t. [-MADE ; -MAKING.] 
To destroy the form and qualities of; 
to deprive of being. 

UN-MAN', V. t. [-NED ; -NING.] 1. 
To emasculate. 2. To deprive of 
courage and fortitude. 3. To de- 
prive of men. 

UN-MAN'LY, a. 1. Unsuitable to a 
man ; effeminate. 2. Not worthy of 
a noble mind. 

Un-man'ner-ly, a. Not mannerly ; 
ill-bred ; rude in behavior. 

Un-mAsk'. v. t. To strip of a mask, or 
of any disguise. 

UN-MEAN'ING, a. 1. Destitute of 
meaning or signification. 2. Not in- 
dicating intelligence. 

Un-mEr'CI-ful, a. Not merciful; 
cruel ; inhuman. 

Un-mer'^i-ful-ly, adv. Without 
mercy or tenderness ; cruelly. 



UN'MIS-TAK'A-BLE, a. Incapable of 
being mistaken or misunderstood. 

Un-moor', v. t. 1. To cause to ride 
with a single anchor. 2. To loose 
from anchorage. [muzzle from. 

Un-mOz'zle, v. t. To remove a 

UN-NAT'U-RAL (109), a. Not natural ; 
contrary to the laws of nature or to 
natural feeliDgs. 

Un-nXt'U-ral-ly, adv. In an un- 
natural manner. 

Un-nec'es-sa-ri-ly, adv. Without 
necessity ; needlessly. 

Un-nec'es-sa-ry, a. Not necessary ; 
not required by the circumstances 
of the case ; needless. 

Un-neigh'bor-ly (-na'bur-), a. Not 
suitable to the duties of a neishbor. 

Un-n£rve' (109), v. t. To deprive of 
nerve or force ; to enfeeble. 

Un-os'ten-ta'tious, a. Not osten- 
tatious ; not making show and pa- 
rade ; modest. [packed. 

UN-PACK', v. t. To open, as things 

Un-PAL'AT-A-BLE, a. Not palatable ; 
offensive to the taste ; nauseous. 

Un-par'al-leled, a Having no 
parallel ; unequal ; unmatched. 

UN-PAR'LlA-MENT'A-RY, a. Con- 
trary to the rules or usages of par- 
liament or of legislative bodies. 

Un-pin', v. t. To unfasten, as what 
is held together by pins. [pleasing. 

UN-PLEAg'ANT, a. Not pleasant ; dis- 

Un-FL£as/ant-LY, adv. In an un- 
pleasant manner. 

Un-pleas'ant-ness, n. State or 
quality of being unpleasant. 

Un-p5p'u-lar, a. Not popular ; not 
having the public favor ; disliked by 
the people. [unpopular. 

Un-pop'u-lar'i-ty, n. State of being 

Un-PREC'e-dejmted, a. Having no 
precedent or example ; novel ; new. 

Un-prej'u-dj[c.ed ( dist-), a. Not 
prejudiced ; free from undue bias or 
prepossession ; impartial. 

tbv'PRE-TEND'lNG, a. Making no 
pretense ; modest. 

UN-PRlN'CI-PL£D,a. Having no good 

^ moral principles ; profligate. 

On'pro-duc'TIVE, a. 1. Not pro- 
ductive ; barren. 2. Not producing 
profit or interest, as capital. 3. Not 
producing any effect. 

Un-prof'it-a-ble, a. Bringing no 
profit ; useless. 

Un-prof'it-a-bly, adv. Without 
profit or gain ; without any good ef- 
fect or advantage. 

Un-prom'is-ing, a. Not affording a 
favorable prospect of success or good. 

Un-pros'per-ous, a. Not prosper- 
ous; unfortunate. 

Un-qualT-fied, «. 1. Not qualified ; 
not having the requisite talents or 
accomplishments. 2. Not having 
taken the requisite oath. 3. Not 
modified ; absolute ; unconditional. 

Un-quEs'tion-a-Ble, a. Not to be 
questioned or doubted ; indubitable ; 
certain. [doubt. 

UN-Qufis'TlON-A-BLY, adv. Without 

UN-QUI'ET, a. Not quiet ; restless ; 
uneasy ; agitated ; disturbed. 



I Un-rav'jBL (137), v. t. 1. To diseu 
| tangle. 2. '< o unfold ; to solve. 3 
To throw iu to di order; to confuse. 
I Un-read'y, a. Not ready or pre- 
I pared ; awkward ; clumsy. 

Un-re'al,o. Notreal ; unsubstantial. 

UN-RE A's ON-ABLE (-re'zn-), a. 1. 
Exceeding the bounds of reason. 2. 
Immoderate ; exorbitant ; inordinate. 

Un-rea'son-a-ble-ness,«. State or 
quality "of being unreasonable. 

Un-re a's on-a-bly, adv. In an un- 
reasonable manner. 

tTN'RE-MlT'TlNG, a. Not relaxing for 
a time ; incessant. 

fjN'RE-sfiRVJBD', a. 1. Not reserved or 
retained. 2. Not withheld in part ; 
full ; entire. 3. Free : open ; frank! 

UN-REST', n. Want of rest or repose. 

UN-RlD'DLE,r. t. To solve or explain. 

Un-right'eous (-ri'chus), a. 1. Not 
righteous ; evil : wicked. 2. Contrary 
to law and equity. 

Un-right'eoOs-ness (-rl'chus-), n. 
Quality of being unrighteous. 

Un-rTpe', a. Not ripe ; not mature. 

Un-roll', v. t. To open, as what is 
rolled or convolved. 

Un-ruf'fl£d, a. Not ruffled ; calm ; 
tranquil ; quiet. 

Un-ru'ly, a. Disregarding restraint ; 
disposed to violate law. 

Syx.— Ungovernable; licentious; tur- 
bulent; refractory. 

Un-sad'dle, v. t. 1. To take the 
saddle from. 2. To throw from the 
saddle. 

Dn-safe', a. Not safe ; dangerous; 
perilous ; hazardous. 

Un-sa'vor-y, a. Not savory ; taste- 
less; insipid. 

Un-say', v. t. [-said ; -saying.] To 
recant or recall ; to retract. 

UN-screw' (-skru/), v. t. To draw 
the screws from. 

Un-scru/pu-loOs, a. Having no 
scruples ; unprincipled. 

Un-seal', v. t. To break the seal of; 
to open , as what is sealed. 

Un-search'a-ble, a. Not search- 
able ; inscrutable ; mysterious. 

Un-sea's on-A-ble, a. 1. Not in the 
proper season or time. 2. Not suited 
to the time or occasion. 

Un-sea's on- a-bly, adv. Not sea- 
sonably ; not in due time. 

Un-seat', v. t. To throw from, or 
deprive of, a seat. 

Un-sea'worth-y (-wur'thy), a. Not 
fit for a sea voyage. [coming. 

Un-seem'ly, a. Not seemly or be- 

Un-seen', a. Not feen ; invisible. 

Un-set'tle, v. t. To move or loosen 
from a fixed state ; to unfix. 

Syn.— To disconcert; displace; re- 
move; confuse; disorder. 
— v. ?'. To become unfixed. 

Un-shack'le (-shak'l). v. t. To loos* 
from shackles or restraint. 

Un-sheathe', v. t. To draw from 

the sheath or scabbard, as a sword. 
I Un-ship', v. t. 1. To take out of a 
ship. 2. To remove, as any part or 
implement, from the place where it 
is fitted. 



A, £, I, 6, u. Y,long; A,E,I, 6,U, ¥, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VIJIL, TERM; pique, fTrm ; SON, 



UNSIGHTLY 



459 



UPTURN 



Un-sIght'ly (-sit'-), a. Not sightly ; 
disagreeable to the eye ; ugly. 

Un-SK1ll'ful, I a. Not skillful ; 

Un-skil'FUL, I clumsy ; bungling 

Un-skIll'ful-ness, 1 ». Awkward- 

Un-skIl'ful-iness, ) ness. 

Un-so'cia-ble (-so'sha-bl), a. Not 
sociable ; averse to society ; reserved. 

Un-s6'cia-bly, adv. In an unsocia- 
ble manner. 

Un-sound', a. 1. Not sound ; defec- 
tive. 2. Infirm ; sickly. 3. Not 
orthodox. 4. Not close ; not com- 
pact. 5. Erroneous ; deceitful. 

Un-sound'ness, n. Quality or state 
of being unsound. [al ; profuse. 

UN-SPAR'lNG, a. Not sparing ; liber- 

Un-speak'a-ble, a. Incapable of 
uttered. 



Syn. — Inexpressible ; unutterable ; 
ineffable. 

UN-SPEAK'A-BLY, adv. Inexpressibly. 

Un-spot'ted, a. Not spotted ; free 
from moral stain ; immaculate. 

UN-STEAD'i-liY, arfv. In an unsteady 
manner. 

Un-steae'I-ness, n. Inconstancy ; 
want of firmness ; irresolution. 

Un-stead'y, a. Not steady ; not 
constant ; mutable. 

UN-STOP', v. t. To free from a stop- 
ple or from obstruction ; to open. 

Un-strIng', v. t. [-strung ; 
-STRINGING.] 1. To deprive of 
strings. 2. To loosen. 3. To take 
from a string. 

tJN'sue-CESS'FUE, a. Not successful; 
not fortunate ; unhappy. 

Un-sOit'a-ble, a. 1. Not suitable ; 
unfffT 2. Unbecoming; improper. 

Un-TAN'gle, v. t. To disentangle. 

Un-teach', v. t. [-taught; p. pr. 
-teaching.] To cause to forget, 
as what has been taught. 

Un-think'ing, a. Thoughtless. 

Un-thread', v. t. To take out a 
thread from. 

Un-tIe', v. t. [-TIED; -TYING.] To 
loosen, as a knot ; to free from any 
fastening ; to unbind. 

UN-TIL', prep, fy conj. [Goth, und, 
untc. See Till.] To ; till ; as far as. 

Un-time'ly, a. Not timely ; prema- 
ture ; unseasonable. 

fjN'TO, prep. [Goth. untS. See Un- 
TiLjind To.] To. See To. 

UN -told', a. 1. Not told; not re- 
lated. 2. Not counted. 

Un-to'ward, a. 1. Froward ; per- 
verse. 2. Awkward ; ungraceful. 

Un-to'ward-LY, adv. Perversely. — 
a. Perverse ; froward ; awkward. 

Un-to'ward-ness, n. Perverseness. 

Un-traVeled, \rt. 1. Not trav- 

Un-trav'elled, | i-led: not trod- 
den by passengers. 2. Having never 
seen foi - eign countries. 

Un-true', a. 1. Not true ; false. 2. 
Inconstant ; false ; disloyal. 

Un-tru'ly, adv. Not truly ; falsely. 

UN-TRUTH', n. 1. Contrariety to 
truth"; falsehood; want of veracity. 
2. A false assertion. 

Un-twine', v. t. To separate, as 
that which winds or clasps. 



Un-twIst', v. t. or i. To separate 
and open, as threads twisted. 

Un-U'su-al (-yu/zhu-), a. Not usual ; 
uncommon : rare. 

Un-u'§U-al-ly (-yu/zhu-), adv. Not 
commonly ; rarely. 

Un-UT'ter-a-BLE, a. Incapable of 
being uttered ; inexpressible. 

UN- VAIL', v. t. To remove a vail from. 

Un-VAR'NISHjBD (-var'nisht), a. 1. 
Not overlaid with varnish. 2. Not 
artfully embellished ; plain. 

UN- VIJIL', v.t. To remove a veil from ; 
to uncover. 

UN-WA'RI-LY (89), adv. In an un- 
wary or careless manner ; heedlessly. 

Un-wa'ri-ness, n. Carelessness ; 
heedlessness. 

Un-war'rant-a-ble (-wor/rant-). a. 
Indefensible; not justifiable; ille- 
gal ; improper. 

Un-wa'ry (89), a. Not vigilant against 
danger ; not cautious. 

Un-wea'ri.ed (89), a. Not wearied 
or persistent ; indefatigable. 

Un-well', a. Not in good health ; 
somewhat ill. 

UN- whole 'some (-hol'sum), a. Not 
wholesome ; unfavorable to health. 

Un-wield'y, a. Unmanageable ; 
bulky ; ponderous. 

UN-WILL'ING, a. Not willing ; disin- 
clined ; reluctant. 

Un-wIll'ING-LY, adv. In an un- 
willing manner ; reluctantly. 

Un-will'ING-ness, n. Disinclina- 
tion ; reluctance. 

UN-WIND', V. t. [-WOUND ; -WIND- 
ING.] 1. To wind off. 2. To disen- 
tangle. — v. i. To be capable of be- 
ing unwound. 

Un-wi§e', a. Not wise; defective in 
wisdom ; indiscreet. [manner. 

Un-wise'LY, adv. In an unwise 

Un-wit'ting-ly, adv. Without con- 
sciousness ; ignorantly. 

Un-wont'ed (-wilut'-), a. 1. Unac- 
customed ; unused. 2. Unusual ; 
infrequent ; rare. 

Un-wor'thi-ly (-wuVthi-), adv. 
Not according to desert. 

Un-wor'thi-ness (-wur'thj-), n. 
Want of worth or merit. 

Un-wor'thy (-war'-), a. 1. Not wor- 
thy ; undeserving ; wanting merit. 2. 
Worthless ; base. 3. Unbecoming. 

Un-wrap' (-rap 7 ), v. t. To open, as 
what is wrapped. 

Un-wr'it'T£N (-rnVtn), a. 1. Not 
written ; verbal. 2. Blank. 

Un-yield'ing, a. Not yielding; 
stiff; firm; obstinate. 

Un-yoke', v. t. To loose from a yoke. 

ftp, adv . [A.-S.] Aloft; on high; 
toward or in a higher place; in a 
higher position ; above. — n. A state 
of elevation or prosperity. — prep. 
From a lower to a higher place ; on 
_ or along ; at the top of. 

U'pas, n. [Malay, upas, poison.] An 
East Indian tree, the secretions of 
which are poisonous. 

UP-BEAR', V. t. [-BORE ; -BORNE ; 

-bearing.] To bear up ; to raise 
aloft. 



UP-BRAID', V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [A.-S. 
upgebredan, to upbraid, reproach, 
from up, up, and gebredan, bred an, 
to braid, twist.] 1. To charge with 
something wrong or disgraceful. 2. 
To reprove severely. 

Syx. — To reproach; blame; censure. 

UP-BRAID'ER, ii. One who upbraids. 

Up-heav'AL, n. Act of upheaving. 

Up-heave', v. t. To heave up from 
beneath. [cult. 

fjP'HlLL, a. 1. Ascending. 2. Diffi- 

UP-HOLD', V. t. [-HELD ; -HOLDING.] 
1. To lift on high. 2. To support; 
to maintain. 3. To countenance. 

Up-hold'er, n. One who, or tnat 
which, upholds. 

Up-hol'ster, v. t. To cover anew 
andrepair, as furniture. 

Up-hol'ster-er (20), n. [A corrup- 
tion of upholder, and formerly also 
written upholster, uph oldster.'] One 
who furnishes houses with furniture, 
beds, curtains, &c. 

Up-h5l'ster-y (20), n. Furniture 
supplied by upholsterers. 

ftp'LAND, ii. High land ; ground ele- 
vated above meadows and intervals. 

— a. 1. High in situation. 2. Per- 
taining to uplands. 

Up-lift', v. t. To lift or raise aloft. 
UP-on', prep. [From wp arid on.] On; 

— in all the senses of that word. 
ftp'PER, a. ; comp. of Up. [A.-S. 

ufor, higher, fr. ufa, above.] Fur- 
ther up, literally or figuratively ; 
higher in situation ; superior. 

fjP'PER-MOST, a. Highest in situa- 
tion, position, rank, or power, &c. 

fjP'PISH, a. [From up.] Proud ; ar- 
rogant ; putting on airs. 

Up-raise', 1 v. t. To raise; to lift 

Up-rear', ) up. 

Up'RIGHT (Hp'rTt). a. 1. J$ an erect 
position ; perpendicular. 2. Adher- 
ing or conformable to rectitude ; 
honest ; just. — n. Something stand- 
ingerect. [right manner. 

fjP'RiGHT-LY (-rlt-), adv. In an up- 

fjP'RIGHT-NESS (-rTt-),n. 1. Perpen- 
dicular erection ; erectness. 2. In- 
tegrity ; honesty. 

UP-RISE', V. i. [-ROSE ; -RISEN J 
-RISING.] To rise up ; to get up. 

tfp'ROAR, n. [D. uproer, fr. op, upp, 
up, and D. roeren, A.-S. hrcran, to 
stir.] Great tumult ; bustle and 
clamor. 

UP-ROAR'I-OUS, a. Making, or ac- 
companied by, a great uproar. 

Up-root', v. t. To tear up by the 
roots ; to eradicate. 

UP-ROUSE', v.t. To rouse from sleep. 

Up-set'^ v. t. [-set ; -setting.] 
To overturn or overthrow. 

ttp'SET, n. An overturn. [sion. 

fjP'SHOT, 11. Final issue ; conclu- 

Up'side, n. The upper side ; the part 
that is uppermost. [ly. 

UP-START',t>.?'. To spring up sudden- 

tTP'START, n. One suddenly arisen 
from low life to wealth, power, or 
honor. 

Up-turn', v. t. To direct upward ; to 
throw up- 



OR. do, WOLF, TOO, TO"bic ; urn, RUE, PULL ; e, I, O, silent ; C, G, soft; €, 5, hard,' Ag ; EJIST ; N, as NG ; THIS. 



UPWARD 



460 



UTOPIA 



frp'WARD, a. Directed to a higher 
place. 

tTP'WARD, 1 adv. 1. Toward a high- 

t^P'WARDg, { er place ; toward the 
source. 2. In the upper parts. 3. 
Yet more, indefinitely. 

U-ra'ni-um, n. [N. Lat., from Gr. 
ovpavos, heaven, or from Uranus, 
the planet.] A metal of a reddish- 

_ brown color. 

fJ/RA-NOG'RA-PHY, n. [Gr. ovpafo- 
ypa<f>Ca; ovpavos, heaven, and ypd- 
4>eiv, to describe.] A description of 

_ the heavens. 

U'RA-NOL/O-GY, n. [Gr. ovpavds, 
heaven, and Adyos, discourse.] A 
treatise on the heavens and the 

_heavenly bodies. 

U'ra-nus, n. [Lat., the father of 
Saturn.] One of the primary planets. 

UR'BAN, a. [Lat. urbanus, fr. urbs, a 
city.] Belonging to a city. 

UR-BANE', a. [See supra.] Courteous 
in manners ; polite ; refined. 

Ur-ban'i-ty, n. Civility or courtesy 
of manners. 
Syn. — Politeness ; affability ; courtesy. 

UR'CHIN, n. [0. Eng. hirchen, Fr. 
hcrisson, 0. Fr. ericon, iregon, from 
Lat. ericius, equiv. to erinaceus.] 1. 
A hedgehog. 2. A child ; a pert or 
rough little fellow. 

U-RE'TER, n. [N. Lat., fr. Gr. ouprj- 
Trjp, same as ovprjOpa, the passage of 
the urine.] One of the excretory 
ducts of the kidney. 

U-RE'THRA, n. [Gr. ovprjOpa, fr. ov- 
pelv, to make water.] Canal by which 
the urine is discharged. [urethra. 

U-re'thral, a. Pertaining to the 

Urge, v. t. [-ed; -ING.] [Lat. ur- 
gere.] 1. To press ; to push ; to force 
onward. 2. To ply with motives, ar- 
guments, or persuasion. 3. To follow 
closely. 4. To press upon attention. 
Syn. — To incite; impel; instigate; 
stimulate; encourage. 

UR'GEN-CY, n. 1. Earnest solicita- 
tion. 2. Pressure of necessity. 

Cr'GENT, a. [Lat. urgens.] Urging; 
pressing : besetting. [manner. 

fjR'GENT-LY, adv. In an urgent 

U'RIM, 11. [Ileb. vrim, pi. of ur, 
flame, fire.] A part of the breast- 
plate of the high-priest among the 
ancient Jews. [urine. 

fj'RIN-AL, n. A vessel for containing 

U'RIN-A-RY, a. Pertaining to urine. 

TJ'RIN-ATE, v. i. To discharge urine. 

0'RIN-A/TIVE, a. Provoking the flow 

_ of uriue. 

U'RIN-A'TOR.n. [Lat., from urinari, 

_ to plunge under water.] A diver. 

U'RiNE, n. [Lat. urina, Gr. ovpov. 
allied to Skr. ran', water ,] The fluid 
secreted by the kidneys. 

0RN, ii. [Lat. urna.] A vessel of va- 
rious forms, usually largest in the 
middle, employed for different pur- 
poses. — v. t. To inclose in an urn. 

UR'SI-FORM, a. [Lat. ursus, a bear, 
and forma, form.] In the shape of 
a bear. 

UR'SINE, a. [Lat. ursinus, fr. ursus, a 
bear.] Relating to, or like, a bear. 



UR'su-lIne, n. One of an order of 
nuns, so called from St. Ursula. 

fjs, pron. pi. [A.-S. us.] Objective 

_ case of We. 

U§'A-BLE, a. Capable of being used. 

Us/AGE, n. [L. Lat. usagium, from 
Lat. usus, use, usage.] 1. Act or 
mode of using ; treatment. 2. Long- 
continued practice ; habitual use. 
3. Customary use, as of a word in 

_ a particular sense. 

Ug'ANCE, n. Time allowed in certain 
countries for the payment of a bill 

_ of exchange. 

Use, n. [Lat. usus, from uti, to use.] 
1. Act of employing any thing ; ap- 
plication ; employment. 2. Occa- 
sion to employ. 3. Usefulness ; util- 
ity. 4. Customary employment ; 

_ usage ; custom. 

Use (yuz), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Lat. 
"uti, usus, to use.] 1. To make use 
of; to put to a purpose. 2. To be- 
have toward ; to treat. 3. To prac- 
tice customarily. 4. To habituate. 

Syn. — Employ.— We use a thing, 
when we derive from it some enjoyment 
or service. We employ it when we turn 
that service into a particular channel. 
We use words to express our general 
meaning; we employ certain technical 
terms in reference to a given subject. 

Use'ful, a. Producing good; bene- 

_ ficial ; profitable. 

Use'ful-ly, adv. In auseful manner. 

Use'ful-ness, n. State or quality of 
being useful. 
Syn. — See Utility. 

Use'less, a. Having no use; un- 
serviceable ; answering no valuable 
purpose. 

Syn. — Fruitless ; ineffectual. — We 
speak of an attempt, &c, as useless when 
there are in it inherent difficulties which 
forbid the hope of success; as fruitless 
when it fails, not from any such difficul- 
ties, but from some unexpected hin- 
drance or calamity arising to frustrate it. 
It is tiseless to attempt any thing without 
adequate means: and even when we do 
possess them, our efforts are often. fruit- 
less. Ineffectual nearly resembles/rwr- 
less, but implies a failure of a less hope- 
less character; as, after several ineffect- 
ual efforts, I at last succeeded. 

USE'LESS-LY, adv. Without profit. 

Use'less-ness, n. State or quality 

_ of being useless. 

Us'ER, n. One who uses. 

fjsH'ER, n. [From 0. Fr. us, uis, a 
door.] 1. An officer whose business it 
is to introduce strangers, &c. 2. An 
assistant to the preceptor of a school. 
— v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To introduce, 
as an usher or forerunner ; to fore- 
run. 

fJs'QUE-BAUGH (-baw), n. [It. uisge 
beatka, i. e., water of life.] A kind 
of whiskey. 

tjST'ION (Qst'yun), n. [Lat. ustia, fr. 
vrere, to burn.] Act of burning ; 
state of being burned. 

Us'u-AL (yu/zhu-), a. [Lat. usualis.] 
Such as occurs in ordinary practice ; 
customary ; ordinary ; frequent. 

Us'u-AL-LY iyu/zhu-), adv. Common- 
ly ; customarily ; ordinarily. 

U'SU-CAP'TION, n. [Lat. usucapere, 



usucaptum , to acquire by long use ; 
usu, by use, and capere, to take.] 
Acquisition of the title or right to 
property by undisputed possession of 
it for a certain term. 

U f sU-FR0€T, n. [Lat. usufructus, fr. 
usus, use, and fructus, fruit.] Right 
of using and enjoying the profits of a 
thing belonging to another, without 

_ impairing the substance. 

U'su-FRtr€T'u-A-RY,n. A person who 
has the use of property and reaps 
the profits of it. — a. Of, or per- 
taining to, or being in the nature of, 

_ a usufruct. 

Us/u-rer (yij'zhyj-^n. One who lends 
money at a rate of interest beyond 
that established by law. 

U-su'Rl-ous (-zhjj'rl-), a. 1. Practi- 
cing usury. 2. Partaking of usury. 

U-sfJRP', v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
usurpare, contr. fr. usurapere, i. e., 
to seize to one's own use, from usus, 
use, and rapere, to seize.] To seize 
and hold in possession by force or 

_ without right. 

U'sur-pa'tion, n. Act of usurping, 
or state of being usurped. 

U-surp'er, n. One who usurps. 

U'su-RY (yu/zhu-), n. [Lat. vsura, fr. 
uti, to use.] 1. Interest, or practice 
of taking interest. [ Obs.] 2. Ille- 
gal interest. 

U-TfiN'SIL(113),n. [Lat. ustensile,fr. 
uti, usus, to use.] An instrument or 
vessel used in domestic and farming 

_ business. 

U'TER-INE, a. [Lat. uterinus ; uterus, 
the womb.] 1. Pertaining to the 
womb. 2. Born of the same mother, 
but by a_ different father. 

U-til/i-ta'ri-an (89), a. Consisting 
in, or pertaining to, utility, or to 
utilitarianism — n. One who holds 
the doctrine of utilitarianism. 

U-t1l/i-ta'ri-an-ism, n. 1. The doc- 
trine that the greatest happiness of 
the greatest number should be the 
end and aim of all social and polit- 
ical institutions. 2. Doctrine that 
utility is the sole standard of virtue. 

U-TIL/I-TY, n. [Lat. utilitas, fr. utilis, 
useful.] State or quality of being 
useful ; production of good. 

Syn. —Usefulness.— Usefulness is An- 
glo-Saxon, and utility is Latin; and 
hence the former Is used chiefly of things 
in the concrete, while the latter is em- 
ployed more in a general and abstract 
6ense. Thus, we speak of the utility of 
an invention, and the usefulness of the 
thing invented; of the utility of an in- 
stitution, and the usefulness of an indi- 
vidual. Still, the words are, in many 
cases, used interchangeably. 

U'TIL-IZE, V. t. [-ED ; -I3SG.] To 
turn to profitable account or use. 

fjT'JYl5sT, a. [A.-S. utemOst, fitemest, 
from ute, tot, out, and truest, mest t 
most.] 1. Most distant; extreme; 
last. 2. Being in the greatest degree. 
— n. The most that can be. 

U-TO'PI-A, n. [Gr. ov, not, and ronos, 
a place.] 1. An imaginary island, 
represented by Sir Thomas More, as 
enjoying the greatest perfection in 



A, £, I, 5, v, Y,long; A, E, I, 6, 0, Y, short; cARE, far, ask, all, WHAT ; ERE, veil, TERM ; Pi'QUE, FIRM; s6n, 



UTOPIAN 



461 



VALLEY 



politics, laws, &c. 2. A place of ideal 
perfection. [fanciful. 

U-TO'Pl-AN, a. Ideal; chimerical; 

U'TRi-€LE, n. [Lat. utriculus, dim. 
of uter } utris, a bag, skin.] A little 
bag or bladder ; a little cell. 

th"TER,a. [A.-S. utter, titer, exte- 
rior, fr.ut,ute, out.] 1. Outer. [Obs.] 
2. Complete; total. 3. Mere ; entire ; 
quite. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [See su- 
pra.] 1. To put in circulation, as 
money. 2. To give expression to ; to 
publish ; to speak. 



t?T'TER-A-BLE, a. Capable of being 
uttered or expressed. 

Ct'TER-AIV^E. n. Act of uttering ; 
sale ; circulation ; expression ; pro- 
nunciation. 

fjT'TER-ER, n. One who utters. 

Ct'TER-LY, adv. To the full extent ; 
to the greatest degree possible ; fully ; 
perfectly ; totally. 

tf T'TER-MOST, a. Extreme ; being in 
the furthest, greatest, or highest 
degree. — n. Extremest thing or de- 
gree possible. 



U'VE-oOs, a. [Lat. uva, a bunch of 
_ grapes, a grape.] Resembling a grape. 
U'W-jla, n. [N. Lat., dim. of Lat. 

uva, a grape.] The fleshy conical 

body depending from the middle of 

the lower border of the soft palate. 
UX-o'ri-oOs (89), a. [Lat. uzorius. 

from uxor, a wife.] Excessively ana 

foolishly fond of a wife. 
U£-o'Rl-of;s-LY, adv. With fond oi 

servile submission to a wife. 
Ux-o'ri-oOs-ness, n. ExceaeiTs and 

foolish fondness for a wife. 



V(ve), the twenty-second letter of 
the English alphabet, represents 
a uniform consonant sound. See 
Principles of Pronunciation, § 101. 

VX'€AN-£Y,n. 1. Emptiness ; hence, 
leisure ; idleness. 2. Empty space ; 
vacuity ; a chasm. 8. A post un- 
filled ; an unoccupied office. 

Va'€ANT, a. [Lat. vacans, p. pr. of 
vacare, to be empty, to be free from 
labor.] 1. Empty; not filled. 2. 
Unemployed ; unoccupied. 3. Not 
occupied with an incumbent. 4. Not 
occupied with study or reflection. 

Stw. — Empty. — A thing is empty 
when there is nothing in it: as, an empty 
room. Vacant adds the idea of a thing's 
having been previously filled, or intend- 
ed to be tilled or occupied; as, a vacant 
seat at the table, &c. 

Va'cate, v. t. [-ED;-ING.] [Lat. 
vacare, -calum, to be empty.] 1. To 
leave empty. 2. To annul ; to make 
void. 

Va-ca'tion, n. [Lat. vacatio. See 
supra.] 1. The act of vacating. 2. 
Intermission of a stated employment, 
procedure, or office ; rest. 

VXC91-NATE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
vaccinus, belonging to a cow ; vacca, 
a cow.] To inoculate with the cow- 
pox. 

Vac'^i-na'tion, n. Act, art, or prac- 
tice of vaccinating. [nates. 

VX€'<?i-na'tor, n. One who vacci- 

VXe'^INE (vak'sln or vak'sln), a. Per- 
taining to cows, or to vaccination. 

VX<?'IL-LATE, V. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. vacillare, -latum.] 1. To move 
one way and the other ; to reel. 2. 
To fluctuate in mind or opinion. 
Syn. — See Fluctuate. 

VXc'IL-LA'TION, n. 1. A wavering, 
reeling, or staggering. 2. Fluctua- 
tion of mind. 

Va-€U'i-ty, n. [Lat. vacuitas.] 1. 
Emptiness. 2. Space unfilled or un- 

I occupied ; void ; vacuum. 
VXe'U-UM, n. [Lat., fr. vacuus.'] Space 
devoid of all matter or body. 
Va'de-me'€UM, n. [Lat., go with 
me.] A book or other thing that a 
person carries with him as a constant 
companion. 



VXg'A-b5nd, a. [Lat. vagabundus, 
fr. vagari, to stroll about.] Stroll- 
ing ; wandering. — n. One who wan- 
ders from place to place, having no 
certain dwelling ; a vagrant. 

VXg'a-bond'age, ) n. Condition of 

VXg'a-BoND'ism, [ a vagabond; a 

VXg'a-Bond'RY, ) state of wan- 
dering about in idleness. 

Va-ga'ry, n. [Lat. vagari, to stroll 
about.] A wandering of the thoughts; 
a wild freak ; a whim. 

VXg'i-NAL,o. [Lat. vagina, asheath.] 
Relating to, or like, a sheath. 

Va'gran-cy, n. State of wandering 
without a settled home. 

Ya'grant, a. [Norm. Fr. vagarant, 

0. Fr. vagant, fr. vaguer, to stray, 
Lat. vagari.] 1. Moving without 
certain direction. 2. Wandering 
from place to place without any set- 
tled habitation. — n. An idle wan- 
derer ; a vagabond. [manner. 

VX'GRANT-LY, adv. In a vagrant 
Vague (vag), a. [-ER; -est.] [Lat. 
vagus.] 1. Unsettled ; undetermined. 
2. Proceeding from no known au- 
thority, [manner. 
VAGUE'LY (vag/ty), adv. In a vague 
VAGUE'NESS (vag'nes), n. Quality or 

condition of being vague. 
Vail, n. [Written also veil.] A con- 
cealing screen. — v. t. [From 0. Eng. 
avail, to let down , fr. Lat. ad, to, and 
vallis, valley.] To lower in token of 
inferiority, reverence, or submission. 
Vain, a. [-ER; -est.] [Lat. vanus.] 

1. Having no real substance, value, 
or importance. 2. Destitute of force 
or efficiency. 3. Elated with self- 
conceit, or with things more showy 
than valuable. 

Vain-glS'ri-oUS, a. Vain to excess 
of one's own achievements ; boastful. 

VAIN-GLO'RY, n. Excessive vanity 
excited by one's own performances. 

Vain'ly, adv. Without effect; proud- 
ly ; idly ; foolishly. 

VXi/ANCE,n. [From Norm. French 
valaunt, Fr. avalant, descending, 
hanging down. See VAIL..] Hang- 
ing drapery for a bed, a couch, or a 
window, &c — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To furnish with a valance. 



VXle,«. [Cf. Valley.] Low ground 
between hills. 

VXl'E-dIc'TION, n. [Lat. valedicere, 
-dictum, to say farewell.] A farewell. 

VXl'E-dI€-TO'ri-an, n. One who 
pronounces a valedictory address. 

VXL'E-Dfe'TO-RY, a. Bidding fare- 
well. — n. A farewell address at com- 
mencement in American colleges. 

VXL'EN-TlNE , n. A sweetheart chosen, 
or a love-letter sent, on St.Valentine"a 
day A the 14th of February. 

Va-le'ri-an, n. [Either fr. some one 
called Valerius, or fr. Lat. valere, to 
be powerful, on account of its me- 
dicinal virtues.] A plant, one species 
of which is used in medicine. 

VXl'ET (val'et or val'a), n. [Fr. valet, 
L. Lat. vasletus,varletus,vassus. Cf. 
Varlet and Vassal.] A servant 
who attends on a gentleman. 

Valet de chambre (va'la de sha^br). 
[Fr.] A body servant. 

VXl'e-ttI'di-na'RI-AN, a. [Lat. val- 
etudinarius, fr. valere, to be strong 
or well.] Of infirm health ; seeking 
to recover health. — n. A sickly per- 
son ; one seeking to recover health. 

VXl'e-TU'di-na-ry (44), a. Infirm ; 
sickly. — n. An infirm person. 

VXl'IANT, a. [Fr. vaillant, Lat. vol- 
ens, p. pr. of valere, to be strong.] 
1. Intrepid in danger : courageous ; 
brave. 2. Performed with valor. 

VXl'IANT-LY, adv. In a valiant man- 
ner ; bravely ; heroically. 

VXL'ID, a. [Lat. validus, fr. valere, to 
be strong.] 1. Having sufficient 
strength ; founded in truth. 2. Ex- 
ecuted with the proper formalities. 

Va-lId'I-TY, n. 1. Quality of being 
valid ; power to convince. 2. Legal 
strength or force. 

Va-li'se', n. [From a hypoth. Lat. 
valitia, vidulitia, from vidulus, a 
leathern trunk, knapsack.] A small 
sack or case, for clothing, &c. 

Val-LA'TION, n. [Lat. vallum, ram- 
part, fr. vallw, palisade.] A rampart. 

VXL'LEY (148), n. [Lat. vallis, valles.] 

* The space inclosed between ranges of 
hills or mountains. 
Stit. — Vale; dale; dell; dingle; hollow. 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO jTOCHt; URN, RUE , PULL ; E, I, O.silent; 9, G, soft; €,S,hard; AS; E$IST; Jf as NG; THIS. 



VALOR 



4G2 



VASCULAR 



v" Xl/OR, n. [Lat. valere, to be strong.] 
Strength of mind in regard to dan- 
ger; personal bravery. 

Syn. — Courage ; bravery ( boldness) 
fearlessness. See Heroism. 

VAl/or-oDs, a. Possessing or exhib- 
iting valor. [manner. 

Val'OR-OOs-LY, adv. In a valorous 

VAl'u-a-ble, a. 1. Having- value or 
worth. 2. Deserving esteem ; pre- 
cious ; costly. — n. A thing of value. 

YXi/u-a'tion, n. 1. The act of val- 
uing, or of setting a price ; appraise- 
ment. 2. Value set upon a thing. 

VXl/fJE, n. 10. Fr.,from valoir, p. p. 
valu, to be worth, fr. Lat. valere.] 
1. Property or properties of a thing 
which render it useful 2. Precise 
signification. 3. Estimated worth ; 
amount obtainable in exchange. — 
v.t. [-ED;-ING.] 1. To estimate the 
worth of ; to appraise. 2. To rate at 
a high price ; to have in high esteem . 
Syn.— To compute; rate; esteem; re- 
spect; regard; prize. 

VAl/ue-less, a. Having no worth. 

VAl v'ATE , a. Resembling or serving 
as a valve. 

VAlve,m. [Lat. valva, leaf of a door.] 
1. A door ; esp. a folding door. 2 
A lid or cover to an aperture, open- 
ing only in one direction. 

VXLV'U-LAR, a. Pertaining to, or con- 
taining, valves 

VXmp, n. [Abbrev. fr. Fr. avant-pied, 
forefoot and vamp.] The upper 
leather of a shoe. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To piece with a new part ; to repair. 

Tamp'er, n. One who vamps. 

VAM/PIRE, n. [Ger. & D. vampir.] 1. 
A dead person superstitiously be- 
lieved to wander about the earth do- 
ing every kind of mischief to the liv- 
ing. 2. An extortiouer. 3. A large 
species of bat. 

YXm'PIR-ism, n. 1. Belief in the ex- 
istence of vampires. 2. Practice of 
extortion. 

VAN, n. 1. [Abbrev. fr. van-guard.] 
The front of an army, or the front 
line of a fleet. 2. [Lat. vannus.] A 
fan for cleansing grain. 3. A large, 
light, covered wagon. 

VAn'-€OU'ri-er, n. [Fr. avantcour- 
rier, fr. avant, before, and cowrier, 
a runner.] A light-armed soldier 
sent before an army to beat the road. 

YAn'dal, n. 1. One of a barbarous 
hoi'de that invaded Rome in the 5th 
century. 2. One who is ignorant and 
barbarous. 

Van-dXi/I€, a. Pertaining to, or re- 
sembling, the Vandals ; barbarous. 

VXn'dal-IsM, n. Spirit or conduct of 
Vandals ; "hostility to the arts and 
literature. 

Van-dyke', n. An indented and scol- 
loped cape for the neck formerly 
worn by women. 

VANE, n. [A.-S.fana, banner, Goth. 
/ana, cloth.] 1. A contrivance to 
show which way the wind blows. 2. 
Thin , membranous part of a feather. 

YAn'-GUARD, n. [Fr. avant-garde, fr. 
avant, before, and garde, guard.] 



Troops who march in front of an 
army . 

Va-nTl'LA, n. [N. Lat., fr. Lat. vagi- 
na, because its seeds are in little 
pods ] A genus of plants remarkable 
for a delicate and agreeable odor. 

VAN'ISH, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
vanescere, evanescere, from vanus, 
empty, vain ] 1. To be lost to view ; 
to disappear gradually. 2. To pass 
away. — n. Closing portion of a syl- 
lable, or of a vocal element. 

VXn'i-TY, n. [Lat. vanitas.] 1 Want 
of substance to satisfy desire. 2. 
Empty pride; ostentation. 3. Any 
thing visionary, or unsubstantial. 

Syn. — Egotism ; emptiness ; self-suf- 
ficiency; ostentation. See Pride. 

VXn/QUISH (vank'wish), v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] [Fr. vaincre, pret. vainquis, 
Lat. vincere.] 1. To subdue in bat- 
tle. 2. To defeat in any contest ; to 
refute in argument. 

Syn. — To overcome; confute; silence. 
See Conquer. 

VXn'quish-a-ble, a. Capable of 
being vanquished. 

VXn'quish-ER, n. One who van- 
quishes ; a conqueror ; a victor. 

Van'tage, J n. [See Ad- 

VAN'TAGE-GROUND, ) VANTAGE.] 
Superior or more favorable situation 
or opportunity. 

VAP'id, a. [Lat. vapidus, lit. having 
emitted steam or vapor, fr. vapor, 
steam.] Having lost its life and 
spirit. 

Va-pI'd'i-ty, ) n. A being vapid ; 

VAp'id ness, J want of life or spirit. 

Va'por, n. [Lat.] 1. Any substance 
in the gaseous or aeriform state. 2. 
Any visible diffused substance float- 
ing in the atmosphere, as smoke or 
fog. 3. Something unsubstantial or 
fleeting. 4. {pi.) Hypochondriacal af- 
fections ; dejection. — v. i. [-ed; 
-ING.] 1. To pass off in fumes; to be 
exhaled. 2. To boast vainly ; to brag. 

VAp'o-ra-bYl'i-ty, n. Quality of 
being vaporable. 

VXp'o-ra-ble, a. Capable of being 
converted into vapor. 

Va'por-BATH, n. Application of va- 
por to the body in a close place. 

Va'por-ER, n. A braggart. 

Vap'o-rif'ig, a. [Lat. vapor, vapor, 
and/acere, to make.] Forming into 
vapor. [manner. 

Va'POR-ING-LY, adv. In a boasting 

Va'por-Ish, a. Full of vapors ; af- 
fected by hysterics. 

VAp'o-ri-za'tion, «. Artificial for- 
mationof vapor. 

VAP'OR-IZE (110), V. t. [-EB; -ING.] 
To convert into vapor by heat. — v. 
i. To pass off in vapor. 

Va'por-oDs, ) a. 1. Full of vapors. 

Va'por-y, $ 2. Windy ; flatulent. 
3. Unreal ; vain. [ing variable. 

Va'ri-A-bil/I-TY, n. Quality of be- 

VA'RI-A-BLE, a. [Lat. variabilis.] 1. 
Capable of alteration in any man- 
ner. 2. Liable to change. 

Syn.— Changeable ; mutable; fickle; 
unsteady; inconstant. 



— n. x. A quantity which may In- 
crease or decrease. 2. A shifting 
trade-wind. [aptness to vary. 

VA'ri-A-BLE-NESS, n. Liableness or 

Va'RI-a-BLY, adv. Changeably. 

VA'Rl-AN^E.n. 1. Change of condi- 
tion. 2. A disagreement or incon- 
sistency between two parts of the 
same legal proceeding, which, to be 
effectual, ought to agree together. 3. 
Dissension. 

VA'RI-A'TION, n. 1. A partial change 
in the form, position, state, or quali- 
ties of the same thing. 2. Auiounb 
or rate of change. 

Syn.— Change ; vicissitude ; variety; 
alteration; diversity. 

VXr'I-cose (125), I a. [See supra ] 

VXR'l-€O0s, ) Preternaturally 

enlarged, as veins. 

VA'RI-E-GATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. variegare, -gatum, fr. varius, 
various, and agere, to move, make.] 
To diversify in external appearance. 

VA/RI-E-GA'TION, n. Act of variegat- 
ing or state of being variegated ; di- 
versity of colors. 

Va-ri'e-ty, 11. 1. Intermixture or 
succession of different things. 2. A 
number of different things. 3. Some- 
thing varying from others of the 
same general kind. 

Syn. — Diversity.— A man has a va- 
riety of employments when he does 
many things which are not a mere repe- 
tition of the same act; he has a diversity 
of employments when the several acts 
performed are unlike each other, that is, 
diverse. In most cases, where there is 
variety there will be more or less of di- 
versity, but not always. 

VA'Ri-o-LOtiy, or VXr'i-o-loid', n. 

[L. Lat. variola, the small-pox, fr- 
Lat. varius, various, and Gr eifio?, 
form.] The small-pox as modified 
by previous inoculation or vaccina- 
tion, [small-pox. 

VA-Rl'O-LOUS, a. Pertaining to the 

Va'RI-6'RU3T. [Lat., (with notes) of 
various persons.] Containing notes 
by different persons. 

VX'Rl-oOs, a. [Lat. variih ] 1. Dif- 
ferent ; diverse. 2. Changeable ; 
uncertain. 3. Diversified. 

Va'ri-oDs-LY, adv. In various ways. 

Var'let, n. [0. Fr. varlet, vaslet, 
vallet, fr. W. giv&s, a lad, page, ser- 
vant.] A low fellow; a scoundrel. 

VAR'NISH, n. [See infra.] 1 A viscid, 
glossy liquid. 2. Glossy appearance. 
3 Outside show. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] [Fr. vernir, vernisser, as if 
fr. a Lat. vitrinire, to glaze, fr. vi- 
trum, glass.] 1. To lay varnish on. 
2. To give a fair coloring or external 
aspect to ; to gloss ; to palliate. 

Var'nish-er, n. One who varnishes. 

Va'ry (89), v.t. [-ed; -ing, 142] 
[Lat. variare, fr. varius, various.] 1. 
To alter in form, appearance, sub- 
stance, or position 2. To exchange; 
to alternate. 3. To diversify. — v. i. 
1. To be altered in any manner. 2. 
To differ. 3. To deviate. 4. To 
disagree. 

VXs'€U-LAR, a. [Lat. vasculum, a 



I, E, I, 6, u,Y,to»g7 A,E,I, 6, v,?, short; care, fXr, Ask, aee, what; ere, veii,, term; pique, firm; son, 



VASCULARITY 



463 



VENERATION 




small Tessel, dim. of vas, vessel.] 
Relating to, or consisting of, the ves- 
sels of animal or vegetable bodies. 

VXs'CU-lXr'I-TY, n. State or qual- 
ity of being vascular. 

V ASE (in Eng. commonly vaz),n. [Lat. 
vas, vasum.] A ves- 
sel, of various forms 
and materials. 

VXs'sal, n. [L. Lat. 
vassallus, vasallus, 
from W. givasawl, 
serving, fr. gwas, a 
youth, page, servant.] 
1. One who holds land 
of a superior, and 
vows fidelity to him. 2. 

VXs'SAL-AGE, w. 1. State of being a 
vassal. 2. Dependence ; slavery. 

Vast, a. [-er; -est.] [Lat. vastus, 
empty, waste, vast.] 1. Being of 
great extent. 2. Tery great in num- 
bers or amount. 3. Very great in 
force or importance. 

Sl'N. — Enormoua; huge; immense. 
— n._ A waste region. 

VAS-ta'tion,?i. [Lat. vnstalio, from 
vastare, to lay waste.] A laying 
waste ; devastation. [degree. 

Vast'ly, adv. To a vast extent or 

VAST'NESS, n. Enormous magnitude, 
amount, or importance. 

Vast'Y, a. Immense ; vast. 

VXt, n. [A.-S. fat, fat.] A large 
cask-like receptacle. 

VXt'1-CIDE, n. [Lat. vates, a prophet, 
and cxdere, to kill.] The murder, or 
the murderer, of a prophet. 

Va-tIc'I-nal, a. Pertaining to, or 
containing, prophecy. 

Va-ti^'i-nate, v. t. & i. [Lat. vatici- 
nari, -natus, fr. vates, a prophet.] To 
prophesy._ 

Va-tIc'i-na'TION, n. Prediction ; 
prophecy. 

VAUDE'riLLE (vod'vil), n. [Fr., 
fr. Vau-de-vire, a village in Norman- 
dy.] 1. A kind of song of a lively 
character. 2. A theatrical piece, 
intermingled with light or satirical 
songs. 

Vault, n. [L. 
Lat. volla, vo- 
luta, from Lat. 
volvere, volu- 
tnm, to roll, 
turn about. 

1. An arched 
roof or ceiling. 

2. An arched 
apartment, es- 
pecially a cell ; a cellar. 3. A 
bound. — v.t. [-edj-ING.] 
cover with a vault ; to arch, 
mount by leaping. 
leap ; to jump. 2. 




Vault. 



1. To 

2. To 
1. To 

To exhibit feats 
of tumbling or leaping. 

VAULT'ER, n. One who vaults. 

VXuNT, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [Fr. van- 
ter, L. Lat. vanitare, fr. Lat. vanus, 
vain.] To boast; to brag. — v.t. 
To boast of. — n. A vain display of 
what one is, or has, or has done. 

VXunt'ER, n. One who vaunts. 

VEAL,n. [0. Fr. veel, vedel, Lat. 



vitellus, dim. of vitulus, a calf.] 
Flesh of a calf dressed for food. 

VE/DA, or Ve'da, n. [Skr. veda, 
knowledge.] The ancient sucred lit- 
erature of the Hindoos. 

VE-DETTE', n. [It. vedetta, for ve- 
letta, as if from vedere, to see, Lat. 
videre, but really fr. veglia, Lat. ri- 
gilia, watch.] A mounted sentinel. 

VEER, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Fr. virer.] 
To change direction ; to turn. — v. t. 
To direct to a different course. 

VEG'E-TA-BLE, a. [Lat. vegetabilis, 
enlivening, fr. vegetare, to enliven.] 
Relating to, or consisting of, plants. 

— it. [See infra.] An organized 
body destitute of sense and volun- 
tary motion ; a plant. [table. 

Veg'E-TAL, a. Pertaining to a vege- 

Veg'E-ta'ri-AN (89), n. One who 
holds that vegetables are the only 
proper food for man. — a. Pertain- 
ing to vegetarianism. 

Veg'e-ta'ri-an-Ism, n. Theory and 
practice of living solely on vegeta- 
bles. 

Veg'e-tate,!'. i. [-ed:-ing.] [Lat. 
vegetare, -latum, to enliven, fr. vege- 
tusy animated.] 1. To grow, as 
plants ; to sprout. 2. To do nothing 
but eat jind grow. 

Veg'e-ta'TION, n. 1. A vegetable 
growth ._ 2. Sum of vegetable life. 

Veg'e-ta'tIve, a. Growing, or hav- 
ing the power of growing, as plants. 

Vf'HE-MEN^E, n. 1. Quality of be- 
ing vehement; impetuosity. 2. Vio- 
lent ardor ; animated fervor. 

VE'HE-MENT, a. [Lat. vehemens.] 

1. Acting with great force. 2. Very 
eager, urgent, or fervent. 

Syn. — Furious; violent; impetuous; 
passionate; ardent. 

VE'HE-MENT-LY, adv. In a vehe- 
ment manner. 

VE'Hl-eLE, n. [Lat. vehiculum ; ve- 
here, to carry.] 1. That in which 
any thing is or may be carried ; a 
conveyance. 2. Instrument of com- 
munication. 

VE-Hle'U-LAR, ) a. Pertaining to, 

Ve-HI€'U-LA-RY, J or serving as, a 
vehicle. 

VglL, n. [Lat. velum, a sail, cover- 
ing, curtain, fr. vehere, to bear, car- 
ry.] 1. Something to intercept the 
view ; a screen to protect the face. 

2. A cover ; a disguise. 
Syn.- See Vail. 

— v.t. [-ed; -ING.] 1. To cover 
with a veil. 2. To hide ; to conceal. 

VEIN, n. [Lat. vena.] 1. A vessel 
which receives the blood from the 
capillaries, and returns it to the 
heart. 2. A small rib of the frame- 
work of leaves, &c. 3. A seam or 
layer, intersecting a rock or stra- 
tum. 4. A streak in wood, or mar- 
ble, &c. 5. A current; a course. 6. 
Tendency or turn of mind ; humor. 

— v. t. To form or mark with veins. 
VIJIN.ED, ) a. Full of veins ; streaked ; 
VljlN'Y, ) variegated. 
VEL'LI-€ATE, V. t. & i. [-ED ; -ING.] 



[Lat. vfllicare, -calum.] To move 
spasmodically ; to twitch. 

VEL'Li-cA'TION, n. Convulsive mo- 
tion of a muscular fiber, especially 
of the face. 

VEL'LUM, n. [Fr. relin, fr. Lat. vit- 
idus, a calf.] A fine kind of parch- 
ment. 

Ve-lo^'i-pede, n. [Lat. velox, swift, 
and pes, pedis, a foot.] A light road- 
carriage for a single person, who 
propels it by his feet. 

Ve-l6<?'I-TY, v. [Lat. velor.itas.] 1. 
Quickness of motion : speed ; rapid- 
ity. 2. Rate of motion. 

VEL'VET, n. [0. Eng. velvet, L. Lat. 
velluetum, vellutum, from Lat. vil- 
lus, shaggy hair.] A stuff having a 
short shag of silk on the surface. 

Vel/VET-EEN', n. Cloth made of 
cotton, in imitation of velvet. 

V£i/VET-y, a. Made of, or like, vel- 
vet ; soft. 

Ve'NAL, a. [Lat. venalis, fr. venire, 
to be sold.] To be bought or ob- 
tained for money ; held for sale. 

Syx. — Mercenary- — One is mercena- 
ry who is either actually a hireling (as, 
mercenary soldiers, a mercenary judge, 
&c), or is governed by a sordid love of 
gain ; hence, we speak of mercenary ^mo- 
tives, a mercenary marriage, &c. Venal 
goes further, and supposes an actual 
purchase, which places a person or thing 
wholly in the power of the purchaser ; 
as, a venal press. 

Ve-NAL'i-TY, n. State or quality of 
being venal; mercenariness. 

VEN'A-RY, a. [L. Lat. venarius, fr. 
Lat. venarij to hunt.] Relating to 
hunting. 

Vend, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. ven- 
der e.] To sell. 

Vend-ee', n. One to whom a thing 
is vended or sold. [seller. 

Vend'er, n. One who vends; a 

Vend'1-bil'I-TY, n. State of being 
vendible or salable. 

Vend'I-BLE, a. [Lat. vendibilis.] Ca- 
pable of being sold ; salable. 

Vend'i-BLE-NESS, n. State or qual- 
ity of being vendible. 

Vend'or, n. [See Vender.] A 
vender ; a seller. 

VEN-DUE', n. [0. Fr. vendue, from 
vendre, to sell.] Public sale to the 
highest bidder ; an auction. 

VE-NEER', v. t. [-ED : -ING.] [From 
Fr. fournir, to furnish.] To over- 
lay with a thin layer of wood for 
decoration. — n. A thin leaf of a 
superior material for overlaying an 
inferior one. 

VE-NEER'ING, n. Act or art of over- 
laying a coarse or inferior wood with 
thin leaves of a superior material, or 
the covering thus laid on. 

VEN'ER-A-BLE, a. [Lat. venerabilis.] 
1. Worthy of veneration or rever- 
ence. 2. Rendered sacred by asso- 
ciations, [manner. 

VEN'ER-A-BLY, adv. In a venerable 

VEN'ER-ATE,t>. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
ve.nerari, -ratus.] To regard with 
respectand reverence. [with awe. 

VEN'ER-A'TION, n. Respect mingled 



( 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK; URN, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; £, G, soft; €,&,hard; Ag; EJIST ; E as NG; THIS. 



VENERATOR 



464 



VERMICULAR 



VEN'ER-A'TOR,?!. One who venerates. 

Ve-NE'RE-AE (89), a. [Lat. venereus, 
fr. Venus, the goddess of loYe.] Per* 
taining to sexual love. 

VEn'ER-Y, n. 1. [Lat. Venus, Veneris, 
goddess of love.] Sexual love or In- 
tercourse. 2. [Fr. venerie, from 0. 
Fr. vener, veneir, Lat. venari, to 
hunt.] Act or exercise of hunting. 

VE'NE-sEe'TION, n. [Lat. vena, a 
vein, and sectia, a cutting.] Act of 
opening a vein for letting blood. 

VE-NE'TtAN, a. Pertaining to Ven- 
ice. — n. A native of Venice. 

VENGE'AN^E, m. [Lat. vindicate, to 
avenge. See AVENGE.] Punishment 
inflicted in return for injury or of- 
fense ; — often, passionate revenge. 

Venge'FVE, a. Vindictive. 

Ve'NI-al, a. [Lat. venialis, fr. venia, 
forgiveness.] Capable of being for- 
given ; excusable. [nial. 

Ve'NI-AL-NEss, n. State of being ve- 

Ve-NI'RE, or VE-Nl'RE FA'ci-As 
(fa'shi-as), n. [Lat., cause to come.] 
A writ to cause a number of quali- 
fied persons to appear in court to 
serve as jurors. 

VEn'i-son {or vgn'zn), n. [0. Fr. fr. 
Lat. venatio, hunting.] Flesh of deer, 
hares, and certain birds called game ; 
— in the United States, applied ex- 
clusively to the flesh of deer. 

Ven'OM, n. [Lat. venenum.] 1. 
Poison. 2. Spite ; malice. 

Syn.— See Poison. 

VEn'OM-C-Os, o. [0. Eng. venemous ; 
Lat. venenosus, fr. venenum, poison.] 
1. Full of venom ; poisonous. 2. 
Noxious ; malignant. 

V£n'OM-o0s-LY, adv. Poisonously ; 
spitefully. [being venomous. 

VEN'OM-oDs-NESS, n. Quality of 

Ve'NoDs, a. [Lat. venosus ; vena, a. 
vein.] Pertaining to, or contained 
in, a vein or veins. 

VENT, n. [Prob. from Fr. vent, wind.] 
1. A hole, or passage for air or any 
fluid to escape ; esp., the opening at 
the breech of a fire-arm. 2. Oppor- 
tunity of escape from confinement or 
privacy; emission. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] 1. To let out at a small ap- 
erture. 2. To suffer to escape. 

V£n'TI-DU€T. n. [From Lat. ventus, 
wind, and ductus, a leadiug, con- 
duit.] A passage for ventilating 
apartments. 

VEN'TI-LATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[Lat. ventilare, -latum; ventulus, a 
slight wind.] 1. To fan ; to expose to 
the free passage of air. 2. To sift and 
examine ; to expose to discussion. 

VEN'TI-EA'TION, 7t. Act of venti- 
lating, or state of being ventilated ; 
free exposure to air. 

VEn'ti-la'tor, n. A contrivance for 
drawing off foul air, and introducing 
that which is fresh and pure. 

VEn'TRAL, a. [Lat. ventralis; venter, 
the belly.] Belonging to the belly. 

V£n'TRI-€LE, n. [Lat. ventriculus, 
dim. of venter, the belly.] A cavity 
of the animal body ; esp. one of two 



cavities of the heart which commu- 
nicate with the auricles. 

VEN-TRlE'o-QUl§M, n. Act or art of 
speaking in such a manner that the 
Voice appears to come from some dis- 
tant or different place. 

Ven-trIl'o-qUIsT, n. One who prac- 
tices ventriloquism. 

VEN-TRII/o-quqDs, a. [Lat. ven~ 
triloquus, fr. venter, the belly, and 
loqui, to speak.] Speaking so that 
the sound appears to come from a 
place remote. 

VENT'fjRE,n. [See Adventure.] 1. 
An undertaking of chance or danger ; 
a hazard. 2. Chance; contingency. 8. 
Thing put to hazard; a risk.— v. i. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To have the courage 
or presumption to do, undertake, or 
say something. 2. To run a hazard 
or risk. — v. t. 1. To risk. 2. To put 
or send on a venture or chance. 

VEnt'Cr-ER. n. One who hazards. 

VENT'tlRE-soME,a. Inclined to vent- 
ure ; venturous. 
Syn. — Bold; daring; intrepid. 

VEnT'Or-oOs, a. Daring ; bold : ad- 
venturous, [boldly. 

VEnT'Or-oOs-LY, adv. Daringly ; 

VEN'fJE,n. (Law.) The place where 
an action is laid. 

Ve'NUs, n. 1. Goddess of female 
beauty and of love. 2. One of the 
planets. 

Ve-rA'CIoOs, a. [Lat. verax, veracis, 
fr. verus, true.] 1. Habitually dis- 
posed to speak truth ; truthful. 2. 
Characterized by truth. 

Ve-rXc'i-TY, n. Habitual observance 
of truth ; truthfulness. 

VE-rXn'dA, n. [Skr. waranda, Per. 
baramadah, from Per. bar, up, and 
amadah, p. p. of amadan, to come.] 
A kind of open portico. 

VEr'A-TRI'nA, I n. [Lat. veratrum, 

VE-RA'TRlNE, ) hellebore.] A veg- 
etable alkaloid, acrid and poisonous. 

VERB (14), n. [Lat. verbum, a word, 
verb.] A word expressing being, 
action, or the suffering of action. 

VeR'BAL, a. [Lat. verbalis; verbum, a 
word.] 1. Spoken; oral; not writ- 
ten. 2. Dealing with words rather 
than things. 3. Having word an- 
swering to word ; literal. 4. De- 
rived directly from a verb, [orally. 

V£R'BAL-ISM,n. Something expressed 

Ver'BAL-LY, adv. By words spoken ; 
orally. 2. Word for word. 

VER-BA'TlM,adv. [L. Lat.] Word 
for word ; in the same words. 

VER-BE'NA, n. [L. & N. Lat. ver- 
bena, vervain.] A genus of plants 

VER'BER-A'TION, n. [Lat. verberatio.] 
Act of beating, or striking blows. 

VEr'BI-AGE, n. [See VERB.] Supera- 
bundance of words ; verbosity. 

VER-BOSE', a. [Lat. verbosus ; verbum, 
a word.] Using or containing more 
words than are necessary. 

VER-Bos'l-TY, n. Quality of being 
verbose; wordiness. 

V£r'dan-cy, n. 1. Quality or condi- 
tion of being verdant ; greenness. 2 
Rawness ; inexperience 



>f the animal body ; esp. one of two Rawness ; inexperience. Ver-mI€'u-lar, a. [N. Lat. ver 

E, I, 6, U, Y,long; A,*,!,©,*}, Y^/iorf; CARE, FAR, ASK, AEE, WHAT; ERE, VfilL, T£RM ; PIQUE, FIRM ; 



VER'DANT, a. [Lat. viridans, grow- 
ing green.] 1. Covered with growing 
plants ; green ; fresh. 2. Ignorant 
of the ways of the world. 

Verd'-an-T'ique' (-t£k'), n. [Fr., fr. 
verd, vert, green, and antique, an- 
cient.] 1. A green incrustation on 
ancient coins, brass or copper, pro- 
duced by the action of time. 2. A 
mottled-green marble. 

VEr'DER-er, n. [L. Lat. viridarius, 
fr. Lat. viridis, green.] An officer of 
the king's forests. 

VER'DICT, n. [L. Lat. verdictum, fr. 
Lat. vere, truly, and dictum, a say- 
ing ; a word.] 1. Decision or answer 
of a jury in any cause committed to 
them. 2. Decision ; judgment. 

VeR'DI-GRIS (-grees), n. [A corrupt, 
of N. Lat. viride serfs, green of brass.] 
An acetate of copper. 

VER'DI-TER, n. [Fr. verd-de-terre, 
i. e., earth green.] An azure-blue 
pigment. 

VErd'Ore (53), n. [Fr., fr. verd, Lat. 
viridis, green.] Greenness ; fresh- 
ness of vegetation, [ure. 

VErd'Or-ous, a. Covered with verd- 

VERGE (14), n. [Fr. ; Lat. virga, fr. 
virere, to be green.] 1. A kind of 
rod or mace. 2. Shaft of a column. 
3. Spindle of a watch-balance. 4. 
Compass or extent of the king's 
court. 5. [See VERGE, v. i.] Extreme 
side or end of any thing of some 
length.— t. i. [ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
vergere.] 1. To bend ; to slope. 2. 
To border upon ; to approach. 

V£R'GER,n. [Fr., fr. verge, a rod.] 1. 
One who carries a verge or emblem 
of office. 2. Beadle of a cathedral 
church. [verified. 

Ver'i-FI'A-BLE. a. Capable of being 

Ver'i-fi-ca'Tion,^. Act of verifying; 
state of being verified ; confirmation. 

VEr'i-fI'er, n. One who verifies. 

Ver'i-FY, v.t. [-ED; -ING, 142.] [L. 
Lat. verificare ; Lat. verus, true, and 
facere, to make.] 1. To prove to be 
true; to confirm. 2. To establish 
the authenticity of. 

VER'I-LY, adv. 1. In truth ; in fact. 2. 
With great confidence. 

VEr'I-sYm'I-LAR, a. [Lat. verisimilis, 
fr. verus, true, and similis, like, simi- 
lar.] Having the appearance of truth. 

VEr'i-si-mil'i-tude, n. Appearance 
of truth ; likelihood. 

VER'I-TA-BLE,a. [Lat. Veritas, truth.] 
Agreeable to truth or to fact ; real. 

VEr'1-TA-BEY, adv. Really ; truly. 

VER'I-TY, n. [Lat. Veritas.] 1. Con- 
sonance to fact. 2. A true assertion 
or tenet. 

Syn.— Truth; certainty; reality. 

VER'JUICE, n. [Fr. verjus, fr. verd, 
vert, green, and jus, juice.] Sour 
juice of crab-apples, unripe grapes, 
and the like. 
VER'ME£,n.pl. [Lat.] Worms. 

VEr'MI-cEl'LI (-chel'li or -sePH), n. 
[It. pi. of verm i cello, strictly, a little 
worm.] A wheat paste, made into a 
slender, worm -like form. 

VER-Ml€'U-LAR, a. [N. Lat. vermicu- 

s6N, 



VERMICULATE 



465 



VETO 



maris, fr. vermiculus, a little worm.] I 
Pertaiuing to, or resembling, the j 
motion of a worm. 

VER-Ml€'U-LATE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] , 
To form, by inlaying which resem- 
bles the tracks of worms. 

T'iB-Mie'U-L.A'TlON, n. Act or opera- i 
xion of moving in the form of a worm, 
or of forming so as to resemble the 
motion of a worm. 

Yer-mICu-loCs, a. Containing, or 
resembling, worms. 

VER'MI-FORM, a. [Lat. vermis, a 
worm, and forma, form.] Having 
the shape of a worm. 

Y£r'MI-FUGE, n. [From Lat. vermis, 
a worm , and fugere, to flee.] A medi- 
cine that expels worms. 

Yek-mTi/ION (-uiil'yun), n. [L. Lat. 
vermilium, from Lat. venniculus, a i 
little worm. esp. that which furnishes 
the scarlet color.] 1. Red sulphuret 
or sulphide of mercury. 2. Co- 
chineal. 3. A beautiful red color. 

YEr'MIN, /!. pi. [From Lat. ver?nis, a | 
worm.] Petty noxious little animals 
or insects, as rats, mice, grubs, &c. j 

VJSR'MI-lfA'TION, it. 1. Generation of ; 
vermin. 2. A griping of the bowels. , 

YER'MIN-OUS, a. 1. Infested by ver- ! 
min. 2. Caused by vermin. 

Yer-mIp'A-RoGs, a. [Lat. vermis, a 
worm, and parere, to bring forth.] 
Producmg worms. 

Yer-MIV'O-RoDs, a. [Lat. vermis, a 
worm, and vorare, to devour.] Feed- 
ing on worms. 

Yer-na€'U-lar, a. [Lat. vernaculus, j 
native, fr. verna, a slave born in his i 
master's house, a native.] Belong- 
ing to the country of one's birth ; ; 
native. — n. One's mother tongue, 
or native language. 

YfiR'XAL, a. [Lat. vernalis, fr. ver, i 
vermis, spring] 1. Belonging to | 
spring. 2. Belonging to youth. 

YER'NIER, 7i. [From the inventor.] A 
abort graduated scale for measuring 
parts of the smallest spaces of a 
graduated instrument. 

Ye-ron'i-€a, n. [From Santa Ve- 1 
ronica, who, according to an old 
legend, as Christ was carrying the 
cross, wiped his face with a cloth, 
which received an impression of his 
countenance.] A portrait of our ] 
Saviour on handkerchiefs. 

Yer'sa-TXLE, a. [Lat versatilis; ver- , 
sare, to turn around.] 1. Liable to 
be turned in opinion. 2. Turning 
with ease from one thing to another. ' 
3. Capable of revolving. 

Srx. — Variable ; changeable ; un- I 
steady ; fickle. 

Ver/sa-til'I-ty, n. State or quality 
of being versatile ; aptness to change. 

VERSE (14), n. [Lat. versus, a furrow, 
row, line. fr. vertere, to turn.] 1. A , 
line consisting of a certain number 
of long and short svllables, metrical- 
ly disposed. 2. Poetry. 3. A short 
division of any composition, espe- 
cially of the Bible. 

YERSJffD (verst), p. a. [Lat. versatus, 
p. p. of versari, to turn about fre- 



quently, to be engaged in a thing.] 
Acquainted; skilled: practiced. 
YErs'er, n. A versifier. 

Yer'si-€6l/or (-kul'ur), I a. 

Y£r'si-€OVor£I> (-kiil'urd), ) [Lat. 
versicolor; versare, to change, and 
color, color J Having various colors. 

Yer'si-fi-ca'tjon, n. Act, art, or 
practice of versifying ; metrical com- 
position, [verses. 

Yer'SI-FIJER, ji. One who makes 

Y£R'SI-FY, v. i. [-ED; -ixg, 142.] 
[Lat. versificare ; versus, a verse, and 
facere. to make.] To make verses. — 
v. t. 1. To relate in verse. 2. To 
turn into verse. 

YER'SION, it. [X. Lat. versio, fr. Lat. 
vertere, to turn, translate.] 1. Act 
of translating. 2. A translation. 

Yerst, n. [Russ. verstd.] A Russian 
measure of length of 1501 feet. 

Ver' SUS, prep. [Lat.] Against. 

Y£rt, n. [Fr. vert, green.] 1. (Eng. 
Forest Laiv.) Every thing that bears 
a green leaf. 2. A green color. 

Y£r'te-BER, n. A vertebra.^ 

Yer'te-bra, n. ; pi. ter'te- 
BR^Sl. [Lat., from verttre, to turn.] 
A joint of the back-bone. 

Yer'TE-BRAL, a Pertaining to the 
joints of the spine or back-bone. 

Yer'te-brate, k. An animal hav- 
ing an internal jointed skeleton. — 
a. Having a back-bone. 

YER'TEX, n. ; Eng. pL YER'TEX-ES ; 
Lat.pl. rER'rr-fES. [Lat., prop. 
that which turns on or about itself.] 
Top, summit, or crown, especially of 
the head. 

Y£r'TI€-al, a. 1. At the vertex ; di- 
rectly overhead, or in the zenith. 2. 
Upright ; plumb. [manner. 

Y£r'T;€-AL-LY, adv. In a vertical 

YER-TiC'IL-LATE, a. [N. Lat. verti- 
cillatvs. See Yertex.] Arranged 
in a ring or whorl. 

YER-TlG'I-NOl'S, a. [Lat. verV'gino- 
sus, fr. vertigo, giddiness.] 1. Turn- 
ing round: rotary. 2. Giddy ; dizzy. 

Yer-tig'i-xous-xess, ?t. Giddiness. 

YER'TI-GO, 77. [Lat., from vertere, to 
turn.] Dizziness or swimming of the 
head; giddiness. [plant. 

Yer'yaix, it. [See Verbena.] A 

YER'Y, a. [Lat. verax, true, vera- 
cious.] True; real; actual. — adv. 
In a high degree : exceedingly. 

Yes'I-€ANT, n. [-ED ; -ixg.] [Lat. 
vesica, a blister.] A blistering ap- 
plication, [blisters. 

YES'l-eA'TIOTfjTi. Process of raising 

YES'l-€A-TO-RY, it. A blistering plas- 
ter. — a. Having a power to blister. 

Yes'I-€LE, 7i. [Lat. vesicula, dim. of 
vesica, a bladder.] A bladder-like 
vessel : a membranous cavity ; a cell. 

YE-si€ f U-LAR, a. 1. Pertaining to, 
or consisting of, vesicles. 2. Full of 
interstices ; hollow. 

YE-si€'u-LATE, a. Full of bladders; 
vesicular. 

Yes'per, 7t. 1. [Lat. vesper, evening, 
evening star, allied to Gr. eo-repos, 
ia-rrepou) The evening star ; Yen us ; 
hence, the evening. 2. pi. Evening 



service, in the Roman Catholic 
church. 
YES'PER-TINE, a. [Lit. vrspertinus.] 
Relating to, or being in, the evening. 
Yes'sel,, it. [Lat. vascellum, dim. of 
vas, a vessel.] 1. A hollow dish of 
any kind. 2. A structure made to 
float on the water, for purposes of 
commerce or war. 3. Any tube or ca- 
nal in which the blood or other fluid 
is contained, secreted, or circulated. 
Yest, n. [Lat. vestis,a garment, vest, 
Goth, vnsti, garment, vasjan, to 
clothe.] 1. An outer garment, or 
any outer covering. 2. A waistcoat. 
— v.t. [-eo;-ixg.] 1. To clotha 

i with, or as with, a garment. 2. To 

! put in possession : to furnish. — v. i. 

I To descend ; to take effect, as a right. 

YES'TAL, a. 1. Pertaining to Yesta, 

a virgin goddess of fire among the 

Romans. 2. Pure; chaste. — n. A 

virgin consecrated to Yesta. 

\ Yest'ed, p. a. Not in a state of con- 

| tingency ; fixed. [vestibule. 

Yes-tIb'u-lar, a. Pertaining to a 

i Yes'ti-bule, tj. [Lat. vestibulum.] 
An antechamber between the hall 
and the outer doors ; a porch. 

Stx. — Hall: passage. — A vestibule is 
a small apartment within the doors of a 
building; a. hall is the first large apart- 
ment beyond the vestibule, and, in this 
country^ is usually long anrl narrow, 
serving as a passage to the several apart- 
ments. 
YES'TIGE, n. [Lat. vestigium.] Mark 
of the foot left on the earth ; a track 
or footstep ; sign. 

Syx. — Trace. — Vestige is literally a 
foot-print ; a trace is something drawn 
out in a line. Vestiije, therefore, always 

j supposes something left behind, while a 
trace is a mere indication that some- 
thing has been present or is present ; as, 
traces of former population ; a trace of 
poison in a given substance. 

| Yest'ing, 77. Cloth for vests. 

YE ST 'ME NT, n. [Lat. Vf-stimentum, 
, fr. vestire, to clothe.] A garment ; a 
' ''ress ; a robe. 

Yes'try, n. [Lat. vestiarium ; vestis, 
j a garment.] 1. A room in a church, 
in which the sacerdotal vestments, 
i &c. are kept. 2. (Episcopal Ckurcli.) 
I A committee which manages the tem- 
poral concerns of a parish. 

Yest'ure (53), 77. [From Lat. vestire, 
to ciothe.] A garment ; a robe ; 
clothing ; dress ; apparel ; vestment ; 
habit; covering; envelope. 

Yetch. 7i. [Lat. vicia, 0. H. Ger. 
tcicce.] A leguminous plant. 

Yet'er-a> t , a. [Lat. veteranus; vetus, 
old.] Long exercised in any thing. — 
n. One long exercised in any servico 
or art, particularly in war. 

Tet'er-i-sa'ri-as, n. [Lat. vtteri- 
narius, fr. veterinarius, belonging to 
beasts of burden, fr. vehere, to carry.] 
One skilled in the diseases of cattle. 

YET'ER-I-NA-RY, a. Pertaining to the 
art of healing the diseases of domes- 
tic animals. 

Ye'to, ». .• pi. ve'toes. [Lat. veto, 
I forbid.] 1. The power possessed 
by the executive of negativing a bill 



( 



6ft, DO, WOLF, TOO .TOOK-, fjRX, RUE, PULL ', £, j, 0, silent; C, G, soft; €, G, hard; A§ ; EXIST ; >' as NG; THI3- 



VEX 



466 



VIGOR 



which has passed the legislative 
branch of the government ; also, the 
act of exercising this power. 2. Any 
authoritative prohibition. — v. t. 
[-ed; -ING, 144.] To withhold as- 
sent to, especially to a bill for a law. 

VEX, v.t. [-ID; -ING.] [Lat. vexare, 
orig. to shake or toss, in carrying.] 
1. To make angry by little provoca- 
tions ; to irritate. 2. To disturb ; to 
disquiet ; to agitate. % 
Syn. — See Tease. ' 

Vex-a'tion, n. 1. Act of vexing, or 
state of being vexed. 2. Cause of 
trouble. 3. A harassing by law ; a 
vexing, as by a malicious suit. 
Syn.— See Chagrin. 

Vex-a'tious, a. 1. Causing vexation 
or disquiet. 2. Distressing ; harass- 
ing. 3. Full of vexation. 

Syn. — Afflictive ; provoking ; troub- 
lesome; teasing. 

Vex-a'tious-ly, adv. So as to give 
trouble or annoyance. 

Vex-a'tioBs-ness, n. Quality of 
being vexatious, or of giving trouble 
and disquiet. 

V£x'iNG-LY, adv. So as to vex. 

Vl'A, adv. [Lat., ablative of via, way.] 
By the way of. 

VT'A-ble, a. [Fr. viable, fr. vie, life, 
Lat. vita.] Capable of living. 

Vi'a-dOct, n. [Lat. via, a way, duc- 
tus, a leading.] A structure for carry- 
ing a railway across a valley or river. 

VI'AL, n. [See PHIAL.] A small bottle, 
— V.t. [-ED,-ING; or -LED, -LING. 
137-] To put into a vial or vials. 

Yl'AND, n. [L. Lat. vianda,vivanda, 
vivenda, from Lat. vivere, to live.] 
_Food ; victuals ; — chietly in the pi. 

VT-AT'I€, a. [Lat. viaticus, from via, 
away.] Pertaining to a journey. 

Vi-Xt'i-gOm, n. [Lat., fr. via, a way.] 
1. Provisions for a journey. 2. The 
communion given to dying persons. 

Vl'BRATE, v. i. [-ed;-ing.] [Lat. 
vibrare, -bratum.] 1. To move to and 
fro, or from side to side. 2. To pro- 
duce a vibratory effect. 3. To pass 
from one state to another. — v. t. 

1. To brandish ; to swing. 2. To 
measure by moving to and fro. 

YI'bra-tile, a. Adapted to, or used 
in, vibratory motion. 

VI-BRA'TION, n. Act of vibrating, or 
state of being vibrated; quick mo- 
tion to and fro ; oscillation. 

Yl'BRA-TO-RY (50), a. 1. Consisting 
in vibration. 2. Causing to vibrate. 

VIg'AR, n. [See Yicarious.] Incum- 
bent of an appropriated benefice. 

Vig'AR-age, n. 1. Benefice c a vicar. 

2. Residence of a vicar. 
VT-€A'Rl-AL, a. Pertaining tt vicar ; 

delegated 

Yl-€A'RI-ATE, a. Having delegated 
power, as a vicar. — n. Office or 
oversight of a vicar. 

Yl-€A'Rl-oOs, a. [Lat. vicarius, from 
vicis, change, turn, office of one per- 
son as assumed by another] 1. 
Pertaining to a vicar ; deputed ; dele- 
gated. 2. Acting or suffering for 



another. 3. Performed or suffered 

in the place of another. [tion. 

Vl-€A'Rl-ous-LY, adv. By substitu- 
VlCE, n. [Lat. vitium.] 1. A defect; 

a fault. 2. A moral fault ; especially, 

immoral conduct or habit. 

Syn.— Crime ; sin ; iniquity ; fault ; 

wickedness. See Crime. 

3. An instrument consisting of two 
jaws, closing by a screw, for holding 
work. — [Lat. vice, in the place of.] 
A prefix denoting one who acts in the 
place of another, or who is second in 
rank or authority. [of. 

VI' £E, prep. In the place of ; instead 

Vice'-ad'mi-ral, n. (Navy.) The 
second officer in command. 

Vice'-ad'mi-ral-ty, n. Office of a 
vice-admiral. 

Vice'-chan'cel-lor, m. An officer 
next in rank to a chancellor. 

Vice'-gon'sul, n. One acting for 
the con.^1. 

VTce-ge'ren-CY, n. Office of a vice- 
gerent ; deputed power. 

VIce-ge'rent (89), n. An officer de- 
puted to exercise the powers of an- 
other. — a. Having, or exercising, 
delegated power. 

Vice'-pres'i-dent, n. An officer 
next in rank below a president. 

VlCE'-RE'GAL, a. Pertaining to a 
viceroy or vice-royalty. 

VlCE'ROY, n. [Fr. vice-roi, from Fr. 
& Lat. vice, in the place of, and Fr. 
roi, roy, a king.] A governor who 
rules as the king's substitute. 

VlCE-ROY'AL-TY, ) n. Dignity, office, 

Vice'roy-ship, j or jurisdiction 
of a viceroy. 

Vic'i-nage, n. [Lat. vicinu.i, neigh- 
boring, a neighbor, fr. vicus, a row 
of houses.] Places adjoining or near; 
neighborhood. 

VlC'I-NAL, a. [Lat. vicinalis.} Near. 

Vl-CIN'I-TY, n. [Lat. vicinitas.] 1. 
Nearness ; proximity. 2. That which 
is near, or not remote ; near place. 
Syn. — See Neighborhood. 

Vl'cious (vTsh'us), a. [Lat. vitiosus, 
fr. vitium, vice.] 1. Characterized 
by vice or defects. 2. Addicted to 
vice ; corrupt in principles or con- 
duct. 3. Not genuine or pure. 4. 
Not well tamed or broken. 

Vi'cious-ly (vish'us-), adv. In a 
vicious manner. 

Vi'cious-ness (vish'us-), n. State or 
quality of being vicious. 

Syn. — Corruptness; wickedness; im- 
morality; profligacy; unruliness. 

Vi-CIS'si-tude (53), n. [Lat. vicissi- 
tude) ; vicis, change.] 1. Regular 
change ; alternation. 2. Mutation, 
as in human affairs. 

VlC'TIM, n. [Lat. viclima, a beast of 
sacrifice.] 1. A living being sacrificed. 
2. A person or thing destroyed in the 
pursuit of an object. 3. A dupe ; a 
gull. 

Yfe'TIM-IZE, V. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
make a victim of. [Colloq.] 

VlC'TOR, n. [Lat., fr. vincere, to con- 
quer.] One who gets the better of 



another in any struggle ; esp. one 

who conquers in war. [tippet. 

Vig'TOR-ine (-een'), n. A lady's fur 

Vl€-TO'RI-ous, a. [Lat. victoriosus.] 

1. Having conquered or overcome an 
enemy. 2. Producing conquest* 3. 
Indicating victory. 

Syn.— Conquering; vanquishing; tri- 
umphant; successful. 

Vre-Td'Ri-ous-LY, adv. Tn a victo- 
rious manner. [ing victorious.* 

VI€-to'ri-ous-ness, tt. State of be- 

Vle'TO-RY, tt. [Lat. victoria.] Defeat 
of an enemy in battle, or of an antag- 
onist in contest; conquest ; triumph. 

VTCT'UAL ( vlt'l), v. t. [-ED, -ING ; or 
-LED, -ling, 137.] To supply with 
provisions for subsistence. 

VlCT'UAL-ER Mvifl-er), n. 1 One 

VIct'ual-ler ) who furnishes pro- 
visions. 2. One who keeps a house 
of entertainment. 

Vict'uals (vlt'lz). n. pi- [L.Lat.t'/c- 
tualia, from L&t.victualis, belonging 
to nourishment, fr. vivere, victum, 
to live.] Food for human beings, pre- 
pared for eating ; provisions. 

VT'DE. v. imper. [Lat.] See. 

Vi-DEL'i-pET, adv. [Lat., contr. 
fr. videre licet, i. e., it is easy to see, 
one may see.] To wit; namely; — 
abbreviated, viz. 

VlE,l>. i. [VIED ; VYING, 141.] [A.-S. 
wigian, iviggan, to contend, fight.] 
To strive for superiority ; to contend. 

View (vu), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [From 
the n.] 1. To look at with attention ; 
to inspect ; to explore. 2. To survey 
intellectually; to consider. — n. [Fr. 
vue, fr. veoir, voir, to see.] 1. Act of 
seeing; survey. 2. Mental survey. 
3. Reach of the sight ; power of see- 
ing. 4. That which is seen or beheld. 
5. A sketch. 6. That which is kept 
in sight, as object, or intention. 

Viewer (vu^r), tt. One who views. 

Viewless (vQ'les), a. Not to be 
viewed ; invisible. 

VlG'IL, n. [Lat. vigilia ; vigil, awake, 
watchful.] 1. Sleeplessness ; watch. 

2. Watching for religious exercises. 

3. Evening before any feast, or a re- 
ligious service then performed. 

VIG'I-LANCE, 71. State or quality of 

being vigilant ; forbearance of sleep. 

Syn.— Watchfulness; caution; guard, 

ViG'i-lant, a. [Lat. vigilans, watch- 
ing.] Attentive to discover and avoid 
danger, or to provide for safety. 

Syn. — Wakeful ; watchful ; circum- 
spect. 

VlG'I-LANT-LY, adv. In a vigilant 
manner ; watchfully. 

Vignette (vin-yet' or vTn'yet), n. 
[Fr. vignette, from vigne, a vine.] 1. 
A running ornament consisting of 
leaves and tendrils, used in Gothic 
architecture. 2. A small wood-cut 
or engraving, not inclosed within a 
definite border. 

VIg'OR, n. [Lat.] 1. Active strength of 
body or mind ; intellectual force. 2. 
Strength or force in animal or vege- 
table nature. 3. Energy ; efficacy. 



A, E, I, 6, U, Y,long; A, £,I,6,U, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM J SON, 



VIGOROUS 



467 



VIRILITY 



VlG'OR-OPs,.a. 1. Possessing vigor. 
2. Exhibiting strength, either of 
body or mind ; powerful. 

VIg'or-oOs-ly, adv. In a vigorous 
manner. [ing vigorous. 

VlG'OR-oOs-NESS, n. Quality of be- 

VlLE, a. [-ER : -EST.] [Lat. vilis.] 
1. Low : despicable. 2. Morally base 
or impure. 

VTle'ly (1o9), adv. 1. Basely ; mean- 
ly. 2. In a cowardly manner. 

VlLE'NESS, n. Quality of being vile. 

VlL'I-FPER, n. One who vilifies. 

VIl'i-fy, p. t. [-ed ; -ing, 142.] [Lat. 
vilificare ; vilis, vile, and facere, to 
make.] To attempt to degrade by- 
slander. 

Syx. — To debase; defame; revile; 
abuse ; traduce; vituperate. 

YTl'la (147), n. [Lat.] A country- 
seat or residence, usually of a 
wealthy person. 

VIl'lage.h. [From Lat. villa.] A 
small inhabited place ; an assem- 
blage of houses, less than a town or 
city. 

Syn.— Hamlet: town : city. — In Eng- 
land, a hamlet denotes a collection of 
houses too small to have a parish church. 
A village has a church, but no market. 
A town has both a market and a church 
or churches. A cit>/ is, in the legal peife.e, 
an incorporated borough town, which is, 
or has been, the place of a bishop's see. 
It is hardly necessary to say, that the last 
three words have a different acceptation 
in the United States. 

VTl'la-ger, n. An inhabitant of a 
village. 

VIl'lain, n. [0. Fr. ; L. Lat. villanus, 
fr. villa, a village, Lat., a farm.] 1. 
A feudal tenant of the lowest class ; 
a bondman. 2. A vile, wicked per- 
son ; a deliberate scoundrel. 

Vil'lain-oOs ) (156), a. 1. Suited to, 

YTl'lan-ous j or like, a villain. 2 
Pr< ceeding from extreme depravity. 
3. Sorry ; mean ; mischievous. 

VIl'lain-ous LY, I adv. In a vil- 

VTl'lan-ous-ly, j lainous manner. 

VTl'LAIN-y ( (156), n. 1. Extreme 

Vil'lan-y J depravity ; atrocious 
wickedness. 2. A deed of deep de- 
pravity. 

VIl'lan age, n. [See VILLAIN.] 
State of a villain ; servile tenure of 
lands. [Usually written villenage.] 

VIl'lan-ous, a. See Villainous. 

Vil'lan-y, n. See Villainy. 

VlL-LAT'l€, a. [Lat. villaticus, from 
villa a country-house.] Pertaining 
to a village. 

VIl'li, n. pi. [Lat. villus, shaggy 
hair.] 1. Minute papillary eleva- 
tion.^. 2. Fine hairs. 

VlL-LOSE' (125), I a. [Lat. villosus.] 

VlL'LOUS, j 1. Abounding or 

covered with fine hairs ; nappy. 2. 
Downy ; velvety. 

VIm'I-nal, a. '[Lat. vimen. a pliant 
twig.] Pertaining to, consisting of, 
or producing, twigs. 

VT-min'e-ous, a [Lat. vimineus.] 
Made of, or producing, twigs. 

Vl-NA'CEOUS, a. [Lat. vinaceus, fr. 
vinum, wine.] Belonging to wine or 
grapes. 



VfN'Xl-GRilTTE', n. [Fr., from 
vniaigre, vinegar.] A small box, or 
bottle, for aromatic vinegar, or smell- 
ing-salts, [querable. 

VlN'CI-BLE, a. [Lat. vincibilis.] Con- 

ViN€> u-l ftar, 71 . / pi. ripe' u-la . 
[Lat., fr. vincire, to bind] A bond 
of union ; a tie. 

VlN-DE'Ml-AL, a. [Lat. vindemialis, 
fr. vindemia, a vintage.] Pertaining 
to a vintage. [vindicated. 

VlN'Dl-CA-BLE, a. Capable of being 

VlN'DI-CATE,!'. t. [-ed; -ing.] [Lat. 
vindicare, -catum.] 1. To prove to 
be just or valid. 2. To support or 
maintain as true, against denial, cen- 
sure, or objections. 3. To maintain 
by overthrowing enemies. 
Syx. — To assert; defend; justify. 

VlN'Dr-CA/TION, n. Act of vindicat- 
ing, or state of being vindicated ; 
claim ; defense. 

VIn'di-ca't'ive, a. Tending to vindi- 
cate, [cates. 

VlN'DI-€A/TOR, n. One who vindi- 

VIn'di-€A-to-ry (50), a. 1. Tending 
to vindicate. 2. Inflicting punish- 
ment ; avenging. 

VlN-Dl€'TlVE, a. [Lat. vindicla, re- 
venge, punishment.] Given to re- 
venge ; revengeful. 

VlN-Di€'TlVE-LY, adv. Revengefully. 

VlN-Dt€'TfVE-NESS, n. Revengeful 
temper. 

Vine, n. [Lat. vinea, a vine.] 1. The 
plant that produces grapes. 2. A 
climbing or trailing plant. 

VIne'-dress'er, n. One who culti- 
vates vines. 

VlN'E-GAR, n. [Fr. vinaigre, fr. tin, 
wine, and aigre, sour.] An acid liq- 
uor obtained from wine, cider, beer, 
and the like, by acetous fermenta- 
tion, [vines. 

VlN'ER-Y, n. A structure for rearing 

VlNE'YARD (vhVyard), 7t. A planta- 
tion of vines producing grapes. 

VT'noDs, a. [Lat. vinosus.] Having 
the qualities of, or relating to, wine. 

VTnt'age (45), n. [From vine.] 1. 
Produce, in grapes or in wine, of the 
vine for the season. 2. Time of 
gathering grapes. [vintage. 

Vint'a-ger, n. One who gathers the 

VlNT'NER, n. [0. Eng. vintentr, Lat. 
vinitor.] One who deals in wine. 

ViN'Y, a. Belonging to, or abounding 
in, vines. 

Vl'OL, n. [It. viola, L. Lat. vitula.] 
A stringed musical instrument. 

Vl'O-LA, n. An instrument resem- 
bling the violin. [violated. 

VI'O-LA-BLE, a. Capable of being 

Vl'O-LA/CEOUS, a. [Lat. violaceus.] 
Resembling violets in color. 

Vl'O-LATE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. 
vwlare, -latum, fr. vis, force.] 1. To 
treat in a violent manner. 2. To do 
violence to, as to any thing that 
should be respected. 3. To commit 
rape on ; to outrage. 

Syx. — To injure; disturb; interrupt; 
infringe; transgress; profane; debauch. 

Vl'o-LA'TION, n. 1. Act of violating, 



or state of being violated. 2. In. 
fringement ; transgression. 3. Con- 
temptuous treatment of sacred 
things. 4. Ravishment ; rape. 

Vi'o-la'tor, n. One who violates. 

Vl'O-LEN^E, n. [Lat. violentia.] L 
Highly excited action, whether phys* 
ical or moral. 2. Injury done to that 
which is entitled to respect. 3. Ra7« 
ishment ; rape. 

Syx. — Vehemence ; outrage ; viola- 
tion; infraction; infringement. 

VI'O-LENT, a. 1. Moving or acting 
with physical strength ; excited by 
strong feeling or passion. 2. Com- 
mitting outrage. 

Syx. — Fierce ; furious ; impetuous ; 
passionate; severe; extreme; unnatural. 

VI'O-LENT-LY, adv. In a violent 
manner. 

VI'o-LET,n. [Lat. viola.] 1. A plant 
and flower of many species. 2. One 
of the seven primary colors of the 
solar spectrum. — a. Dark blue, in- 
clining to red. 

Vi'o-lin', n. [£p. See Viol.] [Mus.) 
An instrument with four strings, 
played with a bow ; a fiddle. 

VPO-LiN'IST, 7i. A player on a violin. 

Vl'OL-tsT, n. A player on the viol. 

Vi/o-lon-cEl'list, n. One who 
plays on the violoncello. 

Vl'o-LON-CEL'LO (-chel'lo or -sel'lo), 
n. [It., dim. of violone., a bass-viol.] 
A bass-viol of four strings. 

Violone (ve'o-lo'na), n. [It.] The 
largest instrument of the bass-viol 
kind. 

Vl'PER, n. [Lat. vi- 
pera.] 1. One of a 
family of poisonous 
snakes. 2. A malig- 
nant person. 

VI'PER-INE, a. Per- Viper, 

taining to a viper, 
or to vipers. [of a viper. 

Vl'PER-OUS, a. Having the qualities 

Vl-RA'GO, ;t. ; pi. VI-RA'GOES. [Lat. 
virago, fr. vir, a man.] 1. A female 
warrior. 2. A bold, impudent, tur- 
bulent woman : a termagant. 

VlR'E-LAY, 7i. [Fr. virelai, fr. virer, to 
turn, and lai, a lay.] An ancient 
French song, wholly in two rhymes. 

Vl-RES'CENT, a. [Lat. virescen.t, 
growing green.] Slightly green ; 
greenish. 

VlR'GlN ( 18), n. [Lat. virgo, virginis, 
fr. vivere, to be green.] A woman 
who has preserved her chastity ; a 
maiden. — a. 1. Chaste; pure; un- 
defined. 2. Maidenly ; modest. 

Vir-gin'i-ty, n. State of a virgin; 

maidenhood. 
Vir'go, n. [Lat., a virgin.] A sign 
and constellation of the zodiac. 

VI-rId'i-ty, I n. [Lat. viriditas\ 

Vir'id-ness, j Greenness; verdure. 

Vl'RILE, or VlR'lLE, a. [Lat. virilis, 
from vir, a man.] 1. Pertaining to 
a man, or to the male sex. 2. Mas- 
culine. 

Vl-RIL'I-TY, or Vl-RIL'I-TY, n. 1. 
Manhood ; manly character. 2. Power 
of procreation. 




OR, do, WOLF, TOO. took; Orn, rue, PULL ; e,i, o, silent ; C, G, soft; €,g, hard; Ag; exist; UosNG; this. 



VIRTU 



468 



VIVIFICAL 



VlK-TU', n. [It. virtu, virtue. See 
VIRTUE.] 1. A love of the tine arts ; 
a taste for curiosities. 2. Objects of 
art or antiquity. 

VlRT'U-AL. a. [L. Jj&t.virtualis, from 
Lat. virtus, strength, power.] Being 
in essence or effect, not in fact. 

Virt'U-AL-ly, adv. In efficacy or 
effect only. 

VlRT'UE (18), n. [Lat. virtus, strength, 
courage, virtue, fr. vir, a man.] 1. 
Active quality ; strength ; efficacy. 
2. Moral excellence ; uprightness. 8. 
Female_ chastity ; virginity ; purity. 

VlR'TU-O'SO, n. ; Eng. pi. ViR'TU- 
6's63 ; It. pl.viR'TU-d's'f.] [It.] 
One skilled in the fine arts, in antiq- 
uities, curiosities, &c. 

ViRT'U-oOs, a. Possessing or exhib- 
iting virtue. [manner. 

VIrt'U-ous-LY, adv. In a virtuous 

ViRT'U-ous-NESS, n. State or char- 
acter of being virtuous. 

ViR'U-LEN^E, ) n. 1. Quality of being 

VlR'y-LEN-CY, ) virulent ; injurious 
activity ; poisonousness. 2. Extreme 
bitterness or malignity. 

Syn. — Malignancy ; acrimony! ran- 
cor; venom; spite. 

VlR'U-LENT,a. [Lat. virulentics.] 1. 
Extremely poisonous or venomous. 
2. Very bitter in enmity. 

Syn. — Malignant; venomous; poison- 
ous; rancorous; bitter; spiteful. 

VlR'U-LENT-LY, adv. In a virulent 
manner. 

Vi'RUs, n. [Lat., a slimy liquid, poi- 
son,] 1. Contagious or poisonous 
matter, as of specific ulcers, &c. 2. 
Spirit, aim, or drift, of any thing in- 
jurious. 

Vis/AGE (45), n. [L. Lat. visagium, 
fr. Lat. visus, a seeing, a look.] Face, 
countenance, or look of a person. 

Vis-a-vis (viz'a-vS'), n. [Fr., face to 
face.] 1. One who is face to face with 

- another. 2. A carriage in which two 
persons sit face to face. 

Vis'9E-RA, n. pi. [Lat.] The contents 
of the abdomen ; bowels 

Vls'£ER-AL, a. Pertaining to the vis- 
cera, or entrails. 

VIS'^ER-ATE, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
deprive of the viscera ; to embowel. 

Vls'^ID, a. [Lat. viscidus, fr. viscum, 
the mistletoe, bird-lime (made from 
mistletoe-berries) ] Sticking ; adher- 
ing ; glutinous. 

Vis-cId'i-TY, n. 1. Glutinousness ; 
stickiness. 2. That which is viscid. 

VlS-€OS'I-TY, n. [L. Lat. viscositas.] 
Quality of being viscous ; viscidity. 

Vls'€OUNT (vi'kount), n. [0. Fr. vis- 
comte, vicomte, L. Lat. virecomes, 
fr. Lat. vice, and comes, a compan- 
ion, L. Lat., a count.] A nobleman 
next in rank below an earl ; also, his 
title. [Eng.] 

Vls'€OUNT-ESS (vl'kount-), n. The 
lady of a viscount ; a peeress of the 
fourth order. 

VYs'€OUs, a. [Lat. viscosus, fr. viscum, 
bird-lime.] Adhesive ; sticky ; glu- 
tinous. 

Vise, n. [Fr. vis, a screw, vise.] An 



instrument for griping and holding 
things, closed by a screw. 

VISE (ve'za'), n. [Fr. vise, from Lat. 
visus, seen.] An indorsement made 
by police officers of certain European 
countries, on a passport, denoting 
that it has been examined, and that 
the person who bears it is permitted 
to proceed. 

Vise (ve-za'), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
examine and indorse, as a passport. 

Vis/I-BIL'I-TY, n. State or quality of 
being visible. 

Vis'I-BLE, a. [Lat. visibilis, fr. videre, 
to see.] 1. Perceivable by the eye. 

2. Noticeable ; conspicuous. 
Vis/I-BLE-NESS, n. Visibility. 
Vls'l-BLY, adv. Noticeably; clearly. 
V'l's'ION (vlzh'un), n. [Lat. visio, fr. 

videre, to see.] 1. Act or faculty of 
seeing; sight. 2. An object of sight. 

3. An apparition ; a phantom. 4. 
Something imaginary. 

Vis'ion-a-RY (vizh'un-), a. 1. Affected 
by phantoms ; given to reverie. 2. 
Existing in imagination only. 

Syn. — Fanciful ; fantastic ; unreal. 
See Fanciful. 

— n. 1. One whose imagination is 
disturbed. 2. One who forms im- 
practicable schemes. 

V!s/IT, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [Lat. vis- 
liare, fr. visere, to go to see, to visit.] 

1. To go or come to see; to attend. 

2. To inspect ; to examine. 3. To 
appear before or judge. — v. i. To 
keep up the interchange of civilities 
and salutations. - n. 1. Act of go- 
ing to see a person. 2. Official or 
formal inspection ; examination. 

VIs'it-a-ble, a. Liable or subject to 
be visited or inspected. 

Vis'it-ANT, n. One who visits. 

Vis'it-A'tion, n. 1. Act of visiting, 
or the state of being visited. 2. Com- 
munication of divine favor and good- 
ness, or, more usually, of divine 
wrath and vengeance. 

VIs'lT-OR, n. One who visits. 

Vis'lT-o'Ri-AL, a. Belonging to a ju- 
dicial visitor or superintendent. 

Vls'OR, or Vl'gOR, n. [From Lat. vi- 
dere, to see.] 1. Part of a helmet, per- 
forated for seeing through . 2. A mask 
used to disguise. 3. The forepiece of 
a cap. 

VIs'TA (147), n. [It., sight, view.] A 
view between intervening objects, as 
trees ; hence, the trees or other 
things that form an avenue. 

Vls'U-AL (vTzh/u-al), a. [L. Lat.Wsw- 
alis, fr. Lat. vims, a seeing, sight.] 
Relating to sight ; used in sight. 

Vl'TAL, a. [Lat. vitalis, fr. vita, life ] 

1. Relating to life. 2. Contributing 
or necessary to life. 3. Containing life. 

4. Being that on which life depends. 

5. Very necessary. 

Syn. — Essential; immediate; absolute. 
YI-tXl/i-TY, n. State or quality of 

being vital ; principle of life. 
VI'TAL-LY, adv. 1. So as to give life. 

2. Essentially. 

Yi'tals, n. pi. Parts of animal bodies 
essential to life. 



VI'TI-ATE (vish'T-at, 95), v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] [Lat. vitiare, -atum, from 
vitium, a fault, vice.] 1. To make 
vicious or imperfect. 2. To cause to 
fail of effect, wholly or in part 

Syn. — To corrupt; deprave ; defile; 
pollute; taint; contaminate. 

Vi'Tl-A'TlON (vIsh'T-a'shun). n. Act 
of vitiating, or state of being viti- 
ated ; corruption ; invalidation. 

Vl'Tl-6s'l-TY (vlsh'i-), n. Quality cf 
being vicious ; corrupt state. 

VIt're-OUS, a. [Lat. vitreus, from vi- 
trum, glass.] 1. Pertaining to, de- 
rived from, or consisting of, glass. 2. 
Resembling glass. 

ViT'RE-oBs-NEss. n. State or quality 
of being vitreous. [glass. 

Vi-tres'CENT, a. Tending to become 

VIt'ri-fXc'tion, n. Act, process, or 
operation of vitrifying. 

VlT'Rl-Fl'A-BLE, a. Capable of be- 
ing vitrified. 

Vit'ri-form, a. [Lat. vitrum, glass, 
and forma, form.] Having the form 
or appearance of glass. 

VlT'RI-FY, V. t. [-ED; -ING, 142.] 
[Lat. vitrum, glass, and facer e, to 
make.] To convert into glass by 
fusion. — v. i. To become glass. 

VlT'RI-OL, n. [N. Lat. vitriolum, fr. 
Lat. vitrum, glass ; from its translu- 
cency.] A soluble sulphate of anj 
one of the metals. 

VlT'RI-O-LATE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
To convert into a vitriol. 

VlTVRl-oi/lc, a. Pertaining to, or 
obtained from, vitriol. 

Vit'ri-ol-ize, v. t. To vitriolate. 

VlT'U-LlNE, a. [Lat. vitulinus ; Vil- 
nius, a calf.] Pertaining to a calf, 
or to veal. 

VI-TU'PER-ATE, v. t. [Lat. vitupe- 
rare, -ratum ; vitium, a fault, and 
parare, to prepare.] To overwhelm 
with abuse ; to censure. 

VT-tu'per-A'tion, n. Abuse; se- 
vere censure ; blame. 

Vi-TU'PER-A-TivE,a. Abusive. 

VI-VA'CIoOs, 11. [Lat. vivax, vivacis, 
from vivere, to live.] Sprightly in 
temper or conduct. 
Syn. — Active ; gay ; merry. 

Vi-VA'clOits-NESS, ) n. Sprightliness 

VI-vXc'l-TY, J of temper or 

behavior. 
Syn.— See Liveliness. 
Vl-VA'RI-UJM, ) n. [Lat. vivarium, 

VI'va-ry, ] fr. vivus, alive.] A 

place for keeping or raising living 
animals. 

VlV'ID, a. [Lat. vividus, fr. vivere, 
to live.] 1. Exhibiting the appear- 
ance of life or freshness ; animated. 
2. Forming brilliant images, or paint- 
ing in lively colors. 

Syn. — Clear ; bright ; strong ; strik- 
ing; lively; quick; active. 

VIv'ID-LY, adv. In a vivid manner. 

Viv'id-ness, n. 1. Life; sprightli- 
ness. 2. Strength of coloring \ 
brightness. 

Vl-vlF'i€, I a. [Lat. vivificus ; vi- 

Vl-VIF'I€-AL, j vus, alive, and facere, 
to make.] Giving life ; reviving. 



A, E, I, 5,fj, Y,long; A,E,I, 6, tJ, y, short ; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALE, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TfiKM; PIQUE, FIRM ; S6N, 



VIVIFICATION 



469 



VOMIT 



Vtv'I fi-€a'tion, n. Act of vivify- 
ing, or state of beiug vivified. 

VTv'I-FI-€A/TlVE, a. Able to vivify. 

Viv'l-FY, v. t. [-ed ; -ing, 142.] [See 
Vivificate.] To endue with life ; 
to animate. 

VI-VIP'A-ROUS, a. [Lat. viviparous, 
fr. virus, alive, and parere, to bear, 
bring forth.] Producing young in a 
living state. 

YiVl-SEe'TiON, n. [Lat. virus, alive, 
and sectio, a cutting.] Dissection 
of an animal while alive. 

VIx'£N, n. [A.-S. Jixen, a she-fox.] 
A cross, ill-tempered woman. 

VLx'en-ly, a. Having the qualities 
of a vixen. 

VIz'lER(viz / yer),or VI-zier', n. [Ar. 
wezir, wazir, prop, a bearer of bur- 
dens.] A councilor of state in Tur- 
key and other oriental countries. 

Vo'€A-BLE,rc. [Lat. rocabulum, fr. 
vox, rods, a voice, word.] A word ; 
a term ; a name. 

Vo-€AB'U-LA-RY,n. [L. Lat. vocab- 
ularium. See supra.] 1. A list or 
collection of words arranged in al- 
phabetical order and explained. 2. 
Sum or stock of words employed. 

Vo'cal, a. [Lat. rocalis, from vox, 
voice.] 1. Having a voice. 2. Ut- 
tered or modulated by tne voice. 3. 
Pertaining to a vowel or voice-sound. 

Vo-€AL'i€, a. Consisting of the voice, 
or vowel sounds. 

V6'€AL-iST, n. A singer, or vocal 
musician. [cal. 

Vo-€AL'l-TY, n. Quality of being vo- 

"Vo'OAL-I-ZA'TION, n. 1. Act of vo- 
calizing. 2. Formation of vocal 
pounds. 

Vo'€AL-IZE, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. 
To form into voice. 2. To practice 
singing on the vowel sounds. 

\ o'€AL-LY, adv. With voice. 

VoeA'TION, n. [Lat. vocatio, fr. vo- 
care, to call.] 1. Call; summons; 
esp., designation to a particular state 
or profession. 2. Destined or appro- 
priate employment. 

Syn. — Calling ; trade ; destination. 

Vo€'A-t!ve, a. [Lat. vocativus, fr. 
vocare, to call.] Relatiug to, or used 
in, calling or address. — n. The case 
in which a word is put when the per- 
son or thing is addressed. 

Vo-ci'f'er-ate, r. i. [-ed; -ing.] 
[Lat. rodferare, -ratum ; vox, vor.is, 
voice, and ferre, to bear.] To cry 
out with vehemence. — p. t. To ut- 
ter with a loud voice, [cry. 

Vo-cif'er-a'tion, n. A violent out- 
Syn. —Exclamation; clamor; bawling. 

VO-CIF'ER-OUS, a. Making a loud 
outcry; clamorous: noisy. 

Vogue (vog), n. [From O. II. Ger. 
wogon, to move.] Temporary mode 
or custom ; popular reception. 

Voice, ra. [Lat. rox, rods.] 1. Sound 
uttered by the mouth ; utterance. 
2. Distinctive character or quality 
of tone. 3. Language; expression. 
4. Opinion or choice expressed. 5- 
A particular form of a verb, or mode 



of inflecting verbs. — r.t. [-ED; 
-ING.] To fit for producing the prop- 
er sounds ; to regulate the tone of. 

VOICE'LESS, a. Having no voice. 

VOID, a. [0. Fr. void, mid, fr. Lat. 
viduus, widowed, deprived of.] 1. 
Vacant ; not occupied. 2. Desti- 
tute ; free. 3. Having no incum- 
bent. 4. Having no legal or bind- 
ing force. 5. Unsubstantial ; vain. 
Syn. — Empty; devoid; wanting; un- 
furnished; unsupplied. 

— n. An empty space; emptiness. 

— r.t. [-ED; -ing.] 1. To quit; 
to leave. 2. To throw, emit, or send 
out. 3. To render of no validity ; 
to annul. [voided. 

Void'a-ble, a. Capable of being 
VoiD'ANCE,n. 1. Act of emptying ; 
ejection. 2. State of being void; 
vacancy. [voids. 

VOID'ER, n. One who, or that which, 
VOID'NESS, n. State of being void. 
Vo'LANT, a. [Lat. volans.] 1. Fly- 
ing ; current. 2. Nimble ; active. 
VOL'A-TlLE, a. [Lat. rolatilis ; ro- 
lare, to fly.] 1. Capable of easily 
passing into the aeriform state. 2. 
Lively ; gay ; hence, fickle ; apt to 
change. 
VOL'A-TILE-NESS, I «• 1. Disposi- 
Vol'a-til'i-TY, J tion to exhale 
or evaporate. 2. Great sprightli- 
r>».ss ; mutability. 

Syn. — Lightness ; giddiness ; liveli- 
ness. See Levity. 

VOL'A-TIL/I-ZA'TION, n. Act or 
process of_ volatilizing. 

VOL'A-TIL-IZE,r. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
render volatile ; to cause to exhale. 

VOL-€AN'I€, a. 1. Pertaining to vol- 
canoes. 2. Produced by, or affected 
by the heat of, a volcano. 

VOL-€A'NO, n. ; pi. VOL-€A'NOES. 
[It., fr. Lat. Vulcanus, Vulcan, the 
god of fire.] A mountain from which 
lava, steam, sulphureous gases, &c, 
are ejected. 

Vole, n. [Fr.,fr. voler, to steal, to 
steal away, fr. Lat. inrolare, to fly 
at, to seize.] A deal at cards that 
draws all the tricks. 

Volee (vo'UV), n. [Fr., a flight.] A 
rapid flight of notes. 

Vo-Li'TiON (-llsh'un), n. [L. Lat. 
volitio, from Lat. rolo, to will, be 
willing.] 1. Act of willing; exer- 
cise of the will. 2. Power of willing. 

Syn. — Choice. — Choice is Saxon, and 
volition, Latin. The former is the fa- 
miliar, and the latter the scientific, 
term for the same state of the "will; viz., 
an " elective preference.' When we 
have " made up our minds" to a thing, 
i. e., have a settled state of choice re- 
specting it, that 6tate is called an imma- 
nent volition ; when we put forth any 
particular act of choice, that act is called 
an emanant, or executive, or imperative, 
volition. When an immanent, or settled 
state of choice, is one which controls or 
governs a series of actions, we call that 
state a predominant volition; while we 
give the name of subordinate volitions to 
those particular acts of choice which 
carry into effect the object sought for 
by the governing or " predominant vo- 
lition." 



VoL'LEY (148), n. [Fr. voice, fr. vo- 
ler, to fly.] 1. A discharge of many 
small arms at once. 2. A burst or 
emission of many things at once. — 
v.t. [-ed; -ing.] To discharge 
with a volley. — v. i. To be dis- 
charged in a volley. 

VOL-TA'ie, a. Pertaining to Vo'uu,OT 
to electricity developed by chemica* 
action. 

VOL'TA-IsM (44), n. Electricity de- 
veloped by the chemical action be- 
tween metals and different liquids ; 
galvanism. 

VOLTIGEUR (vol'te'zhCr'), n. [Fr., 
from roltiger, to vault.] A light in- 
fantry soldier. 

Vol/u-bii/i-ty, n. State or quality 
of being voluble. 

Vol'u-BLE, a. [Lat. volubilis ; vol- 
vere, rolutum, to roll, turn round.] 
1. Easily rolling or turning ; apt to 
roll. 2. Of rapid speech ; fluent. 

Vol'u-bly, adv. In a voluble man- 
ner. 

V5l'ume (53), n. [Lat. volumen, lit. 
a thing rolled up, fr. volvere, to roll.] 
1. A roll or scroll. [Obs.] 2. Hence, 
a book ; esp., so much of a work as 
is bound up in one cover. 3. Dimen- 
sions ; compass. 4. Power or quan- 
tity of voice or tone. 

Vo-LU'Ml-NOtrs, a. 1. Consisting of 
many coils or complications. 2. Con- 
sisting of many volumes or books. 
3. Having written much. 

V6l'un-TA-RI-LY, adv. Inavolun- 
fcary manner ; spontaneously. 

Voi/un-ta-ry (44), a. [Lat. volun- 
tarius, from roluntas, will, choice.] 
1. Proceeding from the will. 2. Of 
his or its own accord ; spontaneous. 
3. Done by design ; intended. 4. 
Subject to the will. 5. Endowed 
with the power of willing. 6. Free ,• 
gratuitous. — n. A piece played by r 
a musician, often extern porarily, ac- 
cording to his fancy , especially at the 
opening of church service. 

Vol/un-teer', n. One who serves of 
his own free will. — a. Entering in^o 
service of free will ; composed of vol- 
unteers. — v. t. [-ED ;-ING.] To offer 
or bestow voluntarily. — r. i. To en- 
ter into any service of one's free will. 

Vo-LUPT'U-A-RY, n. [Lat. roluptua- 
rius, from voluptas, pleasure.] One 
who makes his own bodily enjoy- 
ments his chief care. 

Syn. — Sensualist; epicure. 

Vo-LUPT'u-otrs, a. [Lat. voluptuo- 
sus.] 1. Ministering to sensual grati- 
fication ; sensual. 2. Given to lux- 
ury and sensual pleasure. 

Vo-LUPT'u-oOs-LY, adv. In a vo- 
luptuous manner ; luxuriously. 

Vo-lupt'u-ous-ness, n. State or 
quality of being voluptuous. 

Vo-LUTE',n. [Lat. rolrere, rolutum, 
to roll.] A kind of spiral scroll, used 
in the Ionic and Composite capitals. 

Vom'IT, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [Lat. 
vomere, vomitum.] To eject the 
contents of the stomach by the 
mouth ; to puke. — v. t. 1. To throw 



0R,do,WQLf, TOO, TOOK ; URN, rue, PULL : E, I, O, silent ; c,G,5q/i!; €,G,hard; A§; E^IST; NasNG; THIS. 



VOMITION 



470 



WADE 



tip ; to puke. 2. To eject from any 
hollow place. — n. 1. Matter ejected 
from the stomach. 2. An emetic. 

Vo-m1'tion (-mlsh'un), n. Act or 
power of vomiting. [emetic. 

Yom'I-tIve, a. Causing to yomit ; 

Vo-MVTO, n. [Sp. SeeYOMlT.] The 
yellow fever in its worst form. 

Vom/i-to-ry, a. Procuring vomiting ; 
emetic. — n. 1. An emetic. 2. A 
principal door of a large building, as 
of an amphitheater. 

Yo-RA'cioDs, a. [Lat. vorax, voraa's, 
fr. vorare, to devour.] Greedy for 
eating ; very hungry. 

Syn. — Ravenous; rapacious; greedy. 

Vo-RA'CIOUS-LY, adv. Ravenously. 

Vo-RA'cioiJS-NESS, ) n. Quality of 

Vo-rac'i-ty, I being vora- 

cious : greediness of appetite. 

Vo-RAG'l-NOUS,a. [Lat. voraginosus ; 
vorago, abyss, gulf.] Full of gulfs. 

Vor'tex, n. ; Eng. pi. vor'tex-es ; 
Lat.pl. VOR'TI-pEg. [Lat. vortex, 
fr. vortere, to turn.] 1. A whirling 
motion of any fluid ; a whirlpool. 2. 
A whirlwind. 

V6r'ti-cal, a. Pertaining to, or 
like, a vortex in form or motion. 

Vo'TA-RESS, a. [See VOTARY, ».] 
A female votary. 

Yq'TA-Ri'sT, n. A votary. 

Vo'TA-RY, a. [Lat. vovere, votus, to 
vow, devote.] Consecrated by, or 
consequent on, a vow ; devoted ; 
promised. — n. One devoted, or en- 
gaged by a vow or promise. 

Vote, n. [Lat. votum, a vow, wish, 
fr. vovere, votum, to vow.] 1. Wish 
or choice expressed in some received 
way ; suffrage. 2. That by which 
preference is expressed in elections, 
&c. 3. Expression of will by a ma- 
jority.— v. ?'. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
express the mind, will, or preference. 
— v. t. 1. To choose by suffrage ; 
to elect. 2. To enact, establish, or 
grant, by a vote. [titled to vote. 

Vot'er, n. One who votes, or is en- 

V5'T*VE,a. [Lat. votivus.] Given by 
vow ; devoted. [ner ; by vow. 

Yo'TlVE-LY, adv. In a votive man- 

VOUCH, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Norm. 
Fr. voucher, fr. Lat. vorare, to call.] 
1. To call on to witness. 2. To 



maintain by affirmations. 3. To sup- 
port ; to establish. 

Syn.— Todeclare; affirm; attest; con- 
firm; asseverate; aver; protest; assure. 

— v. i. To bear witness ; to give 
testimony or full attestation. 

VOUCH-EE', n. One called into court 
to make good a warranty of title. 

VOUCH'ER, n. 1. One who gives wit- 
ness. 2. A paper, or document to 
vouch the truth of accounts, or to 
establish facts of any kind. 

Vouch'er )(127),n. One who calls 

Voucil'OR, ) in another to establish 
his warranty of title. 

VOUCH-SAFE', v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 
[From vouch, and safe, to vouch or 
answer for safety.] 1. To permit to 
be done without danger. 2. To con- 
descend to grant. — v. i. To conde- 
scend ; to deign. 

VOW, n. [Lat. votum, fr. vovere, vo- 
tum, to vow.] 1. A solemn promise 
to God, or to some deity. 2. A prom- 
ise of fidelity. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 

1. To give or consecrate by a solemn 
promise. 2. To assert solemnly. — 
v. i. To make a vow, or solemn 
promise. 

Vowel, n. [Lat. vocalis, from vox, 
vocis, a voice, sound.] 1. An utter- 
ance of the voice through a more 
open position of the organs than that 
■with which a consonant is uttered. 

2. A letter representing such a 
sound. — a. Pertaining to a vowel ; 
vocal. 

VOY'AGE (colloq. voij), n. [Fr. voy- 
age, from Lat. viaticum, traveling- 
money, provision for a journey.] A 
passing by sea or water from one 
place or country to another. — v. i. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To take a voyage ; to 
sail or pass by water. 

Voyage vr (vwo'yaVzhflr'), n. [Fr. 
fr. voyager, to travel.] A traveler ; 

— the Canadian name of a class of 
men employed in transporting goods 
to and from the remote stations at 
the north-west. 

Vitl-ca'ni-an, a. Pertaining to Vul- 
can, or to works in iron or other 
metal. 

VtJL/^AN-i-ZA'TiON, n. Art or pro- 
cess of vulcanizing. 



VtJL/€AN-lTE, n. A hard black conu 
pound of India rubber and sul- 
phur. 

VtJL'€AN-IZE , t\ t. [-EDJ-ING.] To 
change the properties of, as India 
rubber, by causing it to combine 
with sulphur. 

VDl/GAR, a. [Lat. vulgaris ; vulgus, 
the common people.] 1. Pertaining 
to the mass of people ; common ; 
hence, in general use. 2. Relating 
to the common people or to common 
life ; plebeian. 3. Lacking refine- 
ment ; rustic ; boorish ; offensive to 
good taste. 

Svn. — Ordinary ; mean; rustic. 
— n. The common people. 

Vul/gar-'ism, n. A vulgar phrase or 
expression. 

Vul-gar'i-ty, n. State or quality 
of beingvulgar. 

Vui/gar-ize, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] To 
make vulgar. 

Vul'gar-ly, adv. 1. In a vulgar 
manner ; commonly. 2. Rudely ; 
clownishly. 

Yul'gate (45), n. [Lat. vulgatus, 
usual, common ; — so called from its 
common use in the Roman Catholic 
Church.] An ancient Latin version 
of the Scriptures. — a. Pertaining 
to the old Latin version of the 
Scriptures. 

VoiVner-a-bil'i-ty, n. State of 
being vulnerable. 

VfrL'NER-A-BLE, a. [Lat. vulnerabilis; 
vulnerare, to wound.] Capable of 
being wounded, or of being affected 
injuriously. 

VUL'NER-A-RY, a. [Lat. vidnerarius, 
from vidnus, a wound.] Useful in 
healing wounds. 

VUL'PlNE, a. [Lat. vidpinus ; vulpes, 
a fox.] Relating to, or resembling, 
the fox ; craftv. 

Vult'ure (53), n. 
[Lat. vultur.] A ra- 
pacious bird allied 
to the hawks and 
the owls. 

VULT'UR-iNE, ) n. 

VrrLT'UR-otts, I Per- 
taining to, or resem- 
bling, the vulture 
rapacious. 




Vulture. 



w. 



(double ti), the twenty-third 
letter of the alphabet, takes 
its form and name from the repeti- 
tion of a V, this being the form of 
the Roman capital letter which we 
call U. See Principles of Pronunci- 
ation, §§ 100-103. 
tTAB'BLE (wob'bl), v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To move staggeringly from one side 
to the other; — said of a turning 
body. — n. A hobbling, unequal 
motion, as of a wheel. 



"Wack'e, n. [Ger. wacke, 0. H. 
Ger. waggo, a kind of stone, flint, 
pebble.] A rock nearly allied to 
basalt. 

Wad (wod), n. [D. & Ger. watte, al- 
lied to A.-S. wxd , garment, cloth- 
ing.] A little mass ; esp. of some soft 
material for stopping the charge of 
powder in a gun. — v. t. [-DED; 
-DING.] 1. To form into a wad, or into 
wadding. 2. To crowd a wad into. 

Wad'ding, n. 1. A wad, or the ma- 



terials used for wads. 2. Sheets or 
carded cotton used for stuffing gar- 
ments 

Wad'dle (wod'dl), v. i. 1-ed; -ing.] 
[A.-S. wadlian, to wander, fr. wadan, 
to go.] To walk like a duck, or like 
a very fat person. 

Wade, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
wadan, allied to Lat. vadere, to go.] 
1. To walk through any substance 
that yields to the feet, as water. 2. 
To move or pass with difficulty. — 



I, E. I. ( V,Y, long; A,E,I, 6, tJ, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TfiRM ; PIQUE, FIRM; S6N, 



WADER 



471 



WALTZ 



v.t. To pass or cross by walking in 
or through a liquid. 

Wad'er, n. One who, or that which, 
wades. 

Wad'Y (wod'y), n. [Ar. wadi, a 
valley, river, river-channel.] Chan- 
nel of a water-course, which is dry 
except in the rainy season. 

Wa'FER, n. [See WAFFLE.] 1. A 
thin cake or leaf of flour, &c. 2. A 
thin leaf-like bread, used by the Ro- 
man Catholics in the eucharist. 3. 
A thin leaf of paste, used in sealing 
letters, &c. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
seal with a wafer. 

Waf'fee (wof'fl), n. [N. H. Ger. 
waffel, L. Ger. & D. wafel.] A soft 
indented cake baked in an iron uten 
sil on coals 

Waft (6), v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Allied 
to wave.] To bear through ; to convey 
through water or air. 

Syn.— To float; swim; fly. 
— v. i. To pass in a buoyant medi- 
um ; to float. — n. A signal made 
by moving something. 

Waft'a&e, m. Conveyance through 
a buoyant medium. [wafts. 

WAft'ER, re. One who, or that which, 

WXg, v. t. [-ged; -GING.] [A.-S. 
wegan, wagian, to carry, move, 
wag.] To move one way and the 
other with quick turns. — v. i. 1. To 
move one way and the other. 2. To 
be in action ; to move : to stir. — ». A 
ludicrous fellow ; a humorist ; a wit. 

Wage. v. t. [-ed; -ing ] [0. Fr. 
wager, gager, to pledge, promise, 
engagement, fr. Goth, vadi, A.-S. 
wedd, wed, a pledge, promise.] 1. To 
pledge ; to stake ; to bet ; to wager. 
2. To venture. 3. To carry on as a 
war, — re. That for which one labors ; 
stipulated payment for service. 

Wa'ger, n. [See supra.] 1. Some- 
thing deposited or hazarded, on the 
event of a contest; a bet; a stake. 
2. That on which bets are laid. — v. 
t. [-ED ; -ING.] To hazard on the 
issue of a contest, &c. ; to bet. 

Wa'ger-ER, n. One who wagers. 

Wa'ges, n. [Plural in termination, 

but singular in signification. See 

WAGE .] A com pensation given to a 

hired person for his or her services. 

Syn. — Hire; stipend; salary; pay. 

WXg'ger-y, n. Sarcasm in good 
humor ; pleasantry. 

WAG'GISH, a. 1. Roguish in merri- 
ment or good humor. 2. Done, made, 
or laid in sport. 

Syn. — Sportive; merry; droll. 

WXG'GISH-LY, adv. In sport. 

Wag'gish-ness, re. State or quality 
of being waggish. 

Wag'gle, t". t. or i. [-ED: -ING.] 
[Dim. of wag.] To reel or move from 
side to side ; to waddle. 

WXg'on, re. [A.-S. w'dgen, ivdgn, al- 
lied to Skr. vah, Lat. vekere, to bear, 
carry.] A four-wheeled carriage, used 
for carrying persons or freight. 

WXg'on-age, n. Money paid for 
carriage in a wagon 



WXg'ON-ER, n. One who conducts or 
drives a wagon. 

Waif, n. [From waive, wave.] 1. 
Goods found of which the owner is 
not known. 2. That which comes 
along, as it were, by chance. 

Wail,,i\ t. [-ed ; -ing.] [lcel. vdla, 
to lament, Ir. ivaill.] To lament; 
to bewail ; to grieve over. — v. i. To 
express sorrow audibly : to weep. 

WAIN, n. [A.-S. wsen, wdgn, w'dgen. 
Ses Wagon.] 1. A wagon. 2. A 
constellation. 

WAIN'seOT, n. [D. wagen-schot, a 
clapboard.] A wooden lining of apart- 
ments, made in panels. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To line with boards or panel- 
work. 

Wain'S€OT-ing, n. 1. A covering 
with boards in panel. 2. Material 
used to wainscot a house, or the 
wainscot as a whole. 

Waist, n. [A.-S. wastin, form, stat- 
ure, Goth, vahstus, from vaksjan, to 
grow, to wax.] 1. Part of the hu- 
man body immediately below the 
ribs. 2. Part of a ship between the 
quarter-deck and forecastle. 

WAIST'BAND, n. The band or upper 
part of breeches or drawers. 

WAIST'OLOTH, re. A covering of can- 
vas or tarpauling for the hammocks, 
stowed on the gangways, in the waist 
of a ship. 

WAIST'-GOAT (colloq. wes'kut), n. A 
short garment, without sleeves, worn 
under the coat, covering the waist. 
Syx.— See Ve; t. 

Wait, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [0. II. Ger. 
ivahten, to keep, watch.] To stay 
in expectation ; to remain stationary 
till the arrival of some person or 
event. — v. t. To stay for ; to await. 

— n. pi. Musicians who perform at 
night or in the early morning. 

Wait'er, re. 1. An attendant. 2. A 
salver : a server, &c. 

Wait'ing-maid, I n. A female 

WAIT'JNG-WQr.I'AN, ) servant who 
attends a lady. 

Waive, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [See 
WAVE.] 1. To relinquish ; to give 
up claim to. 2. To throw away ; to 
reject. 

Waiv'er, re. Act of waiving. 

Wake, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
wacan, ivacian.] 1. To watch ; not 
to sleep. 2. To hold a night revel. 
3. To awake ; to cease to sleep. — v. 
t. 1. To rouse from sleep. 2. To put 
in motion or action. 3. To bring to 
life again. 4 To watch with at 
night, as a dead body. — n. 1. Act 
of waking. 2. State of forbearing 
sleep. 3. The sitting up of persons 
with a dead body. 4. Track left by 
a vessel in the water. 

Wake'ful, a. Indisposed to sleep; 
watchful. 

Wake'Fue-ness, n. Indisposition to 
sleep; want of sleep. 

Wak'en, v. ?'. [-ed; -ing.] [See 
Wake.] To wake ; to cease to sleep. 

— v. I. 1. To rouse from sleep. 2. 
To excite to action or motion. 



Wale, re. [A.-S. walu, a mark oi 
stripes, Goth, valus, a rod, staff.] 1. 
Mark of a rod or whip on flesh. 2. 
A ridge or streak above the surface 
of cloth, &c. 3. One of the sjrong 
planks extending along a ship's sides. 
— v. t. To mark with wales. 

Walk (wawk), v. i. [-ed; -ing.\ 
[A.-S. wealcan, to roll, turn, re- 
volve.] 1. To advance by steps at a 
slower or faster rate, but without 
running. 2. To go on the feet for 
exercise or amusement. 3. To con- 
duct one's self. — v. t. 1. To pass 
through or upon. 2. To lead, drive, 
or ride with a slow pace. — n. 1. Act 
of walking. 2. Manner of wal'" ; ng; 
gait. 3. Place or distance walked 
over. 4. A place in which animals 
may graze. 5. Frequented track ; 
sphere. 6. Conduct ; behavior. 
Syx. — Carriage; way; path; range. 

WALK'ER(wawk'-),n. One who walks. 

Walk'ing-staff (wawk'-), n. A 
staff carried in the hand in walking ; 
a cane. 

Wall, re. [A.-S., allied to Lat. val- 
lum.] 1. A solid and permanent in- 
closing fence. 2. One of the upright 
inclosing parts of a building or room. 
3. pi. Fortifications in general. — v. 
t. [-ED; -ING.] To inclose, defend, 
or fill with a wall, or with walls. 

Wal'let (wSl'let), n. [Fr. mallette, 
malette, dim. of malle, a mail, a 
trunk, fr. 0. II. Ger. vialka, wallet, 
Gr. juoA-yo?, an ox-hide.] 1. A bag 
or knapsack. 2. A pocket-book for 
keeping money about the person. 

WALL'-EYE (wawPI), n. 1. An eye 
in which the iris is of a very light 
gray color. 2. An eye in which the 
white is very Itrge and distorted. 

WALL'-EYJED, a. Having a wall-eye. 

Wall'-flow'er, n. An evergreen 
plant, which grows in old walls, &c. 

Wall'-FRUIT, n. Fruit which, to be 
ripened, must be planted against a 
wall. 

Wal'lop,^. i. [-ED; -TNG.] [Formed 
on A.-S. weallan, ivellan, to boil or 
bubble, Eng. to well.] . To boil with 
a continued bubbling. — v. t. To 
beat soundly ; to flog. [Prov or 
Cottoq.] 

Wal'low, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [0. 
Eng. walwe, A.-S. wealoivian, allied 
to Skr. valg, to move one's self.] 1. 
To roll one's self about, as in mire. 
2. To live in filth or gross vice. 

Wal'LO\v-ER, re. One who wallows. 

Wal'NUT, n. [A.-S. weallilmut, a 
Welsh or foreign nut, from wealh, a 
foreigner, a Welshman, and hnut, c. 
nut.] A nut-tree, and its fruit. 

Wal'RUS (woK- 
rus). re. [D. 
walrus, fr. the 
root of whale, 
and r o s , a 
horse.] An 
aquatic mam- 
mal, resem- 
bling the seal. 

Waltz (wawlts), n 




"Walrus. 
[Ger. walzer, 



6r, do, wolf, TOO,TOOK; fjRN, rue, PULL; S, I, O, silent ; C,g, soft; €,g, hard; As ; EJCIST; tt as NG ; THIS- 



WAMBLE 



472 



WARY 



from walzen, to roll, revolve, dance.] 
A dance performed by two persons 
with a whirling motion ; also, a piece 
of music for this dance. — v. i. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To dance a waltz. 

Wam'ble ( wom'bl), v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Dan. vammel, squeamish, fastidi- 
ous.] To be disturbed with nausea. 

WAM'PUM (wom / pum)n. [Ind., from 
wompi, white.] Small beads made 
of shells, used by the North American 
Indians as money, and also wrought 
into belts, &c, as an ornament. 

Wan (won), a. [A.-S. wann, wan, 
orig., worn out by toil, fr. winnan, 
to labor.] Having a pale or sickly 
hue. 

WAND (wond), n. [Tcel. vondr, Goth. 
vandu.s.] A small stick ; a rod. 

Wan'der (won'der), v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] [A.-S. wandrian, wandorian; 
allied to vendan, to change, to go, 
to wend.] 1. To ramble here and 
there. 2. To go away, or astray ; to 
stray ; to err. 3. To be delirious. 
Syn.— To roam; rove; range; stroll. 

Wan'DER-ER, n. One who wanders. 

Wane,!'./, [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S.im- 
nian, wonian, fr. wan. See Wan.] 

1. To be diminished ; to decrease. 

2. To decline; to fail. — n. 1. De- 
crease of the illuminated part of the 
moon. 2. Decline ; failure. 

Wan'ness (109), n. A sallow, dead, 
pale color; paleness. [pale hue. 

Wan'nish, a. Somewhat wan ; of a 
Want, v. i. [Allied to wane.] 1. To 
be deficient or lacking. 2. Not to be 
present. 3. To omit; to neglect. — 
v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To be with- 
out ; to lack. 2. To have occasion 
for ; to need. 3. To wish for ; to de- 
sire. 4. To be lacking in respect of. 
— n. 1. Lack of what is needed 
or desired. 2. Destitution; poverty. 

3. A thing of which the loss is felt. 
Syn. — See Indigence. 

Want'ing, p. a. 1. Absent; defi- 
cient. 2. Deficient. 

WAN'TON, a. [W. gwantan, variable, 
fickle, wanton.] 1. Moving or Hying 
loosely ; hence, wandering in gaiety 
or sport. 2. Running to excess. 3. 
Luxuriant ; overgrown. 4. Not 
turned or formed with regularity. 5. 
Licentious ; dissolute ; unchaste. — 
n. A >ewd person. — v. i. [-ED; 
-ING.] 1. To rove and ramble with- 
out restraint ; to revel. 2. To sport 
lasciviously. 

Wan'ton-ly, adv. In a wanton man- 
ner; loosely; sportively. 

Wan'ton-ness (109), ii. Quality of 
being wanton. 

WAR, n. [0. Eng. & A.-S. werre, from 
6. H. Ger. werran, to confound, 
mix.] 1. A state of opposition or 
contest. 2. A contest between na- 
tions or states, carried on by force. 
3. The profession of arms — v. ?'. 
[-RED; -RING. 136.] 1. To contend. 
2. To carry on hostilities. 

War'BLE, v. t. [-ED ; -ING. | [Ger. 
wirbeln, to turn, to warble ; Eng. 



whirl.] 1. To sing in a vibratory 
manner; to trill. 2. To carol. 3. 
To cause to quaver. — v. i. 1. To 
be quavered or modulated. 2. To 
sing in a trilling manner. — n. A 
quavering modulation of the voice. 
War'bler, n. One who, or that 
which, warbles ; a songster. [war. 
WAR'-CRY, «. A cry or signal used in 
Ward, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
weardian, to keep, allied to werian, 
werigan, to defend. See Guard.] 
1. To guard. 2. To defend: to pro- 
tect. 3. To fend off; to repel. — n. 

1. Act of guarding. 2. One whose 
business is to guard. 3. State of be- 
ing under guard or guardianship ; 
custody. 4. Means of guarding ; de- 
fense; protection. 5. A defensive 
motion or position in fencing. 6. A 
person under the care of a guardian. 
7- A certain division of a town or 
city. 8. A division of a hospital. 9. 
A ridge of metal in a lock. 

Ward'en, ii. [See Guardian and 

supra.] A keeper ; a guardian. 
Ward'en-ry, » 11. Office or juris- 
Ward'e\-shjp, J diction of a warden. 
Wahd'er.m. 1. A keeper; a guard. 

2. A tru ucheon or staff of command. 
Wabd'kobe, n. 1. A portable closet 

for wearing apparel. 2. Wearing ap- 
parel iu jjeneral. 

Ward'room, n. A room occupied as 
a mess-room by the commissioned 
officers of a war-vessel. 

Ward'ship, n. 1. Office of a keeper ; 
guardianship. 2. State of being un- 
der a guardian ; pupilage. 

Ware,i-. t. See Wear. — n. [A.-S. 
want.] Article of merchandise ; esp. 
in the plural, goods ; commodities. 

Ware'house, n. A storehouse for 
goods. 

Ware'house, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 1. To 
deposit in a warehouse. 2. To place 
in custom-house stores, to be kept 
until duties are paid. 

Ware'house-man(ISO), n. 1. One 
who keeps a warehouse. 2. One who 
keeps a wholesale shop for woolen 
goods. [Eng.] 

Wares, n. pi. See Ware. 

War'FARE, n. [War and fare, to go, 
to pass.] 1. Military service ; war ; 
hostilities. 2. Contest ; struggle. 

War'-horse, n. A horse used in 
war ; a charger. 

Wa'ri-ey (4, 89), adv. In a wary 
manner ; cautiously. 

Wa'ri-ness, n. Prudent care to fore- 
see and guard against evil. 

Syn. — Caution; watchfulness; cir- 
cumspection; foresight; care; vigilance. 

War'like, a. 1. Fit for war; dis- 
posed for war. 2. Relating to war. 
Syn. — Sec Martial. 

Warm, a. [-er;-est.] [A.-S. wearm, 
Goth, varms, allied to Skr. gharma, 
heat.] 1. Having moderate heat; 
not cold. 2. Subject to heat. 3. 
Not cool, indifferent, lukewarm, or 
the like. 4. Vehement; excited. 

Syn. — Ardent; zealous; fervent; cor- 
dial; furious. 



— v. t. [-ED; -ing.] 1. To heat mod- 
erately. 2. To make engaged or earn- 
est. — v. i. 1. To become moderate- 
ly heated. 2. To become ardent or 
animated. 

Warm'ing-pan, n. A covered pan 
for warming a bed with ignited coals. 

WARM'LY, adv. In a warm manner. 

Warmth, n. 1. Gentle heat. 2. A 
state of excited interest. 3. Earnest- 
ness ; enthusiasm. 

Warn, v. t. [-ed : -ing.] [A.-S. war., 
nian, allied to Eng. ware, uary.] L 
To give previous notice to ; to ad- 
monish ; hence, to notify by author- 
ity. 2. To caution. 

Warn'er, n. One who warns. 

Warn'ing, n. 1. Caution against 
danger ; admonition. 2. Previous 
notice. 

WARP,f.i. [-ED;-ING.] [A.-S. weor- 
pan, werpan, to throw, to cast.] 1. 
To be twisted out of a straight direc- 
tion, as a board. 2. To deviate ; to 
swerve. — v.t. 1. To twist out of 
shape. 2. To pervert. 3. To tow 
with a line attached to buoys, to an- 
chors, or the like. — n. 1. The 
threads that run lengthwise in the 
loom. 2. A towing-line. 3. State 
of being warped or twisted. 

War'rant (wor'rant), v. t. [-ED; 
-ING.] [0. Fr. warantir, garantir, 
guarantir, to warrant, 0. H. Ger. 
ivercn.] 1. To make secure. 2. To 
justify. 3. To declare with assurance. 
4. To secure to ; to assure. — n. 1. 
That which warrants or authorizes ; 
a commission. 2. A precept author- 
izing an officer to arrest an offender. 
3 Guaranty ; security. 4. That 
which attests ; a voucher. 

War'rant-a-ble, a. Authorized; 
justifiable. 

War'rant-a-ble-ness, n. Quality 
of being warrantable. 

War'rant-A-bly, adv. Justifiably. 

War'ran-tee', n. The person to 
whom land or other thing is war- 
ranted. 

War'RANT-er, n. One who warrants, 
or legally empowers. [rants. 

War'rant-or (127), n. One who war- 

WAR'RAN-TY, n. 1. A covenant of 
security ; a promise cr stipulation by 
deed. 2. Warrant; guarantee. — v. 
t. To warrant ; to guaranty. 

War'ren, n. [From A.-S. warian, 
to beware, guard, defend.] An in- 
closed place for keeping rabbits, 
beasts, fowls, or fish. 

WAR'RIOR^wor'yur or wor'ri-ur), n. 
[See War.] A man engaged in war; 
a soldier. 

Wart, n. [A.-S. weart.] 1. A small, 
hard excrescence on the skin. 2. A 
hardened protuberance on plants. 

Wart'y. a. Having, or being of the 
nature of,_warts. 

WAR'- whoop (-hoop), n. [From war 
and whoop.] A shout uttered by In- 
dians in war. 

Wa'ry (4, 89), a. [-ER ; -est, 142.] 
[From ware (obs.), taking notice, 
See AWARE.] Carefully watching 



*.£,!, 0,V,Y, long; A,E,I, 6, D. Y. short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, T£RM; PIQUE, rTRM ; SON, 



WAS 



473 



WATER-WHEEL 



against deception, artifices, and dan- 
ger; prudent; circumspect. 

Was. Past tense of the verb To be. 

Wash, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [A.-S. was- 
can,wacsan.] 1. To scrub or cleanse 
with water, &c. 2. To wet ; hence, 
to overflow or dash against. 3. To 
overlay with a thin coat of metal. — 
v. i. To perform the act of ablution, 
or of cleansing with water. — n. 1. 
Act of washing. 2. Quantity of 
clothes washed at once. 3. A piece 
of ground washed by the sea or a 
river. 4. Waste liquor, food, &c, 
from a kitchen. 5. That with which 
any thing is washed, smeared, tinted, 
or coated, &c, upon the surface. 

Wash'-ball, n. A ball of soap. 

Wash'-board, n. 1. A board on 
which clothes are rubbed in being 
washed. 2. A board skirting the 
wall next to the floor ; mop-board. 

WASH'ER (wosh'er), n. 1. One who 
washes. 2. A ring of metal, leather, 
or the like, used to relieve friction, or 
secure tightness of joints. 

Wash'er-wom/an (150), n. A wom- 
an who washes clothes for hire. 

Wash'ING, n. 1. Act of one who 
washes. 2. Clothes washed. 

Wash'-leath'er (wosh'-), ». Split 
sheep-skin dressed with oil. 

WASH'vr (wosh'y), a. 1. Watery; 
damp. 2. Lacking substance ; weak. 

WASP,n. [A.-S. ivasp, ?vaps, wesp, Lat. 
vespa.] An insect capable of stinging 
severely. [fling affront. 

WASPTSH, a. Quick to resent a tri- 

Wasp'ish-ly, adv. Petulantly. 

Wasp'ish-ness, n. State or quality 
of being waspish ; irritability. 

Was'sail (wSs'sil, 42), n. [A.-S. we.s- 
hal, be in health.] 1. A roistering 
festivity. 2. A liquor composed of 
wine or ale, sugar, roasted apples, 
&c. 3. A song sung at a festive 
gathering. — v. i. To hold a festive 
occasion ; to carouse. 

Waste, v. t. [-ed; -ma.] [A.-S. 
westan, allied to Lat. vastare.] 1. 
To devastate ; to desolate ; to de- 
stroy. 2. To impair gradually. 3. 
To employ or expend prodigally. 

Stn - .— To squander; dissipate; lavish. 

— v. i. To be diminished ; to dwin- 
dle. — a. 1. Devastated; stripped; 
hence, uncultivated : dreary ; dismal. 

2. Lying unused ; valueless ; worth- 
less. — n. 1. Act of wasting. 2. Un- 
cultivated or wi'd country ; desert. 

3. Worthless remnant ; refuse. 
Waste'-book, n A book in which 

rough first entries of business trans- 
actions are made. 
Waste 'ful, a. 1. Destructive to 
property. 2. Expending property, 
&c, without necessity or use. 
Syn. — Lavish; prodigal; extravagant. 

Waste'ful-ly, adv. Lavishly. 

Waste'ful-ness, n. Quality of be- 
ing wasteful ; prodigality. 

WASTE'-PlPE, n. A pipe for convey- 
ing off waste water, and the like. 



WAST'ER, n. One who wastes. 
Watch, n. [A.-S. wacce. See WAKE.] 

1. Forbearance of sleep. 2. One who 
watches, or those who watch ; a 
guard. 3. Post or office of a watch- 
man. 4. A division of the night. 5- 
A small timepiece for the pocket. 6. 
(Naut.) Time for watching, or being 
on duty, usually 4 hours. — v. i. 
f-ED; -ING.] 1. To be or keep awake. 

2. To be vigilant ; to keep guard. 3. 
To remain awake with any one as 
nurse or attendant. — 1\ t. 1. To 
keep in view. 2. To tend ; to guard. 

Watch'-dog, n. A dog kept to guard 
premises or property. 

Watch'er, n. One who ■ watches, 
especially with the sick at night. 

Watch'FUL, a. Careful to observe. 
Syn. —Vigilant; attentive ; cautious; 
observant; circumspect; wakeful. 

WATCH'FUL-LY,atft\ Tigilantly. 

Watch'ful-ness, n. State or qual- 
ity of being watchful. 

Watch'-house, n. 1. A house in 
which a watch or guard is placed. 2. 
A place for keeping persons who are 
under temporary arrest ; a lock-up. 

Watchman (150), n. One set to 
watch ; a sentinel ; a guard. 

Watch'-tow'er, n. A tower on 
which a sentinel is placed. 

WATCH'-WORD (-wQrd), n. A word 
used as a signal by which a friend is 
known from an enemy ; a pass-word. 

WA'TER, n. [A.-S. water, Skr. uda, 
the sea, itnd, to flow.] 1. The fluid 
which descends from the clouds in 
rain. 2. A body of water, standing 
or flowing. 3. One of various liquid 
secretions, esp. urine. 4. Luster of 
a diamond. — v. t. [-ed; -ing.] 
1. To wet with water. 2. To supply 
with water for drink. 3. To wet and 
calendar, as cloth. — v. i. 1. To 
shed water. 2. To take in water. 

WA'TER-€ART, n. A cart bearing 
water for sprinkling streets. 

Wa/ter-cem^ent, or Wa/ter-oe- 
iilENT'. n. A cement that hardens 
under water. 

Wa'ter-clos'et, n. A privy, often 
with a contrivance for introducing a 
stream of water to cleanse it. 

WA.'TER-€OL / OR(-kKl / ur),n. A color 
ground with water and gum or size. 

Wa'ter-€OURSE, n. 1. A stream of 
water. 2. A channel or canal for 
the conveyance of water. 

Wa'TER-€URE, n. System of treating 
diseases with water: hydropathy. 

Wa'ter-fai.l, n. 1. A cascade; a 
cataract. _2. A female head-dress. 

Wa'TER-GAUGE. n. An instrument 
for measuring or ascertaining the 
depth or quantity of water. 

Wa'ter-GRU'el, n. A liquid food, 
composed of water and meal boiled. 

Wa'ter-i-ness, n. State or quality 
of being watery. 

Wa'ter-ing-place, n. 1. A place 
where water may be obtained, as for 
a ship. 2. A place to which people 
resort for mineral water, or for bath- 
ing, &c. 



Wa'TER-Ysh. a. Resembling water, 
thin ; watery. 

WA'TER-isir-ivESS, n. State or qual- 
ity of being waterish. 

Wa'ter-lev'el, n. The level formed 
by the surface of still water. 

Wa'TER-e!l,'y,/i. An aquatic plant, 
with beautiful, and usually very 
fragrant, flowers. 

Wa'ter-line, n. A horizontal line 
supposed to be drawn about a ship'c 
bottom at the surface of the water. 

VVA'TER-L6GG£D,rt. Rendered log- 
like, heavy, or clumsy in movement, 
from being filled with water. 

Wa'ter-man (150), n. A boatman ; 
a ferryman. 

Wa'ter-mark, n. 1. A mark indi- 
cating the height to which water has 
risen. 2. A device wrought into pa- 
per during the manufacture. 

Wa'ter mel'on, n. A plant, and 
its pulpy, juicy fruit. [water. 

Wa/TER-mill, n. A mill moved by 

Wa'ter-pot, n. A vessel for hold- 
ing or conveying water. 

Wa'ter-pow'er, n. A fall of water 
which may be used to drive ma- 
chinery ; a source of power from 
water. 

Wa'TER-PROOF, a. So firm and com- 
pact as not to admit water. 

Wa'TER-RAM, n. A machine by 
means of which water is raised by 
the momentum of a larger stream 
than the one which is raised. 

Wa'ter-rot, v.t. [-ted; -ting.] 
To rot by steeping in water. 

Wa/TER-SHED, n. A range of high 
land between two river-basins, and 
discharging its waters into them from 
opposite directions. 

Wa'ter-soak, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To 
soak in water. 

Wa'ter- 
s'pout, n. t 
A phenome- \ 
non of the 
nature of a j 
whirlwind, j 
usually ob-> 
served over \ 
the sea. 

WA'TER- 
TIGHT(-tTt), 
a. So tight 
as not to admit water ; not leaky. 

Wa'ter - wheel, 
n. Any wheel 
for propelling ma- 
chinery or other 
purposes, that is 
made to rotate by 
the direct action 
of water. 




Water-spout. 





Breast-wheel. 



OR, Dp, WOLF, TOO, TOOK; fjRN, RUE, PULL ; e, I, O, silent ; C, G, soft; €, G, hard; Ag ; exist ; N as KG ; Tfiis. 



WATER-WORKS 



474 



WEATHER-BOARD 



Wa/TER-works (-wfirks), n. pi. Hy- 
draulic machines ; works by which 
a supply of water is furnished for 
useful or ornamental purposes. 

Wa'ter-y, a. 1. Resembling water ; 
thin or transparent. 2. Abounding 
in thin, insipid fluid. 3. Abounding 
with, or consisting of, water. 

Wat'TLE, n. [Allied to xoitke.] 1. 
A twig or flexible rod ; hence, a hur- 
dle. 2. The fleshy excrescence un- 
der the throat of a cock or turkey. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To bind 
with twigs. 2. To interweave, as 
twigs ; to plat. 

Waul, v. i. [-ed; -ing.] [Allied to 
wail.] To cry as a cat. 

WAVE, n. [A.-S. wa'g, weg, from we- 
gan, to move.] 1. An advancing 
swell of water. 2. Vibration propa- 
gated from particle to particle 
through a body or elastic medium. 
3. Inequality of surface. 4. Undu- 
lating streak of luster on watered 
cloth. 5. An undulating motion. 
Svx. — Billow ; surge; breaker; ine- 
quality; unevenness. 

— v.i. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To move 
like a wave ; to undulate. 2. To 
be moved, as a signal. — v. t. 1. To 
raise into inequalities. 2. To move 
one way and the other ; to brandish. 
3. To beckon. 4. [Norm. Fr. wey- 
wer ; 0. Fr. gucver, guesver, to 
abandon. Cf. A.-S. wqfian, to hesi- 
tate.] To put off; to relinquish, as 
a right or privilege. 

Wave'less, a. Free from waves. 

Wave'let, n. A little wave ; ripple. 

Wave'-of'fer-ING, n. An offering 
in the Jewish services by waving the 
object toward the 4 cardinal points. 

WA'VER,t\?'. [-ed;-ing.] [A.-S. \ia- 
jian, to totter, hesitate. Cf. Wave, 
v. t.] 1. To play or move to and fro. 
2. To be unsettled in opinion. 

Syn.— To fluctuate ; reel ; vacillate. 
See Fluctuate. 

Wa'ver-er, n. One who wavers. 

WIv'Y.o. 1. Rising in waves. 2. 
Playing to and fro ; undulating. 

Wax, n. [A.-S. weax, wax.] 1. A 
fatty substance, produced by bees. 
2. A thick secretion in the ear. 3. 
A composition for sealing letters, 
&c. 4. A composition used by shoe- 
makers for rubbing their thread. — 
v. t. [-ed; -ed, or -en; -ing.] 
To smear or rub with wax. — v. ?'. 
[A.-S. weaxan.] 1. To increase in 
size ; to grow. 2. To pass from one 
state to another. 

WaX'-can'dle, n. A candle made 
of wax. 

WXxjed'-END (wakstO, n. A thread 
pointed with a bristle and covered 
with shoemaker's wax, used in sew- 
ing leather. 

WXx'.EN, a. Made of, or resembling, 
wax. 

WAX'-WORK (-wurk), v. Work made 
of wax ; especially, figures of wax, 
in imitation of real beings. 

Wax'y, a. Resembling wax; adhe- 
sive ; soft ; hence, yielding. 



WAY, n. [A.-S. weg, from wegan, to 
move.] 1. A moving ; passage. 2. 
Road or path. 3. Distance ; inter- 
val. 4. Course, or direction of mo- 
tion. 5. Means; scheme; device. 
6. Manner; method. 7. Habitual 
method of life or action. 8. pi. The 
timbers on which a ship is launched. 
Syn. — Street; highway; road. — Way 
is generic, denoting any line for passage 
or conveyance; a highway is literally 
one iaised for the sake of dryness and 
convenience in traveling; a road is, 
strictly, a way for horses and carriages; 
a street is, etymologically, a paved way, 
as early made in towns and cities; hence, 
the word is distinctively applied to roads 
or highways in compact settlements. 

Way'- bill, n. A list of passengers 
in a public vehicle, or of the bag- 
gage or goods transported by it. 

Way'fAr-er, n. A traveler. 

Way'far-1ng,«. Traveling; passing. 

WAY'LAY, V. t. [-LAID; -LAYING.] 
[From way and lay.] To lie in wait 
for, esp. with a view to seize, rob, 
or slay. 

Way'-mark, n. A mark to guide in 
traveling. 

AVay'-sta'tion, n. An intermediate 
station on a railroad. 

WAY'WARD, a. [A.-S. wscu-arrlldre, 
wantonly ; wed, woe, evil.] Liking 
one's own way ; froward ; perverse. 

WAY'WARD-LY, adv. Perversely. 

Way'ward-ness, n. Quality ot be- 
ing wayward. 

We, pron. ; pi. of I. 

Weak, a. [-er;-est.] [A.-S. war., 
from tvtcan, to yield, totter.] 1. 
Wanting physical strength. 2. Not 
possessing, or manifesting, intellec- 
tual, logical, moral, or political 
strength, vigor, or the like. 

Syn. — Feeble; infirm; frail; soft; 
small; unwise; foolish; inconclusive. 

Weak/en, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] 1. To 
make weak ; to enfeeble. 2. To re- 
duce in strength or spirit. 

Weak'.en-er, n. He who, or that 
which, weakens. 

Weak/ling, n. A weak creature. 

WEAK'LY, adv. Feebly ; with little 
strength.— a. [-ER;-EST, 142.] Not 
strong of constitution : infirm. 

Weak'ness, n. 1. State or quality 
of being weak ; want of physical 
strength. 2. Want of intellectual, 
moral, logical, or physical strength. 
Syn. — Feebleness; debility; languor; 
imbecility; frailty; faintness. 

Weal, n. [A.-S. wela, wsela. See 
Well.] A sound, healthy, or 
prosperous state ; prosperity. 

WEALTH, n. [0. H. Ger. welitha, 
riches. See WEAL.] Large posses- 
sions of money, goods, or land. 
Syn. — Riches; affluence ; opulence. 

WEALTH'I-LY, adv. Richly. 

Wealth'I-ness, n. State of being 
wealthy. 

WEalth'y, a. [-ER; -est, 142.] 
Having great wealth ; opulent ; af- 
fluent ; rich. 

WEAN,f./. [-EDj-lNG.] [A.-S. tveni- 
an, to accustom, wean.] 1. To accus- 



tom to a deprivation of the breast. 

2. To alienate, as the affections. 
WEAN'LING, n. One newly weaned. 
AVEAP'ON, n. [A.-S. wsepen, vjsepvn\ 

An instrument of offensive or de- 
fensive combat. 

Weap'on-less, a. Having no weapon. 

Wear (4), v. t. [wore ; worn ; 
WEARING.] [A.-S. werian, weran, 
to carry , to wear, as arms or clothes.] 
1. To carry or bear upon the person ; 
to have on. 2. To have an appear- 
ance of. 3. To consume, waste, or 
diminish, by use. 4. To cause by 
friction. 5. To affect by degrees. 6. 
[Cf. Ware.] To put on another 
tack, as a ship, by turning her 
round, with the stern to the wind. 
Syn. — To 'waste: bear; spend; veer. 

— v.i. 1. To suffer use ; to bear the 
consequences of use. 2. To be wasted 
by slow degrees. — n. 1. Act of wear- 
ing, or state of being worn. 2. The 
thing worn ; style of dress. 

Wear, n. [A.-S. wser, wer, an in- 
closure, a fish-pond, fr. uaran, wa~ 
Han, to defend, protect.] 1. A dam 
in a river. 2. A fence of stakes or 
twigs for catching fish. 

Wear'er, n. One who wears. 

Wea'ri-ly (89), adv. In a weary 
manner. 

Wea'ri-ness (89), n. State of being 
weary or tired; exhaustion of 
strength ; fatigue. 

WEA'RI-SOME, a. Causing weariness. 
Syn. — Irksome ; tiresome ; tedious ; 
fatiguing; annoying; vexatious. 

Wea'ri-s6me-ly, adv. In a weari- 
some manner. 

Wea'ri-some-ness, n. Tiresome- 
ness ; tediousness. 

AVEA'RY (89), a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] 
[A.-S. wcrig.] 1. Having the strength 
exhausted by toil. 2- Causing weari- 
ness. 

Syn. — Tired ; fatigued; jaded ; tire- 
some ; irksome ; wearisome. 

— v. t. [-ed; -ing, 142.] 1. To re- 
duce the strength of. 2. To make 
impatient by continuance. 3. To har- 
ass by any thing irksome. 

Syn. — To jade ; tire ; fatigue ; fag ; 
dispirit. See Jade. . 

Wea'sand, n. [A.-S. wsesend.] The 
windpipe. 

Wea'sjel, n. [A.- 
S. loesle.] A small 
quadruped, re- 
markable for its 
slender form and ' 
its agility Weasel. 

WEATH'ER,n. [A.-S. weder, allied to 
Skr. iva, to blow.] The atmosphere 
with respect to its state as regards 
heat or cold, wetness or dryness, 
clearness or cloudiness, &c. — v. t. 
[-ED; -ING.] 1. To expose to the 
air. 2. To sail to the windward of. 

3. To endure ; to resist. 
AVeath'er-beat'jsn, a. Worn by 

exposure to the weather. 
Weath'er-board, n. 1. That side 
of a ship which is toward the wind. 




A, E, 1, 0,fj, Y, Ions; a j £}'*> °> 0, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, l££M; PIQUE, ylRM; SON, 



WEATHER-BOUND 



475 



TvELSH 



2. A board extending from the ridge 
to the eaves, and forming a close 
junction between the shingling of a 
roof and the side of the building be- 
neath. — v. t. To nail boards upon 
so as to lap one over another, in or- 
der to exclude rain or snow. 

Weath'er-bound, a. Delayed by 
bad weather. 

WEAffl'ER-eocK, n. 1. A vane ; — 
often in tlie figure of a cock. 2. A 
fickle, inconstant person. 

Wea-fh'er-gage, n. Position of a 
ship to the windward of another ; 
hence, a position of advantage. 

Weath'er-glass, h. An instrument 
to indicate changes of weather. 

Weath'er-mold'ing, In. A cor- 

Weath'er-mould'ins, ) nice over 
doors or windows, to throw off the 
rain. 

Weath'er-wise, a. Skillful in fore- 
seeing the state of the weather. 

Weave, v. t. [wove ; woven, or 
WOVE ; WEAVING.] [A.-S. we/an, 
Skr. wap.] 1. To unite, as threads, 
so as to form a texture, or by close 
connection or intermixture. 2. To 
form, as cloth, by interlacing 
threads : hence, to form into a fabric. 

Weav'ER, n. One who weaves. 

Wea'ZEN, a. [Cf. WIZEN.] Thin ; 
sharp ; pinched. 

WEB, n. [A.-S. wekb. See WEAVE.] 
1. That which is woven ; texture. 2. 
A cobweb. 3. A film on the eye. 4. 
Membrane uniting the toes of many 
water-fowl. 

Web'bed, a. Having the toes united 
by a membrane. 

We B'BlNG, n. A strong narrow fabric 
of hemp, for suspenders, straps, &c. 

Web'-foot (150), ». A foot the toe3 
of which are connected by a mem- 
brane. 

W£b'-fo"ot'ed, a. Having w ebbed 
feet. 

Wed, v. t. [-ded; -ding.] [A.-S. 
weddian, to promise, to marry.] 1. 
To marry. 2. To join in marriage. 

3. To connect indissolubly or strong- 
ly. — v. i. To contract matrimony. 

Wed'ded, a. Pertaining to wedlock 
or marriage. 

Wed'ding, n. Nuptial ceremony or 
festivities ; marriage ; nuptials. 

WEDGE,n. [A.-S. wecg, tvacg.] 

A piece of metal, or other , 

hard material, sloping to a v 
thin edge at one end, for 
splitting, &c. — v, t. [-ED; 
-ING.] 1. To drive as a 
wedge is driven. 2. To fast- Wedge. 
en with a wedge, or with wedges. 

Wed'lock, n. [A.-S. wedlar., a pledge, 
fr. wedd, a pledge, and lac, an offer- 
ing.] Marriage : matrimony. 

Wednes'day (weuz'dy), n. [From 
Woden, or Odin, the highest god of 
the Germans and Scandinavians.] 
Fourth day of the week. 

Weed, n. 1. [A.-S w6d, wiod.] Any 
useless or troublesome plant. 2 [A.- 
S. wxd, fr. Goth, vidan, to bind.] 
A garment. 3. An article of dress 



worn in token of grief; mourning 
garb. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
free from noxious plants. 2. To take 
away, as noxious plants. 

Weed'y, a. [-er ; -est, 142 ] Relat- 
ing to, or consisting of, or full of, 
weeds. 

WEEK, n. [A.-S. iveoce, tvice.] A pe- 
riod of seven days. [but Sunday. 

Week'-day, n. Any day of the week 

WEEK'LY, a. 1. Pertaining to a week, 
or to week-days. 2. Happening, or 
done, once a week. — n. A publica- 
tion issued once in a week. — adv. 
Once a week. 

Ween, v. i. [A.-S. tvenan, wxnan.] 
To think ; to imagine. 

Weep, v. i. [wept; weeping.] 
[A.-S. wepan. Cf. Whoop.] 1. To 
shed tears ; to cry. 2. To lament. 3. 
To run in drops. 4. To drip ; to be 
very wet. 5. To droop. — v. t. 1. To 
lament ; to bewail. 2. To shed, as 
tears, or as if tears. 

WEEP'ER, n. Onewho weeps. 

Weep'ing-w'i'i/low, n. A species 
of willow with very long, slender, 
and drooping branches. 

WEE'V/L, n. [A.-S. wifel, wibil, al- 
lied to wefan, to weave.] A small 
destructive insect of the beetle tribe. 

WEFT, n. [A.-S., fr. wefan, to weave.] 
The woof of cloth. 

Weigh (wa), v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [A.-S. 
wegan, to bear, move, weigh, allied 
to Lat. vehf-re, to carry, Skr. vol'.] 
1. To raise, so that it hangs in the 
air. 2. To ascertain the weight of. 
3. To counterbalance. 4. To take by 
weight. 5. To ponder in the mind. 

— v. i. 1. To have weight. 2. To 
be considered as important. 3. To 
bear heavily. — n. A certain quan- 
tity estimated by weight. 

WEIGH'A-BLE (wa/-), a. Capable of 
being weighed. 

We igh'e R ( wa'er), n. One who weighs. 

Weight (wat), n. [See Weigh.] 1. 
Quality of being heavy ; gravity. 2. 
Quantity of matter as estimated by 
the balance. 3. Pressure; import- 
ance. 4. A graduated standard of 
heaviness. 5. Something heavy. 6. 
A definite mass oi metal, used for as- 
certaining the weight of other bodies. 

— v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] To load with 
a weight or weights. 

WlIGHT'I-LY (wat/-), adv. 1. Pon- 
derously. 2. With force or impres- 
siveness. 

Weight'i-ness (wat'-), n. State or 
quality of being weighty. 

WlIGHT'Y (wa.t'y), «. [-ER; -EST, 
142.] 1. Having weight ; heavy. 2. 
Important ; adapted to convince. 

Syx.— Ponderous; forcible; momen- 
tous; efficacious. 

Weir. n. [See Wear] 1. A dam in 
a river. 2. A fence of stakes or twigs 
in a stream for taking fish. See 
Wear. 

Weird, a. [A.-S. wyrd, fate, fortune.] 
1. Skilled in witchcraft. 2. Super- 
natural ; unearthly. 

WEL'COME (weFkuin), a. [A.-S. wil- 



cuma, a welcome guest, wilcume, in- 
terj. , fr. wil, for ivel, well , and cu?nan, 
to come.] 1. Received with gladness. 

2. Grateful ; pleasing. 3. Free to en- 
joy gratuitously. — n. Kind reception. 

— v. t. [-ED; -ING.] To salute 
with kindness, as a new comer ; to 
entertain hospitably and cheerfully. 

WEL/€OiYi-ER, n. One who welcomes. 

WELD, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [Ger. & D. 
wellen. Cf. WIELD.] To press or beai 
into permanent union, as two pieces 
of iron when heated almost to fusion. 

— n. Joint made by welding. 
Wel'FARE, n. [From wW aud /are 

to go, to be in any state.] Well- 
doing or well-being in any respect; 
enjoyment of the common blessings 
of life. 
Syx.— Prosperity; happiness. 

Wel'kin, n. [A.-S. woken, welcn, 
cloud, sky, Skr. valahafca, a cloud] 
The sky. 

WELL, ». [A.-S., fr. weallan, to boil.] 
1. A spring; a fountain. 2. A source. 

3. A cylindrical hole sunk into the 
earth till it reaches water. 4. Any 
inclosure similar to this. 5. An ex- 
cavation in the earth in mining. — 
v. i. [-ed; -ING.] To issue forth, 
as water from the earth ; to spring. 

— adv. [A.-S. wela, wel.] 1. In a 
good or proper manner. 2. Suita- 
bly ; abundantly ; fully ; adequate- 
ly. 3. Favorably ; advantageously. 

4. Considerably. — a. [better; 
BEST.] 1. Good in condition or cir- 
cumstances. 2. Being in health ; 
not sick. 3 Being in favor. 

Syx. — Fortunate; convenient; ad- 
vantageous; happy. 

Well'a-DAY, interj. [Corrupted fr. 
A.-S. walawa, from wa, woe, lu, lo, 
oh, mn&wa, woe.] Alas! 

WEll'-be'ing, n. Welfare; pros- 
perity. 

Well'-born, a. Born of a respect- 
able family. 

Well'-bred, a. Polite ; cultivated ; 
refined. _ 

Well'-fa'vored, a. Handsome-, 
pleasing to the eye. [tain. 

Well'-hEad, n. A spring or foun- 

WEll'-HOLE, n. The open space in 
the middle of a staircase, beyond the 
ends of the stairs. 

Well'-man'nered, a. Polite-, 
well-bred. 

WELL'-MEAN'ING, a. Having a good 
intention. 

WELL'-MEANT, a. Rightly intend- 
ed ; kind ; friendly. 

Well'-nigh (-nl), adv. Almost ; 
nearly. 

Well'-spok/en, a. 1. Speaking well 
or kindly. 2. Spoken with propriety. 

Well'-spring, /i. A fountain; a 
source of continual supply. 

WELL'-SWEEP, n. A long pole bal- 
anced upon a post and used to raise 
a bucket from a well. 

Well'-wisiPer, 71. One who wishes 
another well. 

Welsh, a. Relating to Wales, or its 
inhabitants. — n. sing, or pi. 1. 



i 

( 



6r,do, wolf, too, took; Drn, rue, pyLL ; J3, /, O, silent ; C,G, so/*; €,Q,hard; as; exist; nosns; this- 



WELSH-RABBIT 



476 



WHEREOF 



sing. The language of Wales. 2. pi. 
The natives of Wales. 

Welsh'-rab>bit,m. [Corrupted fr. 
Welsh rare-bit. ] Cheese melted and 
spread on toasted bread. 

Welt, n. [Prob. from W. givald, a 
hem, a welt, fr. gwaliaiv, to inclose.] 
A kind cf hem or edging on a gar- 
ment or on a shoe. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ing.] To furnish with a welt. 

"vYEL'TER, v. i. [-ed; -ING.] [A.-S. 
weltan, w'dltan, to roll, to welter, 
Icel. velta, Goth, valtjnn, valvjan.) 
1. To wallow ; to tumble about, esp. 
in any thing foul. 2. To rise and 
fall, as waves. 

Wen,'m. [A.-S. wenn.] A kind of tu- 
mor, without inflammation. 

Wench, n. [Cf. A.-S. wencle, a maid, 
a daughter.] 1. A low, vicious young 
woman ; a strumpet. 2. A negress. 
[Amer.] — v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
frequent the company of women of 
ill fame. 

WEnch'er, n. A lewd man. 

Wend, v. i. [-ed ; -ING.] [A.-S. wen- 
dan, to turn, to go.] To go ; to pass. 
— v.t. To direct ; to betake. 

Wen'ny, a. Having the nature of a 
wen. 

WENT, imp. of Wend ; — now used as 
the preterit of Go. 

Wept, imp. & p. p. of Weep. 

Were (wPr, 57), imp. ind. pi. & imp. 
subj. sing. & pi. of Be. 

WERST, n. SeeTERST. 

West, n. [A.-S.] 1. Point or quar- 
ter where the sun sets. 2. A region 
toward the snnsetting. — a. 1. Sit- 
uated in the direction of the setting 
sun ; relating to the west. 2. Com- 
ing from the west. — adv. To or at 
the westward. 

WEST'ER-LY, a. 1. Being toward or 
in the west. 2. Moving from the 
westward. — adv. Tending or going 
toward the west. 

West'ern, a. Situated in, or mov- 
ing toward, the west. 

West/ward, adv. Toward the west. 

West'ward-ly, adv. In a direction 
toward the west. 

Wet, a. [-ter; -test.] [A.-S. wwt, 
weaht.] 1. Containing water or 
moisture. 2. Very damp; rainy. — 
n. 1. Water ; moisture in considera- 
ble degree. 2. Rainy or misty weath- 
er. — v.t. [wet; wetting.] To 
fill or moisten with water or other 
liquid. [trated ram. 

WETK'ER, n. [A.-S. wedker.] A cas- 

Wet'NESS, n. 1. State of being wet ; 
moisture ; humidity. 2. A moist 
state of the atmosphere. 

Wet'-nurse, n. A nurse who suckles 
a child not her own. 

Whack, v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [From 
thwack.'] To strike with a heavy or 
resounding blow. — n. A smart, 
resounding blow. 

Whale, n. [A.-S. 
hwdl.] A marine 
animal of the class 
of Mammals, and Whale, 

family of Cetaceans. 



WHALE 'BONE, n. A firm, elastic sub- 
stance taken from the upper jaw of 
the right whale. 

Whale'man (150), n. A man em- 
ployed in the whale-fishery. 

Whal'er, n. A ship or a person em- 
ployed in the whale-fishery. 

Whap'per. n. Something uncom- 
monly large of the kind; — applied 
especially to a bold lie. 

Wharf (hworf), n. ; pi. properly 
wharfs, but wharves is also 
used. [A.-S. hwearf, hwarf, fr. hweor- 
fan, to turn.] A mound extending 
into the water, for landing goods ; a 
mole ; a pier. 

Wharf'age , n. Fee paid for the use 
of a wharf. 

Wharf'IN-ger.w. [From wharfing.] 
Keeper or proprietor of a wharf. 

What (hwot), pron. [A.-S. hwat, al- 
lied to Lat. quid.] 1. An interroga- 
tive pronoun, used with reference to 
inanimate objects. 2. How remark- 
able ; how great; — used exclama- 
tively. 3. How; — used adverbially. 
4. How strange a thing ! — used in- 
dependently. 5. A compound rela- 
tive, equivalent to that ivhich, or to 
the . . . which. 6. Whatever ; — 
used indefinitely. 7. In part ; partly. 

Wrat-ev'er, pron. Being this or 
that ; all that. 

What'-nOt, n. [From the abbrevi- 
ated phrase what not, used at the 
clwse of an enumeration ; hence, 
substantively, a miscellany, a va- 
riety.] A piece of furniture, having 
shelves for books, ornaments, &c. 

What'so-ev'er, a. Whatever. 

Wheal, n. [A.-S. hivele, putrefac- 
tion. Cf. Wale.] A wale. 

Wheat, n. [A.-S. hwsete, allied to 
hwit, white.] A plant and its seed, 
which furnishes a white flour for 
bread. 

Wheat'jbn, a. [A.-S. hwscten.] Made 
of wheat. 

Whee'dle (hwe'dl), v. t. [-ed; 
-ING.] [Cf. A -S. wddl'tan, to be 
poor, to beg.] 1. To entice by soft 
words. 2. To gain by flattery. 

Syn. — To flatter; coax; cajole. 

Wheel, n. [A.-S. hwedl, allied to 
Goth, valvjan, to roll.] 
1. A rotating disk or 
circular frame. 2. Any e ^g 
instrument having a 
similar form; as, (a.) 
A spinning-wheel, (b.) 
An instrument for- Wheel and 
merly used for pun- Axle, 
ishing criminals, (c.) A »^^ l! B « 
A circular frame hav- 
ing handles on the rim, used in steer- 
ing a ship, (d.) {Pottery.) A wooden 
disk revolving horizontally, on which 
the clay is shaped. 3. A turn or 
revolution ; rotation. — v. t. [-ED ; 
-ING.] 1. To convey on wheels. 2. 
To cause to revolve. — v. i. 1. To 
revolve ; to rotate. 2. To go round 
in a circuit. 

Wheel'bar-row, n. A light car- 




riage, with one wheel, rolled by a 
single person. 

Wheel'-house, n. 1. A small house 
on deck, containing the steering- 
wheel. 2. Paddle-box of steamers. 

WHEEL'ING, n. 1. Act of conveying 
on wheels. 2. Convenience for pass- 
ing on wheels. 

Wheel'wrIght (hweePrit), n. A 
man who makes wheels. 

Wheeze,!', i. [-ed; -ing] [A.-S. 
hweosan, to hiss, whiz] To breathe 
hard, and with an audible sound. 

Whelk, n. [A.-S. hwylca, a varicose 
vein, hylca, a bend.] 1. Au ine- 
quality on the surface. 2. A stripe 
or streak. 3. A mollusk having a 
one-valved, spiral shell. 

Whelm, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [Cf. A.-S. 
for-welman, to overwhelm, to suffo- 
cate.] 1. To cover with water or 
other fluid. 2. To immerse deeply ; 
to overburden. 

Whelp, n. [A.-S. hwelp] 1. The 
young of the canine species, and of 
beasts of prey ; a puppy ; a cub. 2. 
A child. — v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
bring forth young, as the female of 
the canine species, &c. 

WHEN, adv. [A.-S. hwenne.] 1. At 
what time ; — used interrogatively 
or relatively . 2. While; whereas. 

AVhence, adv. [0. Eng. whennes, 
whens, with the term, of a genitive.] 
From what place ; from what or 
which source, origin, antecedent, 
&c. ; — used interrogatively or rela- 
tively. 

WHENCE'SO-EV'ER, relative, adv. or 
conj. From what place, cause, or 
source soever. 

When-e/'er, relative adv. or con j. 
At whatever time. 

When'so-ev'er, relative adv. or 
conj. Whenever. 

Where (4), adv. [A.-S. hu-ar, hw'dr.] 

1. At what place ; in what situa- 
tion ; — used interrogatively. 2. At 
which place : — used relatively 3. To 
what or which place ; whither ; — 
used interrogatively and relatively. 

Syn. — See Whither. 

Wheke'A-bout', 1 adv. 1. About 

Where'a-bouts', ) where ; near 
what or which place : — used inter- 
rogatively and relatively. 2. Con- 
cerning which. [The word is often 
used colloquially as a noun.] 

Where-as', conj. 1. Considering 
that; since. 2. The case being in 
truth that. 

Where-at', adv. At what. 

Where-by', adv. By which ; by what. 

WHERE 'f5re, adv. [From where 
and for.] 1. For which reason. 2. 
For what reason; why. 

Where -In', adv. 1. In which; — 
used relatively. 2. In what; — used 
interrogatively. 

Where'in-to', adv. 1. Into which. 

2. Into what. 

Where-of' (hwer-oft 7 or hwcr-ov'), 
adv. 1. Of which ; — used relatively. 
2. Of what; — used indefinitely. 3. 
Of what; — used interrogatively. 



i, £,I, o,u, \ r ,long; X,E,i, 6, 0, y, short; cAre, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, t£rm; pique, firm; s6n : 



WHEREON 



477 



WHISK 



Where-on'. adv. On which. 

Where'so-Ev'er, adv. Wherever. 

Where-to', adv. 1. To which. 2. 
To what : to what end. 

Where'UP-on', adv. Upon which ; 
in consequence of which. 

Wher-EV'er (146), adv. At what- 
ever place. 

Where-with', or Where-wIth' 
(99), adv. 1. With which ; — used 
relatively. 2. With what ; — used 
interrogatively. 

Where'with-AI/, adv. Same as 
Wherewith" 

Wher'RY, n. [Allied to ferry ] A 
long, narrow, shallow boat, sharp at 
both ends for fast rowing or sailing. 

Whet, v. t. [-ted ; -ting, 136.] [A.- 
S. hwettan, fr. hwdt, sharp.] 1. To 
rub in order to sharpen. 2. To stim- 
ulate. 3. To excite ; to provoke. — 
n. 1. Act of sharpening by friction. 
2. Something that stimulates the ap- 
petite. 

Wheth'er, pron. [A.-S. hw'ddher.] 
Which of two. [Antiquated.] — conj. 
Used to introduce the first of two 
or more alternative clauses, the other 
or others being connected by or, or 
by or whether. 

Whet'stone, n. A stone for sharp- 
ening edged instruments by friction. 

Whew, n. or interj. A half-formed 
whistle, expressing astonishment, 
scorn, or dislike. 

Whey (hwa), n. [A.-S. hwaeg. Cf. 
Whig.] The watery part of milk, 
separated in making cheese. 

WHEY'EY (hwa'y), a. Partaking of, 
or resembling, whey. 

WHICH, pron. [0. Eng. whilke, A.-S. 
hwylic, hwylc, Goth, hvcleiks, fr. hve, 
to whom, and leiks, like.] 1. An in- 
terrogative pronoun, signifying who, 
or what one of a number, sort, or the 
like. 2. A relative, used for all objects 
excepting persons. 3. A compound 
relative, standing for that which, 
those which, the . . . which, &c. 

WHICH-Ev'ER, \pron. Whether 

Which'so-EV'er, I one or the other. 

Whiff, ». [Cf. Icel. veifa, to shake, 
whirl.] A sudden expulsion of air 
from the mouth ; a quick puff of 
air. — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
puff out. 2. To convey by a puff. 

WhIf'FLE, v. i. [-EL>; -ING.] [A.-S 
waef/an, wseflian, to babble, to whif- 
fle.] To waver or shake, as if moved 
by gusts of wind ; to be fickle and 
unsteady. 

Whif'fler, n. One who whiffles. 

Whif'fle-tree, n. The bar to 
which the traces of a carriage are 
fastened for draught. 

WhIg, n. [From whig, whey, which 
the Scottish Covenanters used to 
drink, and hence a name given to 
them , or fr. Scot, whiggamore, one 
who drives horses, contr. to whig. 
In 1648, a party of these people 
marched to Edinburgh to oppose the 
king ; hence the name was given to 
the party opposed to the court.] 1. 
One of a political party in England. 



2. A friend and supporter of the 
American Revolution. 3. One of a 
political party in the United States 
from about 1829 to 1853. 

WHiG'(iER-Y, I n. The principles of 

WhIg'gIsm, J a whig. 

Whig'gish, a. Pertaining to, or par- 
taking of the principles of, whigs. 

While, n. [A.-S. hwil.] Space of 
time. — adv. 1. During the time 
that ; as long as. 2. In which case. 
Sy.y.- Though.— Both these words 
are used in comparing things or draw- 
ing parallels between then i : but though 
also implies cuntratt, which while does 
not. For instance, we may say, " While 
I admire his courage, I honor him for 
his self-command;" and "Though I ad- 
mire his courage, I detest his ferocity." 
While might, indeed, be used in both 
cases; but if we mean distinctly to im- 
ply a contrast, we must use though. 

— v.t. [-ED; -ING.] To cause to 
pass pleasantly ; to spend or pass. 

Wfll'LOM, adv. [A.-S. hw'dum,hwi- 
lon.] Formerly ; of old. 

Whilst, adv. Same as While. 

Whim, n. [Icel. hvim, a quick move- 
ment.] A fancy ; capricious notion. 
Syn. — Freak. — A freak is literally a 
sudden start or change of place, and 
hence denotes some particular actwhich 
is hasty or fanciful, perhaps humorous 
or childish; a whim is dictated by ca- 
price, and usually implies a state of 
mind more or less permanent. The 
young are apt to have their freaks, and 
the old to indulge themselves in ivhims. 

Whim'per, v. i. [-ed; -ING.] To 
cry with a low, whhdng, broken 
voice. 

WhIm'§EY, n. A whim ; a freak. 

Whim's i-cal, a. 1. Full of whims ; 
having odd fancies. 2. Singular ; 
curious ; odd. 

Sy>'. — Quaint ; freakish : capricious; 
fanciful; fantastical. See Quaint. 

Whim'si-^Al'i-ty, ( n. State or 

Whim'si-cal-ness, ) quality of be- 
ing whimsical ; whimsicalness. 

WhIm'si-€AL-ly, adv. In a whim- 
sical manner. 

Whim'Wham, n. [From whim by re- 
duplication.] A whim or whimsey. 

WhIn, n. [W. chwyn, weeds.] 1. 
Gorse ; furze. 2. A leguminous 
plant, having yellow flowers. 

Whine, v.i. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
wanian, cwanian, to mourn, howl.] 
To utter a plaintive, long-drawn cry ; 
hence, to complain in a mean, un- 
manly way. — n. A nasal puerile 
tone of mean complaint. 

Whin'ER, n. One who whines. 

Whin'ny, v. i. [-ED ; -ING, 142.] 
[From the root of whine.] To utter 
the sound of a horse. — n. Cry of 
a horse; a neigh. 

Whin'-stone, n. Trap or green- 
stone; — applied by miners to any 
kind of dark-colored, hard, unstrati- 
fied rock. 

Whip, v. t. [-ped ; -ping.] [A.-S. 
hweopian.] 1. To strike or punish 
with any thing lithe * to lash ; to 
flog. 2. To form into gathers by 
overcasting a rolled edge and draw- 
ing up the thread. 3. To overlay, 



as a cord, rope, &c, with other 
cords. 4. To take or move by a sud- 
den motion. — v. i. To move nim- 
bly. — n. 1. An instrument for 
driving horses, &c, or for correc- 
tion. 2. A coachman, or driver of 
a carriage. 3. A small tackle with a 
single rope, to hoist lignt bodies. 

WhIp'-cord, n. A hard-twisted or 
braided cord for making lashes. 

WhTP'GRAFT, v. t. l-ED; -ING.] To 
graft by cutting the scion and stock 
in a sloping direction, so as to fit 
each other, and by inserting a tongug 
on the scion into a slit in the stock. 

WhIp'PER, n. 1. One who whips. 2. 
One who raises coal with a tackle 
from a ship's hold. 

Whip'per-Ih', n. 1. A huntsman 
who keeps the hounds from wander- 
ing. 2. One who enforces the disci- 
pline of a party. 

WHIP'PER-SNAP'PER, n. A diminu- 
tive, insignificant person. [Collor/.] 

Whip'ping-post, n. A post to which 
offenders are tied to be whipped. 

WhTp'ple-tree, n. [Cf. Whiffle • 
TREE.] The bar to which the trace*, 
of a harness are fastened. 

WiiTp'-poor-will, n. An American 
bird, so called from its note. 

Whip's »w, n. A saw for dividirg 
timber lengthwise, commonly worked 
by two persons. 

WhTp'-staFF (149), n. A bar by 
which the rudder is turned ; u 
tiller. 

WhIp'ster, 7i. [From whip.] A nim- 
ble little fellow. 

Whip'-stock, n. The rod to which 
the lash of a whip is fastened. 

WlllR (18), v. i. [-RED ; -RING, 136.] 
[A.-S. hweorfan, to turn.] To whirl 
round with noise. — n. A buzzing 
sound produced by rapid or whirling 
motion. 

Whirl (hwTrl, 18), v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] 
[Icel. hvirfla, to whirl. See supra.] 
l.'To turn round rapidly. 2. To 
remove quickly with a revolving mo- 
tion. — v. i. 1. To be turned round 
rapidly ; to gyrate. 2. To move 
hastily. — n. 1. Rapid rotation. 2. 
Any thing that is turned with ve- 
locity. 

Whirl'-bXt, n. Any thing moved 
with a whirl in order to strike hard. 

Whirl'- bone, n. The knee-pan. 

WHIRL'I-GIG', ti. [From whirl and 
gig.] A child's toy, spun around 
like a wheel on an axis. 

Whirl'pool, 7t. A vortex or gulf 
in which the water moves round in 
a circle. 

Whirl'wind, n. A violent wind 
moving in a circle round its axis. 

WhIsk, n. [0. H. Ger. wise] 1. A 
rapid, sweeping motion. 2. A small 
bunch of grass, straw, or the like; 
hence, a brush or small besom. 3. A 
kind of tippet. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
1. To sweep or agitate with a light, 
rapid motion. 2. To move with a 
quick, sweeping motion — v.i. To 
move nimbly and with velocity. 



6r, do, wolf, too, took; urn, rue, pull; e, i, o, silent: c,G,so/i; e,G,hard; as; exist; n as NG; this. 



WHISKER 



478 



WICKED 



WhYsk'ER, n. [Usually in the pi.] 1. 
That part of the beard which grows 
on the sides of the face. 2. The long, 
projecting hairs at the sides of the 
mouth of a cat, &c. 

Whisk'ered, a. Having whiskers. 

Whis'ky, In. [Corrupted fr. usque- 

Wms'KEY, i baugh.] A spirit dis- 
tilled from barley, wheat, rye, or 
maize. 

vYhis'per, v. i. [-ed;-ing.] [A.-S. 
hwisprian. Cf. Whistle.] 1. To 
utter words without sonant breath. 
2. To make a low, sibilant sound. — 
v. t. 1. To utter in a low, and not 
vocal, tone. 2. To address in a 
whisper. — n. 1. A low, soft, sibi- 
lant voice. 2. A cautious or timor- 
ous speech. 

Whis'per-er, n. One who whispers. 

Whist, a. [Cf. Hist.] Silent; mute; 
still. — n. A certain game at cards 
requiring close attention. — interj. 
Be still ; hush. 

Whis'tle (hwis'sl). v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] [A.-S.hwistlan, to whisper.] 
1. To utter a kind of musical sound, 
esp. by pressing the breath through 
a small orifice formed by the lips. 2. 
To sound shrill. — v. t. 1. To form 
or modulate by whistling. 2. To 
send or call by a whistle. — n. 1. A 
sharp, shrill sound, made by forcing 
the breath through the compressed 
lips, or a similar sound in whatever 
way produced. 2. An instrument 
producing a sound like that de- 
scribed. 

Whis'tler (hiws'ler), n. One who 
whistles. 

WhTt (hwit), n. [A.-S. wiht, a creat- 
ure, a thing. See Wight.] The 
smallest part or particle imaginable ; 
a bit ; a jot ; — used adverbially. 

White, a. [-er;-est.] [A.-S. hwlt.] 

1. Having the color of pure snow. 

2. Pale ; pallid. 3. Pure ; clean ; free 
from blemish. 4. Gray, as the effect 
of age. 5. Innocent ; fortunate ; 
happy ; favorable. 

e3f White lead, a carbonate of lead, 
much used in painting, and for other 
purposes. — White swelling, a strumous 
inflammation of the synovial mem- 
branes of the knee-joint; — applied also 
to a lingering, chronic tumor, of almost 
any kind.— White wine, any wine of a 
light,clear, transparent color, as Madeira, 
sherry, &c. 

Syn. — Snowy ; pure ; unblemished. 
— n. 1. The color of pure snow; 
strictly a composition of all the 
colors. 2. Something having the 
color of snow. 3. One of the white 
raceofmen. — v. t. [-ED;-ING.] To 
make white ; to whiten. 

White'-bait, n. A very small, deli- 
cate fish of the herring kind. 

White'-lIVer^d, a. Having a 
pale look : feeble ; cowardly. 

White '-me at, n. 1. Meats made of 
milk, butter, cheese, eggs, &c. 2. 
Young or delicate fleshy as poultry, 
rabbits, &c. 

Whit'es.v. t. or i. [-ed; -ing.] To 
make or turn white ; to bleach. 



WHTTE'NESS, n. 1. State or quality 
of being white. 2. Paleuess. 3. 
Purity ; cleanness. 

Whites, n. pi. A disease of women. 

White'-smith, n. 1. One who works 
in tinned iron. 2. A worker in iron 
who finishes or polishes the work. 

WHITE'WASH, n. A wash or liquid 
composition for whitening some- 
thing, esp. the plaster of walls. — v. 
t. [-ed; -ing.] 1. To cover with 
a white liquid composition. 2. To 
give a fair external appearance to. 

WHlTE'WASH-ER, n. One who white- 
washes. 

WhITH'ER, adv. [A.-S. htvader, 
hwider.] 1. To what place ; — used 
interrogatively. 2. To what or which 
place ; — used relatively. 3. To what 
point or degree ; whereto. 

Syn. — Where. — Wltither is now, to a 
great extent, obsolete, except in poetry, 
or in compositions of a grave and serious 
character. Where has taken its place, as 
in the question, " W here are you going?" 

WHiTH'ER-so-Ev'ER, adv. To what- 
ever place. 

Whit'ING, n. [From white.] I. A 
sea-fish, allied to the cod. 2. Pure 
ground chu,"ik. 

Whit'ish, a. Somewhat white. 

Whit'ish-ness, n. Quality of being 
whitish. 

WillT'LEA-FH-ER, n. 1. Leather 
dressed with alum, salt, &c. 2. A 
tough, white ligament on the neck 
of quadrupeds. 

Whit'low, n. [From white and low, 
flame, fire.] An inflammation of the 
fingers or toes, terminating usually 
in suppuration. 

Whit'sun-day 1 (hwh7sn-),«.[From 

WhIt'SUN-TIDE 1 white and Sun- 
day, or tide.] The seventh Sunday 
after Easter ; — so called, because, in 
the primitive church, newly baptized 
persons appeared at church in white 
garments. 

Whit'tle, n. 1. [A.-S. hwitle, a little 
knife.] A knife. 2. [A.-S. hicitel, 
a cloak. See WHITE.] A grayish, 
coarse blanket worn by west country- 
women, over the shoulders. [Eng.] 
— v. t. [-ed; -ing.] To pare the 
surface of with a small knife. — v.i. 
To cut a piece of wood with a 
knife. 

Whiz, v. i. [-zed; -zing.] [Cf. 
Wheeze and Hiss.] To make a 
hissing sound, like a ball flying 
through the air. — n. A hissing or 
humming sound. 

Who (hob), pron. sing, or pi. [A.-S. 
hwa, hwa.] What or which person 
or persons ; — used relatively or in- 
terrogatively. 

Whoa (hwo), interj. See Ho. 

Who-EV'er (ho"b-), pron. Any one 
without exception. 

Whole (hoi, 20), a. [A.-S. hal, 
healthy, sound, whole.] 1. Contain- 
ing the total amount or number. 2. 
Not defective or imperfect. 3. Un- 
impaired ; uninjured. 4. Being in a 
state of health and soundness. 



Syn. — All ; complete ; undivided ; 
healthy; sound. 

■ — n. 1. The entire thing. 2. A regular 
combination of parts ; a system. 
Syn. —Totality; aggregate; gross. 

Whole'ness (hoP-), n. State of be- 
ing whole, entire, or sound. 

Whole'sale (h51'-), n. Saleofgooda 
by the piece or large quantity. — a. 
1. Buying and selling by the quan- 
tity. 2. Pertaining to trade by the 
quantity. 

Whole'some (hol'sum^O), a. [-er; 
-EST.] 1. Tending to promote 
health. 2. Favorable to morais, re- 
ligion, or prosperity. 

Syn.— Salubrious ; sound ; salutary; 
useful; kindly. 

Whole's6me-LY (hoP-), adv. In 
a wholesome manner ; salubriously. 

Whole'some-ness (hoPsum-), n. 
Quality of being wholesome. 

Whol'ly (hol'y, 20), adv. 1. En- 
tirely ; completely ; perfectly. 2. 
Totally. [Who. 

Whom (hobm), pron. Objective of 

Whom'so-EV'ER. (ho'om'-), pron. Ob- 
jective of Whosoever. 

Whoop (ho~op), v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [A... 
S. hwopan, to cry out.] To utter a 
loud cry; to shout; to hoot. — n. 
A shout of pursuit or cf war ; a 
halloo. 

Whoop'ING-€OUGH (hcTop/ing- 

kawf), n. A convulsive cough, end- 
ing with a sonorous inspiration or 
whoop. 

Whore (hor), n. [A.-S. hCre.] A 
woman who practices unlawful sex- 
ual commerce with men, esp. one 
who does it for hire. — v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING.] To have unlawful sexual 
commerce. 

Whore'dom (hor'-), n. 1. Practice 
of unlawful commerce with the other 
sex; lewdness. 2. (Script.) Idolatry. 

Whorl (hwQrl or hworl), n. [Allied 
to whirl.] 1. An arrangement of 
leaves or flowers, &c, around a 
stem, in the same plane with each 
other. 2. A turn of the spire of a 
univalve shell. 

Whort'le-ber'ry (hwfirt'l-), n. 
[Cf. A.-S. wyrt, herb, root.] A shrub, 
and its small, round, edible berry ; 
the huckleberry. 

Whose'so-E v'ER (hobz'-), pron. Pos- 
sessive of Whosoever. 

Whq'so-EV'ER (hob'-), pron. Any 
person whatever that. 

Why, adv. [A.-S. hwy, hwe, htt, why, 
instrumental form of hwa, hwat, 
who, what.] 1. For what cause, 
reason, or purpose; — used inter- 
rogatively. 2. For which reason or 
cause ; — used relatively. 3. Reason 
or cause for which ; — used as a 
compound relative. 

Wick, n. [A.-S. weoca, wecca.] A 
cotton cord, which draws up the oil, 
melted tallow or wax, or other ma 
terial used for illumination, to be 
burned. 

WIck'ed (60), a. [Prob. from A.-S. 
wiccian, to bewitch, because crimes 



£, E, I, b,v,\,long; A,£,t, 6, 0, ¥, short; care, far, Ask, all, what; ere, veil, t£rm; pique, fIrm; s6n, 



WICKEDLY 



479 



WIND-GALL 



were attributed to witchcraft.] Evil 
in principle or practice ; contrary to 
the moral law; addicted to vice. 

Syn. — Sinful; criminal; immoral; 
unholy; ungodly. See Iniquitous. 

Wick'ed-ly, adv. In a wicked man- 
ner ; viciously. 

WIck'ed-ness, n. 1. State or qual- 
ity of being wicked. 2. A wicked 
thing or act. 

WTcic'ER, a [See WlTHY.] Made 
of, or covered with, twigs or osiers. 
— n. A small twig or osier. 

WlCK'ET, n. [0. Fr. wiket, guischet, 
from A.-S. win, recess, port.] 1. A 
small gate or door, esp. when form- 
ing part of a larger one. 2. A gate- 
like frame-work of rods, in playing 
cricket. [wicks are made. 

Wick'ing, n. Material of which 

WIDE, a. [-er;-est.] [A.-S. wid.] 
1. Having a great extent every way ; 
extensive ; spacious. 2. Having con- 
siderable distance between the sides ; 
broad ; not narrow. 3. Of a certain 
measure between the sides. 4. Re- 
mote ; distant. — adv. To a distance. 

WIde'LY, adv. 1. To a wide degree ; 
far ; extensively. 2. Very much ; 
to a great degree. 

Wid'jsn, v. t. or i. [-ED ; -ING.] To 
make or grow wide or wider. 

WlDE'NESS, n. Quality or state of 
being wide ; breadth ; width. 

WlD'GEON (wlj'un), h. [Fr. vingeon, 
gingeon.] A water-fowl of the duck 
group. 

WId'ow, n. [A.-S. widuw ; Skr. 
vidhava, fr. vi, without, and dhava, 
husband.] A woman whose husband 
is dead. — v. t. [-ED ; -ing.] 1. 
To bereave of a husband. 2. To 
make desolate ; to bereave. 

Wid'ow-er, n. A man whose wife 
is dead. [widow. 

WId'ow-hood, n. State of being a 

Width (108), n. Extent from side to 
side ; breadth. 

Wield, v. t. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
wealdan, to rule.] 1. To use with full 
command or power. 2. To employ ; 
to control. 

Wife (149), n. [A.-S. wif.] The law- 
ful consort of a man. 

WlFE'HObD, n. State of a wife. 

WlFE'LY, a. Becoming or like a wife. 

WIG, n. [An abbrev. of periwig.] An 
artificial covering of hair for the 
head. 

Wight (wit), n. [ A.-S. wiht. wu/a, 
a creature, animal. Cf. Aught.] 
A being ; a person ; — used chiefly in 
irony or burlesque. 

WtG'WAM, n. 
[Algonquin 
wek, u his 
house; " with 
possessive and 
locative affixes, 
wS/cou- om -ut, 
" in his (or 
their) house ; " 
contr. by the 

English to wig- Wigwam. 

warn.] An Indian cabin or hut 




WlLD.a. [-ER;-EST.] [A.-S. wild.] 
1. Living in a state of nature; not 
tamed. 2. Growing or produced 
without culture. 3. Desert ; not in- 
habited. 4. Ferocious ; rude. 5. Net 
submitted to restraiut, training, or 
regulation. 6. Exposed to the wind 
and sea. 7. Indicating strong emo- 
tion or bewilderment. 

G@°" Wild is prefixed to the names of 
many plants, to distinguish them from 
such of the name as arc cultivated.— 
Wild cat, an animal of the cat family, 
stronger and fiercer than the domestic 
cat, very destructive to the smaller do- 
mestic animals. — Wild-goose chase, the 
pursuit of something as unlikely to be 
caught as a wiid goose. 

Syn.— Savage; desert; uncivilized; 
ungoverned; inconstant; loose; irregu- 
lar; disorderly. 

— n. An uninhabited and uncul- 
tivated region; a desert. 

Wil'der, v. t. [-ed;-ing.] [Eng. 
wild.] To cause to lose the way ; to 
bewilder. 

WIi/DER-NESS, n. A forest or a 
wide, barren plain ; a waste ; a des- 
ert. 

WTld'-fire, n. A composition of 
inflammable materials, very hard to 
quench. [keeper. 

Wild'grXve, n. A head forest- 

WlLD'ING, n. A wild crab-apple. 

WIld'ly, adv. In a wild condition 
or manner. [being wild. 

Wild'ness, n. State or quality of 

Syn. — Rudeness: savageness ; bru- 
tality; irregularity; alienation. 

Wile, n. [A.-S. wile. Cf. Guile.] 
A trick or stratagem practiced for 
insnaring or deception. 

Wil'ful. a. See Willful. 

WI'li-ness, n. Guile; craft. 

WILL, n. [A.-S. ivilla, wille. See the 
v.] 1. Power of choosing. 2. Choice 
which is made ; a volition. 3. A 
decree; a command. 4. Strong wish. 
5. That which is strongly wished or 
desired. 6. Legal declaration of a 
person, as to how he would have his 
property disposed of after his death ; 
testament. — v. t. This verb has 
an irregular and a regular form. 1. 
[Irregular, imp. would.] (a.) To 
wish ; to desire, {b.) As an auxiliary, 
used to denote futurity dependent on 
the subject of the verb. 2. [Regular. 
willed; WILLING.] (a.) To or- 
dain ; to decree, {b.) To give by 
testament; to bequeath. — v. i. 1. 
To exercise an act of volition. 2. To 
be disposed. 3. To determine. 

WlLL'FUL I (146), a. Governed by the 

WIl'ful J will without yielding to 
reason. 
Syn.— Obstinate ; perverse ; stubborn. 

Will'ful-LY, 1 adv. Obstinately ; 

WlL'FUL-LY, ) stubbornly. 

WlLL'FVL-NEss, 1 n. Quality of be- 

WIL'FUL-NESS, J ing willful. 

WIll'ing, a. [From will, v. t.]. 1. 
Free to do or grant ; having the 
mind inclined ; disposed. 2. Received 
of choice : chosen. 

WiLL'lNG-LY, adv. With free will. 



WTll'ing-ness, n. Quality of being 
willing ; free choice. 

WlL'LOW.n. [A.-S. wills;.] 1. A tree 
of many species. 2. A machine in 
which cotton is opened and cleansed. 

— v. t. To open and cleanse, as 
cotton, by means of a willow. 

WIl'LOW-Y, a. 1. Abounding with 
willows. 2. Pliant ; drooping. 

WlL'LY, n. A machine for opening 
and cleansing wool, similar to the 
willow used in cotton manufactures. 

WILT, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [A modif. 
of 0. Eng. welk, to fade, wither, fr. 
A.-S. hwile, lean.] To lose freshness 
and become flaccid ; to droop. [Amer.] 

— v. t. To make flaccid, as a green 
plant. 

WIl'y, a. [-ER; -est, 142.] Full 
of wiles ; mischievously artful. 

Syn.— Insidious; sly; crafty; subtle. 
See Cunning. 

WLm'ble, n. [0. D. wimpel. See 
Gimlet.] A gimlet. — v. t. [-ed ; 
-ING.] To bore or pierce, as with a 
wimble. 

Wim'ple, n. [M. H. Ger. wimpel, a 
vail. Cf. GIMP.] A covering laid in 
folds over the neck, chin, and sides 
of the face, worn by women. 

Win, v. t. [won ; winning.] [A.-S. 
winnan, to strive, fight, gain.] 1- 
To gain in competition or contest. 
2. To allure to kindness. 3. To gain 
over to one's side or party. — v. i. To 
gain the victory. 

Wince, v. i. [-ed;-ing.] [Cf. A.-S. 
wincian, to bend one's self, to nod.] 

1. To shrink ; to flinch ; to start 
back. 2. To kick or flounce. 

WINCH (66), n. [A.-S. wince.] 1. A 
crank-handle. 2. An axle turned 
by a crank-handle ; a windlass. 

Wind, n. [A.-S. ; Lat. ventus, Skr. 
wata, fr. iva, to blow.] 1. Air in 
motion with any degree of velocity. 

2. Breath modulated by the lungs and 
vocal organs, or by an instrument. 

3. Power of respiration. 4. Flatu- 
lence. 5. A point of the compass ; 
esp., one of the cardinal points. — 
v.t. [-ed; -ING.] 1. To winnow ; 
tc ventilate. 2. To perceive by the 
scent. 

Wind, v. t. [wound ; winding.] 1. 
[From wind, pron. wind.] To sound 
by blowing. 2. [A.-S. ivindan.] To 
turn, esp. about something fixed ; 
to coil ; to twist. 3. To regulate ; to 
govern. 4. To insinuate. — v. i. 1. 
To turn completely or repeatedly. 
2. To have a circular direction. 5. 
To meander. 

WlND'AGE,n. Difference between the 
diameter of the bore of a gun and 
that of the shot fired from it. 

WlND'BOUND, a. Prevented from 
sailing by a contrary wind. 

Wind'er, n. One who, or that which, 
winds. 

Wind'fall, n. 1. Fruit blown off 
from a tree by the wind. 2. An un- 
expected gain. 

Wind'-gall, 7i. A soft tumor on 
the fetlock joint of a horse. 



OR, DO,WQLF,TOO, TOOiij URN, RUE, PULL ; e, I, O, silent ; c;,G,sq/2; e,(i,hard; A§ ; EXIST; NasNG; this. 



WIND-GUN 



480 



WISTFUL 



A sheet in 




Windlass. 




WInd'-gOn, n. A gun discharged by 
compressed air. [being windv. 

WlND'l-NESS, n. State or quality of 

WlND'ING,w. 1. A turn or turning ; 
a bend. 2. A call by the boatswain's 
whistle. 

WlND'ING-SHEET, 
which a corpse 
is wrapped. 

WfND'LASS, n. 
[Apparently 
from wind and 
lace ; but cf. 
D. windas, fr. 
winden, to 

wind, and as, axis.] A cylinder or 
roller for raising weights, turned by 
a crank or lever. 

Wind'less, a. Having no wind. 

Wind'mTll, n. A 
mill turned by 
the wind. 

WIn'dow, n. [lcel. 
vindauga, win- 
dow, lit. wind- 
eye.] 1. An open- 
ing in a building 
for the admission 
of light and air. Windmill. 

2. The sash that closes the opening. 

3. A lattice or casement. 
Wind'pIpe, n. The passage for the 

breath to and from the lungs. 

WlND'ROW (win'ro), n. A row or line 
of hay raked together. 

WInd'WARD, n. The point from 
which the wind blows. — a. Situated 
toward the point from which the 
wind blows. — adv. In the direction 
from which the wind blows. 

Wind'y, a. [-ER ; -EST, 142.] 1. Con- 
sisting of wind. 2. Windward. 3. 
Tempestuous ; boisterous. 4. Flatu- 
lent. 5. Empty ; airy. 

WINE, n. [A.-S. win, Lat. rinum, 
MoWc Gr Folvos.] | 1. The expressed^ 
and usually the fermented juice of 
grapes. 2. A similar liquor, from 
other kinds of fruit. 3. Intoxication. 

Wine'-bib'BER, n. One who drinks 
much wine. [which wine is drank. 

Wine'-glAss, n. A small glass in 

Wine'-mEas/URE (-mezh'ur), n. The 
measure by which wines and other 
spirits are sold. 

Wine'-press, n. A place where, or 
an engine by which, wine is pressed 
from grapes. 

Wing, n. [lcel. v&ngr, wing, vings, 
agitation, fanning.] 1. One of two 
anterior limbs of a fowl. 2. Any 
similar instrument used for flying. 
3. Passage by flying; flight. 4. 
Motive of flight. 5. That which 
agitates the air, as a wing does. 6. 
A side-piece; as, (a.) A side-build- 
ing, less than the main edifice, (b.) 
(Fort.) The longer side of crown- 
works, horn-works, and the like, 
(c.) Right or left division of an 
army, regiment, &c. (d.) That part 
of the bold or orlop of a vessel 
•which is nearest the sides; also, 
one of the extremities of a fleet. — 
v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To fumish 



with wings. 2. To transport by 
flight. 3. To wound or disable a 
wing of. 

WlNG'ED (60), p. a. 1. Furnished 
with wings. 2. Swift; rapid. 3. 
Wounded in the wing. 

WtNG'LESS, a. Having no wings. 

WlNG'-siIELL, n. Case covering the 
wing of a coleopterous insect. 

WIng'y, a. Having wings ; rapid. 

WINK, v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] [A.-S. win- 
cian.] 1. To close and open the eye- 
lids quickly. 2. To give a hint by a 
motion of the eyelids. 3. To con- 
nive at any thing ; to avoid taking 
notice. — n. 1. Act of closing the 
eyelids quickly. 2. A hint given by 
shutting the eye. 

WIn'ner, n. One who wins. 

WlN'NING,;?. a. Attracting; adapted 
to gain favor ; charming. — n. Sum 
gained by success in competition or 
contest. 

WlN'NOW, v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] [A.-S. 
windwian, awindwian, to fan.] 1. 
To separate chaff from by wind. 2. 
To sift for separating falsehood from 
truth. 3. To fan. 

WlN's6ME(wTn/sum),a. [-ER; -EST.] 
[A.-S. ivynsum, from wynn, joy.] 
Cheerful ; light-hearted. 

Wi'N'TER, n. [Prob. allied to wind, 
because it is the windy season of the 
year.] The cold season of the year. — 
v.i. [-ED;-ING.] To pass the win- 
ter. — v. t. To keep or feed during 
the winter. 

WlN'TER-GREEN. n. An aromatic 
evergreen, haying Dright red berries. 

WIN'TER-KILL, V. i. [-ED; -ING.] 
To kill by the cold of winter. 

Win'ter-y, a. Suitable to, or re- 
sembling, winter. 

WIn'try, a. Same as WlNTERY. 

WIPE, v. t. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. wi- 
pian, to wrap up, to cuddle one's 
self up ] 1. To rub with something 
soft for cleaning ; to clean by rub- 
bing. 2. To remove by rubbing. — 
n. 1. Act of rubbing for cleaning. 
2. A blow ; a hit. 

WTp'er, n. 1. One who wipes. 2. 
Something used for wiping. 

Wire, n. [A.-S. wir.] An even thread 
of metal. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 1. To 
bind with wire. 2. To put on a wire. 

Wire'-BRIDGE, n. A bridge sus- 
pended on cables made of wires. 

WlRE'-DRAW, V. t. [-DREW ; 

-drawn'; -DRAWING.] 1. To form, 
as metal, into wire, by drawing it 
through a hole. 2. To draw or spin 
out to great length. 

Wire'-draw/er, rt. One who draws 
metal into wire. 

Wire'-pull'er, n. One who pulls 
the wires, as of a puppet ; hence, one 
who operates by secret means. 

Wire'- worm (-warm), n. The hard, 
slender larve of certain beetles. 

WlR'l-NESS, n. State of being wiry. 

Wir'y, a. 1. Made of wire; like wire. 
2. Tough ; sinewy. 

Wis, v. t. [imp. & p. p. WIST.] [A.-S. 
wisian, to instruct, show, govern 



See WIT, v. i.] [Obs. or poet.] 1 
To know. 2. To think ; to suppose, 

WIs'd6m, n. [A.-S. wisdom, fr. wis, 
wise, and the term. dCm, from dbm y 
doom, judgment, power.] 1. Quality 
of being wise; knowledge, and the 
capacity to make due use of it ; sa- 
gacity. 2. Acquired knowledge ; eru- 
dition. 3. Godliness ; piety. 

Syn. — Prudence. — Wisdom has been 
defined to.be the " use of the best means 
for attaining the best ends." and in thi» 
sense implies the union of high mental 
and moral excellence, Prudence is of a 
more negative character; it rather con- 
sists in avoiding danger than in taking 
decisive measures for the accomplish- 
ment of an object. Sir Robert Walpole 
was in many respects a prudent states- 
man, but he was far from being a wise 
one. Burke has remarked that prudence, 
when carried too far, degenerates into a 
" reptile virtue," which is the more dan- 
gerous for the plausible appearance it 
wears. 

WIse, a. [-ER; -EST.] [A.-S. wis, 
allied to wit, v. i.] 1. Having knowl- 
edge ; learned. 2. Making due use 
of knowledge ; discerning and judg- 
ing soundly. 3. Versed in art or sci- 
ence. 4. Godly ; pious. 5. Dictated 
or guided by wisdom. 

Syn. — Sage ; sagacious ; judicious. 

— n. [A.-S. wise. Cf. GUISE.] Way 
of being or acting ; mode. 

I83f- Wise is often used in composition, 
as in likewise, lengthwise, &c. 

WT§E'A-€RE (-a-ker) n. [Ger.weis- 
sager, a prophet, fr. weise, wise, and 
sagen, to say.] One who makes un- 
due pretensions to wisdom. 

Wise'LY, adv. Prudently ; judicious- 
ly; discreetly; with wisdom. 

WISH, v. i. [-ED; -ING.] [A.-S. wys- 
can, Skr. wantch.] 1. To have a de- 
sire. 2. To be disposed or inclined. 

— v. t. 1. To desire; to long for. 
2. To frame or express desires con- 
cerning. — n. 1. Desire; longing. 
2. Expression of desire ; petition ; in- 
vocation. 3. A thing desired. 

WIsh'-BONE, n. The forked bone in 

front of the breast-bone in birds. 
WTsh'ER, n. One who wishes. 
Wish'ful, a. 1. Having desire, or 

ardent desire. 2. Showing desire. 
WfsH'FUL-LY, adv. In a wishful 

manner. 
WIsh'y-wash'y, a. Without force 

or solidity ; also, very weak, when 
. said of liquor. 
WIsp, n. [lcel. risk. See Whisk.] 

A small bundle of straw, hay, or the 
WIST, imp. & p. p. of Wis. [like. 

Wist'FUL, a. [From wist, imp. of 

wis.] Eagerly attentive ; engrossed; 

hence, sometimes wishful. 
WiST'FUL-LY, adv. In a wistful 

manner. 
WIT, v. i. [k.S.untan.] To know,- 

— now used only in the infinitive to 
wit, a phrase equivalent to namely, 
that is to say. — n. [A.-S. witt,ivit.] 
1. Mind ; intellect ; sense. 2. A men- 
tal faculty. 3. Association of objects 
not usually connected, so as to pro- 
duce a pleasant surprise ; also, the 



t; -lixtr.j jl. j.o mmisn wisian, to instruct, snow, govern. auce a, pieasaui. surprise, aisu, ui 
Y.longf A,£, 1,6,0, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, T£RM } PIQUE, FIRM ; s6« 



I, E, 1,5,0, Y 



WITCH 



481 



WONDERMENT 



power of readily combining objects 
in sucli a manner. 4. A person of 
eminent sense, knowledge, or genius ; 
one distinguished for bright or amus- 
ing sayings. 

Syn. — Humor. — Wit formerly meant 
genius, and now denotes the power of 
seizing on some thought or occurrence, 
and, by a sudden turn, presenting it un- 
der aspects wholly new and unexpected 
— apparently natural and admissible, if 
not perfectly just, and bearing on the 
■ubject, or the parties concerned, witli a 
laughable keenness and force. " Wliat 
J want," said a pompous orator, aiming 
at his antagonist, " is common sense." 
"Exact ly .'" was the whispered reply. 
The pleasure we find in wit arises from 
the ingenuity of the turn, the sudden 
surprise it brings, and the patness of 
its application to the case, in the new 
and ludicrous relations thus flashed up- 
on the view. Humor is a quality more 
congenial than wit to the English mind. 
It consists primarily in taking up the 
peculiarities of a humorist, and drawing 
them out, so that we enjoy a hearty, 
good-natured laugh at the unconscious 
development he makes of his whims and 
oddities. From this original sense, the 
term has been widened to embrace other 
sources of kindly mirth of the same gen- 
eral character. In a well-known carica- 
ture upon English reserve, an Oxford 
student is represented as standingon the 
brink of a river, greatly agitated at the 
eight of a drowning man, and crying 
out, " O that I had been introduced to 
this gentleman, that I might save his 
life!^ The "Silent Woman" of Ben 
Johnson is one of the most humorous 
productions, in the original sense of the 
term, which we have in our language. 

WITCH, n. [A.-S. wicce,ioiglere,en- 
chanter ; allied to wig, holy.] 1. One 
given to the black art; a sorceress. 
2. A charming woman. — v. t. [-ED; 
-ING ] To bewitch ; to enchant. 

Witch'craft, n. 1. Practices of 
witches ; sorcery ; enchantments. 2. 
Power more than natural. 

WlTCH'ER-Y,n. 1. Sorcery ; enchant- 
ment ; witchcraft. 2. Fascination. 

Wi'tch'ing, a. Suited to enchant- 
ment or witchcraft. 

WlTS, prep. [A.-S. widh, wid, with, 
at, against. Cf. A.-S. mid, midli, 
Ger. mit, with.] With denotes or ex- 
presses, — 1. Nearness; connection; 
intercourse. 2. Situation or estima- 
tion among ; treatment by. 3. 
Friendship or assistance. 4. Instru- 
ment ; means. 5. Correspondence ; 
comparison. 6. Close succession. 

WlTH-AL', adi: [with and all.] With 
the rest ; likewise. — prep. With ; — 
following the object of a verb. 

WlTH-DRAW', V. t. [-DREW; 

-DRAWN ; -DRAWING.] 1. To take 
away ; to draw back ; to cause to go 
away. 2. To recall or retract. — v. i. 
To quit a company or place ; to go 
away. 

Stx. — To retire; retreat; recede. 

WITH-DRAW'AL, n. Act of withdraw- 
ing, [ing-room. 
With-dra Wing-room, n. A draw- 

WlTH-DRAW'MENT, n. Act of with 
drawing, or state of being with 
drawn ; withdrawal. 

WITHE (with), n. [A.-S. widhig 



widhdhe, a withy, twisted rod.] 1. 
A flexible, slender twig. 2. A baud 
consisting of a twig or twigs twisted. 

WfTH'ER, v. i. [-EDJ-1NG.] [A.-S. 
wyderu, withering, dryness, gewyth- 
erod, withered, orig. dried by the 
weather or air.] 1. To lose fresh- 
ness ; to dry. 2. To pine away, as 
animal bodies. 3. To perish ; to 
pass away. — v. t. 1. To cause to 
fade and become dry. 2. To cause 
to languish, perish, or pass away. 

WiTH'ERS, n.pl. [Ger. widerrist, fr. 
wider, against, and rist, elevation, 
withers, fr. the root of rise.] Ridge 
between a horse's shoulder-bones. 

WiTH'ER-WKUNG(-ruug), a. Injured 
or hurt in the withers. 

WlTH-HOLD', V. t. [-HELD ; -HELD 

or -holden; -holding.] 1. To 
hold back ; to restrain. 2. To retain ; 
not to grant. 
With -in', prep. 1. In the inner part 
of. 2. In the limits or compass of. 
3. Inside the reach or influence of. 

— adv. 1. In the inner part; in- 
wardly ; internally. 2. In the house. 

WITH-OUT', prep. 1. On or at the 
outside of. 2. Out of the limits or 
reach of ; beyond. 3. Not with ; in- 
dependently of. 4. Unless ; except. 

— adv. Not on the inside ; not 
within ; out of doors ; externally. 

WlTH-STAND', V. t. [-STOOD; 

-standing.] To oppose ; to resist. 

WlTH'y, n. [See Withe.] A withe. 

— a. Made of withes ; like a withe. 
Wit'less, a. 1. Destitute of under- 
standing. 2. Indiscreet, [smartness. 

WiT'LlNG, n. A pretender to wit or 
Wit'ness, n. [A.-S. witnes, fr. wi- 
tan, to know.] 1. Attestation of a 
fact ; testimony. 2. That which fur- 
nishes evidence. 3. One who beholds 
or has personal knowledge of any 
thing. 4. One who sees the execu- 
tion of, and attests, an instrument. 
5. One who gives testimony. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ing.] 1. To see or have di- 
rect cognizance of. 2. To give testi- 
mony to. 3. To see the execution 
of, as an instrument, and subscribe 
it for the purpose of establishing its 
authenticity. 

Syx. — To behold ; testify ; attest ; 
certify; depose. 

— v. i. To bear testimony. 
WTt'TI-cIsm.h. A phrase affectedly 

witty ; an attempt at wit. 

WTt'TI-ly, adv. With wit. [witty. 

WIt'ti-ness, n. Quality of being 

WIT'TING-LY, adv. [See WlT.J 

Knowingly. 

WlT'TOL, n. [A.-S., knowing, fr. wi- 
tan, to know.] A man who knows his 
wife's infidelity, and submits to it. 

Wit'ty, a. [-er ; -est, 142.] Pos- 
sessing wit ; good at repartee. 

Syn. — Acute ; smart ; sharp ; arch ; 
facetious; satirical; humorous. 

WIVE, v. t. or i. [From wife.] [-ED ; 

-ING.] To marry ; — said of a man. 
WTve§, n.; pi. of Wife. 
Wiz'ard, n. [From wise and the 

term. ard.\ A magician ; a conjurer ; 




Wolf. 



a sorcerer. — a. 1. Enchanting. 2. 
Haunted by wizards. 

Wfz'i'N (wiz'n), a. [From A.-S. ww- 
nian, to grow dry, wesan, to weak- 
en.] Thin ; sharp ; pinched. 

W6 AD, n. [A.-S. wad.] An herba- 
ceous plant, or a blue coloring matter 
derived from it. [heavy calamity. 

Woe, n. [A.-S. wa.] Grief; misery, 

Woe'-BE-gone', a. [Eng. woe, and 
0. Eng. begone, visited, happened to, 
from be, prefix, and gone.] Over- 
whelmed with woe. 

Wo'fvl, la. 1. Full of woe; sor- 

Woe'ful, ) rowful; unhappy. 2. 
Bringing calamity or distress. 3. 
Wretched ; miserable. 

Wo'ful-ly, I adv. 1. Sorrowfully. 

WOE'FUL-Ly, ) 2. Wretchedly ; mis- 
erably. 

Wo'fijl-ness, ) n. Quality of being 

Woe'ful-ness, J woeful ; misery. 

WoLD,n. [A.-S.] [See Wood.] 1. 
A wood ; a forest. 2. A plain, or 
open country. 

Wolf (wulf), n. [A.-S. wulf allied 
to Lat. vulpes, a fox.] 1. A carnivor- 
ous animal. 2. 
Anythiug very 
ravenous or de- 
structive. 

Wolf'ish, a. Like 
a wolf. 

WOLF*S'-BANE,n. 
A poisonous plant. 

WOL'VER-INE', » 

WOL'VER-ENE', J 
n. [From wolf, prob. because it waa 
thought to have wolfish qualities.] 
A carnivorous mammal. 

WOM'AN (150), 11. [A.-S wifmann, 
wlmann, fr. wlf, woman, wife, and 
mann, a man.] 1. A female, esp. 
ac adult female, of the human race. 
2. A female servant. 

Wom'an-ho"od, n. State, character, 
or collective qualities of a woman. 

Wom'an-Ish, a. Suitable to a woman ; 
having the qualities of a woman. 

Wqm'an-kind, n. The female sex; 
race of females of the human kind. 

Wom/an-ly, a. Becoming a woman ; 
feminine. — adv. In the manner of 
a woman. 

Womb (wo - om), n. [A.-S.] 1. The 
uterus of a female. 2. The place 
where any thing is produced. 3. 
Any cavity containing any thing. 

WON (wun), imp. & p. p. of Win. 

WON'DER, n. [A.-S. wunder.] 1. 
Emotion excited by something new, 
strange, great, and not well under- 
stood ; surprise ; astonishment. 2- 
That which excites surprise; a 
prodigy. — v. i. [-ed;-ing.] 1. To 
be affected by surprise or admiration. 
2. To feel doubt and curiosity. 

W6n'der-ful, a. Adapted to excito 
wonder ; exciting surprise. 

Syn.— Amazing ; astonishing ; sur- 
prising. See Maisvelous. 

W6n'der-ful-ly, adv. In a woa- 
derful manner. 

Won'der-ment, n. Surprise ; won- 
der. 



OB,DO,WQLF,TOO,TOOE.; Orn, rue, PULL; E, Z, O, silent; 9,6,50//,- €, S, hard; A^; *.^IST; N as NG ; THIS. 



WONDROUS 



482 



WORM 



Won'droDs, a. Such as may excite 
surprise and astonishment. 

Syn. —Wonderful ; strange; marvel- 
ous; prodigious; admirable. 
— adv. Wondrously ; marvelously. 

Won'droDs-LY, adv. In a wonder- 
ful manner or degree. 

Won't. A colloquial contraction of 
woll not, for will not. 

WONT (wQnt). a. [For woned, from 
won (obs.), to dwell, A.-S. wunian.] 
Accustomed; habituated. — n. Cus- 
tom ; habit.— v. i. [wont ; wont, 
or WONTED; wonting.] To be ac- 
customed or habituated ; to be used. 

WONT'ED, a. Accustomed; custom- 
ary. 

Woo,d. t. [-ED; -ING, 144.] [A.-S. 
wdgian, from wdg, too, a bending.] 

1. To solicit in love ; to court. 2. 
To invite with importunity. — v.i. 
To make love. 

Wood, b. [A.-S. wudu, wood, a wood, 
weald, wald, a wood.] 1. A large 
collection of trees ; a forest. 2. Hard 
substance of trees ; timber. 3. Trees 
cut or sawed for the fire. — v. I. 
[-ED ; -ING.] To get supplies of 
wood for. — v. i. To take in sup- 
plies of wood. 

Wo"bD'BiNE,n. [wood, and bind.] 1. 
A climbing plant having flowers of 
great fragrance; the honey-suckle. 

2. An ornamental woody vine, called 
also Virginia creeper. 

Wo'od'chDck, n. [From wood, and 

the root of sow 

or hog.] A ro- 
dent mammal, 

a species of 

marmot. 
Wo od'COCK, n. Woodchuck. 

A bird of the snipe family. 
Wood'-craft, n Skill and practice 

in shooting and other sports in the 




Wood'-cut, n. An engraving on 
wood, or an impression from such 
an engraving. [wood. 

^FobD'-CUT'TER, n. One who cuts 

Wood'ed, a. Supplied or covered 
with wood. 

Wood'en (wdbd'n), a. 1. Made of 
wood. 2. Clumsy ; awkward. 

Wo"od'-house , n. A house or shed 
to keep wood in. [trees. 

Wo"od'land,ji. Land covered with 

Wood'-laek, n. A species of lark. 

Wood'man (150), n. 1. A forest 
officer. [Eng.] 2. A sportsman. 
3. One who cuts down trees. 

Wo'od'nymph, n. A fabled goddess 
of the woods ; a dryad. 

Wood'pecr-er, n. A scansorial 
bird which pecks holes in the wood 
or bark of trees for insects. [dove. 

Wo"bD'-PlG'EON (-un), n. The ring- 

WCbu'-REEVE, n. The overseer of 
a wood. [Eng.] 

Wood'-S€REW (-skru), n. An iron 
screw furnished with a sharp thread, 
for insertion in wood. 

Wo"od'y, a. Abounding with, or con- 
sisting of, wood ; ligneous. 

Wo o'er, n. One who wooes. 

Woof, n. [From A.-S. ivefan, to 



weave.] The threads that cross the 
warp in weaving. 

Wool (27), n. [A.-S. wull, allied to 
Lat. villus, vellus.] 1. That soft, 
curled hair which grows on sheep 
and some other animals. 2. Short, 
thick, crisped hair, as of a negro. 

WOOLD, V. t. [-ED; -ING.] [D. 
woelen.] To wind a rope round, as 
a mast or yard, when made of two 
or more pieces, at the place where 
they have been scarfed. 

Wool'en, {a. 1. Made or consist- 

Wool'len, J ing of wool. 2. Pertain- 
ing to wool. — n. Cloth made of wool. 

Wool'en-dra'per, n. A dealer in 
woolen goods. [the wool. 

Wool'fell, n. A fell, or skin, with 

Wool'-gath'er-ing, n. Indul- 
gence in idle exercise of the imagina- 
tion ; vagary. 

Wool'-grow'er, n. One who raises 
sheep for the production of wool. 

Wo~bi/LI-NESS, n. State of being 
woolly. 

Wool'lt, a. [-ER; -EST, 142.] Con- 
sisting of, or resembling, wool. 

Wo"bi/-PACK, n. 1. A pack or bag 
of wool weighing 240 pounds. 2. 
Any thing bulky without weight. 

Wo"c>l'-sack, n. A sack or bag of 
wool ; esp. one used as the seat of 
the lord chancellor of England in 
the House of Lords. [in wool. 

Wool'-sta'pler, n. One who deals 

WORD (wQrd), n. [A.-S. word, allied 
to Lat. ver-b-um.] 1. The spoken, 
written, or printed sign of a concep- 
tion. 2. Talk ; discourse. 3. Account; 
tidings. 4. Signal ; command. 5. 
Statement ; declaration ; promise. 6. 
Dispute. 7. A brief remark or obser- 
vation. 8. The Scriptures. 

Syn. — See Term. 
— v. t. [-ed;-ing.] To express 
in words. 

Word'-book (wfird'-), n. A vocab- 
ulary ; a dictionary. 

Word'i-ness (wfird'-), n. State or 
quality of being wordy. [pression. 

Word'ing (wfird'-), n. Style of ex- 

WORD'Y (wfird'#), a. [-ER; -EST, 
142.] 1. Using many words ; ver- 
bose. 2. Containing many words. 

Wore, imp. of Wear. 

Work (wfirk), v. i. [worked or 

WROUGHT ; WORKING.] [A.-S. 
wyrcan, weorcan.] 1. To exert 
one's self for a purpose ; to labor. 

2. To operate ; to act ; to perform. 

3. To have effect or influence. 4. 
To carry on business. 5. To move 
heavily ; to strain ; to labor. 6. To 
proceed with difficulty. 7. To fer- 
ment, as a liquid. 8. To operate on 
the bowels, as a cathartic. — v. t. 1. 
To labor or operate upon. 2. To 
accomplish ; to effect. 3. To pro 
dace by slow degrees. 4. To man- 
age ; to lead. 5. To embroider. 6. To 
direct the action of; to manage. 7. To 
cause to ferment. — n. 1. Exertion 
of strength. 2. That on which one is 
at work. 3. Result of labor ; product; 
specifically, (a.) A composition ; a 
book, (b.)pl. Structures in civil, mili- 



tary, or naval engineering, as docks. 
bridges, embankments, trenches, &c. 
4. Management ; treatment. 5. pi. 
( Tkeol. ) External performances, as 
a ground of justification. 

Syn. — Labor ; employment; toil- 
occupation: production; achievement. 

Work'a-ble (wfirk'a-bl), a. Capable 
of being worked. 

Work'-bag (wfirk'-), n. A bag for 
holding instruments or materials for 
needle-work. 

Work'-box (wfirk'-), n. A box for 
instruments or materials for work. 

Work'-day (wfirk'-), n. & a. Same 
as Working-day. 

Work'er (wGrk'er), n. One who 
works ; a laborer. 

Work'-fel'low (wfirk'-), n. One 
engaged in the same work with an- 
other. 

Work'-house (wGrk'-), n. 1. A 
house in which idle and vicious per 
sons are confined to labor. 2. A 
house where the town poor are main- 
tained at the public expense, and 
provided with labor. 

Work'ing-DAY (wfirk'-), n. A day 
on which work is performed, as dis- 
tinguished from the Sabbath, a festi- 
val, or a holiday. 

Work'man (wfirk'-, 150), n. A work- 
er ; especially, a skillful artificer. 

Work'man-eike ) (wfirk'-), a. Be- 

Work'man-LY ) coming a work- 
man, esp., a skillful one ; skillful. 

Work'man-ship (wfirk'-), n. 1. Skill 
of a workman ; manner of making 
any thing. 2. That which is made 
or produced ; manufacture. 

Work'shop (wGrk'-), n. A shop 
where any manufacture is carried on. 

Work'-TA'ble (wfirk'-), n. A table 
for holding work, esp. needle-work. 

Work'-wom'AN (wGrk'-, 150), n. A 
woman who performs any work. 

WORLD (wfirld), n. [A.-S. weorold, 
world.] 1. The earth and its inhabi- 
tants. 2. Human affairs ; also, state 
of existence. 3. The creation; uni- 
verse. 4. Any heavenly body, regarded 
as inhabited. 5. Human life or soci- 
ety. 6. The human race ; mankind 
7. The wicked part of mankind. 8 
A great multitude or quantity. 

World'li-ness (wfirld'-), n. Quality 
of being worldly. 

WORLD'LING (wfirld'-), n. One who 
is devoted to this world and its en- 
joyments. 

World'ly (wfirld'ly),«. 1. Relating 
to the world ; human. 2. Secular ; 
devoted to this life and its enjoy- 
ments. — adv. In a worldly manner. 

WORM (warm, 34), n. [A.-S. wurm, 
worm, allied to Lat. vermis.] 1. 
Any small, creeping animal or rep- 
tile. 2. pi. Animals which live 
in the intestines 3 Any thing 
spiral, or resembling a worm ; esp., 
a small, worm -like ligament under a 
dog's tongue. 4. Remorse of con- 
science. — v. i. [-ED; -ING.] To 
work slowly, gradually, and secretly. 
— v. t. 1. To effect, remove, or drive, 
&c.,by slow and secret means. 2. 



A, fj, I, 6, fj, Y,long; A, E, I, 6,0, Y, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT? ERE, V£IL, -^tut; pique, firm ; s6n, 



WORM-EATEN 



483 



WRIGGLER 



To cut the ligament, called a worm, 
from under the tongue of, as a dog. 

Worm'-eat'£N (wQrm'-),a. Gnawed 
by worms. 

Worm'-FENCE (wQrm'-), n. A zigzag 
fence, made by placing the ends of 
the rails upon each other. 

Worm'vvood (wurm'-l, it. [A.-S. 
werrnod.] A bitter plant ; — formerly 
supposed to be fatal to worms. 

WORM'Y (wQrm'y), a. [-ER; -EST, 
142.] Containing a worm ; abound- 
ing with worms. 

Worn, p. p. of Wear. 

W6r'ri-er, n. One who worries. 

Wor'ry, v. t. [-ed; -ing, 142. J [D. 
worgen, wurgen, to strangle.] 1. To 
harass with importunity, or with 
care and anxiety ; to trouble. 2. To 
harass by pursuit and barking. 3. To 
tear or mangle with the teeth. — v. ?'. 
To express undue care and anxiety. 

— n. A state of disturbance from 
care and anxiety. 

Worse (wQrss), a. [A.-S. wyrsa, 
compar. of iveorr, perverse, bad.] 
Bad, in a higher degree ; in poorer 
health ; more sick. — adv. In a ' 
manner more evil or bad. 

Wors'£N (wfirss'n), v. t. To make 
worse ; to deteriorate. 

WORS'ER(wGrss'er), a. Worse. [Rare.] I 

WOR'SHIP (wur'-l, n. [Orig., the state 
of worth or worthiness, fr. worth, 
and the termination ship.] 1. A title j 
of honor given to certain magis- 
trates, &c. 2. Religious reverence 
and homage. 3. Idolatry of lovers. 

Syn.— Adoration ; reverence; devo- 
tion; veneration; honor; respect. 

— V. t. [-ED, -ING; or -PED, -PING, 

137.] 1. To honor. 2. To pay di- 
vine honors to; to adore. — v. i. 1. 
To perform acts of adoration. %. To 
perform religious service. 

Wor'ship-er I (wGr'ship-), n. One 

Wor'ship-per J who worships. 

Wor'ship-ful (wGr'ship-), a. En- 
titled to worship or high respect. 

Wor'ship-ful-ly (wGr'ship-), adv. 
In a worshipful manner. 

Worst (wurst), a. : sitperl. of Worse. 
[See Worse.] Bad, evil, or perni- 
cious, in the highest degree. — n. 
That which is most bad or evil. — v. 
t. [-ED : -ING.] To get the better 
of; to defeat; to overthrow. 

Worst'ED (wust'ed), n. [From 
Worsted, in England.] Well-twisted 
yarn, spun of long-staple wool. 

WORT (wQrt), n.- [A.-S. wyrt, wirt, 
herb, root.] 1. A plant ; an herb ; 

— used chiefly in compounds. 2. 
A plant of the cabbage kind. 3. [A.- 
S. wirt, weort, inert, must.] New 
beer unfermented, or in the act of 
fermentation. 

Worth (wGrth), v. t. [A.-S. weor- 
dhan, to become, be, happen.] To 
be ; to betide ; — as, woe worth the 
day. — n. [A.-S. weordh, ivvrdh.] 1. 
That quality of a thing which renders 
it valuable or useful ; equivalent in 
exchange. 2. Value of moral or per- 
sonal qualities. 

Syn.— Desert ; merit ; excellence ; 
eminence ; virtue ; price ; rate. 



— a. 1. Equal in value to. 2. De- 
serving of. 3. Having estate to the 
value of. 

Wor'thi-ly (wQr'thi-), adv. In a 
worthy manner ; deservedly. 

Wor'thi-ness (wfir'thi-), n. State 
or quality of being worthy. 

Worth'less (worth'-), a. Destitute 
of worth ; having no value, excel- 
lence, dignity, or the like. 

Syn. — Undeserving; valueless; use- 
less; vile; bare; mean. 

WORTH'LESS-NESS (wGrth'-), n. 
Quality of being worthless. 

Wor'thy (wGr'ttiy), a. [-ER ; -EST, 
142.] 1. Having worth or excellence : 
possessing merit. 2. Equal in excel- 
lence, value or dignity to ; entitled to. 
Syn. — Deserving; meritorious; ex- 
cellent: equivalent; valuable; virtuous; 
estimable; suitable. 

— n. A man of eminent worth. 
Wot, v. i. [A.-S. ivat, present tense 

of w i tan, to know.] To know ; to 
be aware. [ Obs. or antirjiiattd.] 

G3T" It is used also as the imp. of the 
obs. verb JVeet, to know. 

Would (wood), imp. of Witt. 

Wound (wo~ond or wownd, 40), n. 
[A.-S. wund.] 1. A cut, stab, bruise, 
rent, or the like. 2. Injury ; hurt ; 
damage. — t. t. [-ED; -ING.] To 
hurt by violence ; to injure ; hence, 
to hurt the feelings of. — imp. & p. 
p. of Wind. 

Wove, imp. of Weave. 

Woven, p. p. of Weave. 

Wrack (rak), n. [Cf. Ar. warak, a 
leaf of a tree.] A marine plant. 

Wraith (rath), n. [Prob. corrupted 
fr. s icairlh,swarth, apparition of one 
about to die, fr. sivarth, gloomy.] An 
apparition of a person seen before 
death, or a little after. 

Wran'GLE (rang'gl), v. i. [-ED ; 
-ING] [L. Ger. wrangen, to wrestle, 
A.-S. wringan, to wring, strain, 
press.] To dispute angrily ; to brawl ; 
to altercate. — n. An angry dispute ; 
a noisy quarrel. 

Syn. — Bickering; brawl; jangle; con- 
test ; controversy. See ALTERCATION. 

Wran'gler (rang'gler), n. One who 
wrangles. 

Senior wrangler (Cambridge Univer- 
sity, Eng.), the student who passes the 
best examination in mathematics in the 
senate-house. 

Wrap (rap), v. t. [-ped; -ping.] 
[Prob. allied to warp.] 1. To fold 
together. 2. To envelop completely ; 
to iufold. 3. To conceal by envelop- 
ing ; to hide. 

Wrap'per (rap'per), n. One who, 
or that which, wraps ; specifically, a 
loose outer garment. 

Wrath (rath ; in Eng. rawth), n. 
[A -S. wrsedh. See Wroth, a.] 
1. Violent anger. 2. Just punishment 
of an offense or crime. 

Syn. — Fury; rage ; ire ; vengeance ; 
indignation; resentment; passion. 

Wrath'FUL (rath'-), a. 1. Full of 
wrath ; very angry. 2. Springing 
from, or expressing, wrath. 

Wrath'ful-lv (rath'-), adv. In a 
wrathful manner. 



WRATH'Y. a. Very angry. [Co.'loql 

Wreak (reek), v. t. [-ed; -i.vg.J 
[A.-S. wrecan.] To execute in ven- 
geance or passion ; to inflict _ 

Wreath (reeth). rt. ; pi. \\ reath§. 
[Seet/i/m.] 1. Something twisted or 
curled. 2. A garland ; a chaplet. 

Wreathe (reeth, r. t.) [-ed: -ing.] 
[A.-S. v>redhan. See Writhe.] 1. To 
twist ; to convolve. 2. To surrounds 
with any thing twisted ; to encircle^ 
3. To twine or twist about, [curled. 

Wreath'y (reth'y), a. Twisted ; 

Wreck (rek), v. [D. ivrak, damaged, 
brittle, a wreck.] 1. Destruction ; 
ruin. 2. Destruction or injury of a 
vessel at sea. 3. Ruins of a ship. 4. 
Remains of any thing ruined. — v. t. 
[-ED ; -ING.] 1. To destroy, disable, 
or damage, as a vessel at sea. 2. To 
bring ruin upon ; to destroy. 

Wreck'er (rek'er). n. 1. One who 
causes a wreck. 2. One who searches 
for the wrecks of vessels. 

Wreck'-mas'TER (rek'-). n. A per- 
son appointed by law to take charge 
of goods, &c, thrown on shore after 
a shipwreck. 

Wren (ren), n. [A.-S. wrenna, irvsen- 
na, prob. allied to wrsene, lascivious.] 
A bird. 

Wrench (rench, 66), v. t. [-ed ;-ing.] 
[A.-S. wrencan, to deceive, allied to 
wringan, to wring.] 1. To wrest or 
twist by violence. 2. To strain ; to 
sprain. — n. 1. A ^v _< =^\ 

violent twist, or a ^ ~ es \2/ 

pull with twisting. Wrench (3). 
2. A sprain. 3. An instrument for 
exerting a twisting strain. 

Wrest (rest) v. t. [-ED ; -ing ] [A.- 
S. ursestan. Cf. Wrist.] 1. To pull 
away by violent wringing or twist- 
ing: to extort. 2. To pervert grossly ; 
to distort. — n. Violent pulling and 
twisting ; distortion. 

WREST'ER(rest'-),rt- One who wrests. 
1 Wres'tle (res'l), v. i. [-ed; -ing.] 
[A.-S. wr&stlian, allied to tcrseslan, 
to wrest.] 1. To grapple, as two per- 
sons, each striving- to throw the other 
down. 2. To struggle ; to strive ; to 
contend. — «. A struggle between 
two to see which will throw the other. 

WRES'TLER (res'ler), n. One who 
wrestles, or is skillful in wrestling. 

Wretch (retch), n. [A.-S. wrecca, 
wracca, an exile, a wretch, wr'dc, 
wracc, exiled, wretched.] 1. A miser- 
able person. 2. One sunk in vice or 
degradation ; a villain ; a rascal. 

WRETCH'ED (retch'ed, 60), a. 1. 
Very miserable ; sunk in deep afflic- 
tion or distress. 2. Worthless ; very 
poor or mean. 

Wretch'ed-LY (retch'-), adv. In a 
wretched manner. 

Wretch'ed-ness (retch'ed-nes), n. 
Quality or state of being wretched. 

WRlG'GLE (rig'gl), v. i. [-ED ; -ING.] 
[Allied to A.-S. wrigian, to bend, 
follow, wrixltan, wrixlan, to change.] 
To move the body to and fro with 
short motions. — v. t. To move by 
twisting and squirming. [gles. 

AVrig'GLER (rig'-), w. One who wrig- 



OR, do, wolf, too, TOOK j URN, RijE, pull ; E, I, o, silent; C, G, soft; €, G, hard; A§; EXIST ; N as NG; THIS- 



WRIGHT 



484 



YANKEE 



WRIGHT (rTt), n. [A.-S. wyrgtn, from 
wyrain, to work.] An artificer; a 
workman ; — chierly in compounds. 

WRING (ring), v.*. [WRUNG ; wring- 
ing.] [A.-S. ivringan. Cf. WRONG.] 
1. To twist and compress ; to turn 
and strain with violence. 2. To pain ; 
to distress. 3. To extract by twisting 
and compressing. 

WRlNG'-BOLT (ring'-), n. A bolt used 
by shipwrights to secure the planks 
against the timbers till they are per- 
manently fastened. 

Wbing'er (ring'er), n. One who, or 
nafc which, rings ; esp. an instru- 
ment for wringing water from clothes 
that have been washed. 

WRfBK'LE (rink'l), n. [A.-S. wrincle, 
fr. ivringan, to wring.] 1. A small 
ridge or furrow, formed by the 
shrinking or contraction of any 
smooth substance ; a crease. 2. 
Roughness; uuevenness. 3. A whim. 
[Colloq. ] — v. t. [-ED; -ING.] 1. To 
contract into furrows and promi- 
nences ; to corrugate. 2. To make 
rough or uneven. — v. i. To shrink 
into furrows and ridges. 

Wrist (rlst), n. [A.-S., allied to wrms- 
tan, to wrest, twist.] Joint connect- 
ing the hand and arm. 

Wrist'bano (rlsf-), n. That part of 
a shirt-sleeve which covers the wrist. 

Writ (rlt), n. [From write.] 1. That 
which is written; — applied esp. to 
the Scriptures. 2. (Law.) Instruc- 



tions in writing, under seal, in an 
epistolary form, issued from the 
proper authority and directed to the 
sheriff or other officer. 
Write (rit),v. t. [wrote ; writ or 
written; writing.] [A.-S. wri- 
tan, Goth, vrils, a stroke, dash, let- 
ter.] 1. To inscribe, as legible char- 
acters ; to engrave : to transcribe. 2. 
To communicate by letter. 3. To 
compose or produce, as an author. 

4. To make known by writing ; to 
record. — v. i. To form characters, 
letters, or figures, as representatives 
of ideas. 

WRiT'ER(rIt / er),n. 1. One who writes, 

or has written ; ascribe. 2. An author. 

Writhe (rlth), v. t. [-ed; -ing.] [A.- 

5. ivrldkan, to wreathe, writhe.] 1 
To twist with violence. 2. To dis- 
tort ; to pervert. — v. i. To twist ; to 
be distorted. 

Writ'ing (rit'ing), n. 1. Act of form- 
ing letters with a pen, &c. 2. Any 
thing written or expressed in letters. 

Writ'ing-mas'ter (rit'ing-), n. One 
who teaches penmanship. 

Writ'ing-PA'per (rit'ing-), n. Paper 
fitted for writing upon. 

Wrong (rong, 21), a. [A.-S. wrang, 
wrong, injury, allied to wring.] 1. 
Not suitable to an end or object. 2. 
Not morally right. 3. Not accord- 
ing to truth. 

Syn. — Injurious"; unjust ; faulty ; 
incorrect; erroneous; unsuitable. 



— n. That which is not right ; any 
injury done to another ; a trespass. 

— adv. Not rightly; amiss; morally 
ill ; erroneously. — v. t. [-ed ; ing.] 
1. To treat with injustice ; to deprive 
of some right. 2. To impute evil to 
unjustly. 

Wrong'-do'er (r5ng'do~o'er),n. One 

who injures another, or does wrong. 
WRONG'FUL (rong'fnl),a. Injurious; 

unjust ; unfair. 
Wrong'fvl-ly (rong'fyl-ty), adv. 

Injuriously ; unjustly. 
Wrong'HEAD-ed (rong'hFd-), a. 

Wrong in opinion or principle ; per- 
verse, [amiss. 
Wrong'ly (rSng'lJ), adv. Unjustly; 
Wrong'ness (rong'-), n. Quality or 

state of being wrong. 
Wrote (-rot, 20), imp. of Write. 
Wroth (rawth), a. [Cf. Wrath.] 

Full of wrath ; angry , incensed. 
Wrought (rawt), imp. & p. p. of 

Work. 
Wrong (rung), imp. & p. p. of 

Wring. 
Wry (rl), a. [Cf. Goth, vraiqvs, oblique, 

Eng. writhe.] 1. Turned to one side; 

twisted ; distorted. 2. Deviating from 

the right direction. 
Wry'neck (rl'-), n. 1. A twisted or 

distorted neck. 2. A small bird allied 

to the woodpecker. 
WRY'NESS(rI / -),n. State of being wry. 
WYCH'-ELM, n. A variety of the elm, 

a native of Great Britain. 



X. 



X(eks), the twenty-fourth letter of 
the English alphabet, at the end 
of words has the sound of ks ; in 
the middle, the sound of ks, or some- 
times of gz; at the beginning, the 
sound of z. See Principles of Pro- 
nunciation, § 104. 

XXN'THle (zan'-), «• fGr. £ai/06s, yel- 
low.] 1. Tending toward a yellow col- 
or, or toward scarlet or orange. 2. Re- 
lating to a certain heavy , oily, fluid 
acid. 

XAN'THiNE'(zan'-),n. [Gr. £<u>0<$s, yel- 
low.] The yellow insoluble coloiing 



matter contained in certain plants 
and flowers. 

XE'BEC (zS'bek), n. [Sp. xabeque, ja- 
beque, fr. Ar. sumbiik, a small ship.] 
A small, three-masted vessel, used in 
the Mediterranean Sea. 

XlPH'OID (zTi'oid), a. [Gr. £t<f>oei5ifc ; 
£i<£os, a sword, and ei<ios, form.] .Re- 
sembling a sword ; ensiform. 

XY'LO-GRAPH (zl'lo-), n. An engrav- 
ing on wood, or the impression from 
such an engraving. 

Xyvlog'ra-pher (zl-), n. One who 
practices xylography. 



Xy'LO-GrXph'I€ (zl'lo-), ) a. Be- 

Xy'l,o-grXph'I€-al. (zl'lo-), ) long- 
ing to xylography. 

Xy-log'ra-phy (zl'-), n. [Gr. fvAov, 
wood, and ypa<f>eiv, to engrave, write.] 
Act or art of cutting figures in wood ; 
wood engraving. , 

Xy-loph'a-goOs (zT'-), a. [Gr. £vAo- 
4><iyos, eating wood ; £vAov, wood, 
and <f>ayetv, to eat.] Eating or feed- 
ing on wood. 

Xys'ter (zis'ter), n. [Gr. ^va-rqp, a 
scraper.] A surgeon's instrument for 
scraping bones. 



Y. 



Y<wl) is the twenty-fifth letter of 
the alphabet. At the beginning 
of words or syllables, it is a conso- 
nant element. In the middle and at 
the end of words, it is a vowel. See 
Prin. of Pron. §§ 35, 36, 54, 55, 105. 
YACHT(yot). n. [D.jagt,fr.jagtjarht, 
a chase, hunting.] A light and ele- 
gantly furnished sea-going vessel for 
pleasure trips, racing, and the like. 



Yacht'ING (yotlng), n. Sailing on 
pleasure excursions in a yacht. 

YA'GER (yaw'ger), n. [N. II. Ger.jd- 
ger, a hunter, fr. jagen, to chase.] 
One belonging to a body of light in- 
fantry armed with rifles. 

YXto,n. [West Ind. ihame] A large, 
esculent tuber or root of a genus of 
tropical climbing plants. 

YXn'ReE, n [Said to be a corrupt 



Ind. pron. of English, or of the Fr. 
Anglais. According to Dr. Wm. Gor- 
don, it was a cant word in Cam- 
bridge, Mass. , as early as 1713, mean- 
ing excellent. He supposes that it 
was at length taken up in other parts 
of the country, and applied to New 
Englanders generally, as a term of 
slight reproach. Cf. Scot, yankie, a 
sharp, clever, and rather bold worn- 



A, E, I, 6, u, Y,long; A, ft, I, 6, D, Y, short; care, fXR, ask, all, WHAT ; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FiRM; s6n, 



YARD 



485 



YULE 



an.] A citizen of New England ; also 
a citizen of the Northern States ; — 
a cant name, applied by foreigners to 
all inhabitants of the United States. 

YARD, n. [A.-S. geard, gerd, a rod, 
stick, measure, Icel. giro'i, osier.] 1. 
A measure of length, three feet, or 
thirty-six inches. 2. A long, slender 
piece of timber, suspended upon the 
mast, by which a sail is extended. 3. 
[A.-S. geard, hedge, allied to gyrdan, 
to gird.] A small, inclosed place in 
front of or around a building. 

YARD'-ARM,n. Either half of a ship's 
yard, fr. the center or mast to the end. 

YXrd'-stick, n. A stick three feet 
long, used as a measure of length. 

YARN, n. [A.-S. geam.] 1. Woolen 
thread; also, thread of cotton, flax, 
or hemp. 2. A story spun out by a 
sailor for the amusement of his com- 
panions [Colloq. or humorous.} 

YAR'ROW, n. [A.-S. gearwe.] A plant, 
of a strong odor and pungent taste. 

Yat'a-ghan (110), n. [Turk, yata- 
gdn.] A long Turkish dagger. 

Yaw, d. i. [-ed;-ing.] [See Yew, 
v. i.] 1. To rise in blisters, as boil- 
ing cane-juice. 2. [Prov. Ger. gagen, 
to rock.] To steer out of the line of 
her course, as a ship. 

Yawl, n. [D jol. Cf. Jolly-boat. 1 
A small ship's-boat, usually rowed 
by four or six oirs. — v. i. To cry 
out like a dog ; to yell. 

Yawn, r. i. [-ed; -ing.] [A.-S. 
gdnian.] 1. To open the mouth in- 
voluntarily through drowsiness or 
dullness ; to gape. 2. To open wide. 
— ?i. 1. Act of one who yawns; a 
gaping. 2. An opening wide. 

Yaws, n. [African yaw, a raspberry.] 
A disease characterized by contagious 
tumors which resemble raspberries. 

Y-cleped' (I-klepf), p. p. Galled ; 
named. 

Ye, pron. [A.-S. ge, Goth, jus.] Nom- 
inative plural of the second person. 

YEA (or ye), adv. [A.-S. g?a, ia, Goth. 
ja.} Yes ; ay ; truly ; it is so. 

Yean, v. t. & i. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
ednian.] To bring forth young, as 
a sheep. 

Yean'LING, n. [From yean.} A lamb. 

Year, n. [A.-S. gear, ger, Goth, jar.] 
1. Period occupied by the earth in 
its revolution around the sun. In 
common usage, the year consists of 
3o5days, 5>,nd every fourth year of 
886. 2. pi. Age, or old age. 

Year'-book (27), a. 1. A reference- 
book of facts and statistics published 
yearly. 2. A book containing an- 
nual reports of law cases in England. 

Year'LING, u. A young animal one 
year old. — a. Being a year old. 

YEAR'LY, a. 1. Happening, or com- 
ing, every year ; annual. 2. Lasting, 
or accomplished in, a year. — adv. 
Annually ; ouce a year ; from year 
to year. 

Yearn (14), v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. 
geornian, fr. georn, desirous, Goth 
gairnjan, to desire.] To be filled 
with earnest desire ; to long. 

Yeast, n. [A.-S. gist ; 0. H. Ger. 



gesan, jesan, to ferment.] Foam of 
beer or other liquor in fermentation 
used for raising dough. [yeast. 

Yeast'v, a. Frothy ; foamy, like 

YELK, n. [A.-S. geoleca, allied to 
geolu, yellow, j Yellow part of an egg. 

YELL, r. /. [-ed; -ING.] [A.-S. gil- 
lan , gellan , allied to A.-S. galan, to 
sing.] To cry out or scream as with 
agony or horror. — n. A sharp, loud, 
hideous outcry. 

Yel'low, a. [-er: -est.] [A.-S. 
gel it, geolu, allied to Lat. gilvus, gil- 
bus.] Being of the color of gold. 

Yellow fever, a malignant fever of warm 
climates, with yellowness of the skin. 

— n. A bright golden color. 
Yel'low-bIrd, n. A small, bright- 
yellow bird, common iu the United 
States. 

YEL'LOW-fsH, a. Somewhat yellow. 

Yel'low-Tsh-ness, 1 n. State or 

YEl'low-ness, J quality of 

being_ somewhat yellow. 

Yel'lows., n. 1. A disease of the bile 
in horses, cattle, and sheep ; jaun- 
dice. 2. A, disease of peach-trees. 

Yelp, v. i. [-ed ; -ing.] [A.-S. gil- 
pan, to boast, gealp, a loud sound, a 
clang.] To utter a sharp, quick cry, 
as a hound. 

Yeo'man (150), n. [0. Eng. yeman, 
perh. fr. man, and ye, yes, i. e., the 
pvef.ge, and signify ing servant.] 1. A 
common man, of the most respecta- 
ble class ; a freeholder. 2. An officer 
in_the king ? s household. [Eng.] 

Yeo'man-ry, n. The collective body 
of yeomen or freeholders. 

Yerk, «. t. [-ed; -ing.] [See Jerk.] 
To strike suddenly ; to jerk. — v. i. 
1. To kick. 2. To move with a jerk. 

— n. A sudden or quick motion. 
YES, adv. [A.-S. ge.se, fr. gea, yes, in- 
deed, and se, i. e., si, let it be.] Ay ; 
yea ; — a word expressing affirmation. 

YEST, n. See YEAST. 

YES'TER, a. [A.-S. gistran, adv., yes- 
terday, Goth, gistra, allied to Skr. 
hyas.] Last : next before the present. 

YEs'TER-DA\ r ,.n. The day last past. 

— adv. On the day last past. 
Yes'ter-night' (-nit'), n. Last 

night. — adv. On the last night. 

Yest'y, a. See Yeasty. 

Yet, orff. [A.-S. get, giet.] 1. In ad- 
dition ; besides ; still. 2. At the same 
time. 3. Up to, or at the present 
time. 4. Even ; at least. — conj. 
Nevertheless ; however. 
Stk.— See However. 

Yew (v\j). n. [A.- 
S. e'6w, iw, W. 
yw.] An ever- 
green tree allied 
to the pines. 

Yield, v. t. [-ed; 
' -ing.] [A.-S. 
gildan, geldan, 
to pay, yield] 1. 
To furnish ; to 
afford. 2. To 
give in return 
for what is expended or invested. 3. 
To give up ; to make over to. 4. To 




Yew. 



admit to be true ; to concede. 5. To 
permit ; to grant. 

Syx. — To produce ; bear ; exhitii , 
emit; allow; resign; surrender. 

— v. i. 1. To submit. 2. To com- 
ply. 3. To give way ; not to oppose. 

— n. Amount yielded ; product. 
Yield'ing,;?. a. Inclined to yield, or 

to give way or comply. 
i YOKE (20). n. [A.-S. geoc, ioc, allied 
to Lat. jugum, Gr. $vyov, Skr. yuga.] 
1. That which connects or binds ; 
esp. the frame by which two oxen are 
fastened together. 2. A frame worn 
on the neck like an ox-yoke, or 
shaped like one. 3. A mark of serv- 
itude ; hence, slavery ; bondage. 4. 
Two animals yoked together. — v. t. 
[•ed; -ing.] 1. To put a yoke on; 
to join in a yoke. 2. To couple. 3. 
To enslave ; to bring into bondage. 

YOKE'-FEL'LOW, I ». An associate 

YToke'mate, ) or companion; 

especially, a partner in marriage. 

Yolk (yolk or yok, 20), n. [See Yelk.] 
The yelk or yellow part of an egg. 

Yon, a. & adv. Yonder. 

Yon'DER, adv. [A.-S. geond, geonda, 
there.] At a distance within view. 

— a. Being at a distance within 
view, or conceived of as within view. 

YORE, adv. [From A.-S. gedra, gere, 
formerly, allied to gear, ger, a year.] 
In time long past ; long since. 

You (yu), pron. [A.-S. tow. Cf. YE.] 
The pronoun of the second person, 
in the nominative or objective case. 

Young, a. [-er ; -est, 82.] [A.-S. 
geong, iung, allied to Lat. juvenis, 
Skr. yuwan.] 1. Not long born ; not 
old or mature ; juvenile. 2. Being 
in the first part of growth. 3. In- 
experienced ; ignorant. — n. The 
offspring of animals. 

Young'ish, a. Somewhat young. 

YOUNG'LING, n. A young person or 
young animal. [lad. 

Young'ster, n. A young person ; a 

Younk'er, n. A young person; a 
stripling. [Colloq.] 

Your, possessive pron. Belonging, or 
relating, to you ; of you. 

Your-self' (149), pron. Your own 
person. 

Youth, n. ; pi. youths, sometimes 
YOUTH. [A.-S. geogudh, iiigudk; 
0. Eng. yongth, youngth. See 
Young.] 1. State of being young ; 
juvenility. 2. The part of life from 
childhood to manhood. 3. A young 
man. 4. Young persons collectively. 

YOUTH'FUL, a. 1. Young. 2. Relat- 
ing, or suitable to, the first part of 
life ; juvenile : fresh ; vigorous. 

Youth'ful-LY, adv. In a youthful 
manner. 

Youth'ful-ness, 7i. State of being 

w youthful. 

YT'TRI-a, n. [From Ytterby, a quarry 
in Sweden.] A fine, white powder, 

„ an oxide of yttrium. 

Yt'tri-Dm, n. A rare grayish-black 
metal. 

Yule, n. [A.-S. geol, giul. ittl, Novem- 
ber, or the beginning of December.] 
Christmas. 



OR, DO. WOLF, TOO. took ; urn, RUE, PULL ; E, I, O, silent ; 9, G, soft ; €, G, hard; A§ ; EXIST ; Nojng; THIS. 



486 



ZYMOTIC 



Z. 




Zebra. 



Z(ze), the twenty-sixth letter of the 
alphabet, is merely a vocal s. See 
Prin. of Pron., §§ 106, 107. 

ZAF'FER, n. [Allied to sapphire.] Im- 
pure oxide of cobalt. 

ZXm'bo, n. ; pi. zam'bos. [See 

I Sambo.] Child of a mulatto and a 
jaegro, or of an Indian and a negro. 

Zi'NY, n. [It. zanni, orig. the same 
as Giovanni, John, i. e . merry 
John.] A merry-andrew ; a buffoon. 

Zax, n. [A.-S. seax, sex, kuife.] An 
instrument for cutting slate. 

Zeal, n. [Gr. £tjAos, zeal, jealousy.] 
Passionate ardor in the pursuit of 
any thing. 

ZEAL'OT, n. [Gr. fijAto-njs, fr. ^Aos, 
zeal.] One who is full of zeal, or 
over-zealous ; a fanatic. 

Zeal'oOs, a. Filled with zeal ; warm- 
ly engaged in behalf of an object. 
Syn.— Eager; earnest; fervent; hearty. 

Zeai/oDs-lv, adv. With zeal. 

Zeal'ous-ness, 
n. State or 
quality of be- 
ing zealous. 

Ze'bra, n. [Of 
African origin.] 
A quadruped of 
Southern Afri- 
ca, nearly as 
large as a horse. 

Ze'bu, n. [The native Ind. name.] A 
small ruminant 
mammal of the 
bovine tribe. 

Ze'€HIN (zj'kin), 
n. [It. zecchino. 
Cf. Sequin.] An 
Italian gold coin ; 
a sequin. 

ZED, n. [Gr. £>}Ta.] 

The letter Z. Zebu. 

[Obs., or nearly so.] 

ZED'O-A-RY, n. [Ar. djadicar.] A 
medicinal substance obtained in the 
East Indies. 

ZEM'IN-DAR'(110),n. [Per. zemindar, 
from zemin, land, and dar, holding.] 
A landholder under the government, 
•with the right of underletting the 
land. [India.] [zemindar. 

Zem'in-da-ry, n. Jurisdiction of a 

Zend, n. [Per., interpretation, i. e., 
of the Avesta, or sacred text.] An 
ancient Persian dialect. 

Ze'NITH, n. [Abbrev. fr. Ar. semt-ur- 
ras, way of the head, vertical place.] 
1. Point in the heavens which is di- 
rectly overhead. 2. Greatest height. 

Zeph'yr, n. [Gr. £e'</wpos, fr. £6(£os, 
darkness, west.] The west wind; 
poetically, any soft, gentle breeze. 

Z£'RO, n. [Ar. §afrun, Qifrun, empty, 
a cipher.] Cipher ; nothing ; point 
from which graduation commences. 

ZEST, n. [Gr. erY><rros, split, cleft, fr. 
<rxi'£eiv, to split, cleave.] 1. A piece 
of orange or lemon peel, or the fine 




oil in it used as a relish. 2. Some- 
thing that gives or enhances a pleas- 
ant taste, or the taste itself; hence, 
keen enjoyment. — v. t. [-ED ; -ING.] 
To give a relish or flavor to. 

ZE-TET'I€, a. [Gr. fqnjTiKOS ; frTelv, 
to seek.] Proceeding by inquiry. 

ZEUG'MA, n. [Gr. £evy/ua, from £evy- 
mivai, to yoke, join.] A figure by 
which an adjective or verb, which 
agrees with a nearer word, is referred 
also to another more i emote. 

ZlG'ZAG, a. Having short, sharp 
turns. — n. [Ger. zickzack, fr. zacke, 
a dentil, tooth.] Something that has 
short turns. — v. t. [-GED ; -GING.] 
To form with short turns. 

ZINC, n. [Ger. zink, prob. allied to 
zinn, tin.] A metal of a brilliant 
white color, with a shade of blue. 

ZlN-ClF'ER-ot/S, I a. [Eug. zinc, and 

ZfNK-iF'ER-OUS, J Lat. ferrt, to 
bear.] Containing zinc. [on zinc. 

Zin€-6g'ra-pher, n. An engraver 

ZIN€-6g'RA-phy, ». [Eng. zinc, and 
Gr. ypa<f>eiv, to write.] Engraving on 
zinc in the style of wood-cuts. 

ZlN€'OUS, a. Pertaining to zinc ; per- 
taining to the positive pole of a gal- 
vanic battery. [used as a pigment. 

ZiN€'-WHITE, n. The oxide of zinc, 

Zl'ON, n. [Heb. ziyyCn, orig. a hill.] 
1. A hill in Jerusalem, where was the 
royal residence. 2. The theocracy or 
church of God. 

ZlR'€ON, n. [Cingalese.] A mineral. 

ZiR-co'Ni-A, n. An oxide of zirconi- 
um ; a white powder. 

Zo'di-a€, n. [Gr. 
<Ju>Sio.k6s (sc. kv- 
kAos), from £68iov, 
dim. of gtaov, an 
animal.] An im- 
aginary belt in the 
heavens, in the 
middle of which is 
the ecliptic, or 
sun's apparent path 
the twelve constellations. 

Zo-di'ac-al, a. Pertaining to 
being within, the zodiac. 

ZONE, n. [Gr. £u>vn, „ „. 

fr. ^tavvvvai , to gird.] 

1. A girdle ; a belt. 

2. A division of the 
earth, with respect 
to latitude and tem- 
perature. 3. Circuit ; 
circumference. 

Zoned, a. Wearing 
a zone or zones. 

Zo-6g'ra-pher, n. 
scribes animals. 

ZO'O-GRAPH'IC, ) 

ZO'0-GRAPH'I€-AL, ) 
scription of animals. 

Zo-6g'ra-PHY, n. [Gr. £wov, an an- 
imal, and ypa<f>eiv, to write.] A de- 
scription of animals, their forms and 
habits. 





Zones (2). 
One who de- 



a. Pertaining 
to the de- 



ZO-ol'a-try, «. [Gr. ££ov, an ani- 
mal, and Aarpeia, service.] Worship 
of animals. [zoology. 

Zo'o-LdG'ie-AL, a. Pertaining to 

Zo-ol'o-gist, n. One versed in the 
natural history of animals. 

Zo-oe'o-gy, n. [Gr. £S>ov, an ani- 
mal, and Acryos, discourse.] That 
part of natural history which treats 
of animals. 

Zo-6n'o-my, n. [Gr. fwov, an ani- 
mal, and vc/aos, a law.] The laws or 
the science of animal life. 

ZO-OPH'A-Go0s, a. [Gr. £wo<J>ayos; 
go>ov,&n animal, and^a-yety, to eat.] 
Feeding on animals. 

Zo'o-phyte, n. [Gr. ^w64>vtov ; 
£a>oi', an animal, and <^vt6v. plant.] 
One of a certain division of animals ; 
— applied to simple polyps, and to 
compound individuals consisting of 
many polyps united, as in most 
corals ; also, often applied to sponges. 

Zo'o-tom'ic-AL, a. Pertaining to 
zootomy. 

Zo-ot'o-mist, n. One who dissects 
animals ; a comparative anatomist. 

Zo-6t'o-my, n. [Gr. £J>ov,an animal, 
and TOfxri, a cutting.] The anatomy 
of animals. 

Zouave (zwtiv or zdo-av'), n. [From 
the Ar. Zouaova, a tribe in Algeria.] 
1. One of an active and hardy body 
of soldiers in the French service, 
originally Arabs, but now French- 
men who wear the Arab dress. 2. 
One of a body of soldiers who adopt 
the dress and drill of the Zouaves. 

ZOUNDS, inter j . [Contr. from God's 
wounds.] An exclamation formerly 
used as an oath. 

ZUF'FO-LO, ) n. [It. zvfolo, fr. zuf- 

ZU'FO-LO, } olare, to whistle, flute.] 
A little flute or flageolet. 

Zu-MOL'O-GY, n. See ZVMOLOGY. 

Zu-mom'e-ter,m. See Zymometer. 

ZYG'O-MAT'ie, a. [Gr. f-L-yw/na, the 
cheek-bone, fr. £vyov, a joke.] Per- 
taining to the cheek-bone. 

Zy'MO-log'K-AL, a. Pertaining to 
zy m ology . [ z\ m ol ogy . 

Zy-mol'o-gist, n. One Skilled in 

ZY-MOL'0-GY,». [Gr. jjiifM}, ferment, 
andAo-yos, discourse.] A treatise on 
the fermen tation of liquors, or the 
doctrine of fermentation. 

Zy-mom'e-ter, ( n. [Gr. £iy>),fer- 

Zy'mo-sTm'e-ter, J ment, ^v/uwo-ts, 
fermentation, and fxerpov, measure.] 
An instrument for ascertaining the 
degree of fermentation and h«at oc- 
casioned by mixing different liquids. 

ZY-MOT'lt 1 , a. [Gr. Cvfxovv, to fer- 
ment.] 1. Relating to, or eaufed by, 
fermentation. 2. Denoting, or per- 
taining to. any epidemic, endemic, 
contagious, or sporadic affection 
which is produced by some morbific 
principle acting on the system like a 
ferment. 



A, E, I, 5, U, Y,long; A,E,I, 5,U, ¥, short: CARE, FXR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM ; PIQUE, FIRM ; S6N, 

or, DO, WOLF, too, took; URN, rue, pull ; jb, J, O, silent"; c,G, sq/i; €, G, luird; A§; EXIST; jjasNG; tmis 



PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY 



OF 



GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 



RULES 

FOR PRONOUNCING THE VOWELS AND CONSONANTS OF GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 



Rules for the Vowels. 

1. Any vowel at the end of an aceented syllable, and e, 
e, and u, at the end of an unaccented syllable, have the 
long English sound ; as, Ca'to, Ce' crops, Di'do, So'lon, 
Cu'mae, Me-lis'sa, Mo-los'sus, Tu-lin'gi ; in which words 
the final vowels of the first syllables have the same sound 
as the corresponding vowels in the first syllables of the 
English words pa'per, ce'dar, si'lent, co'lon, du'ty. 

2. A ending an unaccented syllable has the sound of a 
in fa'ther or in last ; as, Ga-bi'na, A-re'ne, pronounced 
Gah-bi'nah, Ak-re'ne. 

3. I ending a final syllable has the long sound, as 
To'mi. At the end of initial unaccented syllables it varies, 
somewhat indefinitely, between i long, as I-u'lus, and i 
short (like i in pin), as in I-ta'li-a. In all other cases i 
ending an unaccented syllable has its short sound, as in 
pin. 

4. Y'\s pronounced as i would be in the same situation. 

5. JE and ce are pronounced as e would be in the same 
situation. 

6. If a syllable end in a consonant, the vowel has the 
short English sound ; as, Bal'bus, Del'phi, Cin'na, Mos'- 
chus, Tus'cus, in which the vowels have the same sounds 
as in the English words man'ner, sel'dom, din'ner, scoffer, 
mus'ter. 

Exception. — E in final es is pronounced as in the fa- 
miliar proper name An'des (an'deez). 

Rules for the Consonants. 

7. C before e, i, y, m, and ce, is pronounced like s ; be- 
fore a, o, and u, and before consonants, like lc ; as Ce'a, 
Cic'e-ro, Cy'prus,Cx'sar,Cce'li-a, Ca'to, Co'cles, Cu'mse. 

8. G before e, i, y, se, ce, or another g- followed by e, has 
the sound of j ; before a, o, and w, and before consonants 
other than g, as above excepted, the hard sound, as in the 
English words gave, gone ; as, Ge'lo, Gi-gan'tes, Gy-gse'us, 
Ag'ger, Ga'bi-i, Gor'gi-as, Sa-gun'tum. 



9. Ch has the sound of k, but it is silent before a mute 
consonant at the beginning of a word ; as, Chlho'nia, pro- 
nounced Tlio'ni-a. 

10. T, s, and c, before ia, ie, ii, io, iu, and eu, preceded 
immediately by the accent, in Latin words, as in English, 
change into sh and zh. But when the t follows s, t,ot z, or 
when the accent falls on the first of the vowels following, 
the consonant preserves its pure sound ; as, Sal-lus'ti-us, 
Brut'ti-i, Mil-ti'a-des, &c. T in the termination Hon also 
retains its original sound ; as, The-o-do'ti-on. 

11. 5 has, in general, the sound of s in this. Final* 
preceded by e, or a liquid, has the sound of z. 

12. Initial x has the sound of z. 

13. Initial ph before a mute is silent ; as, Phthi'a, pro- 
nounced Tlii 1 a. Initial p before s is silent ; as, Psy'clie, 
pronounced Sy'ke. Initial p before t is silent ; as, Ptol-e- 
mae'us, pronounced Tol-e-mse'us. 

14. At the beginning of words we frequently find the 
uncombinable consonants mn, tm, &c. ; as, Mne-mos'y-ne, 
Tmo'lus, &c. These are to be pronounced with the first 
consonant mute, as if written Ne-mos'y-ne, Mo'lus, &c. 

Remark. 1. The termination eus, derived from the 
third declension of Greek contracts in eus, although usually 
made a single syllable in poetry, is resolved into two sylla- 
bles in the Table. This is also done by Walker and Trol- 
lope ; is defended by Labbe and Carr ; and may be conceded 
to the exigencies of poetry. The other syllabication, by which 
eus has the sound of use, as in the noun abuse, is also given ; 
and should be followed in pronunciation in all ordinary cases. 

2. The names in Italics are the Anglicized forms of the 
classical names above them. Each for himself must judge 
whether to adhere to the classical pronunciation or not. 

3. Diacritical marks are used, in this Vocabulary, to in- 
dicate the soft sounds of c, g, and 5, in some cases, as in Ag'- 
i-da'li-a, M-ge'ri-a, A-tkil'les; also when n has the sound 
of ng, as in An'aho-z. 



488 



GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 



The abbreviations Pw., F., K., Pe., Fac, S., Py., C, 
L., B., For., Sch., W., M., and Fr., stand, respectively, 
for the following authorities, viz., Passow, Freiind, Klotz, 
Pape, Facciolati, Smith, Pauly, Carr, Labbe, Bisckoff § 
Matter, Forbiger, Scheller, Walker, Mutter, and Frijlink. 



The figures which follow certain words in the Vocabulary 
refer to corresponding Rules of Pronunciation. The figure 
6, for example, appended to Abantes, refers to Rule 6, 
which shows that the vowel in the last syllable has its 
long English sound. 



Ab'a-lus, 
C. Py. M. 

A-ban'te^, 6 

Ab'an-ti'a-des, 6 

A-ban'ti-as, 10 

A-ban'tia 

Ab'a-ris 

A'bas 

Ab'a-tos [ C. 

Ab'da-lon'i-mus, S. 

Ab'da-lon'y-mus 

Ab-de'ra 

A'bi-a 

A'bi-i 

Ab'i-la 

AVo-bri'ca 

A-boec'ri-tus 

A-bon'i-tei'^hos 

Ab'ra-da'tes, 6, C. 

W. 
A-broc'o-mast S. W. 
A-bron'y-ohus, C. 
A-brot'o-num 
A-bru'po-lis, [S.W. 
Ab'u-li'tei, ti, Py. 
A-bydus 
Ab'y-la 

Ab'ys-si'ni, L. W. 
Ac'a-cal'lis [W. 
Ae'a-ce'si-us, 10, <S. 
A-ca'ci-us,10,S.l^ 
Ac'a-de'mi-a 
Ac'a-mas 
A-can'thus 
Ac'ar-na'ni-a 
A-cas'tus 
Ac'ci-a, 10 
A'ce 

A-cer'a-tus, C. S. 
A-cer'rse 
Ac'e-si'nes, 6 
A-ces'tes, 6 
A-ehss'a, 
A-^hae'i 

A-^baem'e-nej, 6 
Aeh'ae-men'i-de;, 6 
A-eha'i-a (a-ka'ya) 
A-eha'te*, 6 
A^h'e-lo'us 
A^h'e-ron 
Aeh'il-le'is 
A-ohi'vi 
Ac'i-cho'ri-us 
A^i-da'li-a 
A-cil'i-a 
Ac-mon'i-dej, 6 
Ac'o-ris 
A'cra 
A-cra'tus 
Ac'ri-doph'a-gi 
A-cris'i-o-ne'us 
A-cris'i-us 
A-cri'tas 
A'cron 



A-crop^-lis 
A-crot'a-tus ,Py.L 
Ac-tae'a 
Ac-tee'on 
Ac-tae'us 
Ac'ti-a, 10 
Ac'ti-um, 10 
A-cu'si-la'ua 
Ad-her'bal 
Ad-me'te 
Ad-me'tus, C. 
A-dc/nis 
Ad'ra-my t-te'um ,or 

Ad'ra-my t-ti'um 
Ad'ra-my t'ti-um 

W. C. M. 
Ad'ra-na, the Oder. 

A-dra'na, B. M. 
W. 
Ad'ras-ti'a 
Ad'ras-ti'i Cam'pi 
A-dras'tus 
A'dri-an-op'o-lis 
A'dri-a'nus 
A'dri-at'i-cum 
Ad'ri-me'tum 

or Ad'ra-myt-ti'- 
um 
Ad'u-at'i-ci, or 

Ad'u-at'u-ci 
2E-ac/i-des, 6 
iE'a-cus 

^-an'ti-de*,6, W. 
.E-di'lei, 6 [S. 

M&'u-i 
2E-e'ta, iE-e'tas, or 

J£-e'te*, 6 
^-gae'um 
iE-ga'le-os 
iE-ga'le-um 

M-ges'tn 
2E'£e-us, or 

JE'geus 
i£g'i-li'a,an island. 
2E-gil'i-a, a demus 

in Attica, S. 
-35-Si'na 
jE*'i-ne'tes., 6 
iE-gi'ra 
iE-gis'thus 
JEg'lei, 6 
iE'gon 
iE'gos Pot'a-mi, or 

Pot'a-mos 
.ZE'gus 
.35-gu'sa 
-E-£yp'ti-i, 10 
^E'li-a 
iE'li-a'nus 
iE'li-us 
iE-mil'i-a 
iEm'i-li-a'nus 
iE-mil'i-us 
2E-ne'a-dae 
iE-ne^-des, 6 
JS-ne'as, of Troy 



M'ne-as,o/ Corinth, 

Metaponlus, fyc. 
JE-ne'is 
^-o'li-a 
.aS-ol'i-dej., 6 
^'o-lus 
M'qm 

iEr'o-pus, a moun- 
tain, C. 

A-er'o-pus 
iEs'«hi-nes,6 
jEs'ohy-lus 
iE-so'pus 

(JE'sop) 
.E-to'li-a 
A'fer 
Af'ri-ca 
Af'ri-ca'nus 
Af'ri-eum 
Ag'a-me'deg, 6 
Ag'a-mem'non 
Ag'a-mem-nonl- 

de*,6 
Ag'a-nip'pe 
Ag'a-re'ni 
Ag'a-ris'ta 
Ag'a-tha 
A-ga'thi-as, and 

Ag'a-thi'as 
Ag'a-tho 
A-gath'o-cles, 6 
Ag'a-thon 
A-ga'Te 
Ag'e-la'us 
A-ge'nor 
Ag'e-san'der 
A-^e'si-as, 10, Pw. 

W. 
A-ges'i-la'us 
Ag'e-sip'o-lis 
A/gis 

Ag-la'i-a (ag-la'va) 
Ag-la'us, K. Py. S. 

Ag'la-us,C*. L.M. 
Ag-nod'i-ce, 

Pe. Srh. S. W. 

Ag'no-di'ce, K. 
Ag'no-ni'a 
Ag-non'i-def , 6 
Ag'o-ra 
Ag'o-ran'o-mi 
A'gra 
Ag'ra-gas 
A-grau'li-a, S. W. 
A'gri-a'nej, 6 
A-gric'o-la 
A-grip'pa 
Ag'rip-pi'na 
A'gri-us 
Ag'ro-las 
A'gron 

A-hen'o-bar'bus 
A'i-do'ne-us. or 

A'i-do'neus, or 
A-id'o-neus 
A'ius (a'yus) Lo- 

cu'ti-us, 10 



Al'a-ma'ni, or 

Al'a-man'ni 
A-la'ni 
AKa-ri'cus 

(Al'a-ric) 
A-las'tor 
Al-ba'ni. or 

Al-ben'ses, 6 
Al-ba'ni-a 
Al-bi'ni 
Al'bi-on 
Al-bu'ne-a 
Al-cas'us 
Al-can'der 
Al-ce'nor 
Al-ces'te, or 

Al-ces'tis 
APci-bi'a-de« , 6 
Al-cid'a-mas 
Al'ci-da-me'a 
Al'ci-da'mus, Pe. 
Al-ci'dei, 6 
Al-cim'a-chus 
Al-cim'e-de 
Al-cim'e-don 
Al-cim'e-ne^, 6 
Al'ci-mus 
Al-cin'o-us 
Al'ci-phron, C. W. 
Al-cith'o-e 
Alc-mae'on 
Alc-me'na 
Al-cy'o-ne 
Al'cy-o'ne-us, or 

Al-cy'o-neus 
A-lec'to 
A-lec'tor 
A-lec'try-on 
A-le'i-us (a-le'yus) 

Cam'pus 
Al'e-man'ni, and 

Al'e-ma'ni 
A-le'si-a,10,.F. W. 
Al'eu-a'dae. W. 
Al'ex-an'der 
Al'ex-an'dra 
A-lex'an-dri'a 

(Al'ex-an'dri-a) 
A-lex'an-dri'na 
A-lex'an-drop'o-lis 
A-lex'as 
A-lex'is 
Al'gi-dum 
Al'i-men'tus 
Al'li-a 

Al-lob'ro-ge3.,6,[W. 
Al-lu'ci-us, 10, S. 
Al'o-pe 
A-lop'e-ce 
Al'phe-si-bce'us 
Al-phe'us 
Al-pi'nus 
Al'si-um, 10 
Al-thse'a 
Al-thaem'e-neg, 6 
A'ly-at'tes 
A-lys'sus 



Am'al-thae'a 

Am'al-the'um 

A-mar'a-cus 

Am'a-ryl'lis 

Am'a-ryn'thus 

A-ma'sis 

A-mas'tris 

A-mas'trus 

A-ma'ta 

A-ma'zon 

(Am'a-zon) 
A-maz / o-neg, 6 

(Am'a-zons) 
Am'a-zo'ni-a 
Am'a-zo'ni-us [S. 
Am'bi-a-ti'nus, K. 

Am'bi-at'i-nus, 
Am-bi'o-rix [Fac. 
Am-bra'ci-a, 10 
Am-bro'nes, 6 
A-me'ri-a 
A-mes'tra-tus 
A-mes'tris 
A-nril'car 
Am'mi-a'nus 
A' in or 

Am-phic'ra-te?, 6 
Am-phic'ty-on, 

Piv. Fr. [6 
Am'phic-ty 'o-ne < , 

(Am-phic'ty-ons) 
Am'phi-ge-ni'a 
Am-phil'o-ehus 
Am-phin'o-mus 
Am-phi'on 
Am-phip'o-lis 
Am'phis-bas'na 
Am'phi-the-a'trum 
Am'phi-tri'te 
Am-phit'ry-on 
Am-phit'ry-o-ni'a- 

des, 6 
A-myn'tas 
A-myn'tor 
A-nab'a-sis 
An'a-^har'sis 
A-na'cre-on 

[The established 
English pro- 
nunciation is 
A-nac're-on .] 
An'a-dy-om'e-ne 
An'a-phe 
A-na'pus 
An'ax-ag'o-ras 
An'ax-an 'der 
An'ax-an'dri-de*, 6 
An'ax-e'nor 
A-nax'i-da'mus 
A-nax'i-la'us 
A-nax'i-man'der 
An'ax-im'e-nei, 6 
An'ax-ip'o-lis 
A-nax'is 
An-ca^us 
An-ehi'a-la, or 

An-ohi'a-le 



An-«hi'a-lus 

An-ehim'o-lus 

An-ehi'se^, 6 

An-ci'le 

An-co'na 

An-dab'a-tse 

An-dof 'i-de§, 6 

An-dre'as 

An'dri-a 

An'dro-cle'a 

An'dro-cleg, 6 

An-dro'ge-us 

An-drog'y-nae 

An-drom'a-ehw 

An-drom'e-da 

An'dro-ni'cus 

An-droph'a-gi 

An-dros'the-neg, 6 

Aij'gli-a, L. 

An-gli'a, W. 
An'i-ce'tus 
A-nip'i-us,10,S'.W. 
An'ni-bal 
An-tae'us 
An-tag'o-ras 
An-taFci-das 
An-te'nor 
An'te-ros 
An-the'don 
An'the-mis 
An'thes-pho'ri-a 
An'thes-te'ri-a, S. 
An'the-us [W. 

An'thro-poph'a-gi, 
An-thyl'la 
An'ti-cle'a 
An-tif'y-ra 
An-tig'e-neg, 6 
An-tig'o-ne 
An-tig'o-nus 
An'ti-lib'a-nus 
An-til'o-chus 
An-tim'a-«hus 
An-tin'o-us 
An-ti'o-ehus 

(AnUi-och) 
An-ti'o-pe 
An-tip'a-ros 
An-tip'a-ter [W. 
An-tip'a-tris, L. C. 
An-tiph'a-tes, 6 
An-tiph'i-lus 
An y ti-phon 
An'ti-phus 
An-tip'o-deg, 6 
An-tip / o-lis 
An-tis'the-neg, 6 
An'ti-um, 10 
An-to'ni-a 
An'to-ni'nus 
An-to'ni-us 
A-nu'bis 
Anx'ur 
A'on 

Ap/a-tu'ri-a 
A-pel'la 
A-pel'leg, 6 



GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 



489 



Ap'en-m'nus 

(Ap 1 en-nines) 
Aph'ro-dis'i-a, 10 
AphT-o-di'te, or 

Apb'ro-di'ta 
A-pid-us, 10 
A'pis 

A-pol'li-na're^, 6 
A-poPlo 
A-poPlo-do'rus 
Ap'ol-lo'ni-a 
Ap'ol-lon'i-def, 6 
Ap'ol-lo'ni-us 
Ap-pPa-de*, 6 
Ap'pi-a'nus 

(Ap'pi-an) 
Ap'pi-a VPa 
Ap'pi-i Fo'rum 
A-prPlis 

Ap'u-le'i-af-le'ya) 
Ap'u-le'i-us (-yus) 
A-pu'li-a 

Aq'ui-le'i-a (-le'ya) 
Aq'ui-lo 
A-quPnas 
Aq'ui-ta'ni-a 
A-rab'i-cus 
A-raeh'ne 
A-ra'tus 
Ar'ba-ces,6 
Ar-be'la 
Ar'be-la, or Ar'be- 

le, in Sicily. 
Ar-ca'di-a 
Ar-ces'i-la'us 
Ar^ehe-la'us 
Ar'^tai-as 
Ar'chi-da-mi'a 
Ar'ehi-da'mus 
Ar-ehiPo-chus 
Ar'chi-me'deji, 6 
Ar'ehi-pel'a-gus 
Ar-ehip'pus 
Ax-ehm'tei, 6 
Ar-ehy'tas 
Arc-tu'rus 
Ar'de-a 
Ar'e-mor'i-ca 
A-re'o-pa-gi'tae 
A're-op'a-gus 
A're-op'o-lis 
Ar'e-ta 
Ar'e-tae'us 
Ar'e-tapb'i-la 
Ar'e-tas 
Ar'e-thu'sa 
A're-us, or 

A'reus 
Ar-gae'ua 
Ar-gPa 
Ar'gip-pae'i 
Ar-gPri 
Ar-gol'i-uua 
Ar'go-lis 
Ar'go-nau'tae 

(Ar'go-nauts) 
A'ri-ad'ne 
A'ri-ae'us 
A-ri0-a, 10 
Ar'i-ci'na 
Ar'i-ma'zej, 6, <S. 
A-rim'i-num 
A-rPo-bar-za'ne§ , 6, 
Fr. Fac. S. L. 

A'ri-o-bar'za-ne^, 
1, K. Py. 
A-rPon 



A'ri-o-Tis'tus 

A-ris'ba 

Ar'is-tae'us 

Ar'is-tag'o-raa 

Ar'is-tar'ehua 

A-ris'te-aa 

Ar'is-ti'de*, 6 

Ar'is-tip'pus 

A-ris'to-bu'lua 

A-ris'to-cle>, 6 [S. 

Ar'is-toc'ra-teg, 6, 

A-ris'to-de'mus 

A-ris'to-gPton 

Ar'is-tom'a-che 

Ar'is-tom'a-ehus 

Ar'is-toru'e-neg, 6 

A-ris'ton 

Ar'is-toph'a-nes, 6 

A-ris'to-phou 

Ar'is-tot'e-le-, 6 

Ar'is-tox'e-nus 

A-rPus, or A'ri-as, 

a river, C. 
A-rPus, or A'ri-ua, 

the heretic, Fr. 
Ar-me'ni-a 
Ar-min/i-ua 
Ar-mor'i-cae 
Ar-no'bi-ua 
Ar-pPnuni 
Ar'ri-a'nus, Py. S 
Afsa-ce^, 6, F. 
Fac.M.S.C.K. 

Ar-sa'cej, Py. S. 
Ar-saf'i-dae 
Ar'sa-mo-sa'ta, Py. 
K. M. Fr. 

Ar'sa-mos'a-ta, C. 
Ar-sin'o-e 
Ar'ta-ba'nus [S. 
Ar'ta-ba-za'nes, 6, 
Ar'ta-vas'deg, 6 
Ar'tax-erx'es, 6 
Ar'te-mi-do'rua 
Ar'te-mis 
Ar'te-mis'i-a, 10 
Ar'te-mis'i-uin, 10 
Ar'te-mon 
A'rung 
Ar-va'leg, 6 
Ar-ver'ni 
A'ry-an'de;, 6 
As-caPa-pbus 
As'ca-lon, or 

As'ca-lo 
As-ca'ni-us 
As-cle'pi-e'a, or 

As-cle' pi-Pa 
As'cle-pi'a-deg, 6 
As-cle'pi-o-do'rus 
As-co'ui-us 
As'dru-bal [C. Pe. 
As'i-ne, Fr. K. Py. 

A-sPne, Fac. 
A-sin'i-us 
A-so'pus 

As-pam'i-threg, 6 
As-pa'si-a, 10 
As-pa'si-us, 10 
As'pa-thi'ne-;, 6, W. 

As-path'i-nes, S. 
As/phal-ti'te^, 6 
As-syr'i-a 
As-tar'te 
As-te'ri-a 
As-te'ri-on 
As-te'ri-us 



As-ter'o-pe, or 

As'te-ro-pe'a 
As-trae'a 
As-trse'us 
As-tu'reg, 6, C. S. 
As-ty'a-gei, 6 
As-ty'a-nax [S. L. 
As-tyd'a-mas, Py. 
As'ty-da-mi'a 
As'ty-lus 

As-ty'lus, Pe. 
As'ty-me-du'sa 
As-tyn'o-me 
As-ty'o-ehe, or 

As'ty-o-ebi'a 
As-typh'i-lus 
As'y-ehis, S. W. 
At'a-lan'ta 
At/a-ran'teg, 
A-tar'ga-tia 
A'tax 
A'te 

Ath'a-ma'aeg, 6 
Ath'a-mas 
Ath'a-na'si-us, 10 
A-the'na 
A-the'nae 
Atb'e-naj'um 
Atb'e-nag'o-ras 
A-the'ne 
A-the'ni-o, or 

A-tbe'ni-on 
A-then^-do'rus 
A'thos 
A-til'i-a 
A-tiFi-us 
At-lan'teg, 6 
At-lan'ti-deg, 6 
A-tos'sa 
A'trax 

At're-ba'teg, 6, L. 
C. W. 

A-treb'a-tes, F. 
K.For.Py.S.M. 
A'tre-us, or 

A'treus 
A-tri'dse 
At'ro-pos 
At'ta-lus 
At'ti-ca 
At'ti-cus 
At-ti^i-us 
Au-fe'i-a (-fe'ya) 
Au-fid'i-us 
Au'ga 
Au-gi'as, or 

Au-ge'as 
Au'gu-re;, 6 
Au'gus-ti'uus 

(An -g its' tine, Au- 
gus'tin , and 
Aus'tin) 
Au-gus'tu-lus 
Au-gus'tus 
Au'lis 
Au-re'li-a'nus 

(Au-re'li-an) 
Au-re'li-us 
Au-ro'ra 
Au'run'ci 
Au-so'ni-a 
Au'spi-ceg , 6 
Au-toeh'tho-nes, 6 
Au-tol'v-cus 
Au-tom / e-don 
Au-tom'e-neg, 6 
Au-tou'o-e 



Aux-e'si-a, 10 
AT'en-ti'nus 
A-ver'nus, or 

A-ver'na 
A-vi'tus 
A-ztytus 



B. 



Bab'i-lus, 5. W. 

Bac'€ha-na'li-a 

Bac-chan'te-;, 6 

Bac-thi'a-dae 

Bac-ebi'um, a tem- 
ple ; also, a place 
in Lesbos. 

Bac'ehi-us, a Ro- 
man gladiator. 

Bac-ehyl'i-des, 6, 
C. Py. S. W. 

Bac'tri-a'Da, or 
Bac/tri-a'num 

Baet'i-ca 

Ba-go'as 

Bag'ra-da, and 
Bag/ra-das 

Bai^ (ba'ye) 

Bal-bi'nus 

Ba'le-a'rej, 6 

Bar'a-thrum 

Bar'ba-ri 

Bar-ba'ri-a 

Bar-bos' tbe-neg, 6 

Bar-cae'i 

Bar-dyWis 

Bar-gu/si-1,10 

Ba'ri-um 

Bas'i-le'a. or 

Bas'i-li'a, nam* 
of a city (Ba- 
sel), a goddess, 
and an island. 
Ba-sil'i-a (Basel), 
S. 

Bas'i-li'dae 

Bas'i-li'des, 6 

Ba-siKi-us, and 

Bas'i-li'us ( St. 
Basil) 

Bas'i-li'us, a Ro- 
man name, For. 

Bas'i-lus (also St. 
Basil) 

Bas-sar'i-deg, 6 

Bas-tar'nae, and 
Bas-ter'nse 

Ba-ta'vi 

Ba-ta'vi-a 

Bat'ra-eho'my-o- 
ma'ehi-a 

Bau'cis 

Beb'ry-cej, and 
Be-bry/ces, 6 

Bel'gi-ca 

Bel'gi-um 

Bel'i-sa'ri-us, S. W. 

Bel-ler'0-phoii 

Bel-lo'na 

Bel-lov'a-ci 

Be'loa 

Be'lus 

Ben/e-ven'tum 

Ber'e-ni'ce 

Ber'o-e 

Be-ro'sus 



Ber'j'-tus, sec Fac. 

Be-ry'tus, Fr. K. 
Bi-a'nor [Pw. L. 
Bi-bac'u-lua 
Bi-brac'te 
Bib'u-lus 
Bi'frons 
Bi'on 
Bi-saPtae 
Bi-thyn'i-a 
Bi-tu'ri-ge;, 6 
Blan-du'si-a, 10 
Blem'my-ej, 6 
Bo-ad'i-ce'a 
Bo-a'gri-ua 
Boc'ebo-ris 
Bo-du'ni, 5". W. 
Bo'e-dro'mi-a, C. 

S. 
Boe-o'ti-a, 10 
Bo-e'tbi-ua 
Bo'i-i 
Bo'la 

Bol'bi-ti'num 
Bo-miPcar 
Bom'o-ni'cae 
Bo-no'ni-a 
Bo're-as 

Bo-rys'the-neg, 6 
Braeb-ma'nae 

(Brah'mans) 
Brach-ma'neg, 6 
Bran'ehi-dae 
Bras'i-das 
Brau'ron 
Bri-a're-us. or 

Bri'a-reus 
Brig'an-ti'nus 
Bri-se'is 
Bri-tan'ni 

(Brit'ons) 
Bri-tan'ni-a 
Bri-tan'ni-cus 
Brit'o-ruar'tis 
Brix-el'lum 
Bruc'te-ri 
Brun-du'si-um, 10 
Bru'ti-i. 10, or 

Brut'ti-i 
Bru'tus 
Bu-ceph'a-lus 
Bu-coPi-ca 
Bu'pha-gus 
Bu-sPris 
Bu'te^, 6 
Bu-tor'i-dej. 6 
Bu'zy-geg, A. Pw. 
C. 

Bu'zy-geg, Fr. W. 
By'blis 

By-za'ci-um, 10 
By-zan'ti-um , 10 



C. 

Ca-bPra 

Ca-bi'ri 

Ca'ca 

Ca'cus 

Cad-me'a 

Ca-du'ce-us, 10 

Cae-cil'i-us 

Cae-cPna 

Caec'u-lus 

Cae'li-ua 



Cse'nse 

Cae-nPna 

Cse'nis 

Cae're 

Oae'sar 

Caps'a-re'a 

Cae-sa'ri-o 

Caes'a-ro-du'num 

Ca-i'cus 

Ca'i-e'ta 

Ca'i-us (ka'yus) 

CaPa-ber 

Ca-la'hri-a 

CaPa-is 

Ca-la'nus, 

K.Pio.L.M.a 

CaPa-nus, S. Py. 
CaPau-re'a, and 

Cal'au-ri'a 
Ca-lau'ri-a 
Ca'le 

Cal-e-do'ni-a 
Ca-le'nus 
CaPe-ti 

Ca-lid'i-us, S. W. 
Ca-lig'u-la 
CaPli-as, Py. S. W. 
CaPli-cles, 6 
Cal-lic'ra-te£, 6 
CaPIi-crat'i-das 
Cal-lim'a-ehus 
Cal-lPo-pe 
CaPli-o-pe'a 
CaPli-pa-ti'ra 
CaPli-phon 
Cal-lip'o-lis 
Cal-lir'ho-e 
Cal-lis'the-neg, 6 
Cal-lis'to 
Cal-lis'tra-tus 
Cal-lix'e-na 
Cal-pur'ni-us [W. 
CaPu-sid'i-us, -S. 
CaPy-ce 
CaPy-don 
Ca-lyp'so 
Cam'a-ri'na, or 

Cam'a-ri'ne 
Cam-by'se^, 6 
Cam'e-ri'num 
Cam'e-ri'nus 
Ca-mil'la 
Ca-miPlus 
Ca-mPro 
Ca-moe'nae 
Cam-pa/ni-a 
Cam-pas'pe 
Ca'na 
Ca-na'ri-i 
Can'da-ce 
Can-dau'les, 6 
Ca-neph'o-ri 
Ca-uic'u-la'reSjG 
Ca-nid'i-a 

Ca-nid'i-us, S. W. ' 
Ca-nin'i-us 
Ca'ni-us, S. W. 
Ca-no'pus 
Can'ta-bri 
Can-ta'bri-a 
Can't.ha-rus 
Can'ti-um, 10 
Ca-nu'si-um, 10 
Ca-pePla 
Ca-pe'na 
Cap'e-tua 
Cap'i-to 



490 



GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 



Cajyi-to-li'nus 
Cap'i-to'li-um 
Cap'pa-do'ci-a, 10 
Ca'pre-as 
Oap'ri-cor'nus 

( Cap'ri-corn) 
lap'ro-ti'na 
Cap'u-a 
Car'a-cal'la 
Ca-rac'ta-cus 
Ca-rau'si-us, 10, 

<S. W. 
Car-ci'nus 
Car'di-a, Py. S. 
Ca'reg, 6 
Ca'ri-a 
Ca-ri'nae 
Ca-ri'nus 
Car-me'lus 

( Car'mel) 
Car'men-ta'leg, 6 
Car-ne'a-deg, 6 
Car-nu'teg, 6 
Car'pa-thus 
Car-thag'i-ni-en'- 

seg 
Car-tha'go 

( Car'thage) 
Car-vil'i-us, S. W, 
Ca'ry-at'i-deg, 6, pi. 
Ca-rys'tus 
Cas'i-li'num 
(Ja'si-us, 10 
Cas'pi-i 
Cas'pi-um 
Cas-san'der 
Cas-san'dra 
Cas'si-o-do'rus, 10 
Cas-si'o-pe, or 

Cas'si-o-pe'a^O 
Cas'si-ter'i-deg, 6 
Cas^i-us, 10 
Cas'si-ve-lau'nus 
Cas-ta'li-a, or 

Cas-ta'li-us Fons 
Cat'a-na 
Cat'i-li'na 

( Cat'i-line) 
Ca'to 
Ca-tul'lus 
Cafu-lus 
Cau'ca-sus 
Cau-co'neg^ 
Cau'di-um 
Cau'nus 
Cav'a-reg, 6 
Ca-ys'ter, or 

Ca-ys'trus 
Ce'beg, 6 [W. 

Ce-bre'ni-a, Sell. 
Ce-ci'na 
Ce-cro'pi-a 
Ce-crop / i-dae 
Ce'crops 
Ce-lae'no 
Ce'ler 
Cel'e-res, 6 
Ce'le-us 
Cel'ti-be'ri 
Cel-tos'cy-thae 
Cen'shre-ae 
Cen-ehre'is 
Cen-so'res, 6 
Cen'so-ri'nus 
Cen-tau'ri 
Cen-tro'ne;, 6 
Cen-tuin'vi-ri 



Cen-tu'ri-a 
Ceph'al-le'ni-a 
Ceph'a-lus 
Ce'phe-us, or 

Ce' phe us 
Ce-phis'i-a, 10 
Ce-phis'o-do'rus 
Ceph'i-sod'o-tus 
Ce-phi'sus, or 

Ce-phis'sus 
Cer'a-mi'cus 
Cer'a-sus 
Ce-rau'ni-a 
Ce-rau'ni-i 
Cer'be-rus 
Cer'cy-on 
Ce're-a'li-a 
Ce'reg, G 
Ce-rin'thus 
Ce-the'gus 
Ce'us 
Ce'yx 
Chae're-as 
Chae-re'mon 
Chaar'o-ne'a 
Chal-ce'don 
Chal'ce-do'ni-a 
€hal-dae'a 
€hal'y-bes, 6 
€hal'y-bon, Py.W. 
■(Thal'y-bo-m'tis 
Cha-o'ni-a 
€ba/oa 
€ha'reg, 6 
€har'i-cles, 6, S. 

W. 
Char'i-la'us, and 

tJha-ril'lua 
€ha-ris'i-a, 10 
Char'i-teg, 6 
Chard- ton, Py. C. 

W. 
Char'mi-des, 6 
€har-mi'o-ne 
Cha'ron 
Cha-ron'das 
Cha'rops, and 

Char'o-peg, 6 
Cha-ryb'dis 
Chau'bi, and 

Chau'ci 
Cha-u'ci 
€hel'i-do'ni-ae 
■Che-lo'ne 
•Ghel'o-ni'tis 
€ hel'o-n oph'a-gi 
■Ghe'ops 
Cher-sid'a-mas 
Cher'so-ne'sus, or 

Cher'ro-ne'sus 
Che-rus'ei 
■Chi-mae'ra 
€5hi / os 
€hi'ron 
€hlo'e 
€hlo'ris 
■Cho'as-peg, 6 
Choer'i-lus 
-Cho-rce'bus 
Chro'nos 
■fc'hry'sa 
Chry-sa'or 

Chrys'a-or, C. 
■Ghry-se'is 
€hry'seg, 6 
■Chry-sip'pus 
€hry-sog'o-nus 



■Cnry-sos'to-mus 
(Chrys'os-tom) 

•Chry-soth'e-mis 

Chtho'ni-a, 14 

Cib'a-lae 

Cic'e-ro 

Cic'o-neg, 6 

Ci-lic'i-a, 10 

Cim / bri-cus 

Cim-me'ri-i 

Cim-me'ri-um 

Ci'mon 

Cin'cin-na'tus 

Cin'e-as 

Cin-get'o-rix 

Ci'nyps, and 
Cin'y-phus, 
Sch. S. 

Cin'y-ras 

Cir-cen'seg Lu'di 

Cis'se-us, or 
Cis'seus 

Ci-thaVron 

Ci-vi'lis 

Cla'rus, or Cla'ros 

Clau'di-a 

Clau'di-a'nus 
( Clau'di-an) 

Clau'di-op'o-lis 

Clau'di-us 

Cla-zonVe-nse 

Cle-an'theg, 6 

Cle'meng 
( Clem'ent) 

CUVo-buMus 

Cle-om'bro-tus 

Cle-om/e-neg, 6 

Cle-op'a-tra. Pw. 
K. M. Py. C. 
Fr 
Cle'o-pa'tra, F. 
[This ia the 
accepted Eng- 
lish pronuncia- 
tion.] 

Cle-op'a-tris 

Cle-os'tra-tus 

Clep'sy-dra 

Clin'i-as, K. W. 

Cli'o 

Clis'the-neg, 6 

Cli-tar^ebus 

Cli-tom'a-ehus 

Cli-tunWnus 

Oli'tus 

Clo'a-ci'na 

Cloe'li-a 

Clu'a-ci'na 

Clu-si'ni 

Clym'e-ne 

Clyn^e-ne'i-deg, 6 

Clyin/e-nus 

Clyt'em-nes'tra 

Coc'a-lus 

Coc-ce'i-us 
(-se'yus) 

Co'cles,6 

Co-cy'tus 

Co-drop'o-lis 

Co'drus 

Coel'e-syr'i-a, and 
Coel / o-syr'i-a 

Co'hors 

Col-la'ti-a, 10 

Col'la-ti'nus 

Col-li'na 

Co-lo'nae 



Co-lo'ne Cu-ru'lis 

Co-lo'ni-a Cy'a-ne 

CoPo-phon Cy-a'ne-ae 

Co-los'sus Cy-ax'a-res, Py. W. 

CoFu-mel'la [lis Oyb'e-le 
Co-lum'nas Her'cu- Cyc'la-deg, 6 



Co-ma'na 

Corn'mo-dus 

Co'mus 

Con-cor'di-a 

Co'non 

Con-stan'ti-a, 



10 



Cy-clo'peg, 6 
( Cy' clops) 
Cyd'i-as, S. Sch 
Cyd'o-ne'a 
Cy'ma, or Cy'ma 
Cyn'ae-gi'rus 



Con-stan'ti-nop'o- Cyn'e-as 



lis 

( Con-stan'ti- 
no'ple) 
Con'stan-ti'nus 

( Con' stan-tine) 
Co'pi-a 
Cor'bu-lo 
Cor-cy'ra [nus Cyn'thi-us 

Cor'cy-ra, Avie- Cyp'ri-a'nus 



Cy-ne'teg, 6 
Cyn'i-ci 

Cyn'o-ceph'a-lae 
Cyn'o-sar'geg, 6 
Cyn'o-su'ra 

( Cyn'o-sure) 
Cyn'thi- 



Cor'du-ba 

Co-rin'na 

Co-rin'thus 

CVri-o-la'nus 

Co-ri'o-li 

Cor-ne'li-a 

Cor'ni-ger 

Cor'o-ne'a, or 

Cor'o-ni'a 
Corsica 
Cor-vi'nus 
Cor'y-ban'teg, 
Cor'y-don 



Cyp'ri-an) 
Cy'prus 
Cyp'se-lus 
Cyr'e-na'i-ci 
Cy-re'ne 
Cy-riPlus 
( Cyr'il) 
Cyr'si-lus 
Cy'rus 
Cy-the'ra 
Cyth'e-re'a 
3 Cyz'i-cum 
[ T^. Cyz'i-cus 



D. 



Cos-su'ti-i, 10, S, 

Cot'i-so 

Cotai-ae 

Co'tys 

Co-tyt'to 

Cran'a-us 

Cra'non 

Crat'e-rus 

Cra'teg. 6 

Cra'this 

Cra-ti'nus 

Crat'y-lus 

Crem'e-ra 

Cre-mo / na 

Cre'on 

Cre-oph'i-lus 

Cre-u'sa 

Cri-mi'sus 

Cris-pi'nus 

Cri-the'is 

Cri'to 

Crit'o-bu'lus 

Crit'o-la'us 

Cro-by'zi, Py. Sch 

Croc'o-di-lop 'o-lis 

Croe'sus 

Cro^hi 

Cro-to'na 

Crus'tu-me'ri-a, or Dat'a-pher'neg 

Crus/tu-me'ri-um Dau'lis 
Cte'si-as, 10, 14 Dau'ni-a 
Cte-sib'i-us, S. W. De-cap'o-lis 
Ctes'i-phon, 14 De'ci-us, 10 
Cu'ma, or Cu/mae De-cu'ri-o 
Cu-pi'do 



Da'ci-a 

Dac'ty-li 

Daed'a-la 

Daed'a-lus 

Dae'mon 

Dal-ma'ti-a, 10 

Dal-mat'i-cus 

Dam'as-ce'ne 

Da-mas'cus 

Dam'o-cleg, 6 

Da/mon 

Dan'a-e 

Dan'a-i 

Da-na'i-deg, 6 

Dan / a-us 

Da-nu'bi-us 

(Dan'ube) 
Daph'ne-pho'ri-a, 

S. W. 
Dar-dan'i-deg, 6 
Dar'da-nus 
Da're-us, or 

Da-ri/us 



Cu're^, 6 
Cu-re'teg, 6 
Cu'ri-a 

Cu'ri-a'ti-i, 10 
Cu'ri-o 

Cu-ri'o-so-li'taB 
Cur'ti-us, 10 



De-i'a-ni'ra 

De-id'a-mi'a 

De-i'o-ceg, 6 

De'i-ot'a-rus 

De-iph/o-bus 

De'li-us 

Dedos 

Del-phic'oJa 



Del'phi-cus [C.W 

Del-phin'i-um, S. 

DeDa'a-deg, 6* 
Fac. W. 
De-ma' de.-», 6 
Fr. K. Py. Pw. 

DenVa-ra'tus 

De-me'tri-as 

De-me'tri-us 

Dern'o-ce'deg, 6 

De-moch'a-reg, 6 

De-moc / ri-tus 

De-moph'o-on 

De-mos'the-neg, 6 

Der'ce-to, or 
Der'ce-tis 

Der-to'na 

Deu-ca'li-on 

Di-ag'o-ras 

Di-a'lis 

Di-a-mas'ti-go'sis 

Di-a'na 

[The established 
English pronun- 
ciation is Di- 
an'a.] 
(Di'an) 

Dic-tam'num 

Dic-ta'tor 

Did'i-us 

Di'do 

Di-es'pi-ter 

Di-noc'ra-teg, 6 

Di'o-cle'ti-a'nus 
(Di'o-cle'tian) 

Di'o-do'rus 

Di-og'e-neg, 6 

Di'o-me'de 

Di'o-me'deg , 6 
{Di'o-med) 

Di-o'ne 

Di'o-nae'a 

Di'o-nys'i-a, 10 

Di'o-ny-si'a-deg, 6 

Di'o-ny-sip'o-lis 

Di'o-nys'i-us, 10 

Di'o-phan'tus 

Di'os-cor'i-deg, 6 
Py. S. 

Di'os-cu'ri 

Di-os'po-lis 

Dip'o-lis * 

Dis-cor'di-a 

Div'i-ti'a-cus 

Div'o-du'rum 

Do-do'na 

Do-don'i-deg, 6 

Dol'a-bel'la 

Dol'o-pej, 6 

Do-niit'i-a, 10 

Do-mit'i-a'nus, 10 
( Do-mi' tian) 

Do-na'tus 

Do'reg, 6 

Do'ri-on 

Dor'y-lae'um 

Dra'co 

Drep'a-na, or 
Drep'a-num 

Dru'i-dae 
( Dru'ids) 

Dry'a-deg, 6, Fac 
(Dry' ads) [W. 

Dry'o-peg, 6 

Du-il'li-us 

Du-liehdum 

Dum'no-rix 



GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 



401 



E. 

Eb'o-ra'cum 

Py. Fac. L. For. 
B. Sch. 
Eb'u-ro'neg, 6 
Eb'u-sus 

E-bu'sua 
Ec-bat'a-na, S. W. 
E-ehid'na 
E-ehin'a-des, 6 
E-ebi'on 
E'eho 
E-des'sa, or 

E-de'sa 
E'doQ 
E-do'neg, 6, Thru- 

cians 
E-lae'a 

El'a-gab'u-lua [W. 
El'a-pbe-bo'b-a, S. 
El'a-te'a 
E'le-a 
E-lec'tra 
E-lec'try-on 
E-le'i 

El'e-phan'tis 
El'eu-sin'i-a 
El'eu-si'nus 
E-leu'ais 
E-leu'the-rae 
El'eu-the'ri-a 
E'lis 

El'pi-ni'ce 
El'y-ma'is 
E-lys'i-um, 10 
Em-ped'o-clei, 6 
En-cel'a-dus 
En-dym'i-on 
E-nip'e-us, or 

E-ni'peus 
En'ni-us 
En-tel'lus 
E-ny'o 
E'os 

E-pam'i-non'das 
E-pe'us 
Eph'i-al'te*, 6 
Eph'o-ri 
Eph'y-ra 
Ep'i-ehar'mus 
Ep'ic-te'tu3 
Ep'i-cu-re'i 

(Ep'i-cu-re'ans) 
Ep'i-cu'rus 
Ep'i-dau'ri-a 
Ep'i-dau'rus 
E-pig'o-ni 
Ep'i-men'i-des, 6 
Ep'i-me'the-us, or 

Ep'i-me'theus 
Ep'i-pha-ne'a 
E-piph'a-ne^, 6 
E-pi'rus 
Ep'o-red'o-rix 
E-quir'i-a 
Eq'ui-teg, 6 
Er'a-sis'tra-tus 
E^a-to 

Er'a-tos'tbe-neg, 6 
Er'e-bus 
E-reeh'the-us, or 

E-reeh'theua 
E-re'tri-a 
Er'ieh-tho'ni-us 
E-rid'a-nua 



E-rig'o-ne 

E-rig'o-nus,a man 

Er'i-go'nua, a river 

E-rin'nys 

EMs 

Er'i-sieh'thon 

E'roa 

E-roa'tra-tua 

Er'y-ci'na 

Eiyy-man'thus 

Er'y-the'a, or 

Er'y-thi'a 
Er'y-ttarse 
E'ryx 
Es-quil'i-ae 
Es'qui-li'nus 
E-te'o-cleg,6 
E-te'o-clus 
E-te/si-ge, 10 
E-tru'ri-a 
E-trus'ci 
Eu-boe'a 
Eu-bo'i-cus 
Eu-bu'li-deg, 6 
Eu-bu'lus 
Eu-cli'de>, 6 
Eu-do'ci-a, 10, S. 

W. 
Eu-er'ge-tae 
Eu-ge'ni-us 
Eu'ine-nej, 6 
Eu'me-ni'a 
Eu-men'i-des, 6 
Eu'pa-tor 
Eu'pha-ei, 6 
Eu-pbor'bua 
Eu-pho'ri-on 
Eu-pbra'nor 
Eu-phra'tes, 6 
Eu-phros'y-ne 
Eu'po-lis 
Eu-rip'i-deg, 6 
Eu-ri'pua 
Eu-ro'pa 
Eu'ro-pae'us 
Eu-ro'tas 
Eu'rua 
Eu-ry'a-lus 
Eu-ryd'a-mas 
Eu-ryd'i-ce 
Eu-rym'e-don 
Eu-rys'tbe-nes., 6 
Eu-rys'the-us , or 

Eu-rys'theus 
Eu'ry-tus [an. 

Eu-se'bi-a, a tvom- 
Eu'se-bi'a, a city. 
Eu-se'bi-us 
Eu-sta'tbi-us, S. W. 
Eu-ter'pe 
Eu-thyc'ra-teg, 6 
Eu-tro'pi-ua 
Eux-i'nus Pon'tus 
E-vad'ne 
E-van'der 



Fa'bi-i 

Fa-bric'i-us, 10 

Fees' u-lae 

Fa-le'ri-a 

Fa-ler'nus 

Fau'na 

Fau'nus 



Faus-ti'na 
. Faua'tu-lus 
, Fav'o-ri'nus 

Fe'ci-a'leg 6 

Fe-lif'i-tas 

Fe-ra'li-a 

Fer'en-ti'num 

Fe-re'tri-ua 

Fi-de'na, or 
Fi-de'nee 

Fi'deg, 6 

Fla-min'i-a 

Fla'yi-a 

Flo-ra'li-a 

Flo-ren'ti-a, 10 
( Flor'ence) 

Flo'ri-a'nus 

Fon-te'i-us (-yus) 

For'mi-ee 

For-tu'na 

Fo'rum 

Fris'i-i, 10 

Fu-ga'li-a 

Ful'vi-us 

Fu'ri-ae 
(Fu'ries) 



G. 



Ga'bi-i 

Ga-bi'nus 

Ga'deg, 6 

Gad'i-ta'nus 

Gal'a-tae 

Gal'a-te'a 

Ga-le'nus 

( Ga'len) 
Ga-le'ri-us 
Ga-le'sus 
Gal'i-lae'a 

( Gal'i-lee) 
Gal'li-a 
Gal'li-cus 
Gal'li-e'nus 
Gal-lip'o-Hs 
Gal'lo-gras'ci-a, 10 
Gan-gar'i-dee 
Gan'y-me'deg, 6 

( Gan'y-mede) 
Gar'a-man'teg, 6 
Gar-ga'nua 
Gar-ga'rus 
Ge'la 
Gel'li-us 
Ge'lo or Ge'lon 
Gem'i-ni 

Ge-ne'va, W. L. Fr. 
K. Sch. M. 

Gen'e-va, For. 
Ge'ni-us 
Gen'u-a 
Ge-or'gi-ca 

( Geor'gics) 
Ger-go'vi-a 
Ger-ma'ni-''. 

( Ger'ma 
Ger-man'i-cy^ _, 
Ger-ma'ni-i, a Per- 
sian people, S. 
Ge'ry-on, and 

Ge-ry'o-ne^, 6 
Ge'ta 
Ge'tse 

6i-gan'te?, 6 
Glau-co'pis 



Glau'cus 
Gor'di-a'nus 

( Gor'di-an) 
Gor'di-us 
Gor'gi-as 
Gor'go-nes, 6 
Gor-ty'aa, and 

Gor-ty'ne 
Go'thi 

(Goth*) 
Gra-di'vus 
Grae'ci-a, 10 
Gra-ni'cu8 
Gra'ti-ae, 10 
Gra'ti-a'nus, 10 
Gy'a-rus, and 

Gy'a-ros 
Gy-iip'pus 
Gym-na'si-um, 10 
Gym-nos'o-pbis'tee 



Hepb'aes-ti'a, afes- Ho-ra'ti-us 10 
(Hor'ace) 
Hor-ten'si-us, 10 
Hy'a-cin'thus 
lly'a-dej, 6 
Hy'bla 
Ily-dar'neg, 6 



tival. 
He-phaes'ti-on, 10 
Her'a-cle'a 
Her'a-cli'dae 
Her'a-cli'tus 
Her'cu-la'ne-um 

Her'cu-la-ne'um, Hy-das'peg'€ 
K. Hy'dra 

Her'cu-les, 6 Ilyd'ra-o'teg, t 

Her-cu'le-um Hy'drus 

Her-cyn'i-a Hy-emp'sal 

He-ren'ni-us Hy-ge'i-a (-je'y:*) 

Iler-maph'ro-di'tus Hy'las 
Her'me-si'a-nax Hym'e-nae'us 
Her-mi'as Hy-met'tua 



H. 



Ha'dri-a'nus 
(Ha'dri-an) 
Ha'di-i-at'i-cum 
Hae'mo-ni-a 
Hal-cy'o-ne 
Hal'i-car-nas'sus 
Ha'lys 
Ham'a-dry'a-des, 6 He-ro'di-a'nus 



Her'rni-as 
Iler-nii'o-ne 
Her'mi-ou'i-cus 

Si'aua 
Her-mip'pus 
Her-moc'ra-teg, 6 
Her'mo-do'rus 
Iler-mog'e-nes , 6 
Her'mo-la'us 
Her'mo-ti'mus 
Her'niun-du'ri, 
Pe. S. 

Her-mun'du-ri 
K. Far.. For. F. Hya-taa'peg, 6 
He-ro'deg, 6 

( Her'od) 



Hyp'a-ms 
Hyp'er-bo're-i, and 

Ily-per'bo-re'i 
Hyp'e-ri'deg, 6, or 

Hy-per'i-deg 
Hyp'e-ri'on 

( Hy-pe'ri-on ) 
Hyp'erm-nes'tra 
Ilyp-sic'ra-teg, 6 
Hyp-sip'y-le 
HjT-ca'ai-a 
Hv-ri'e-us, or 

Hvr'i-eua 



( Ham' a-dry-ads) 
Ha-mil'car 
Han'ni-bal 
Har-mo'di-us 
Har'pa-gus, 

Py. C. W. 
Har-pal'y-ce 
Har-poc'ra-tes, 6 
Har-py'i-33 (-ye) 

(Har' pies) 
Ha-rus'pex 
Has'dru-bal 
He'be 
He'brus 
Hec'a-tae'u3 
Hec'a-te 
Hec'u-ba 
He-ge'mon, and 

Heg'e-mon 
Heg'e-sip'pus 
Hel'e-na 
Hel'e-nus 
He-li'a-deg, 6 
Hel'i-ce 
Hel'i-con 
He'li-o-do'rus 
He'li-o-gab'a-lus, 



(He-ro'di-an) 
He-rod'o-tus 
He'ron 
Her'o-op'o-lia 
He-roph'i-la 
He-roph'i-lus 
Her-sil'i-a 
Her'u-li 
He-si'o-dua 

(He'si-od) 
He-si'o-ue 
Iles-pe'ri-a 
Hes-per'i-deg, 6 
Hes'pe-rua 
He-ayth'i-us 
He-tru'ri-a 
Hi-ber'ni-a 
Hi'e-rap'o-lia 
Hi'e-ro 
Hi-er'o-cleg , 6 
Hi'e-ron'y-niua 

(Jer'ome) 
Hi'e-ro-sol'y-ma 

(Je-ru'sa-lem) 
Hi-la'ri-us 

(Hil'a-ry) 
Hi-mil'co 



He'li-o-ga-ba'lus , Hi p-par'ehus 



C. L. 
He'li-op'o-lis 
He'li-os 
Hel-le'neg, 6 
Hel'les-pon'tus 
Hel-lo'tia 
He-lo'rua 
He'los 
He-lo'tse, and 

He-lo'te*, 6 
( He'lots or Hel> 
ots) 
Hel-ve'ti-i, 10 
Hel'vi-i 
He-pbses'ti-a, 5, < 

town. 



Hip'pa-sua 
Hip'pi-aa 
Hip'pi-us 
Hip'po-cen-tau'ri 
Hip-poc'ra-tes, 6 
Hip'po-cre'ne 
Hip'po-da-mi'a 
Hip-pol'y-te 
Hip-pol'y-tus 
Hip'po-mol'gi 
Hip-po'nax 
His-pa'ni-a 
His-ti'ae-o'tit 
Ho-me'rus 
( Ho'mer) 
Ho-ra'ti-a, 10 



I-ac'€hus 

I-al'y-sus 

I-am'be 

I-am'bli-ehas 

I'a-pyg'i-a 

I-ar'baa 

I'a-sis 

I-ax'ar-te§, 6 

I-be'ri 

I-be'ri-a 

I-be'rua 

Ib'y-cua 

I-ca'ri-a 

I-ca'ri-ua 

Ic'a-rua 

I-ce'ni, Fac. W. 

l€h'thy-opb'a-gi 

I-cil'i-us 

I-cc/Qi-um 

I'da 

I'das 

I-dom'e-neus 

Id'u-me'a 

Il'i-a 

I-li'a-cus 

Il'i-aa 

I-li'o-ne, or 
I-li'o-na 

I-lis'sua 

Il'i-tby'i-a (-ya) 

Il'i-um, orll'i-oc 

U-lyr'i-a 

Il-lyr'i-cum 

Im'a-us 
I-ma'us, K. 

Im'broa 

In'a-ehua 

I-nar'i-me 

In'ci-ta'tus 

In'di-ge'teg, o peo- 
ple. 

I'no 



GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 



I-no'pus 

iD'ta-pher'neg, 6 

In'ter-am/na 

Fo 

Fo-las, or Fo-la'us 

Fon 

I-o'ni-a 

Fo-pe 

Iph'i-clus, or 

Ipb'i-cleg, 6 
I-phic'ra-tes, 6 
Iph'i-ge-ni'a 
Fphis 
Ipb'i-tus 
Ir'e-nae'us 
I-re'ne 
I-sae'us 
I-sau'ri-a 
Is'i-do'rus 

(Is'i-dore) 
Fsis 

Is-me'ne 
ls-me'ni-as 
Is-me/nus, son of 

Apollo 
Is'me-nus, a Chian 
I-soc'ra-teg, 6 
Isth'mi-a (Ist/mi-a) 
Is'tri-a 
I-ta'li-a 

(It'a-ly) 
I-tal'i-cus 
It/a-lus 
Ith'a-ca 
Ith'o-mae'a 
It/u-rae'a 
Ftys 
I-u'lus 
Ix-i'on 
Ix'i-on'i-deg, 6 



J. 



Ja-co'bus 

(James) 
Jap y e-tus 
Jo-se'phus 
Jo'vi-a'nus 

(Jo'vi-an) 
Ju-das'a 
Ju-gur'tha 
Ju/li-a'nus 

(Ju'li-an) 
Ju/li-i 
Ju'li-op'o-lis 
Ju'li-us 
Ju/ni-a 
Ju/no 
Ju/pi-ter 
Jus-tin'i-a'nus 

(Jus-tin' i-an) 
Jus-ti'nus 

(Jus' tin) 
Ju've-na'lis 

(Ju've-nal) 
Ju-ver'na 



Lab'da-cus 

La'be-o 



La-be'ri-us 

La'bi-e'nus 

Lab'y-rin'thus 

Lac'e-dae'inon 

Lap'e-dae-mo'ni-ijOr 

Laf 'e-daem 'o-neg 
(Lat,:'e-de-mo f - 
ni-ans) 
Laeh'e-sis 
La-cin'i-um 
La-co'ni-a, and 

La-con/i-ca 
Lac-tan/ti-us, 10 
La'don 
Lae'li-a'nus 
Lae'li-us 
La-er'tej, 6 
Laes-tryg'o-neg, 6 
Lae-vi'nus 
La'gus 
La'is 
La'mi-a 

Lam'pe-ti'a, a city. 
Lam'pe-to 
Lam-prid'l-us M'- 

li-us 
Lam 7 pro-cleg, 6 
Lamp'sa-cus, and 

Lamp'sa-ehum 
La'mus 
Lan'go-bar'di 
La-nu/vi-um 
La-oc'o-oa 
La-od'a-mi'a 
La-od'i-ce'a 
La-om'e-don 
La-om/e-don-ti'a- 

dae 
Lap'i-thae 
La-ren'ti-a, 10 
La'reg, 6 

Lar'ti-us, 10, S. W. 
Lat/e-ra'nus 

(Lat'er-an) 
La-te'ri-um 
La'ti-a'lis, 10 
La-ti'rri 
La-ti'nus 
La'fci-um, 10 
Lat'o-bri'gi 
La-to'na 
Lau/sus 
La-ver'na 
La-vin'i-a 
La-vin'i-um, or 

La-vi'num 
Le-an'der 
Leb'a-de'a 
Leb'e-dus, or 

Leb'e-dos 
Le-chas'um 
Le'da 
Le-daa'a 
Lel'e-geg, 6 
Le'lex 
Le-ma'nus 
Lem'o-vi'ces, 6 

Le-mov'i-ceg 
Len^ii-reg, 6 
Len/tu-lus 
Le-on/i-das 
Le'on-ti'ni 
Le-on'ti-um, 10 
Le-os'the-neg, 6 
Le'o-tyeh'i-deg, 6 
Lep'i-dus 
Le-pca'ti-i, 10 



Lep'ti-neg, 6 

Le'the 

Leu'cas 

Leu'ce 

Leu-cip'pus 

Leu'con 

Leu-co'the-a 

Leu-coth'o-e 

Lex-o'vi-i 

Li-ba'ni-us, S. W. 

Lib'a-nus 

( Leb'a-non) 
Li'ber 
Li-ber'tas 
Lib'i-ti'na 
Lib'y-a 
Li'ehas 
Li-cin'i-a 
Li-cin'i-us 
Lif'i-nus 
Li-ga'ri-us 
Lig'u-reg, 6 
Li-gu'ri-a 
Lil'y-bas'um 
Lin'go-neg, 6 
Lip'a-ra 
Li'ris 
Lit/y-er'sas 

Lit/y-er'seg, 6 
Liv'i-us 

( Liv'y) 
Lo'cri 
Lo-cus'ta 
Lon-din/i-um 
Lon-gim/a-nus 
Lon-gi'nus 
Lon/go-bar'di 

( Lom'bards) 
Lon'gu-la 
Lu-ca'ui-a 
Lu-ca'nus 

(Lu'can) 
Luc-ce'i-us (-yus) 
Lu'ce-reg, 6 
Lu-ci-a'nus, 10 
Lu'ci-fer 
Lu-cil'i-us 
Lu-ci'na 
Lu-cre'ti-a, 10 
Lu-cre'ti-us, 10 
Lu-cul'lus 
Lug-du'num 

( Ly'ons) 
Lu-per'cal 
Lu/per-ca'li-a 
Lu/si-ta'ni-a 
Lu-ta'ti-us. 10 
Lu-te'ti-a, 10 
Ly-ca'on 
Lyc'a-o'ni-a 
Lyc'i-a, 10 
Lyp'i-das 
Ly-cis'cus 
Lyc'o-me'deg, 6 
Ly'con 
Lyc'o-phron 
Ly-oo'ris 
Ly-cur'gus 
Lyd'i-a 
Lyn'ceus, or 

Lyn'ce-us 
Ly-san'der 
Lys'i-as, 10 
Ly-sim'a-chi'a, or 

Lys'i-ma'ehi-a 
Ly-sim'a-ehus 
Ly-sip'pus 



M. 



Ma-ca're-us, or 

Mac'a-reus 
Ma-ca'ri-a 
Mac'e-do 
Ma-ced'o-neg, 6 

( Ma^'e-do'ni-ans 
Mac'e-don'i-cus 
Ma'cjer 
Ma-eha'on 
Ma'cri-a'nus 
Ma-cri'nus 
Ma-cro'bi-i 
Ma-cro'bi-us 
Mae-an'der 
Mae-ce'nas 
Maen'a-lus 
Mae-on'i-deg, 6 
Mae-o'tis Pa'lus 
Mag-nen'ti-us, 10 
Mag-ne'si-a, 10 
Ma'go 
Ma-har'bal 
Ma'i-a (ma'ya) 
Ma-jes'tas 
Ma-mer'cus 
Mam'er-ti'ni 
Ma-mil'i-us 
Ma-mu'ri-us 
Man-ci'nus 
Mau'e-tho 
Ma-niFi-us 
ilan-sue'tus 
Man'tu-a 
Ma^a-thoa 
Mar'cel-li'nus 
Mar'ci-a'na, 10 
Mar'ci-a'nus, 10 

(Mar'ci-an) 
Mar'ci-us, 10 
Mar/co-mau'Di 
Mar-do'ni-us 
Mar-^i/teg,6 
Ma'ri-am'ne 
Ma'ri-us 
Mar-mar'i-dae 
Ma'ro 
Mar'o-ne'a, and 

Mar'o-ni'a 
Mar-pe'si-a, 10 
Mar-pe'sus 
Mar-ru'vi-um, or 

Mar-ru'bi-um 
Mar'sy-as, 10 
Marai-a'lis, 10 

(Mar'ti-al) 
Mas'i-nis'sa 
Mas-sag'e-taa 
Mas'si-cus 
Mas-siKi-a 
Ma-tra'li-a 
Mat-tFa-ci 
Mau'ri 

Mau'ri-ta'ni-a 
Mau-so'lus 
Ma-vor'ti-a, 10 
Max-en'ti-us. 10 
Max'iin-i-a'nus 

(Max-im'i-an) 
Max'i-mi'nus 

( Max'i-min) 
Max'i-mus 
Me-de'a 
Me'di-a 
Me/di-o-la'num 



Me'don 
Me-du'sa 
Meg'a-by'sus 
Meg'a-cleSjO, Py.S. 
Me-gae'ra 
Meg 7 a-le 
Meg 7 a-ra 
Me-gas'the-neg, 6 
) Me-gis'ti-as 
Me-lam/pus 
Mel'a-nip'pl-aeg, 6 
Mel'a-nip'pus 
Me-lan'thi-us 
Me-laa'thus 
Me'las 

Me'le-a'ger, K. F. 
S. Sen. 

Me-le'a-ger, C. 
Fac. 
Me'le-ag'ri-des, 6 
Me'les, 6 
Mel'e-sig'e-neg, 6 
Me^i-boe'us 
Me-lis'sa 

Mel'i-ta, orMeFi-te 
Me'li-us 
Me'los 

Mel-pom^-ne 
Mem'mi-a 
Mem'mi-us 
Mem-phi'tis 
Me-nal'cas 
Men'a-lip'pe 
Me-nan'der 
Me-nec'ra-teg, 6 
Men'e-de'mus 
Men'e-la'us 
Me-ne'ni-us 
Me'neg, 6 
Me-nes'the-us, or 

Me-nes'theus 
Me-nip'pus 
Me-noe'ce-us 
Me-noe'tes, 6 
Mer-cu'ri-us 

(Mer'cu-ry) 
Me-ri'o-neg, 6 
Mer'o-e 
Mer'o-pe 
Me'rops 

Mes'o-me'des, 6 
Mes'o-po-ta'mi-a 
Mes-sa'la 
Mes-sa-li/na 
Mes-sa'pi-a 
Mes-se'ne, or 

Mes-.se'na 
Met'a-pon'tum 
Me-tau'rus 
Me-tel'li 
Me-tho'ne 
Me-til'i-i 
Mentis 
Me'ti-us, 10 
Me'ton 
Met'ro-cles, 6 
Met'ro-do'rus 
Me-tu^um 
Me-zen'ti-ug, 10 
Mi-cip'sa 
Mi'das 
Mi-le'si-i, 10 
Mi-le'tus 
Mil-ti'a-deg, 6 
Mil'vi-us 
Mim-ner'nius 
Min'ci-us, 10 



Mi-ner'ya 

Mi'nos 

Min/o-tau'rus 

Min-tur'nae 

Mi-nu'ci-us, 10 

Mi-se/num 

Mi-se'nus 

Mi'thras 

Mith'ri-da'teg, 6 

Mith'ro-bar-za'neg, 

Mit'y-le'nae 

Mit'y-le'ne 

Mne-mos^-ne, 14 

Mnes'the-us, or 

Mnes'theus, 14 
Mo-des'tus 
Morris 
Moe'si-a, 10 
Mo-los'si 
Mo-los'sus 
Mo'mus 
Mo'na 

Mo-nae'ses, 6 
Mo-ne'ta 
Mon/i-ma 
Mon-ta'nus 
Mon/y-chus 
Mop'si-um, 10 
Mor'i-ni 

Mo-ri'ni, For. 
Mor'phe-us, or 

Mor'pheus 
Mo'sa 

Mos'y-noe'ci 
MuFci-ber 
Mu-na'ti-us, 10 
Mu-ny€h / i-a 
Mu-rae'na 
Mu-sae / us 
Mu'ti-na 
Mu'ti-nes, 6, S. 
Mu-ti'nus 
Mu'ti-us, 10 
Myc'a-le 
My-ce'MB 
Myc'o-nus, and 

My-cCnus 
Myg-do'ni-a 
My-ri / na 
Myr-mid'o-neg, 6 
My'ron 
Myr'ti-lus 
My-s^el'lus 
Mys'i-a, 10 
Myt/i-le'ne 



N. 



Nab'ar-za'neg, ( 

Nab'a-thaa'a 

Na'bis 

Nae'ni-a 

Nae'vi-us 

Na-i^a-des, 6 

Na-is'sus 

Naph'i-lus, Py. 

Nar' bo-uen 'sis 

Nar-cis'sus 

Nar'ni-a 

Na-ry^'i-a, 10 

Nas-si'ca 

Na'sid-i-e'nus 

Na-sid'i-us 

Na'so 

Nau'cra-teg, 6 



GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 



493 



Nau'cra-tia 

Nax'oa 

Ne-ae'ra 

Ne-al'ces, 6 

Ne-ap'o-lia 

Ne-ar'ehua 

Ne-crop'o-iia 

Nec-tan'a-bia 

Nec'ta-ne'bus , K. F. 

Nec-tan'e-bus, 
Fac. S. Py. 
Ne'le-U8, or 

Ne'leua 
Ne-mae'a, and 

Ne'me-a, games 
Ne'me-a, town and 

river 
Ne'me-si-a'nua, 10 
Nem'e-sis 
Ne'o-bu'le 
Ne'o-cses-a-re'a 
Ne'c-clej, 6 
Ne'op-tol'e-mua 
Neph'e-le 
Ne/pos 

Ne'po-ti-a'nua, 10 
Nep'tu-na'li-a 
Nep-tu'nua 

(Nep'tune) 
Ne-re'i-dej, 6 

{Ne 1 re-ids) 
Ne're-us, or 

Ne'reua 
Ne'ro 
Ner'vi-i 
Nea-to'ri-ua 
Ni-cae'a, or Ni-c^a 
Ni-cag'o-raa 
Ni-can'der 
M-ca'nor 
Ni-ca/tor 
Ni-ce'taa, or 

Ni-ce'teg, 6 
Nic/e-te'ri-a 
Ni^i-as, 10 
Ni-coeh'a-reg, 6 
Ni-coc'ra-teg, 6 
Ni-co'cre-ou 
Nic'o-da'mua 

Ni-cod'a-mua, 
Pw. 
Nic'o-de'mus 
Nic'o-do'rua 
NiCo-la'ua 
Ni-com'a-ebua 
Nic'o-me'deg, 6 
Nic'o-me-di'a, or 

Nic'o-me-de'a 
Ni-cop'o-lia 
Ni-cos'tra-tua 
Ni'ger 
Ni-gid'i-ua 
Nil'e-ua, or 

Ni'leua 
Nin'y-aa 
Ni'o-be 
Ni-pha'teg, 6 
Nia'i-bia 
Ni-ay'rua 
Nit'i-ob'ri-geg, 6, 
10, C. 

Nit'i-o-bri'geg, 
K F. Py. 
Ni-to'cria 
Noc'ti-lu'ca 
Nom'a-deg, 6 
No-ni'us 



Nor-ba'nua 
Nor'i-cum 
No'tua 

No'vi-o-du'num 
No'vi-om'a-gum, or 

NoM-om'a-gua 
Nu'ma 

Nu-man'ti-a, 10 
Nu-me'ni-ua, W. S. 
Nu'me-ri-a'nua 
Nu-mid'i-a 
Nu'mi-tor 
Nun'di-na 
Nyc'te-ua, or 

Nyc'teus 
Nym-phid / i-u8 
Ny'aa 
Ny-sae'ua 



O. 



O'a-aia 

O-a'sia, Py. 
O-ax'ua 
O'ce-an'i-deg, 6, 

and O'ce-a-nit/i- 
deg 
O-ce'a-uua 
Oc/e-luni 
O'chua 
Oc-ta'vi-a 
Oc'ta-vi-a'nua 
Oc-ta'vi-ua 
O-cyp'e-te 
O-cyr'o-e 

Od'e-na'tua, W. S. 
O-des'sua 
O-de'um 
O-do'a-cer, C. 

Od'o-a'cer. W. S. 
M. 
Od'ya-ae'a 

( Od'ys-sey) 
dXa-grua 
(E-a'grua 
(Eb'a-lua, 5 
<E-ba-reg, 6, Pw. 
(E-eha'li-a 
(Ec'u-me'ni-us, 5 
(Ed'i-pua, 5 
CE'ne-us, or 

(E'neua 
CE-nom'a-ua, Pw. 

(En'o-ma'ua, K. 
(E-no'ne 
(E-no'tri-a 
Og'y-geg, 6 
O-gyg'i-a 
O-il'e-ua, or 

O-i'leua 
Ol'bi-a 
Ol'li-ua 
O-lym'pi-a 
O-lym'pi-aa 
O-lym'pi-o-do'rua 
O-lym/pi-ua 
O-lym'pua 
O-lyn'thua 
Om'pha-le 
Om'pha-lua 
On'e-sic'ri-tua 
O-nea'i-mua 
On'o-mac'ri-tua 
On / o-mar'€hu3 
On'^-a^'der 



O-piFi-ua 
O-pim'i-ua 
O'pia 
Op' pi -a 
Op-pi-a'nua 

( Op'pi-an) 
Op'pi-ua 
Op'ti-mus 
Or-bil'i-ua 
Or'ca-deg, 6 
Or-ehom'e-num 
Or-^hom'e-nua 
Or'do-vi'ceg, C. 

Or-doVi-ceg, 6 
0-re'a-deg,6 

( O're-ads) 
O-rea'teg, 6 
Or'es-te'um 
Or'ea-ti'dae 
Or-gel/o-rix, S. Py. 
Or'gi-a 
O-rib'a-aua 
Or'i-cum, or 

Or'i-cua 
O'ri-eng 
O-ri^'e-neg, 6 

( Or'i-gen) 
O-ri'on 
Or'me-nua 
O-ro-deg, 6 
O-roe'teg, 6 
O-ron'tes, 6 
O-ro'si-us, 10 
Or'phe-ua, or 

Or'pheua 
Or-tyg'i-a 
O'rus 

Os'^ho-pho'ri-a 
O-si'ria 
O'tho 

O-thry/a-deg, 6 
O-vid'i-ua 

( Ov'id) 
Ox'ua 
Ox'y-ryn'ehua 



P. 



Pa-ca'ti-a'nus, 10 
Pa-ehy'iiua, and 

Pa-ehy/num 
Pac'o-rus 

Pa-co'rua, an 

Egyptian king. 
Pac-to'lus 
Pa-cu'vi-ua 
Pa'dua 
Pa-du'sa 
Pae'an 
Pae'o-neg, 6 
Pae'aoa 
Pag'a-aae, or 

Pag'a-aa 
Pa-lae'mon 
Pa-laeph/a-tua, 6 
Pa-laea'te, 6 
Pal'aea-ti'na 
Pal'a-me'deg, 6 
Pal'a-ti'nua 
Pa-la'ti-um, 10 
Pa'leg, 6 
Pa-lil'i-a 
Pal'i-nu'rua 
PaFla-deg, 6 
Pal-la'di-um 



PaHan-te'um 
Pal-le'ne 
Pal-my'ra 
Pa-mi'sua 

Pam'i-aua, For. 
Pam'me-neg, 6 
Pam'phi-lua 
Pam-phyFi-a 
Pan'a-ce'a 
Pa-nse'ti-ua, 10 
Pan-ath'e-nse'a 
Pan'da-rua 
Pan-di'oa 
Pan-do'ra 
Pan'dro-soa 
Pan-^'ua 
Pan'hel-le'neg, 6 
Pa'ni-o'ni-um 
Pan-no'ni-a 
Pan'o-pe, or -pe'a 
Pa-nor'mua 
Pan-the'a 
Pan'the-on, or 

Pan-the'on 
Pa'phi-a, or 

Pa'phi-e 
Papb'la-go'ni-a 
Pa'phoa 
Pa'pbua 
Pa'pi-aa 
Pa-pin'i-a'nua 

(Pa-pin 1 i-an) 
Pa-pir'i-ua 
Par'a-di'sua 
Pa-reet'a-^ae, 5 
Par'se-to'ni-um 
Pa'ren-ta'li-a 
Pa'ria 

Pa-ris'i-i, 10 
Par-men'i-deg, 6 
Par-me'ni-o, C. S. 
Par-nas'aua 
Pa-ro'pua 
Par-rha'si-ua, 10 
Par-the'ni-ae, and 

Par-the'ni-i 
Par-tbe'rii-us 
Par'the-non 
Par-then'o-pe 
Par'thi-a 
Pa-rys'a-tia 
Pa-sar'ga-dae 
Pa-sipb'a-e 
Pas'si-e'nus, 10 
Pat/a-le, or Pat'a-la 
Pat'a-ra 
Pa-ta'vi-um 
Pa-ter'cu-lua 
Pat'i-zi'theg. 6 
Pat'ro-cleg, 6 
Pafro-clua 
Pau-li'nua 
Pau-aa'ni-aa 
Ped'a-sua 
Peg'a-aua 
Pe-laa'gi 
Pe-laa'gi-o'tis 
Pe'le-ua, or 

Pe'leua 
Pe-li'a-deg, 6 
Pe'li-aa 
Pe-li'deg, 6 
Pe'li-on 
Pel-le'ne 
PeVo-pe'a, or 

Pel'o-pi'a 
Pe-lop'i-daa 



Pel'o-pon-ne'sus 

Pe'lopa 

Pe-lo'rua 

Pe-lu'si-utn , 10 

Pe-na'tej;, 

Pe-nel'o-pe 

Pe-ne'ua 

Pen-teM-cua 

Pen / tbe-si-le'a,10 

Pen'the-us, or 

Pen/tbeu.-? 
Pe-rae'a 
Per-dic'caa 
Pe-ren'nia 
Per'ga-mua 
Pe'ri-an'der 
Per'i-cleg, 6 
Pe-ril'lua 
Per'i-pa-tet'i-ci 

(Per'a-pa-tet'ics) 
Per'o-e 
Per-sse'ua 
Per-sepb'o-ne 
Per-aep'o-lia 
Per'se-ua, or 

Per'seua 
Per'si-a, 10 
Per'ai-ua, 10 
Per'ti-nax 
Pe-ru'si-a, 10 
Pe-til'i-ua 
Pet/o-si'ria 
Pe'tra 
Pe-trse'a 
Pe-tre'i-ua (-yua) 
Pe-tro'ni-ua 
Peu-cea'teg, 6 
Phae-a'ci-a, 10 
Pbaydon 
Phae'dra 
Phae'drua 
Pha'e-thon 
Phal'a-cri'na 
Pha-lan'tbua 
Phal'a-ria 
Pba-le'ron 
Phal'e-rua, a com- 
panion of Jason, 

Fac. K. 
Phal'li-ca 
Pba-lo're 
Pha-nse'ua 
Phar'na-ba'zua 

W. S. 
Phar'na-ceg, 6 
Pha'roa 
Phar-aa'li-a 
Phar-aa'lua, or 

Phar-aa'los 
Pha-s^lia 
Pha'sia 
Phe'ge-ua, or 

Phe'geua, 
Phe'mi-ua 
Pher/e-ti'ma 
Phe'ron 
Phid'i-aa 
Pbi-dip'pi-deg, 6 
Pbil'a-del-phi'a 

( Phil'a-del>phi-a) 
Phil'a-del'pbus 
Phi'lae 
Phi-layni 
Phil'e-tae'rua 
Phi-le'taa 
Phi-li'nua 
Pbil/ip-p«4 



Phi-lip/pi 

Pbi-lis'cua 

Phi-lic'ti-on 

Pbi'lo 

Phil'o-cleg, 6 

Phi-loc'ra-teg, 6 

Phil'oc-te'teg.d 

Phil'o-de'uiiuj 

Phil'o-la'ua 

Phi-lol'o-gu8 

Phi-loa^bro-tua 

PhiFo-me'la 

Phi-lon'i-deg, 6 

Phi-lop / a-tor 

Phil'o-poe'men 

Phi-loa'tra-tua 

Phi-lo'taa 

Phi-lcytia 

Pbi-lox'e-nua 

Pbin'e-ua, or 

Pbi'neua 
Phin'ti-as, 10 
Pble'gon 
Pbo-fae'a 
Pho'ci-on, 10 
Pho'cia 
Pho'cua 
Pbo-cyl'l-deg, 6 
P hoe'' be 
Phoe-ni / ce, or 

Phce-nic'i-a, 10 
Phoe'nix 
Phol'o-e 
Phor'mi-o 
Pho-ro'De-ua, or 

Pho-ro'neua 
Pho-ti'nua 
Phra-a'teg, 6 
Phra-or'teg, 6 
Phron/i-ma, W. Py. 
Phryg'i-a 
Phryn'i-chua 
Phry'nia 
Phrjx'ua 
Phthio'tia, 14 
Phy'a 
Pby'cuB 
PhyFa-ce 
Phy'le 
Phyl'li-ua 
Pi-a'li-a, W. S. 
Pic/en-ti'ni 
Pi-ce'num 
Pi-e'ri-a 
Pi'e-ri'a, or 

Pi'e-re'a, o 
nymph. 
Pi-er'i-dei, 6 
Pi'e-rua 
Pi'e-taa 
Pi-la'tua 

(Pi' late) 
Pi-na'ri-us 
Pin'da-rua 

(Pin'dar) 
Pi-re/ne 
Pi-rith'o-ua 
Pi-aan'der 
Pi-aau'i-ua 
Pi-sid'i-a 
Pis'ia-trat'i-das 
Pia'ia-trat'i-deg, 6 
Pi-sis'tra-tus 
Pi-tho'le-on, C. L. 
Pifthe-ua, or 

PiVtheua 
Pla-cen'ti-a, 10 



494 



GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 



Pla-cid'i-a, W. S. 
Pla-na'si-a, 10 
Pian-ePna 
Pla-tae'a 
Pla-tae'ae 
Pla'to 

Plau'ti-a'nus, 10 
Plau'tus 
Ple'ia-deg (ple'ya-) 

or Ple-Pa-deg, 6 
Ple-Po-ne 
PlirPi-us 

( Plin'y) 
Plis'the-nes, 6 
Plis-tPnus, Pw. W. 
Plis-to'a-nax, or 

Plis-to'nax 
Plot'i-nop'o-lis 
Plo-tPnus 
Plu-tar^ehus 

(Plu'tarch) 
Plu'to 
Poep'i-le, 6 
PoPe-mon 
Po'li-or-ce'teg , 6 
Po-LPteg, 6 
Pol-len'ti-a, 10 
PoPli-o 
Po'Py-ae'nus 
Po-lyb'i-us 
PoPy-car'pus 

(Pol'y-carp) 
PoPy-cleg, 6 
PoPy-cle'tus 
Po-Pyd'a-nias 
PoPy-dec'teg,6 
PoPy-do'ra 
PoPy-do'rus 
PoPyg-no'tus 
PoPy-hym'ni-a, or 

Po-lym'ni-a 
PoPym-nes'tor 
PoPy-nPces, 6 
PoPy-pe'mon 
Pol/y -per'ehon 
PoPy-phe'mus 

(Pol'y-pkeme) 
Po-lyx'o 
Po-me'ti-a, or 

Po-me'ti-i, 10 
Po-mo'na 

Pom-pe'i-a (-pe'ya) 
Pom'pe-i-a'nus 

(-pe-ya'nus) 
Pom-pe'i-i (-pe'yi) 
Pom-pe'i-us (-yus) 

(Pom'pey) 
Pom-piPi-us 
Pom-po'ni-us 
Pon'ti-cus 
Pon-tPna 
PorPti-us, 10 
Po-piPi-us 
Pop-liCo-la 
Pop-pae'a 
Por'ci-a, 10 
Por-sen'ria, or 

Por'se-na 
Pop'i-de'um 
Pos^i-do'ni-us 
Pos-thu'mi-us 
P©t/a-mus 
Pot/i-dae'a 
Pot'ni-aj 
Prse-nes'te 
Pray tor 

Prat/Pnas, W. S. 
Prax-ife-leg, 6 



Pri-am'i-deg, 6 
PrPa-mus 

( Pri'am) 
Pri-a'pus 
Pris'ci-a'nus, 10 

( Pris'cian) 
Pro'bus, M. 
Pro'cas 
Pro'cleg, 6 
Proc'cm -ue'sus 
Pro-co'pi-us 
Pro-crus'tes, 6 
Proc'u-le'i-us 

„ (-yus) 

Proc'u-lus' 
Pro'cy-on (-shl-on) 
Prod'i-cus 
Pro-me'the-us, or 

Pro-me'theus 
Pron'o-mus 
Pro-per'ti-us, 10 
Pro-pon'tis 
Pro-ser'pi-na 

( Pros' er-pine) 
Pro-tes'i-la'us 
Pro'te-us, or 

Pro'teus 
Pro-tog'e-neg, 6 
Prox'e-nus 
Pru-den'ti-us, 10 
Pru'si-as. 10 
Pryt'a-neg, 6 
Pryt'a-ne'um 
PsanPa-the, 14 
Psam -met/i-ehus , 
14, C. L. 

Psam'me-tPchus, 
14, K. 
Psy'che, 14 
PtoPe-mae'um, 14 

PtoPe-ma-e'um, 
14 
PtoPe-mas'us, 14 

(Ptol'e-my) 
PtoPe-ma'is, 14 
Pub-lic'o-la 
Pub'li-us 

Pul-ehe'ri-a. S. W. 
Pu'ni-cum BePlum 
Pu'pi-e'nus, <S". W. 
Pu-te'o-li 
Pyg-ma'li-on 
PyPa-deg, 6 
Pyr'a-mus 
Pyr'e-nse'i 
Pyr'e-nae'us 
Py-thag'o-ras 
Pyth'e-as 
Pyth'e-us, or 

Py'tbeus 
Pytb'i-a 
Pyth'i-as 
Pyth'i-us 
Py'thou 
Py th / o-nis f sa 



Quir'i-na'li-a 
Quir'i-na'lia 
Qui-rPnus 
Qui-rPtes, 6 



R. 



Ra-bir'i-us 

Ra-mPseg, 

Re-giPia 

Re-giPlrj 

Reg'u-lus 

RenPu-lus 

Re-mu'ri-a 

Re'mus 

Rhad'a-man'thus 

Rhae'ti, or Rae'ti 

Rhae'ti-a, 10 

Rhe'a 

Rhe'gi-um 

Rhe'nus 

Rhe'sus 

Rhi-phae'i 

RhocPo-pe 

Rbo-do'pis 

Rho'dus 

Rhos'bus 

Rhoe-te'um 

Rhoe'tus 

Rho'sus 

Rhox-a'ne, or 

Rox-a'ne 
Rhox'o-la'ni 
Rhu-te'ni, and 

Ru-the'ni, C. W. Sa'rcm 
Rhyn'da-cus Sar-pe'don 

Rig'o-du'lum, K. 
Ro-ma'ni 
Rom / u-lus 
Ros'ci-us, 10 
Rox'o-la'ni 
Ru'bi-con, and 

Ru'bi-co 
Ru-bi'go 
Ru'gi-i 
Ru-pil'i-us 
Rus'ti-cus, .S 1 . Py 
Ru-te'ni 



Sa'li-i 
Sal-lus'ti-us, 10 

( Sal' lust) 
Sa-lo'me 
Sa-lCna, or 

Sa-lo'nse 
Sal'o-ni'aa 
SaPo-ni'nus 
Sal'vid-i-e'nus, 

iS. W. 
W. SaPvi-us 

Sa-ma'ri-a, F. S. 

Sam'a-ri'a 
Sa'me 
Sa'mi-a 
Sam-ni'tae 
Sam-ni'teg, 6 

( Sam'nites) 
Sa'mos 
Sa-mos'a-ta 
Sarn'o-thra'ce, or 

Sam'o-thra'ci-a, 
10 
San'eho-ni 'a-thon 

San'eho-ui-a'- 
thon, Sch. 
San'dro-cot'tus 
San-ga'ri-us 
San'to-neg, 6 
Sa'por 
Sar'a-ce'ne 
Sa-ran-'geg, 6 
Sar'da-na-pa'lus 
Sar-din'i-a 
Sar'ma-tae 
Sar-ma'ti-a, 10 



Ru-tiPi-us 

Ru'tu-li 

Ru'tu-paa 



Sar'si-na 

Sa'son 

Sa-tas'peg^ [W. S. 

Sat'i-bar-za'neg, 6 

Sat'ra-pe'ni 

Sat' ri -cum 

Sat/u-ra 

Sat'ur-na'li-a 

Sa-tur'ni-a 

Safur-ni'nus 

Sa-tur'nus 

Sat'y-rus 

Sa'vus 

Sax'o-neg, 6 



S. 



Sa-beMi 

Sa-bePlus 

Sa-bi'ni 

Sab'ra-ta 

Sab'u-ra 



Q. 



Qua'dl 

Quaes-to'reg, 6 
Qui-e'tus 
Quinc'ti-us, 10 
Quin'de-cim'vi-rl 
Quin'quen-na'les, 6 
Quin'til-i-a'nus 
{Quin-tU'i~an) 



Sag'a-ris 
Sa-git'ta 
Sa-gun'tum, or 

Sa-gun'tais 
Sa'is 

SaPa-mi'na 
SaPa-mis 
Sa-la'pi-a 

Sa-la'pi-ae 
Sa-las'si 

Sa-le'i-us ( -le'yus) 
Sal'ea-ti'ni 
Sa'li-a, W. Fac 



S^se'va 

S^aev'o-la 

Sca-man'der 

Scan'di-na'vi-a 

Scap'u-la 

Scau'rus 

S^ed'a-sus, W. Pw, 

ScePe-ra'tus 

Sehe'di-a, S. W. 

Spi'a-tbos 

Sci'nis 

Sfi-o'ne 

S^i-pi'a-dae 

S^ip'i-o 

SfPron 

Sco'pas 

Scor-dis'ci, and 

Scor-dis^ae 
Scri-bo'ni-a 
Scri-bo'ni-us 
S^yl-lee'um 
S^y'ros 
Scy'thae 
S9yth'i-a 
Sfy-thop'o-li* 



Se-bas'te 
Seb'as-te'a, or 

Seb'as-ti'a 
Seb'e-da [L. C. 
Seb'en-ny'tus, 
Se-du'ni 
Se-du'si-i, 10 
Se-ge'ti-a, 10 
Seg'on-ti'a-ci 
Se-goM-a 
Se'gu-si-a'ni, 10 
Se-ja'nus 
Se-le'ne 
SePeu-ci'a, or 

SePeu-ce'a 
(Se-leu'ci-a) 
Se-leu'cis 
Se-lPnus 

SePi-nus, For. 
Sel-la'si-a, 10 
Sem'e-le 
Se-mir'a-mis 
Sem'no-neg, 6, also 

Sem-no'neg 
Sem-pro'ni-a 
Sem-pro'ni-us 
Se-na'tus 
Sen'e-ca 
Sep-tem'vi-ri 
Sep-tim'i-us 
Seq'ua-ni 
Se-ra'pis 
Se-re'na 
Se're-ni-a'nus 
Se'reg, 6 
Ser'gi-us 
Se-ri'phus 
Ser-ra'nus 
Ser-to'ri-us 
Ser-viPi-a 
Ser-viPi-us 
Ser'vi-us 
Se-sos'tris 
Set'a-bis 
Se-ve'rus 
Sex'ti-a, 10 
Sex-tiPi-us 
Si-byPla 
Si-cam'bri 
Si-ca'ni, and 

Sic'a-ni 
Si-ehas'us 
Si^'i-nus 
Sic'o-rus 
Sic'u-li 

Sic/y-on (sish'i on) 
Sid'o-nis, or 

Si-do'nis 
Si-gCum 
Si-la'nus 
Si-le'nus 
SiPi-us 
Si-lu'reg, 6 

SiPu-reg 
Sil-va'nus 
Sim'i-lis 

SinPmi-as, S Sch, 
Sim'o-is 
Si-mon/i-deg, 6 
Sim-plic'i-us, 10 
Sin'o-e 
Si'non 
Si-no'pe 
Sip'y-lus 
Si-re'neg, 6 

( Si' r ens) 
SPris 
Sir'mi-o 



Sl-sam'neg, 6 
Sis'i gam'bis, or 

Sis'y-gam'bifl 
Sis'y-phus 
Si-taPce£, 6 
SmPlax 
Smin'the-us, or 

Smin'theua 
Soc'ra-teg, 6 
Sos'mi-as, <S. VI. 
So-lPnus 
Soaon 
Sol'y-ma 
Sop'a-ter 
So'phax 
Soph'o-clejjG 
Soph'o-nis'ba 
So'phron 
Soph'ro-nis'cus 
So-rac'tes, 6, and 

So-rac'te 
So'si-a. 10 
So-sib'i-us 
So-sic'ra-teg , 6 
So-si^'e-neg, 6 
So'si-i, 10 
So-sip'a-ter 
So-sis'tra-tus 
Sos'the-neg, 6 
Sos'tra-tug 
Sot'a-deg, 6 
So'ter 
So-zom'e-nus 

(Soz'o-mcn) 
Spar'ta-cus 
Spar-ta'ni, or 

Spar'ti-a'tae, 10 
Spar'ti-a'nus, 10 
Speu-sip'pus 
Spho'dri-as, L. W. 
Spith'ri-da'teg, 6 
Spo-le'tum 
Spor'a-deg, 6 
Spu'ri-us 
Sta'bi-ae 
Sta-gi'ra 
Sta'i-us (sta'yus) 
Sta-sic'ra-teg, 6 
Sta-tiPi-us 
Sta-ti'ra 
Sta'ti-us, 10 
Sta'tor 
Steph'a-nus 
Stes'i-la'us, Sw. 
Ste-sim'bro-tus 
StherPe-le 
Sthen'e-lus 
StiPi-cbo 
Sto'i-ci (StoHcs) 
Stra'bo 

Stra'to, or Stra'ton 
Strat'o-cleg, 6 
Strat/o-nPce 
Stroph'a-deg, 6 
Stry'mon 
Stu-be'ra, K. 
Stym-pha/lus 
Su-blic'i-us, 10 
Su-bur'ra 
Su'cro 
Su-es'sa 
Sues'so-neg, 6, or 

Sues-so'neg 
Sue-to'ni-us 
Sue'vi 
Sui'o-neg, 6 
For. W. 

Sui-o'neg, K. 



GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 



495 



Sul-pit/i-a, or 
Sul-pic'i-a, 10 

S u'o- ve-tau -ril 'i-a 

Su'sa-na, W. L. 

Syb'a-ri'ta 
(Syb'a-rite) 

Sy'e-ne 

Sy-en'ne-sia 

Sym'ma-ehua 

Sym-pleg'a-deg, 6 

Sy-ne'si-ua^O,^.!.. 

Sy/phax 

Syr'a-cu'sae 
( Syr'a-cu^e) 

Sy'roa 



T. 



Ta-au'teg, 6 

Ta'ehoa 

TaQ'i-tus 

Tsen'a-rua, 5 

Ta'gus 

Tam'e-sis 

( Thames) 
Tan'a-gra, C. L. 

Py- 

Ta-na'gra 

Tan'a-ia 

Tan'a-quil 

Tan'ta-lua 

Ta-prob'a-ne 

Ta-ren'tum, or 

Ta-ren'tus 
Tar-pe'i-a (-ya) 
Tar-pe'i-ua ( -yus) 
Tar-quin'i-a 
Tar-quin'i-i 
Tar-quin'i-113 

( Tar'quin) 
Tar'ra-ci'na 
Tar'ta-rus 
Ta'ti-a'nua, 10 

( Ta'tian) 
Ta'ti-en'seg, 6, 10 
Ta'ti-ua, 10 
Tau'ri-ca 
Tau'ro-min'i-um 
Tau'rua 
Ta-yg'e-te, or 

IVy-ge'ta 
Ta-yg'e-tua, or 

Ta-yg'e-ta 
Te-a'num 
Te'a-rua 
Tec-tos'a-geg, 6, or 

Tec-tos'a-gae 
Te'ge-a 

Te'i-ua (te'yus) 
Tel'a-mon 
Te-leb'o-as 
Tel'e-clej, 6 
Tel'e-cli'deg, 6 
Te-leg'o-nua 
Te-lem'a-shus 
Tel'e-phua 
Tel'e-si-ni'cus 
Tel'e-si'nus 
Tel-le'nae 
Tel'li-as, W. S. 
Te'loa 
Tel-phu'sa 
Tem'e-nua 
Tem'e-aa, or 

Tem'e-se 
TeQ€h-te'ri 



Ten'e-doa 
Te'neg, 6 
Ten'ty-ra 
Te'oa, or 

Te'i-os 
Te-ren'ti-a, U 
Te-ren'ti-us, 10 

( Ter 'ence) 
Te're-us, or 

Te'reua 
Ter-gea'te, and 

Ter-gea'tum 
Ter'i-da'teg, 6 
Te-ri'o-li 
Ter'me-rus 
Ter'mi-na'li-a 
Ter'mi-nus 
Terp-sieb/o-re 
Ter'tul-li-a'nua 

( Ter-tul'li-an) 
Te'thya 
Te-trap'o-lia 
Tet/ri-cus 
Teu'cer 
Teu'to-ni, and 

Teu'to-neg, 6 
Tha-be'na, K. 
Tba'is [W. 

Tha-las'si-uSjlO,^. 
Tha'le*, 6 
Tba-li'a 

Tham'y-ris, S.C.L. 
Thap'sa-cus 
Tba'ai-ua, 10 
Tba'sos 
Tha'aus 

The-a'no [M. 

The-ar'i-das, S. W. 
Tbe'bse 
Tneb'a-is, C. Fac. 

The-ba'ia, K. F. 
The'mis [M. 

Tbem'i-son 
The-mis'to-cleg, 6 
The'o-cleg, 6 
The-oc'ri-tus 
The'o-dec'teg, 6 
The'o-do'ra 
The'o-do-re'tus 
The-od'ori'cua 

( The-od'o-ric) 
The / o-do'rus 
Tbe'o-do'si-u3, 10 
The-od'o-ta 
Tke-od'o-tus 
The'on 

The-oph'a-neg, 6 
The-oph'i-lua 
The'o-phraa'tus 
The'o-ti'mua 
The'ox-e'ni-a, S. W. 
The-ram'e-neg, 6 
Tber-mo'don 
Ther-mop'y-lae 
Ther-sil'o-ehus 
Ther-si'tes, 6 
The-se'is 
The'se-us, or 

The'seua 
Tbes-moth'e-tae 
Thes-pi'a 
Thea-aa'li-a 
Thea'sa-lo-ni'ca 
Thes'sa-lus 
Thetis 

Thir'mi-da, Fac.M. 
Tho'as 
Tho'rax 



Thra'ci-a, 10 

( Thrace) 
Thra'so 
Thraa'y-bu'lus 
Thra-syl'ius 
Thras'y-me'nus 
Thu-cyd'i-deg, 6 
Thu'le 
Thu'ri-i 
Tby'a-deg, 6 
Thy'a-ti'ra 
Tny-es'teg, 6 
Tby-moe'teg, 6 
Ti-be'ri-as 
Tib'e-ri'nua 
Tib'e-ris 
Ti-be'ri-us 
Ti-bul'lus 
Ti'bur 

Ti-ci'nus, a river 
Ti-fer'num 
Tig'el-li'nua 
Ti-gel'li-ua 
Ti-gra'neg, 6 
Ti'gria 
Tig'u-ri'ni 
Ti-mae'a 
Ti-mae'ua 
Ti-mag'e-neg, 6 
Ti-ma'vus 
Tim'o-cle'a 
Ti-mo'cre-on 
Ti-mo'le-on 
Ti'mon 
Ti-mo'the-ua 
Ti^phya 
Ti-re'si-aa, 10 
Tir'i-da'teg, 6 
Ti-ryn'thus 
Ti-aam'e-nus 
Ti-sipb'o-ne 
Tia'sa-pher'neg, 6 
Ti-ta'neg, 6 
Ti-ta'ni-a 
Ti-ta'nua 

( TV tan) 
Tith'e-nid'i-a 
Ti-tho'nus 
Ti-tin / i-us 
Ti'tua 
Tit/y-ru3 
Tit/y-ua 
Tor-qua'tus 
To-ry'rie 

Tox-ic'ra-te,Pw. W. 
Traeh'a-lua 
Tra^b'o-ni'tia 
Traj'a-nop'o-lis 
Tra-ja'nua 

( Tra'jan) 
Tre-ba'ti-us, 10 
Tre-bel'li-a'nus 
Tre'bi-a 
Tre-bo'ni-ua 
TreT'e-ri, or 

Trev'i-ri 
Tri-a'ri-us 
Tri-bal'li 
Trie'aa-ti'ni 
Tri-cip'i-ti'nus 
Tri-den'tum 
Triro-li'nua 
Tri-gem'i-na 
Tri-na'cri-a, or 

Trin'a-cria 
Trin'o-ban'teg, 6 
Trip'o-lia 
Trip-tol'e-mus 



Triq'ue-tra 

Tris'me-gis'tus 

Tri'ton 

Tri-vi/cum 

Tro'a-deg, 6 

Tro'aa 

Trog-lod'y-tae 

Trog'lo-dy'tae, 
For. 
Tro'gua Pom-pCi- 

us (-yua) 
Tro'i-lua 
Tro'ja 

( Troy) 
Tro-pbo'ni-us 
Tru-en'tum 
Tryph'i-o-do'rua 
Try-pho'sa 
Tu-be'ro 
Tu-is'to, or 

Tu-is'co 
Tul'li-a 
Tul-li'o-la 
Tul'li-ua 

( Tid'ty) 
Tu'nis, orTu'neg^ 
Tu'ro-neg, 6 
Tur'pi-o 
Tua'cu-la'num 
Tua'cu-lum 
Tu'ti-a, 10 
Ty'a-na 
Ty'a-nas'ua 
Ty€h'i-ua 
Tyd'e-us, or 

Ty'deus 
Ty'di-deg, 6 
Tyn-dar'i-deg, 6 
Tyn-da'ris 
Tyn-da'rua [W. 
Tyn'ni-ehua, Pw. 
Ty-pbo'e-us, or 

Ty-pho'eua 
Ty'phon 
Ty-ran'ni-on 
Tyr/i-da'tegjC; see 

Tiridatea. 
Tyr-rhe'ni 
Tyr-rhe'num 
Tyr-rhe'nua 
Tyr-taB'ua 
Ty'rua 



Va-le'ri-a'nus Vi-tel'li-ua 

( Va-le'ri-an) Vi-tru'vi-us 

Va-le'ri-ua "Vitu-la 

Van-da'li-i, W. Sch. Vog'e-sus 



( Van'dals) 
Van-gi'o-neg, 6 
Van'ni-ua 
Va-ra'nes, 6 

W. M S. 
Var-dae'i 
Va'rus 
Vaa^o-neg, 6 



Vo-ge'aua, For. 
Vol'a-ter'ra 
Vo-log'e-seg, 6, M. 
Vol-tin'i-a 
Vo-lu'bi-lis, K. 
Vo-lum'na 
Vo-lum'ni-a 
Vo-lum'ni-us 



Va8-co'neg, Strabo Vo-lum'nus 
Vat'i-ca'nus Vo-lu'pi-a 

( Vat'i-can) [Fac. Tol'u-se'nua, 5. W. 
Vec-to'neg, 6, C. Vo-lu'si-us, 10 

Vec'to-nes, K. F. Vol'u-sus 



Vo'lux 
Vo-ma'nus 
Vo-no'neg, 6 
Vo'ti-e'nua, 
Vul-ca'nus 
( Vul'can) 



X. 



u. 



For. S. 
Ve-ge'tius, 10 
Ve'i-i (ve'yi) 
Ve-la'brum 
Ve-li'trae 
Vel-le'i-ua Pa-ter'- 

cu-lua 
Ve-na/frum 
Ven / e-di 
Ven'e-ti 
Ve-ne'ti-a, 10 

( Ven'ice) 
Ve'nus 

Ve-nu'si-a, 10 
Ver'cin-get'o-rix 
Ver-gil'i-a 
Ver-gin'i-us 
Ver'i-tas 
Ver'o-man'du -i 
Ve-ro'na 

Ver'o-ni'ca, L. W. 
Ver'ri-ua 
Yer'tum-na'li-a 
Ver-tum'nua 
Ver'u-la'nua 
Ve'rua 
Ves-pa'si-a^nus, 10 Xen'o-phon 

( Ves-pa'si-an) Xy'ehus 
Vea-ta'leg, 6 
Vea-ta'li-a 

Ves-ti'ni r 

Ves-ti'nus A 

Vea'vi-us 
Vet'e-ra 
Vet'ti-us 
Ve-tu'ri-a 
Ve-tu'ri-us 
Ve'tua 
Vi-a'drua, Sch. 



10 



Xan'thi-ca 
Xan-thip'pe 
Xe-nag'o-ras 
Xe-ni'a-dej, 6 
Xe'ni-ua, C. S. W. 
Xen'o-cle'a 
Xcn'o-cleg, 6 , 
Xe-noc'ra-teg, 6 
Xe-nod'a-mua, 
Sch. W. 
Xen^-da'mus 
Xe-nod'i-ce 
Xe-nod'o-ehus 
Xe-nopb'a-neg, 6 
Xe-noph'i-lus 



Zab'a-tus 
Za-cyn'thua 
Za-leu'cus 
Za-molx / is 
W. Ze'no 



U-cal/e-gon 
Ul'pi-a'nus 

( Ul'pi-an) 
U-lys'seg, 6 
Um'bri-a 
U-ra/ni-a 
U-ra'nus 
U'ti-ca 

Ux-el'lo -du'num 
Ux'i-i (uk'shl-i) 

W. S. Sch. 



Va'leag 

Val'en-tin'i-a'nus 
( Val 1 en-tin' i-an) 
Va-le'ri-a 



Vi'a-drus, M. 
Vi-bid'i-a, S. W. 
Vi-bid'i-us, S. W. 
Vib'i-us 
Vi'bo 

Vi-bul'li-us 
Vi'ca Po'ta 
Vi-cen'ti-a, 10 
Vi-ce'ti-a, 10 
Vic-to'ri-a 
Vic-to'ri-us 
Vim'i-na'lia 



Ze-no'bi-a 
Zen'o-do'rus 
Ze-nod'o-tus 
Zepb'y-rus 

(Zeph'yr) 
Ze-ryn'tbus 
Ze-theg, 6, or 

Ze'tus 
Zeux'i-da'mus 
Zeux'ia 
Zi-poe'teg, 6 
[L. Zo'i-lua 



Vin-cen'ti-us, 10,5. Zo'no-ras, 
Vin-del'i-ci [S. L. W. S. M. 

■Vin-dic'i-ua, 10, W. Zo-na'ras, Py. 
Vip-aa'ni-a, 5. Sch. Zo-pyr'i on, W. & 



Vir-^il'i-us 
( Vir'gil) 
Vir-§in'i-a 
Tir'i-a'thua 
Vi-eig'o-thae, K. 
Vis'tu-la 



Zop'y-rus 
Zor'o-as'treg, 6 
( Zo'ro-as'ter) 
Zos'i-mus 
Zyg'i-i : see C 
Zy-gop/o-lis 



PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY 

OF 

SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 



The following Vocabulary contains a careful selection of 
such Scripture names as present any difficulty of pronun- 
ciation ; but classical names occurring in the Scriptures, 
and given in the preceding vocabulary of Greek and Latin 
names, are for the most part omitted. That mode of pro- 
nunciation which is deemed to be best supported, is given 
first, and any other pronunciation which has, to any con- 
siderable extent, the sanction of present and reputable 
usage, is subjoined as an alternative mode. The names 
have been accented, divided into syllables, and marked in 
accordance with the system of notation employed in the pre- 
vious part of this work. The consulter will not, therefore, 
require any Rules to guide him to a correct pronunciation 
of the names here given, but with reference to those which 
are omitted, it will be well for him to remember, — 



1. That, in words of two syllables, the accent is uni- 
formly on the first. 

2. That, in words of two syllables in which the accented 
vowel is separated from the next syllable by only one con- 
sonant or by a consonant digraph, the consonant or the 
digraph goes to the following syllable ; as, A' din, Jo'tham. 

3. That ch always has the sound of k. 

4. That g- is always hard, as in go. 

5. That every final i forming — with or without a pre- 
ceding consonant — a distinct syllable, has its long sound; 
as in A'l, Ab'dl. 

6. That the terminations ites and enes (as in Gil'e-ad- 
ites, Gad'a-renes, &c.) are pronounced in one syllable. 

7. That in other respects Scripture names usually follow 
the analogy of Latin pronunciation. See p. 487. 



A'a-lar 

Aa'ron (S/ron) 

Ab-a-«tle 

A-bad'don 

Ab'a-di'as 

Ab'a-na 

Ab'a-rim. 

Ab'de-el 

Ab-dl'as 

Ab'di-el 

A-bed'-ne-go', or 

A-beWne-gS 
A'bel-beth-ma'a- 

«hah 
A'bel-ma'im 
A/bel-me-ho'lah 
A'bel-mTz'ra-Tm 
A'bel-shlt'tim 
A-bl'a 
A'M-al'bon 
A-bl'a-saph 
A-bl'a-thar 
A-bI'dah 
Ab'i-dan 
A'bi-el, or 
_ A-bl'el 
A'bi-e'zer 
Ab'i-ha'il 
A-bi'hu 
A-bl'hud 



A-bi'jah 

A-bi'jam 

Ab'i-le'ne 

A-bim'a-el 

A-bim'e-leeh 

A-buVa-dab 

Ab'i-ner 

A-bln'o-am 

A-bl'ram 

A-bl'ron 

Ab'i-sel 

Ab'i-shag 

A-bish/a-I 

A-blsh'a-lom 

Ab'i-shu'a 

Ab'i-shur 

Ab/i-sGm 

Ab'i-tal 

A-bi'tub 

A-bi'ud 

A'bra-ham 

Ab'sa-lom 

A-bu'bus 

Ae'a-tan 

Ao'ea-ron 

A-cel'da-ma 

A-eha/ia (-ya) 

A-eha/i-eus 

Xoh'bor 

A'ohl-aeh'a-rfis 

A-ehi'as 

A'ehi-or 

A-ehl'tob 



A«h'me-tha 

Aeh'sa 

Ac/i-pha (as'i-fa) 

Ac/i-tho (as'i-tho) 

A-«u'a 

Ad'a-dah 

Ad'a-I'ah 

A-da'li-a 

Ad'a-mah 

Ad'a-ml 

Ad'a-sa 

Ad'be-el 

Ad'i-da 

A'di-el 

Ad ; i-na 

Ad'i-no or A-di'no 

Ad'i-nus 

Ad'i-tha'im 

Ad'la-I 

Ad'ma-tha 

A-do'm-be'zek 

A-don'i-can 

Ad'o-ni'jah 

A-don'i-kam 

Ad'o-m'ram 

A-dd'nl-zS'dek 

A-do'ra 

Ad'o-ra'im 

A-do'rani 

A-dram'me-le'eh 

Ad'ra-myt'ti-Bm 

A'dri-a 

A'dri-el 



A-du'el 

A'e-di'as 

JE'ne-as 

Ag'a-ba 

Ag'a-bus 

Ag'a-renes/ 

Ag'e-e 

Ag-ge'us 

A-grtp/pa 

A-haVah 

A-har'hel 

A-has'a-1 

A-has'ba-i 

A-has'u-S'rus 

A-ha'va 

A'ha-zl'ah 

A-hi'ah 

A-hFam 

A-hl'an 

A'hl-e'zer 

A-hi'hud 

A-hf/jah 

A-hFkam 

A-hl'lud 

A-hini'a^5z 

A-hI'man 

A-hlm'e-le^h 

A-hi'moth 

A-hin'a-dab 

A-hin'o-am 

A-M'o 

A-hl'ra 

A-hi'ram 



A-his'a-maeh 

A-hish'a-har 

A-hl'shar 

A-hith'o-phel 

A-hl'tub 

Ah'lai 

A-ho'ah 

A-ho'hlte 

A-ho'lah 

A-ho'li-ab 

A-hSM-bah 

A'ho-lTb'a-mah 

A-hu'ma-I 

A-hQ/zam 

A-hfiz / zath 

A/I 

A-I'ah, or A/jah 

A-I'ath 

A-Fja 

Ay'a-lon (aj'al-on) 

Ay'e-leth Sha'har 

(5j'e-ieth) 
A'in 
A-Prus 
Aj'a-lSn 
A-la'meth 
A-larn'me-leeh 
Al'a-mSth 
AFqi-mus 
Al'e-ma 
Al'e-meth, or A-le v - 

meth 
Al'ex.-an'dri-a 



A-11'ah 

A-lFan 

Al'lon-baeh'uth 

Al-mo'd&d 

Al'mon-dib'la- 

tha'im 
Al'na-than 
Al-phae'us, or Al- 

phe'us 
Al'ta-ne'us 
Al-tas'€hith 
A-mad'a-tha 
A-mad'a-thus 
Am'a-lek 
Am'ana, or A- 

ma'na 
Am'a-ri'ah 
Am'a-ri'as 
Arn'a-sa 
A-mas'a-i 
A-mash'a-I 
Am'a-sl'ah 
Am'a-the'is 
Am'a-thls 
Am'a-zl'ah 
A-med'a-tha 
A-mTn'a-dab 
A-mi</tai 
A-miz'a-bSd 
Am'mi-doi 
Am'mi-el 
Am-mFhud 
Am-mm/a-dSb 



5,6 



i. O) % Y^ long; 3, e, I, 5, R, f, short ; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, t6rm ; pique, ffrm; s6n, 
(496) 



SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 



497 



Am-m!n / a-dTb 

AnVnii-sbad'da-I 

Am-mlz'a-bad 

Am 'o- rite 

Am-pblp'o-Us 

Am'pli-as 

Am'ra-pbel 

An'a-e^ 

An'a-ha'ratb 

An'a-I'ab 

An'a-klm 

An'a-mlm. 

A-nam'ine-leeh. 

A-na/nl 

An'a-nl'ab 

An'a-nl'as 

A-nan'i-el 

An a-thotb 

An'dio-nl^eus 

An'e-totb'Ite 

A'ni-ani 

An'na-as 

An-nQ'us, or An'- 

nu-us 
An'tl-lib'a-nus 
An'ti-o^h 
An'ti-o-cbi'a 
An-tl'o-chls 
An-tl'o-ebus 
An'ti-pas 
An-tlp'a-ter 
An-tip / a-tris 
An-to'ni-a 
An'to-tbl'jah 
An'to-tblte 
A-pa'me 
An'to-thite 
A-pgl'l^ 
A-pbar'sacb-Ites 
A-pb'ar'satb- 

€bltes 
A-pbar'sites 
A-phe'kah 
A-pher'e-ma 
A-pber'ra 
A-phi'ab 
Aph'sSj 
Ap'ol-lo'ni-a 
Ap'ol-15'ni-us 
Ap'ol-lopb'a-neg 
A-poPlos 
A-poNy-on (or a- 

pol'yon) 
Ap'pa-Iin 
Ap'pbi-a(af'fi-a) 
Ap'phus (af'fus) 
Ap'pi-I Fo'rum 
Aq'ui-la 
Ar'a-bab 
Ar / a-bat-tha / ne 

(ar'a-batb-tba'ne) 
Ar'a-bat-tl'ne 
Ar'a-dOs [im 

A/ram-n a'ha-ra'- 
A'ram-zo'bab 
AVa-rat 
AVa-rath 
A-ra'theg 
A-rau'nah 
Ar-be'la(i'» Pcd- 

estine) 
Ar-bo'na-I 
Ar'che-la'us 
Ar-^hTp'pus 
Are-tti'rus 



A-rS'll 

Ar'e-op'a-glte 
Ar'e-op'a-gus 
Ar'e-tas ((ir. 'Ape- 

ras) 
A-rG'us 
A'ri-a-ra'tbeg 
A-rid'a-I 
A-rld'a-tha 
A-rl'eb 
A'ri-el 

Ar'i-ma-tbe'a 
A'ri-otb 
A-ris'a-I 
Ar'is-tar'^bus 
Ar'is-to-bu'lus 
Ar'ma-ged'don 
Ar-mo'nl 
Ar^o-dl 
Ar'o-er 
Ar-pbax'ad 
Ar'sa-^eg 
Ar'sa-retb 
Ar'te-mas 
Ar'u-both. 
A-ru'mab. 
As'a-dl'as 
As'a-el 
As'a-bel 
As'a-hi'ab. 
As'a-I'ab 
As'a-na 
A-sar'e-el 
As'a-rG'lab. 
As-baz y a-reth 
AV^a-lon 
A-sS'as 
A-seVe-bl'a 
AVe-bl'a 
As'e-nath 
A-sG'rer 
Asb'be-a 
Asb'^be-naa 
Asb'er 
Asb'i-ma 
Asb'ke-lon 
Ash/ke-naz 
Asb'pe-naz 
Ash'ri-el 
Ash'ta-roth 
Asb'te-mob 
A sh' to -re th. 
Asb'ur 
As'i-bl'as 
A'si-el 
As'i-pha 
As'ke-lon 
As'ma-veth 
Ag'mo-de'ua 
As-nap'per 
As'pa-tba 
As-pbar'a-sfia 
As'ri-el 
As'sa-bi'as 
As-sal'i-moth. 
As'sa-m'as 
As'sa-re'inoth 
As-shu'rim 
As'si-de'ang 
As'su-e'rus 
As'ta-roth 
As-ty/a-gej 
A-sQp'pim 
A-syn^eri-tua 
At/a-rah 



A-tar'ga-tla 

At'a-rutb 

At'e-re-zl'aa 

Atb'a-I'ah 

Atb'a-ll'ah 

Atb/a-rl'as 

Atb'e-no'bi-Hs 

Athlai 

At'i-pba 

Ht/tai 

At'ta-ll'a 

At'ta-lus 

At-tbar'a-te^ 

(atb-tbar'a-teez) 
Au'gi-a 
Au-ra'nua 
Au-te'aa 
Av'a-ran. 
Av'a-ron 
Az'a-el 
Az'a-5'lus 
Az'a-li'ab 
Az'a-ni'ab 
A-za/pbi-5n 
Az'a-ra 
A-zar'e-el, or A- 

za're-el 
Az'a-rl'ab 
Az'a-rl'as 
A-za'zel 
Az'a-zl'ab 
Az-baz'a-reth 
A-ze'kab 
Az'e-pbu'ritb. 
A-ze'tas 
A-zI'a 
A-zi'e-I 
A'zi-el 
A-zI'za 
AVma-Teth 
A-zo'tus 
Az'ri-el 
Az/ri-kam 
A-zu'bab. 
AVu-ran 



Ba'al 

Ba'al-ah 

Ba'al-ath 

Ba'a-le 

Ba'al-ha'moii 

Ba'al-ba'naa 

Ba'al-I 

Ba'al-Im 

Ba'a-lTs 

Ba'al-ze'bub 

Ba'a-nah 

Ba'a-m'as 

Ba^a-ra 

Ba'a-se'iab (-ya) 

Ba'a-sba 

Ba'a-si'ah 

Bae^hi-dej 

Bae-^hu'rus 

Ba-^e'nor 

Ba-go'as 

Bag'o-I 

Ba-ha'rum-Ite 

Ba-bu'mus 

Ba-hu'rim 

Bak-bak^kar 



Bak/buk-I'ab 
Ba'laam (ba'lam), 

or Bi'la-am 
Bill'a-dan 
Bal'a-mo 
Ba-las'a-mus 
Bal-au'us 
Bal-tha'sar 
Ban'a-I'as 
Ban-na'ia 
Ba-rab'bas 
Bar'a-€heL 
Bar'a-ebl'ah 
Bar'a-ehl'as 
Bar-hii'mlte 
Ba-rl'ab 
Bar'na-bas 
Ba-ro'dis 
Bar'sa-bas 
Bar'ta-cus 
Bar-thSPo-mew 
B'ir'ti-me'us 
Ba'rutk 
Bar-zIl'la-I 
Bas'a-loth 
Bas/^a-ma 
Basb'e-math 
Bas'i-lis 
Bas'ta-I 
Bath'-she^ja, or 

Batb'sbe-ba 
Batb'-shij'a 
Batb / za€b-a-rl'as 
BaT'a-I 
Be'a-li'ah 
B5'a-loth 
Be'an 
Beb'a-I 
Be^hor 
Be-eb^rath 
Bee'ti-leth. 
Bed'a-T'ah 
Be-d5 / iah(-ya) 
Be'el-I'a-da 
Be-el'sa-rus 
Be'el-tetb'mua 
Be-^l'ze-bub 
Be'er 
Be-e'rah 
Be'er-e'lim 
Be-5'rl 

Be'er-la-hai'-roi 
Be-e'rotb 
Be'er-shS'ba, or 

Be-er'she-ba 
Be-esb'te-rab 
Be'be-moth 
Bel'e-mQs 
Bo'U-al 
Bel'ma-Tm 
Bel-sbaz/zar 
Be-na'iab (-ya) 
Ben'e-be'rak 
Bgn'e-j.I'a-kan 
Ben'-ba'dad 
Ben'-hi'll 
Ben'-ha'nan [nu 
Ben'i-nu or Be-ni'- 
Ben/ja-min 
Ben'-o'nT 
Ben-nu'I, or B£n'- 

nu-I 
Ben'-zo'hetb. 
Bgr'a-€hab 
Ber'a-cbl'ah 



Bgr'a-I'ah 
Be're-a, 1 Mace. 

ix. 4. 
Be-re'a, 2 Mace. 

xiii. 4; Acts xvii. 

10, 13, and xx. 4. 
Bfir'e-enl'ab 
Be-rT'ah 
Be-rl'Ttea 

Ber-nl^e [dan 
Be-ro'da €h -bal 'a- 
Be-ro'thab 
B6r'o-thai 
Ber-rS'tho 
Ber-ze'lus 
Bes'o-de'iah (-ya) 
Bet'a-ne 
Betb-ab'a-ra 
Betb'-a'natb 
B6th'-a'notb 
Bgth'a-ny 
Betb'-ar'a-bab. 
Betb^a'raui 
Betb'-a'Ten 
B e tb'-az'ma-T^th. 
Beth'-ba'rab. 
Beth'-ba'sl 
Betb'-blr'e-I 
Bethj'-dlb / la- 

tba'im 
Beth'-S'den 
Betb/-€'mek 
Be-th6>'da 
Betb'-e'zel 
Beth^a'der 
Beth'-ga'mul 
Betb'-hac'fe-rgm 
Bgtb'-ba'ran 
Betb^-b^'lah 
Betb'-bo'ron 
Bgtb'-jes'i-motb 
Beth'-leb'a-oth 
Beth'-15'bem, and 

Betbjle-bem 
Beth-lcymon 
Beth'-ma'a-^hah 
BC-tb'-mar'ca-both 
Beth'-me'di 
Betfa'-nirn'rah 
Beth-o/ron 
B6th'-pa'let 
Betb'-pe'or 
Beth'pba-^e 
Beth'-phe'let 
Betb'-ra'pha 
Beth'-rS'hob 
BeW-sa'i-da 
Betb'-sa'mos 
Betb'-she'an 
Bfth'-she'inesh 
Bgth'-tap'pu-ah 
Be-thu'el 
B6th'u-li'a, or Be- 

thu'li-a 
Be-to 7 li-Gs 
Befo-mSs'tham 
Bet'o-nlm [lah 
Beu'lab, or Be-u'- 
Be'zai 
Be-zal'e-el 
BT'a-tas 
BTg'tha-na 
BTg'va-i 
BTKe-am 
BTl'ga-I 



BTn'e-a [nu-I 

Bin-uu'i, or BTn'- 

BTr'za-vith 

Bl-tbPah 

BI-th5n'i-a 

Biz-joth'jah 

Bo'a-ner'geg 

Bocb'e-rjj 

Bo'ebim 

Bo^oz 

Boj'o-ra 

Buk-kiab 



CSd'mi-el 

Caes'a-rG'a 

ta'ia-pbas (-ya-faa| 

Ca-I'nan (KaiVay) 

't"al / a-in61'a-lu8 

Cal-de'a 

€al'i-tas 

Cal-lTs'the-neg 

Cal'va-ty 

Ca/naan (ka'nan, 

or ka'na-an ) 
€a/naan-ite 

( -nan- or -na-an- ) 
Can'da-ce 
t'a-per'na-Cm 
€aph / ar-sal'a-ma 
Ca-phen'a-tba 
Ca-phPra 
Caph'tbo-rim 
Caph/to-rim 
Cap/pa-do'ci-a 

(-do'shi-a) 
Or'a-ba'gi-on 
€"ar'£ba-mi8 
C'ar'the-nush 
Ca-re'ab 
Ca'ri-a 

^ar-ma/ni-ang 
Car'na-Im 
^ar'ni-on 
Car'pha-sal'a-nii 
^ar'she-na 
Ca-slpb'i-a 
CS^'leu 
■Cas'lu-him. 
Ca-thQ'a 
Ce'dron 
C'eMan 
Cen^hre-a 
Cen'de-be'ua 
C'es'a-re'a 
tha'di-Ss 
Cbae're-as 
^hal-dS'a 
•Chan'nu-ne'ua 
Cbar'a-atb'a-lar 
Char'a-ca 
Char'a-shim 
Char'tbe-mish 
■fha're-a 
Char'ran 
Chas'e-ba 
^bed'or-la'o-mee 
ChePci-as (-shl-as) 
■f'he-lu'bai 
Cbgm'a-rimg 
Che-na'a-nah 
£'h6n'a-nl 



dQ, wplf, too, toUk ; urn, rue, pull ; e, t, o, silent ; c, g, soft; «, g, hard; ag ; exiat ; a as ng j this. 



or 



498 

■ehCnVnr'ah 
f lie'ptiai -hJuta, 

mo'nai 
•ehe-phi'rah 
■Che're-as 
■Gher'eth-ims. 
Cher'eth-Ites 
€h5'rith 
■ehS'rub (a city} 
■Ches'a-loii 
■ehe-sQl'loth 
■Che-thl'im 
€het-tl / im 
€hll'e-ab 
Oiil'i-on 
€hin'ne-reth 
■Ckin'ne-roth 
€hI'os 
€his'leu 
■Chft/tim 
€hob'a-i 
{Dhor'-a'shan 
■Cho-ra/zin 
Chos/a-me'us 
■Cho-ze'ba 
Oiu'sba l-rish'a- 

tha'im 
Oi-li'ci-afsi-llsh'- 

i-a) 
Cin'ne-rth 
CTn'ne-rStb. 
Clr'a-ma 
yi'sai 
tlau'di-a 
■Glau'di-us 
tle'o-pas 
■eie^o-p I'tra 
•Cle'o-phas 
Cni'dus (ni'dus) 
£oel'o-syr'i-a 

(seV-) 
■eol-ho'zeh 
■Go'li-us 
€o-los'se 
Co-los'si-ans (ko- 

losh'i-anz) 
Go-ni'ah 
CSn'o-nl'ak 
€o'os 
€o're 
•CSr'inth 
■Co-rm'thus 
€ou'tha (kow'tha) 
■GQ'shan 
CJu'shi 
€u'thah, or 

^Sth'ah 
Cy/a-mon 
y|r'a-ma 
Cy-re'ne 
(^y-re'ni-tis 



SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 



D. 



Dab'a-reh 

Dab'ba-shgth 

DiSb'e-rath 

Da'bri-a 

Da-eo'b! 

Dad-de'us 

Dai'san 

Dal'a-I'ah 

DaFma-nu'tha 



Pal-ma.' ti-a (-ma'- 

shi-a) 
Dan^a-ris 
Da-mSs / €us 
Dan'i-el, or Dan'- 

iel (-yel) 
Dan'-ja'ati 
Dath'e-ma 
Deb'o-rah 
De-^Sp'o-lis 
Dd'daa 
Ded'a-nim 
De-ha'vltes 
Del'a-i'ah 
DgM-lah 
De-me'tri-us 
Dgm'o-phon 
Des / sa-u(Gr. Aeo- 

(raou) 
De-u'el 

Deu'ter-on'o-my 
DTb'la-Tm 
Dib'la-tha'im 
Did'y-mGs 
DIl'e-_an 
Dl-mo'nah 
Dln'ha-bah, or 

Din-ha'bah 
Dl'o-ny'si-us 

(dl'o-nizh'I-us) 
DT'os-co-rTn'fchi-us 
DI-ot/re-phe§ 
Diz'a-hab 
D5d'a-I 
DSd'a-nTm 
DM'a-vah 
Do'eg 

Do-rym'e-nes, 
Do-slth'e-us 
Do'tha-im 



E. 

E'a-nes. 

E'bed-mS'leeh^ 
Eb'en-e'zer, or EV- 

en-e'zer 
E-bI'_a-saph 
E-bro'nah 
E-ea'nus 
Ec-bat'a-na 
Ee-ele^i-as'tef 
Ee-^le'ii-as'ti-eus 
Ed-dl'as 
|d're-I 
Eg'la-Im 
Ek're-bel 
El'a-dah 
El'a-sah 
E'lath 
El'-bgth'-el 
£l'ci-a (el'shl-a) 
El'da-ah, or El- 

da'ah 
E'le-ad 
E'le-a'leb. 
E-le'a-sa 
E-le'a-sah 
E'le-a'zar 
E'le-a-zu'rus 
El'-E-^'he-fs/ra-el 
E-leu'the-rus 
E-leu'za-I 



El-ha'nan 

E-lT'ab 

E-li'a-da 

E-11'a-dah 

E-11'a-das 

E-11'a-dun 

E-li'ah 

E-11'ah-ba 

E-11'a-kim 

E-lI'a-11 

E-11'am 

E-lI'a-o'ni-as 

E-H'a-saph 

E-lI'a-shib 

E-11'a-sIb 

E-lI'a-sis 

E-11'a-thah 

E-11'dad 

E'li-ei 

E'li-e'na-I 

E'li-e'zer 

E-li'ha-ba 

EM-ko-S'na-I 

EVi-ho'reph 

E-li/bu 

E-11'jah 

El'i-ka, or E-li'ka 

E'lim 

E-lim / e-leeh 

El'i-o-e'na-T 

E'li-o'nas 

EW-phal 

E-lTph'a-lSh 

E-lipb'a-let 

El'i-phaz, or E-17'- 

phaz 
E-lTj/a-beth 
El'i-sS'us 
E-l!'sha 
E-llsh'a-mah 
E-Ush'a-phat 
E-lTsh/e-ba 
El'i-shu'a 
E-lis'i-mus 
E-11'u 
E-lT'ud 
E-lTz'a-phan 
El'i-ze'us 
E-lT'zur 
El'ka -nah 
EFla-sar 
El-mo'dam 
El'na-am 
El'na-than 
El'o-him 
E-lo'I 
El'pa-51 
El'pa-let 
El'-pa'ran 
El'te-k5h 
El'te-kon [lad 
El-to'lad, orEl'to- 
E-lu'za-I 
El'y-ma'is 
El'y-mas 
fiFy-me'ang 
El'za-bad 
El'za-phan 
Em-man'u-el 
Em'ma-us 
E-nSs'i-bus 
Wx\e-^n(see M- 

En'-eg'la-Tm, or 
En'-eg-la'im 



En'e-mes'sar 

E-nS'ni-us 

En'-gan'nim 

En'-ge'di 

En'-iiak-ko're 

En'-ha'zor 

Ea'-rS'gel 

En'-she'inesh 

En'-tap-pa'ah 

Ep'a-phras 

E-paph'ro-di'tus 

E-pea'e-tus 

E'phai 

Eph'e-sus 

Eph'pha-tha 

E'phra-im 

E'phra-Tn 

Eph'ra-tah 

E-pTph'a-nej 

Ep'i-phl 

E-ja'ias (e-za'yas) 

E'sar-had'doii 

Es'dra-e'lon 

Es-dre'lon 

Es'e-bon 

E-se'bri-as 

Esh'-ba'al 

E'she-iln 

Esb'ta-ol 

Esh'ta-ul-Ites, or 

Esb'tau-lltes 
Esh'te-mo'a, or 

Esh-tem'o-a 
Esh'te-moh 
E-sS'ra 
Est'ha-ol 
Es'ther (es'ter) 
Eth'a-nim 
Eth'ba-al 
EQ-bu'lus 
Eu-Sr'ge-tej 
Eu'me-nes 
Eu'na-tan 
EQ-nT^e, or Eii / - 

Eu-o'di-aa 

Eu/pa-tor 

Eu-pbra'teg 

Eu-poKe-mGs 

Eu-r5e / ly-don 

Eu'ty-ehQs 

E'vil-me-ro'daeh 

Ez/ba-I 

Ez'e-^hT'as 

Ez'e-rl'as 

E-zT'as 

E'zi-oa-ge'ber 



For'tu-nsi'tns 



G. 



GSd'di-el 

Ga'ius (ga'yus) 

Gal'a-ad 

Ga-la'tia (-la'shi-a) 

Ga^e-ed 

Gal'ga-la 

Gal'i-lee 

Gal'li-o 

Gam/a-el 

Ga-ma'li-el 

Gam'ma-dimg 

Gar'i-zim 

Ga-za'ra, 

Ga-ze'ra 

Ue'bal 

Ged'a-ll'ah 

(Jed'e-on 

(Je-de'rah 

Ged'e-rTte 

Ge-dS'roth 

Ged'e-roth-a'im 

Ge-ha'zl 

ye-hen'mi 

Gel'i-loth 

Gem'a-rl'ab 

Cie-nes'a-rSth 

Oen'e-sis 

Gen-ne'sar 

Gen-ne'us 

Ge-nu'batb 

Ger'ge-seneg 

Ger'i-zim 

Ger-rhG'ni-ang 

_ (-r3'-) 

Gesh'u-rl 

Geth-sem'a-ne 

Ge-u'el 

Gib'be-thon 

Gib'e-ab 

Gib'e-on 

Gid-dal'tl 

GTd'e-ou 

Gid'e-o'ni 

GTKa-lai 

Gil-bo'ii^rGil-bo-a 

Gil'e-ad 

GT'lo-nTte 

Gin'ne-tho 

Gin'ne-thon 

GTr'ga-shlte 

GTt'ta-Tm 

Gi/zo-nlte 

GnT'dus (nl'dus) 

Gol'go-tha 

Go-11'atb 

Go-mor'rah 

Gor'g^-as 

Gor-ty'na 

GStb'o-lT'as 

Go-thon'i-el 

GQd'go-dah 

GQr'-ba'aJ 



Gab'a-el 

Gitb'a-tha 

Gab'ba-I 

Giib'ba-tba 

Ga'bri-as 

Ga'bri-el 

Gad'a-ra 



H. 

Ha'a-bash'ta-ri 
Ha-am'mo-nai 
Ha-ba'iah (-bii'ya) 
Hab'ak-kuk, or 

Ha-bak'kuk 
Hab'a-zi-nl'ab 
Ha^h'a-ll'ah 
Haeh'i-lah 



Ha^h'mo-nT 
Hafih/mo-nite 
Had'ad-e'zer 
Had'ar-e'zer 
Had'a-shah, or Ha- 

da'shah 
Ha-dat'tah 
Had'la-I 
Ha-do'ram 
Hag'a-bah 
Hag'ga-I 
HSg'ge-rl 
Hag-gl/ah 
Ha/gi-a 
Ha'I 

Hak'ka-tan 
Ha-ku'pha 
Hal/i-ear-nSs'siis 
Hal-lo'esh 
Ham'i-tal 
Ham-med'a-tha 
Ham'me-lefib 
Ham-mol'e-keth 
Ram'mo-nah, or 

Ham-mo'nah 
Ha-mu'el 
Ha-mu'tal 
Ha-nSm'e-el 
Ha-niiii'e-el 
Ha-na'nT, or Han'- 

a-nl 
Han / a-nT'ah 
HSn/i-el 
Hiin'na-thSn 
Han'ni-el 
Ha/tium 
Hapb'a-ra'im 
Haph-ra'im 
Har'a-dah 
Har-bo'nah 
Har'ha-i'ah 
Har'ne-pher 
Har'o-eh 
Ha'ro-rlte 
Ha-ro'shgth 
Ha-rij'maph 
Har'H-phTte, or 

Ha-rij'phTte 
Has'a-dT'ah 
HaVe-nu'ah 
Hash'a-bl'ah 
Ha-shab'niih 
Hash'ab-ni'ah 
Hash-bad'a-na 
Hash-mo'nah 
Ha-shij'bah 
Ha-shij'pha 
Has'se-na'ah 
Ha-su'pba 
Hat'i-pha, or Ha- 

tFpha 
HaVi-ta 
Hat-ta'a-vah 
Hat'ti-eon 
Hav'i-lah 
Haz'a-el 

Ha-za-'iab (-za'yfi!) 
Haz'a-zon-ta'mar 
Haz'e-lel-po'nl 
Ha-ze'rim 
Ha-ze'roth 
Haz'e-zon-ta'-mar 
Hii'zi-el 
Haz'u-bah 
Haz'zu-rlm 



f, long; &, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; care, iiir, ask, all; what, ere, veil, term, pique, firm ; s6n, 



SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 



HSg'a-i 

Hel-ehi'ah 

Hel-chl'as 

HSl'da-I 

He-ll'as 

He'li-o-dotTis 

H61'ka-i 

Hel-kl'as 

Hen'a-dad 

Hgph'zi-bah, or 

Heph'zi-bah 
Her-mog'e-nSg 
H6r'od 
He-ro'di-as 
He-ro'di-on 
Hez'e-kl 
Hez'e-kl'ah 
H^zi-on 
Hez'ra-I 
Hid'da-I 
Hid'de-kel 
HT'el 

HFe-rap'o-lis 
HT-er'e-el 
Hl-er'e-moth 
Hi-er'i-S'lus 
HT-er'mas 
HT'e-ron'y-mus 
HT/e-rjj'sa-lem 
Hig-ga/ion (-ga / - 

von) 
Hil-kl'ah 
Hir-ea'nus 
Hiz-kl'ah 
Ho-ba'iah (-ba'ya) 
Hod'a-T'ah 
Hod'a-vPah 
Ho-de'vah 
Ho-dl'ah 
Ho-di'jah 
HoPo-fer'nei 
Hor'o-na'im 
Hor'o-nite 
Ho-ge'a 
Hosh'a-I'ah 
Hosh'a-ma 
Ho-she'a 
Hu'rai_ 
Hu'shai 
Hy-dSs'pej 
Hy'me-nS'us 



Ib'le-am 

Ib-ne'iah (-ne'ya) 
Ib-nT'jah 
Ieh'a-bod 

I-da'lah 

fd'u-el 

Id'u-mS'a 

fg'da-ll'ah 

lg'e-31 

I'im 

fj'e-ab'a-rim 

Mai 

Jl-lyVi-eum 

fph'e-de'iah (-ya) 

I-rT'jah 

Ir'-na'hash 

I'ron 

Ir'pe-el 



fr'-she'mesb. 

I^aae (I'zak) 

I-ga'iah (I-za/ya) 

Is-ear'i-ot 

Is'da-el 

Ish'bi-be'nob 

Ish'-bo'sheth 

I-shl'ah 

Ish'ma-el 

fsh/ma-i'ah 

Ish'me-el-Ite 

Ish'me-rai 

Ish/u-ah 

Ish'u-ai 

Ish'u-I 

Is'ma-ehi'ah 

Is'ma-I'ak 

fs/ra-el 

Is'sa-ehar 

Is-shT'ab 

fs'tal-eu'rus 

Is'u-ah 

Is'u-T 

Ith'a-i 

Ith/a-mar 

Ith'i-el 

Ith're-Sm 

It'ta-I 

It'u-re'a 

Iz'e-har 

Iz'ra-hi'ah 

Iz're-el 



J. 



Ja'a-kan 
Ja-ak'o-bah 
Ja-a'lah 
Ja-a'lam 
Ja'a-nai, or Ja-a/- 

nai 
Ja-ar'e-or'e-gim 
Ja'a-sau 
Ja-a'si-el 
Ja-az'a-nl'ah 
Ja-a'zer 
Ja/a-zi'ah 
Ja-a'zi-el 
Jab'pe-el 
Ja-da'u 
Jad-du'a 
Ja'el 

Ja-haFe-lel 
Ja-ha'zah 
Ja'ha-zi'ah 
Ja-ha/zi-el 
Jah'da-i 
Jah'di-el 
Jah'le-el 
Jah'ma-I 
Jah'ze-rah 
Jah'zi-el 
Ja/ir 

Ja/i-rus, Esther. 
Ja-T'rus, New Test. 
Jam/brag 
Jam-nT / a 
Ja-no'ah 
Ja-phi'a 
JSpb-'le-ti, or 

Japh-le'ti 
Jar'e-sl'ah 
jar'i-moth 



JaVmuth 

Ja-rd'ah 

JSs'a-el 

Ja-sho'be-am 

Jash'ub 

jash'u-bT-le'hem 

Jash'ub-Ites 

Ja'si-el 

Ja-su'bua 

Jath'ni-el 

Ja'zi-el 

Je'a-rim 

Je-St'e-rdi 

Je-ber'e-ehi'ah 

Je-bu^T 

Jes'a-ml'ah 

Jeeh'o-K'ah 

Jeeh'o-nl'as 

Je-e'o-ll'ah 

Jee'o-ni'ah 

Jec / o-nT'as 

Je-da'iah (-ya) 

Je-de'iah (-ya) 

Je-de'us 

Je-di'a-el 

Jed'i-dah 

Jed'i-dl'ah 

Je/di-el 

Jed'u-thun 

Je-e'H 

Je-5'lus 

Je-e'zer 

Je'gar-sa'ha-du'- 

tha 
Je-ha/le-el 
Je'ha-le'le-el 
Je-hal'e-lel 
Jeh-de'iah (-ya) 
Je-hez'e-kel 
Je-M'ah 
Je-hi'el 
Je-hi'e-li 
Je'hiz-kl'ah 
Je-ho'a-dah 
Je-bo'a-hSz 
Je-ho'ash 
Je/ho-ha'nan, or 

Je-ho'ha-nan 
Je-hoi'a-ehin 
Je-hoi'a-da 
Je-hoi'a-kim 
Je-hoi'a-iib 
Je-hon'a-dab 
Je-hon /, a-than 
Je-ho'ram 
Je'ho-shab'e-Sth 
Je-hosh'a-phat 
Je-hosh/e-ba 
Je-hosb'u-a 
Je-hS'vah 
Je-h5z'a-bSd 
Je-boz'a-dSk 
Je'hu-eSl 
Je-hu'dT 
Je'hu-dl'jah 
Je-T'el 
Je-kab'ze-el 
Jek'a-mG'am 
Jek'a-mT'ah 
Je-ku'thi-el 
Je-mi'ma, or 

Jem^-ma 
Jem'na-au 
Je-mu'el 
Je-phttn'neh 



Je-rah'me-el 

Jer'e-ehuB 

Jer'e-mai 

Jer/e-ml'ah 

Jer'e-moth 

Je-rl'ah 

J6r/i-bai_ 

Jer^-cho 

JG'ri-el 

Je-ri'jah 

Jer'i-motb. 

JG'ri-oth 

Jer'o-bo'am 

Jer'o-ham 

Je-riib'ba-al 

Je-rub'e-sbgth 

Jer'u-el 

Je-rjj/sa-lgm 

Je-nj'sha, 

Je-sa'iah (-ya) 

Je-sha'iah (-ya) 

Jesh'a-nah 

Je-shSr'e-lah 

Je-sheb'e-ab 

JC'sh-'i-mon 

Je-sbTsh'a-T 

Jesh'o-ha-T'ah 

Jesh'u-run 

Je-sFah 

Je-sTm'i-el 

Jes'su-e 

Jes'u-T 

Je'u-el, or Je-u'el 

Jez'a-nT'ah 

JC-z'e-bel 

Je-zS'lus 

Je-zl'ah 

Je'zi-el 

Jez-lT'ah 

Jez'o-ar 

Jez'ra-hi'ah 

Jez're-el 

Jiph'tha-gl 

Jo'a-chaz 

Jo'a-ehim 

Jo'a-da'nus 

Jo'a-haz 

Jo'a-kim 

Jo-a'nan 

Jo'a-rib 

Jo'a-tbSm 

Jo'a-zab'dus 

Joch'e-bed 

Jc-5'lab. 

Jo-e'wr 

Jog'be-hiih 

Jo-ha'nan 

Jo-han'nea 

Joi'a-da 

Joi'a-klm 

Joi'a-rTb 

Jok'de-Sm 

Jok/me-Sm 

Jok'ne-am 

Jok'the-el 

Jon'a-dab 

JSp'pe 

Jo'ra-T 

Jor/i-bSs 

JSr'i-bus 

Jor'ko-am 

Jos^-bSd 

Jos/a-phat 

Jos'a-pbT'as 

JSs'e-deeh 



Jo-se'phus 

Josh'a-bSd 

Josb'a-phSt 

Josh/a-vl'ah 

Josh-bek'a-shah 

Jos'i-bT'ah 

Jos'i-phi'ah 

Jot'ba-thah 

Joz'a-bSd 

Joz/a-char 

Joz'a-dXk 

Ju'shSb-he'sed 



499 

Lem'u-el 
Le-tu'shim 
Llb'a-nus 
Lo'-am'mi, or Lo- 

am'tni 
Lo / -de'bar 
I^-r^'ha-mah. 
Loth'a-su'bus 
LJc'a-o'ni-a 
Ly-sil'ni-as 
Lj-'si-as (lTsh'T-as) 
Ly-slm/a-thus 



K. 



M. 



KXb'ze-el 

Ka'desh-bar'ne-a 

Kad'mi-el 

KaFla-T 

Ka-re'ah 

Kar'ka-a 

Kar'na-im 

Ked'e-mah 

Ked'e-mCth 

KS'desh NSph'ta-lI 

Ke-hel'a-thah 

Kei'lah 

Ke-la'iah 

Kel'i-ta 

Ke-mu'el 

Ker'en-hap'pueh 

Ke'ri-oth 

Ke-tu / rah 

Ke-zi'a 

Klb'roth-hat-ta'a- 

vah 
Kib'za-Tm 
KTd'roQ 
KTi^-har'a-setb. 
KTr'-ha'resh 
Kir-he'res 
Kir'i-Sth _ 
KTr'i-a-tha'im 
KTr'i-ath'i-a'ri-us 
KTr^i-oth 
KTr/jatb-je'a-rTm 
KTsh'i-on 
Kit'ron 
Kol'a-T'ah 
Kush-a'iah. 



L. 



La'a-dah 

La'a-dan 

Lab'a-na 

La'ehish 

La-eu'nus 

La-hai'roi 

La-od'i-fe'a 

L5p'i-doth 

La-sS'a 

La-sha'ron 

Lits'the-neg 

LSz'a-rus 

Leb'a-nah 

Leb'a-non 

LGb'a-oth 

Leb-be'us ' 

Le-bo'nah 

Le'ha-bim 



Ma'a-€hah 

Ma-aeb/a-thl 

Ma-ad'ai 

Ma / a-dl'ah 

Ma-a'I 

Ma-51'eh-a-€r5V- 

bim 
Maa-nl 
Ma'a-rath 
MaL'a-se'iah (-y&) 
Ma-as'i-ai 
Ma'a-si'as 
Ma'a-zT'ab. 
Mab'da-I 
Mae'a-lon 
Ma-e'ca-be'us 
Maeh'ba-nai 
Mach'be-nah 
Ma^h'na-de'bai 
Math-pe'lah. 
Mad'a-I 
Ma-dT'a-bun 
Ma-dl'ab 
Ma'di-an 
Mad-me/nab. 
Ma-e'lus 
Mag'da-la 
Mag'da-le'ne 
MSgjdi-el 
Ma-gid'do 
Mag'pi-ash. 
Ma / gor-mis / sa-bib 
Ma-ha'lab, or Ma.'- 

ha-lab 
Ma-ha'la-le'el 
Ma'ha-lath 
Ma-ha'le-el 
Ma'ha-11 
Ma'ha-na'im 
Ma^ha-neh-dan 
Ma-bar'a-T 
Ma-ba'zi-oth 
Ma'her-shal'al- 

hash'-baz 
Ma-an'e-as 
Mak-he'loth 
Mak-he'dah 
Mai'a-€hl 
Mal-thi/ah 
M&I'ehi-el 
Mal-chT'jah 
Mal-^hFram 
Mai-'-chi-shjj'a 
Ma-lS'le-el 
MSl'lo-thT 
Ma-ma/ias (-yas) 
Mam-iiT/ta-nai'mus 
Ma-mu'-ehus 



or, do, \v9lf, to"o, to"ok ; firn, r^e, pt^ll ; 



e, t, o 



, silent ; 9, g, soft ; «, g, hard ; a§ ; ejist ; n as ng ; this. 



500 



SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 



Man'a-gn 

Man'a-hath 

Man'as-sS'ai 

Man'li-Oa 

Ma-no'ah 

Mar'a-lah 

M&r'a-nath'a, or 

Mlir'a-na'tha 
Mar'do-ehS'us 
Ma-re'ahah 
ilar'i-moth 
Mar'i-sa 
Mar'ee-na 
Mas'a-18th 
Ma-al'as 
Mas're-kah 
Maa-si'as 
Math'a-nT'as 
Ma-thu'sa-la 
Mat'ta-nah 
MXt'ta-nl'ah 
Mitt'ta-tba 
Mat'ta-thah 
Mafta-thl'as 
Mat'te-nli'I 
Mat-thS'laa 
Mafc-thl'as (math- 

thi'as) 
Mat'ti-thl'ah 
Maz'i-tT'as 
Maz^za-roth 
Me-a'rah 
Me-btln'nai 
Meeh'e-rath-Ite 
Mei'a-ba 
Med'e-ba 
Me-S'da 
Me-het'a-bgl 
Me-hi'da 
Me-ho'lah 
Me-hu'ja-el 
Me-hii'man 
Me-hu'nim 
MS'-jar'kon 
Mek'o-nah 
Mel'a-tT'ah 
Mel-ehT'ah 
Mel-ehi'aa 
Mel'-ehi-el 
Mel-ehig'e-dge 
Mel'ehi-shjj'a 
Me'le-a 
MeUi-eu 
Mel'i-ta 
Me-mu'an 
Mgn'a-hem 
Me-nes'theus 
Me-on'e-nim 
Me-on'o-thai 
Meph'a-Xth 
Me-phib'o-sheth 
Mgr'a-I'ah 
Me-ra'ioth (-yoth) 
Mer'a-rl, or Me-ra'- 

rT 
Mer'a-tha'im 
Mgr'e-moth 
Mgr'i-bah 
Mgr'ib-M'al 
Me-ro'daeh-bal'a- 

dan 
Me-ron'o-thlte 
Me-shgl'e-ml'ah 
Me-shgz'a-beel 
Me-ahez'a-bgl 



Me-shTl'le-mlth 

Me-ahil'le-nioth 

Me-sho'bab 

Me-ahGl'Ie-mgth 

Mea'o-ba'Ite 

Mgs'o-po-ta'mi-a 

Me-te'rua 

Mgth'o-ar 

Me-thii'sa-el 

Me-thu'se-lah 

Me-u/nim 

Mgz'a-hab 

Ml'a-mln 

Ml-ea'iah (-ya) 

Ml'cha-el, or Ml'- 

«hael (-kel) 
Ml-ehe'aa 
MTeh'me-thah 
MTg'dal-gl 
MTj'a-min 
Mik-ne'iah (-ya) 
MTl'a-lal 
MT-13'tua 
Mi-nl'a-min 
MTr'i~am 
Mls'a-el 
Mish'a-el 
Mi'abe-al 
Mish-m;ln'nah 
Mlah'ra-Ttea 
Mis'pe-retb. [im 
Mia're-phdth-ma'- 
Mis'sa-bib 
Mith're-dath 
Mlfy-le'ne 
MTz'ra-im 
Mna/son (na'aoti) 
Mo'a-dl'ah 
Mol'a-dab 
Mo'o-sl'as 
Mo'ras-thTte 
M6r'de-ea"i 
Mor'esh-eth-gSth 
Mo-rl'ah 
Mo-aS'ra 
Mo-ae'roth 
Mo-aSl'la-mon 
My'ai-a (mTzh'I-a) 



N. 



Na'l-dus 

Na'in 

Na-nS'a 

Na-5'ml, or Na'o- 

mi 
Naph'i-sl 
Naph'ta-H 
Naph'tu-him 
Na-than'a-el 
Nath'a-nl'as 
Naz'a-refch 
Ne'a-rl'ah 
Neb'a-T 

Ne-ba'ioth (-yoth) 
Ne-ba'joth 
Neb'u-ehad-nez'- 

zar 
Neb'u-ahas'ban 
Neb'u-zar-a'dan 
Ne-eo'dan 
Ned'a-bi'ah 
Ne'e-ml'as 
Neg'i-noth 
Ne-hel'a-nilte 
Ne'hi-loth 
Ne-i'el, or Ne'i-el 
Ne-kS'da 
Ne-mu'el 
Ne-phiah'e-aim 
Neph'tha-11 
Neph'tha-lim 
Neph'to-ah 
Ne-phQ'sim 
N5r'gal-sha-re'zer 
Ne'reus 
Ne-rl'ah 
Ne-rl'aa 
Neth'a-nT'ah 
Neth'i-mmg 
Ne-to'phah 
Ne-toph'a-thI 
Ne-zT'ah 
Nl-€a'nor 
Nle'o-la'i-tang 
NT-eop'o-lis 
Ni'ger 
Nra'e-Yeh 
No'a-dl'ah 
No'-a'raon 
No-5'ba 
Nom'a-deg 
Nu-me'ni-fla 



Na'a-mah 

Na'a-man 

Na'a-ma-thTte 

Na'a-mTtea 

Na'a-rah 

Na'a-rai 

Na'a-ran 

Na'a-rath 

Na-ash'on 

Na'a-thua 

Nab'a-rl'as 

Nab'a-the'ans 

Nab'u-eho-dSn'o- 

s3r 
Na-dab'a-tha 
Na'ha-lal 
Na-ha'li-el 
Na'ha-lol 
Na-bam'a-ni 
Na-har'a-I 
Na'ha-ra'im 
Na'ha-rl 



O. 



O'ba-dT'ah, or 

Ob'a-di'ah 
Ob-dT'ii 
O'^bi-el 
O^i-dJ'lus 
Oc'i-na 
Sd'o-nar'keg 
Ol'a-mus 
Ol'i-vet 
5l'o-t'gr'n§2 
Om'a-e'rus 
O'me-ga, or O-me' 

ga 
O-nes'i-mus 
On'e-slph'o-rus 
O-ni'a-re^ 
O-nl'as 
O-ri'on 



Or'tho-aT'as 

O-ga'iaa (o-za'yas) 

CMe'a 

O-ge'aa 

O-she'a, or O'she-a 

5th'ni-<jl 

Oth'o-nl'aa 

O-zPas 

O'zi-el 

O-zo/ra 



Pa'a-rai 

Pa'gi-el 

Pa'f 

Pal'es-tl'na 

Pal'es-tTne 

Pal'ti-el 

Pam-phyl'i-a 

Par'me-naa 

Par-ahan'da-tba 

Par'u-ah 

Par-va'imjOrP'ar'- 

va-im 
Pa-se'ah 
Pat'a-ra 
Pa-thS'us 
Path'roa 
Path-ry'sim 
Pat'ro-baa 
Pa-tro'elua 
Pa'u 
Ped'a-hel 
Pe-dah'zur, or 

Ped'ah-zQr 
Pe-da'iah (-ya) 
Pek'a-hT'ah 
Pel'a-I'ah 
Pel'a-ll'ah 
Pel'a-ti'ah 
Pe-lT'aa 
Pe-nT'el 
Pen-tap'o-Ua 
Pe-nu'el 
Per'a-zlm 
PSr'ga-mos 
Pe-rl'da 
PSr'me-nSa 
Per-aep'o-lis 
Pe-rjj'da 
Peth'a-hi'ah 
Pe-thu'el 
Pe-ul'thai 
PhSe'a-reth 
Phai'sur 

Phal-da'ius (-yua) 
Pha-15'as 
PhaFti-el 
Pha-nii'el 
Ph3r'a-<jim 
Pha'raoh (fa'ro or 

fa'ra-o) 
Phar'a-tho'ni 
Pha-rT'ra 
Pha-ae'ah, or 

Pha'se-ah 
Pha-se'lia 
Phaa'^-ron 
Phaa'sa-ron 
Phe-nl'^e 
Phe-ni'ci-a 

(-niah'i-) 



Phgr'c-zTte 
Phi-be'aeth, or 

Phib'e-aeth 
Phil'a-del'phi-» 

(classical prun. 

Phil'a-del-phi'a) 
Phl-lar'eheg 
Phl-le'inon 
Phi-le'tus 
Phi-liaaine 
Phi-lSFo-gua 
Phil'o-me'tor 
Phln'e-aa 
Phin'e-haa 
Ph^-gel'lus 
Pl'-be'seth, or 

Pib'e-aeth 
PI'-ha-hi'TOth 
Pil'e-ha 
PT-le'ger 
Pil-ne'ger 
Pil'tai 
Pir'a-thon 
PT-8id / i-a [deez) 
Ple'ia-deg (-ya- 
Po^h'e-reth 
Pon'ti-us Pl'late 

(pon'shi-us) 
Por'a-tha 
Por'ci-ua (-ahi-us) 
Pos'i-do'ni-us 
Pot/i-phar 
Po-tiph'e-rah 
Pria-piiaa 
Profih'o-rtia 
Ptol'e-ma'ia (toF-) 
Ptol'e-me'ua (tol'- 
Pu-te'o-li 
Pu'ti-el 



Rg'ha-bl'an 

Re'ho-bo'am 

Re-hO^both 

R5'i 

Rem'a-n'ah 

Rem/uion-mgth'o 

ar 
Re'pha-el 
Reph'a-I'ah 
Reph'a-im 
Reph'i-dim 
R3'u 

Re-u'el, or ReR'ai 
Rey'inah 
Re-zl'a 

Rhe'gi-um (re 7 -) 
Rhod'o-^Qa (rod'-) 
Rl'bai 
Rob'o-Sm 
Rod^a-nim 
Ro-ge'lim 
Ro'i-mua 
Ro-m am' tl-g'zer 
R}}'ha-mah 



S. 



Q. 



Quin'tua Mem'mi- 
us 



R. 



Ra'a-mah 
Ra'a-ml'ah 

Ra-am'ae2 

Rab-bo'm 

Rab'aa-peg 

Rab'aa-ria 

Rab'aha-keh 

Rad'da-I 

Ra'gau 

Ra'geg 

Ra-gu'el 

Ra'math-a'im 

Rim'a-them 

Ra-mS'aej 

Ra-ml'ah 

Ra'pha-el, or Ra' 

phael (-fel) 
Raph'a-im 
Ra-thu'mua, or 

Rath'u-muB 
Re'a-I'ah 
Re'el-a'iah (-ya) 
Re-el'i-us 
Ree-sa'iaa (-yaa) 
Re'gem-mg'leeh 



Sa'baeh-tha'nl 

SaVa-oth, or Sa- 
ba'oth 

Sab'a-tS'ua 

Sab'a-tua 

Sab'ba-the'us 

Sab-be'us 
) Sa-be'anij 

Sa'bi-e 

Sab'te-ehah 

Sad'a-mi'as 

Sad-de'us 

Sad'du-ceeg 

Sa'ha-du'tha 

Sal'a-mia 

Sal'a-sad'a-I 

Sa-la'thi-el 

Sal'la-I 

Sal-lu'mus 

Sal'man-a'sar 

Sal-mo'ne 

Sa-lo'me 

Sam'a-el 

Sa-ma'iaa (-yaa) 

Sa-ma'ri-a (classi- 
cal pron. Sam'- 
a-rl'a) 

Sam'a-tua 

Sa-me'iua (-yua) 

Sam'o-thra'ci-a 
(-thra'ahi-a) 

Samp'aa-meg 

San'a-bas'sa-riia 

SSn'a-aib 

San-bal'lat 

Saph'a-ti'aa 

Sap-phl'ra (saf-fi'- 
ra) 

Sar'a-bl'aa 

Sa'rai 

Sar'a-i'ah 

Sa-ra'ias (-yas) 

Sar'a-mel 

Sar-€hed'o-nus 

Sar-de'us 

Sa're-a 



a, S, I, o, u, y, long ; a, 6, i, 6, u, y, short; care, far, ask, all, what, gre, yeil. tgrm, pique, Arm ; s6n, 



SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 



501 



Ba-ro'thi-e 

Sar-se'ehim 

Satb'ra-bu-aa'nSg 

Sav'a-rai 

Sa'vi-as 

Sfe'va (sS'va) 

S^y-tbop'o-lis (si-) 

See'a-eah 

Seeh'e-nl'as 

Sed'e-cT'as 

Se'i-rath 

Se'led 

Sel's-mi'a 

Se-leu'ci-a (-shi-a, 

classical pron. 

Sel'eu-<;I'a) 
Se-leu'eus 
Sem'a-ehl'ah 
Sem'a-I'ab 
Sem'e-I 
Se-mei'li-us 
Se-na'ah , or Sen'a- 

ah 
Sen-nSch'e-rib, or 

Sen'na-ebe'rib 
Se-nu'ah 
Se-o'rim 
Seph'a-r5d 
Sepb'ar-va'ini 
Se-phe'la 
Ser'a-I'ab 
Ser'gi-Qs 
Sha'al-ab'bin 
Sha-al'be-nlte 
Sba'a-ra'im 
Sbab-betb'a-1 
Shaeh'i-a 
Shad'da-I 
Sha'ha-ra'im 
Sba-haz/i-math 
Shal'i-sba 
Sbal'le-€beth 
Sbal'ma-I 
SbaTma-ne'ser 
Sb&m'a-rl'ah 
SbanVma-I 
Shani'mii-ah 
Shim'she-ral 
Sbar'a-I 
Shar'a-Im 
Slia-re'zer 
fcliar'on 
Sna-rij'ben 



Shash'a-I 


Sib/ra-im 


Tan'hu-meth 


TJr'i-ang 


ZScb'a-rl'ah 


Sha'ul 


Si'cy-on (sish'l-on) 


Tiip'pu-ab 


Ty'rus 


Zaeh'a-ri'as 


She-51'ti-el 


Sl-ki'o-notb 


Tar'a-lah 




Zaeh'a-ry 


She'a-rT'ab 


Si-15'ah, or SU'o-ah 


T.Vre-a 




Zal-mo'nah 


Sbe'ar-ja'shub 


SI-15 / am, or Sil'o- 


TiU'na-I 


U. 


Za do ah 


Sheb'a-nT'ah 


Sm 


Teb'a-ll'ah 


Zaph / aath-pa / 


Sheb'a-rim 


Sl-16'e, or Sil'o-e 


Te-baph'ne-heg 




ne 'ah 


Sbeb'u-el 


SI'mal-eQ'e 


Te-ko'a 


U'la-I 


Zar'a-fes 


Sbeeb'a-ni'ah 


SI'nai 


Tel'-a'bib 


U-pbar'sin 


Zar'a-I'as 


Sbed'e-ur 


Slp'pii 


Tel'a-im 


Cr'bane (an old 


Zii're-ab 


She'ha-rl'ah 


Sir'i-on 


Tel'-ha-re'sha 


spelling of Orp- 


Zar'e-pbath 


Shel'e-ml'ah 


Si-sam/a-I 


Tem'a-nl 


han) 


Zar'e-ran 


Sbel'o-ml 


Sls'e-ra 


Thad-dS'us, or 


U-ri'ah 


Zafta-nab 


Sbel'o-mith 


Sod'o-ma 


Tbad'de-Os 


U-rl'as 


Zath'o-5 


Shel'o-moth 


S6p / a-ter 


Tham'na-tha 


U'ri-el 


Za-tbu'I 


Shel'mi-el, or 


Soph'e-reth 


The-eS'e 


U-n-jab 


Zeb'a-dl'ab 


Sbe-ma'ah 


Sopb'o-ni'as 


The-la'sar 


L^tha-I 


Ze-ba'im 


Sbem'a-ah 


So-sip'a-ter 


The-o^'a-nus 


U'za-I 


Ze-bl'na 


Shem'a-I'ab 


Sos'tbe-ne^ 


Tbe-od'o-tus 


Cz'zab 


Ze-boi'im 


Sbem'a-ri'ah 


Sos'tra-tus 


The-oph'i-lus 


Uz-zi'ab 


Ze-bo'im 


Sbem'e-ber 


So'ta-i 


Ther'me-leth 


Uz-zl'el or Hz/zi-ei 


Ze-bu'dab 


Sbe-mi'da 


Sta/ehys 


Thes'sa-lo-nl'^a 




ZeVu-lun 


Shem/i-nith 


Steph'a-nas 


Thim'na-tbah 




Zeeh'a-ri'ah 


She-mlr'a-moth 


Su'ba-I 


Thoin'o-T 


V. 


Zed'e-chi'aa 


Sbe-mii'el 


SG/di-as 


Thra'ci-a ( shi-a) 


Zed'e-ki'ah 


She-na'zar 


Su'san-ehltes 


Thra-se'as 




Ze-16'pbe-bad 


Sheph'a-ti'ah 


Sy-5'lQs 


Tby'a-tl'ra 


Va-jez'a-tha 


Ze-lo'tej 


She-phQ'pban 


Sy-5'ne 


Tl-bS'ri-as 


Va-ni'ab 


Zem'a-ra'im 


Sher'e-bi'ab 


Syn'ti-ehe 


Ti-be'ri-us 




Ze-mi'ra 


She-rS'zer 


Syr'i-on 


Tig/lath-pl-le'^er 




Ze'nas 


She'sbai 


Sy'ro-phe-ni'ci-an 


Tll'gath-pil-nS'ser 


X. 


Zepb'a-nl'ab 


Sbe'thar-boz'na-I 


(-nish'I-an) 


Ti-nie'us 


Zepb^-tbab 


Sblb'bo-leth 




Tim'na-thah 




Zer'a-bl'ah 


Shig-ga/ion (-yon) 




Ti-mo'tbe-us 


XSn'thi-cus 


Zer'a-i'ab 


Sbi-so'o-noth 


T. 


Tir'ba-kab 


(zan'-) 


Zer'e-da 


Sbi-io'ah 


TTr'ba-nah 




Ze-red'a-thah 


Sbi-lo'nl 




Tir'i-a 




Zer'e-rath 


Sbl'lo-nlte, or Shi- 


Ta'a-naeh 


TTr'sha-tha 


Z. 


Ze-rij'ah 


lS'nite 


Tab'a-dtb 


To-bl'ah 


Ze-rQb'ba-bel 


Shim'e-ah 


Tab'ba-oth 


To'bi-el 




Ze'rui'ah 


Sbim/e-am 


Ta'be-al 


To-bl'jab 


Za'a nalm 


Zib'e-on 


Sbiui'e-ath 


Ta'be-el 


To-g'ar'iuab 


Za'a-nan 


Zib'i-ab 


Shim'e-i 


Ta-bel'U-us 


Tol'ba-neg 


Za'a-nan'nim 


Zid-kl'jah 


Sblm/e-on 


Tab'e-rab 


To'pbel 


Za'a-van 


Zil'thai 


Sbim'sbai 


Tab'i-tba 


Traeh'o-ni'tis 


Zab'a-da?^^ 


Zi'phron 


Sbipb'rah 


Tab'ri-mon 


Trip'o-lis 


Z^b'a-da'ias (-ya«) 


Zip-po'rab 


Sblt'ra-I 


Tach'mo-nlte 


Tro-gyl'li-tini 


Zab'bai 


Zo-be'bab 


Sho'ba-i 


Ta-bap'a-nS^ 


Troph'i-mus 


Zab-dG'us 


Zo'be-letb 


Sbo'ebo 


Tab/pan-he^ 


Try-phe'na 


Zlb'di 


ZS'pbai 


Sho-shiin/nim 


Tab'pe-ntj^ 


Try-pbo'sa 


Zab'di-el 


Zo're-ah 


Shij'ba-el 


Tab're-a 


Tu'bi-5'n: 


Zab'u-lon 


Zo-rob'a-bel 


Sbu'the-lah 


Tal'i-tba-eu'mT 


Tj'ch'i-tns 


Zac'ca-I 


Zu'ri-el 


Sib'be-ehai 


Tal'mai 


Ty-rSn'nus 


Zae-ebe'us 


Zu'ri-sbid'tia-i 



or, dQ, wplf, too, took; Urn, rye, pyll; e, *", o, silent; 9, g, soft; c, g, hard; ag; ejist; q as ng; this. 



PRONOUNCING VOCABULARIES 



OF 



MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



By J. THOMAS, M. D., 

AUTHOR OP THE SYSTEM OP GEOGRAPHICAL PRONUNCIATION IN LIPPINCOTT'S GAZETTEER OF THE WORLD. 



ELEMENTS OF PRONUNCIATION 



OP THE PRINCIPAL MODERN LANGUAGES OF CONTINENTAL EUROPE. 



VOWELS. 

1. In the languages of Continental Europe, a never has 
a sound like that in the English words fate, or name, but is 
usually like the a in far or father, often approximating that 
in fat. In Hungarian it is sometimes like o in not. 

2. E generally has a sound similar to a in fate, or else to 
e in met. In French it is often silent. In Swedish, e, when 
long, has a sound resembling that of short *', but more 
prolonged. Thus, Carlen might be pronounced kar-tUn'. 
When short, it is like e in met. 

3. /usually sounds as in marine : that is, like long e in 
English. It is sometimes like our short i, as in pin. It is 
important to observe that i final in French, Italian, and 
Spanish, has the full, clear sound of ee in see; it should 
therefore not be allowed to fall into 1, as it is apt to do in 
English or Anglicized words. 

4. O has for the most part nearly the same sound as in 
English. Sometimes it is long, as in no, but often it has a 
sound intermediate between that of our o in no and that in 
rot. In Russian, o, when not accented, is very short, al- 
most like a in father, or intermediate between this and that 
in fat. In Swedish and Norwegian, at the end of a sylla- 
ble, it is sounded like our oo. 

5. U in most languages is pronounced like the English 
oo. In French (and in Dutch when it ends a syllable) it 
may be said to combine the sounds of our oo and long e. 
If the speaker, after placing his lips in the position for pro- 
nouncing oo, endeavors, without moving his lips, to utter 
the sound of ee, that of the French u will be produced. 

6. Y is usually like i, that is, like our e. In Danish, 
Norwegian, and Swedish, it sounds like the French u or 
German it. In Polish it resembles our short i, as in pin. 
In Dutch it is like our long ?. It may be observed, that, 
according to the modern Dutch orthography, ij is substi- 
tuted for y. Thus, the old spelling Overyssel is replaced 
by Overijssel, Bilderdyk by Bilderdijk, &c. 

Diphthongs. 

7. Aa in Danish usually sounds pearly like our a in fall, 
sometimes approaching o long. A [a) in Swedish sounds 
like long o in English. 

(.502) 



8. Ae, or a, is usually pronounced like a in fate, or e in 
met. In Dutch and Flemish ae sounds like a in far. In 
the modern Dutch orthography, ae is replaced by aa. Thus, 
the name formerly written Haerlem, is now Haarlem, Maes 
is changed into Maas, &c. 

9. Ai and ay are usually proper diphthongs, being com- 
pounded of the sound of a as in far and i as in fig, thus 
nearly corresponding in sound to our long i. In French, 
and in Modern Greek, they are pronounced nearly like ay 
in the English word day ; that is, like the long a in fate. 

10. Au has generally the sound of ow in now. In 
French au and eau have the sound of long o. 

11. Ei and ey are generally proper diphthongs, uniting 
the sounds of a. in fate and e in me, being similar to ay in 
day when this word is pronounced very full. In German 
they are like our long i; in French, nearly like our e in 
met, or a in fate. 

12. Eu in French and Dutch has a sound nearly similar 
to u in the English word fur, but somewhat more pro- 
longed. This sound is intermediate between that of the 
English short u and that of the German o. (See 14.) In 
German eu and au have the sound of oi in English. 

13. Ie at the end of a word is always pronounced in 
French like e in the English word me. In German it is 
frequently so pronounced. In the middle of a word, ie, 
both in Dutch and German, always sounds like our long e. 

14. Oe, or o, occurs in several European languages. In 
Danish, however, instead of two dots being placed over the 
o, a mark is drawn obliquely through it (<£). The sound 
is unlike any thing we have in English, but is nearest to 
that of win fur, or e in her. If, while the lips are retained 
in the position proper for forming o long, the speaker trie3 
to utter the sound of e in met (or a in fate), he will produce 
the sound of o. [ (J^p^ This sound, as well as that of the 
French u, should, if possible, be learned from an oral in- 
structor.] In Dutch, oe sounds like our on. 

15. Oi in French is usually sounded like w'd ; moi is 
pronounced mwa ; roi,rwd; &c. Oi in the termination 
of certain adjectives, was formerly used instead of ai, and 
was pronounced like this diphthong. Now. however, oi in 
such words is almost universally replaced by a«. Thus, 



GEOGRAPHICAL, AJSD BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



503 



instead of Frangois, Frangoise (French), the forms Fran- 
gais and Frangaise are now used. 

16. Ou in French and in Modern Greek sounds like our 
oo ; in Dutch and Norwegian, like ow in the English word 
now, or like ou in house. In Portuguese it is pronounced 
nearly like long o. 

17. Ue or «, has the sound of the French u. (See 5.) 
S3P" A double vowel, in foreign words, is generally 

equivalent to the single vowel prolonged. 

CONSONANTS. 
The consonants in the languages of Continental Europe 
are, for the most part, similar in sound to the same letters 
in English. The following exceptions may be mentioned : — 

18. B at the end of a word in German is pronounced 
like p. Between two vowels in Spanish its sound is some- 
what similar to », with which it is often interchanged ; as, 
Cordoba, Cor.-'ova, &c. This sound of b is formed by 
bringing the lips loosely or feebly into contact. 

19. C before e and (in Italian is pronounced like ch in 
the English word chill; in the same position in Spanish it 
sounds like the Spanish z or like our th in thin. In Ger- 
man, c before e, i, and y is pronounced like the German z, 
or like ts in English. In Polish it has the same sound, 
even at the end of a word. 

20. D at the end of a word in German and Dutch is 
pronounced like t. In Spanish and Danish, between two 
vowels or at the end of a word, it has a sound similar to th 
in this. 

21. In all the European languages g is hard before a, o, 
and u; in German, Danish, Norwegian, and Polish, it is 
hard in every situation, though it sometimes has a guttural 
sound. Before e and i (or y), in French, Portuguese, Span- 
ish, and Swedish, it is like they of these languages. In the 
same position in Italian it sounds like oury, or soft g. In 
Dutch it is always pronounced like h strongly aspirated. 
Gu before e and i, in French, Portuguese, and Spanish, 
sounds like g hard. 

22. H in French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, is 
either never pronounced at all, or else is sounded so slightly 
that an English ear can scarcely perceive it. In the other 
languages of Europe it has the same sound as in English. 

23. J in Italian, German, Polish, Swedish, Norwegian, 
Danish, and Dutch, is pronounced like our y. In French 
and Portuguese it has the sound of zh, or s in the English 
word pleasure. In Spanish it is equivalent to x, being sim- 
ilar in sound to a strongly 7 aspirated h. 

24. Often at the end of a syllable, in French and Portu- 
guese, m and it are said to have a nasal sound ; but, more 
correctly speaking, dropping their own proper character, 
they impart nasality to the preceding vowels, which are 
then sounded through the nose. For example, ban in 
French approximates in sound that indicated by bong in 
English. Alem or alen, in Portuguese is pronounced almost 
a-leng'. In pronouncing the nasal vowels in these lan- 
guages, care should be used not to press the back part of 
the tongue against the palate, as is done in producing the 
sound of the English ng. In French, o before n nasal has 
nearly the sound of our o in note, but is somewhat shorter. 
That is to say, if the English word no be pronounced quickly, 
with the vowel rendered nasal, the sound produced will 
correspond almost exactly to that of the French non. N 
in Italian before g usually preserves its clear sound ; hence 
Marengo is pronounced almost md-renn'go ; in all or nearly 
all the other languages, n in such cases approximates the 
sound Qf the English n in link. 

25. iVin Spanish (like gn in French and Italian, and nh 
in Portuguese) has a sound combining that of n and y con- 
sonant. Mino and Minho are pronounced alike — meen'yn. 

26. Qu before e and i in Portuguese and Spanish, and 
before every vowel in French, has the sound of k. In most 
other languages it is essentially the same as in English. 

27. -R in most European languages is trilled more strongly 
than in English, particularly at the end of a word or syl- 
lable. In pronouncing it, the tip of the tongue is made to 
approach very near to the roots of the upper teeth. 



[ 28. 5 in many European tongues, when between two 
J vowels, is very soft, having the sound of our z, or one very 
near it. In German it is usually pronounced soft at the 
beginning of a word. In Hungarian it sounds like our sh, 
or the German sch. 

29. T in several European tongues has a sound somewhat 
more dental than in English. This is especially observable 
in Spanish, in which language it is pronounced by putting 
the tip of the tongue against the upper teeth. 

30. W in German and some other languages is nearly 
similar to our v. It may be described as a v uttered with 
the lips alone, without the aid of the teeth. 

31. X in Spanish generally sounds like a strongly aspi- 
rated h. (See 23.) In Portuguese it is pronounced like our 
sh. 

32. Z in German and Swedish has the sound of ts ; in 
Italian, z usually sounds like dz, zz like ts. In Spanish it 
is pronounced like the English th in thin. 

Combined Consonants. 

33. Ch in Spanish has the same sound as in the English 
word chill. In Italian, it is pronounced like k : in German, 
Polish, and some other languages, it has a guttural sound, 

| somewhat similar to a strongly aspirated h . This sound must 
< be learned from an oral instructor. In French (except in 
1 the case of some words derived from the Greek), and in 
, Portuguese, rh has the sound of our sh. 
I 34. Cs in Hungarian sounds like ch in the English word 

church. 
I 35. Cz in Polish sounds like our ch ; in Hungarian, 
i like ts. 

| 36. Dy in Hungarian blends the sounds of d and con- 
I sonant y, and hence approximates the sound of oury. The 
same combination occurs iu some English words, as in sol- 
dier, verdure. &c. (See 44.) 
; 37. Gh in Italian is like gh in the English word ghost, or 
' g in game. 

j 38. Gl in Italian, when followed by i, has the same 
1 sound as Ih in Portuguese, or 11 in Spanish. Before a, o, or 
i u, the i following gl is silent. (See 41.) 
I 39. Gn in French and Italian (like n in Spanish) com- 
I bines the sounds of n and consonant y. (See 25.) 
! 40. Gy iu Hungarian blends the sounds of d and y con- 
'• sonant. Magyar is pronounced m6d y yor'. (See 36.) 

41. Lh in Portuguese, and 11 in Spanish, combine the 
sounds of / and y consonant, For example, velho is pro- 

! nounced vePyo ; villa, veel'ya ; llano, Iva'no. Ly in Hun- 
: garian has afso the sound of U in Spanish. LI in French, 
when preceded by /', was formerly, in certain words, sounded 
like the Spanish 11 ; but according to the modern popular 
pronunciation, all sound of the I in such words is dropped. 
Aurillar., formerly o'rePyak', is now generally sounded 
6're'yak' ; Bouillon, formerly booPyox', is now boo'yoa', 
&c. It may be observed, however, that public speakers, 
and others who aim to be very correct in their pronuncia- 
tion, still frequently retain the sound of the I. 

42. AVt in Portuguese is pronounced like the Spanish n. 
(See 25 and 3d.) Ny in Hungarian has the same sound. 

43. Sc in Italian, before e and i, sounds like the English 
sh. 

44. Sz in Hungarian is sounded like sharp s or 55 ,• but zs 
is like our zh. In Polish, sz souuds like our sA. 

45. Sch in German is pronounced like sh in English ; in 
Italian, before e and ?', it sounds like sk iu English, and in 
Dutch, before all the vowels, its sound is similar, but 
harsher and more guttural. 

46. Th in all the modern languages of Continental 
Europe except Greek (in which the character has the 
same sound as our th), is pronounced like simple t, or like 
th in the English word thyme. 

47. Ts. in Hungarian is like cs in the same language ; 
that is, like our ch in church. 

4S. Ty in Hungarian blends the sounds of t and consonant 
y; it approaches in sound our ch. A similar combination 
of t with the sound of consonant y takes place in the English 
words creature, righteous, virtue. 



504 



GEOGRAPHICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



ACCENT. 

49. By accent is usually meant, in English, that particular 
impulse or stress of the voice which, in pronunciation, is 
placed upon certain syllables of a word ; for example, on the 
last syllable in confer and retain, on the second in America, 
and on the first and last in evermore. Many words in 
English (like the one last cited) have two accents ; but one 
is always predominant, and is termed the primary accent ; 
the other is called the secondary accent. 

Somethiug analogous to English accentuation is found in 
nearly all languages. In the Teutonic tongues, especially, 
the accent is essentially the same as in English, a large 
number of the polysyllabic words having both the primary 
and secondary accent, as Son'ders-hau' sen, Zoll've-rein'. 

It is very difficult, if not impossible, to give any general 
rules, that would be of much practical utility, for placing 
the accent on foreign words or names. Among what may 
be termed the principal European languages (viz., English, 
French, German, Italian, Russian, and Spanish), there is 
scarcely one general rule for accent to which there are not 
a multitude of exceptions. Those of most general applica- 
tion are perhaps the following : In Spanish and Portuguese, 
words ending in a vowel usually have the accent on the 
penultima ; those ending in a consonant are generally 
accented on the last syllable ; yet even to these there are 
numerous exceptions ; e. g., Alcala, Cordova, Andujar, 
. Cadiz, &c. 

50. In Spanish, the difference between accented and un- 
accented syllables, though sufficiently obvious to a native, 
is sometimes scarcely perceptible to a foreigner. 

61. In Hungarian, there is no accent, according to our 



use of this word ; but the syllables are distinguished from 
each other by quantity, being, like the Latin, divided into 
long and short. But as quantity in Latin and Greek is 
converted into accent by the usage of English pronuncia- 
tion, so, in giving Hungarian names in the following Vo- 
cabularies, the accent is placed according to quantity when- 
ever this could be satisfactorily ascertained. 

52. The French language also has no accent, in the sense 
in which we employ the term. The marks called accents 
that are placed orer the different vowels, serve only to indi- 
cate some partbu^ar sound of these letters, and not that 
peculiar impulse of the voice which characterizes an ac- 
cented syllable in the English and most other European 
tongues. Thus, the accent over the e. in parte serves to 
show that this vowel has its first French sound, and at the 
same time distinguishes it from parte, another form of the 
same verb, in which the r is mute. The circumflex imparts 
to the vowels over which it is placed a longer and deeper 
sound than ordinary ; e. g., in hate, tempete, glte, and 
apOtre. 

It is commonly said that the French pronounce all the 
syllables of a word with an equal stress of voice, but that 
they seem to an English ear to accentuate the last, because 
in our language the universal tendency is to throw the 
accent toward the beginning of the word. Accordingly, 
the principal accent has been placed on the last syllable of 
French names ; at the same time it has been thought 
proper to mark the others with secondary accents, in order 
to prevent them from being pronounced too slightly or indis- 
tinctly, as is usually the case with unaccented syllables in 
English. The pronunciation of Orleans, for example, has 
been thus given — oK'la'oN'. 



EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS 



Ar. 


Arabic. 


Port. 


Portuguese. 


Flem. 


Flemish. 


pron. 


pronunciation 


Fr. 


French. 


Russ. 


Russian. 


Ger. 


German. 


Sp. 


Spanish. 


Hung 


. Hungarian. 


Sw. 


Swedish. 


Norw 


Norwegian. 


Syn. 


Synonym. 




Turk. 


Turkish. 





EMPLOYED IN THE VOCABULARIES OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL AND BIOGRAPH- 
ICAL NAMES. 
* # * The figures refer to the Elements of Pronunciation given above. 

I (I liquid) is to be pronounced like Hi in million ; it blends 
the sounds of / and y consonant. (See 41. ) 

M and N, small capitals, are used in the respelling of 
French words, to represent the nasal sound of the 
preceding vowel, and are not themselves to be pro- 
nounced. The French nasal vowels are ax, on, ox, 
IIn, being similar in sound to dng, ong, Cng, ung. 
(See 24.) 

n is pronounced like ni in minion ; it blends the sounds 
of n and y consonant (See 25 and 42. ) 

R, small capital, has nearly the sound of rr in terror, but 
stronger. (See 27.) 

s is used to indicate that the sound of the s is very soft, 
nearly resembling our z. In the middle of a word it 
should be pronounced like a soft z. 

w has a sound similar to our v. (See 30 ) The w over the 
w is intended to point out its alliance to our v. 

y and ey at the end of an unaccented syllable sound like 
i in pin. 

au and aw have the sound of a in fall. 

ce indicf tcs the clear sound of short i before r, as in the 
English words spirit, miracle, &c. 

ow is to be pronounced like oio in ,coyu, and ou like ou in 
house. In respelling for pronunciation, ow has been 
replaced by ou wherever the former combination would 
be liable to be pronounced like long o, as in -grow s 
tow, &c. 

ss is sometimes used to mark the sharp sound of s where a 
single s would be liable to be pronounced like z ; e. g., 
Mons, mSxss, not moNS. 

S^° The other marked letters, and the marks denoting 
the primary and secondary accents, (', ') arc the same 
as those used in the body of the Dictionary. 



a, e, i, q, marked with this sign [J underneath, have 
an obscure sound similar to that of short m, -but 
are usually considerably shorter, and, indeed, some- 
times are almost mute : thus, Grat' tan might be pro- 
nounced grat'tun or grat't'n ; Hel'lgr, hePlur or 
hel'l'r, &c. 

a, e, o are similar in sound to a, e, o, but are not to be 
pronounced so long. 

5 is employed to denote the long sound of a. 

© has a sound similar to e in her (see 14) ; it may be 
Anglicized by e. 

U represents the sound of the German if and the French 
u (see 5) : it may be Anglicized by the English u. 

V, small capital, is intended to represent the sound of 
the French eu (see 12), which is pronounced nearly 
like u in the English word fur. 

B, small capital, is used to denote the sound of b between 
two vowels in Spanish, often nearly approximating 
that of v. (See 18.) 

D, small capital, is intended to represent a sound similar 
to thin this. (See 20.) 

C and K, small capitals, indicate a peculiar sound of the 
German ch, or one similar to it. (See 33.) 

H, small capital, has a sound somewhat similar to the pre- 
ceding, but more resembling a strongly aspirated A- 



PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY 

OF 

MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



AAdrianople (ad'ri- SQn ; Fr. pron. Amoor, or Amour Antilles (an-teel' or Armagh (ar-ma') 

an-o'pl) a'loN'soN') (ii-moor') oN'teel') Armagnac (aR'- 

Ad'rl-at'ic Alessandria (iil-es- A-moy' Antisana (an-te'- mau'yak') 

Aa(a) iEgean (Sea) (e- san'dre-a) Ampudia (am-poo'- sa-na) Ar-me'nl-a. 

Aachen (ii'Kgn). jee'an) Aleutian (a-lu'shi- De-a) Antwerp (Dutch Arn'hem, "or Am- 

Syn. Alx-la-Cha- JErb'e'Ja'ro or a/ro) an) Am'ster-dam' Antwerpen, ant'- heim (aRn'him) 

pelle. Afghanistan (af- Al'ex-an'drl-a. An-a-deer', or Ana- weRp-gn) A-roos'tdbk 

Aalborg (ol'boRG) gan'is-tan') Algarve (iil-gaVva), dir [wak') Apache (a-pii'cha) Arpino (aR-pee'no) 

Aar(ar) Agen (a/zhaN') or A l-gar'bl-a Anahuac (ii-na- Ap'en-nlne* Ar'ra-can', or Ara- 

Aargau (SR'gow) Ag'in-c5urt (or a'- Al-ge'ri-a, A-nam' or An'nam' Ap'pa-lach'ee can 

Abancay (a-ban- zhaN'kooR') Algeziras (al-je- An'a-to'lT-a. Syn. Ap'pa-la'chi-an Ar-rap'a-hoe. Syn. 

kl') Agnone(an-yo'na) zee'ras) Natolia. ** Ap'pa-lach'I-eo'la. ^Arapahoe. 

Abano (a-ba'no) Agosta (a-gos'tsi) Al-giSr^' Andalusia (an'da- Apure (a-poo'r3)~ Ar'ras (Fr. pron. 

Abbeville (Fr.) AguasCalientes(a/- Al-go'a (usually lu'shl-a ; Sp. Apurimac (a-poo- ar'ras') 

(ab'vel') gwas ka-le-en'- pron. by the Eng- pron. "an-da-loo- re-mak') Artois (aR'twa') 

Xb'be-ville (S. C.) tes) [yas) lish al'go-n) thee'a) Aquila (a'kwe-la) Ar'un-del (Eng.) 

Ab'er-broth'ock, Agulhas (ii-gool'- Al-T-eant', or Ali- An'da-man' Aquin (a'kaN') A-run'dgl (U. S.) 

or Ar'broath Ah'med-nug'gur cante (a-le-kan'- AndeTys, Les (laz- Aquino (a-kwe'no) As'gph 

AVer-deen' Ain (as) ta) oxd'le') Arabia (a-ra/bi-a) Aschaffenburg (a- 

Abergavenny (ab'- Aintab (Tn-tab') Alicata (ii-le-ka'ta) Andes (an'dez) [Ra) Arad (or'od') shaf'fen-burg ;" 

er-ga'n!) Aix(aks) Alkmaar, or Alk- Andorra (an-doR'- Ar'PL-gQn(Sp.pron. Ger. pron. a- 

Xb'gr-Ist'with (th Aix-la-Chapelle maer (alk-maR') An'do-Ygr a-ra-gon') shaPfgn-btJbRg') 

as in thin) (aks-la-shii'pel') Allahabad (al'lah- An'dros-cog'gin Xr'al Ascoli (as'ko-lee) 

Abo (a'bo) (Sw. A- (Ger Aachen, a 7 - ha-bad') Angermannland Aranjuez (a-ran- A-shan' tee, or Ash'- 

bo, o'boo) K£n) Al'le-gha'ny (ang'gr-man- Hweth') an-tee' 

Abomey (ab'o-ma') Ajaccio(a-yaVcho), Almaden (al-ma- land') (Sw. Ang- AVa-rat Ash'ta-bu'la, 

Abookeer, Abou- or Ajazzo (a-yat'- Den') ermland, ong'- AVas, or A-rax'es Ash'ue-lot fash'we- 

kir, or Abukir so) [man') Almeida (al-ma'e- grm-land) Areola (ait-ko'la) lot) 

(a-boo-keer') Akerman (a'kor- da) Angers (an'jgrz) ; Ar-cot' Asia (a'sM-a) 

Abootizh, Abou- Akhissar (ak'his- Alnwick, or Alne- formerly written Ar'dgn, or Ar- As-sam' 

tige, or Aboutij saR') wick (an'nik) Angiers (Fr. dennes (aR'den') Assaye (as-sl' or as- 

(a-boo-tizh') Al'a-ba'ma, or Al'- Alsace (al'siiss') pron. oN'zha'). Arequipa (a-ra- sa') 

Abrantes (a-br'an'- a-ba'raa~ [u-a) Altai (al-tl') Anglesey, or Angle- kee'pii) As-sin'ni-boin' 

tes) Alacbua "(al-atch/- Altamaha (awl'ta- sea (ang'gl-se) Argecteuil (aR'- Assisi (as-see'see) 

Ab-se'cg-m Alamo (a/lii-mo) ma-haw') An-go'la zh5N'tuT') Asterabad (as'tcr- 

Ab'ys-sin'i-a Aland (ii'land) (Sw. Altena (al'ta-na) An-go'ra Ar'gen-tine Re- a-bad') 

A'capulco " (a-ka- Aland, o'land) Al'tgn-burg ( Ger. Angostura (an-gos- pub'lic Asti (as'tee) 

pool'ko) A-lap'a-ha/ pron. jil'ten- too'ra) Argostoli (aR-gos'- Astorga (as-toR'ga) 

Ac'co-mac' Al-ba'ni-a, brjbRG') Angouleme (on'- to-lee) As-to'ri-a 

Ach-een', or Atch- Albano (al-ba'no) Al'ton goo-lam') Argyle, or Argyll As-tra- can', or As- 

een' Albans, St. (sent Altona (iil'tg-na) An'gus (ar-gil') trakhan (Russ. 

Acqui, or Aqui( a'- awl'bunz) Altorf (al'toRf), or Anhalt (an'hiilt) Arg}ro Castro (aR'- pron. as-tra-Kan') 

kwee) Albany (awl'bg-nj') Altdorf Anbolt (iin'holt) ge-ro kas'tro Asturias (as-too're- 

Acquia (a-kwl'a) Al'be-marle (Eng*.) Am'a-zg-n (Sp. Ma- An'jou (Fr. pron. Arica (a-re'ka) iis) 

Acre(a'kr or a'kgr) Al'be-marle' (U. S.) ranon, ma-ran- ox'zhoo') Ariege (a're-azh') Atacama (ii-ta-ka'- 

Aden (a'den ; Arab. Albuquerque {a\- y5n') Annagh (an-nii') Ar'i-zo'na ma) 

pron. a'd^n) boo-keR'ka or al'- Am -boy' An-nap'o-lis Ar-kan'sas ( form- Atchafalaya (atch- 

Adige (a'de-je ; It. boo-kCrk) Am-boy'na Ann A-run'del erly pronounced , af-a-lT'g) 

pron. a'de-jil) Alcala (iil-ka-la') A-m6r'i-ca Annecy (an'se') and sometimes Ath'a-pes'cow, or 

(Ger.Etsch, etch) Alcantara (al-kan'- Amherst fam'erst) Annobon (an'no- written Ar'kan- Ath'a-bas'ca 

Ad'I-ron'dack ta-rii) Amiens (am'I-gnz; bon') saw) Ath-lone' 

Adlerberg (a'dlgr- Al'dgr-ney* Fr. pron. a'me- Anspach (ans'paK) Arl'bgrg ( German Ath'ol, or X'thgl 

beRG'), or Arl- Alenf Tejo, or Alen- on') Antibes (oN'teeb') pron. anl'beRG). Athy~(a-thl') 

berg (aRl'beRG) Tejo (a-leN-ta'- Am'm^-noo'suck An'ti-cos'tl Syn. Adlerberg. At'las " 

Adour (a'dooR') zho) Amoo, or Amou (a- An-tiS'tam Aries (arlz ; Fr. Attigni (at'ten'ye', 

Adria (a'dre-a) Alencon (a-len'- moo') Antigua (an-te'ga) pron. aRl) Aube (ob) 



a,e,&c. ,/ongv a,e,o ,less prolongeu; a,e.&c, short; a,g,i,Q, obscure; care,far,ask,all,what; ere,Tgil,t5rm;pique,fTrm; s6n or, 
d2,w9lf,t6"o ,to"ok ; urn,rue,p\ill ; 9,g, soft ; -e,g. Aar5/ag ; exist ; n as ng ; this ; a,o,jj, 66,1 ,n,S,\v,B,D,G,H,K,N,R,n (see p. 502.) 



(505) 



506 



MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



Auerbach (ow'gr- 

baK') 
Augs/burg ( Ger. 

pron. owgs'- 

bcfoRG) 
Augustine, St. (sgut 

aw'gus-teen' ) 
Aurillac (<5're'yak' 

or 6'rel'yak') 
Aurungabad (o- 

rung'ga-bad') 
.Aus'ter-litz (-lits; 

Ger". pron. ows'- 

tgr-lits) 
Aus'tral-a'si-a (-a'- 

sbl-a ) 
Aus-tr«Vli-a 
Aus'trl-a " (Ger. 

Oestreich, ost'- 

iTk) 
Autun (o'tHN') 
Auvergue (o-vern' 

or o'veRn') 
Aux Cayes (oka) 
Auxerre (o'seR') 
Auxonne (oks'on'), 

or Aussoue (os'- 

son') 
Ava (a'va) 
Aveiro (a-va'e-ro) 
Avignon (a/ven'- 

yoN') 
A vila (a've-la) 
Avon (a'von) 
Avoyelles (av'oi- 

elz') 
Ayr (ar) 

Ayrshire (ar'shir) 
Az'of, Azoph, or 

Azov 
Azores (a-z5rz' or 

a-zo'rez) 



B. 



Baalbec (b'fil'bek') 

Ba'bel-inan'del, or, 
more correctly, 
Bab'el-man'deb 

Bacchiglione (bak- 
kel-yo'na) 

Bacharach (baK/a- 
raK' ) 

Badajos (bad-a- 
hos')(Sp. Bada- 
joz, ba-oa-Hoth') 

Baden (ba/dgu or 
bad'gn) 

Baden weiler (ba- 
den-wl'ler) 

Bagdad (bag-dad' 
or ba.g'daid) \ writ- 
ten also Bagdat. 

Ba-ha'mas 

Bahia (ba-e'a) 

i*ahr-el-Abiad 
(bah'r-el-a'be- 
ad') 

Baikal (bl'kaV) 

Baireuth (bi'rijth ; 
Ger. pron. bi'- 
roit) 

Bal'a-ghauts' 



Bal'a-kla/va friik') 

Balaruc (ba/la'- 

Balaton, more cor- 
rectly Balatony 
(ba'law-ton) 

Bale(bal). Syn. Ba- 
sel. 

Bal'e-ar'ic (Islands) 

Balize (ba-leez') 

Balkan (bal-kan') 

Balkh (balk) ; writ- 
ten also Bulkh. 

Ballinasloe (bal'li- 
na-slo') 

Balf'ston Spa (spa 
or spaw) 

Bal-mor'al 

Baltic 

Bal'tT-more (or 

bawl'ti-mgr) 

Banff (bamf ) ; 

sometimes writ- 
ten Bauiff. 

Bang'kok' 

Bangor _ (Eng.) 
(bang'Ser) 

Ban'gor(U. S.) 

Ban'nock-burn' 

Ban'tam' 

Bapaume (ba'pom') 

Barataria (bii-ra- 
ta're-ii) 

Barbados, or Bar- 
ba-does (bar-ba'- 
doz) 

Bar-ce-lo'na (or 
baR-tha-fo'na) 

Barege (bii'razh') 

Barita ( bii-ree'ta) 
orBarrita 

Barnaul (baR- 

nowl') 

Bar're (in two 
syllables) 

Barreges, or Barege 
(ba/razh') 

Basel (ba/zel) (Fr. 
Bale, or Basle, 
bal) 

Bassano (bas-sa'no) 

Bassora (bas'so-ra), 
or Bas'rah 

Ba-ta'vT-a 

Baton Rouge (baf- 
un roozb) 

Ba-va'rl-a (Ger. 
BaiernT bl'grn) 

Bayeux (ba'yuh') 

Bayonne (ba'yon') 

Bayreuth. See Bai- 
reuth. 

Beam (ba'aR') 

Beaufort (British 
Dominions) (bo'- 
furt) 

Beaufort (S. C.) 
(bu'furt) [ris) 

Beaumaris ( bo-ma' - 

Behring's (beer'- 
ingz) (Strait) 

Beiroot. or Beirout. 
See Beyroot. 

Bel'ed-el-Jer-eed' ; 
written also 

Beled-el-Jerid. 



Bel-fast' (Ireland) 

Belfast (Maine) 

Belgium (bel'jT- 
um) 

Belgrade' (Turk. 
Bil'grad) 

Belle Isle, or Bell- 
isle (bel-il') 

Belloochistan (bel- 
loo'chis-tan') 

Belvidere (bel'vg- 
deer') 

Benares (ben-a'res) 

Bengal (ben-gawl') 

Benguela (ben-ga'- 
la) 

Benin (ben-een') 

Ben-Lo'niond 

Ben-Ne'vis 

Beresina, or Berezi- 
na (ber-g-zee'na) 

Bergamo "(beR'ga- 
mo) 

Berkshire (former- 
ly bark'shir) 

BSr'lin ( Ger. pron. 
bgR-leen' ) 

Ber-mu'da-> 

Berwick " (Eng.) 
(ber'rik) 

BSr'wick (U. S.) 

Besancon (b'z-oN'- 

SON') 

Bexar ( Sp. pron. 

ba-HaR' ; often 

pron. by the Tex- 

ans, bgh-har' or 

bar) 
Beyroot, Bevut, or 

Bairout ( Ui'root ; 

Turk. pron. bi'- 

root) 
Bhurt'poor', or 

Bhurt'pore' 
Biahstok (be-al'is- 

tok) 
Bilbao (bil-ba'o : 

often written and 

pronounced in 

Eng., Bil'bo-a) 
Biled-ul-Gerid " 

(bil'gd-6"bl-jer- 

eed'f. Syn. Bel- 

ed-el-Jereed. 
Bil'ler-ic-a, 
Bing'on 
Binghamton (bing'- 

um-tun) [ma. 
BTr'ma. Syn. Bur- 
Birmiugham (bir'- 

ming-am) 
Biscay "(Sp. Bis- 

caya, bis-ka/ya.) 
Blanc, Mont (moN 

Won) or Mount 

Blanc. 
Blenheim (blen'im) 

(Ger. Blindheim, 

bllnt'him) 
Blois (bloi, prefer- 
ably blwa) 
Boden See (bo'dgn 

sa'). Syn. Lake 

Constance. 
Bogota (bo-go-ta'). 



Syn. Santa Fe de 

Bogota 
Bo-he'mi-a. (Ger. 

Bbhmen, or Boeh- 

men, bo'mgn) 
Bokhara (bo-Ka'ra), 

or Bu-eha'rI-a 
Bo-liv'I-a ( Sp.pron. 

bo-lee~ve-a) 
Bologna (bo-lSn'- 

y'a) 
Bomarsund (bo'- 

mar-soond') 
Boin-bay' 
Bo'na Vis'ta, or 

Bo'a Vis'ta 
Bootan (boo" tan'), 

or Bhootan 
Bordeaux (boR'- 

do'), or Bour- 

deaux (booR'do') 
Borgne (born) 
Bor'ne-o 
Bor-noo' ; written 

also Bornou. 
Borodino (bor-o- 

dee'no); Russ. 

pron. bor-o-de- 

no') 
Bosna-Serai (bos- 

na-ser-i') 
Bos'nT-a 
Bos'po-rus ; less 

correctly written 

Bosphorus. 
Both'ni-a 
Bouillon^boo'y^N' 

or bool'yoN') 
Boulogne (boo-lon' 

Fr. pron. boo'' 

Ion') 
Bourbon (boor'- 

bun ; Fr. pron. 

booR'boN') 
Bourbon (Ky.) 

(bQr'bun) 
Bourbonnes-les- 

Bains (booR- 

bon'-la-bSN') 
Bowdoin (bo'den) 
Brabant (bra' bant 

or bra-bant') 
Bra-gan'za. 
Brah'm a-poot'ra , 

or Bur'ram-poo'- 

ter 
Bra-zil' (Port. pron. 

br'a-zeel') 
Bra-zo'rT-a 
Brazos (bra'zQS or 

bra'soss) 
Bread-al'bane 
Brechin (breK'in) 
Brec'ou 
Breda (bra-da') 
Brem'en (or bra'- 

men) (Europe) 
Bre'men(U. S.) 
Breslau (bres'law 

or bres'lou) 
Bretagne (breh- 

tan'). Syn. Brit- 
tany. 
Breton (brit'un) 

(Cape) 



Briancon (bre'oN- 

SON') 

Brienne (bre'Sn') 
Brienz (bre'ents') 
Brighton (brl'tgn) 
Britain (brit'un or 

brit'n) 
Brit'ta-uy (Fr. Bre- 
tagne, brgh-tan') 
Brdbk'Hne 
Bro"ok'l^n 
Brough (bruf) 
Br'uck (brdk, al- 
most brick) 
Bru'geg (Fr. pron. 

brlizh) [brdn) 
Brlinn (brQn or 
Brunswick (Ger. 

Braunschweig, 

brown'shwiG) 
Brus'selg (Fr. 

Bruxelles, brii'- 

sel') 
Bu-cha'ri-a. Syn. 

Bokhara. 
Bu'chQ-rest', or 

Bucharest 
Bu'da ( Hung. 

pron. boo'doh') 
Budweiz (bood'- 

wls) 
Buenaventura 

(bwa'na-ven-too'- 

ra) 
Buena Vista (bwa'- 

na vis'ta) 
Buenos Ayres (bo'- 

nus a'riz ; Sp. 

pron bwa'noss 

i'res) 
Bug (boog) [rl-a.) 
Bulgaria (bool-ga/- 
Bulkh. Syn. Balkh. 
Bur'gun-dy (Fr. 

Bourgogne, 

booR'gon') 
Bur'ling-ton 
Bfir'ram-p'oo'tgr. 

Syn. Brahma- 
pootra. 
Bury (ber'ry) 
Byzantium (bi- 

zan'shi-um) 



C. 



Ca-bool' (called, by 
the natives Ka'- 
bul) 

Ca'diz ( Sp. pron. 
ka'Deth) 

Caen (koN) 

Caermarthen (ker- 
mar'then) 

Caernarvon (kgr- 
nar'vgn) 

Caf-frS'rl-a 

Ca-haw'ba 

CaT'ro (Egypt) ; 
called by the 
Arabs El Kahira 
(el kah'he-ra) 

Cai'ro (U. S.f 



Ca-la'bri-a {or ka\. 

la'bre-a) 
Calais (kal'iss; Fr. 

pron. ka'la') 
Cal-cut'ta 
Cal'e-do'ni-a 
Cal'i-cut 
Cal'i-for'ni-a 
Callao (kal-la'o or 

kiil-ya'o) 
Calne (kan) 
Camanche |k»- 

man'cha) 
Cam-bay' 
Cam-bo'di-a., or 

Cam-boge' 
Cam'bray, or Cam- 

brai (Fr. pron. 

ka-M'bra') 
Cambridge (kam'- 

brij) 
Campagna (kam- 

pan'ya) 
Campeachy (kam- 

pee'che) 
Can'a-da 
Canajoharie (kan'- 

a-jo-har're) 
Caliandaigua (kan'- 

an-da'gwa) 
Canaries fka-na'- 

reez) 
Ca-nav'er-al 
Can-da-har', or 

Kandahar 
Can'di-a, or Crete 
Cannes "(kan) 
Canterbury (kan'- 

ter-bgr-e) 
Can' ton (China) 
Can'ton (U. S.) 
Cape Breton (kap 

brit't'n or brit'- 
un) 
Cape Girardeau (je- 

rar-do' ) [en ) 

Cape Haitien (ha'te- 
Cape Pal'mas 
Capo d'Istria (ka'- 

po dis'tre-ji) 
Cap'u-a (It. pron. 

ka'poo-a) 
Ca-rac'as, or Carac- 

'cas ( Sp. pron. 

k'a-ra'kas) 
Cardenas (kaR'da'- 

nas) 
Car'ib-be'an Sea 
Ca-rin'thi-a 
Carlisle (kaVlil') 
Carlscrona (karls- 

kroo'na) ; or 

Carlscroon 
Carlsruhe, orKarlS' 

ruhe (karls'roo) 
Carmagnola (kar- 

man-yo'la) [na) 
Carolina (kar'o-li'- 
Carpathian (kar- 

pa'thi-an) 
Car'pen-ta'ri-a 
Carrara (ka.R-Ra'ra) 
Cartagena (kar'ta- 

je'na ; Sp. pron. 

kaR-ta-Ha'na) 



a,6,&c.^ortg-/ a,e,6,^SJ prolonged; a,e,&c, short; a^^jgjOfiscMre/care^ar^k.fjlijWhat; ere,veil,t5rm; pique,fTrm; s6n,c«i 



MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 507 

Cashmere, or Kash- Chaumont (N. Y.) Chuquisaca (choo- Com'o-rin Cronstadt (kron'- Dieppe (dyep or de- 

mire (kash-nieer') (sho'mo') ke-sa'ka) Co'inorn, or Ko- stat) ep 7 ) 

Cas'pi-an Chautauqua (sha- Ciara (se-a'ra) ; morn Cu'ba (Sp. pron. Dijou (de'zhoi*') 

Cassiquiari (ka-se- taw'kwa ) ; for- written also Ce- Com'o-ro koo'ba) Dinant (de'noN' or 

ke-a'ree) merly written ara and Seara. Compiegne (koM'- Cul-lo'dgn de-nant') 

Castiglione (kas- Chautauque. Cincinnati (sin'sin- pe-afi') Cul'pep-per Dnieper (nee'pgrj 

tel-yo'na) Chebucto (she- nah'tl) Con'chas (ch as in Cumana (koo-ma- Russ. pron. 

Castile (kas-teel') buk'to) flgl^ Often im- child) na') dnyep'gr) 

(Sp. Castilia, kas- Chelmsford properly pro- Concord (konk'- Curacoa (ku'ra-so') Dniester (nees'tgr ; 

teel'ya) (chemz'furd) nounced as if urd) Cur'ri-tuck' " Russ. pron. 

Castine (kas-teen') Cheltenham (chelf- written Cincin- Conemaugh (kon'e- Cuzco (koos'ko) dnyes'tgr) 

Gat'a-lo'ni-a. (Sp. num) natah, or Cincin- maw) Do'fra-fl-eUd'. Syn. 

Cataluna, ka-ta- Chemnitz (Kern'- natuh. Congaree (kong'- Dovrefield. 

loon'ya) [tegat nits) Cin'tra (or seen'- ga-ree') T\ Domingo (do-niing'- 

Cat'e-gat, or Kat- Chemung (she- tra)~ Congo (kong'go) ■*-'• go) 

Cat'ta-rau'gus miing') Circars (Northern.) Connaught (kon'- Dominica (dom'e- 

Caubul(kaw-bool'). Chenango (she- Circassia (sgr- nawt) Dahomey (dah'ho- nee'ka ; Fr. Dom- 

Syn. Cabool. nang'go) kash'T-a) Connecticut (kg-n- ma') inique, dom-e- 

Cau'ca-sus Che-raw' Ci'ren-ces'ter (com- net'I-kut) Da-ko'tah. Syn. neek') 

Cavery, or Cauvery Cherburg (sher'- monly pron. Con-stan'tl-no'ple "Sioux! Donegal (don-e- 

(kaw'vgr-e) burg or shea'- sis'e-tgr or sis'is- Cooch Bahar (ba- Dalecarlia (da-le- gawl') 

Cawn-pore' booR') ter) har') kaR'le-a) Dongola (dong'go- 

Cayenne (kl-en') Cher'o-kee' Ciudad Real (Spain) Coos (ko-os') Dalkeith (dal- la) 

Cayuga (ka-yoo'ga) Chertsey (ches'se) (the-oo-DaD' ra- Coo'saw-hatch'ie keeth') Dor'chgs-tgr 

Cebu(se-boo / )-<S'i/«. Ches'a-peake til') Co'pen-ha'ggn Dalles (dalz) Dor-dogne (dor'- 

Zebu. Che-sun'cobk Ciudad Real (Mexi- Co'pf-a-po' Dalmatia (dal-ma'- don' ; Fr. pron. 

Cefalu (chef-a-loo') Cheviot (chiv'e-ut) co) (se-oo-dad' Coquimbo (ko- shT-a) doR'don') 

Celebes (sel'e-biz) Cheyenne (she-en') ra-al') keem'bo) Dalton (dawl'tQn) Dordrecht (dorf- 

Cen'is (or se'ne') Chicago (she-kaw'- Civita Vecchia Cor-dil'lgr-as {Sp. Dant'zic (dant'sik) rext), or Dort 
Ceph'a-lo'nl-a go) (chee've-ta vek'- pron. " koR-del- (German Danzig, Dornoch (dor'noK) 

Ceuta~(su'ta? Sp. Chichester ke-a) ya'ras) dant'siG) Dorpat (doR'pat), 

pron. tha'oo-ta) (chitch'gs-tgr) Clagenfurth, or Cor'do-va, or Cor- Dan'ube (German or Dbrpt 
Cevennes (sa'ven') Chick'a-hom'I-ny Klagenfurth doba Donau, do'now) Douai, or Douay 

Ceylon (see'lgn or Chick'a-mau'ga (kla'ggn-fobRf) Co-re'a Dardanelles (dar'- (doo'a') ; some- 

sl-16u') Chick'a-pee' * Cleves (kleevz) Corfu "(kor-foo' or da-nelz') times written Do- 

Chagres (chii'gres) Chick'a-sawg Clitheroe (klith'- kor'fu) Darlen (Ga.) (da/re- way. 

Chaleur (sha-loor') Chihuahua (che- er-o) Cor'inth en) Doubs (doobz or 

Chalons sur Marne wa'wa) Clogher (kloh'Hgr) Cor'o-man'del Darien, Isthmus of doo) 

(sha/loN'-siiR- Chili (chil'le) (Sp. Clgu-mell' Corpus Chris'ti (da-re-en') Douro (doo'ro) 

maRn) Chile, chee'la) Coahuila. See Co- (kor'pus kris'te) Darmstadt (daRm 7 - Do/vrg-fi-eld' 

Chalons-sur-Saone Chil'll-coth'e hahuila. Corrientes (koR-Re- stat) Dowlatabad (dow'- 

(sha'loN'-siiR- Chillon (she'yoN' Coango (ko-ang'go) Pn'tes) Dartmouth (dart'- la-ta-bad') 

s5n) orshil'lQn) (Swit- Coblentz (kob 7 - Cor' si-ca(Fr. Corse, muth) Drin "(dreen), or 

Chamouny (sha'- zerland) lents) (Ger. Cob- koRs)" Debreczin, or De- Drino (dree'no) 

moo'ne') Chiloe (che-lo-a', lenz, ko'blents) Co-run'na (Spanish bretzin (da-bref- Drogheda (droh'- 

Champagne (shoN'- almost chil-way') Co'burg (German Coruna" ko- sin) Hg-da) 

pan') Chimborazo(chim'- pron. ko'bdbRG) roon'ya) Dec'can, or Dek'- Dro'more, or Dro- 

Champaigne bo-rii'zo ; Sp. Cochin (ko-cheen') Costa Rica (kos'ta, kan more' 

(sham-pan') pron. cheem-bo- Co'chin Chi'na ree'ka) Del'a-go'a Drontheim (dronf- 

Cham-plain' ra'tho) Cognac (k5n-yak') Cotopaxi (ko-to- Delaware" (del'a- im) 

Chandeleur (shan- Chi'na Cohahuila, or Coa- paks'e ; Spanish war) " Dub'lin 

de-loor') Chinchilla (chin'- huila (ko-a-wee'- pron. ko-to-pah'- Delft (every letter Dubuque (du- 

Chantilly (shan- cheel'ya) la) He) should be pro- book') 

til'lee ; Fr. pron. Chin In'dT-a Cohoes, or Cahoos Courland (koor'- nounced.) Dulwich (dul'ij) 

sh^N'tel'ye' or Chippenham (ko-hoz') land) Delhi, or Dehli Dum-blane' 

shON'te'ye') (chip'num) Co-im'bra (or ko- Courtray, or Cour- (Hindostan) Dumfries (dum- 

Chapala (cha-pa'- Chippewa (chip'pe- eem'bra) trai (kooR'trS') (del'lee) freess') 

la) wa) Col'ches-ter Coventry (kuv'gn- Demerara (dem'er- Dun-bar' 

Chapultepec (cha- Chip'pe-way Coleraine fkol-rim') tri) a'ra) . Dundalk (dun- 

pool-ta-pek') Chiriqui (che-re- Cologne (ko-lon' ; C6v'ing-tQn Denbfghshire(den'- dawk') 

Charente (sha'- kee') Fr. pron. ko'- Cowes (kowz) be-shi,r) Dun-dass' 

r5Nt') Chiswick (chiz'ik) Ion) (Ger. Koln) Cracow (kra'ko) Deptford (det'furd) Dun-dee' 

Chartres (shaRt'r) Cholula (cho-loo'- Colombia (ko-lom'- (Polish Krakow, Der'by (or dar'bi) Dunfermline (dum- 
Chatauque. See la) be-a.) kra'koof) Derne (der'ne or fer'lin) 

Chautauqua. Chowan (cho-wan') Col'on-sa, or Col'- Crecy (kres'se ; Fr. der'neh) Dungeness (dun-jg- 

CMteaubriant Chris'tl-an'a on-say' pron. kra'se') Des Moines (de ness') 

(sha'to'bre-oN') Christiania " (kris- Colorado (kol'o- Cre-mo'na (It. moin) Dun'kirk (French 

Chateaudun (sha'- te-a'ne-a) ra'do) pron. kra-mo'nji) Dos'sau ( German Dunkerqiie, 

to'dujf') Christianstadt Co-lum'bT-a Cri-me'a (Russ. pron. des'sow) duN'keRk') 

Chat'ta-hoo'che ( kris' te-an-s tat) Co-man'che, or Krim.) De-troit' Duquesne (du- 

Chat'ta-noo'ga (Sw. Christian- Ca-man'che Croatia (kro-a'- Devises (de-vi'ziz) kan') 

Cbaudiere (sho'de- stad. kris'te-an- Com'bo-hee' shi-a) Devonshire (dev'- Durango (doo- 

eR'l stad') ' Comines (ko'meen') Croix," St. (kroi). Qn-shir) rang'go) 

Chaumont (Fr.) Chudleigh (chHd'- or Commines Syn. Santa Cruz. Dhawalaghiri (da- Durham (dQr'um) 

(sho'mox') lee^ (kom'meen') Crom'ar-ty wol'a-ger're) Dus'sel-dorf (Get 

do,wolf,tob ,tdbk ; Qrn,rue,pull ; c ,g,soft ; ^,g,hard ; as. ; exist ; q as ng ; this ; a,b,U,e'e,I,n,s,w,B,D,G,H ) K,N,R,u (see p. 502> 



508 



MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



Dusseldorf, diis'- 

Sgl-dOBf) 

Dwl'na, 

E. 

E'bro ( Sp. pron. 

aVbro) 
Ecuador (ek-wa- 

doR') 
Edinburgh (ed'in- 

bur-ruh) ; writ- 
ten also, but less 

properly, Edinbo- 

ro\ 
Ed'is-to 
Eg'ri-po. Syn. Ne- 

gropout. 
Egypt (e'jipt) 
Ehrenbreitstein (a 7 - 

rgn-brlt-stln) 
Eichstadt, or Aich- 

stadt (iK'stet) 
Ekatarinburg (il- 
ka' ta-reen- 

booRg') 
Ekatariuoslaf, or 

Ekatariuoslav (S- 

ka'ta-reen'o- 

slaf). See Yeka- 

tarinoslav. 
Elbe (elb ; Ger. 

pron. el'bgh) 
El-boorz', or El- 

brooz' 
El'gin-shire 
Elizabetgrad (a-liz'- 

a-bet-grad'), or 

Yelisavetgrad 
El-ml'ra 
El Paso del Norte 

(el pa/so del no r'- 

ta) 
El'si-nore', or Elsi- 

neur (el'se-nur') 
Ems (ems) 
England (ing / - 

gland) 
Entre Douro e Min- 

ho (en'tra doo'- 

ro a meen'yo ) 
Erfurt (eR/feToRt) 
Erie (S'ree) 
Erne, Lough (15h 

5rn) 
Erzgebiree (eRts'- 

ga-beeR'ga) 
Essequibo "(es-sa- 

ke'bo) 
Este(es'ta) 
Es-tho'nT-a 
Estremadura (es- 
, tra-ma-poo'ra) 
Etienne ~Saint ( saNt 

et'e-en') 
Et'o-wah 
Etsch (etch). Syn. 

Adige 
Eu (uh) 
Euphrates (yu-fraV- 

tez) 
Europe (u'rup) 
Eylau (I'lou) 



F. 



Fyum (fI-oom / ). 
Syn. Fai-oom. 



Faeroe (fa'ro or fa'- 
rb-g). Syn. Fa- 

Falaise(fa'laz') 
Falkirk (fawl'kirk) 
Falkland (fawk'- 

land) [muth) 
Falmouth (fal'- 
Falster (faU'stgr or 

fal'stgr) 
Faroe (fa'ro or i'aV- 

ro-g) 
Fayal (fi-awl'; Port. 

pron. fi-al') 
Fee'jee. Syn. Fiji. 
Fermanagh (fgr- 

man'a) 
Ferrara" ( f eR-Ra/ra) 
Fezzan (fez'zan') 
Fyi (pronounced, 

and often writ- 
ten, Fee'jee) 
Finisterre, Cape 

(fin-is-ter') 
Finland 
Fiume (fyoo'mS) 
Flan'der^ 
Florence (It. Fi- 

renze, fe-ren'za, 

or Fiorenza, fe-o- 

ren'za) 
Flo'res 
Flor'I-da 
Fontainebleau 

(foN'tan'blo') 
Fontarabia (fon-ta- 

ra'be-a) (Sp. 

Fuenterabia, 

f wen-ta-ra-bee'a ) 
Fon-te-noy' ( Fr. 

pron. foNt'nwa') 
For-mo'sa 
Fotheringay (fotb/- 

er-ing-ga') 
France ( franss ; Fr. 

pron. froNSs) 
Franche Comte 

(froNsh koN't'a) 
Fran-co'nT-a, 
Frank'fort " (Ger. 

Frankfurt, 

frank'fdbRt) 
Freiberg ( fri/beRG) 
Freiburg (fri'burg 

or fri'bdbRG) 
Frejus (fra'zhiis') 
Frid^'land 
Frio (free'o) 
Frische Haff (frish'- 

gh'ha-f ), or Fris- 
che See (frish'gh 

sa) 
Frob'ish-gr's. Strait 
Frod'sham 
Fulda (fiSbl'dS) 
Funchal (foon- 

shaK) 
FU'ngn(Dan. Fyen, 

Wen) 
Furruckabad (ftir''- 

ruk-a-bad') 
Furth ("fiiRt) 



G. 

Gaeta (ga-a/ta) 
Galapagos (gal'a- 

pa'gus ; Sp. pron. 

ga-la/pa-gos) 
Gal'a-shiSl*' 
Galatz (ga/lats) 
Ga-le'na, 

Galicia "(ga-lish'I-a) 
Gal-lip'o-li 
Gal'li-po-lTs'(Ohio) 
Gal'lo-way 
Gal'ves-tg-n 
Galway (gawl'wa) 
Gam'bi-a 
Gau'ges (Hindoo, 

Gunga) 
Garda (gaR'da) 
Gardiner (gard'ngr) 
Garonne (ga-ron") 
Gas'co-ny (Fr. Gas- 

cogne, gas'kon') 
Gaspe (gas'pa') 
Geel {Dutch pron. 

Hal) 
Gelders, or Guelders 

(gel'dgrz) Syn. 

Gender-land. 
Gen'g-see' 
(jen'g-se'o 
Ge-ne'va 
Genii (Ha-neel') ; 

written also Xen- 

il. 
Gen'o-a. (It. Geno- 

va, jen'o-va) 
(jieor'gi-a 
Ger'ma-n^ (Ger. 

Deutschland, 

doitsh'liint) 
Gerona ( naVro-na) 
Geysers (gl'serz) 
Ghadamis (ga-da/- 

mis) 
Ghauts (gawts) 
Ghee'zeh ; written 

also Gizeh and 

Jizeh. 
Ghent (gent) (Fr. 

Gand. goN) 
Gi-briil'tar ( Sp. 

pron. He-braF- 

taRO 
Gila (He'la) 
Gilolo (ne-lo'lo) 
Girjenti (jeR-jen'te') 
Gizeh (jee'zeh or 

gee'zgh) 
Glasgow 
Gloucester (glos'- 

tgr) 
Gllickstadt (gluk'- 

stiit) 
Gmund (gmiint), or 

Gmiinden 

(gmun^den) 
Gmund (gmdbnt) 
Godavery (go-da'- 

Tgr-e) 



Gojam (go-jam') 
Gol-con'da 
Gom-broon' 
GonaYve.*, Les (15 

go'ua'ev' or g<5- 
Gon'dar [niv') 

Gotba (go'ta) 
Gottingen, or Goet- 

tingen (get'ting- 

gn or got'ting-gn ; 

Ger. pron. got'- 

ting-gn) 
Graetz(grets). Syn. 

Gratz. 
Grammont (gram'- 

moN') 
Gram'pi-an 
Granada "(gra-na/- 

da ; Sp. pron. 

gra-na'Dii) 
Gratiot (grash'i-ot) 
Gratz, or Graetz 

(grets) 
Gravelines (griiv'- 

len') 
Gravesend (gravz'- 

end') 
Great Britain (brit'- 

un or brit*n) 
Greenwich (grln'y) 
Grenada (grg-na'- 

da) 
Grenoble (grgn-ob'l 

or grgh-no'b'l) 
Grisons" (gre'zoN') 

(Ger. GraubUnd- 

ten, grou'blint- 

en) 
Gron'ing-cn ( Dutch 

pron. Hro'ning- 

Hgn) 
Gross-Wardein 

(gros-waR'din) 
Gro'ton (Eng.) 
Gro'tgnfU. S.) 
Guadalajara, or 

Guadalaxara 

(gwa-Da-la-HaV- 

rii) 
Guadaloupe (gaw/- 

da-loop' or ga'da- 

loop') 
Guadalupe (gwa- 

da-loo'pa oygaw'- 

da-loop') 
Guadalquivir 

(gaw'dal-kwiv'- 

gr ; Sp. pron. 

g\v a-Dal-ke -veeR' ) 
Guadiana (gaw'de- 

a'na or g\va-De- 

ii'na) 
Guanahani (gwa- 

na-ha/nee) 
Guanaxuato, or 

Guanajuato (gwa- 

na-Hwa'to) 
Guardafui (gwar'- 

da-fvvee or gar'- 

da-f\ve') 
Guatemala (gaw'te- 

ma'la or gwa-te- 

ma'la) 
Guayaquil (gwl-a- 

keel') 



Guernsey (gSrn'ze) 

Guiana (ge-a'na), 
or Guyana 

Guienne (ge 7 en f ) 

Guildford (gil'ford) 

Guinea (gin'e) 

Guise (gweez)_ 

Guyandott (gi-an- 
dot', familiarly 
called gi-an') 

Gwahor fgwa'li-or) 



H. 



Haarlem, Haerlem, 

or Harlem (har'- 

lem) 
Had-ra-maut' 
Hague"(haig), The 
Hainan (hi-nan') 
Haiti (ha't!). Syn. 

Hayti. 
Hakodadi (ha-ko- 

dii'dee) 
Hal'i-fax 
Halle (hal'lgh) 
Hallowed (hol'o- 

wel) 
Ham'burg ( Ger. 

pron. ham'booRG) 
Hameln (ha'mgln) 
Hampshire 
Han'o-ver (Ger. 

Han-no'ver) 
Harfieur (haR- 

fluR') 

Hartz, or Harz 

(harts) 

Harwich (hSr'rij) 

Hat'tgr-as 

Ha-van'.a, or Ha- 
vanna" ( Sp. Ha- 
bana, or Havana, 
a-va'nii) ; some- 
times called "The 
Ha-van'na." 

Haverhill "(Eng.) 
(hav'er-il) 

Haverhill (Mass.) 
(ha/ver-il) 

Havre de Grace 
(hav'or de grass; 
Fr. pron. a/v : r 
dgh grass) 

Hawaii (ha-wi'ee) 

Hayti, or Haiti 
(hf./tl) 

Hebrides (heb'ri- 
d5z) 

Hec'la, 

Heidelberg (hi'dgl- 
beRG 7 ) 

Heilbronn (Ml- 
bron') 

Hg-le'na(St.) 

Hel/go-land. or 
Ilel'I-go-land 

Hel-vel'lyn 

Helvoetsluys (hel'- 
vdb t-slois') 

Hen-lo/pgn 

Hen-ri'ko 

Herat (her-af) 



Her/e-fgrd 
HEr'kl-mgr 
Hertford (Eng.V 

(har'furd) 
Hertford (U. S.) 

(hert'furd) 
Hesse Cas'sgl 
Hesse Darmstadt 

(hess daRm'stat) 
Hesse Hom'burg 
Himmaleh (him- 

ma'la), or Him-a- 

la'ya 
Hin-dQ-stan', or 

In-do-stau' ; 

written also Hin- 
dustan, and Hin- 

doostan. 
His-pan-T-o'la. 

Syn. Hayti. 
H"las'sa. Syn. 

Lassa. 
Ho-ang'ho (pro- 
nounced almost 

whang'ho') 
Ho'bar-tQn , or 

Hob/ar-tQn 
Ho'bo-ken 
Hochheim (ho'- 

hlm or hoK'him) 
Hohenliuden (ho 7 - 

gn-lin'dcn) 
Ilohenzollern (h</- 

gn-tsol'lgrn) 
Holland (Dutch 

pron. hol'lant) 
Holstein (hol'stin) 
Hol'y-head 
Honduras (hon- 

doo'ras) 
Honfleur (hox/- 

i'lUR' or onI'Icr') 
Hon'I-tQn 
Honolulu (ho-no- 

loo'loo) 
Hoog'ly ; written 

also Hooghly and 

Hugly. 
Housatonic (hoo 7 - 

sa-ton'ik ) 
Hue (hoo-a') 
Hungary (hung'ga- 

rT) 
Hu'ron 
Hyderabad (hT'der. 

a-bad') or Hydra- 
bad 
Hythe (Mth) 



I. 



Ice'land ; called Is- 
land (ees'land) by 
the natives. 

Icolmkill (ik'om. 
kil')- Syn. Iona. 

I'da-ho 

Illinois (il-li-noiz' 
or -noi') 

Il-l.v-r'I-a 

Il'min-stgr 

Imola (e/mo-la) 

In'dl-a 



a,e,&c. ,long; 5, ^e,o, less prolonged; a.e.&c. short; a,g,i,Q,o6scMr fc ; care,far,ask,fill f what; Gre,vsil,t5rm;pique,flrm;86n,6r 



MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 509 

In'dl-an 'a (or in -di- Ju'an Fgr-nan'dez Kincardine (king- Las'sa, or H'lassa Livadia, or Libadia Lym/fl-ord', or 

a'na) (Sp. pron. hoo- kar'dln) (h'liis'sa) (liv-a-Dee'a) Liimfiord (leem- 

In'di-an-ap'o-lis an' leu-nan'- Kingkitao (king-ke- Latakia (lii'ta-kee'- Liv'gr-pool fe-ord') 

Indies (in'diz) deth) tii'o) a), or Ladikia(la / - Ll-vo'nT-a Ly'gns (Fr. Lyon, 

Ingolstadt (ing'ol- Ju'an, Saint ( Sp. Kin-ross' de-kee'a) LlandafF (lan-daf ), le'oN') 

stat or ing'gol- San Juan, 6an Kin-sale' Lau'dgr-dale or Landaff 

stat') Hoo-an' or san Kircaldy( kjr-kaw I'- Lauenburg (lou'gn- Llangollen (lan- 

Inkerman (ink-gr- Hwan) d v y or k^r-kaw'dj') burg, or lou'gn- goth'lgn) TUT 

man') Jungfrau (yoong'- Kirkudbright (kir- bo~ORG') Llanos (lya'nos) •"-*-• 

Innspruck (inss'- frow) koo'bree) Lausanne (16'zan') Loango (lo-ang'go) 

prdbk), or Inns- J u'ni-at'a Klt'tg-tin'ny Lauterbrunnen Lochaber (loK-a'- Maastricht (mas'- 

bruck Ju'ra (Fr. pron. Kh'illT'mak( Turk, (lou'tgr-br6~on'- ber) triKt, or mas'- 

Interlachen (in'tgr- zhu'ra') pron. kiz'll eer- nen), or Lauter- Lodi (Italy )(lo / dee) triKt). Syn. 

laK'en) Jutland mak') bfunn (lou'tgr- Lodi (U. S.) (lo'dl) Maestrieht. 

In'vgr-a'ry [ISk'i) Klagenfurth (kla'- br6*bn') Lof-fo'dgn, or Lg- Macao (ma-ka'o or 

Inverlochy (in'vgr- ggn-fooRt'). Syn. Laybacb, or Lai- fo'dgn ma-kow') 

In-vgr-ness' "T7" Clagenfurth. bach (li'baK) Loire (lwaR) Ma-eas'sar 

Ioua (e-o'na) or •*•*■• Klau'sgn-burg Leam'ing-tg-n Lom'bar-dy Machias (ma-chl'- 

Icohnkill (ik'om- ( Ger. pron. klow'- Leg-horn / (or leg'- Lomond, Loch (Iok as) 

kil') Kal'a-ma-zoo f zgn-bo"ORG') horn) ( It. Livor- lo'mund) Mack'T-naw ; for- 

lonia (I-o'ni-a) Kahisz (ka'loosh) Kbnigsberg (ko'- no, le-voR'no) London (lun'dun or merly Michili- 

I'o-wa Kamieniec (kam'- nigz-bcrg), or Legnano (len-ya'- lun'd'n) mackinac (mish'- 

Ips'wich yen'yets') ; some.- Koenigsberg no) Londonderry (lun'- il-I-mak'in-aw) 

Ireland times written (ken'igz-bgrg ; Lehigh (lee'hT) dun-der'rl) Macon (France) 

Ir-kootsk' ; written Kaminietz. Ger. pron. kb'- Leicester (les'tgr) Loo Choo ( ch as in (ma'koN') 

also Irkutsk and Kamt-chat'ka, or niGs-beRG') Leigh (lee) child) Macon (U.S.) (mi'- 

Irkoutsk. Kamt-sehat'ka Koordistan, Kur- Leighton (lee'tgn) Lo-rain' (Ohio) kun) 

Iroquois (Tr-o- Kanawha (ka-na"w'- distan, or Curdis- Leinster (lin'stgr or Lo-ret'to (It. awdMad'g-gas'car 

kwoy') wa) tan (koor-dis- leen'stgr) Sp. Loreto, lo- Madeira (ma-dee'- 

Ir'ra-wpd'dy Kan"'da-kar'. Syn. tan') Leipsic (lip'sik) ra'to) ra ; Port." pron. 

Iser, or Isar(ee'zgr) Candahar. Kreuznach (kroits'- ( Ger. Leipzig, Lorraine (lor'ran') ma-da'e-ra) 

Ig'Ung-tgn Kankakee (kan- naK) lTp'tsiG) Los Angeles. See Mad-ras' 

Ispahan (is-pa- kaw'kee) Kurische, or Cu- Leith (leeth) La Puebla de los Mad-rid' (Sp.pron. 

nan') or Isfahan Kan'sas ; formerly rische-Haff (koo'- Leitrim (lee'trim) Angeles ma-DreeD', a'.- 

Ifa-ly (It. Italia, often, written rish-gh-haf) Leixlip (las'lip) Lostwithiel (lost- OTo.^math-reeth') 

e-ta'le-a) Kanzas. Le'ng (Russ. pron. witfi'el), or Lest- Mad'rid (U. S.) 

I-u'ka Kara (ka'ra) la'na) withiel Maelstrom (mal'- 

Ivi^a, Iviza (e-vee'- Kash-gar', or Cash- Lenni-Lennappe Lothian (lo'thi-an) strum or mal'- 

sa), or Ibiza gar - Li * (len'nelen'na'pS) Lou'don (ou as" in strum) 

Ivry (Iv'rl or ev're') Kjj-tah'din Lenoir (le-nor') shout) Maese. See Meuse. 

Katrine, or Kat'- Laaland (law'land), Leom'in-stgrfU. S.) Loughborough Maestricht.orMaas- 

rine or Lol'land Leominster (Eng.) (lufburuh) tricht (mas'triKt) 

Keighly (keeth'le) Lab'ra-dSr' (lem'ster) Louis, St. (sent Mag'a-dox'o, or 

** • Kelat (kgl-at 7 ), or Lac'ca-dlveg' Le' on ( Sp. pron. IS- loo'is or loo^e ; Magadoxa {Port. 

Kelath Lack'a-wan'na on') Fr. pron. b5n pron. ma-ga-do 7 - 

Jaf fa (or yaf fa) Ken'ne-beck' Lad'o-ga Le-pan'to (or la/- loo'e') sho or nia-ga- 

Jalapa (Ha-la'pa). Ken'ne-bunk' La-droneg 7 (Sp. pan-to) Louisiana (loo'e-ze- do'sha) 

Syn. Xalapa. Ken-tuck'y "pron. laD-ro'nCs) Le-vant' a'na) Mag'da-le'na (Sp. 

Jalisco, or Xalisco Ke'o-kuk' Lago Maggiore (la'- Lev'en, Loch Louisville (loo'is- pron. mag-da-la / - 

(Ha-lees'ko or Ha- Kerguelen (kSrg'g- go mad-jo / ra) Lewes (lu'gss) Til; formerly na) 

lis'ko) len) Land (Fr. Laguna del Madre Lew/ish-am pron. loo'T-vil) Mag'de-burg (Ger. 

Jamaica (ja-ma'ka) pron. keR'gg- (la-goo'na del Leyden, "or Leiden Lowell pron. maG'dgh- 

Ja-pan' Ion') maD'ra) (H'den or la'dgn) LiVbeck bo'bRG 7 ) 

Japura (Ha-poo'ra) Kerman(ker-man') Lahore (la-hor') Li-be'n-a Luc 7 ca (It. pron. Magellan (ma-jel 7 - 

Jassy (yas'se) Kharkof (Kar-kof) Laibach (li'baK). Lichtenfels(liK'tgn- look'ka) Ian; Port. " Ma- 

Java (ja'va or ja/Ta) Khartoom, Khar- Syn. Lay bach. fels') Lucerne (loo-s^rn 7 ; galhaens,ma-gal- 

Jedburg "(jed'bur- turn, or Khar- La Mancha (la Liege (leej ; Fr. French pron. Id'- y'd'eys) 

reh) toum(Kar-toom / ) man'cha) pron. le-azh') seRn') (German Maggiore (mad-jo'- 

Jeddo (yed'do). Kherson, or Cher- Lancashire (lank'a- Lille, or Lisle (leel) Luzern, or Lu- ra) 

Syn. Yeddo. son(ker-son / ) shir) Lima (Peru) (lee'- cern, loot-seRn') Main, or Mayn 

Jen'a (Ger. pron. Khiva, or Kheeva Lanc'as-tgr - ma) Lucia, St. (loo- (mTn) 

ya"na) (Kee'va) Lan-daff/ ; more Lima (IT. S.)(li / ma) see'a, often called Maine (France) 

Jersey (jer'z!) Khorassan (Ko'ras- properly LlandafF Llm / er-ick loo-see') (man; Fr. pron. 

Je-ru'sa-lem san') Langres (loNg'r) Limoges (ie'mozh') LQck'now' almost mCn) 

Jesso, or Iesso (yes'- Kiakhta (ke-aK'ta) Languedoc (Ion'- Limousin (le'moo 7 Lu'ngn-burg Maine (TJ. S.) (msinj 

so). Syn. Yesso. Kiang-Ku(ke-ang'- ggh-dok') saN') or Limosin Lutzen (ldbt'sgn) Ma-jor'ca 

Jo Daviess (jo da/- kew') Syn. Yang- La Plata (la pla v - Lincoln (link'un) Lux'gm-burg ( Fr. Mal'a-bar' 

vis) tse-kiang. ta). See Plata. Lin-lith'g5w Luxembourg, Ma-lac'ca 

Jol'I-ba, or Djoliba Kick'a-poo' La Puebla, or La Lippe-Detmold Hiks'oN'booR') Mal'a-ga (or ma'la- 

Jonkjbpin, or Jon- Kief, "or Kiew (ke- Puebla de los An- (-det'molt) Lijx'Qr, or LQx'gr ga) 

koping (yon'chb- ef ), or Kl-ev' geles (la pweb'la Lig'bQn (Port. Lis- Luzerne (U. S.) (lu- Mal'dgn 

ping, almost Kiel (keel) dalos ang'Hel-es) bo'a or les-bo'a) zSrn') Maldives (mal'divz) 

yon'chep-ing) Kil-ken'ny Las Palmas (las Lisle "(leel). Syn. Luzon (loo-zon'), Malmesbury 

Jorullo, or Xorullo Kil-lar'ney pal'mas). Syn. Lille. or Lucon ( Sp. (mamz'bgr-I) 

(Ho-rool'yo) Kil-majyngck Palmaa. Lith'u-a'nT-a pron. lcKython') Mal'mo (or maFmo) 

dgjW^toOjtd'ok; urn,rue,pu.ll; c,g,«o^; e,g,hard; ag; exist; oajng; this; a,b,u,e"e,I,5,s l w,B,D,G,H,K,N,R,u (seep. 602). 



510 



MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



Malplaquet (maP- 
pla'ka') 

Malta (mawl'ta, ; It. 
pron. mal'ta) 

Malvern (inaw'- 
vgrn) 

Malwah (mawl'wa) 

Mancha, La (la 
m'an'cha) 

Man'chgs-tgr 

Manheim, or Mann- 
heim (man'hlm) 

Ma-nil'la (Sp. Ma- 
nila, ma-nee'la) 

Mantchooria, 
Mandshooria, or 
Mandchouria 
(man-choo're-a) 

Man'tu-a, 

Manzaniilo {pron. 
man-sa-neel'yo 
by the Mexicans, 
and man-tha- 
neel'yo by the 
Spaniards) 

Maracaybo, or Ma- 
racaibo (ma-ra- 
kl'bo) 

Maranon (m'a-ran- 
yon'). Syn. Ama- 
zon. 

Mar'ble-head' 

Marlborough 
(mawl'bruh) 

Mar'niQ-ra, or 
Mar'ma-ra 

Marne (maim) 

Marquesas (mar- 
ka'sas) 

Marseilles (mar- 
salz') (Fr. Mar- 
seille, man/ sal') 

Mar'ta-ban' 

Martinique (mar'tt- 
neek' ) 

Ma'ry-land 

Mas'sa-chu'setts 

Mat'a-gor'da, 

Mat'a-mo'rgs, or 
Matamoras 

Ma-tan'zas (or ma- 
tan'thas) 

Mauch-Chunk 
(mawk-chunk') 

Mauchline (mos'- 
lin) 

Maui (mou'ee) 

Mau-mee' [pa') 

Maurepas (ino're- 

Mauritius ( maw- 
rish'T-us) 

Mayence. See 
Mentz. 

Mayenne (ma'yen' 
or ml'en') 

Mayn (mm) 

M;iy-nooth'( or ma'- 
nooth) 

Mayo (Ireland) 
(ma'o) 

Maz'at-lan' (or ma- 
siit-lan') 

Mechlin (mek'lin), 
or Mechelen 

(meK'gl-gn) 



Meck'len-burg 

( Ger pron. mek'- 

lgn-bobRG') 
Medina (Arabia) 

(me-dee'na) 
Medina (U. S.) (me- 

di'na) 
Med'I-ter-ra'ne-an 
Melbourne (meP- 

burn) 
Mel-ro^e' 
Me-lun' (Fr. pron. 

m'lux) 
Mem'gl (or ma'mgl) 
Mem'phre-ma'gog 
Menai (men'i or 

men'a) (Strait) 
Me-nan' 
Mendocino (mgn- 

do-see'no) 
Mentz (ments), or 

Mainz (mints) 

(Fr. Mayence, 

ma'yoNss') [da) 
Mer'i-da, (or mer'e- 
Mer'i-oii'eth 
Mer'rT-mack 
Mersey (mSr'zT) 
Messina (mgs-see'- 

na) [ra'do) 

Mesurado (ma-soo- 
Metz (mets ; Fr. 

pron. mas) 

Meuse (muz ; Fr. 

pron. muz) (Dutch 

Maese, or Maas, 

mas) 

Mex'I-co ( Sp. pron. 

meh'He-ko) 
Miaco (me-a'ko), 

or Kee'o 
Miami (ml-a'mT) 
Michigan (mish'i- 

g'n, or mish'I- 

gan) 
Micbilimackinac 

(mish'il-e-mak'in- 

aw.) Syn. Mack- 
inaw. 
Michoacan (me'cho- 

a-kan') 
Milan (mTPan or 

mT-lan') " 
Mil-wau'kee, or Mil- 

waukie 
Minas-Geraes 

(mee'nas-zha- 

ra'es) 
Mindanao (min-da- 

na'o), or Magin- 

dinao (ma-hen- 

de-na/o) 
Minho (Portugal) 

(meen'yo) 
Min'ne-so'ta, 
MT-nor'ca, 
Miramachi (mir'a- 

ma-shee') 
Mis-sis'que 
Mis'sis-sip'pi 
Missolonghi (mis'- 

so-long'ge) 
Missouri (mis-soo'- 

ri) 
Mobile (mo-beeP) 



Mocha (mo'ka : 

Arab. pron. mo'- 

Ka') [na) 

Mod'e-na ( or mod'a- 
Mo'hawk 

Moldau (mol'dow) 
Mol-da/vl-a 
Mo-luc'ca-f 
Mombaza (mom- 

bii'za) 
Mon-go'li-a 
Mo-non'ga-he'la 
Mon-ro'vi-a 
Mon-ta'na 
Montauban (muN'- 

to'bdx') 
Mont Blanc (mos 

bl5N) or Mount 

Blanc. 
Montcalm (mont- 

kam' ) 
Mont Cenis (moN 

sgh-ne' or sgh- 

ness') 
Montenegro (mon- 

ta-na'gro ) 
Monterey (mon-ta- 

ra') 
Mon'te-vid'e-o (or 

mon-ta-vee'da-o) 
Montgomery 

(mQnt-gum'er-e) 
Montmartre (moN'- 

maRtr') 
Montmorency, or 

Montmorenci 

(mont'mo-ren'sT ; 

Fr. pron. moN'- 

mo'ro\'se') 
Mont-pe'11-gr 
Mont-pePli-er ( Fr. 

pron. mSN'pel'le- 

a') 
Montreal (mont're- 

awl' ; Fr. pron. 

moN'ra'al') 
Mont'sgr-rat' 
Moorshedabad 

( moor'shed-a- 

bad') 
Moorzook, Mour- 

zouk, or Murzuk 

(moor-zook') 
Mo-ra'vi-a, 
Moray ; pron. , and 

often written, 

MHr'ray. 
Mo-re'a. Syn. Pelo- 
ponnesus. 
Morena, Sierra (se- 

eR'Ra mo-ra'na) 
Mo-roc'co, or Ma- 

rocco (Arab. Ma- 

rakshjina-raksh') 
Mos'cow (Russ. 

Moskwa, mosk- 

wa') 
Moselle (mo-zeP) 

(Ger. Mosel, mo'- 

zgl) 
Mo'sul, or Moo'sul 
Moya-men'sing 
Mozambique (mo- 

zam-beek / ) 
Munich (mu'nik) 



(German M'un- 

chen, miin'Hgn) 
MQnstgr (Ireland) 
Munster (Ger.) 

(mun'stgr or 

miin'stgr) 
Mur, or Muhr 

(mooR) 
Murcia (mur'sht-a ; 

Spanish pron. 

mooR'the-a) 
Mus-cat' [teen') 
Muscatine (mus'ka- 
Mus-co'gee 
Mus'co-vy 
Muskingum (mus- 

king'gum) 
Mysore (ml-sor') 



N. 



Nacogdoches (nak'- 
o-do'chiz) 

Na-hant' 

Namur (na/mur ; 
Fr. pron. na'- 
mliR') 

Nan'cy (Fr. pron. 
noN'se') 

Nangasaki (nang- 
ga-sa'ke) 

Nan-kin', or Nan- 
king' 

Nantes (nants ; Fr. 
pron. noNt) 

Nan-tuck'gt 

Naples (na'plz) (It. 
Napoli, na'po-le) 

Narbonne (naR'- 
bon') 

Nar'ra-gan'sett 

Nash'u-a, 

Nas'sau^ Ger. pron. 
nas'sou) 

Natal (na-talO 

Natch'I-toch'es 
(sometimes pro- 
nounced nak'e- 
tush') [to'li-a. 

Na-to'li-a, or An'a- 

Nav'a-hoe (In- 
dians) ; written 
also Nabajo. 

Navarin (na-va- 
reen'), or Navari- 
no(nav-a-ree'no). 

Navarre "(na-var') 
(Sp. Navarra, na- 
vaR'Ra) [na) 

Neagh, Lough (Ioh 

Ne-bras'ka 

Neck'ar, or Neck'er 

NeeKgher'ry, or 
Neilgherry (neeP- 
ger'ree) 

Neg-ro-pont', or 
Eg'rT-po 

Nemours (ngh- 
mooR') 

Ne-o'sho 

Neots, St. (sent 
neets') 

Ne-pauP, or Nepal 



Ngr-bud'dah, or Nykoping, or Nyk- 

Narmada (nar- joping (nii'chb'- 

ma'da) ping> almost nee 7 - 

Neufchatel , or Neu- chup-ing) 

chatel ( nush'a'- 

tel') (Ger. Neuen- 

burg. noi'en- f\ 

boi>Ru) ^* 

Neuilly-sur-Seine 

(uuh'ye'siiR'san') Oahu (wah'hoo) 
Neuse (nus) Oaxaca, or Oajaca 

Ne'va (Russ. pron. (wa-H'a'ka) ; writ- 

na'va) ten also Guaxaca. 

Nevada (na-va'Da) O'bgr-lin 
Nevers (ngh-veR') Obi, or Oby (o'be), 
Ne'vis, Ben or Ob 

Newcastle (Dela- Oceana (o'she-a'na^ 

ware (nu'kas-sl) Oceania (o'she-a' . 
Newcastle (Eng.) ni-a) 

(nu-kas'sl) Oceanica (o'she- 

Newfoundland anl-ka) 

(nu'fund-land') Oc-mul'gee 
New Le'ou (Sp. O'cra-coke 

Nuevo Leon,Odense(o'dgn-sgh) 

nwa'vo-la-on') O-des'sa 
New Or'le-ang ; o/"-Oeland"(o'land) 

ten, but less cor- Oestreich (ost'riE). 

rectly, called New Syn. Austria. 

Or-lSan^'. Ogeechee (o-gee'- 

Ngami ('n-ga/mee) chee) 
Niagara (nl-ag'a-O-hPo 

r.a ; sometimes Okhotsk (o-Kotsk' ; 

p"ron. nT-ag'a-ra) Russ. pron. al- 
Nicaragua (nik'a- most o-Hotsk') 

ra'gwa) " Ol'dgn-burg ( Ger. 

Nice (nees) pron. ol'dgn- 

Niemen (nee'men) ; bdbRG') 

Pol. pron. nyem'- Olmiitz (ol'miits), 

en) or OlPm'utz 

Nieuport (nu'port) Omaha (o'ma-haw') 
Niger (nT'jgr), or Oman (o-man') 

Quor'ra O'mgr, St. (Fr. 

Nile (Arab. Bahr Saint Omer, saut 

Nil, baa'r neel) o'meR') 
Nimes, or Nismes O-ne'ga, (Russ. 

(neem) pron". o-na'ga) 

Ni-phon', or Nj- Oneida (o-ni'dg) 

pon' Onondaga (on'un- 

Nip'is-sing' daw'ga) 

Nizh'nee (or Nijni) Ontario "(on-ta'ri-o) 

Nov'go'rod Oo'na-las'ka, or 

Norfolk (nor'fgk) Oo'na-lash'ka 
Nor'man-dy Op'e-loij'sgs 

Nor'ridge-wock O-por'to 
Norrkbping (noR'- Or'e-gQn 

chb ping) Orellana (o-rel-ya'- 

Nor'way (Norw. na). Syn. Ama. 

Norge, noR'gGhorO'rl-no'ko [zon. 

noR'ga) O-ris'ka-ny 

Norwich (Eng.) Orizaba (o-re-sa/ba) 

(nor'rij) Orkneys (ork'nez) 

Norwich (U. S.) Orleannais, or Or- 

(nor'rich or nor'- leannois (oR'la'aV* 

wich) no') 

Nova Scotia (no'va Or'le-an§ (Fr.pron. 

sko'shT-a) or'15'on') 

No'va Zem'bla O'sage' (Fr. pron. 

Nov'go-rod', or No'- o'zazh') 

vo-go-rod' Oshmooneyn, or 

Nu'bi-a Achmouneyn 

Nueces" ( n wa's6s ) ( osh-moo -nan' ) 
Nu'rem-bgrg (Ger. Os'na-briick' ; often 

Nlirnberg, niiRn'- called, by the 

b§RG) English, Og'na* 

Nyanza (ne-an'za) burg. 



&fi,lbc. Jong ;a,e,$,less prolonged ; &,$,8cc., short ; %,$,\,Q,obscure ; care^ 



MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



511 



Ossuna (os-soo'nS) 

Ost-end' 

Os-we'go 

Otaheite (o-ta-hee'- 
te). See Tahiti. 

O-tran'to (It. pron. 
o'tran-to) 

Ot'ta-wa, (or Otta- 
wa) 

Oude (owd ; some- 
times improperly 
pronounced ood). 

Oudenarde (ow'- 
dgn-ar'deh) (Fr. 
Audenarde, o'- 
dgh-naRd') 

Ouse (ooz) 

Owego (o-wee'go) 

O-why'nee. See 

Hawaii. 

O-zark' 



Pa-dang' 

Pad'u-a. (It. Pado- 

va, pa'do-vti) 
Paisley (paz'H) 
Pal'em-bang' 
Pa-lenque (pa- 

lenk'a), or Cul- 

huacan (kool-wa- 

kan') 
Pa-ler'mo( It. pron. 

"pa-lgR'mo) 
Pal'es-tlne 
Palmas, or Las Pal- 
mas (las pal'mas) 
Palo Alto(pa'loaP- 

to) 
Pam'li-co 
Pamplona (pam- 

plo'na), or Pam- 

peluna (pam-pa- 

loo'na) 
Pa-mun/key, or 

Pa-mun'ky 
Panama (p5n'a- 

ma/) 
Papua (pap'oo-a or 

pa'poo-a). Syn. 

New Guinea. 
Para (pa-ra') 
Paraguay (pa-r'a- 

gwa' or pa^ra- 

gwl') 
Par'a-mar'i-bo 
Parana (pa-ra-na') 
Parana-Iba, or Pa- 

ranahiba (pa-ra- 

na-ee'ba) 
Parima (pa-re/ma) 
Parina (pa-re-na/) 
Paris (par'is ; Fr. 

pron. pa/Re') 
Pascagoula (pas'- 

ka-goo'la) 
Paso del Norte (pa / - 

so del noR'ta) 
Pas-sa'ic 

Pas'sa-ma-quod'dy 
Pat'a-go'm-a, 
Pavia (pa-vee'a) 



Paw-tuck et 

Pays de Vaud (pa'e- 

dgh vo). Syn. 

Vaud. 
Paz, La (la paz ; 

Sp. pron. la 

path ) 
Pe-chee-lee (pa- 

chee-lee') 
Pe'dee' 

Peebles (pee'blz) 
Pei-ho(pa'ho') 
Pe'kin', or Pe'king' 
Pe-lew' 
Pembina (peni'be- 

na) 
Pembroke (pem'- 

brdbk) 
Pe-nang' 
Penn'syl-va/ni-a 
Pe-nob'scQt 
Pen'sa-co'la 
Penzance " (pSn- 

zanss') 
Pe-o'rT-a. [goR') 
Perigord (per'e'- 
Pernambuco (peR- 

nani-boo'ko) 
Persia (per'shT-a, 

not per'zhi-a) 
Peru (pe-roo'] Sp. 

pron. pa-roo') 
Peschiera (pes-ke- 

a'ra) 
Pesth (pest ; Hung. 

pron. pesht) 
Pet-cho'ra, or Pet- 

schora 
Pe'ters-burg, Saint 
Phil'a-del'phl-a 
Phil'fp-pine 
Piacenza (pe-a- 

chen'za) 
Pic'ar-dy (Fr. La 

Picardie, la pe'- 

kaR'de') 
Pictou (pik-too') 
Piedmont (peed'- 

mout) (It. Pie- 

monte, pe-a- 

mon'ta) 
Pilcomayo (pil-ko- 

nil'o) 
Pisa (pee'sa) 
Pis-cat'a-qua 
Pis-cat' !j-quis 
Placentia (pla-sen'- 

shl-a) 
Plaquemine (plak'- 

men') 
Plata, La (la pla/- 

ta) ; called also 

the Argentine 

(ar'jen-tln) Re- 
public. 
Plata, Rio de la 

(re'o da la pla'- 

ta) 
Plin-lnn'mgn 
Plombieres (ploN'- 

be-eR') 
Plymouth (plinP- 

uth) 
Poictiers. See 

Poitiers. 



Q. 



R. 



Poictou. See Puntas Arenas 

Poitou. (poon'tas a-ra'- 

Poitiers, or Poic- nas) 

tiers (poi-teerz' ; Puy de Dome (pwe 

Fr. pron. pwa'- dgh dom ) 

te-a', almost Pyrenees (phr'g- 

pwPte-fi') ncz) 

Po'land ; called by 

the_ Poles Polska 

(pol'ska) 
Polynesia (pol'I- 

nee'shi-a) 
Pom'e-riPni-a ( Ger. Que-bec' (Fr. Que- 

Pom'mgrn) bee, ka'bek') 

Pompeii (pom-pa'- Queretaro (kJi-ra'- 

yee) ta-ro) 

Pondicherry (pon'- Quiloa (kee'lo-ii) 

de-sher'ree) (Fr. Quito (kee'to) 

Pondicherry, Quor'ra. Syn. Ni- 

poN'de'sha're') ger. 
Pont'char-train' 
Pontefract (pom'- 

fret) 
Popayan (po-pi-'an' 

or po-pa-yan') 
Po-po-cat'a-petP Raab (rab) 
Port-au-Prince Racine (ras-seen') 

(port-o-prinss ; Rahway (raw'wa) 

Fr. pron. poRt- Raleigh (raw'll) 

5-pr3NSs) Rambouillet (roN'- 

Port Mahon (ma- boo'ya' or roN'- 

hon') bool'ya') 

Por'to Prin'cT-pe Ramillies (ram'e- 
Porto Rico (por-to lez ; Fr. pron. 

ree'ko) (Sp. Puer- Ra/mePye' or Ra/- 

to Rico, pweR'to me'ye') 

ree'ko) Rangoon (rang- 

Portsmouth(ports / - goon') 

muth) Rap'id-an', or Rap'- 

Port'u-gal (Port, id Ann 

pron. " poR-too- Rap'pa-han'nQck 

gal') Raritan, or Rariton 

Posen (po'zgn) (r3r'it-un) 

Po-to'mac Rat'is-bon (Ger. 

Potosi (po-to-see'or Regensburg, Ra'- 

po-to'see) gens-bd'oRG') 

Poughkeepsie (po- Ra-ven'na (or ra- 

kip'si) ven'na) 

Prague (prag) (Ger. Reading (red'ing) 

Prag, pr'iG) Re-ho'bgth 

Prairie du Chien Reichstadt (riK f - 

(pra'ri du sheen ) ; stat ) 

Fr. pron. pra're' Reigate (rl'get) 

du she-&N') Rei'kl-a-vik 

Pres'burg,or Press'- Reims," or Rheims 

burg ( Ger. pron. (reemz; Fr.pron. 

press'bdbRG ) raxz) 

Presque Isle (presk Resaca de la Palm a 

eel) (ra-sa'ka dS la 

Prip'ets (Pol. Pry- pal'ma) 

pec, prip'ets) Rheims. (See Reims. 
Provence (pro'- Rhine (rin) (Ger. 

vSnss') Rhein ; Dutch 

Prussia (prHsh'I-a Rhyn ; both pro- 

or proo'shi-a) nounced as the 

Pruth ( Ger. 'pron. English Rhine) 

proot) Rhodes (rodz) 

Puebla (pweb'la) Rhone (ron) 
Puerto Principe Rideau (re'do') 

(pwgR'to prin'se- Riesengebirge (ree'- 

pa or preen'the- zgn-ga-beeRG'gh) 

pa) or Por'to RT'ga (or ree'ga) 

Prin'ci-pe Rio del Norte "(ri'o 

Punjab (pun-jab'), del nort; Sp. 

or Pun-jaub' pron. ree'o del 



noR'ta) ; called 
also the RI'o 
Grilnde ( Sp. 

pron. ree'o griin'- 
da) and Rio 
Bravo (ree'o bra'- 
vo). 

Rio.laneiro (ri'o ja- 
nee'ro or ree'o ja- 
na'ro) (Port. Rio 
de Janeiro, ree'o 
da zha-na'e-ro) ; 
often called sim- 
ply Ri'o 

Ro'a-noke f 

Rocnefort (rotch'- 
fgrt cr rosh'foR') 

Rochelle, or La Ro- 
chelle(la Ro'shel') 

Roermonde (rooR- 
mon'doh) (Fr. 
Ruremonde, 
RdR'muNd') 

Romagna (ro-man'- 

y») 

Romania (ro-ma'- 
ne-a or ro-ma- 
nee'a) 

Rome (rom) (It. 
Roma, ro'ma) 

Ron'ce-vaPle^ (Sp. 
Roncesvalles, 
ron-thes-val'yes) 

Roo-me'11-a, or Ru- 
melia 

Roth'er-hithe (vul- 
garly, red'rif) 

Rot'ter-dam' 

Rouen (roo'en; Fr. 
pron. rwoN) 

Row-an' 

Roxburgh (Scot- 
land) (roks'bSr- 
reh) 

R'dgen (r'd'ggn) 

Rumelia. See 

Roomelia. 

Russia (rtishl-a 
or roo'shl-a) 

Ryswick (rlz'wik) 
(Dutch pron. rls'- 
wik) 



S. 

Saale (sa'leh) 
Sabine (sa-been') 
Sachsen "(sak'sgn). 

See Saxony. 
Saco (saw'ko) 
Sag-hal'I-en, or 

Sakhalien 
Sag'T-naw Tna') 
Saguenay (sag'ch- 
Sahara (sa-ha'r.a or 

sah'ha-ra) 
Saigon (si'gon') or 

Sa'gong (ai'- 

gong') 
St. Bernard (sent 

ber'nard) 
Saint " Germain. 

See Germain , 



Saint, and so for 

other names hav- 
ing the prefix of 

Saint. 
Salado (sa-la/Do) 
Sal-a-manc'a (or 

sa-la-niang'ka) 
Saline (sa-leen') 
Salisbury (sawla'- 

bgr-i), or New 

Sa'rum 
Salonica (sal-o-nee'- 

ka), or Selaniki 

(sel-a-nee'ke) 
Si'lQpr Syn. 

Shrop'shire. 
Salvador "(sal-va- 

doR') 
Saltz'burg (sawlts'- 

burg), or Salz- 
burg ( Ger. pron. 

salts'bobRG) 
Samana(sa-ma-na'/ 
Sam'ar-cand' 
Samoa, (sa-mo'a) 
San An-to'ni-o 
San Augustine 

(aw'gus-teen') 
San Diego (san de- 

a'go) 
Sand'wich (or 

sand'wij) 
San Fran-cis'co (or 

san fran-sees'ko) 
San Joaquin (san 

Ho-a-keen' ) 
San Jose del Par- 

ral (san HO-sa' 

d61 paR-Ral') ; 

also called simply 

Parral 
San Ju'an ( <S^. 

pron. san Hoo-arP 

or hwiin) 
San Luis (Texas) 

(san loo'is) 
San Luis de Potosi 

(san loo'is, Sp. 

pron. loo-ees', da 

po-to-see') 
San Marino (san 

m'a-ree'no) 
San Salvador (san 

sal-va-doR') 
Sangamon (sang'- 

ga-mon) 
Santa Cruz (san'ta 

kroos ; Sp. pron. 

san'ta-krooth), cr 

St. Croix (sgnt 

kroi) 
San'ta Fe (Sp 

pron. san'ta fa) 
Santa Fe de Bogota 

(da bo go-ta') 
Santa Maria (san'- 
ta ma-ree'a) 
San'ta Mau'ra (or 

san'ta mow'r5,) 
Santarem (san-ta- 

reN', almost saa- 

ta-reng') 
San'tee' [a'go) 

Santiago (san-te- 
Saone (son) 



dC.wolfjtdb.tdbk; flrn,ri}e,pull; f,g,sofl; «,g,Aarrf,- as; ejist; Qasngjthis; a^u^Jjn^WjBjD/jjH^NjR^seep. 502). 



512 MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 

Sar'a-gos'sa (Sp. Scutari (skoo'ta- Sinde, or Scindo Steuben (stu'ben or Taunton (Eng.)Tivoli (tiv'o-le or 

Zaragoza, tha-ra- ree) (sind) stu-ben') (tawn'tgn) tee'vo-lee) 

go'tha) Sebastopol. See Se- Siugapore (sing'ga- Stockholm Taunton (Mass. ) Tobago (to-ba'go) 

Sar'a-nac' vastopol. P<5r'), or Singa- Ston'ing-tgn (tan'ton) To-bolsk' 

Sar'a-to'ga Secunderabad (se- poor Stralsund (stral'- Tchad (chad) To-kay' {Hung. 

Sar-din'I-a (It. Sar- kQn'der-a-bad') Sin-o'pe (Turk. Sin- soond) Tehran, or Teheran pron. to-koi'j 

degna, saR-den'- Seine (san) oob, or Sinoub, Strasbourg (straz'- (tgh-h'ran') ; To-le'do ( Sp. pron. 

y a or sar -dan'y a) Sen'e-ca se-noob') burg; Fr. pron. written also Teh- to-la'Do) 

Sarmiento (saR-nie- Senegal (sen'e- Sioux (usually pron. straz'booR')( Ger. raun. Tom-big'bee, or 

en'to) gawl') soo ; Fr. pron. se- Strassburg, Tehuantepec (ta- Tom-beck'be 

Saros^ (Hungary ) Sen'e-gam'bi-a oo') stras'bdbRG) wan-ta-pek') Tonkin , or Tonquin 

(sha'rosh') Seringapatam (ser- Skag'ggr Rack Strasburg (Ger-Teignmouth (tin'- (ton-keen') 

Sarum (sa'rum) ing'ga-pa-tam') Skane (sko'na) ; many) (stras'- muth or tan'- Toorkistan , or Tur- 

Sas-katch'a-wan' SSr'vI-a often written booRG) muth) kistan (tooR'kis- 

Sault de Sainte Setubal(sa-too'bal), Schonen ( Dutch. Stromboli (strom'- Temesvar (tem-esh- tan') 

Marie ( Fr. pron. or Setuval (s5- pron. sKo'ngn ; bo-lee) vHr'); written To-pe'ka 

so dgh s&n ma're', too'val] , or St. Ger. sho'ngnjstutt'gart, or Stut- also Temeschwar. Toplitz,* Toeplita 

but now usually Ubes (ubz) and Scania (ska'- gard ( Ger. pron. Teneriffe (ten'er-iP) (top'lits), or Tep- 

ca«eo*_Sauh (soo) Sev'as-to'pQl (or ne-a). st(Tot'gaRt) (Sp. Tenerife, ta- htz (tep'lits) 

St. Ma'ry. se-vas'to-pol) ; Skaneateles (skan'-Styria (stlr'I-a) na-ree'fa) Tor-bay' 

Sauterne, or Sau- less correctly, Se- e-at'lgs) ; wr/^enSuabia, or Swabia Ten'nes-see' To-ron'to 

ternes (so'teRn') bastopol (in Rus- also Skeneateles. (swa'bi-a) Tgr-nate' (or ter- Tortuga (tor-too'- 

Sava (sa'va) sian CeBacTo- Skye (ski) Suez (soo'ez ; Arab, na'ta) ga) 

Sa-van'na> noAb, sa-vas-to'- Sla-vo'nI-a, or Scla- pron. soo-ez' or Ter' ra del Fu-e'go, Toulon (too'loN') 

Sav'oy (or sa-voi') pol) WnT-a soo-az') or fierra del Fue- Toulouse, or Thou - 

(It. Savoia, sa- Sev'grn Sles'wick (Dan. Suffolk (suf'fgk) go (te-eR'Ra del louse (too'looz') 

vo'ya : Fr. Savoie, Seville (sev'il or se- Sles'vig ; Ger. Suir (shur) fwa'go) Touraine (too'rSn') 

sa'vwa') vil') Schleswig, ebles'- Sumatra (soo-ma 7 - Terre-Bonne (teR'-Tournay (tooR'na' ; 

Saxe Altenburg Sevre (sev'r or wio) tra) bon' ; often pron. Flem. Doornik, 

(saks al'tgn-burg) sav'r) Sluys (slois) Sun'da tar-bon') doR'nik) 

Saxe Co'burg Seychelles (sa'shel') Smo-lensk', or Smo- Surat (soo-raf) Terre-Haute (ter'- Tours (tooR) 

Saxe Weimar (saks Shamo (sha'mo') len'sko Surinam (soo-ri- rgh-hot;Fr. pron. Towcester (tows'- 

wl'mar) Shang-IfaT, or Smyrna (smir'na) ; nam') teR'hot' or ter'- tgr) 

Sax'o-ny (Ger. Chang-Hai called Izmeer'~6ySus'que-han'na rgh-hot) Traf'al-gar', or 

Sachsen, sak'sgn) (shang'hl'); the Turks. Sutledge (sut'lej) Teviot (tiv'e-ot) Tra-fal'gar 

Scan'dT-na'vI-a sometimes writ- Snow'den [tra Swa'bi-g. Syn. Sua- Thames (temz) Tra-iee' 

Scarborough (skar'- ten Shang-Hae. So-co'tra, or Soc'o- bia. Than'gt Tran'syl-va'nl-a 

b'ruh or skar'bur- Shar'Qn Sofala (so-fa'la or Swe'dgn (Sw. Thebes (theebz); TrasosMontes (tras 

ruh) She-boy 'gan; for- so' fa-la) Swerige, swer'e- called Thebai os mon'tes) 

Scheldt (skelt) merly written Soissons (swas'soN', geh) (the'va) by the Treb'I-zond' 

(Dutch Schelde, Cheboygan. almost swi'son') Switz'gr-land modern Greeks. Tre-mont' 

SKel'dgh ; Ger. Sheeraz, or Shiraz Soleure (so'Itjr') (swits'-)" Theiss (tis) (Hung. Treves (treevz) (Fr. 

Schelde, shel'deh) (she'raz' or shee'- Solferino (sol-fa- Syr'a-cuse (It. Siri- Tisza, tee'sgh') Treves, trav ; 

Schemnitz (shem'- raz) ree'no) [lee) cusa, se-re-koo'-Thes'sa-ly, or Thes- Ger. Trier, treer) 

nits) Sheer-ness' Somauli (so-maw'- sa) sa'll-a Trichinopoli, or 

Schenectady (skg- Shen'an-do'ah Som'gr-set SyVI-a Thibet," or Tibet Trichinopoly 

nek'ta-dy) Shiraz. -See S'heeraz. So-no'ra Szegedin (seg'ed'- (tib'et or ti-bet'); (tritch'in-op'o-le) 

Schiedam (sKee'- Shrewsbury (Mass.) Soodan, Soudan, or en' or seg'ed'in') written also Tib- Triest, or Trieste 

dam') (shruz'ber-i) Sudan (soo'dan') bet. ( tre-esf or tre-es'-. 

Schiraz (she'raz'). Shrewsbury (Eng- Sorata (so-ra'ta) Thomaston (torn'- ta) 

Syn. Sheeraz. land) (shruz'bgr-I Southampton rp as-tfin) Trincomalee 

Schleswig. See Sles- or shroz'bgr-i) (suth-hamp'tun) ■*■• Thurgau (tooR'- (trink'o-ma-lee') 

wick. Siam (si-am' or se'- Spa (spaw; Fr. an d gow), or Thur- Trin'I-dad' 

Schoharie (sko- Si-be'ri-a [am') Flem. pron. spa) Ta-co'ny go'vi-o(Fr. Thur- Trip'o-lt ; called by 

har'ree) Si^'i-iy ~ Spandau (span'-Taf I-let', or Tafl- govie, tiiR'go've') the natives Ta- 

Schonbruun, or Si-en'na (It. Siena, dow) lelt' Thuringia (thu- ra'bloos. 

Schoenbrunn se-a'na) Spey (spa) Ta'gus (Sp. Tajo, rin'ji-a) Ger. Trois Rivieres (trwa 

(shon'brdbn) Sierra Gorda(se-eR'- Speyer (pronounced, ta'HO ; Port. Tejo, Thiiringen, tli'- re've-eR'). Syn. 

Schoodic (skoo'dik) Ra goR'da) and often written, ta'zho) ring-gn) Three Rivers. 

Schuylkill (skool'- Si-er'ra Le-o'ne ( -5^. Spire). Tahiti (ta-hee'te) Ti'bgr (It. Tevere,Trondhjem, or 

kil) pron. se-eR'Ra 15- Spitz-bgrg'gn Talavera de la ta'va-ra) Trondjem. 

Schwarzburg o'na) Spor'a-des Reyna (ta-la-va'- Tibet, or Tibbet. Trosachs (tro'saks) 

(shwarts'burg or Sierra Madre (se- Stamboul (stam- ra da la ra'e-na) -See Thibet. Truxillo, or Tru]illo 

shwaRts'bcJbRG) eR'aa maD'ra) bool'). Syn. Con- Tah'le-quah Ti-con'dgr-o'ga (troo-Heel'yo) 

Schwerin ( shwa- Sierra Morena (se- stantinople. Tal'la-has'see Tiflis (tif-lees') ; Tubingen (tu'bing- 

reen') eR'Ra mo-ra'na) Staten Island Tai'la-poo'sa written also Te- gn) 

Scilly (sil'IT) Sierra Nevada (se- (stat'tn i'land) Tampico (tarn-pee'- TT'gris [flis. Tu'nis ; called by 

Scinde (sind) Syn. eR'Ra na-va'Da) Staubbach (stoub'- ko; Tim-buc'too, or the natives Too'- 

Sinde. Silesia (si-lee'shi-a) baK) Tananarivoo (ta-na- Tom-booc'to nis. 

Scio (sT'o or shee'o) (Ger. Schlesien, Staunton (Va.) na-ree-voo') Timor Laut (te-Tu'pe-lo _ 

Scioto (si-o'to) shla'ze-gn) (stan'tun) Tangier (tan-jeer') mor'lout) Tur'co-ma'nT-a 

Scituate (sit'u-at) Sim-pher-o'pol, or Staunton (Eng. ) Taos (ta'5s, almost TT-o'ga Tu'rin (or tu-rin' ; 

Scla-vo'nT-a. Syn. Simferopol (stan'tun or stan'- towss) Tipperary (tip-pgr- Fr. pron. tii'rSN') 

Slavonia." Sim'plon (Fr. pron. tun) Taranto (ta'ran-to) a'rl) [ka) (It. Torino, to- 

Scot'land »aN'ploN') Stettin (stet-teen') Tag-ma'ni-a Titicaca (tit-e-ka'- ree'no) 

i,e,&c. Jong; a,e, o Jess prolonged; a,e, &c, short; a,g l i,Q,o»scMre/care,far,ask,all l whatjere,vsil,term ; piquejArm, adn^t, 



MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 513 

Tnrkey (tur'ky), or "y Vienna (U, S.) (vl- War 'saw (Pol. (wobl'vgr-hamp / - slav'), or Yekata- 

Ot'to-man Em- " • en'na) Warszawa, vaR- tun) rinoslaf. Syn. 

pire. Villa (in Sp. veel'- sha'va or wis- Woolwich (w6*bl'- Ekatarinoslaf. 

Tus'ca-loo'sa Valencia (va-len'- ya ; in Port, sha'va) itch or wdbl'y) Yein'en 

Tus'ca-ny (It. Tos- shi-a; Sp. pron. veel'la or vil'la) Warwick (Eng.) Worcester (wobs'- Yenikale, or .Teni- 

cana, tos-ka'na) va-len'the-a) Villa Real (veel'ya (wor'rik) tgr) kale (yen'e-ka'a) 

Tus'ca-ro'ra ValeDciennes (va 7 - ra-al') Warwick (U. S.) Worms (wurmz ; Yenisei (yen'e-sa'e 

Tyr'oT (Ger. pron. IoH'se-en') Villa Rica (Sp. (wor'wik or wor'- Ger. pron. or yen-e-fla'), or 

te-rol') Valentia (va-len 7 - America) (veel'- rik) woRms) Enisei (en'e-sa'e) 

fy-rone' (ti-ron') shi-a) ya ree'ka) Washita (woshl- Wiirtemberg (wur'- Yesso or Jesso 

Val'la-do-lid' ( Sp. Villa Rica (Brazil) taw') tgm-berg ; Ger. (yes'so) 

pron. val-ya-Dc- (vil'la, or veel' la, Wa'tgr-ee' pron. w'dR'tem- Yo-sem'i-te 

UleeD') ree'ka) Wa'tgr-loo' {Dutch beRG') writte n Ypres (ee'p'r) 

• Yalois (viii'wa') Villefranche (vol'- pron. wa'tgr-16') also Wirtemberg. (Flemish Ypern, 

Valparaiso (val-pa- frossh') (It. Vil- Weimar (wi'mar) Wy'gn-dot' I'pgrn) 

Ubes, Saint See ri'so) lafranca, vil-la- Wener (wa'ngr), Wy-o'ming Yu'ca-tan' (or yoo'- 

Setubal. Vancouver (van- fran'ka) or Wenner( wen'- Wythe (with, t h as ka-~tan') 

Ucayale (oo-ki-a/- koo'ver) Vincennes (vin'- ner) va.-th.in) Yvetot (Gv'to') 

13), or Ucayali Van Diemen's (van senz' : Fr. pron. We's.er (Ger. pron. 

(oo-kT-a'lee) dee'mgnz) vax'sen') wa'zer) 

Ukraine, (yoo'kran Yaud(vo), or Pays- Virginia (vgr-jin'- West Indies (in'- "V" *7 

or oo-kran') de-Vaud " (pa'e- i-a) dez) -^-« "• 

Ulea (oo'le-o) dgh-vo') Vistula (vist'yu-la) West'mQre-land 

Ulm ( Ger. pron. Vendee La (la von'- Vitebsk (ve-tebsk'), West-pha'H-a (Ger. Xenia (zee'm-a) Zacatecas (zak-a, 

6~olm) da') or Vitepsk. Syn. Westphalen, Xenil (Ha-neel'). ta'kas or sa-ka- 

Um-ba'gog Yendome (von'- Witebsk. west-i'a'len) Syn. Genii. ta'kas) 

Umea (oo'me-o) dom') Yol'ga, o-_Wolga Weymouth (wa/- Xeres (Sp. pron. Zaire, or Zahir (za- 

Unterwalden(o"on / - Venezuela (ven'e- Vosges (voah) muth) Ha-res'; Porl t eer'). Syn. Con- 

tgr-wal'dgn), or zwee'la ; Sp. Wid' in, or Vidin. pron. sha-res' or go. 

Un'dgr-wal'den pron. " ven-eth- Wilkesbarre sher-es') Zam-beze 7 (or zam- 

Upernavik " (oo- wa'la) fa) YK7 (wllks'bar-rf) Xingu, or Chingu ba'zg) 

peR'na-vik) Venetia (ve-ne'shi- ** • Wil'na, or Vilna (shen-goo') Zanguebar (zang 7 - 

Up / sal, "or Upsala Venice (ven / iss)( It. Windsor (win'zgr) ga-bar') 

(up-saVla) Yenezia, ven-ed'- Wabash (waw'- Win'ne-ba'go Zan'te 

U'ral, or Oural ze-a) bash) Win'ni-peg ~\T Zan'zi-bar' 

(ob-ral') Vera Cruz (va'ra Waday (wa'di) Winnipiseogee ■*■ • Zebu, or Cebu (see- 

Uri (joo'ri; Ger. kroos) Wagram (wa'gram (win'ne-pis-sok'- boo'; Sp. pron. 

pron. oo're) Vergennes (ver- or Ava'gram) ~ ki) Yakootsk (ya- thS-boo') 

Uruguay (u'roo- jenz') Waldoborough Wisbaden (wis-ba'- kootsk') ; written Zollverein (tsol'fgr- 

gwa', or oo-roo- Vgr-mont/ (wawl'do-bur'- den), or Wiesba- also Yakoutsk, In') 

gwi') Verona (va-ixyna) ruh) den (wees-ba'- Yakutsk. Zurich (zu'rik; 

Ushant (Gsh'ant) Versailles (vgr- Wales. [kl-a) dgn) Yang-tse-kiang Ger. pron. ts'ii'- 

U'ti-ca salz' ; Fr. pron. Wallachia (wol-la'- Wis-cas'set (yang'tse-ke- rix) 

Utah," or Youta veR'sal' or veR- Waltham (Eng. ) Wis-con'sin, or ang') Zuyder, or Zuider, 

(yoo'ta, less prop- say") (wol'tam) Wiskonsin. Yanina, or Janina Zee (zi'dgr zee or 

erly yoo'taw) Ve-su'vi-us (It. Waltham (Mass.) Wit' ten- berg ( Ger. (ya'ne-na) zoo'dgr-zee ; 

Utrecht, (a'trekt ; Vesuvio, va-soo 7 - (wol'tham) pron. wit'tgn- Ya-zoo' Dutch pron. zoi'- 

Dutch pron. ii'- ve-o) Wandsworth beRG') Yeddo, or Jeddo der za) 

treKt) Vienna (ve-en'na) (wonz'wurth) Woburn (woo'- (yed'do) Zweibrlicken (tswi- 

Uttoxeter (uks'e- (Ger.Wien, ween, Warasdin (wa'ras- burn) Yekatarinoslav (ya- bruk'kgn). Syn. 

ter) almost veen) deen') Wolverhampton ka-ta-ree-no- Deux-Ponta. 

ifi,w9lf,t61),t<Jt»k ; urn,rue,puil • p,g, soft ; €, g, hard,- a^ ; exist ; q as ng ; this ; a.b'jjjjee^jSjSjW^jDjGjH^.NjB.D (seep. 502). 



PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY 

OF 

MODERN BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



A bu-kgrk ; Port. Annesley (anz'lT) Avila (a've-l'a) Bauer (bow'gr) Belknap (bel'nap) 

■"■» pron. al-boo- Anquetil-Duperron Ayeshah (a'e-sha) Baumgarten Bellamy (Eng) 

keRk' or al-boo- (oN'kgh-tel'dii'- (Ar. pron. nearly (bowm'gaR-tgn) (bel'la-mi) 

Abbasides (ab-bas'- keR'ka) peR'rdN') I'g-sha) Baumg'artner Bellarmln (bel-'&W 

l-dez) Alcuin (Xl'kwin) An'stru-thgr (pop- Ayton, Aytoun (a'- (bowm'gaRt'ngr) min) (It. Bellar- 

Abdajla (ab-daP- (Lat. Al-cui'nus) ularly an'ster) tun) Baur (bowr) mino, bel-las- 

lah), or Abdullah Aldrich (awl'dritch Antonelli (an-to- Azeglio (ad-zal'yo) Bayard ' (ba'ard or mee'no) 
(ab-dfil'lah) orawl-drij) nel'lee) bPard ; Fr~ pron. Bel'len-dgn 

Abd-el-Kader(abd- Aldus (al'dus) (It. AVa-go (Fr. pron. ba'yaR') Bellini (bel-lee'nee) 

gl-ka'der); writ- Aldo,al'do) a/ra'go') T> Bayazid (ba-ya- Bel'sham 

ten also Ab-dul- Alembert (a'loN'- Aram (a'ram) ■*-** zeed' or bl-a- Belzoni (bel-zo'nee) 

Kadir. beR'), or d'Alem- Ar'bQth-not (pro- zeed'). Syn. Ba- Ben'bow 

Xb'g-lard, or Ab'- bert (da'loN'beR') nounced in Scot- Baba, Ali (a'lee jazet. Bentham (ben'tam 

ai-lard(Fr. pron. Alfieri (al-fe-a'ree) land ar-bQth'- ba'ba) [kee) Beatoun (be'tun) or ben'tham) " 

ii'ba'laR') Alford (awl'ford) ngt) Bacciochi(bat-cho'- Beatrice (be'a- Bentivogliofben-te- 

Abercromby (ab'er- Algarotti (al-ga- Ariosto (ar'I-os'to Bach (baK) treess ; It. pron. vol'yo) 

krSm'bT); some- rot'tee) or a-re-os'to) Bache (batch) ba-a-tree'ch;>) Benvenuti (ben-va- 

times written Ab- Ali (a/lee) Arininius (ar-min'i- Baillie (ba'lee) Beattie (bee'ti; noo'tee) 

ercrombie. Alighieri (a-le-ge- us) Bailly (Fr.) (ba/le Scotch pron. ba 7 - Beranger (ba'roN'- 

Abernethy (5b'gr- il'ree) Arnaud (aR'noO or ba/ye') tT) zha') 

ne-thi); Scotch Alison (al'i-son) Arnauld (aR'no') Bajazet (baj'a-zet). Beauchamp (Eng.) Ber'en-ger 
pronunciation Allston (awl'ston) Arnault (aR'no') Syn. Bayazid. (bee'cham) Ber'es-fg-rd 

abgr-neth'I) Almack (al'mak) Arndt (aRnt) Balboa (bal-bo'a) Beauchamp (Fr.) Berkeley (formerly 

Abinger (ab'in-jgr) Al-Mansur, or Arnould (aR'noo') Balfour (bal'fur; (bo'shoN') bark'ly) 

Abu-Bekr, or -Mansour (al- Arte veld (aR-ta- in Scot, bal-foor') Beauclerc (bo'- Bernadotte(b5r-na- 

Abou-Bekr (a'- man-soor') velt'), or Arte- Balguy (bal'gi) klerk) dot' or beR'na'- 

boo-bekr') Almeida (al-ma'e- velde (aR-ta-veP- Ballou (bal-loo') Beaufort (Eng.) dot') 

Abul-Feda, or da or al-ma'da) deh) ; sometimes Balzac (bal'zak') (bo'fg-rt) Ber'nard( Fr.protK 

Aboulfeda (a'- Alsop (awl'sop)" Anglicized Arte- Barbarossa ( bar'ba- Beaufort (Fr.) (bo'- beR~naR') 

bool'fe-da') Alston (awl'stg-n) velde (art- veld') ros'sa) foR') Bernouilli (bgr- 

Abu-Mansur (a,'- Alton (Eng.) (awl'- AVun-del Barbauld (Eng.)Beauharnais (bo'- nool'yee or beR'- 

boo-mau-sooR') tgn) Ascham (Ss'kam) (bar'bawld or aR'na') nool'ye') 

Achilli (a-kee'lee or Alverez (Port.) (aP- Ashburnham ( ash'- bar-bo') Beaumarchais (bo'- Berzelius (ber-zee 7 - 

a-kil'lee) va-res) burn-am) Barberini (baR-ba- maR'sha,') li-us : Sw. pron. 

Adair (a-dar') Alvarez (Sp.) (al'-Xsh'bur-tQn, or ree'nee) Beaumont (Eng.) beR-zTT'le-us/ 

Adalbert (a'daP- va-reth) Ash'bur'tQn Barbier (baR'be-S' ; (bo'mont) Beth'am 

beR') Am'a-de'Qs [rik) Atahualpa (a-ta- almost baRb'ya') Beaumont (Fr.)Bethune (bgh- 

Adansou (a'dQN'- Amalaric (am-al'a- hwal'pa) Barbour (bar'bur) (bo'moN') thoon') 

son') Amalric (a-mal'rfk Xth'gl-stan [ya') Barere (ba'reR') Beauregard (Amer.) Bewick (bii'ik) 

Adelung (a'dgh- or a'mal'rek') Aubigne " (o'ben'- Baretti (ba-ret'tee) (bo'rgh-gard') Be'zq, (Fr. Beze, 
ldbng) Ambrogio (am-bro'- Aubrey (Eng.)Barham (bar'am) Beauregard (Fr.) bez or baz) 

Agassiz (ag'a-see or jo) (aw'bri) Baring (Eng.) (bar'- (boR'gaR') Billaud-Varennes 

a-gas'siz;" Fr. Amelot (am'lo') Auchmuty (a'mu- ing) Beccafumi (bek'ka- (be'yo'-va'renn') 

pron. a'gas'se') Amerigo (a-ma- tf) Barmecide (bar'- foo'mee) Billaut (be'yo' or 

Aguilar (a-ge-laR') ree'go or a-mer'- Au'du.-bon (Fr. me-sld') Beccaria (bEk-ka- be'yo') 

Ahmed (aH'mgd), e-go). See Ves- pron. o'dii'bSN') Barnave (baR'n'av') ree'a) Biot(be'o'orbe'of) 

or Achmet (aK'- pucci. Augustine (Saint) Barneveldt (bar'- Bed'does Bligh (bli) 

mgt) Amiot, or Amyot (sent aw'gus-tln) ngh-velt') Bede (beed) Blomfield (bltim'- 

Ainsworth (anz'- (a'me-o') Aurungzebe (5'- Barras (b'a'ra') Bedell (Amer.) (be- feeld) 

WQrth) Ampere (oN'peR') rQng-ziib' or aw'- Barrere (lia'reR'). del') Blount (blQnt) 

Akenside (a'kgn- Am'u-rath or Amu- rung-zeeb') See Barere. Bedell (Eng.) (bee'- Bliicher (bloo'ker; 

eld) rat (a-moo-raf) Avenzoar (av-gn- Barrot (ba'ro') dgl or be-del') Ger. pron. blii'- 

Aladdin (a-lSd'din) Ancillon (Fr.)(oN'- zo'ar) (Ar. fbn Barth (baRt) Beethoven (ba'to- Kgr) 

(Arab. " Ala-ed- se'yoN') Zohr, Ib'n zoh'r) Barthelemy (baR'- vgn) Blumenbach(bloo'- 

Din (a'la'gd-den') Andre (Eng.) (Sn'-Averroes (a-ver'- tal'me' or baR'- Behmon. See Bbh- mgn-baK) 

Alaric (iXl'a-rTk) dra or an'drl) ro -8s or av4r-r5'- tS'lgh-me') me. Bobadilla (bo-Ba- 

Alberoni (al-ba-ro'- Angelo (an'ja-lo) es) Basnage (ba'nazh') Behn (ben) DeePya) 

nee) Angouleme (on'- Avicenna (av'e- Bath'urst Behring (beer'ing ; Boccaccio (bok- 

Alboni (al-bo'nee) goo'lem' or on'- sgn'na) (Ar. Ibn Batthyani, or Bath- Danish pron. ba'- kat'cho) 

Albuquerque (3P- goo'lam') Sina, ib'n se'na) yani (bat-ya'nee) ring) Bochart (bo'shaR') 

a,6,&c.,?onf; a,e,o, less prolonged; a,e,&c.,5Aor/; a,g, ijQ, obscure; care,far,ask, all/what ; ere.veil,t5rm;pique,firm,s6n,6E 
4514) 



MODERN BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



515 



Bockh (bok) Brahe (bra or bra ; 

Bode (bo 7 dgh) Danish pron. 

Boerhaave (bor 7 - bra 7 eh) 

hav ; Dutch pron. Bramante d'Urbino 

booR'ha 7 vgh) (bra-man 7 ta 

Bbhme (bb'mgh), dooR-bee'no) 

or Bb'hm ( bom ) Brandt (brant) 
Boileau (boi'lo ; Fr. Bremer (bree'mgr ; 

pron bwa/lo') Sw. pron. bra 7 - 

Bojardo, orBoiardo mer) 

(bo-vau'do) Brissot (bre 7 so') 

Boleyn (bobbin) Brockhaus (brok 7 - 
Bolingbroke (b51 ; 



howss) 
Broderip (brod 7 rip) 
Brodie (bro 7 dI) 



ing-brdbk 
Bolivar (bo-lee'vaR 

erroneously pron. Broeck (brook) 

boH-var') Brome (broom) 

Bonaparte (bo'na- Br6m 7 ley (brunVli) 

part; It. pron. Bronte (bron 7 te) 

bo-na-ptiR'ta) Brougb (bruf) 
Bonheur (bo'nUR') Brougbam (broo 7 - 
Borghese (boR-ga 7 - am or broo'm) 

ga) Broughton (brow 7 - 

Borgia (bor'ja, or Bru-nel 7 [ton) 

boR'ja) Brunelleschi (broo- 

Borromeo (boR-RO- nel-lgs 7 kee) 

ma'o) Brunet (bru 7 na') 

Bos-caw 7 gn, or Buchanan (buk- 

Bos 7 ca-wen an'an ; often 

Bossuet (bos 7 sii-a', mispronounced 

almost bos 7 swfi/) bu-kan / an ) 
Bossu(bo 7 sd) (Lat. Buffon (buf'fgn or 

Bos 7 su-lus) b'df/foN') 

Bossut (bo 7 sd') Bulwer (bobl 7 wgr) 

Bo< 7 well Bunsen (bobn 7 sen) 

Both/well [zaris. Buonaparte (boo- 
Botzaris. See Boz- o 7 na-paR'ta) 
Boucher (Eng.) Syn. Bonaparte. 

(bow 7 cher) Buonarotti (boo-o 7 - 

Boucher(Fr.)(boo 7 - na-rot'tee) 

shn ' ) Burckhardt ( b Grk 7 - 

Boudinot (boo'de- hart ; Ger. pron. 

not) bo~ORk 7 hart) 

Bougainville (boo'- Bfir-dett 7 



gas'vel') 

Boulaiuvilliers 
(boo 7 lax 7 ve 7 ya') 

Bourbon (boor 
bQn ; Fr. pron. 



Burger (b'dR 7 ggr) 
Burgoyne (bur- 

goin 7 ) 
Burlamaqui (bdR 7 - 

l'a'ma'ke') 



booR'boN') Burleigh (bfir 7 li). 

Bourdaloue (booR 7 - Syn. Burghley. 



(booR 7 



da/loo') 
Bourdon 

doN') 
Bourne (born) 
Bourrienne (boo 7 re- 

en') 
Bouterwek ( boo 7 - 

tgr-wek) 
Bouvier (Amer.) 

(boo -veer 7 ) 
Bowditch (bou 7 - 

ditch) 
Bowdoin (bo'dn) 
Bowles (bolz) 



Burnouf (bdR 7 - 

noof ) 
Bussy d'Amboise 

(bd 7 se' doN 7 bwaz') 



C. 



Cab'ot (It. Caboto, 

ka-bo'to) 
Ca-do'gan 
Cad-waPla-dgr 
Cagliari " (kal'ya- 



Bowring (bour 7 ing) ree) 
Boy'dell Cagliostro (kal- 

Boyer (bwa'ya') yos 7 tro) 

Bozzaris, or Botza- Cairns (karnz) 

ris (bot'sa-ris ; Cains (keez) 

popularly called Cal 7 a-my 

bgz-zar 7 is) Calderon (kal-da- 

Srad 7 war-dine ; ron 7 ) 

written also Brad- Calhoun (kal- 

wardin hoon 7 ) 



Call'cgtt 

CSl'met (Fr. pron. 

kal 7 ma') 
Calvert (Eng.) 

(kaFvgrt) 
Calvert (Amer.) 

(kol'vert) 
Cambaceres (koN 7 - 

ba/sa'res') 
Cam'er-Qn 
Ca-mo'ens (or 

~kam 7 o-ens ; Port- 

pron. ka-mo'eNs) 
Campbell (kam 7 gl) 

J@5T* Some fam- 
ilies of this name 
call themselves 
kam'bel. 

Canova (ka-no 7 va) 
Canrobert (koN 7 - 

ro'beR') 
Cantemir, or Kan- 

temir (kan 7 teh- 

meer or kan'te- 

meer 7 ) 
Canute (ka-nut/). 

Syn. Knut. 
Ca 7 pet (Fr. pron. 

ka 7 pa') 
Capo d'Istria (ka 7 - 

po dis'tre-a), or 

Capodistrias (ka- 

po-dis 7 tre-as) 
Caradoc (ka-ra 7 - 

dok) (Lat. Ca- 

rac'ta-cus) 
Car'dan (Lat. Car- 

da'nus ; It. Car- 

dano, kaR'dii'no) 
Carew (generally 

ka-roo 7 ) 
Carlen (kaR-lan 7 , 

almost kaR 7 lT!n 7 ) 
Carlisle (kar-111 7 ) 
Carlyle (kar 7 lll or 

kar-111 7 ) 
Carmichael (kar- 

ml'kgl or kar 7 - 

mT-kel) 
Carteret (kar'ter- 

et) 
Casaubon (ka-saw 7 - 

bQn) 
Casimir (kaVe- 

meer) 
Castaglione (kas- 

tal-yo'na), or 

Castiglione (kas- 

tel-yo'na) 
Castlereagh (kas'sl- 

ra') 
Castren (kas-tran 7 

or kas-trnn 7 ) 
Caulaincourt (ko 7 - 

laN'kooR') 
Cavaignac (ka 7 - 

ven 7 yak 7 ) 
Cav'en-dish 
Cavour (ka'vooR') 
Cecil (ses 7 il or sis'- 

») 
Cellini (chel-lee 7 - 

nee) 
Cenci (chen'chee) 
Centiivre (sgnt- 



lee 7 vgr or sent- 

liv'er) 
Cervantes Saavedra 

(sfr-vau'tez 6a- 

ved'ra ; Spanish 

pron." thea-van'- 

tCs sa-a-va'pra) 
Chalmers (ch.lK- 

mgrz; Scot. pron. 

chaw'mgrz) 
Chamier (sha- 

meer / ) 
Chamisso (sha'me'- 

so') 
Champollion 

(sham-poWe-g-n, 

or shoK'pol'le- 

6n') 
Charlemagne 

(shar'le-man' ; 

Fr.pron. shaRl'- 

maii') 
Charlevoix (shar'- 

leh-vwji' or 

shaRl'vwa') 
Chateaubriand 

(sha/to'bre'oN') 
Chatham (chat'- 

am) 
Chauncey (chan'si 

or chawn'si) 
Cherubini (ka-roo- 

bee'nee) 
Che-'gl-den _ 
Cheyne (chan or 

chTn) 
Childebert (chn/de- 

bert ; Fr. pron. 

shei'doh-beR') 
ChiPder-ic (Fr. 

Childeric, (shel 7 - 

da'rek') 
ChlFper-ic (French 

Chilperic, shel'- 

pa'rek') 
Chisholm (chiz'- 

Chlopicki (Klo-pit''- 

skee) 
Cholmondely 

(chflm'lT) 
Christophe (kres- 

tof) 
Cimabue (che-ma- 

boo'a) 
Cinq Mars (sais T k / - 

maRs') 
Claude (Fr. pron. 

klod) 
Claverhouse (klav / - 

er-tis or klav'- 

ers) 
Clotaire (klo'teR') 
Clo-til'da, or Clo- 

tilde (klo'teld') 
Clough (klBf) 
Clo'vis 

Cochrane (kok'ran) 
Cockburn (kb'- 

burn) 
Coeur de Lion 

(kur de lT'on ; 

Fr. pron. kuR 

de le'oN') 
Coke (kdbk or kok) 



Colbert (kol'beR') 
Colburn (kol'burn) 
CSl'by 
Co-len'so 
Coleridge (kol'ry) 
Coligny, or Coligni 

(ko'len'ye', or 

kol'en'ye') 
Col'man 
Colquhoun (ko- 

hoon') 
Col' ten 

Combe (koom) 
Comstock (kfim/- 

stok) 
Conde (kon'da ; 

Fr. pjron. koN 7 - 

da') 
Condillae (koN 7 - 

dee'yak' or koN'- 

del'3 ak') 
Condorcet (koN'- 

doR'sa') 
Confucius (kon-nV- 

shi-us) (Chinese 

Kong-Fu-Tse', 

kong-fo"ot-sa') 
Congreve (kong'- 

grev) 
Conybeare (kQn / T- 

ber) 
Copernicus (ko- 

per'ni-kus) (orig- 
inally Copernic, 

or Kopernic, ko- 

peR'nik) 
Coquerel (kok'rel') 
Corday (kor'da') 
Corneille (kor / - 

nal' : Fr. pron . 

koR'nal' or koR'- 

nay") 
Cornwallis (korn- 

wol'lis) 
Correggio (kor- 

red'jo ) 
Cor'tgz (Sp. Cor- 
tes, koR-tes') 
Cousin (koo'zaN') 
Cowley (kow'li) 
Cowper (kow'pgr 

or koo'per) 
Crad'ock 
Crash'aw 
Crebillon (kra'be 7 - 

yoN') 
Crichton (kri'ton) 
Cromwell (krum / - 

wel or krom'- 

wel) 
Cunard (ku-nard 7 ) 
Cunha, da (da 

koon'ya) 
Cuvier (ku've-a' or 

ku've-gr) 
Cuvp, or Kuyp 

(koip) 



D. 



Dagobert (dSg'o'- 
bert or da'go- 
beR') 



Daguerre (da'geRM 
Dahl (dfil) 
Dahlgren (dal'- 

gren) 
Dalhousie (dal- 

hoo'?I) 
Dalrymple (dal'- 

rim-pl) 
Dal ton (dawl'tjm) 
Dalzell (da-el 7 ) 
Damiens (da'me- 

Sn'); Anglicized 

Da'mi-gng. 
Dam pier (dam'- 

peer) 
Dandolo (dan'do- 

lo) 
Dante (d&n'te ; /(. 

pron. dan 7 ta) 
Danton (dan 7 ton 

or dON'toN') 
DArblay (dar'bla^ 
Daubigne (do'ben 7 - 

y§') 

Dav'en-gnt 
Dav'gn-port 
Davila (da 7 ve-la) 
DeCandolle(dgh 

k^'dol") 
D<-ca'tur 
DtFa-no 
Delaroche (d"la 7 - 

rosh') 
Delolme (deh-lolm' 

or d'lolm) 
Demidov (de"m/e- 

dov'), or Dem-I- 

dof 7 . 
Denham (den 7 am) 
Denina (dfi-nee'na) 
Denis (dgh-ne 7 ) 
Derby (der 7 bi or 

dar 7 bi) 
Derham (der 7 am) 
De Ruyter (de rl 7 - 

tgr or roi 7 ter) 
Derzhavin (deR- 

zba 7 vin) 
Descartes (da 7 - 

kaRt') 
Deshoulieres (d§ 7 - 

zoo 7 le-eR') 
Desmoulins (da 7 - 

moo 7 laN') 
Despreaux (da 7 - 

pra 7 o') 
Dessaix (da 7 sa f ) 
Dessalines (da 7 sa 7 - 

len' or des 7 sa- 

15n') 
De Thou (deh too 7 ) 

(Lat. Thu-a 7 nus) 
Devereux (dev 7 gr- 

oo) 
Dewees (de-weez 7 ) 
D'Ewes (duz) 
De Wette (deh 

w€t 7 tgh ) 
Diderot (ded 7 ro' or 

de 7 deh-ro') 
Didot (de 7 do') 
Diez (deets) 
Diodati (de-o-daV- 

tee) [ee) 

Disraeli (diz-ra 7 gl- 



dQ,WQlf,too,to"ck; urn,ruej)ull; Q,g,sofl; v,g,hard; ag; ejistj nosng; this, S,5,]} l e%,T,n l s,'^,B^,d,H,K,N,R,u (seep. 502). 



516 

DSderlein, or Doe- 

derlein (db'der- 

lln') 
Dolomieu (do'lo'- 

me-uh') 
Domenichino (do- 

ma-ne-kee'no) 
Donizetti (don'e- 

zet'tee or do-nid- 

zet'tee) 
Don'o-van 
Douce (Eng.) 

(dowss) 
Douglas (dug'lass) 
Douw ; pronounced 

and sometimes 

written Dow. 
Ducange (du-k;1nj'; 

French pron. dd'- 

koNzh') 
Duchesne (d'u'- 

shan') 
Duclos (d'u'klo') 
Dudevant (dd'deh- 

von' or ddd'- 

TON') 

Dufresnoy (du'- 

fra'nwa') 
Dumas (du'ma') 
Dumont (dd'moN') 
Dun-bar' 

Duncan (dunk'an) 
Dundas (dun-das') 
Dunglison (dung'- 

gll-son) 
Duponceau (du 



MODERN BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



Epinay (a'pe'na') 
Erasmus (e-raz'- 

mus) 
Ercilla (eR-theel'- 
Eric (er'ik) [y'a) 
Ericsson (er'ik- 

spn) 
Erskine (Srs'kin) 
Estaing (Ss'tftN'), 

or d'Estaing 

(des't&N') 
Este (es'te or es'ta) 
Esterhazy, or Esz- 

terhazy (es'tgr- 

ba'ze) 
Estienne (a'te-enn') 
Euler (yoo'lgr ; 

Ger. pron. oi'lgr) 
Ewart (yoo'art) 
Ewing (yoo'ing) 
Eyre(ar) 



F. 



pon'so 



Fr. 



pron. dd'poN'so') 
Dupont (Am.) (du- 
pont') 
Dupont (Fr.) (d'd'- 

PON') 

Duquesne ( dd'kan') 
Durand (Am.) (du- 
rand') [rois') 
Durand (Fr.) (dd'- 
Durer (du'rgr or 

dii'rgr) 
Duyckinck (di'- 

kink) 
Dyche (dich or 
ditch) 



E. 



Eccles (Ck'elzt 
Echard (English) 

(gtch'ard). Syn. 

Eachard. 
Egerton (ej'gr-tg-n) 
Elgin (el'gin) 
Ellesmere (elz'- 

meer) 
Elmes (elmz) 
Elphinstone (el'- 

fln-stg-n ) 
Elzevir (el'zgh-vh*) 
Encke (enk'gh) " 
Enghien (oN'ge- 

3n') 
Eon, Beaumont d' 

(bo'mSN'da'Sn') 
Epes(eps) 



Fabre (fabr) 
Fabyan, or Fabian 

(faOn-an) 
Facciolati (i'at-cho- 

la'tee , or Fac- 

ciolato (fat-cho- 

la'toy 
Fahrenheit (far'gn- 

hTt; Ger. pron. 

fa'rgn-hlt') 
Fairbairn (far'- 

barn) 
Falconer (fawk'ner 

or faw'kgn-gr) 
Falieri(ta-le-a'ree) 
Falkland (fawk'- 

land) 
Faneuil (fun'il) 
Faraday (far'a-da) 
Farnese (far-neez' : 

It. pron. far-na'- 

sa) 
Farquhar (far'- 

k war or far'kar) 
Fatima ( ia'te-niii or 

fat'e-ma) 
Faust (fowst or 

fawst) [chee) 

Federici ( fa-da-ree'- 
Fenelon (fen'eh- 

lg-n ; Fr. pron. 

tan'loN' or ia'- 

ngh-loN') 
Feodor Ift-o'dor, 

almost fyo'dor) 
Fichte (fiK'tgh) 
Fingal (fing'gal or 

fing-gawl') 
Firdousi, or Fir- 

dausi (fir-dow'- 

see) ; less correct- 
ly, Firdusi. 
Firmin iFr. (feR'- 

mSN') 
Fleury (flch're or 

fluh're') 
Flotow (flo'to) 
Fld'gel, or Fluegel 

(flu'ggl) 



Foix (fwa) 
Fontaine (fon-tan'; 

Fr. pron. ioN'- 

ten') [nel') 

Fontanelle (ron'ta- 
Fontenelle (fon- 

tgh-nel' ; French 

pron. i'oNt'nel') 
Forbes (Eng.) 

(torbz) [bgz) 

Forbes ( Scot. )(ior'- 
Forcellini (for- 

chel-lee'nee) 
Fordyce (foi-dls') 
Fbrster, or Foer- 

ster (foR'stgr) 
Forsyth (fg-r-sith') 
Fortescue (i'dr'tgs- 

ku) 
Fosbroke (fos'- 

brook ) 
Foscari (fos'ka-ree) 
Foscolo (fos'ko-lo) 
Fothergill (ioth'- 

er-gil) 
Fouche(foo'sha') 
Foulis (fow'lis; 

Scot. pron. fowlz) 
Foulques (fobk) 
Fouque (foo'ka'). 

See La Motte- 

Fouque. 
Fouquier-Tinville 

<foo'ke-5'taN'- 

vel'j 
Fourcroy ( fooR'- 

krwa') 
Fourier (foo're-gr; 

Fr. pron. foo'- 

re-a') 
Francesca (fran- 

ches'ka) 
Francia (South 

Am.) (fran'se-a) 
Francois ifroN'- 

swa') 
Fraunnofer 

(frown'ho-fer) 
Freiligrath (frl'le- 

grat') 
Frelinghuysen 

(free'ling-hl'zgn) 
Fremont, or Fre- 
mont (Am.) (fre- 

m5nV) 
Fresnel (fra'nel') 
Freund ifroint) 
Freytag (frl'tiG) 
Frob'ish-er 
Froila(fro'I-la) 
Froissart (frois'- 

sarf ; Fr. pron. 

frwaVsaR') 
Froude (frood) 
Fulton (fc^bl'tgn) 
Fuseli (fu'sg-11) 

(Ger. Swiss Fues- 

sli, fiiss'lee) 



Galignani (ga-len- Gilbert (Eng. ) (gtl'- 

ya'nee) bgrt) 

Galileo (gal'I-lee'o ; Gilchrist (gil'krist) 

It. pron. ga-le- Gil-fil / lan_ 

la'o) Gillespie (gil-leVpi) 

Gall (gawl; Ger. Gil'pin 

pron. gal) Giotto (jot'to) 

Gal'la-tin Girard (Am.) (je- 

Gal'lau-det' rard') 

Galt(gawlt) Girard (Fr.) (zhe'- 

Galvani (gal-va'- raR') 

nee) Girardin (zhe'raR'- 



Garcia (Sp.) (gaR- _ daN') 

thee'a) Gi^'bgrne 

Garcias (gaR-tb.ee'- Giulio Romano 

as) (joo'le-o ro-ma'- 

Garcilasso (or Gar- no) 
cilaso) de la Ve- Glauber (glaw'bgr 
ga (gaR-the-las'- or glou'ber) 
so, or gar-se-las'- Gleig (gleg) 
so, da la va'ga) Glendower (glen'- 
Gardiuei^gard'ner) dou-gr) 
Garibaldi (gaV-T- Glover (gliiv'gr) 
bal'di or ga-re- Gluck (gldbk) 
bal'dee) Gldck (gluk, al- 

Gascoygne, or Gas- most glik) 

coigne (gas-koin') Gobelin (gob'gh- 
Gasparin (g&s'pa- lin ; French pron. 

rin wgas'pa'rarf') gob'laN') 
Gauss (gowss) Go-dol'phin 

Gay-Lussac (gS'- Goethe. See Gbthe. 
_ lds'sak') Goldoni (gol-do'- 

Ged nee) 

Ged'dgs. Goldschmidt (golf- 

Gelee (zh'JS) shmit) 

Gell (jel) Gomez (go'meth) 

Genet (jgh-nef or Gonzaga (gon-za'- 

zh'na) gii) 

Gengis Khan, or Gonzalo (gon-tha'- 
Jengis Khan lo). Syn. Gon- 
(jeng'gis kan or salvo, 
kan ) Gonzalez (gon-za/- 

Genlis (zhoN'le') les or gon-tha'- 

Genseric (jen'sgr- leth) 

Gorgei, or Gorgey 
(Eng.) (gbR'ga; Ger. 

pron. gbr'Gl) 
(zhgh- Gorges (gor'jez) 
or ja- Gortchakov, or 
Gortschakow 
(gor'cha-kof) ; 
written also 



GronoT (gro/n5v) f 

or Gro-no'vl-iia 
Groot (gr5t) • 
Grosvenor (gro'- 

vgn-gr) 
Grotius (gro'shi-Qs) 
Grouchy (groo'she'j 
Guarini (gwa-ree 7 - 

nee) 
Guelph (gwelf) (It. 

Guelfo, gwel'fo) 
Guercino (gweR- 

chee'no) 
Guericke (ger'ik- 

ka or ga'rik-kgh) 
Guicciardini ( gwet- 

chaR-dee'nee) 
Guido Reni (gwee 7 - 

do ra^nee) 
Guise (gwez) 
Guizot (gwe'zo' 

or ge'zo') 
Gunther (gun'ter) 
Gutenberg (goo'- 

ten-bgRG' orgoo'- 

tgn-bgRG) 
Guthrie (guth'ri) 
Guy on (gl'gn or 

ge'oN'J 
Guyot (ge'o') 



GortchakofF. 
Gothe, or Goethe 

(gb'teh) 
Gough (gof) 
Gould (goold) 
(zhSR'- Gower (gow'er and 

gor) 



G. 



Gainsborough 
(gans'b'rg) 



ik) 
Geoffroy 

(jef'fri) 
Gerando 

roN'do' 

ran'do) 
Gerard (Eng.) (jSr'- 

ard) 
Gerry (gSr'rT) 
Gerson (Fr.)(zheR 

SON') 

Gejson (Ger 

gga'son) 
Gervaise 

vSz') 
Gesenius (^g-see'- Gra?me (gram) 

nl-us ; Ger. pron. Grammont (gram'- 

ga-za'ne-oos) moN') 

Gesner ( ..as'ngr) Granger (Eng.) 
Gessler (gess'lgr) (gran'jgr) 

Ghirlandajo (ger- Grau (grou) 

lan-da'yo); writ- Greaves (greevz) 

ten also Ghirlan- Greenough 

daio. (green'o) 

GTb'bgn Gresh'am 

Gibbs Greville, or Grevlle 

Gib'sgn (grev'il) 

Gifford (giffgrd Griesbach (grees'- 

and jiffQrd) ban) dee) 

Gignoux (zhen'- Grimaldi (gre-mal'- 

yoo') GrLsi (gree'see) 



H. 

Hafiz (ha'fiz) 

Hahnemann (ha 7 , 
neh-man) 

Iiak'luyt ; written 
also Hackluyt. 

Hal'ket ( Scot, 

pron. hSk'et) 

Ha-lo'ran 

Han'dgl (Ger. 

Handel, hgn'dgl) 

Haps'bfirg (Ger. 
Hapsburg, haps'- 
booRG) 

Harcourt (Eng.) 
(har'kurt) 

Hardicanute (har'- 
de-ka-niit') 

Hardinge (han- 
ding) 

Hardouin (aR'~ 
dw3N') 

Haroun-al - Rasch- 
id (ha-roon'al- 
r^sh'id) more cor- 
rectly, Harun- 
(or Haroun-) er» 
Rashid (ha'. 

roon'eR-Ra- 
sheed' ) 

Hauser (how'zgr) 

Hady (ha' we') 

Havelock (hSv'gh- 
lok) 

Haydn (ha'dn ; 
Ger. pron. hl'da\ 

Haynau (hl'now) 

Hearne (h5rn) 

Heb'gr-dgn 

Heeren (ha'rgn) 

Hegel (ha'ggl) 



,e,&c.^on^,-a,e,o,/ess|?r«i<mged,-a,6 ) &c.,sAorf;a,g,i,Q,c>6s«^e/care,far,a^,a^l,wh^ 



MODERN BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



517 



Kuyp (koip). Syn. Le 
Cuyp. 



L. 



Jacobi (ya-ko'bee) 
Jamieson (jam'e- 

6Qn or jfi'nn-sg-n) 
Jasmin (zhas'maN') 
Jean Paul (zhoN La Bruyere 

powl or jeen br'u'yeR') 



sur (Igh Port. Magalhaens, Matthisson (mat'- 
swur) nia-gal-^a'eNs) tls-son) 

Leuwenhoek (loo'- Maginu (ma-tin') Maturiu (mat'yoo- 
gn-hook ; Dutch Mabmud, or Mah- rin) 



lb'wgn- 



Heine (hi'ngh) T 

Heiusius (hin'se- ** • 

us) 
Heintzelman 

(hlnt'sgl-man) 
Helvetius (hef-vee' 

ebi-us) 
Hem'ang 

Hengist (heng'glst) 
Hengstenberg pawl). Syn. Lacepede (la'sa'- a') 

(heng'sten-beRG') Richter. ped') Levisac (la've-zak') hammed. 

Herbelot (eRb'lo' Jellachich (yel'la- Lacroix (la'krwii') Lewes (lu'is) Mahon (ma-hoon' 



pron. 
hdbk) 
Le'vgr 
(la Leverrier (lgh-ver'- 
rT-gr or Igh-vS're- 



moud 
mood') 
Mahomet 
hornet, 
met, o 
met). 



(mab'- Maunder (mawn'- 
dgr) 
(ma- Maupertuis (mo'- 
ma'ho- pcR'twe') 
ma/ho- Maurepas(moR / pa') 
See Mo- Maury (Am.) 

(niaw'ri and 
mBr'rl) [re') 



or eR'bgh-lo') KiK) Ladislas (iad'is- L : H6pital, or L'- orma-hon') Maury (Fr.) (mo'- 

Herder (her'dgr or Joan of Arc (Fr. las) ; written also Hospital (lo'pe'- Maimonides (ml- Mazarin (maz'a- 
h^R'dgr) Jeanne d'Arc, Lad'is-la'us. tal') mon'g-dGz) reen'; Fr. pron. 

Her'j-g-t zhan daRk') La Fayette, or La- Liddell (lid'dgl) Maintenon (in&Nf- ma'za'raN') 

Herrera(eR-Ra'ra) Joinville (join'vil fayette (la/fa- Lieber (lee'bgr) noN' or man'tg- Mazzini (mat-see' - 

Herschel (her'shgl) or zhwiiN'vel') et') Liebig (lee'big; non) nee orm'a-zee'nee) 

Hewes (hiiz) Jomini (zho'me'- Laffitte (liif'fltt or Ger. pron. lee'- Mainwaring (man'- Meagher (ma'gr) 

Heylin (ha'lin) ne') la'fet') biG) , ngr-ing) Medici (med'e-chee) 

Heyne (hi'neh) Jouffroy (zhoof- La Fontaine (la Lingard (ling'gard) Malagrida (ma-la- Medicis(ma'de'sess' 
[d^N') lon'tan' ; Fr. Linne (lin-ua',~ al- gree'da) or med'e-sis) 

(zhooR'- pron. la'foN'ten') most lin-nu') Malcolm (mSl'kQm) Mehemet Ali (ma- 
(zhoor'- Laing (lang) (Lat. Linnaeus, Malebranche (mSl'- hgm'et a'lee) \bet- 

Lally-Tollendal lin-nee'ds) g-branch' or ter Mohammed 

(lal'lee' tol'lox'- Linnell (lin'ngl) mal'broNsh') Ali. 

dal') ' Liszt (list) ' Malesherbes (m'al'- Meigs (mogz) 



Ileyse (hl'zgh) frwa') 

Hey wood (ha 7 - Jourdain 

wdbd) Jourdan 

Hogarth (ho'garth) doN') 
Holbein (hol'bln) Jowett (jo'et) 
Holinshed, or Hoi- Juarez (Hoo-a'res 



lynshed (hol'inz- orHwa'reth) Lamartine (la'- Lloyd (loid) zeRb') Melanchthon (mg- 

hed) Jullien(zhul'le-aN'; maR'ten') Lope de Vega (lo'pa Malibran (ma'le- laijk'thcn) ; less 

Holmes (homz) almost zh'ul'- Lamballe (loN'bal') da va'ga) broN ; Anglicized correctly Melanc- 

Hoogeven (ho'Ga- y&N') La Mennais, or Lothaire (lo-ther' mal'i-bran). thon. 



vgn) Junot (zhii'no') Lamennais (la'- or lo-teR') 

Houdon (oo'doN') Jussieu (jus'su' ; ma'na') Loudon (lou'dg-n) 

Houghton (ho' tg-n) Fr. pron. zhii'- La Motte-Fouqud Louis (loo'is; Fr. 
Houston (popularly se-uh') (la mot-foo'ka') pron. ioo'e') 

pronounced hu'- La ferouse (la Louverture (loo'- 

stg-n) ptt'rooz') veR'tuR'). Syn. 

Hovey (huv'I) 17" Laplace (la'plass') Toussaint. 

Huber (hoo'bgr) ■^ , LaRoche-jaquelein, Lowth (louth) Manutius rnia-nu 

Huger (km.) (u- or La Roche- Loyola (loi-o'la or shg-Qs) (Tt.~Man 

jee') Kant (kant or jacquelin (lii lo-yo'la) uzio 

Hughes (huz) kant) rosh'zhak'hlN') Lubin (Fr.) 'I'd'- se-o, [nee) 

Humbert (un'- Kantemir (kan'tg-Las Casas (las ka'- LJf ord [b&n') Manzoni 'miin-zo'- 

beR') meer). Syn. Cau- sas) Marat (ma'ra/) 

Humboldt (hdm'- temir. Las Cases (las kaz) "JV/T 



Malone (ma-lon') Menage (ma'nazh') 
Malpighi (mal-pee'- Mendelssohn (men'- 

gee) dgl-son) 

Malte Brun (mawlt Mendoza (men-do'- 

brdn' or malt'g- za ; Sp. pron. 

br&N') men-do'th'a) 

Mantell (man'tl) Metastasio (met'a- 



bolt : Ger. pron. Kavauagh (kav'a- La'tham 

hot>m'bolt) na' or kav'a- Latour (la'tooR') 

Hus'kTs-son naH') Lavater (la-va'ter Macaulay 

Huss,orHus Kearney (kar'nl) or la'va'tcR') kaw'll) 

(hfiss ; Ger. pron. Keble (k6b'l) 

hdbss) Keightly (kii/lee) 



Marie- Antoinette 
(ma're' oN'twa,' 
net') 
(ma- Marie Louise (ma 
re' loo'ez') 
Lavoisier (la'vwa'- Macchiavelli (mak- Marion (Am.) Michelet ( mesh'la') 

ze-a') ke-a-vel'lee). (mSr'e-gn) Mignet (men'ya') 



sta'se-o 
ta'se-o) 
ma-noot'- Metternich (mef- 

ter-nik or met'- 

tgr niK) 
Meyer (mi'gr) 
Meyerbeer (mi'gr- 

baR') 
Meyrick (mer'ik) 
Michaelis (me-ka- 

a'lis) 



Huyghens (hT'ggnz Kircher (kiR'Kgr Layard (la'ard) Syn.. Machiavel Marlborough 

or hoi'«gnz) or kir'kgr) Le Clerc. "or Le- Im5k'i-a-vel) (mawl'b'ro) 

Hyder Ali (hl'dgr Kisfaludy (kish'fo- clerc (lgh-kleR') MacCulloch (ma- Marlowe (mar'lo) 
a/lee) 



Mil'lin-ggn 
Milne (Scot.) (mil) 
Milne (Eng.)(miln) 
loo'di, almost Legare (Amer.) kiil'luh) sometimes written Milnes (milz) 

kish-fo-loodj') (leh-gree') Macllvaine (mSk'jl- Marlow. Miloradovitch (me- 

Kneller ( nel'lgr ; Legendre ('gh- vjin') Marryatt (maVrl- lo-ra'do-vitchi ; 

Ger. pron. kngl'- zhGNd'r' or lgh- Mackay (ma-ka' ati written also Milo- 

-*-• lgr) jen'dgr) and ma-ki') Martel (maR'tel') radowitz. 

Knolles (nolz) ; Leibnitz, or Leib- Mack'in-tosh Martineau (Eng. ) Minie (me'ne-a') 

Ibrahim (ib-bra'- written also niz (lip'nits) Mack'lin (mar't!-no) Mirabeau (mTr'a- 

heem) (Pasha) Knollys (n51z) Leigh (lee) Mac-la.u'rin Masaniello (mii-sa- bo' or me'ra'bo') 

Inchbald (inch'- Knowles (nolz) Leighton (la'tQn) Maclean (mak-lan') ne-el'lo) Mirandola (m«« 

bald) Koch (koK) Lempriere (lem'- Macleod " (ma- Maskelyne mas'kg- ran'do-la) 

Inez(ee'n£z) (queen Korner, or Koer- pri-er or lem- klowd') lln) " Mo-him'mgd 

of Portugal) ner(koR'ngr) preer') Maclin (ma-klTn') Mas'sa-soit' (Arab. pron. mo- 

In'ge-low Kosciusko (kos-si- Lenclos, or L'En- Maclise (ma-kleez') Massena (mas-sa'-» ham''mgd.)cy/i!en 

Ireton (Tr'ton) iis'ko) clos (loN'klo') Macomb 

Iriarte (e-re-aR'- Kossuth (kosh'- Le Sage, or Lesage komb') 



(ma- 



ta). Syn. Yri- 

arte. 
Iturbide (e-tooR'- 

be-da ) 
Ivan (Russ.) 

(e-van') 



shoot') (lgh-sazh') Macready 

Kotzebue (kot'sgh- Lespinasse, or L'Es- kree'dl) 

bu ; Ger. pron. pinasse (les'pe'- Mad'oc 

kot'sgh-boo) nass') 

Krummacher L'Estrange 

(kro"om'maK-gr) tranj') 



na; Fr. pron. but less correctly, 

ma'sa'na') icritten Mahomet 

(ma- Massillon (mSs'sil- Moir (moi'gr) 

Ion or mas'se'- Mole mo'la') 

yoN') Moliere (mo'le-eR') 

Magellan (ma-jel'- Massinger (mSs'sin- Molina mo-lee'na) 

(les- Ian; Sp. pron. jgr) ' Molyneux (mol'i- 



ma-Hgl-yan' ; Mather (mith'gr) nooks') 



dQ,wolf,t(Jb,t(}'ok ; firn,rjje,pull ; c,g,sq/ii; e,gjiard; a^; epst ; q as ng ; this ; 'ifi^^eflfit^fi^fi^^v^viBee p. 502). 



518 MODERN BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 

Moncreiff (mon- Nana Sahib (na/na Paganini (pa-ga- Pompadour (pom/- Rambouillet (roN'- Q 

kreef) sa'hib) nee'nee) pa-dobR' or poM'- boo'yo') *^» 

Monroe (mQn-ro') Napier (nil' pe-er) Paget (paj'gt) pa'dobR') Ranke (rank'gh) 

Monstrelet (moxs'- Ne-an'dgr ( Ger. Paixhans (paks'- Ponce de Leon Raphael (ra'fa-gl or Saadi. See SadL 

trgh-la') [gii) pro «. na-iin'dgr) hanz or peks'oN') (pon'tha da la- rXf'fa-el) Sabine (sab'in) 

Montague (mon'ta- Neck'gr ( Fr. pron. Palafox (P^l'a- on') Rapin (rap'm or Sacheverell [a%- 

Montaigne (mon'- nek'keR') foks' ; Sp. pron. Poniatowski(po-ne- ra/pax) chev'er-gl) 

tan' ; Fr. pron. Nemours (ngh- pa-la-foH') a-tov'ske) Ravaillac (r'i'val'- Sachs (saks) 

moN'tan') mooR') Palestrina (pa-les- Pontchartrain yak' or ra'v&h'- Saintine (saN'ten') 

Montalembert Nesselrode (nes'sgl- tree'nii) (poN'shaR'triiN') yak') _ Saint-John (senf- 

(moN'ta'loN'beR') ro'dgh) Pal'gravo Popham (pop'am) Reaumur (ra'o'- jon or sin'jen) 

Montcalm (mont- Ney (na) Palmerston (pam'- Porteus (por'te-fis) m'dK' or ro'mur) Saint Leger (sil'lin- 

kam' ; Fr. pron. Niebuhr (nee'boor) cr-stQn) Potemkin(po-tem'- Regiomontanus jer) 

nioN'kam') Niepce (ne-eps^) Panizzi (pa-nit'see) kin; Russ. pron. (re'je-o-mon-ta'- Saint-Pierre (senfc- 

Montecuccoli. Noailles (no'aP or Pan'mure (Scotch pot-ySm'kin) nus) peer or s&N'pe- 

(mon't2-k6~bk'ko- no'&y") pron. pan-miir'j Poussin (poo'saN') Rembrandt (rem'- Sr') 

lee); written also Nodier (na'de-il') Paoli (pa'o-lee or Powell (pou'gl) brtint ; Dutch Saint-Simon (sent- 

Montecuculi. Nbhden, or Noeh- pow'lee) [no') PoWhat-tan' pron. rem'brant) si'mgn orsaN'se'- 

Montespan (mon'- den(nb'don) Papineau (pa'pe'- Praed (prad) Renan (reh-noN') moN') 

tes-piin' ; Fr. Nos'tra-d r i'mus Fr. Par'a-cel'sus Preble ( preb'l) Ren'neir SalaJin (sal'a-din) 

pron. moN'tes'- Notre-dame, notr'- Pardoe (par'do) Prichard (pritch'- Reynolds (ren'pldz) (Arab. Salah-ed- 

poN') dam') Parmigiano (paR- ard) Ricasoli (re-ka'so- Din (sa-lah'ed- 

Montesquieu Novalis (no-v'a'lTs). me-ja'no), or PrTdeaux (prid'o lee) deen') 

(m5n'tgs-ku' ; Syn. Hardenberg. Parmegiano and prid'tix) Riccio (ret'cho) Salinasius (s31-ma'- 

Fr. pron.m&TS 1 - (paR-ma-j'oL'no) Priessnitz (preess'- Richelieu (resh'gh- zhT-Hs). Syn. 

tes'ke-uh') Par'ngll nits) loo ; Fr. pron. Saumaise. 

Montgolfier (mtjN'- f\ Pascal (pas'kal ; Fr. Proudhon (proo / - resh'le-uh') Sam'o-set 

gol'fe-a' or mont- *-'■ pron. pas'kal') doN') Richter (riK'tgr). Sand (sand, or 

gol'fT-gr) Passow (pas'soj Prud'hon (prii'- -Syn. Jean Paul. son) 

Montgomery (Eng.) Oberlin (o'bgr-lin) ; Pearce and PGarce doN') Rienzi (re-en'zee), San'dj'S (or sandz) 

(mo,nt-gum'gr-i) Fr. pron. o'beR'- Pear'sgn anr/ Pear'- Psalmanazar (sal'- or Rienzo (re-en'- Saumarez (saw', 
Montholon (moN'- laN') [nel) son ma-na'zar) zo) ma-rez) 

to'loN') [roz') O'Connell (o-kon'- Pellico (pel'le-ko) Puf'fen-dorf (Ger. Rives (Amer.) Saunderson (san'- 

Montrose (mQnt- (Ecolampadius ( ek'- Pepin (pep'in or Pufendorf, poo'- (reevz) dgr-sgn) 

Montucci (mon- o-lam-pa'di-us) pip'in ; Fr. pron. fgn-doRf) Rizzio (ret'se-o or Saurin (saw'rln; 

toot'chee) Ogilby (o'g'l-bi) pen-pas') Pughe(pu) rit'se-o) Fr.pron. so'raN'j 

Moore (Eng.) (mor) Ogilvie (o'g'l-vi) Pepys (peps) Pugin (pu'jin) Robespierre (ro'bgs- Saussure (so'siir' 

Moratin (ino-ra- Oglethorp (o'g'l- Pereira (pe-ree'ra ; Pulaski ("pu-las'- peer' or rob'es- or so's'ur') 

teen') thorp) Port. pron. pa- kee ; Pol. pron. pe-eR') Savary (sa'vii're') 

Moray (mur'rl) Ohlenschlager, or ra'e-ra) poo-las'kee) Rochambeau (ro'- Savigny (sa'ven'- 

Moreau (mo'ro') Oehlenschlager Persigny fp8r-sen'- Pulci (pool'chee) shoN'bo') ye') 

Morel (mo'rel') (o'lgn-shla'ger) ye or peR'sen'ye') Pulteney (pult'nl) Rochefoucauld Savile, or Sayille 

Morell (mo-rell') Oldys" (ol'dis or Pestalozzi (pes-ta- Pusey (pu'zl) (rosh'foo-ko' or (say'il) 

Morrell (Am.) oldz) lot'see) rosh'foo'ko') Savonarola (sa-vo» 

(mor'rel) Olmstead (um'sted Petrarch (pee'- Roget (ro'zha. or na-ro'la) 

Mor'ton or om'stod) trark) (It. Petrar- f\ ro'zha') Scaliger (skal'i-jgr) 

Mo^'by O'Meara (o-mee'ra ; ca, pa-traR'k'a) ^v* Rollin ( rOl'Hn ; Fr. Scarron (skii'roN') 

Mosheim (mos'him) Irish pron. o- Pfeiffer (Ger.)(pfif- pron. rol'lax') Schamyl (sha'mil). 

Motteux (mot-too') ma'ra) fer) Quarles (kwarlz) Romilly (Eng.) Syn. Shamyl. 

Moultrie (moo' tri) Onkelos (onk'g-los) Pharamond (far'a- Quatremere (k'at'r'- (rom'il-i) SchefFer (shef'fgr ; 

Mow'att Orsay (or-sa.') " mond or fa'r'i'- meR') Ronge (rong'gh) Dutch pron. 

Mozart (mo-zarf; Orsini (oR-see'nee) mos') Quevedo (kS-va'Do) Ronsard (roN'saR') SKef'fer; French 

Ger. pron. mot'- Os'bal-dis'tQne Piccolomini (plk- Quiuault (ke'no') Rosecranz (roz'- shef'feR') 

sart) Ossian (Gsh'an) ko-lom'e-nee) Quincy (kwin'sl or krSnts) Scheller (shel'ler) 

Mudie (mu'dT; Sco£. Ossoli (os'so"lee) Pichegru (pesh'- kwin'zT) Rosenmiiller (ro'- Schelling( shelling) 

pron. moo'di) Oudinot (oo'de'no') gr'u') Quinet (ke'na') zgn-m'dl'lgr), al- Schenck (skenk) 

Miiller (mul'lgr, al- Oughtred (ot'rgd) Pierce (peerss or most ro'zgn-mil'- Schiller (shil'ler) 

wo^mll'ler) [I) Ousely (ooz'li)" perss) lgr) Schimmelpennink 

Mulready (mul'red- Overweg (o'ver- Piozzi (pe-ot'see or T> Rothschild (ros'- (shim'mgl-pen'- 

Miinchhausen waG) pe-oz'zT) - L *'* child; Ger. pron. nlnk) 

(miin-chaw'sgn ; Oxenstiern (oks'en- Piper (Sw.) (pee'- r5t'shllt) Schlegel_ (shla'gel 

Ger. pron- miinK- st5rn')(Sw. Oxen- per ; in Eng. pi'- Rabelais (ra'bgh- Roubillac (roo'bel'- or shla'Ggl) 

how'zen) stierna, oks'en- per) la' or rab'la') yak' or roo'be'- Schleiermacher 

Murat (ni'ii'ra 7 or ste-eR'na) Pizarro ( pe-zar'ro ; Rachel (Fr.) (ra'- yak'); written also (shll'gr-maK'gr) 

mu-rat') Sp. pron. pe- shel') Roubilliac. and Schlosser (shlos' 

Murillo (moo-reel'- thaR'Ro) Racine (ra'sen' or Roubiliac. sgr) 

yo or mu-ril'lo) T) Plantagenet (plSn- rSs-seen') Rousseau (roo'so') Schmidt (shmit) 

Mylne (miln) ■*■• t3j'e-net) Radetzky (ra-dets'- Routledge (rQt'lij) Schuyler (ski'ler) 

Pleyel (pli'gl), or kee) Rowe(ro) Scoresby (skorz^bi) 

Pacheco (Sp.) (pa- Pleyl (pill) Raeburn (ra'bern) Rowley (rou'li) Scougal (skoo'gal) 

cha'ko) Po'ca-hon'tas RafiFaelle (raf-fa-el'- Rlickert (rdk'kgrt, Scribe (skreb) 

Paesiello (p'i-S-se- Po'cBcke la) Syn. Raphael, almost rik'kgrt) Scuderi, or Seudery 

el'lo), or Paisiello Poin-sett' Raleigh (raw'lT) ; Rutgers (rut'Sers) (Fr.) (sk'd'da're') 

Nadir Shah (na'dir (pa-e-se-el'lo, a',- Polk (polk or pok) written also Rutherford (ruth'- Sepulverla (sa- 

shah) most pi-ze-el'lo) Pombal (pom-baP) Ralegh. er-fQrd) pool'va-da) 

a,e,&c.,Zong-; a } e,o,less prolonged; a,,e,k,c.,short; a,e,i,Q } obscure; care,far,ask,all,what ; ere,T£il,t5rm; p'/que,firm,s6n,6r. 



N. 



MODERN BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 519 

pgr-ve'tus (Sp. Steuben (German) Ten'tgr-dgn Trowbridge (tro'- Vladimir (vlad'g- Worcester (wtibs'- 

Servedo, seR-va'- (stoi'bgn) Thaarup (to'ryp) brij) mer) tgr) 

do) Stb'ckhardt, or Thackeray (thak'- Turenne(tO'renn' ; Volney (v51'nl ; Fr. Wordsworth 

Sevigne (sa-veen'ya Stoeckhardt gr-ri) French pron. t'u'- pron. vol'na') (wfirdz'wfirth) 

or sa'ven'ya') (stbk'haRt) Thalberg(tal'beRG) renn') Voltaire (vol-ter' or Wouverman( wow'. 

Seward (su'ard) Storace (sto-ra'cha Theobald (thee'o- Turgot (toor'go' or vol'teR'). Syn. vgr-man) 
Seymour (see'mgr) or stor'ass) bawld or tib'- tiiR'go') Arouet. Wraxall (raks'al or 

Sforza (sfoRt'sa)" Storrs (storz) bald) Turpin (tfir'pin or Vortigem (vor'tg- raks'al) 

Shakes'peare \writ- Stowell (sto'gl) Thesiger(th6s / i-jer) tGR'pais') ggm) Wy cher ley (witch '- 

ten also Shak- Strahan and Thevenot (tav'no') Tyrwhitt (ter'it or Voss (Dutch) (tors) gr-lT) 

epeare and Shak- Stracban Thibaudeau (te'- tgr'wit) (Lat. Vossius, Wycliffe (wik'lTf); 

spere. (strawn) bo'do') v5sh'i-tis) also Wyclif, Wic- 

Shamyl (sha/mil). Straparola(stra-pa- Thierry (te-er'rl or Voss (Ger.) (foss) lif, and Wickliffe. 

Syn. Scbamyl. ro'lii), or Strap'a- te-a'ree') Wyntoun (wln'tg-n 

Sheil (sheel) role " Thiers (te-eR') u# or win' toy n) 

Sidmouth (sid'- Strauss (strouss) Tholuck (to'ltfbk) Yy Wythe (with • th aa 

muth) Stuyvesant (stl'vg- Thorn (torn) Uberti (oo-beR'tee) Y ' ■ in thin) 

Sieyes (se-es', se- sant)_ [s'd) Thoresby (thorz'bT) Ugolino(oo-go-lee'- 

a', or se-a'ya') Sue" (su; Fr. pron. Thorwaldsen (tor'- no) Wachter (waK'tgR) 

Sigel (see'ggl) Suleyman (soo-la- wald-sen or toR'- Uhland (oo'liint or Waldemar (wgl'de- "V" 

Sigismund" (sy'is- man'). Syn. Soli- viild-sgn) yoo'land) mar or wal'deh- -**-• 

mund) man. ' Thouvenel (toov'- Ulfilas, or Ulphilas mar) 

Sigourney (sig'gr- Sully (sul'lT; Fr. nel') (ul'i'T-las) Wallenstein (wol'- Xavier (zav'i-gr; 

m) pron. sli'ye') Tieck (teek) Upham (up'am) lgn-stin ; German Sp. pron. Ha-ve* 

Sismondi(sis-mon'-Surajah Dowlah Tighe (ti) Urquhart (Cfrk'art) pron. wal'lgn- ait') 

dl ; It. pron. ses- (siir-a'jah-dow'- Tillemont (tey"- Uwins (yoo'inz) stin') Ximenes (zi-mee'- 

mon'dee) lah) moN') Walsingham (wol'- nez ; Sp. pron. 

Slidell (sli-del') Suwarrow (soo-or'- Tilly (til'le; Fr. sing-am) He-ma'n6s) 

Snorri Sturluson ro) ; written also pron. te'ye') TT War'bur-tpn 

(snor'ree stoor'- Souvoroff or Su- Timur, or Timour v • Wargentin (war'- 

ldb-SQn) worow (Huss. (tee'moor'). gen-teen) "y 

Soane (son) pron. soo-vo'rof) Called by the Val-lan'di-gham Warham (wor'gm) - 1 - • 

Sobieski (so-be-es'- Swe'dgn-borg'( Sw. Persians Timur- (-dT-gam) Washington 

kee) pron. swa'den- Lang or L6ng (i. Van Buren (van (wosh'ing-tgn) Yonge (yung) 

Socinus (so-sl'ntis) boRG); written e., " Timur the bu'rgn) Watteau (yat'to') Youatt (yoo'at) 

(It. Sozzini, sSt- also Svedenborg. Lame,") whence Vanbrugh (van 7 - Weber (wa'bgr or Youmans "(yoo'- 

see'nee) Sydenham (sid'gn- Tamerlane. broo) wa'bgr) manz) 

Somers (sum'grz) am) Tintoretto (ten-to- Vancouver (van- Wellesley (welz'li) Yriarte (e-re-aR'ta) 

Sontag (son'tag or ' ret'to) koo'ver) Wemys (weemz or Syn. Iriarte. 

son'taG) Tippoo Sahib (tip'- Vandyke (vau-d!k') winiz) Ysabeau (e'za'bo') 

Sotheby (sQth'g-b!) rn po sa'hib ; almost (Dutch Vandyck, Werner (wEr'ngr or 

Soule (sol) -*-• sa'ib) or Vandjik, van- weR'ngr) 

Soule (soo-la' or Tiraboschi (te-ra- dik') Whalley (hw&'li) ry 

soo'la') Taglioni (tal-yo'- bos'kee) Varnhagen (faRn'- Whewell (hu'gl) «• 

Soulouque (soo'- nee) Tischendorf (tish'- ha-gen) Whitefield (hwTf- 

look') Talbot (tawl'bgt) gn-doRf) Vattel (vat-tel' or feeld) ZTm'mgr-mann 

Soult (soolt) Talfourd( taw l'fyrd) Titian (tish'an) (It. vat'tel') _ Wieland (wee'lgnd; (German pron. 

Southard (sfith'- Taliaferro (tSl'i- Tiziano, "tet-se- Vauban (vo'boN') German pron. tsim'mer-man) 

ard) ver, and some- a'no) Vaughan (vaw'n or wee'lant) Zinzendorf (tsinf- 

Southern(suth'grn) Zwjes tel'fgr) Tocqueville (tok'- vaw'an) Willoughby (wil'lg- sgn-doRf) 

Southey (sowthT'I) Talleyrand "(tal'll- vil ; Fr. pron. Vaux " (Eng. & bi) Zolfikofer (Ger.) 

Souvestre (soo'- rand; Fr. pron. tok'vel') Amer. ) (vawks) Willughby (wil'lg- (tsol'le-ko'fgr) 

vestr') tal'la'roN') Torquato (toR- Vega (va'ga) bi) Zol'li-kof'fgr (Am.) 

Sowerby (sou'er- Tallien (ta'le-aN) kwa'to). Velasquez (va-las'- Winckelmann Zouch (zooch) 

bi) Tallmadge (tal'mij) Torquemada (toR- kez or va-las'- (wink'gl-man) Zschokke (tsb.Sk'- 

Soyer (soi'er or Tamerlane ( titm'gr- ka-ma'Da) keth) Windham (wind'- kgh) 

swa'ya') Ian or tam'gr- Torricelli (tor-rl- Vernet (veR'na') am) Zumala - Carregui 

Spinola(spee'no-la) Ian') sel'li or toR-Re- "Verplanck (vgr- Winkelried (wIqk'- (thoo-ma'la-kaR- 

Spinoza (spe-no'za) Taney (taw'nl) chel'lee) plilijk') gl-reet) Ra'gee) 

Spurtzheim Tas'so (It. pron. Toucey (tou 'si) Ver-sfe'gfjn Wirth (we^Rt) Zumpt (tsdbmpt) 

(spooRts'him or tas'so) Tournefort (tooRn'- Ver'n-lam Wolcott (wSl'kgt Zuniga ( thoon-yee'- 

spfirz'im) Tassoni (tas-so'- foR') Vespucci (v5s- or wdbl'kSt) ga). See Ercilla. 

Stael (stal or stawl) nee) [nits) ToussaintL'Ouver- poot'chee) Wolff (English) Zwin'gll (German 

Stanhope (stan'op) Tauchnitz (touK'- ture (too'saN' Vicente (ve-sen'ta) (w<5blf) pron. tswlng'lee) 

Stanislaus (stan-is- Tauler (tou'lgr) loo'vgR'tuR') Vicq d'Azyr (vek Wollaston (wdbl'- (Lat. ZwTn'gli-Qs 

la'Qs or stan-is- Te-cQm'sgh Townshend da'zeR) as-tgn) or Zuin'gli-us) ; 

la/us) [ton) Tegner (teng-UeR') (townz'end) Vidocq (ve'dok') Wollstonecraft written also 

Staunton (stan'- Teniers (ten'yerz ; Trad'gs-cSnt Villiers (vil'ygrz) (wc^ol'stgn- Zwingle (zwtng'- 

gteuben (Amer.) Fr. pron. tgh-ne- Tristan (French) Vinci (vin'chee or kraft) gl) [gr) 

(stu'bgn) a' or tgn-ya') (tres'toN') ven'chee) Wolsey (wcTol'zT) Zwirner (tsw!Rn'- 

dQ,wolf,t6"o,t(J'ok ; urn,rue,pull; V,g,sqft; €,g,hard; a§; exist; nasng; this, SjOjUje^^^jS.WjBjDjGjHjKjNjRjUfseep. 502). 



PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY 

" OF 

COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES, 



WITH 



THEIR DERIVATION, SIGNIFICATION, AND DIMINUTIVES, OR NICK-NAMES. 



I. NAMES OF MEN. 



AARON (ar'un). [Heb.] Lofty ; in- 

_ spired. 

A'BEL. [Heb] Breath ; transitori- 

ness ; vanity. 
A-BI'EL. [Heb.] Father of strength. 
A-bI'jah. [Heb.] To whom Jehovah 

is a father. 
Ab'ner. [Heb.] Father of light. 
A'BRA-HAM. [Heb.] Father of a mul- 
titude. — Dim. Abe (ab). 
A'BRAM. [Heb.] Father of elevation. 

Dim. Abe. 
Ad'am. [Heb.] Man ; earth-man ; 

red earth. — Dim. Ade (ad). 
A-dol'phus. [0. H. Ger.j Noble 

■wolf, (. e. noble hero. 
Ad'O-NI'RAM. [Heb.] Lord of height. 
Al/AN. Variously explained as a 

hound [Slav.], harmony [Celt.], and 

a corruption of Hilary, or of JElia- 

nus. 
Il'a-rIc. [0. H. Ger.] All-rich ; or, 

noble ruler. 
AI/bert. [0. H. Ger.] Nobly bright ; 

illustrious. 
Al'bi-on. [Celt.] Mountainous land ; 

the ancient name of England. 
AL'ES-XN'DER. [Gr.] A defender of 

men. — Dim. AFeck, El'lick, San'- 

der, San'dy, Saw'nie. 
Ali'FRED. [0. H. Ger.] Elf in coun- 
cil ; t. e., good counselor. — Dim. 

Alf. 
Algernon. [Fr.] With whiskers. 
A-LON'zo. [0. Ger.] The same as 

Alphonso, q. v. 
Al'phe-us {properly Al-phe'us). 

[HebJ Exchange. 
Al-phon'so. [0. H. Ger.] All-ready ; 

willing. 

aL^aS; { r Heb o ™^y- 

Al'vin, ) [0. H. Ger.] Beloved by 

Al'win, J all. 

Am'a-ri'ah. [Heb.] Whom Jehovah 

promised. 
Am'A-sA. [Heb.] A burden. 
Altt'BROSE. [Gr.] Immortal ; divine. 
Am'mi. [Heb.] My people. 
A'MOS. [Heb.] Strong ; courageous ; 

otherwise, burden. 



An'drew (an'dru). [Gr.] Strong; 

man ly . — Dim . An'dy . 
An'selm. [0. H. Ger.] Protection 

of God. 
In'tho-ny (-to-), I [Lat.] Priceless ; 
An'to-ny. ) praiseworthy. — 

Dim. To'ny. 
Ar'chi-bald. [Ger.] Extremely bold ; 

otherwise, holy prince. — Dim. Ar'- 

chy. 
Ar'te-mas. [Gr.] Gift of Artemis, or 

Diana. 
AR'THUR. [Celt.] High; noble. 
A'sA. [Heb.] Healer ; physician. 
As'A-HEL. [Heb.] Made of God. 
A'§APH. [Heb.] A collector. 
Ash'er. [Heb.] Happy ; fortunate. 
.Xsh'ijr. [Heb] Black; blackness. 

AU-GUS'TIN, ) rr *. t t> i • * 
AU-GUS'TINE, tL l t i, 1 B f el a 0Dglng t0 
Aus'TlN. ' j Augustus. 

Au-g&s'tus. [Lat.] Exalted ; impe- 
' rial L — Dim. Gus. 
Au-re'li-US. [Lat.] Golden. 
Az'a-ri'ah. [Heb.] Helped of the 
Lord. 

B. 

BALD'WIN. [0. H. Ger.] Bold, coura- 
geous friend. 
Bap'tist. [Gr.] A baptizer ; purifier. 

BlR'NA:?Y S, ! Sonofconsoiation - 

Bar-thol'o-mew. [Heb.] A warlike 

son. — Dim. Bat. 
Bar-zTl'lai. [Heb.] Iron of the 

Lord ; firm ; true. 
BA§'il. [Gr.] Kingly ; royal. 
Ben'e-di€T. [Lat.] Blessed. — Dim. 

Ben'net, 
Ben'ja-min. [Heb.] Son of the 

right hand. — Dim. Ben, Ben'ny. 
BE-RI'AH. [Heb.] In calamity. 
B£r'nart>. ( [0. H. Ger.] Bold as a 
BAR'nard. J bear. 
Ber'tram. [0. H. Ger.] Bright 

raven. 
BezXl'E-EL. [Heb.] In the shadow 

(protection) of God. 
Bon'i-fa^e. [Lat.] A benefactor. 
BRI'AN. [Celt.] Strong. 
BRU'NO. [0. H. Ger.] Brown. 



C. 



CAD-WAL'LA-BER. [Brit.] Battle- 
arranger. 
QjE'gAR. [Lat.] Hairy; or blue-eyed; 

or, born under the cesarean opera- 
tion. 
Ca'leb. [Heb.] A dog. 
€Al'vw. [Lat.] Bald. 
Cecil (se'sil, sls'il, or seVil). [Lat.] 

Dim-sighted. 
Qe'phas. [Aramaic] A stone. 
Charles. [0. H. Ger.] Strong; 

manly ; noble-spirited. — Dim. 

Char'lie, or Char'ley. 
€hr'ist'IAN. [Lat.] Belonging to 

Christ ; a believer in Christ. — Dim. 

Chrls'tie. 
€hr'js'to-piier. [Gr.] Bearing 

Christ. — Dim. Kes'ter, Kit, €hris. 
€lXr'ence. [Lat.] Illustrious. 
€lau'di-us, ) rT , , T 
Claude. J £ Lat J Lame ' 
€lem'ent. [Lat.] Mild-tempered ■, 

merciful. 
€6n'rad. [0. H. Ger.] Bold in 

council ; resolute. 
€6n'stant._ [Lat.] Firm ; faithful. 
€6n'stan-tine. [Lat.] Resolute ; 

firm. 
€or-ne'LI-us (orkor-neel'yus). [Lat.] 

( Uncertain). 

[Lat.] Having curly 
hair. 



€r!s'pin, 
€ris'pus, 
€ris'pi-an. 
cuth'bert 

dor 

Cyp'ri an. [Gr.] Of Cyprus 
Cyr'il. [Gr.] Lordly. 
Cy'rus. [Per.] The sun. 



[A.-S.] Noted splen- 



D. 



DXn'i-el (or dan'yel). [Heb.] A divine 

judge. — Dim. Dan. 
Da-ri'us. [Per.] Preserver. 
Da'vid. [Heb.] Beloved. — Dim. 

D.Vvy, Dave. 
De-me'TRI-US. [Gr.] Belonging to 

Ceres. 
Den'is, ) [Gr.] Same as Dionysius. 
Den'nis. J [Fr. form.] 



A, f , i 6, u, Y, long; A, E, I, 6,0, y, short; cAre, far, ask, all, what ; ERE, veil, tF.rm ; PIQUE, fIrm ; s6N. 
(620) 



COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES. 



521 



DfcR'RICK. [0. H. Ger.] A corrup- 
tion of T HE O DORIC. 

Di'o-nys'i-us (dT'o-nizhl-us). [Gr.] 
Belonging to Dionysos or Bacchus, 
the god of wine. 

Don'ald. [Celt.] Proud chief. 

Dun/can (dQnk'an). [Celt.] Brown 
chief. 

E. 

£b'EN. [Heh.] A stone. 

£b'en-e'zeb. [Heb.] The stone of 
help. 

Ed'gar. [A.-S.] A javelin (or pro- 
tector) of property. 

Ed'munu. [A.-S.] Defender of prop- 
erty. — Dim. Ed, Ned (a contraction 
of " mine Ed "). 

Ed'ward. [A.-S.] Guardian of prop- 
erty. — Dim. Ed, Ed'dy, Ned, 
Ned'dy, Ted'dy. 

Ed'win. [A.-S.] Gainer of property. 

— Dim. Ed, Ed'dy. 

Eg'bert. [0. II. Ger.] The sword's 
brightness ; famous with the sword. 

£l/bert. [0. II. Ger.] The same as 
Albert. 

EL'dred. [A.-S.] Terrible. 

E'le-a'zer. [Heb.] To whom God 
is a help. 

E'LI. [Heb.] A foster son. 

E-Ll'AB. [Heb.] God is his father. 

E-ia'AS. [Heb.] The same as Elijah. 

E-li'hu. [Heb.] God the Lord. 

E-LI'JAH. [Heb.] Jehovah is my 
God. 

E-LIPH'A-LET. [Heb.] God of sal- 
vation. 

E-li'sha. [Heb.] God my salvation. 

E-LI'ZUR. [Heb.] God is my rock. 

El'lis. [Heb.] A variation of ELI- 

w SHA. 

EL'MER. [A.-S.] Noble ; excellent. 
[A contraction of Ethelmer.] 

£l'NA-THAN. [Heb.] God gave. 

Em-man'u-el. [Heb.] God with us. 

£m'e-ry, ) 

Km'me-ry, { [A.-S.] Powerful; rich. 

Km'o-ry. ) 

E'NOCH. [Heb.] Consecrated; dedi- 
cated. 

,^'NOS. [Heb.] Man. 

E'phra-Hm. [Heb.] Very fruitful. 

E-rXs'mus. [Gr.] Lovely ; worthy 
to tfe loved. 

E-rXs'tus. [Ger.] Lovely ; amiable. 

E'RlC. [A.-S.] Rich ; brave ; power- 

Ir'nIKuS.}^ Ea ™ eSt - 

E'than. [Heb.] Firmness; strength. 

Eu'Gene, or EC -GENE'. [Ger.] Well- 
born : noble. 

Eus'tace. [Gr.] Healthy ; strong ; 
standing firm. 

£v'AN. [Brit.] The same as JOHN. 

E-ZE'KI-EL. [Heb.] Strength of God. 

— Dim. Zeke. 
Ez'ra. [Heb.] Help. 



Fer'di-nand. [0. H. Ger.] Brave ; 
valiant. 



Fer-nXn'do. [0. H. Ger.] Same as 

Ferdinand. 
Fran'cis. [Fr.] Free. — Dim. FrSnk. 
FrXnk. [Fr.] A contraction of 

Francis. 
Fred'er-I€, ) [0. H. Ger.] Abound- 
FrED'er-ick. J ing in peace ; or 

peaceful ruler. — Dim. Fred, Fr6d'- 

dy. 

G. 

Ga'ius (ga'yus). [Lat.] Rejoiced. 

Ga-ma'li-el. [Heb.] Recompense 
of God. 

GAR'RET. [0. H. Ger.] Another form 
of Gerald, or Gerard. 

Geof'frey. [0. H. Ger.] The same 

f as Godfrey. 

George. [Ger.] A landholder ; hus- 
bandman. — Dim. GeoVgle, Gedr'dte. 

Ger'ald, ) [0. H. Ger.] Strong with 

GER'ARD. J the spear. 

GER'shom. [Heb.] An exile. 

GID'e-on. [Heb.] A destroyer. 

GIL'BERT. [0. H. Ger.] Yellow- 
bright ; famous. 

Giles. [Gr.] A kid. 

Gfv'EN. [Eng.] Gift of God. 

God'dard. [0. Ger.] Pious ; virtu- 
ous. 

God'frey. [0. H. Ger.] At peace 
with God. 

GREG'O-RY. [Ger.] Watchful ; vigi- 
lant. 

Grif'FITH. [Brit.] Having great 
faith^ 

Gus-ta'vus. [Sw.] A warrior ; 
hero. 

GUY. [Fr.] A leader. 

H. 

HXN'NI-BAL. [Punic] Grace of 

Baal. 
Har'old. [A.-S.] A champion ; 

general of an army. 
He'MAN. [Heb.] Faithful. 
Hen'ry. [0. H. Ger.] The head or 

chief of a house. — Dim. Hal, HSr'ry 

(by assimilation of consonant sound), 

HSn. 
HEr'bert. [A.-S.] Glory of the army. 
Her'man. [0. H. Ger.] A warrior. 
HEZ'E-KI'AH. [Heb.] Strength of 

the Lord. 
HlL'A-RY. [Lat.] Cheerful ; merry. 
Hl'RAM. [Heb.] Most noble. 
Hor'ace. [Gr.] Same as Horatio. 

[Fr.form.] 
Ho-RA'TI-O (ho-ra'shT-o). [Gr.] Un- 
certain. 
Ho-§e'a. [Heb] Salvation. 
How'ELL. [Brit.] Sound; whole. 
Hu'BERT. [0. H. Ger.] Bright in 

spirit ; soul-bright. 
Hugh (hu), ) [D.] Mind ; spirit ; 
Hu'go. ) soul. 
HOmph'rey. [A.-S.] Protector of 

the home. 



f€H'A-BOD. 

departed. 



I. 

[Heb.] 



The glory has 



lG-NA'Tt-us (ig-na'shT-ua). [Gr.] Ar- 
dent ; fiery. 

Im-man'u-el. [Heb.] The same as 
Emmanuel. 

IN'crease. [Eng.] Increase of faith. 

In'GRAM. [Teut.] Raven. 

IN'I-GO. [Gr.] The same as IGNA- 
TIUS. [Sp. form.] 

I'RA. [Heb.] AVatchful. 

I'gAAC (7'zak). [Heb.] Laughter.— 
Dim. Ik, Ike. 

I-sA'rAH (l-za'ya). [Heb.] Salvation 
of the Lord. 

IS/RA-EL. [Heb.] A soldier of God. 

IV'an. [Brit.] The same as John. 
[Russian form.] 



Ja/bez. [Heb.] He will cause pain. 
Ja'cob. [Heb.] A supplanter. — 

Dim. Jake. 
Ja'I-rus. [Heb.] He will enlighten. 
JAMEg. [Heb.] The same as Jacob. 

— Dim. Jeameg, Jem, Jim, Jem'- 
_my, Jim 'my. 

Ja'pheth. [Heb.] Enlargement. 
J A' red. [Heb.] Descent. 
Ja'son. [Gr.] A healer. 
JXs'PEi . [Per.] ( Uncertain.) 
JEd'e-di'ah. [Heb.] Beloved of the 

Lord. 
Jef'frey. [0. H. Ger.] The same 

as Godfrey. 

JtR'E-MY. j L0rd - 

JEr'ome (in Eng.), JE-ROME' (in 

Amer.). Holy name. 
Jfis'SE. [Heb.] Wealth. 
Jo'AB. [Heb.] Jehovah is his father. 
Job. [Heb.] Afflicted ; persecuted. 
Jo'el. [Heb.] The Lord is God. 
John (jon). [Heb.] The gracious 

gift of God. — Dim. John'ny, Jack, 

Jock. 

JO'NAH, ) rTT . , . . , 
Jd'NAS. J t IIeb -3 A d0Ve - 

JSn'a-than. [Heb.] Gift of Jeho- 
vah. 

Jo'gEPH. [Heb.] He shall add.— 
Dim. Joe. 

J6sh'u-a. [Heb.] God of salvation. 

— Dim. Josh. 

Jo-si'ah, ) [Heb ] Given of the 

Jo-sI'AS. J Lord. 

Jo'tham. [Heb.] The Lord is up- 
right. 

Ju'dah. [Heb.] Praised. 

Ju'lT-an. [Lat.] Sprung from, or be- 
longing to, Julius. — Dim. Jule. 

Ju'Ll-Ds. [Gr.] Soft-haired. —Dim, 
Jule. 

JGs'tin. [Lat.] Just. 

JOs'tus- [Lat.] Just. 

K. 

KfiN'ELM. [A.-S.] A defender of hi" 
kindred. 

Ken'neth. [Gael.] A leader ; com- 
mander. 

L. 

La'ban. [Heb.] White. 



OR, do, wolf, too, to"OK; URN, rue, PULL; E,I, 0,silent; C,G, so/*; €,G,hard; Ag; exist; NrsNG; 



THIS 



522 



COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES. 



LXm'bert. [O.H. Ger.j Illustrious 

with landed possessions. 
LXn'ce-lot. [It.] A little angel; 

otherwise, a little lance or warrior; 

or a servant. 
Lau'rence, I [Lat.] Crowned with 
Law'ren^e.) laurel. —Dim. Lar'- 

ry (Law'rie, Lau'rle, Scot., Lar'ry, 

Irish. ) 
Laz'a-rus. [Heb.] God will help. 
Le-an'der. [Gr.] Lion -man. 
Lem'u-el. [Heb.] Created by God. 
Leon'ard (len'ard). [Ger.j Strong 

or brave as a lion. 
Le-6n'i-das. [Gr ] Lion-like. 
Le'o-pold. [0. H. Ger.] Bold for 

ttiepeople. 
"iE'vi. [Heb.] Adhesion. See Gen. 

xxix. 34. 
JjEW'is (ldb'is). [0. H. Ger.] Bold 

warrior. — Dim. Lou. 
Li'nus. [Gr.] Flaxen-haired. 
Ll'O-NEL. [Lat.] Young lion. 
Llew-EL'lyn (lu-el'lin). [Celt.] 

Lightning. 
Lo-am'mi. [Heb.] Not my people. 
Lo-REN'ZO. [Lat.] Same as LAU- 
RENCE. [It. & Sp. forms.] 
Lot. [Heb.] A veil; a covering. 
Lou'IS. [0. II. Ger.] Tr„ same as 

Lewis. [Fr. form.] 
LU'CI-AN (UVshi-an). [Lat.] Belong- 
ing to, or sprung from, Lucius. 
Lu'ci-us (lu'shi-tts). [Lat.] Born at 

break of day. 
Lu'do-vic. [0. H. Ger.] Same as 

Lewis. [Ger. form.] 
Luke. [Lat.] Light. 
Lu'ther. [Ger.] Illustrious warrior. 



M. 



Ma'dO€. _[W.] Good ; beneficent. 

Mal/a-€HI. [Heb.] Messenger of 
the Lord. 

Ma-nas'seh. [Heb ] Forgetfulness . 

Mar-cel'lus. [Lat.] Dim. of Mar- 
cus. 

Mar'ci-Os (mar'shi-Ss). [Lat.] Same 
as Marcus. 

Mar'cus, I [Lat.] A hammer ; other- 

Mark. J wise, a male, or sprung 
from Mars. 

Mar'MA-duke. [A.-S.] A mighty 
noble. 

Mar'tin. [Lat.] Of Mars; warlike. 

Mat'thew (math'yu). [Heb.] Gift 
of Jehovah. — Dim. Mat. 

Mau'rice. [Lat.] Moorish; dark- 
colored. 

MXx'l-MlL'I-AN. [Lat.] The great- 
est ^Emilianus. 

MI'CAH. [Heb.] Who is like the Lord ? 

Ml'€HA-EL (or ml'kel). [Heb.] Who 
is like God ? — Dim. MTke. 

Ml_LE§. [Lat.] A soldier. 

Mo'ses.. [Egypt. ]_ Drawn out of the 
water. — Dim. Mose. 



N. 



Na'hum. [Heb.] Consolation. 
Na-po'le-on. [Gr.] Lion of the 1 

ost-dell. 
Na'than. [Heb.] Given ; a gift. 



Na-thXn'a-el, ) [Heb.] The gift of 

Na-thXn'i-el. J God. 

Neal, I [Lat.] Dark; swarthy; 

NEIL. J _ otherwise [Celt.], chief. 

Ne'he-mi'ah. [Heb.] Comfort of 
the Lord. 

Nich'o-las, I [Gr.] Victory of the 

Nic'o-LAS. J people. —Dim. Nick. 

NO'AH. [Heb.] Rest; comfort. 

No'el. [Lat. Dies Natalis.] Christ- 
mas ; born on Christmas day. 

Nor'man. [Ger.] A Northman; a 
native of Normandy. 

O. 

O'ba-di'ah. [Heb.] Servant of the 

_ Lord. 

O'bed. [Heb.] Serving God. 

O€-ta'vi-0s, \ [Lat.] The eighth- 

Oc-ta'vus. j born. 

OVi-VER. [Lat.] An olive-tree. 

0-RES'TE§. [Gr.] A mountaineer. 

Or-lan'do. [Teut.] Same as Row- 
land. [It. form.] 

5s'€AR. [Celt.] Bounding warrior. 

Os/wald. [0. H. Ger.] Power of 

_God. 

Ow'EN. [Celt.] Lamb; otherwise, 
young warrior. 



Pat'rick. [Lat.] Noble ; a patrician. 
— Dim. Pat, Paddy. 

plui'us. } P*'-] Little - 
Pe'leg. [Heb.] Division. 
PER'e-grIne. [Lat.] A stranger. 
Pe'ter. [Gr.] A rock.— Dim. Pete, 

Pe'ter-kin. 
Phi-lAn'der. [Gr.] A lover of men. 
PHI-LE'MON. [Gr.] Loving ; friendly. 
PHIL'IP. [Gr.] A lover of horses. — 

Dim. Phil, Pip. 
Phin'e-as, I [Heb.] Mouth of 
Phin'e-has, j brass. 
Pi'us. [Lat.] Pious; dutiful. 
PLIN'Y. [Lat.] ( Uncertain.) 
Pre-serv'ED. [Eng.] Redeemed. 



QuIn'tin. 



Q. 

[Lat.] The fifth. 

K. 



Eng. often pronounced 
H. Ger.] Same as Ro- 



[Heb.] The healing of 



RXlph (in 

raf.) [0. 

DOLPHUS. 
RAPH'A-EL. 

God. 

Ray'MOND. [0. H. Ger.] Wise pro- 
tection, [ruler. 

REG'l-NALD. [0. H. Ger.] Strong 

Reu'ben. [Heb.] Behold, a son. 

Reu'el. [Heb.] Friend of God. 

REyn'old. [0. H. Ger.] Same as 
Reginald. 

RIch'ard. [0. H. Ger.] Rich-heart- 
ed ; powerful. — Dim. Dick, Dick'en, 
Dick 7 on (d and r being etymological - 
ly convertible). 

Rob'ert. [0. H. Ger.] Bright in 



fame. — Dim. Bob, Dob, Dob/bin, 
Rob, Rob'in, Pop. 

Rod'er-Tc, ) [0. H. Ger.] Rich in 

Rod'er-ick. j fame. 

Ro'dolph, 1 [0. H Ger.] Fa- 

Ro-dol'phus. J mous wolf , or hero. 

Rog'er. [0. H. Ger.] Famous with 
the spear. —Dim. Hodge, Hodg'kin 
(A and r being etymologically con- 
vertible. ) 

Ro'land. [0. H. Ger.] Same as 
Rowland. [Fr. form.] 

Rowland. [0. H. Ger.] Fame of 
the land. 



Ru'dolph, 1 
Ru-d6l'phus. J 

"dolphus. 
Ru'fus. [Lat.] 
Ru'pert. [0. H. Ger.] 

Robert. 



[0. H. Ger.] 
nations of 



Va- 
Ro- 



red-haired. 
The same : 



S. 

[Heb.] Shady. 

1 [Heb.] Splendid sun ; 

j i. e., great joy and 

[Heb.] Heard of God; 
-Dim. Sam, Sam 7 - 



SAL'MON. 

Sam'son, 

Samp's on. 
felicity. 

SXm'u-el. 
asked for of God. • 
my. 

Saul. [Heb.] Asked for. 

Se'ba. [Heb.] Eminent. 

SE-BAS'TiANC-bast'yan). [Gr.] Ven- 
erable; reverend. 

Se-re'no, ) [Lat.] Calm;peace- 

Se-re'nus. J ful. 

SETH. [Heb.] Appointed. 

SiG'is-MUND. [0. H. Ger.] Conquer- 
ing protection. 

Sl'LAS. [Lat.] A contraction of SlL- 
VANUS. 

Sil-va'nus. [Lat.] Living in a wood. 

Sil-ves'ter. [Lat.] Bred in the 
country ; rustic. 



SlM'E-ON, 
Sl'MON. ' / 

Sim. 
SOL'O-MON. 

Dim. Sol. 
Ste'phjen (stu'vn 

Dim. Steve. 
Syl'van, 
Syl-va'nus. 
Syl-ves'ter 

TER. 



[Heb.] Hearing with 
acceptance. — Dim. 

[Heb.] Peaceable. — 

[Gr.] A crown. — 



The same as SlLVA- 
NUS. 
The same as SlLVES- 



T. 



ThXd'DE-us. [Syr.] The wise. 
THE'O-BALD (formerly tib'ald). [0. 

H. Ger.] Bold for the people. 
The'o-dore. [Gr.] The gift of God. 
The-6d'o-RI€. [A.-S.] Powerful 

among the people. 
The-oph'i-lus. [Gr] A lover of 

God. 
THE'RON. [Gr.] A hunter. 
TH6M'AS(tom / as). [Heb.] A twin. — 

Dim. Tom, Tom'my. 
Tim'o-thy. [Gr.] Fearing God.— 

Dim. Tim. 
Tl'TUS. [Gr.] (Uncertain.) 
To-bi'ah, ) [Heb.] Distinguished 
To-bi'as. I of the Lord. —Dim. 

To'by. 



£»E, I, 5,U, Y, long! A, fijIjO.U, Y, Short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, VEIL, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM ; S6N. 



COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES. 



fBTs'TAM. ) [Lat.] Grave : pen- 
TeIs'team. j sire ; melancholy 
sorrowful ; sad. 



U-LYs'sfs. [Gr.] A hater. 
Ce'bax. ~[Lat.] Of the town ; cour- 
teous ; polished. 
U-BI'AH. [Heb.] Light of the Lord. 
t>'BI-AN. [Dan.] A husbandman. 
C'BI-EL. [Heb.] Light of God. 



Tiy'CEM, [Lat.] Conquering; vic- 
torious. 
Ylv'l-AN. [Lat.] Lively. 



AY 



Wal'TEE. [0. H. Ger.] Ruling the 
host.— Dim. Wat. Walt. 

Will'IAM. [0. H. Ger.] Resolute 
helmet, or, helmet of resolution : de- 
fense : protector. —Dim. Will, Willy, 
and (bv interchange of convertible 
letters) BUI, Bll'lv. 

WLVFBED. [A.-S"] Win-peace. 



VIl'en-tine- [Lat.] Strong; 7 

healthy: powerful. ^« 

YIC'TOb". [Lat.] A conqueror. | ZAB'DI-EL. [Heb.] 



Z\€-€HE'U3. 

pure. 
ZACH'A-BI'AH, ) 
ZA€H'A-EY. j 

Dim. Zach. 
Za'dok._ [Ileb.] 
ZEB a-dT'ah, I 
Zeb'e-dee. I 



523 

[Heb.] Innocent; 

[Heb.] Remember- 
ed of the Lord. — 



Gift of God. 



Just. 

[Heb] Gift of the 
f Lord. 
Ze-bi'na._ [Heb.] Bought. 
ZE€H'a-bi'ah. [Heb.] The same as 

Zachariah. 
Zed e-ki'ah. [Heb.] Justice of th: 

Lord. 
Ze-lo'TE2- [Gr.] A zealot. 
Ze'nas. [Gr.] Gift of Jupiter. 
Zeph'a-nI'ah. [Hob] Hidofth 
Lord. 



II. NAMES OF WOMEN. 



Ab'I-GAIL (ab'I-gel). w [Heb.] My 

father's jov. — Dim. A.b'by. 
Ach'sa. [Heb.] Anklet. 
A'da. [O. H. Ger.] Same as Edith. 
AD'a-line. [0. H. Ger.] Same as 

ADELINE. 
AD'E-LA. [0. H. Ger.] Same as ADE- 
LINE. 

AD'e-laide. [0. n. Ger.] Same as 

ADELINE. 

A-de'li-a. [O. H. Ger.] A varia- 
tion Of ADELA. 

AD'E-li'Na. I [0. H. Ger.] Of no- 

AD'e-line. )' _ ble birth; a prin- 
cess. — Dim. Ad'dy. 

Ag'a-tha. [Gr.] "Good; kind. 

AG'NES. [Gr ] Chaste; pure. 

Al-b£e'ta. [0. H. Ger.] Feminine 
of Albert. 

Al'e-the'a. [Gr.] Truth. 

Al'EX-an'dra, I [Gr.] Feminine 

Al'EX-an-DRI'NA. j of Alexander. 

Al'ICE. ) [0. H. Ger/ Same 

A-LI<7'I-A (-lisha-). j as AOELIHE. 
— Dim. Al-'ly, or AllTe, El'sie. 

Al-mi'ra. [Ar.] Lofty ; a princess. 

AL-the'a. [Gr.] A healer. 

Am'A-BEL. [Lat.] Lovable. 

A-MaVda. [Lat.] Worthy to be 
loved. 

A-ME'LI-A (or a-meel'ya). [0. H. 
Ger.] Busy : energetic. — See Eme- 
line. 

A'MY. [Lat.] Beloved. 

An-GEL'i-ca. i [Gr.] Lovely ; an- 

A>" ge-li'na. ) gelic. 

Ann. ) [Heb.] Grace : — same as 

an'na.' Hannah. — Dim. An'- 

ANNE. ) nie, XTan'ny, Nan'cy, 

Nan, Ni'na. 

An-nEtte'. [Heb.] A variation of 
Anne. Tr. form.] 

An TOr-NETTE'. [Gr.] Diminutive 
of Antgnia. [Fr. form.] —Dim. 
Xet'vr. 



An-to'ni-a. [Lat.] Inestimable. 
AR A-BEL'LA. [Lat.] A fair altar : 
otherwise, an Arabian woman. — 
_ Di)n. Bei'la, Bel. 
A/ei-an'a. [Gr.] A corruption of | 

ARIADNE. 

Au-gCs'ta. [Lat.] Fejninine of AU- 
" bustus. 

Au-re'li-a (or aw-reel'ya). [Lat.] 

Feminine of AURELIUS. 
Au-ro'ra. [Lat.] Morning redness ; 
" fresh : brilliant. 



B. 



strange. 



Bar'ba-ea. [Gr.] Foreign 

—Dim. Bab. 
Be'a-teice,) [Lat.] Making hap- 
Be'a-trLx. j pv. 

Be-LIN'da. ( Uncertain.) 
Ber'tha. [0. H. Ger.] Bright; 

beautiful. — Dim. Bcr tr. 
Bet'sey. [Heb.] A corruption of 

Elizabeth. 



1 Blanch, 
! Blanche. 
! BrIdg'et. 

j Biddy. 



[Teut.] White. 

[Celt.] Strength.— Dim. 

C. 

[Lat.] Attendant at a 



Caoiil'la 

sacrifice. 
€ar'o-line. [0. H. Ger. J Feminine 

of L'AROLUS, the Latin of Charles. 

[Fr. form.] — Di m. Car'rie, Cad'- 

die. 
€as-san'dea [Gr.] She who inflames 

with love. 
€'ath a-ri'na, ) [Gr.] Pure. —Dim. 
€ath'a-rIne, j €5 sv, Kate, Kat'- 
€'.\TH'ER-lNE, ) rine. Kit. Kit tv. 
'/e-cil'i-a, 1 [Lat.] Feminine ofCE- 
VEC'I-LY. j cil. — Dim. Sls'lev, 

~"B, Cis. 

e-les'tIve. [Lat.] Heavenly. 
E'LI-A (or seel'ya). [Lat.] Femi- 
nine of Ccelius! [It. form.] 



gs 



C/har'lotte. [0. H. Ger.] Femi 

nine of Charles. 
€hlCE. [Gr.] A green herb ; 

blooming. 
€hris ti-an'a, ) [Gr.] Feminine o* 
■t'HRis-Ti'NA. J Christian db, Lat. 

for Christian. — Dim. t'hrls'sie, 

Xina (zee^na). 
C/iC'E-LY. [Lat.] A corruption of 

Cecilia. 
€lar'a. [Lat.] Bright ; illustrious. 

— Dim. Clare. 
€lar'ice, I [Lat.] A variation of 
•t'LA-Ris'sA, j Clara.— Dim. Clare. 
Clau'di-a. [Lat.] Feminine of 

C'LAUDIVS. 
€'LEM EN-TI'NA, I [Lit. , Mild j gen- 
€lex'en-tine. I tie. 
Con'stance. [Lat.] Firm : constant. 
€6'ea. [Gr.] Maiden; — another 

form of Corinna. 
€or-de'li-a (or -deel'ya). [Lat.] 

Warm-hearted. 
Co-riVna. [Gr.] Maiden. 
t'OR-NE'Li-A (or -neel'va). [Lat.] 

Fern, of Cornelius. 
Can'thi-a. [Gr.] Belonging to Mt. 

Cynthus. 

D. 

DEB'O-RAH. [Heb.] A bee. — Dim. 
Deb by. Deb. 

De'li- a* (or deel va). [Gr.] OfDelo* 

Dl-AN'A. [Lat.] Goddess. — Dm. 
Di, Die. 

Di'nah. [Heb.] Judged. 

Do'ra. [Gr.] A contraction of DOR- 
OTHEA. 

Dor'cas. [Gr.] A gazelle. 

Do-rin'da. [Gr.] Same as DOEO- 
THEA. 

Dor'o the'a, \ TGr.l The gift of 

Dor'o-thy. } " God. —Dim. D61, 
Dol'ly (/ and r being etymologically 
convertible. 

DRU-SlL'LA. ( Uncertain.) 



OR. DO. ^'QLF, TOOjTO'OK; Cen, EUE . PLLL | E,I, 0, silent \ C.G.soft; €,G,hard; A^; EXIST; N as NG 



524 



COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES. 



E. 



E'dith. [0. H. Ger.] Happiness ; 
otherwise, rich gift. 

£d'nA. [Heb.] Pleasure. 

El'e-A-NOR, I [Gr.] Light ; — the 

£l'i-nor. ) same as Helen.— 
Dim. El'la, NC11, No'ra. 

E-Lis'A-BETH, ) [Heb.] Worshiper 

E-L1Z'A-BETH, [ of God ; conse- 

E-Ll'zA. ) crated to God. — 

Dim. Bess, Bes'sey, Bet'sey, Bfit'ty, 

w Llz'zy, Lib'by, Li'ga. 

£l'la. [Gr.] A contraction of Ele- 
anor. 

£l'len. [Gr.] A diminutive of Ele- 
anor. 

El-vI'rA [Lat.] White. 

Em'e-line, ) [0. II. Ger.] Ener- 

£m'me-line. J getic ; industrious. 

£m'1-ly. [0. H. Ger.] Same as Em- 
ELINE. 

£m'mA. [0. H. Ger.] Same as Eme- 

LINE. —Dim. Emm, Eni'mTe. 
£r'nes-tine. [Ger.] Feminine and 

dim. of Ernest. 
Es'ther (es'ter). [Per.] A star; 

good fortune. 
£th'el. [0. H. Ger.] Noble; of 

noble birth ; — same as Adela. 

Eu-do'rA. [Gr.] Good gift. 

Eu-GE'NI-A. [Gr.] Feminine of EU- 
GENE. 

Eu-ge'nIe. [Gr.] Same as Euge- 
nia. [Fr. form.] 

Eu-LA'LI-A. [Gr.] Fair speech. 

Eu'nice. [Gr.] Happy victory. 

Eu-PHE'MI-A. [Gr.] Of good report. 

_ —Dim. Ef'fie. 

E'VA. [HebJ Life. 

E-vXn'ge-line. [Gr.] Bringing 
glad news. 

Eve. [Heb.] The same as Eva. 

£v'e-li'nA, I [Heb.] Diminutive of 

fiv'E-LiNE. J Eva. [It. form.] 

F. 

FXn'ny. [Ger.] A diminutive of 
Frances. 

Faus-ti'na. [Lat.] Lucky. 

Fe-lTc'i-a (fe-llsh'i-a.) [Lat.] Hap- 
piness, [ful. 

Fi-DE'LI-A (or -deel'ya). [Lat.] Faith- 

Flo'rA. [Lat.] Flowers. 

Flor'ence. [Lat.] Blooming ; 
nourishing. 

Fran'ces. [Ger.] Feminine of Fran- 
cis. — Dun. Fan'ny, Frank. 

¥red'er-i'€A. [0. H. Ger.] Femi- 
nine of Frederick. —Dim. Fred'- 
die. 

G. 

6eor'gi-Xn'A, ) [Gr.] Feminine of 
6e6r-gi'na. ] George. 
Ger'al-dine. Feminine of Gerald. 
Ger'trude. [0. H. Ger.] Spear- 
maiden. — Dim. Ger'He., Tru'dv. 
GRACE, *)[Lat.]* Grace, 

Gra'ti-a (gra'shT-a). I favor: 
Gri-SEl'da. [Teut.] Stone-heroine. 
—Dim. Gris'sel. 



H. 



HXn'nah. [Heb.] The same as Anna. 

HXr'ri-et, » [0. H. Ger.] Feminine 

HXr'ri-ot. j diminutive of Hen- 
ry. [Eng. form.] — Dim. Hat'ty. 

Hel'en, I [Gr.] Light. — Dim. 

HEL'E-NA. S Nell, Nel'ly. 

Hen'ri-et'tA. [0. H. Ger.] Femi- 
nine and diminutive of Henry. 
[fc'r. form.]— Dim. Et'ta, Hgt'ty. 

Heph'zi-BAH. [Heb.] My delight 
is in her. 

Hes'ter, HPer.] Same as 

Hes'ther (hes'ter). J Esther. 

Hi-la'ri-a. [Lat.] Feminine of 
Hilary. 

SS-Nd'af-A, } t Lat -] Honorable. 
Hor-ten'si-A (hor-ten'shl-a.) [Lat.] 

A lady gardener. 
HOl'dah. [Heb.] A weasel. 



I'dA. [0. H. Ger.] Godlike. 
I'nez. [Gr.] The same as AGNES. 

[Pg. form.] 
I-re'ne. [Gr.] Peaceful. 
Is'A-BEL, ) [Heb.] The same as 
Is/a-bel'lA. ) Elizabeth.— Dim. 

B61, Bel'la. 



J. 



James-i'nA. [Heb.] Feminine of 
James. 

Jane. [Heb.] Feminine of John ; 
— Same as JOANNA. 

JA-net' (in Scot, fy U. S. ; Janet, in 
Eng.) [Heb.] Dim. of Jane. 

JXq'ue-lIne. [Heb.] Feminine of 
James. [Fr. form.] 

Jean, ) [Heb.] The same as 

Jeanne, J Jane or Joan. 

Jean-nette'. ) [Fr. forms.] 

Je-MI'mA. [Heb.] A dove. 

Je-RU'shA. [Ileb.] Possessed ; mar- 
ried. 

Joan', \ [Heb.] Feminine of 

Jo-Xn-nA. J John. 

Jo-se'phA, ) [Heb.] Feminine of 

J6'|eph-ine. j Joseph. — Dim. 
Jo'zy, Phe'ny. 

Joyce. [Lat.] Sportive. 

JU'DITH. [Heb.] Praised. — Dim. 
Ju'dy. 

Jul'i-a (or jul'ya). [Lat.] Feminine 
of Julius. [lian. 

Jfj'LI-XN'A. [Lat.] Feminine of Ju- 

JU'LI-ET. [Lat.] Diminutive of JU- 
LIA. [Fr. form.] 

Jus-ti'nA. [Lat.] Feminine of Jus- 
tin. 

K. 

KXTH'A-RtNE, 1 [Gr.] Same as CATH- 
IE XTH'ER-INE. I ARINE. 

Ke-tu'rah. [Heb.] Incense 
Ke-zI'ah. [Heb.] Cassia. 



Lau'rA. [Lat.] A laurel. 



Lau-rIn'dA. [Lat.] A variation of 

LAURA. 

LA-viN'i-A. [Lat.] OfLatium. 
Le'o-no'rA. [Gr.] Same as Elea. 

nor. 
Le-ti'ti-A (le-tish'I-a). [Lat.] Hap. 



Let'tice. A corruption of LetitiA. 

Lo'is. [Gr.] Good; desirable. 
Lou-i'sA, 1 [0. H. Ger.] Feminine of 
Lou-ise'. J Louis.— Dim. Lou'Te. 
Lu'ci-A (-shi-a). [Lat.] Same as 

LUCY. [It. form.] 
Lu-cin'dA. [Lat.] The same as Lucy. 
Lu-€RE'ti-A (lu-kre'shi-a). [Lat.] 

Gain ; otherwise, light. 
Lu'CY. [Lat.] Feminine of LUCIUS. 
Lyd'i-A. [Gr.] A native of Lydia, 

in Asia Minor. 

M. 

Ma'bel. [Lat.] A contraction of 
Amabel. 

MAd'e-line. [Heb.] Same as Mag- 
dalene. [Fr, form.] 

MXG'DA-LENE (properly mag'da-15'- 
ne). [Heb.] Belonging to Magdala. 
— Dim. Maud, Maud'lin. 

Mar-CEL'lA. [Lat.] Feminine of 
Marcellus. [cius. 

Mar'ci-a (-shi-). Feminine of Mar- 

Mar'GA-ret. [Gr.] A pearl.— Z)<m 
Grit'ty, Mag, Madge, Mag'gy, Mar'- 
gie, Mar'ger-y, Meg, Mf-g'gy, Me'ta, 
Peg, Peg'gy (m and p being cognate 
letters). 

Ma-ri'A. [Heb.] The same as Mary. 
[Lat. form.] 

Ma'ri-Anne'. [Heb.] A compound 
of Mary and Anne. 

MXr'i-on. [Heb.] A French form 
of Mary. 

Mar'thA. [Heb.] The ruler of the 
house ; otherwise, sorrowful ; melan- 
choly. — Dim. Mat, Mat'ty, Pat, 
Pat'ty. 

Ma'ry. [Heb.] Bitter; otherwise, 
their rebellion, or star of the sea. -~ 
Dim. Moll, Mol'ly, Pol, Pol'ly, May. 

Ma-thil'dA (-til'-), HO. H. Ger.] 

Ma-tIl'dA. J Mighty bat- 

tle-maid ; heroine. — Dim. Mat, 
Mat'ty, Maud. Pat'ty (m and p be- 
ing convertible). 

Maud. A contraction of Mathil- 
da, or Magdalene. 

May. The month of MAY, or a dim- 
inutive of Mary. 

Me-het'a-BEL, ) [Heb.] Benefited 

Me-hIt'a-ble. I of God. 

MEL'I-CENT. [Lat.] Sweet singer; 
otherwise [Teut.], work-strength. 

Me-lYs'sA. [Gr.] A bee. 

MTl'dred. [Ger.] Mild threatener. 

Mi-rXn'dA. [Lat.] Admirable. 

MlR'l-AM. [Heb.] The same as MARY. 

My'rA. [Gr.] She who weeps or la- 



N. 



NXn'CY. A familiar form of ANNE. 
— Dim. Nan, Nance, Ni'na. 



L, f, 1, 6, f!, 5, long; A, E, I, 6, u, y, short; cAre, far, Ask, all, what; ere, veil, t£rm; pique, fIrm; s6n, 



COMMON ENGLISH CHRISTIAN NAMES. 



525 



No'RA. A contraction of HonOKA, 
and of Leonora. 



0. 



0€-TA'VI-A. [Lat.] Feminine of 
Octavius. — Dim. Ta'vy, Tave. 

oSJSaJp*-] Anoliye - 

O-phe'li-A [or o-feel'ya). [Gr.] Ser- 
pent. 
0-LYM/PI-A. [Gr.] Heavenly. 

P. 

Pau'lA. [Lat.] Feminine of Pau- 

"Lus, or Paul. 
Pau-li'nA, I [Lat.] Feminine of PAU- 
PAU-LINE'. ) LINUS. 
Pe-NEL/o-pe. [Gr.] A wearer. 
PfiR'sis. [Gr.] A Persian woman. 
Phe'be. [Gr.] The same as PHffiBE. 
PhI-lip'pA. [Gr.] Feminine of 

Philip. 
PhWbe. [Gr.] Pure; radiant. — 

Dim. Phebe. 
Phyl'LIS. [Gr.] A green bough. 
Pol'ly. [Eng.] A variation of 

Molly, from Mary. 
Pris-cIl'lA. [Lat.] Somewhat old. 



E. 



Ra'chel. [Heb.] A ewe. 
KE-BE€'€A, ) [Heb.] Of enchanting 
Re-_bek'ah. J beauty.— Dim. BCcky. 
Rho'da (ro'da). [Gr.] A rose. 
Ro'§A. [Lat.] A rose. 

R6i?i:;£::LA.}tLat.] A fair rose. 



Ro-§A'Ll-A, ) [Lat.] Little and bloom- The-re'sa. [Gr.] Carrying ears of 
Ros/a-lie. ) ing rose. [Fr. and It. j corn.— Dim. TeVry, Tra'c.y. 



forms.] 
R6§'A-L1nd. [Lat.] 

rose. 
R6s/A-MOND. [Teut.] Horse-protec 

tion, i. e. famous protection. 
Rox-Xn'a. [Per.] Dawn of day. 
Ruth. [Heb.] Beauty. 



1 ThoM'A-sA (torn'-), ) [Heb.]" Femi- 
Beautiful as a Thom'a-s'INE. J nine of Thom- 

| AS. — Dim. Tam'zYne. 
Try-phe'na. [Gr.] Delicate; lux- 
urious. 
Try-pho'sA. [Gr.] Luxurious; 
dainty. 



S. 



Sa-BI'nA. [Lat.] A Sabine woman. 
SA-LOME' {properly sa-lo / me). [Heb.] 

Peaceful. 
Sa'rA, ) [Heb.] A princess. — Dim. 
Sa'rah. J Sal, S&l'ly. 
Se-li'na. [Gr.] Parsley ; othertvise, 

moon. 
Se-re'na. [Lat.] Feminine of SE- 

renus or Sereno. 

bKS&a}^ A prophetess. 
So-phi'A [Gr.] Wisdom. — Dim. 

So'phy. 
So-PHRO'NI-A. [Gr.] Of asoundmind. 
Stel'la. [Lat.] A star. 
Steph'a-na. [Gr.] Feminine of 

Stephen. 
Su'san, ) [Heb.] A lily. — Dim. 

Su-SAN'NA, | Sue, Suke, Su'ky, 
Su-SAN'NAH. ) Su'zy. 



TXb'i-thA. [Syr.] A gazelle. 
The'o-do'rA. [Gr.] Feminine of 

Theodore. — Dim. Do'ra. 
The'o-do'si-A (the'o-do'zhl-a). [Gr.] 

The gift of God. 



U. 



th/Rl-cA. [0. H. Ger.] Rich. 
U-RA'NI-A. [Gr.] Heavenly ;—th« 

name of one of the Muses. 
Cr'sU-lA. [Lat.] She-bear. 



V. 



Va-le'RI-A. [Lat.] Feminine of 
Valerius. 

Vl€-TO'Rl-A. [Lat.] Tictory. Fem- 
inine of Victor. 

Vi'dA. [Erse.] Feminine of David. 

Vi'o-lA. [Lat.] A violet. 

VlR-GlN'I-A. [Lat.] Virgin ; pure- 

Viv'i-an. [Lat.] Lively 



W. 



WTfL'HEL-MI'NA. [0. H. Ger.] Fem- 
inine of WlLHELM, German of 
William. — Dim. Wil'niett, WIP- 
mot, Mi'na, Mi-n81'la. 

Win'i-fred. [Teut.] A lover of 
peace. 



Ze-no'bi-A. 
Jupiter. 



[Gr.] Having life from 



OR, DO, WOLF, TOO, TOOK; Urn, rue, PULL, j X, J, 0, silent ; q,tk,5qft; €,5,hard; A§; EJIST; N. a* N& ; THI3- 



CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES. 



NOTE. — The names of dead languages are printed in Italic 



No. I. 

LANGUAGES. 

Sanskrit (divided into Vedic Sanskrit and the Classical, or more modern, 
Sanskrit), Prakrit, Pali; Bengali, Marathi, Guzerathi, &c. ; Hindi, 
Hindustani (or Urdu) ; Gypsy 

Zend (or Avestan, or Old Bactrian), Old Persian (cuneiform inscriptions), 
Pehlevi (or Huzvaresh), Parsi (or Pazend), Old Armenian; Modern Per- 
sian, Kurdish, Afghan (or Pushto), Ossetic, Modern Armenian, &c 

Old Ionic (or Epic), Molic, Doric, New Ionic, Attic; Romaic (or Modern 
Greek) 

Oscan (or Op i can), Umbrian, Latin; the Romance (or Romanic) languages 
(descendants of the Latin), viz., Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Provencal, 
French, Rheeto-Romanic, Wallachian 

Irish (or Gaelic of Ireland), Erse (or Gaelic of the Scottish Highlands, 
called also Highland Scotch), Manx 

Cornish, Welsh, Armorican (or Breton) 

Bidgarian (or Old Slavonic, or Church Slavic), Russian (or Russ ; — in- 
cluding the Russian proper, and the Little-Russian, or Ruthenian), Illy- 
rian (including three idioms, the Servian, Croatian, and Slovenic) 

Polabian, Polish, Bohemian, Moravian, Slovak (or Slovakian), Upper and 
Lower Sorbian, Lusatian (or Wendish) 

Old Prussian, Lettish (or Livonian), Lithuanian 

Old High German (with its dialects, Prankish, Alemannic, and Swabian, 
Bavarian, and Austrian), Middle High German, New High German. 

Gothic (or Meeso- Gothic), Old Saxon, Anglo-Saxon (or Saxon), Dutch 
(or Low Dutch), Friesic (or Frisian), Flemish, Englishe, Low German (or 
Plattdeutsch) 

Old Norse (or Old Icelandic), Modern Icelandic, Swedish, Danish, Nor- 
wegian 



SUB-BRANCHES. BRANCHES. 

( Indian, or Indico 



Iranian^, or Iranic 
or Persian 



Greek, or Hellenicc 



Latinc.or Italic 



Gaelic, or Gad- 
helic 



.Cymric 



Eastern and 
Southern 



"Western 



High German 
Low German 
Scandinavian 



Celtic 



Slavonic^, or Slavic 



Lithuanian d, or 

Lithuania 



Teutonic, or Ger- 
manic 



No. II. 



LANGUAGES. 



BRANCHES. 



Himyaritic, Ethiopic (or Geez); Arabic; Maltese; Amharic, and other) AraM. or Southern 

Abyssinian dialects J 

Hebrew, Samaritan, Phenician, Punic Hebraic, or Middled > Semitic Family/ 

Aramaic (or Aramaean, or Chaldaic, or Chaldee), Cuneiform inscriptions ) » s „ ., 

of Babylon and Nineveh ( ? ), Syriac, Neo-Syriac ) ' 



a Sometimes called Indo-Germanic or Japhetic. 

b The Indian and Iranian branches are often classed together as forming the Indo-Perslan or Aryan branch of the family, 
c The Greek and Latin are often joined together as the Grajco-Latin, or classical branch. 
d The Slavonic and Lithuanian branches are often classed together as the Letto-Slavic or Windic languages, 
e Divided into four periods, viz., Semi-Saxon (a. D. 1150-1250;, Old English <A. D. 1250-1350;, Middle Engliah (a. d. 1350-1550>, 
Modern English (a. d. 1550 to the present day). 
/Called also Shemitic and Syro- Arabian. 
B Called also Canaaniti* 
(526) 



CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES. 527 

Besides the Indo-European and Semitic families, philologists distinguish several others, which may be classed as 
follows : — 

Tartaric (or Tataric) Family (called also Turanian, Scythian, Altaic, Ural-Altaic, and Mongolian), including 
the numerous and widely different languages of the Manchus, the Mongols, the Turks (in Asia and Europe), the Magyars 
(in Hungary), the Finns, the Laplanders, the Sanioyeds, and a multitude of other tribes. Whether the Tamil and its 
Bister idioms in Ceylon and southern India belong to this family is uncertain ; they are grouped together under the 
name of the Dravidian Family. The Japanese, the Corean, and other tongues spoken in the peninsulas and islands of 
the extreme northeastern part of Asia are claimed by some as belonging to the Tartaric Family ; but this is very 
doubtful. 

South-eastern Asiatic or Monosyllabic Family in China, and Farther India, and countries adjacent 
to these (including the Chinese, Siamese, Burmese, Annamese, &c). 

Malay-Polynesian or Oceanic Family, including the languages and dialects spoken in nearly all the 
islands of the Pacific and Indian oceans. 

Hamitic Family, composed of the Egyptian, and its congeners, the Coptic, Galla, Berber, Hottentot (?), &c. 

South-African (sometimes called Zingian) Family, filling Africa about the equator and southward to the 
Cape of Good Hope. 

American Family, occupying with its many and greatly varying dialects the whole continent of North and 
South America. 

Besides these great families, there are several isolated languages, or groups of languages, which have hitherto resisted 
all attempts at classfiication. Such are the Yenisean in Siberia; the Albanian (or Skipetar) in north-western Greece; 
the Caucasian group (including the Georgian, Circassian, Lesghian, and Mitsjeghian idioms) in the mountain-range of 
the Caucasus; the Etruscan in Northern Italy; and the ancient Iberian, which was once the prevailing language of the 
Spanish peninsula, and which still lives on both sides of the Pyrenees in the strange language called Basque (Biscayan, 
or Euscarra). 



QUOTATIONS, 

WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS, AND COLLOQUIAL EXPRESSIONS, 

FROM 

TiT GREEK, THE LATIN, AND MODEM EOKEIGN LANGUAGES, 

FREQUENT^ OCCURRING IN ENGLISH BOOKS, IN PERIODICALS, AND IN CONVERSATION, 

RENDERED INTO ENGLISH. 



SELECTED AND TRANSLATED BY 



WILLIAM G. WEBSTER, 



NOTE. — L.Latin; Fr. French ; Ger. German ; .ft. Italian ; Sp. Spanish ; Gr. Greek. 



A bas. [Fr.] Down ; at the foot ; 
upon the ground ; — la Francaise, 
after the French mode; — la mode, 
in fashion ; — PAnglaise, after the 
English fashion ; — I'outrance, to 
the utmost ; — plomb, perpendicu- 
larly ; — propos, to the point ; — 
propos de bottes, apropos to boots ; 
without reason. 

A fortiori. [L.] With stronger reason ; 

— mensa et thoro, from bed and 
board ; — posteriori, from the effect 
to the cause ; — priori, from the 
cause to the effect ; — vinculo matri- 
monii, from the tie of marriage. 

Ab extra. [L.] From without ; — initio, 
from the beginning ; — intra, from 
within ; — ovo usque ad mala, from 
the egg to the apples ; from begin- 
ning to end ; — uno disce omnes, 
from one learn all ; from a single 
instance infer the whole. 

Absente reo. [L.] The defendant be- 
ing absent. 

Abusus non tollit usum. [L.] Abuse 
is not an argument against proper 
use. 

Ad astra. [L.] To the stars, or to an 
exalted state ; — Calendas Grxcas, at 
the Greek Calends ; i. e., never, as 
the Greeks had no Calends ; — cap- 
tandum vulgus, to catch the rab- 
ble ; — eundem (sc. gradurn), to the 
same degree; —Jinem, to the end; 

— hominem, to the man ; that is, to 
his interests and passions ; — infin- 
itum, to infinity; — interim, in the 
mean while •, — libitum, at pleasure ; 

— nauseam, to disgust ; — utrutn- 
que paratus, prepared for either 
event; — valorem, according to the 
value. 

Adscriptus glebx. [L.] Belonging or 
attached to the soil. 

JEquam servare mentem. [L.] To pre- 
serve an equable mind* 
(628) 



JEquo animo. [L.] With an equable 

mind ; with equanimity. 
JEtatis sua. [L.J Of his age ; of her 

age. 
Affaire d? amour. [Fr.] A love affair; 

— du cceur, an affair of the heart. 
Agenda. [L.] Things to be done. 
Alere flammain. [L.J To feed the 

flame. 
Alis volat propriis. [L.] She flies 

with her own wings ; — the motto of 

Oregon. 
Allons. [Fr.] Let us go ; come. 
Alma mater. [L.] A fostering 

mother. 
Alter ego. [L.] Another self; — idem, 

another precisely similar. 
Amende honorable. [Fr.] Satisfactory 

apology ; reparation. 
Amicus curias. [L.] A friend of the 

court. [vanity. 

Amour propre. [Fr.] Self-love ; 
Ancien regime. [Fr.] Ancient order 

of things. [manner. 

Anglice. [L.] According to the English 
Anno setatis suse. [L.] In the year of 

his (or her) age ; — Christi, in the 

year of Christ ; — Domini, in the 

year of our Lord ; — mundi, in the 

year of the world ; — urbis conditse, 

in the year the city (Rome) was 

built. 
Ante bellum. [L.] Before the war ; 

— meridiem, before noon. 
Appui. [Fr.] Point of support. 
Aqua vitas,. [L.] Brandy ; spirit ; 

alcohol. 

Arbiter elegantiarum. [L.] An umpire 
in matters of taste. 

Argumentum ad hominem. [L.] An 
argument deriving its force from the 
situation of the person to whom it 
is addressed;' — ad ignorantiam, an 
argument founded on an adversary's 
ignorance of facts ; — ad verecundi- 
am, an argument to modesty. 

Arricre pensee. [Fr.] A mental reser- 
vation. 

Au contraire, [Fr.] On the contrary ; 



— fait , well instructed ; expert ; — 

reste, as for the rest ; — revoir, adieu 

until we meet again. 
Audi alteram partem. [L.] Hear the 

other side. 
Auri sacra fames. [L.] The accursed 

thirst for gold. 
Aut vincere aut mori. [L.J Either to 

conquer or to die. 
Aux armes. [Fr.] To arms. 



B. 

Bas bleu. [Fr.] A blue-stocking. 

Beau monde. [Fr.] The fashionable 
world. 

Beaux esprits. [Fr.] Gay spirits ; men 
of wit ; — yeux, handsome eyes ; that 
is, attractive looks. 

Bel esprit. [Fr.] A brilliant mind. 

Ben trovato. [It.J Well found; a hap- 
py invention. 

Bete noir. [Fr.] A black beast; a 
bugbear. 

Bienscance. [Fr.] Civility : decorum- 

Billet d'amour, | rT , , . , ... 

Billet doux. 'J^M A love-letter. 

Bizarre. [Fr.] Odd; fantastic. 

Blase. [Fr.] Pallid ; surfeited ; ren- 
dered incapable of continued en- 
joyment. 

Bona fide. [L.] In good faith. 

Bon gre mal grd. [Fr.] Willing or un- 
willing ; — jour, good day ; good 
morning ; — soir, good evening. 

Bonhomie. [Fr.J Good-natured sim- 
plicity. 

Boulevard. [Fr.] A public walk or 
street occupying the site of demol- 
ished fortifications. 

Bouleversemenl. [Fr.] Overturning; 
subversion. 

Bourgeois. [Fr.] A man of middle 
rank in society. 

Bourgeoisie. [Fr.] Middle classes of 
society ; traders, 

Brevet d" 1 invention. [Fr.] A patent. 



WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS, ETC. 



529 



Brochure. [Fr.] A pamphlet. 
Brusque. [Fr.] Rude ; blunt. 
Brutvm fulmen. [L.] A harmless 
thunderbolt. 

C. 

CacoSthes. [L.] An evil habit; — lo- 
quent/i, a rage for speaking; — scri- 
bendi, an itch for scribbling. 

C&tera desunt. [L.] The remainder 
is wanting. 

Cxteris paribus. [L.] Other things 
being equal. 

Cafe. [Fr.] A coffee-house. 

Caliche. [Fr.] A half-coach or 
calash. 

Calembour. [Fr.] A pun. 

Canaille. [Fr.] The rabble. 

Cantatrice. [It.] A female profes- 
sional singer. 

Capias ad respondendum. [L.] You 
may take to answer; — a writ for 
taking and keeping the defendant to 
answer the plaintiff in the action. 

Capias ad satisfaciendum. [L.] You 
may take to satisfy ; — a writ for 
taking and keeping the party named 
until he gives satisfaction to the 
party by whom it is issued. 

Captatio benevolent ite. [L.] A cur- 
r} ing favor. 

Caput mortuum. [L.] The worthless 
remains. 

Carpe diem. [L.] Enjoy the present 
day. 

Casus belli. [L.] That which involves 
or justifies war. 

Catalogue raisonne. [Fr.] A catalogue 
of books arranged according to their 
subjects. 

Caveat emptor. [L.] Let the buyer 
beware. 

Cest-d-dire. [Fr.] That is to say. 

Champs Elysdes. [Fr.] Elysian Fields. 

Chanson. [Fr.] A song. 

Chapeau has. [Fr.] Hats off; — bras, 
a military cocked hat. 

Charge d'affaires. [Fr.] An inferior 
diplomatic representative at a foreign 
court. 

Charivari. [Fr.] A mock serenade of 
discordant music. 

Chateaux en Espagne. [Fr.] Castles 
in Spain, the land of romance ; 
castles in the air. 

Chef-d'ceuvre. [Fr.] A masterpiece. 

Ch&re amie. [Fr.] A dear friend ; a 
mistress. 

Chevalier d'industrie. [Fr.] A knight 
of industry ; one who lives by per- 
severing fraud. 

Chronique scandaleuse. [Fr.] A chron- 
icle of vices and crimes. 

Ci-devant. [Fr.] Formerly ; former. 

Circa, or Circiter. [L.] About. 

Citd maturum, cito putridum. [L.] 
Soon ripe, soon rotten. 

Citoyen. [Fr.] A citizen ; a burgher. 

Civilitas successit barbarum. [L.] 
Civilization succeeds barbarism ; — 
the motto of Minnesota when a ter- 
ritory. 

Coiffeur. [Fr.] A hair-dresser. 

Comme il faut. [Fr.] As it should 



Of 



sound 



Compos mentis. [L 
mind. 

Compte rendu. [Fr.] Account ren- 
dered ; report. [nestly. 

Con amore. [It.] With love ; ear- 

Concio ad clerum. [L.] A discourse 
to the clergy. 

Confrere. [Fr.] A brother ; an associate. 

Conge d'elire. [Fr.] A leave to elect. 

Contretemps. [Fr.] An awkward mis- 
hap or accident. 

Conversazione. [It.] A meeting of 
company for conversation. 

Coram nobis. [L.] Before us ; — non 
judice, before one who is not the 
proper judge. 

Cordon sanitaire. [Fr.] A line of 
troops to prevent the spreading of 
pestilence. 

Corps de garde. [Fr.] A body of men 
who watch in a guard-room ; the 
guard-room itself : — diplomatique, 
a diplomatic body. 

Corpus delicti. [L.] The substance or 
foundation of the offense. 

Corrigenda. [L.] Typographical errors 
to be corrected. 

Couleur de rose. [Fr.] Rose color ; an 
aspect of attractiveness. 

Coup d'etat. [Fr.] A stroke of policy 
in public affairs ; — de grace, a fin- 
ishing stroke ; — de main, a sudden 
enterprise or effort ; — de soleil, a 
stroke of the sun. 

Coute qu'il cotite. [Fr.] Let it cost 
what it may. 

Crede quod habes, et habes. [Lat.] Be- 
lieve that you have it, and you 
have it. 

Crescite , et multiplicamini. [L.] Grow, 
or increase, and multiply ; — the 
motto of Maryland. 

Crevasse. [Fr.] A deep crevice; a 
breach. 

Crimen falsi. [L.] Falsehood; perju- 
ry ; — Isesx majestatis, high treason. 

Crux criticorum. [L.] The puzzle of 
critics. 

Cuibono? [L.] For whose benefit? 
Colloquially, but erroneously, of what 
use? 

Cuisine. [Fr.] A kitchen ; cookery. 

Cum grano salis. [L.] With a grain 
of salt; with some allowance; — 
privilegio, with privilege. 

Curiosa felicitas. [L.] A felicitous 
tact. 

Currente calamo. [L.] With a run- 
ning or rapid pen. [rolls. 

Custos rotuiorum. [L.] Keeper of the 



D. 



Dal segno. [It.] Repeat from the 
sign. 

De bonis non. [L.] Of the goods not 
yet administered on ; — farto, from 
the fact ; really ; — gustibus non est 
disputandum, there is no disputing 
about tastes ; — jure, from the law ; 
by right ; — mortuis nil nisi bonum, 
say nothing but good of the dead ; — 
nihilo nihil Jit, of nothing nothing 
is made ; — novo, anew; — profundis, 
out of the depths. 
84 



De trop. [Fr.] Too much, or too 
many ; not wanted. 

Dehors. [Fr.] Without; out of ; for- 
eign ; irrelevant. 

Dei gratia. [L.] By the grace of God. 

Demi-monde. [Fr.] Disreputable fe- 
male society ; abandoned women. 

Deo gratias. [L.] Thanks to God; — 
juvante, with God's help ; —volenti, 
God willing. 

Dernier ressort. [Fr.] A last resource. 

Desipere in loco. [L.] To jest at the 
proper time. 

Desunt csetera. [L.] The remainder 
is wanting. 

Detur digniori. [L.] Let it be given 
to the more worthy. 

Deus ex machina. [L.] A god from the 
machine; i. e. from a theatrical con- 
trivance for making gods appear in 
the air ; hence, an unexpected and 
fortunate occurrence. 

Dies faustus. [L.] A lucky day; — 
infaustus, an unlucky day ; — irx, 
day of wrath; — non, a day on 
which judges do not sit. 

Dieu defend le droit. [Fr.] God de- 
fends the right ; — et mon droit, God 
and my right. 

Dignus vindice nodus. [L.] A knot 
worthy to be loosened by such hands. 

Dirigo. [L.] I direct or guide ; — the 
motto of Maine. 

Disjecta membra. [L.] Scattered limbs 
or remains. [nent. 

Distingue. [Fr.] Distinguished ; emi- 

Distrait. [Fr.] Absent in thought. 

Divide et impera. [L.] Divide and 
rule. 

Dolce. [It.] Soft, — used in music ; — 
far niente, sweet doing-nothing ; 
sweet idleness. 

Dominus vobiscum. [L.] The Lord 
be with you. 

Double entente. [Fr.] Double mean- 
ing ; a play on words. 

Douceur. [Fr.] Sweetness ; a bribe. 

Dramatis personx. [L.] Characters 
represented in a drama. 

Dulre et decorum est pro patria mori. 
[L.] It is sweet and honorable to 
die for one's country. 

Dum vivimus, vivamus. [L.] While 
we live, let us live. 

Durante beneplacito . [L.] During good 
pleasure ; — vita, during life. 



E. 



Eau de vie. [Fr.] Water of life 5 
brandy. 

Ecce homo. [L.] Behold the man ; — 
applied specifically to any picture 
representing the Savior given up to 
the people by Pilate, and wearing the 
crown of thorns ; — signum, behold 
the sign. 

E pluribus unum. [L.] One out oi 
many ; one composed of many ; — 
the motto of the United States. 

Editio princeps. [L.] The first edition. 

Egalite. [Fr.] Equality. 

£leve. [Fr.] A pupil ; a foster child. 

Elite. [Fr.] A choice or select body 
of person*. 



530 



WORDS PHRASES, PROVERBS, ETC. 



Eloge. [Fr.] A funeral oration 

Eloignement. [Fr.] Estrangement. 

Embonpoint. [Fr.] Plumpness; flesh- 
iness. 

Entente. [Fr.] A riot ; a mob. 

Employe. [Fr.] One who is employed 
by another ; a person in service. 

En arriere. [Fr.] In the rear; — 
avant ! forward ! ; — deshabille, in 
undress ; — famille, in a domestic 
state ; — Jin, at last ; finally ; — pas- 
sant, in passing ; by the way ; — 
plein jour, in broad day ; — rapport, 
in a condition or relation of sympa- 
thy ; — regie, in order ; according to 
rules ; — route, on the way ; — suite , 
in company. 

Enciente. [Fr.] Pregnant. 

Enfans perdus. [Fr.] Lost children ; 
a forlorn hope. 

Enfant gate. [Fr.] A spoiled child. 

Ennui. [Fr.] A feeling of weariness 
and disgust ; tedium. 

Ensemble. [Fr.] The whole. 

Ense petit placidam sub libertate qui- 
etem. [L.] With the sword she seeks 
quiet peace under liberty ; — the 
motto of Massachusetts. 

Entente cordiale. [Fr.] Evidences of 
good will and justice toward each 
other, exchanged by the chief per- 
sons of two states. 

Entourage. [Fr.] Surroundings ; ad- 
juncts, [table. 

Entree. [Fr.] Entry ; first course at 

Entre nous. [Fr.] Between ourselves. 

Entrepot. [Fr.] A bonded warehouse ; 

Ergo. [L.] Therefore, [a free port. 

Espieglerie. [Fr.] Sportive tricks. 

Esprit de corps. [Fr.] The animating 
spirit of a collective body ; — des lois, 
spirit of the laws. [ual. 

Esto perpetua. [L.] Let it be pernet- 

E*t modus in rebus. [L.] There is a 
medium in all things. 

Et cum spiritu tuo. [L.] And with 
thy spirit; — id genus omne, and 
every thing of the sort ; — sic de 
similibus, and so of the like; — tu, 
Brute ! and thou also, Brutus ! 

Eureka (evpr)<a, hu-re'ka.) [Gr.] I 
have found it ; — the motto of Cali- 
fornia. 

Exanimo. [L.] Heartily; — cathedra, 
from the bench ; with high author- 
ity ; — officio , by virtue of his office ; 
— parte, on one side only; — pede 
Herculem, we recognize a Hercules 
from the size of the foot ; that is, we 
judge of the whole from the speci- 
men ; — post facto, after the deed is 
done ; — tempore, without premedi- 
tation ; — uno disce omnes, from one 
learn all ; — vi termini, by the mean- 
ing or force of the expression. 

Excelsior. [L.] Higher ; more ele- 
vated ; — the motto of New York. 

"Excerpta. [L.] Extracts. [ample. 

Exempli gratia. [L.] By way of ex- 

Exeunt. [L.] They go out ; — omnes, 
all go out. 

Experimentum crucis. [L.] The ex- 
periment of the cross ; a decisive ex- 
periment. 

Experto crede. [L.] Trust one who 
has tried, or had experience. 

Expose. [Fr.] An exposition. 



F. 



Facile princeps. [L.] Evidently pre- 
eminent ; the admitted chief. 

Fait accompli. [Fr.] A thing already 
done. 

Faubourg. [Fr.] A suburb. 

Fauteuil. [Fr.] An easy chair. 

Faux pas. [Fr.] A false step. 

Felo de se. [¥.] A suicide. 

Femme couverte. [Fr.] A married wo- 
man ; — de chambre,n chambermaid. 

Ftrse naturx. [L.] Of a wild nature. 

Festina tente. [L.] Hasten slowly. 

Fete rhampetre. [Fr.] A rural festival. 

Feu de joie. [Fr.] A firing of guns in 
token of joy ; a bonfire. 

Feuilleton. [Fr.] Bottom part of a 
French newspaper, separated by a 
line from the rest, and devoted to 
light literature, criticism, &c. 

Fiacre. [Fr.] A hack. 

Fiat jttstitia, rual caelum. [L.] Let 
justice be done, though the heavens 
fall ; — lux. let there be light. 

Fidei defensor. [L.] Defender of the 
faith." 

Fides Punica. [L.] Punic faith; 
treachery. 

Fidus Achates. [L.] Faithful Acha- 
tes; ?'. e., a true friend. 

Filius nulhus. [L.] A son of nobody ; 
— terras, one of low birth. 

Fille de chambre. [Fr.] A chamber- 
maid ; — de joie, a prostitute. 

Flagrante bello. [L.] During hostili- 
ties ; — delicto, in the commission of 
the crime. 

For titer in re. [L.] With firmness in 
acting. 

Franco. [It.] Post free. 

Friseur. [Fr.] A hair-dresser. 

Fuit Ilium. [L.] Troy has been. 

Fusillade. [Fr.] A simultaneous dis- 
charge of fire-arms. 



G. 

Gallice. [L.] In French. 

Garcon. [Fr.] A boy, or a waiter. 

Garde du corps. [Fr.] A body guard. 

Genius loci. [L.] The genius of the 
place. 

Gens d'armes. [Fr.] Armed police. 

Genus initabile vatum. [L.] The 
irritable race of poets. 

Germanice. [L.] In German. 

Glebse, ascriptus. [L.] A servant be- 
longing to the soil. 

Gloria in excelsis. [L.] Glory to God 
in the highest ; — Patri, glory be to 
the Father. 

Tvw6l creavTov ( Gnothi seauton). [Gr.] 
Know thyself. 



H. 

Haud passibus xquis. [L.] Not with 

equal steps. [elty. 

Haute iwuveaute. [Fr.] A great nov- 

Haut gout. [Fr.] High flavor ; fine or 

elegant taste. 



Helluo librorum. [L.] A devourer of 
books ; a book-worm. 

Hiatus valde deflendus. [L.] A defi- 
ciency much to be regretted. 

Hie et ubique. [L.] Here and every- 
where ; — jacet, here lies ; — labor, 
hoc opus est, this is labor, this is 
work. 

Hoc age. [L.] Do this ; — tempore , at 
this time. 

Honi soil qui malypense. [Fr.] Shame 
on him who evil thinks. 

Hora e sempre. [It.] It is always 
time. 

Hors de combat. [Fr.] Out of condi- 
tion to fight. 

Humanum est errare. [L.] To err is 
human. 



I. 



Ich dien. [Ger.] I serve. 

Id est. [L.] That is ; — genus omne, 
all of that sort. 

Ignotum per ignotius. [L.] That 
which is unknown by something still 
more unknown. 

Imperium in imperio. [L.] A gov- 
ernment within a government. 

Imprimatur. [L.] Let it be printed ; 

— a license to print a book, &c. 
Improvvisatore. [It.] An impromptu 

poet. 

Improvvisatrice. [It.] An impromptu 
poetess. 

In xternum. [L.] Forever ; — articulo 
mortis, at the point of death ; in the 
last struggle ; — commendam, in 
trust ; — curia, in the court ; — equi- 
libria, in equilibrium ; — esse, in be- 
ing ; — extremis, at the point of 
death ; — flagrante delicto, taken in 
the fact ; — forma pauperis, as a 
poor man ; — foro conscientix, before 
the tribunal of conscience ; — futu- 
ro, in future ; henceforth ; — hoc sig- 
no vinces, in this sign , or under this 
standard, thou shalt conquer; — 
limine, at the threshold; — loco, in 
the proper place ; — loco parentis, in 
the place of a parent ; — medias res, 
into the midst of things, or affairs ; 

— medio tutissimus ibis, you will go 
most safely in the middle ; — memo- 
riam, in memory ; — vubibus, in the 
clouds ; — perpetuum , forever ; — pos- 
se, in possible existence ; — propria 
persona, in person ; — pur is naturali- 
bus, quite naked ; — re, in the matter 
of: — rem, against the thing; — 
ssecula sxculorum, for ages on ages; 

— situ, in its original situation; — 
statu quo, in the former state; — 
terrorem, as a warning; — toto, in 
the whole ; entirely ; — totidem ver- 
bis, in so many words ; — transitu, 
on the passage ; — nsum Delphini, 
for the use of the Dauphin ; — 
utrvmque paratus , prepared for either 
event ; — vacuo, in empty space ; — 
verba magistri jurare, to swear to, 
or by, the words of another; to 
adopt opinions on the authority of 
another ; — vino Veritas, there is 
truth in wine. _ 



WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS, ETC. 



531 



Infanta. [Sp.] A princess of the blood 
royal in Spain and Portugal. 

Infante. [Sp.] Any son of the king, 
except the eldest, or heir apparent. 

Insouciance. [Fr.] Indifference ; care- 



Instar omnium. [L.] Like all. 
Inter alia. [L.] Among other things ; 

— nos, between ourselves. 
Invito. Minerva. [L.] Without genius. 
Ipse dixit. [L.] He himself said it. 
Ipsissima verba. [L.] The very words. 
Ipso facto. [L.] In the fact itself ; 

—jure y by the law itself. 



J. 



Jacta est alea. [L.] The die is cast. 
Je ne sais quoi. [Fr.] I know not 

what. 
Jen de mots. [Fr.] A play on words ; 

a pun ; — d' esprit, a witticism. 
Jupiter tonans. [L.] Jupiter the thun- 

derer. 
Jure divino. [L.] By divine law. 
Jus civile. [L.] Civil law ; — dicinum, 

divine law ; — et norma loquendi, the 

law and rule of speech ; — gentium, 

law of nations. 
Juste milieu. [Fr.] The golden mean. 



L. 



Labor ipse voluptas. [L.] Labor itself 
is pleasure; — omnia vincit, labor 
conquers every thing. 

Laissezfaire. [Fr.] Let alone. 

Lapsus lingux. [L.] A slip of the 
tongue. 

Latet anguis in herba. [L.] A snake 
lies hid in the grass. 

Laudator temporis acti. [L.] Apraiser 
of time past. 

Laics Deo. [L.] Praise to God. 

Le beau monde. [Fr.] The fashiona- 
ble world ; — diable boiteux, the lame 
devil ; — roi et Vetat, king and state ; 
roi le veut, the king wills it; — roi 
s^avisera, the king will consider or 
deliberate. 

Lese majeste. [Fr.] High treason. 

Vetoile du nord. [Fr.] The star of 
the north ; — the motto of Minnesota. 

Lettre de cachet. [Fr.] A sealed letter : 
a royal warrant ; — de marque, a let- 
ter of marque or of reprisal. 

Lex loci. [L.] The law of the place ; 
— non scripta, the common law ; — 
scripta, statute law ; — talionis, the 
law of retaliation. 

Vhomme propose, et Lieu dispose. 
[Fr.] Man proposes, and God dis- 
poses. 

Liaison. [Fr.] An alliance ; an illicit 
connection. 

Lite pendente. [L.] During trial. 

Litera scripta manet. [L.] The writ- 
ten letter remains. 

Loco citato. [L.] In the place cited. 

Locum tenens. [L.] A deputy or sub- 
stitute ; a proxy. 

Locus in quo. [L.] The place in 
which ; — sigilli, place of the seal. 



Longo intervallo. [L.] By or with 
long interval. [ment. 

Lufidus ordo. [L.] A clear arrange- 

Lucus a non lucendo. [L.] A jeu 
d^ esprit in etymology, which, assum- 
ing that Incus, a dark wood or grove, 
is derived from the verb lucere, to 
shine, supposes it must be a non 
lucendo, from its not being light. 

Lusus naturae.. [L.] A sport or freak 
of nature. 



M. 

Macte virtute. [L.] Proceed in virtue. 

Mafois. [Fr.] Upon my faith. 

Magna est Veritas, et prevalebit. [L.] 
Truth is mighty, and it will prevail. 

Magnum opus. [L.] A great work. 

Magnus Apollo. [L.] Great Apollo ; 
one of high authority. 

Maisondeville. [Fr.] The town-house. 

Maitre d^hotel. [Fr.] A house-steward. 

Malapropos. [Fr.] Ill-timed. 

Malgrc nous. [Fr.] In spite of us. 

Malum in se. [L.] Bad in itself. 

Mare cluusum. [L.] A closed sea ; a 
bay. 

Materiel. [Fr.] Materials or instru- 
ments employed (opposed to per- 
sonnel). 

Mauvais gout. [Fr.] Bad taste; — 
honte, false modesty. 

Me'ya fiifikiov, fxeya ko.kov (mega bibli- 
on, mega kakon). [Gr.] A great 
book is a great evil. 

Me jit dice. [L.] I being judge. 

Melange. [Fr.] A medley. 

Melee. [Fr.] A hand-to-hand fight ; 
a riot. 

Memento mori. [L.] Remember death. 

Memorabilia. [L.] Things to be re- 
membered. 

Mens sana in corpore sano. [L.] A 
sound mind in a sound body ; — sibi 
conscia recti, a mind conscious of 
rectitude. 

Messalliance. [Fr.] Improper associa- 
tion ; marriage with one of lower 
station. 

Meurn et tuum. [L.] Mine and thine. 

Mirabile dictu. [L.] Wonderful to be 
told. 

Mise en scene. [Fr.] The putting in 
preparation for the stage. 

Mittimus. [L.] We send ; — a writ to 
commit an offender to prison. 

Modus operandi. [L.] Manner of op- 
eration. 

Montani semper liberi. [L.] Moun- 
taineers are always freemen ; — the 
motto of West Virginia. 

Monumentum sere perennius. [L.] A 
monument more durable than brass. 

Multumin parvo. [L.] Much in little. 

Mutatis mutandis. [L.] The necessary 
changes being made. 

Mutato nomine. [L.] The name being 
changed. 



N. 



Naive. [Fr.] Having native or un- 
affected simplicity. 



Naivete. [Fr.] Native simplicity. 
Ne plus ultra. [L.] Nothing further ; 

— quid nimis, not any thing too 
much or too far ; — sutor ultra cre- 
pidam, let not the shoemaker go 
beyond his last. 

Nee. [Fr.] Born ; as, Madame de Stael, 
nee (that is, whose maiden name 
was) Necker. 

Negligee. [Fr.] An easy, unceremo- 
nious attire ; undress. 

Nunine rontradicente. [L.] No one 
speaking in opposition ; — dissenti- 
ente, no one dissenting. 

Nemo me impune lacessit. [L.] No 
one wounds me with impunity; — 
the motto of Scotland. 

Nil admirari. [L.] To wonder at 
nothing ; — conscire sibi, to be con- 
scious of no fault; — desperandum, 
never despair. 

Nimporte. [Fr.] It matters not. 

Noblesse oblige. [Fr.] Rank imposes 
obligation ; much is rightly expected 
of one of high birth or station. 

Nolens volens. [L.] Whether he will 
or not. [me. 

Noli me tangere. [L.] Don't touch 

Nolle prosequi. [L.] To be unwilling 
to proceed. 

No?n de plume. [Fr.] A pen name ; 
an assumed title; — de guerre, a 
war name ; a traveling title ; a pseu- 
donym. 

Non compos mentis. [L.] Not in 
sound mind ; — constat, it does not 
appear; — est inventus, he has not 
been found ; — liquet, it is not clear ; 

— obstante, notwithstanding ; — om- 
nia possumus omne.s, we can not, all 
of us, do all things ; — omnis moriar, 
I shall not wholly die ; — sequitur, 
it does not follow ; an unwarranted 
conclusion. [ber. 

Non mi ricordo. [It.] I don't remem- 

Nosce teipsum. [L.] Know thyself. 

Nota bene. [L.] Mark well. 

N'oubliez pas. [Fr.] Don't forget. 

Nous verrons. [Fr.] We shall see. 

Novus homo. [L.] A new man. 

Nuance. [Fr.] Shade ; gradation ; tint. 

Nudum pactum. [L.] A contract 
made without any consideration, and 
therefore void. [never. 

Nunc aut nunquam. [L.] Now or 

0. 

Obiit. [L.] He, or she, died. 
Obiter dictum. [L.] A thing said by 

the way, or in passing. 
Obsta principiis. [L.] Resist the first 

beginnings. 
Odium theologicum. [L.] The hatred 

of theologians. 
OHil de bozuf. [Fr.] A bull's eye. 
Ohe .' ja?n satis. [L.] 0, now there is 

enough. 
O'i jtoAAoi (Hoi polloi). [Gr.] The 

many ; the rabble. 
Omnia vincit amor. [L.] Love con- 
quers all things ; — vincit labor, labor 

overcomes all things. 
On dit. [Fr.] They say ; flying rumor. 
Onus probandi. [L.] The burden 

of proving. 



532 



WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS, ETC. 



Ora e sempre. [It.] Now and always. 
Ora pro nobis. [L.] Pray for us. 
Orator Jit, poeta nascitur. [L.] The 

orator is made, but the poet is born. 
Ore rotundo. [L.] With round, full 

voice ; — tenus, as far as the mouth. 
O! si sic omnia. [L.] that he had 

always done or spoken thus. 
O tempora ! O mores ! [L.] the 

times ! the manners ! 
Otium cum dignitate. [L.] Ease 

with dignity ; dignified leisure. 
Oubliette. [Fr.] Dungeon of a castle. 
Oui dire. [Fr.] Hearsay. 
Outre. [Fr.] Out of the common 

course; extravagant. [san. 

Ouvrier. [Fr.] A workman ; an arti- 



P. 



Pahnam qui meruit ferat. [L.] Let 

him who has won it bear the palm. 
Papier mackce. [Fr.] Chewed or 

mashed paper ; a hard substance 

made of a pulp from rags or paper. 
Par ezemple. [Fr.] For example ; — 

excellence, by way of eminence. 
Pari passu. [L.] With equal pace. 
Par nobile fratrum. [L.] A noble 

pair of brothers ; two just alike. 
Parole d'konneur. [Fr.] Word of 

honor. [ptice. 

Particeps criminis. [L.] An accom- 
Parva componere magnis. [L.] To 

compare small things with great. 
Parvenu. [Fr.] An upstart ; one 

newly risen into notice. 
Pas d pas. [Fr.] Step by step. 
Passe. [Fr.] Past; out of use; 

faded ; worn out. 
Passe-partout. [Fr.] A master-key. 
Pate de foie gras. [Fr.] Goose-liver 

pie. [family. 

Paterfamilias. [L.] The father of a 
Pater noster. [L.] Our Father; the 

Lord's prayer; — patriie, father of 

his country. 
Patois. [Fr.] Dialect of the lower 



Patres conscripti. [L.] Conscript fa- 
thers ; the Roman senators. 

Peccavi. [L.] I have sinned. 

Peine forte et dure. [Fr.] Strong 
and severe punishment. 

Penchant. [Fr.] Inclination ; liking. 

Pendente lite. [L.] Pending the suit. 

Pensee. [Fr.] Thought. 

Per annum. [L.] By the year ; — cap- 
ita, by the head; — centum, by the 
hundred ; — contra, contrariwise ; — 
diem, by the day; — se, by itself 
considered. 

Perdu. [Fr.] Lost. 

Personnel. [Fr.] Body of persons 
employed in some public service. 

Petit maitre. [Fr.] A dandy ; a cox- 
comb. 

Petitio principii. [L.] A begging of 
the question. 

Peu-d-peu. [Fr.] Little by little. 

Peu de chose. [Fr.] A trifle. 

Piece de resistance. [Fr.] A solid joint. 

Pirouette. [Fr.] A whirl on the toes, 
as in dancing. 

Pis oiler. [Fr.] The last shift. 



Piil. [It.] More. 

Plenojure. [L.] With full authority. 

Plexus. [L.] A net-work ; web. 

Poco d poco. [It.] Little by little. 

Poeta nascitur, non Jit. [L.] The 
poet is born, not made. 

Point d'appui. [Fr.] Point of sup- 
port ; prop. 

Pons asinorum. [L.] Bridge of asses. 

Post mortem. [L.] After death; — 
obitum , after death. 

Pot-pourri. [Fr.] A hotch-potch ; a 
medley. 

Preux chevalier. [Fr.] A brave knight. 

Prima facie. [L.] On the first view. 

Primus inter pares. [L.] Chief among 
equals. 

Principia, non homines. [L.] Princi- 
ples, not men. 

Principiis obsta. [L.] Resist the first 
beginnings. 

Pro aris et focis. [L.] For our altars 
and firesides; — bono publico, for the 
public good; — et con, for and 
against ; — forma, for the sake of 
form ; — hac vice, for this turn or 
occasion ; — rata, in proportion ; — 
re nata, for a special emergeucy ; — 
tanto, for so much; — tempore, for 
the time. 

P races verbal. [Fr.] A written state- 
ment, [vulgar. 

Profanum vulgus. [L.] The profane 

Prohpudor. [L.] 0, for shame. 

Propria qum maribus. [L.] Those 
things which are appropriate or pe- 
culiar to males or men, or to hus- 
bands, [ery. 

Punica fides. [L.] Punic faith ; treach- 



Q. 



Qua. [L.] So far as ; in so far as. 

Quantum libet. [L.] As much as you 
please; — meruit, as much as he 
deserved; — mutalus ab Mo! how 
changed from what he was ! ; — suf- 
Jicit, a sufficient quantity ; — vis, as 
much as you will. 

Quasi. [L.] As if; in a manner. 

Quelque chose. [Fr.] A trifle ; some- 
thing ; any thing. 

Quid pro quo. [L.] One thing for an- 
other ; an equivalent : — rides ? why 
do you laugh ? 

Qui facitper alium, facitper se. [L.] 
He who does a thing by the agency 
of another, does it himself. 

Quis custodiet ipsos custodes? [L.] 
Who shall guard the guards them- 
selves ? 

Qui transtulit, sustinet. [L.] He who 
transplanted, still sustains ; — the 
motto of Connecticut. 

Qui vive ? [Fr.] Who goes there ? — 
hence, on the qui vive, on the alert. 

Quoad hoc. [L.] To this extent. 

Quo animo ? [L.] With what mind or 
intention ? — jure. ? By what right ? 

Quod erat demonstrandum. [L.] 
Which was to be demonstrated ; — 
vide, which see. 

Quos Deus vult per d ere, prius demen- 
tat. [L.] Those whom God wishes 
to destroy, he first makes mad. 



E. 



Rara avis. [L.] A rare bird. 

Recueil. [Fr.] Collection. 

Reduceio ad absurdum. [L.] A re- 
ducing a position to an absurdity. 

Regnant populi. [L.] The people 
rule; — the motto of Arkansas. 
[Properly, Regnat populus.] 

Re infecta. [L.] The business being 
unfinished. 

Religio loci. [L.] The religious spirit 
of the place. 

Renommee. [Fr.] Renown ; fame. 

Requiescat in pace. [L.] May he rest 
in peace. 

Res a,ngusta domi. [L,] Narrow cir- 
cumstances at home ; poverty. 

Respice Jinem. [L.] Look to the end. 

Resume. [Fr.] A summing up ; re- 
capitulation. 

Resurgam. [L.] I shall rise again. 

Revenons d nos moutons. [Fr.] Let us 
return to our sheep; let us return 
to our subject. 

Rifacimento. [It.] Renewal ; re-es- 
tablishment. 

Robe de chambre. [Fr.] A dressing- 
gown or morning-gown. 

Rouleau. [Fr.] A little roll. 

Rudis indigestaque moles. [L.] A 
rude and undigested mass. 

Ruse de guerre. [Fr.] A stratagem ol 
war. 

Rus in urbe. [L.] The country in town. 



S. 



Salle. [Fr.] A hall. 

Salon. [Fr.] An apartment for com- 
pany ; a fashionable party ; or fash- 
ionable society. 

Saluspopuli suprema est lex. [L.] The 
welfare of the people is the supreme 
law ; — the motto of Missouri. 

Sanctum sanctorum. [L.] Holy of 
holies. 

Sans cercmonie. [Fr.] Without cer- 
emony ; — peur et sans reproche, with- 
out fear and without reproach. 

Sartor resartus. [L.] The cobbler 
mended. 

Sauve qui peut. [Fr.] Save himself 
who can. 

Savoirfaire. [Fr.] Ability ;—vivre, 
good breeding. 

Scandalum magnatum. [L.] De- 
famatory speech or writing to the 
injury of persons of dignity. 

Scire facias. [L.] Cause it to be 
known . 

Stance. [Fr.] A sitting or session.^ 

Secundum artem. [L.] According 
to rule ; — naturam, according to the 
course of nature ; — ordinem, in or- 
der. 

Semper felix. [L.] Always fortunate ; 
— fidelis, always faithful ; — idem, 
always the same ; — paratus, al- 
ways ready. 

Senatus consultum. [L.] A decree 
of the Senate. 

Se non e vero, c ben trovato. [It.] If 
not true, it is well feigned. 



WORDS, PHRASES, PROVERBS, ETC. 



533 



Sesauipedalia verba. [L.] Words a foot 
and a half long. 

Sic itur ad astra. [L.] Such is the 
way to immortality ; — passim, so 
everywhere; — semper tyranni$,e\eT 
so to tyrants (the motto of Vir- 
ginia); — transit gloria mundi, so 
passes away earthly glory ; — vos non 
vobis, thus you do not labor for 
yourselves. 

Sicut ante. [L.] As before ; — patri- 
bus, sit Deus nobis, as God was with 
our fathers, so may he be with us. 

Similia similibus curantur. [L.] Like 
things are cured by like. 

Si monHmentum quseris, circumspice. 
[L.] If you seek his monument, look 
around. 

Simplex munditiis. [L.] Of simple 
elegance. 

Sine cura. JX.] Without charge or 
care ; — die, without a day appoint- 
ed ; — qua non, an indispensable 
condition. 

Si quceris peninsulam amsenam, cir- 
cumspice. [L.] If thou seekest a 
beautiful peninsula, behold it here ; 
— the motto of Michigan. 

Sit tibi terra levis. [L.] May the earth 
lie lightly upon thee. 

Soubrette. [Ft.] An intriguing woman. 

Stans pedeinuno. [L.] Standing on 
one foot. 

Sta* magni nominis umbra. [L.] He 
stands the shadow of a mighty 
name. 

Statu quo ante bellum. [L.] In the 
state which was before the war. 

Status quo. [L.] The state in which. 

Stet. [L.] Let it stand. 

Suaviter in modo, fortiter in re [L.] 
Gentle in manners, but resolute in 
deed 

Sub judice. [L.] Under considera- 
tion ; — rosa, under the rose; pri- 
vately. 

Sui generis. [L.] Of its own kind ; — 
juris, in one's own right. 

Summum bonum. [L.] The chief 
good. 

Suo Marte. [L.] By his own strength. 

Suum cuique. [L.] Let each have his 



T. 



Tabtda rasa. [L.] A smooth or blank 

tablet. 
Tantpis. [Fr-] So much the worse. 
Tantum vidit Tirgilium. [L.] He 



merely saw Virgil (that is, the great 
man). 

Tapis. [Fr.] A carpet ; also, the cover 
of a council-table ; hence, to be on 
the tapis is to be under considera- 
tion. 

Tempora mutantur, et nos mutamur 
in Hits. [L.] The times are changed, 
and we are changed with them. 

Tempus edax rtrum. [L.] Time the 
devourer of all things ; — fugit, time 
flies. 

Terras, Jilius. [L.] A son of the earth ; 
that is, a human being. 

Terra Jirma. [L.] Solid earth ; a safe 
footing; — incognita, an unknown 
country. 

Tertium quid. [L.] A third some- 
thing ; a nondescript. 

Tiers-etat. [Fr.] The third estate ; 
commons or commonalty. 

To koKov (To kalon). ' [Gr.] The 
beautiful ; the chief good ; — npinov 
(prepon), the proper or becoming. 

Tolidem verbis. [L.] In just so many 
words. 

Toties quoties. [L.] As often as. 

Toto calo. [L.] By the whole heavens; 
diametrically opposite. 

Tout-d-fait. [Fr.] Entirely; — au 
contraire, on the contrary; — en- 
semble, the whole taken together. 



U. 



Uberrima fides. [L.] Superabound- 

ing faith. [tioned. 

TJbi supra. [L.] Where above men- 
Ultima ratio regum. [L.] The last 

argument of kings; war; — Thule, 

utmost limit. 
Una voce. [L.] With one voice. 
Uno animo. [L.] With one mind; 

unanimously. 
Usque ad aras. [L.] To the very 

altars; — ad nauseam, to disgust. 
Utile dulci. [L.] The useful with the 

pleasant. 
Ut infra. [L.] As below; — supra, 

as above stated. 
Uti possidetis. [L.] As you possess ; 

state of present possession. 



Vade mecum. [L.] Go with me; a 
constant companion. 



Vae, victis. [L.] Woe to the vanquished. 

Vale. [L.] Farewell. 

Valet de chambre. [Fr.] An attend- 
ant ; a footman. 

Variorum nolx. [L.] The notes of va- 
rious authors. 

Veni, vidi, vici. [L.] I came, I saw, 
I conquered. 

Verbatim et literatim. [L.] Word for 
word and letter for letter. 

Verbum sat sapienti. [L.] A word is 
enough for a wise man. 

Vttturo. [It.] A hack. 

Vetlurino. [It.] A hackman. 

Vexata qusstio. [L.] A disputed 
question. 

Via. [L.] By the way of. 

Via media. [L.] A middle course. 

Vice. [L.] In the place of; — versa, 
the terms being exchanged. 

Vide ut supra. [L.] See what is stated 
above. [by main force 

Vi et armis. [L.] By force and arms ; 

Vincit amor patriae. [L.] Love of coun- 
try prevails : — omnia Veritas, truth 
conquers all things. 

Vinculum matrimonii. [L.] The bond 
of marriage. 

Vires acquirit eundo. [L.] She ac- 
quires strength in her progress. 

Vis a vis. [Fr.] Opposite : facing. 

Vis a tergo. [L.] A propelling force 
from behind; — inertias, the power 
of inertia ; resistance ; — vitze, the 
vigor of life. 

Vitam impendere vero. [L.] To stake 
one's life for the truth. 

Vivat regina. [L.] Long live the 
queen ; — rex, long live the king. 

Viva voce. [L.] By the living voice ; 
by oral testimony. 

Vive la rcpublique. [Fr.] Long live the 
republic ; — la bagatelle ! success to 
trifling : — le roi, long live the king. 

Voild. [Fr.] Behold ; there is, or there 
are. 

Vox, et prseterea nihil. [L.] A voice, 
and nothing more : — populi, vox 
Dei, the voice of the people is the 
voice of God. 

Vrai semblance. [Fr.] Appearance of 
truth. 



Zanam solvere. [L.] To loose the vir- 
gin zone. 

Zollverein. [Ger.] A union among 
the German states for the collection 
of custom-house duties. 



THE METRIC SYSTEM 

OF 

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 



MEASURES OF LENGTH. 



METRIC DENOMINATIONS AND VALUES. 



Myriameter 10,000 meters, 

Kilometer 1,000 meters, 

Hectometer 100 meters, 

Dekameter 10 meters, 

Meter 1 meter, 

Decimeter iV of a meter, 

Centimeter 1^0 of a meter, 

Millimeter ....;.... ttttttt of a meter. 



EQUIVALENTS IN DENOMINATIONS IN USE. 



. 6.2137 miles. 

. 0.62137 mile, or 3280 feet and 10 inches. 
328 feet and 1 inch. 
393.7 inches. 
39.37 inches. 
. 3.937 inches. 
. 0.3937 inch. 
. 0.0394 inch. 



MEASURES OP SURFACE. 



METRIC DENOMINATIONS AND VALUES. 



Hectare 10,000 square meters, 

Are 100 square meters, 

Centare 1 square meter, 



EQUIVALENTS IN DENOMINATIONS IN USE. 



. 2.471 acres. 
119.6 square yards. 
1,550 square inches. 



MEASURES OF CAPACITY. 



METRIC DENOMINATIONS AND VALUES. 



Names. 



Kiloliter, or Stere 
Hectoliter . 
Dekaliter . 
Liter . . 
Deciliter . 
Centiliter . 
Milliliter . 



No. of 
liters. 



1,000 



10 



Cubic Measure. 



1 cubic meter 



10 cubic decimeters 
1 cubic decimeter 



JL of a cubic decimeter 
10 



■J 00 1 10 cubic centimeters 
T¥oTF| 1 cubic centimeter 



EQUIVALENTS IN DENOMINATIONS IN USE. 



Dry Measure. 



1.308 cubic yards 
2 bushels and 3.3 
9.08 quarts . . . 
0.908 quart . . . 
6.1022 cubic inches 
0.6102 cubic inch . 
0.061 cubic inch . 



pecks 



Liquid or Wine 



264.17 gallons. 
26.417 gallons. 
2.6417 gallons. 
1.0567 quarts. 
0.845 gill. 
0.338 fluid oz. 
0.27 fluid dram. 



WEIGHTS. 



METRIC DENOMINATIONS AND VALUES. 



Names. 



Millier or Tonneau 

Quintal . . 

Myriagram . 

Kilogram or Kilo 

Hectogram 

Dekagram 

Gram 

Decigram 

Centigram 

Milligram 



Number of 
grams. 



1,000,000 

100,000 

10,000 

1,000 

100 

10 

1 

t 

ToTo 



Weight of what quantity of water at maximum density. 



1 cubic meter .... 

1 hectoliter 

10 liters 

lliter 

1 deciliter 

10 cubic centimeters . . 

1 cubic centimeter . . 
^q of a cubic centimeter 
10 cubic millimeters . . 

1 cubic millimeter . . 



EQUIVALENTS IN DENOM- 
INATIONS IN USE. 



Avoirdupois Weight. 



2,204.6 pounds. 
220.46 pounds. 
22.046 pounds. 

2.2046 pounds. 

3.5274 ounces. 

0.3527 ounce. 
15.432 grains. 

1.5432 grains. 

0.1543 grain. 

0.0154 grain. 



'534) 



ABBREVIATIONS 

USED IN 

WRITING AND PRINTING 



, or a. Adjective ; After- 
noon; Acre. 

o.,or@. {Ad.) To or at. 

a., or aa. (Ana., Gr. ava.) 
In med., Of each the same 
quantity. 

A., or Ans. Answer. 

A. A. G. Assistant Adjutant 
General. 

A. A. S. (Academiee Amer- 
icans Socius.) Fellow of 
the American Academy. 

A. B. (Artium Baccalau- 
reus.) Bachelor of Arts. 

Abbr. Abbreviated. 

A. B. C. F. M. American 
Board of Commissioners 
for Foreign Missions. 

Abl. Ablative. 

Abp. Archbishop. 

A. C. (Ante Caristum.) Be- 
fore Christ. 

Ace. Accusative. 

Ace., or Acct. Account. 

Act., or act. Active. 

A. D. (Anno Domini.) In 
the year of our Lord. 

Ad., or adv. Adverb. 

Ad lib. (Ad libitum.) At 
pleasure. 

Adm. Admiral; Admiralty. 

Admr. Administrator. 

Admx. Administratrix. 

Adv. Advocate ; advent. 

JS. , or JEt . ( JEtatis . ) Of age ; 
aged. 

Ag. (Argentum.) Silver 

Agt. Agent. 

At. , or Ala. Alabama. 

Alex. Alexander. 

A. M. (Artium Magister ) 
Master of Arts. — (Ante 
Meridiem.) Before noon. 
— (Anno Mundi.) In the 
year of the world. 

Am. Amos ; American. 

Amer. American. 

Amt. Amount. 

Anon. Anonymous. 

Ans. Answer. 

Antiq. Antiquities. 

Apo. Apogee. 

Apr. April. 

A. R. (Anno Regni.) Year 
of the rei^n. 

Arith, Arithmetic. 

Ark. Arkansas. 

,4.5. Arsenic : Arkansas ; As- 
tronomy 

Asst. Assistant. 

A- S. S. U. American Sun- 
day School Union- 



Att., or Alty. Attorney. 

Atty. Gen. Attorney General. 

A. U. C. (Ab Urbe Condita.) 
In the year from the build- 
ing of the city, i. e., Rome. 

Aug. August. 

Aur. (Aurum.) Gold. 

Avoir. Avoirdupois. 



b. Born. 

B. A. British America ; 
Bachelor of Arts. 

Ba. Barium. 

Bal. Balance. 

Bar. Barleycorn ; Barrel. 

Bart., or Bt. Baronet. 

Bbl. Barrel, barrels. 

B. C. Before Christ. 

B. C. L. Bachelor of Civil 
Law. 

B. D. Bachelor of Divinity. 

Bd. Bond-, Bound. 

Bds. (Bound in) Boards. 

Be. (Beryllium.) Glucinum. 

Benj. Benjamin. 

Bi. Bismuth. 

Bib. Bible; Biblical. 

Biog. Biography. 

Bk. Bank; Book. 

B. L. Bachelor of Laws. 

Bl. Barrel. 

Bor. Boron ; Borough. 

Bp. Bishop. 

Br. Brother ; Bromine. 

Brig. Brigade : Brigadier. 

Brig.- Gen. Brigadier - Gen- 
eral. 

Brit. Britain ; British. 

Bro. Brother. 

B. V. (Beata Virgo.) Bless- 
ed Virgin. — (Bene Vale.) 
Farewell. 



O. 

C. Carbon. — ( Centum. ) A 
hundred ; Cent ; Centime. 

G, or Cap. ( Cap ut.) Chap- 
ter. 

Ca. Calcium. 

Cal. California ; Calendar. 
— ( Calendm. ) Calends. 

Cant. Canticles. 

Cap. Capital. — ( Caput.) 
Chapter. 

Capt. Captain. 

C. A. S. ( Connecticuttensis 
Academic Socise.) Fellow 
of the Connecticut Acad- 
emy. 

Cat. Catalogue. 

Cath. Catholic 



C. C. County Commission- 
er; County Court; Con- 
tra ; Credit 

C. C. P. Court of Common 
Pleas. 

Cd. Cadmium. 

C. E. Civil Engineer. 

Ce. Cerium. 

Cent. ( Centum.) A hundred. 

Cf. or cf. (Confer.) Com- 
pare. 

C. H. Court-house; Cus- 
tom-house. 

Cli. Church; Chapter. 

Chal. Chaldron. 

Chap. Chapter. 

Cliem. Chemistry. 

Chr. Christopher; Christian. 

Chron. Chronicles ; Chro- 
nology. 

Cit. Citation; Citizen. 

Civ. Civil. 

C. J. Chief Justice. 

CI. Clergyman ; Clerk ; Chlo- 
rine. 

Cld. Cleared. 

C. M. Common Meter. 

Co. Cobalt ; Company ; 
County. 

Coch., or Coclil. (Cochleare.) 
A spoonful. 

C. O. D. Cash (or Collect) 
on Delivery. 

Col. Colonel; Colossians. 

Coll. College; Collector ; 
Colleague. 

Com. Commissioner; Com- 
modore ; Committee ; Com- 
merce ; Commentary ; Com- 
mon. 

Camp. Compare ; Compara- 
tive ; Compound. 

Con. (Contra.) Against; In 
opposirion. 

Con. , or Cr. Contra Credit. 

Cong. Congress. 

Conj. Conjunction. 

Conn., Con., or Ct. Connec- 
ticut. 

Const. Constable ; Consti- 
tution. 

Cor. Corinthians. 

Cor. Mem. Corresponding 
Member. 

Cor. Sec. Corresponding Sec- 
retary. 

Cos. Cosine. 

C. P. Court of Probate ; 
Common Pleas. 

C. P. S. ( Custos Privali Si- 
gilli. ) Keeper of the Privy 
Seal. 

Cr. Credit ; Creditor ; Chro- 
mium. 



Crim. Con. Criminal Con- 
versation, or Adultery. 

Cs. Caesium. 

G <S. Court of Sessions ; 
Clerk to the Signet.— ( Cus- 
tos Sigilli. ) Keeper of the 
Seal. 

Ct. Connecticut ; County ; 
Court. 

Ct., or ct. Cent.— (Centum.) 
A hundred. 

Cts., or cts. Cents. 

Ca. (Cuprum.) Copper. 

Civt., or cwt. (Lat. Cen- 
tum, a hundred, and Eng- 
lish weight.) A hundred 
weight. 

Cyc. Cyclopaedia. 

D. 

D. Didymium. 

D., or d. Day ; Died ; Dime ; 
Daughter ; Deputy ; De- 
gree. — (Denarius or de- 
narii.) A penny, or pence 

Dan. Danish ; Daniel. 

Dat., or dat. Dative. 

D. C. District of Columbia. 
— (Da Capo.) Again, or 
from the beginning. 

D. C. L. Doctor of Civil 
(or Canon) Law. 

D. D. (Divinitatis Doctor.) 
Doctor of Divinity. 

D. D. S. Doctor of Dental 
Surgery. 

Dea. Deacon. 

Dec December ; Declination. 

Def. , or de f. Definition. 

Deft. Defendant. 

Deg., or deg. Degree, de- 
grees. 

Del. Delaware ; Delegate. 

Del., or del. (Delineavit.) 
He, or she, drew it ; — pre- 
fixed to the draughtsman's 
name. 

Dem. Democrat ; Demo' 
cratic. 

Dep. Deputy ; Department. 

Dept. Department ; Depo- 
nent. 

Deut. Deuteronomy. 

Dft . , or dft . Defendant. 

D. G. (Dei Gratia.) Bj 
the grace of God. 

Di. Didymium. 

Diam., or diam. Diameter. 

Diet. Dictionary. 

Disct. Discount. 

Dist. District. 

Dist. Atty. District Attor 
ney. 

(535* 



536 



ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. 



Div. Dividend ; Division ; 
Divide; Divided; Divisor. 

D. M. Doctor of Music. 

D«. or do. (Ditto.) The 
same. 

Dols., or dols. Dollars. 

Doz., or doz. Dozen. 

D. P. Doctor of Philosophy. 

Dr. Debtor ; Doctor ; Dram. 

D. S. (Dal Segno.) From 
the Sign . 

D. T. Dakota Territory.— 
(Doctor Theologix.) Doc- 
tor of Divinity. 

D. V. (Deo Volente.) God 
willing. 

Dwl. (Lat. Denarius and 
English weight.) Penny- 
weight. 



E. East ; Earl ; Erbium. 

5«. Each. 

Eb. Erbium. 

E. C. Eastern Central (Pos- 
tal District, London). 

Eccl., or Eccles. Ecclesias- 
tes ; Ecclesiastical. 

Ecclus. Ecclesiasticus. 

Ed Editor ; Edition. 

E. E. Errors excepted ; Ells 
English. 

e. g. (exempli gratia.) For 
example. 

E. I. East Indies, or East 
India. 

E. I. C. East India Com- 
pany. 

Elec. Electricity. 

E. Lon. East longitude. 

E. N. E. East-North -East. 

Eng. England ; English. 

Engin. Engineering. 

Epk. Ephesians ; Ephraim. 

Esd. Esdras. 

E. S. E. East-South -East. 

Esq., or Esqr. Esquire. 

Esth. Esther. 

et al. (et alibi.) And else- 
where. — (et alii, or alix.) 
And others. 

Etc., etc., or fyc. (Et cseteri, 
cseterx, or cxtera.) And 
others ; and so forth. 

et seq. (et sequentes, or et 
sequent i a.) And the follow- 
ing. 

Ex. Example ; Exodus. 

Exc. Excellency ,' Excep- 
tion. 

Exch. Exchequer ; Exchange. 

Exec. , or Exr. Executor. 

Execx. Executrix. 

Exod. Exodus. 

Ez ., or Ezr. Ezra. 

Ezek. Ezekiel. 



F. 

F. France ; Fellow ; Fri- 
day ; Fluorine ; Feminine ; 
Franc ; Florin ; Farthing ; 
Foot. 

Fahr Fahrenheit. 

Far. Farriery ; Farthing. 



E. A. S. Fellow of the So- 
ciety of Arts ; Fellow of 
the Antiquarian Society. 

Fcp. or fcp. Foolscap. 
Fe. (Ferrum.) Iron. 
Feb. February. 
Fee. (Fecit.) He (or she) 

made it. 
Fern., or fern. Feminine. 
Fig. , or fig. Figure , figures ; 

Figuratively. 
Fir., or fir. Firkin. 
Flor. Florida. 
Fo., or Fol. Folio. 
Fr. France ; Francis ; 

French. 

F. R. G. S. Fellow of the 
Royal Geographical Soci- 
ety. 

Fri. Friday. 

F. R. S. Fellow of the Royal 
Society. 

F. R. S. E. Fellow of the 
Royal Society, Edinburgh. 

F. R. S. L. Fellow of the 
Royal Society of Litera- 
ture ; Fellow of the Royal 
Society, London. 

F. S. A. Fellow of the So- 
ciety of Arts. 

Ft., or ft. Foot, feet ; Fort. 
Fth. Fathom. 
Fur., or fur. Furlong. 
Fut., or fut. Future. 

G. 

G. Genitive ; Glucinum ; 
Guide. 

G., or g. Guinea ; guineas ; 

Gulf. 
Ga. Georgia. 
Gal. Galatians. 
Gal. , or gal. Gallon, gallons. 
G. B. Great Britain. 
G. C. Grand Chapter. 
G. C. B. Grand Cross of 

the Bath. 
Gen. Genesis ; General ; 

Genitive ; Generally. 
Gent. Gentlemen. 
Geo. George. 
Geog. Geography. 
Ger., or Germ. German. 
Gov. Governor. 
G. M. Grand Master. 
G. P. O. General Post-Of- 

fice. 
Gr. Great ; Greek ; Gross. 
Gr., or gr. Grain, grains. 

H. 

H. Hydrogen. 

H., or h. High; Height ; 
Harbor ; Husband ; Hour, 
hours. 

Hab. Habakkuk. 

Hag. Haggai. 

H. B. C. Hudson's Bay 
Company. 

H. B. M. His (or Her) Bri- 
tannic Majesty. 

H. C. M. His (or Her) Cath- 
olic Majestv. 

Hdkf. Handkerchief. 

Hebr. Hebrew ; Hebrews. 



H. E. I. C. Honorable East 
India Company. 

Hy. (Hydrargyrum.) Mer- 
cury. 

H. G. Horse Guards. 

Hhd., or hhd. Hogshead. 

H. I. H. His (or Her) Im- 
perial Highness. 

Hist. History. 

H. M. His (or Her) MajestY. 

H. M. S. His (or Her) Maj- 
esty's Steamer, Ship, or 
Service. 

Hon. Honorable. 

Hos. Hosea. 

H. R. House of Represent- 
atives. 

H. R. E. Holy Roman Em- 
pire (or Emperor). 

H. R. H. His (or Her) Roy- 
al Highness. 

Hund. Hundred. 



I. Iodine ; Island. 

la. Indiana. 

lb., Ibid. (Ibidem.) In the 

same place. 
Id. (Idem.) The same. 
I. e., or i. e. (Id est.) That 

iS. 

I. H. S. (Iesus [or Jesus] 
Hominum Salvator.) Je- 
sus the Savior of Men. 

Bgf- This was originally 
written IH2, and intended 
as an abbreviation of 'IH- 
20Y2, the Greek form of 
the word Jesus. The Greek H 
(eta) having been mistaken 
for the Latin H (aitc/i), and 
a Latin S substituted for the 
Greek 2, the three letters 
were supposed to be the ini- 
tials of three separate words. 

III. Illinois. 

Imp. Imperial ; Emperor. 

In. Inch ; inches. 

incog. (incognito.) Un- 
known. 

Ind. Indiana. 

Inf., or inf. Infinitive. 

In lim. (In limine.) At the 
outset. 

I. N. R. I. (Iesus [or Jesus] 
Nazarenus, Rex Iudxorum 
[or Judseorum].) Jesus of 
Nazareth, King of the 
Jews. 

inst. Instant. 

Int., or int. Interest. 

Interj. Interjection. 

Io. Iowa. 

I. O. O. F. Independent Or- 
der of Odd Fellows. 

I O. U. I owe you — an ac- 
knowledgment fcr money. 

i. q. (idem quod.) The same 
as 

Is., or Isa. Isaiah. 

Isl. , or isl. Islan 1. 

It., or Ital. Ital m; Italic. 

J. 

J. Judge. 

J. A. Judge Advocate. 



Jan. January. 

Jas. James. 

J. C. Jesus Christ ; Jus- 
tice Clerk ; Julius Caesar. 

J. C. D. (Juris Civilis Doc. 
tor.) Doctor of Civil Law. 

J. D. (Jurum Doctor.) Doc- 
tor of Laws. 

Jer. Jeremiah. 

J. G. W. Junior Grand. 
Warden. 

Jno. John. 

Juna. Jonathan. 

Jos. Joseph. 

Josh. Joshua. 

J. P. J ustice of the Peace. 

J. Prob. Judge of the Pro- 
bate. 

Jr., or jr. Junior. 

J. U. D. (Juris TJlriusque 
Doctor. ) Doctor of Both 
Laws (i. e., the Canon and 
the Civil Law). 

Jud. Judith. 

Judg. Judges. 

Jul. July ; Julius. 

Jim., Junr. Junior. 

J. W. Junior Warden. 

K. 

K. King ; Knight. — (Kali- 
um.) Potassium. 

Kan. Kansas. 

K. B. Knight of the Bath ; 
King's Bench. 

K. C. King's Council. 

K. C. B. Knight Command- 
er of the Bath. 

Ken., or Ky. Kentucky. 

K. G. Knight of the Garter. 

K. G. C. Knight of the 
Grand Cross ; Knight of 
the Golden Circle. 

Ki. Kings. 

K. M. Knight of Malta. 

Knt., or Kt. Knight. 

Ky. Ky. 



L. Lady ; Latin : Lord ; Low ■, 
Lithium ; Lake ; Line. 

L., lb., or lb. (Libra.) A 
pound, in weight. 

L., I., or £. A pound ster- 
ling. 

La. Lanthanum. 

Lam. Lamentations. 

Lat. Latin. 

Lat., or. lat. Latitude. 

Lb., lb., or lb. (Libra.) A 
pound in weight. 

L. C. Lower Canada ; Lord 
Chancellor. 

1. c. Lower case. — loco cita- 
to ) In the place before 
cited. 

L. C. J. Lord Chief Justiee, 

Ld. Lord. 

Ldp., or Lp. Lordship. 

Lea. , or lea. League. 

Leg., or Legis. Legislature 

Lev. Leviticus. 

L. I. Long Island ; Light 
Infantry. 

Li. , or L. Lithium 



ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. 



537 



J,ib., or lib. (Liber.) Book. 
Lieut., or Lt. Lieutenant. 
LL.B. (Legum Baccalau- 

reus. Bachelor of Laws. 
OSf- The initial letter of a 

word is sometimes doubled, 

as in the present instance, to 

signify the plural. 
LL.D. (Legum Doctor.) 

Doctor of Laws. See L L. B. 
Lon., Long. Longitude. 
Lou., or La. Louisiana. 
Lp., or Lc/p. Lordship. 
L. S. Left side. — ( Locus 

Sigilli. ) Place of the Seal. 
L. S. D., or I. s. d. (Libra, 

Solidi, Denarii.) Pounds, 

Shillings, Pence. 
Lt., or Lieut. Lieutenant. 



M. 

M. Marquis ; Monday ; Mon- 
sieur ; Morning. — (Mille.) 
Thousand. — (Meridies.) 
Meridian , or noon . 

M. ,orm. Masculine ; Moon ; 
Month, months ; Minute ; 
minutes ; Mill, mills ; Mile, 
miles. 

M. A. Military Academy ; 
Master of Arts. 

Mac, or Mace. Maccabees. 

Mad., or Mndm. Madam. 

Mag. Magazine. 

Maj. Major. 

Maj.-Gen. Major-General. 

Mai. Malachi. 

Mar. Marcli ; Maritime. 

Mas., Masc. Masculine. 

Mass., or Ms. Massachu- 
setts. 

Matt. Matthew. 

M. B. {Medians} Baccalau- 
reus.) Bachelor of Medi- 
cine. 

M. C. Member of Congress ; 
Master of Ceremonies ; 
Master Commandant. 

M. D. (Medicinx Doctor.) 
Doctor of Medicine. 

Md. Maryland. 

Mdlle. Mademoiselle. 

M. E. Methodist Episcopal ; 
Military or Mechanical 
Engineer ; Most Excellent. 

Me. Maine. 

Mem. Memorandum. 

Messrs., or MM. (Mes- 
sieurs. ) Gentlemen ; Sirs. 
See LL.B. 

Metk. Methodist. 

Mg. Magnesium. 

M. H. S. Massachusetts 
Historical Society ; Mem- 
ber of the Historical So- 
ciety. 

Mi. Mississippi. 

Mic. Micah. 

Mich. Michigan ; Michael- 
mas. 

Mid. Midshipman. 

Min. , or min. Minute ; min- 
utes. 

Minn. Minnesota. 

Miss. Mississippi. 

Mile. Mademoiselle. 



MM. Their Majesties . — ( Mes- 
sieurs.) Gentlemen. See 
LL.B. 

Mine. Madame. 

Mn. Manganese. 

Mo. Missouri ; Molybdenum. 

Mo., or mo. Month. 

Mod. Modern. 

Mon.,ov Mond. Monday. 

Mons. Monsieur, or Sir. 

Mos., or mos. Months. 

M. P. Member of Parlia- 
ment ; Member of Police. 

M. P. P'. Member of the 
Provincial Parliament. 

Mr. Master, or Mister. 

M. R. I. Member of the 
Royal Institution. 

Mrs. Mistress, or Missis. 

MS. Manuscript. 

MSS. Manuscripts. See 
LLB. 

Mt. Mount, or Mountain. 

Mus. D., Mus. Doc, or 
Mus. Doct. Doctor of 
Music. 

M. W. Most Worthy. 

M. W. G. M. Most Wor- 
shipful Grand Master. 



N. Noon ; North ; Note ; 
Name ; New ; Nitrogen. 

N. , or n. Noun ; Neuter ; 
Nail, nails. 

J\ r . A. North America. 

Na. (Natrium.) Sodium. 

Nak. Nahum . 

Nat. Natural; National. 

Nath. Nathaniel. 

Naut. Nautical. 

N. B. New Brunswick. — 
(Nota Bene.) Note well, or 
take notice. 

N. C. North Carolina. 

N. E. North-East; North- 
ern Eastern (Postal Dis- 
trict, London) ; New Eng- 
land. 

Neb. Nebraska. 

Neh. Nehemiah. 

Nem. Con. (Nemine Con- 
tradicente.) No one con- 
tradicting; unanimously. 

Nem. Diss. (Nemine Dissen- 
tiente.) No one dissenting. 

Neut., or neut. Neuter. 

N. F. Newfoundland. 

N. H. New Hampshire. 

Ni. Nickel. 

N. J. New Jersey. 

N. L, or n. I. (Non liquet.) \ 
It appears not ; the case is 
not clear. 

N. Lat. North Latitude. 

N. N. E. North-North-East. 

N. N. W. North-North- West. 

No. Norium. 

No. or no. (Numero.) Num- 
ber. 

Nom., or norn. Nominative. 

Non Pros., or Non -pros. 
(Non Prosequitur.) He 
does not prosecute ; — a 
judgment entered against 



the plaintiff when he does 
not appear to prosecute. 

No?i seq., or n on seq. (Non 
sequitur. ) It does not fol- 
low. 

Nos., or 7io5. Numbers. 

Nov. November. 

N. P. New Providence ; No- 
tary Public. 

N. S. Nova Scotia ; New 
Style (since 1752). 

N. T. New Testament. 

Num. or Numb. Numbers. 

N. W. North- West ; North- 
ern Western (Postal Dis- 
trict, London). 

N. Y. New York. 

O. 

0. Ohio ; Oxvgen ; Old. 

Ob., or ob.(Obiit.) Died. 

Obad. Obadiah. 

Obj. , or obj. Objective ; Ob- 
jection. 

Obs. Observatory. 

Obt., or Obdt. Obedient. 

Oct. October. 

Olym. Olympiad. 

Or. Oregon. 

Ord. Ordinance; Ordinary 

O. S. Old Style (previous- 
ly to 1752.) 

05. Osmium. 

0. T. Old Testament. 

Oxon. (Oxonia.) Oxford. 

Oz., or oz. Ounce, or 
ounces. 

8S*" The z is here used to 
represent the character 7 -> , 
anciently an abbreviation 
for terminations. 

P. 

P., or -p. Page ; Part ; Phos- 
phorus ; Pipe. 

Pa. Pennsylvania. 

pa. Participial adjective. 

Pari. Parliament. 

Part., or part. Participle. 

Pass., or 770.55. Passive. 

Pb. (Plumbum.) Lead. 

P. B. (Philosophic Bacca- 
laures.) Bachelor of Phi- 
.losophv. 

Pd. Paid; Palladium. 

Pe. Pelopium. 

P. E. I. Prince Edward 
Island. 

Penn. Pennsylvania. 

Per an. , or per an. ( Per an- 
num.) By the year. 

Per cent., per cent., Per ct., 
or per ct. (Per centum.) By 
the hundred. 

P. G. Past Grand. 

Ph. D. (Philosophise Doc- 
tor.) Doctor of Philosophy. 

Phil. Philip ; Philippians ; 
Philosophy ; Philemon. 

Phila. Philadelphia. 

Philom. (Philomathes.) Lov- 
er of learning. 

Pinx., pinx., or Pxt., pxt. 
(Pinxit.) He, or she, 
painted it. 

Ph., orpk. Peck. 



PI. or pi. Plural. 

Plff. Plaintiff. 

Plur., or p'ur. Plural. 

P. M. Post-Master; Past 
Master; Past Midshipman. 
— (Post Meridiem.) After- 
noon. 

P. M. G. Post-Master-Gen,.. 
eral. 

P. O. Post-Office. 

Pos., pos., Poss., or poss. 
Possessive. 

pp. Pages. See LL.B. 

P. P. C. (Pour prendre con. 
ge.) To take leave. 

Pph., or pph. Pamphlet. 

Pr. , pr. , or W ( Per.) By the. 

P. R. Prize Ring; Porto 
Rico. 

Prep., or prep. Preposition. 

Pre5. President. 

Fret., or pret. Preterit 

Prof. Professor. 

Pron., or pron. Pronoun. 

Pro tern., or pro tern. (Pro 
tempore.) For the time 
being. 

Prov. Proverbs ; Provost ; 
Province. 

Prox. (Proximo.) Next. 

P. S. (Post scriptum.) Post- 
script. 

Ps., Psalm, or Psalms. 

Ft. Pint ; Part ; Payment ; 
Platinum ; Point ; Port. 

Pub. Public; Publisher. 

rub. Doc Public Docu- 
ments. 

Pwt., or pwt. Pennyweight. 

Pxt. or pxt. (pinxt.) He, or 
she, painted it. 

Q. 

Q. Question. 

Q. , or Qu. Query ; Question ; 
Queen. 

Q. B. Queen's Bench. 

Q. C. Queen's Council. 

Q. d.,ov q. d. ( Quasi dicat.) 
As if he should say. 

Q. E. D. ( Quod Erat De- 
monstrandum.) Which 
was to be demonstrated. 

Q. I. (Quantum libet.) As 
much as you please. 

Q. M. Quartermaster. 

Q. M. G. Quartermaster- 
General . 

Qr., or qr. Quarter (28 
pounds) ; Farthing ; Quire. 

Q.s., or q. 5. — (Quantum 
sufficit.) A sufficient quan- 
tity. 

Qt. , or qt. Quart ; Quantity. 

Qu. Queen ; Question; 
Quarter. 

Qu., or Qy. ( Quaere .) Query. 

Ques. Question. 

Q. v., or q. v. ( Quod vide.) 
Which see. 

Qy. Query. 

It. 

R. Railway ; Rhodium. — 
(Rex. ) King. — (Regina.} 
Queen. — (Recipe.) Take. 



538 



ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WHITING AND PRINTING. 



R. A. Royal Academy, or 
Academician ; Rear Admi- 
ral ; Right Ascension. 

Rb. Rubidium. 

R. E. Royal Engineers. 

Rec. or R. Recipe. 

Rec. Sec. Recording Secre- 
tary. 

Ref Reformed ; Reformer ; 
Reformation ; Reference. 

Reg. Register ; Regular. 

Rep. Representative ; Re- 
public ; Reporter. 

Rev. Revelation; Revolu- 
tion ; Review ; Revenue ; 
Reverend ; Revise. 

R. I. Rhode Island. 

R. N. Royal Navy. 

Rom. Roman ; Romans. 

Rom. Cat/i. Roman Catholic. 

R. H. Railroad. 

Rt. Hon. Right Honorable. 

Rt. Rev. Right Reverend. 

Ru. Ruthenium. 

R. W. Right Worshipful. 



S. Sign ; South ; Sulphur ; 
Sunday ; Saturday ; Shill- 
ing. 

<S. A. South America ; South 
Africa. 

Sam. Samuel. 

Sat. Saturday. 

Sb. (Stibium.) Antimony. 

S. C. South Caroliua. 

So., or scalp. (Sculpsit.) 
He, or she, engraved it. 

Sch., or Schr. Schooner. 

SciL, or Sc. (Scilicet.) To 
wit ; namely. 

Script. Scripture. 

Sculp., or sculp. (Sculpsit.) 
He, or she, engraved it. 

S. E. South-East ; South- 
Eastern (Postal District, 
London). 

<S"e. Selenium. 

Sec. Secretary. 

Sec. , or sec. Second ; Section . 

Sect., or sect. Section. 

Sen. Senate ; Senator ; Sen- 
ior. 

Sep. , or Sept. September. 

Serg., or Serj. Sergeant, or 
Serjeant. 

Serv. , or Servt. Servant. 

S. H. S. ( Societatis Histo- 
ries Socius. ) Fellow of the 
Historical Society. 



Si. Silicium. 

Sing., or sing. Singular. 

<S. J. Society of Jesus. 

S. J. C. Supreme Judicial 
Court. 

-S. Lat. South Latitude. 

Sid., or sld. Sailed. 

-S. M. State Militia ; Short 
Meter ; Sergeant Major ; 
Sons of Malta. 

S. M. I. (Sa Majeste Im- 
pcriale.) His, or Her, Im- 
perial Majesty. 

Sn. (Stannwtn.) Tin. 

Soc. Society. 

Sol. Solomon ; Solution. 

S. P. Q. R. (Senatus Pop- 
ulusque Romani.) Senate 
and people of Rome. 

Sq., or sq. Square. 

Sq.ft., or sq.ft. Square feet. 

Sq. in., or sq. in. Square 
inches. 

Sq. m., or sq. m. Square 
miles. 

Sr. Sir, or Senior. 

SS., or ss. (Scilicet.) "Name- 
ly.— (Semis.) Half. 

S. S. Sunday School ; Saint 
Simplicius (the mark on 
the collar of the Chief 
Justice of England). 

S- S. E. South-South-East. 

S. S. W. South-South- 
West. 

St. Saint; Street; Strait. 

Stat. Statute ; Statuary. 

S. T. D. ( Sacra Theologize 
Doctor. ) Doctor of Divin- 
ity. 

S. T. P. (Sacra Theologize 
Professor. ) Professor of 
Theology. 

Subj ., or subj . Subjunctive. 

Subst. Substantive ; Substi- 
tute. 

Sun., or Sund. Sunday. 

Sup. Superior ; Supplement. 

Supt. Superintendent. 

Surg. Surgeon; Surgery. 

S. W. South-West; South- 
western (Postal District, 
London) ; Senior Warden. 

Syn., or syn. Synonym. 

T. 

T. Tenor ; Tuesday ; Town ; 
Township ; Territory ; Ton. 
Ta. Tantalum. 
Tb. Terbium. 



Te. Tellurium. 

Ten., or Tenn. Tennessee. 

Tex. Texas. 

Th. Thursday ; Thomas ; 
Thorium. 

Theo. Theodore. 

Thess. Thessalonians. 

Thurs. Thursday. 

Ti. Titanium. 

Tier., or tier. Tierce. 

Tim. Timothy. 

Tit. Titus. 

Tl. Thallium. 

Tob. Tobit. 

Tr. Translation ; Trans- 
pose ; Treasurer ; Trustee. 

Tu., or Tues. Tuesday. 



IT. 

U. Uranium. 

U. C. Upper Canada. 

Ult., or ult. ( Ultimo. ) Last, 
or of the last month. 

Univ. University. 

U. S. United States. 

U. S. A. United States of 
America ; United States 
Army. 

U. S. M. United States Mail; 
United States Marine. 

U. S. M. A. United States 
Military Academy. 

U. S. N. United States Navy. 

U. S. V. United States Vol- 
unteers. 

U. T. Utah Territory. 



V. Vanadium ; Victoria ; 

Viscount ; Verb ; Verse ; 

Vocative ; Volume. 
V. a., or v. a. Verb active. 
Va. Virginia. 
V. C. Vice Chancellor. 
Ven. Venerable. 
V. G. Vicar General ; Vice 

Grand. 
V. i. Verb intransitive. 
Vice Pres. Vice President. 
Vid. , or vid. ( Vide.) See. 
Vis., or Vise. Viscount. 
Viz., or viz. (Videlicet.) 

Namely ; to wit. [See Note 

under Oz.] 
V. n., or v. n. Verb neuter. 
Voc, or voc. Vocative. 
Vol. , or vol. Volume. 
V. P. Vice President. 



V. R. ( Victoria Regina.) 

Queen Victoria. 
Vs. or vs. ( Versus.) Against, 

or In opposition. 
Vt. Vermont. 
V. t. , or v. t. Verb transitive. 

W. 

W. "West ; "William ; "Wednes- 
day ; Welsh ; Warden. 
— ( Wolfram ium.) T ungs - 
sten. 

W., or 10. Week. 

W. C. Western Central 
(Postal District, London). 

Wed. Wednesday. 

W. I. West India ; West 



W. Lon. West Longitude. 
Wm. William. 
W. M. Worshipful Master. 
W. N. W. West-North- West. 
Wp. Worship. 
W. S. Writer to the Signet. 
W. S. W. West-South- 
West. 
Wt., or wt. Weight. 
W. Va. West Virginia. 



X. Christ. 

Xm., or Xmas. Christmas. 

Xt. Christ. 

Y. 

V. Yttrium. 

Yd., or yd. Yard. 

Ye, or ye. The. 

gg— The y in this abbrevi- 
ation is a corrupt represen- 
tation of the Anglo-Saxon P 
or th, introduced at the time 
when the Anglo-Saxon al- 
phabet was superseded by 
the Old English or Black 
Letter, in which r) (?/) bore a 
considerable resemblance in 
form to p« 

Yr. Your. 



Z., or Zr. Zirconium. 
Zach. Zachary. 
Zech. Zechariah. 
Zeph. Zephaniah. 
Zn. Zinc. 
Zo'ol. Zoology. 
Zr. Zirconium. 



ARBITRARY SIGNS 



USED IN 



WRITING AND PRINTING. 



I. ASTRONOMICAL. 

1. SUN, GREATER PLANETS, ETC. 



0,07"© 


The Sun. 


l§), D,or a 


The Moon. 


• 


New Moon . 


f),or ]) 


First Quarter. 


O. or® 


Full Moon. 


(B,or C 


Last Quarter. 


$ 


Mercury. 


? 


Venus. 


©, ©, ° r 6 


The Earth. 


<f 


Mars. 


%. 


Jupiter. 


h 


Saturn. 


W,or§ 


Uranus. 


w 


Neptune. 




Comet. 


Fixed Star. 



{gp=* The asteroids are now desig- 
nated by numbers indicating the order 
of their discovery, and their symbol is 
a small circle inclosing this number; 
as,®, Ceres;©, Pallas;©, Juno; ®, 
Vesta ; and the like. 

2. SIGNS OF THE ZODIAC. 



Summer 



Spring L- A 

Signs.j | g 

4. 23 

•5. a 

6. n» 

Autumn J 8 - I* 

Signs. 1 9 t 

flO. V> 

11. 31 



Winter 
Signs. 



Aries, the Ram. 

Taurus, the Bull. 

Gemini, the Twins. 

Cancer, the Crab. 

Leo, the Linn. 

Virgo, the Virgin. 

Libra, the Balance. 

Scorpio, the Scor- 
pion. 

Sagittarius, the 

Archer. 

Capricornus, the 
Goat. 

Aquarius, the Water- 



12. K Pisces, the Fishes. 



3. ASPECTS AND NODES. 
(5 Conjunction ; — indicating that 

the bodies have the same longitude, 

or right ascension. 
jfc Sex tile ; — indicatine a difference 



of 60° in longitude, or right ascen- 
sion. 

□ Quadrature; — indicating a dif- 
ference of 90° in longitude, or right 
ascension. 

A Trine ; — indicating a difference 
of 120° in longitude, or right ascen- 
sion. 

8 Opposition ; — indicating a differ- 
ence of 180° in longitude, or right 
ascension. 

Q Ascending Node ; — called also 
Dragon's Head. 

y Descending Node; — called also 
Dragon's Tail. 



II. CHEMICAL. 

4igp Every elementary substance is 
represented, in chemical notation, by a 
symbol consisting of the initial or ab- 
breviation of its Latin name ; as II for 
hydrogen, O for oxygen, Ag (from Ar- 
gentum), for silver, and the like, each 
symbol, when used singly, always indi- 
cating a single atom or equivalent of 
the substance represented by it ; thus, 
O stands for one atom or equivalent of 
oxygen, C for a single equivalent of car- 
bon, and the others in like manner. A 
compound body made up of single equiv- 
alents of its constituents is represented 
by the two symbols of the respect- 
ive constituents written side by side ; 
as, HO, a compound of one equivalent 
of hydrogen with one of oxygen , form- 
ing water. To express more than one 
atom or equivalent of a substance, a 
number is used, either prefixed to the 
symbol, or, more commonly, written 
after it, below the line; as, 20, or 02, 
two equivalents of oxygen. 

A secondary compound, as a salt, is 
indicated by writing the symbols of the 
constituent compounds one after an- 
other, with the sign -4- between them, 
the symbol of the base being always 
placed first; thus, CaO + C02 repre- 
sents carbonate of lime. A comma is 
frequently used instead of the sign-}-, 
commonly to express a more intimate 
union than would be expressed by that 
sign. The period is also sometimes used 
to indicate a union more intimate than 
that denoted by the sign -4-, but less so 
than that implied by a comma. A 



number written before the symbol of a 
compound designates a corresponding 
number of equivalents of that com- 
pound ; as, 3 S03, three equivalents of 
sulphuric acid. When the formula of 
the quantity contains several terms, 
those to which the figure applies are in- 
cluded in parentheses or brackets, to 
which the figure is prefixed; as, 3 
(CaO + SO3), three equivalents of sul- 
phate of lime. 



III. MATHEMATICAL. 



THE RELATIONS OF QUANTITIES. 

+ Plus ; and ; more ; — indicating ad- 
dition ; as a -)- = c ; — used also to 
indicate that figures have been omit- 
ted from the end of a number, or 
that the latter is approximately ex- 
act; as, the square root of 2 is 
1.4142136+. 
— Minus ; less ; — indicating subtrac- 
tion ; as, a — b = c. 
i, or + Plus or minus ; ambiguous ; 
indicating that the number or quan- 
tity to which it is prefixed may have 
either of the signs -j- or — ; as, a + b. 
X Multiplied bv ; times ; into ; as, 
axb = ab; 6><4 = 24. 
45P Multiplication is also often in- 
dicated by placing a dot between the 
factors, or by writing the latter, when 
not numerals, oue after another with- 
out any sign. 

-J-, or : Divided by : as, as-b; that 
is, a divided by b ; 6-7-3=2. 
4®* Division is also very often indi- 
cated by writing the divisor under the 
dividend, with a line between them ; as, 

-; that is, a divided by b; 1=2. 

b 

= Is equal to ; equals ; as, (a -f- b) V 
c = ac-\-bc; 6 + 2 = 8. 

> Is greater than ; as, a^>b,- that 
is, a is greater than b ; 6 > 5. 

< Is less than ; as. a <^b; that is, a 
is less than b ; 3 < 4. 
=0= Is equivalent to : — applied to 
magnitudes or quantities which are 
equal in area or volume, but are not 
of the same form, or capable of su- 
perposition. 

/ ^ / The difference between ; — used to 
<539 x 



540 



ARBITRARY SIGNS. 



indicate the difference between two 
quantities without designating which 
is the greater ; as, a "** b. 

X Varies as ; is proportional to ; as, 

ace b. 
• Is to ; the ratio of; ) — used to in- 
» • As ; equals ; ) dicate ge- 

ometrical proportion ; as, a : b : : c : 
d ; that is, a is to b as c is to d. 

,•. Hence ; therefore ; on this account. 

•«• Because. 

CO Indefinitely great ; infinite ; infin- 
ity. 

Indefinitely small ; infinitesimal ; 
used to denote a quantity less than 
any assignable quantity ; also, as a 
numeral, naught ; nothing ; zero. 

Z. Angle ; the angle ; as, £_ A B C. 

L. Right angle ; the right angle; as, 
L ABC; that is, the right angle, 
ABC. 

J_ The perpendicular : perpendicular 
to ; as, draw A B J_ C D. 

|| Parallel ; parallel to ; is parallel 
to ; as, A B || C D. 

O Circle ; circumference ; 360°. 

/\ Triangle ; the triangle ; as/\ AB 
C ; that is, the triangle ABC. 

□ Square ; the square ; as, D A B C 
D ; that is, the square A B C D. 

O Rectangle ; the rectangle ; as, □ 
A B C D ; that is. the rectangle A B 
CD. 

iS, or */ ~ Root ; — indicating, 
when used without a figure placed 
above it, the square root ; as, „/ 4 
= 2 ; *S 4o2 = 2a. This symbol is 
called the radical sign. To denote 
any other than the square root, a 
figure (called the index) expressing 
the degree of the required root, is 
placed above the sign; as l/a, $/a, 
tya, &c. 
(U^" The root of a quantity is also 

denoted by a fractional index at the 

right hand side of the quantity and 

above it, the denominator of the index 

expressing the degree of the root ; as 

a 2 , a 3 , a 5 ; that is, the square, cube, 
and fifth roots of a, respectively. 

Vinculum, 1 indicate 

( ) Parenthesis, | that the 



1 sometimes others, are variously em- 
ployed by different mathematicians, 
] prefixed to quantities to denote that 
the differentials, variations, finite dif- 
I ferences, or differential co-efficients of 
these quantities are to be taken ; but 
the ordinary significations are those 
given above. 

\f Integral ; integral of ; — indicating 
that the expression before which it 
is placed is to be integrated; as, 
flxdx = a;2 ; that is, the integral of 
2xdx is x 2 . 



Brackets r<l uantities 
liracKets, tQ which 



| Bar, j they are 

applied, or which are inclosed by 
them, are to be taken altogether ; as, 

x'+y* ; 2(a+&) ; a X (b + c[e + d]) ; 

/", or F Function; function of; as 
y—f (x) ; that is, y is, or equals, 
a function of x. 

^W Various other letters or signs 
are frequently used by mathemati- 
cians to indicate functions ; as, /, 
0, <j>', t/r, it, and the like. 

d Differential : as, dx ; that is, the 
differential of x. 

S Variation ; as 8 x ; that is, the va- 
riation of x 

A Finite difference. 

D Differential co-efficient ; derivative. 
4®=- The letters d, 5, A, D, and 



A 



It is repeated to indicate that 
the operation of integration is to be 
performed twice, or three or more times, 
as ffi fffi & c - For a number of 
times greater than three, an index is 
commonly written at the right hand 
above ; as,./" m xdx m ; that is, the rath 
integral, or the result of m integra- 
tions of xdx m . 
? denotes that the integral is to be 
taken between the value b of the va- 
riable and its value a. J' a denotes 
that the integral ends at the value a 
of the variable, and f that it be- 
gins at the value b. These forms 
must not be confounded with the 
similar one indicating repeated in- 
tegration, or with that indicating 
the integral with respect to a par- 
ticular variable. 
2 Sum ; algebraic sum ; —commonly 
used to indicate the sum or summa- 
tion of finite differences, and in 
nearly the same manner as the sym- 
bol /. 
e Residual. 

v The number 3.14159265 + ; the ra- 
tio of the circumference of a circle 
to its diameter, of a semicircle to its 
radius, and of the area of a circle to 
the square of its radius. In a circle 
whose radius is unity, it is equal to 
the semi-circumference, and hence is 
used to desiguate an arc of 180°. 
Degrees ; as, 60° ; that is, sixty de- 
grees. 
' Minutes of arc ; as, 30' ; that is, 

thirty minutes. 
" Seconds of arc ; as, 20" ; that is, 

twenty seconds. 
i , //r , '", &c. Accents used to mark 
quantities of the same kind which 
are to be distinguished; as, a', a", 
a>" , &c, which are usually read a 
prime, a second, a third, etc. ; a b' 
c"+a' b" c. + a" be'. 
1, 2 , 3 , &c. Indices placed above and 
at the right hand of quantities to 
denote that they are raised to powers 
whose degree is indicated by the fig- 
ure ; as. a 1 ; that is, the first power 
of a ; a 2 , the square or second power 
of a ; re 3 , the cube or third power of 
a ; and the like. 



IV. MEDICAL. 



aa (Gr. ava.), of each. 
R (Lat. Recipe). Take. 



APOTHECARIES' WEIGHTS. 

ft Pound. 

§ Ounce; as, gi, one ounce; gss, 
half an ounce ; giss, one ounce and 
a half; §ij, two ounces, &c. 

3 Drachm ; as, 3 i, one drachm ; Jss, 
half a drachm; 3iss, one drachm 
and a half; 3 ij, two drachms, &c. 

^ Scruple ; as, ]}i. one scruple ; 9ss, 
half a scruple ; £iss, one scruple 
and a half; £)ij, two scruples, &c. 



APOTHECARIES' MEASURES. 

O,or0 (Lat. Octarius). Pint. 
§ Ounce, or / § fluid ounce. 
3 Drachm, or/ 3 fluid drachm. 
ll| Minim, or drop. 



V. MISCELLANEOUS. 

&, £, & And. — &c. (Et extern.) 
And the rest ; and so forth ; and so 
on ; and the like. 

Vi or -\- A sign of the cross used by 
the pope,, and by Roman Catholic 
bishops and archbishops, imme- 
diately before the subscription of 
their names. In Roman Catholic 
service-books, it is used in those 
places of the prayers and benedic- 
tion where the priest is to make the 
sign of the cross. 

X) or -f- A character customarily 
made by persons unable to write, 
when they are required to execute 
instruments of any kind, as deeds, 
affidavits, &c. The name of the 
party is added by 
soim one who can his 

write ; as, John X Smith 

4to, or 4°. Quar- mark, 

to ; four leaves, 
or eight pages, to a sheet. 

8vo, or 8°. Octavo ; eight leaves, or 
sixteen pages, to a sheet. 

12mo, or 12°. Duodecimo ; twelve 
leaves, or twenty-four pages, to a 
sheet. 

16mo, or 16°. Sexto-decimo ; sixteen 
leaves, or thirty-two pages, to a 
sheet. 

18mo. or 18°. Octavo-decimo ; eighteen 
leaves, or thirty-six pages, to a 
sheet. 

BI^"* Other sizes are 24mo, or 24 r 
(Vigesi mo-quarto), 32mo, or 32° (Tri 
gesimo-secundo). 36nio, or 36° (Triges 
imo-sexto), 48mo, or 48° (Quadrigesi- 
mo-octavo), 64mo, or 64° (Sexagesimo- 
quarto), 72 mo, or 72° (Septuagesimo-- 
secundo), 96mo, or 96° (Nonagesimo- 
sexto), 128mo, or 128° (Centesimo et 
vigesimo-octavo). These sizes are of 
rare occurrence, and are not common- 
ly known by their Latin names, but 
are colloquially called twenty-four-mo, 
thirty-two-mo, &c, or twenty-fours, 
thirty-twos, &c. 

7ber, September ; 8ber, October ; 9ber, 
November ; lOber, December. 



ARBITRARY SIGNS. 



VI. MONETARY, Etc. 

$ Dollar, or Dollars ; as, $1 : $200. 

f Cent, or cents ; as, 12</ / 33/. 

£ Pound, or pounds (sterling); as, 

£1 ; £45. [la ; 241b. 

fc Pound, or Pounds (in weight) ; as, 
@ At, or to ; as, silk <g $2 per yd. 
W Per ; aa. sheep $4 ty head. 
^ Per cent. ; as, discount 6^ . 

Account ; as, J. Smith in a/ ■with 



*£ 



Jones. 



yc 



/ Shilling, or Shillings ; as, 1 ' 6 —In , 
6d.; 2 / 3 = 2s. 3d. 

A 1 Designation of a first-class vessel , in 
Lloyd's Register of British and For- 
eign Shipping ; the letter denoting that 
the hull is well built and sea-worthy, 
and the figure the efficient state of her 
rigging, anchors, cables, &c. 

XX Aie of double strength. 

XXX Ale of triple strength. 



VII. 



TYPOGRAPH- 
ICAL. 



1. MARKS OF PUNCTUATION. 
, Comma. : Colon. 

i Semicolon. . Period. 



— 


Dash. [tion. 


A 


Caret. 


* 


Interroga- 


it 


' Quotation 


! 


Exclamation. 




Marks. 


f ) 


Parenthesis. 


} 




f 1 


Brackets, or 


Brace. 




Crotchets. 


•♦•Ellipsis. 




Apostrophe. 


. . 


. Ellipsis ; al- 


- 


Hyphen. 




so, Leaders 


r 


Acute Accent. 




- Ellipsis. 


\ 


Grave Accent. 


# 


Asterisk. 


A 


Circumflex 


t 


Dagger, 01 




Accent. 




Obelisk. 


* 


Circumflex, 


+ 


Double Dag- 




or Tilde. 




ger. 


" 


The Long, or 


§ 


Section. 




Macron. 




Parallels. 


w 


The Short, or 


IT 


Paragraph. 




Breve. 


E^Index. 




Diaeresis. 


%* 


, or # * # As- 


y 


Cedilla. 




terism. 


2. 


CORRECTION 


OF 


THE PRESS 


$, 


or $ '(dele). Take out, or expunge 



Turn a reversed letter 
ffc A space, or more space between 

words, letters, or lines. 
_ Less space, or no space, between 

words or letters. 
L , or J Carry a word further to the 

left or to the right. 
□ Indent. 
1 1 Elevate a letter, word, or character 

that is sunk below the proper level. 



541 

1 — 1 Sink a letter, word, or character 
raised above the proper level. 

I shosvs that a portion of a para- 
graph projects laterally beyond the 
rest. 
I directs attention to a quadrat or 
space which improperly appears. 

X, or ■+■ directs attention to a broken 
or imperfect type. 

[ Bring a word or words to the be- 
ginning of a line ; also, make a new 
paragraph. 

T Make a new paragraph. 

— Change from Italic to Roman, or 
from Roman to Italic, as the case 
may be. 

= Put in small capitals. 

= Put in capitals. 

JSSf The following abbreviations, 
used in correcting proof-sheets, re- 
quire explanation : — 

xof. "Wrong font ; — used when a char- 
acter is of a wrong size or style. 

tr. Transpose. 

1. c. Lower-case ; t. e., put in small or 
common letters a word or a letter 
that has been printed in capitals a: 
small capitals. [tals, 

s. caps. ; or sm. c. Put in small capi . 

Qu., Qy., or ? Query. 

out, s. c. Words wanting, see copy. 



SPECIMEN OF A CORRECTED PROOF-SHEET. 



CROWNINff OF PETRARCH. 



e 



/c. 

[ 



^Nothing can be conceived more affecting or noble thanA that ceremony. The $ 

superb palaces and-aed porticos by which had rolled the ivory chariots of Marius 

and Caesar had long mouldered into dust. The laureled fasces, the golden eagles, t= ^jf' 

the shouting JLegions, the captives, and the pictured cities were indeed want^ -/ 

[ ing to his victorious procession. The sceptre had passed away from Rome. / / 
But she still obtained the mightier influence of an ^ empirey Tntellectual,"^ and was 

now to confer the proud e r reward of an intellectual triumph. To the mAn who &&€. a/ 

had ex tended tne dominion of ber|_ ancient language — who |_ had erectedL. the A ,l^ aca ^etteti. 



cifi£t/> 



trophie 



a of philosophy and imagination in the 



haunts of ignorance^and 



ferocity, whose - captions were the he arts of admiring nations/ enchained by the C f/ 

1 influence of his ° — whose spoils were the treasures of ancient genius — the ^s^rco^n. 

ty ^/ Eternal City offered the ffiorious^nd/jusfr) tribute of her gratitude. | / &» *«**. 

^s/vk if &£ f Amid the" ruined monuments of ancient, and the infant erections'of madern 0/ 

A , yS 1 

51 art, he who had restored /the broken link between thetwo agesef human civiliza- 

from the moderns who 
owed to him their refinement, — from the ancj^fts who owjSjej to him their fame £b. Q 



# 



who ow&J to him their fame 
A 
Never was a coronation so august witnessed by Westminster or Rheims. 



MACAULAY. ^J^/, / 



•teOenocC jflo-m vv-bcttttTy aatel <»0<w 



A CONCISE ACCOUNT 

OF THE 

CHIEF DEITIES, HEROES, ETC., IN THE GREEK AND 
ROMAN MYTHOLOGY. 



Ab'a-rIs. A Scythian priest of Apollo, 
said to have ridden through the air 
on an arrow. 

A-cES'TE£. A king of Sicily, who en- 
tertained iEneas and Anchises. 

A-cHjE'us. Son of Xuthus, from 
whom the Achseans, a Grecian tribe, 
were descended. 

A-€HA'tje§. A trusty friend and com- 
panion of iEneas. 

Ach'e-ron. Sou of Sol and Terra, 
transformed iuto a river in the infer- 
nal regions. 

A-chil.'l,e§. A Grecian hero, distin- 
guished for his warlike prowess, and 
invulnerable except in his right heel ; 
but at length slain by Paris, in the 
Trojan war. He was the son of 

_ Peleus and Thetis. 

A'cis. The sou of Faunus, a Sicilian 
shepherd, who was killed by Poly- 
phemus, because he had obtained the 
affections of Galataea. 

Ac-TjE'on. A celebrated hunter, who, 
having seen Diana bathing, was 
changed into a stag and hunted down 
by his own hounds. 

Ad-me'tus. A king of Pherae, in 
Thessaly, and husband of Alcestis. 

A-do'nis. A Cyprian youth famed 
for his beauty and beloved by Venus, 
but torn in pieces by a wild boar. 

2E'A-€US. Son of Jupiter and Europa, 
famed for his justice and piety. After 
death he was made one of the judges 
in the infernal regions. 

JS-ge'ri-A. See Egeria. 

iE-GiE'US. A king of Athens, who 
gave his name to the iEgean sea, In 
which he was drowned. 

jE'gle. 1. One of the Hesperides. 2. 
The fairest of the Naiads. 

jE-gvp'tus. A king of Egypt, whose 
fifty sons, with the exception of 
Lynceus, were slain on their wedding 
night by their wives, the daughters 
of Danaus. 

2E-ne'as. A Trojan warrior, son of 
Venus and Anchises. He is distin- 
guished for his pious care of his 
father at the capture of Troy ; and 
his adventures form the subject of 
Virgil's iEneid. 

M'o-vus. The god or ruler of the 
winds, who resided in the islands be- 
tween Italy and Sicily. 

Ms'ev-l.A'Pi-vs. Son of Apollo, and 
god of the healing art. 

Ag'a-mem'non. Brother of Menelaus, 
and commander of the Grecian forces 
against Troy. He was murdered by 



his wife Clytsemnestra, with the aid 
of iEgisthus. her paramour. See 
CeYTjEMNESTRA. 

Ag'a-nip'pe. A fountain at the foot 
of Mount Helicon, sacred to the 
Muses. 

A'JAX. 1. A son of Telamon, and one 
of the bravest of the Greeks in the 
Trojan war. 2. A Greek renowned 
for his bravery in the Trojan war. 
He was the son of Oileus, and king 
of the Locri. 

Al-^es'tis. Wife of Admetus, to 
preserve whose life she resigned her 
own. She was afterward, however, 
brought back from the lower world 
by Hercules. 

Al-ci'des. A name of Hercules. 

Alc-me'na. Wife of Amphitryon, 
and mother of Hercules by Jupiter. 

Al-\iy'o-ne. A daughter of ^Eolus, 
who drowned herself iu grief for the 
loss of her husband, and was turned 
into a kiug-fisher. 

A-lec'to. One of the Furies. 

Am'mon. A title of Jupiter. 

Am-phI'on. A Theban prince who 
cultivated the art of music with such 
success that, at the sound of his lyre, 
stones came together, and formed the 
walls of Thebes. 

AM'phi-tri'te. Daughter of Nereus 
and Doris, and wife of Neptune. 

An-^jE'us. A king of the Samians, 
who, leaving a cup of wine untasted 
to pursue a boar by which he was 
killed, gave rise to the proverb, 
" There 's many a slip 'twixt the cup 
and the lip." 

An-€HI'se§. The father of iEneas by 
Venus. 

An-drom'a-€HE. The wife of Hector, 
distinguished for her domestic vir- 
tues. 

An-drom'e-dA. Daughter of the 
Ethiopian king Cepheus. Her moth- 
er, Cassiope, having boasted herself 
fairer than Juno, Andromeda was 
exposed to a sea-monster, but was 
rescued by Perseus, who married 
her. 

AN-T;E'US. A monarch of Libya, of 
gigantic size and strength, slain by 
Hercules. 

Xn'te-ros. The god who avenges 
slighted love. 

An-tig'o-ne. A daughter of (Edipus 
and Jocasta, famous for her filial 
piety. 

A-NU'BIS. An Egyptian god, repre- 
sented as having the head of a dog. 



Xph'ro-di'te. The Greek name of 

_ Venus. 

A'PIS. The Egyptian god of -'ndustry, 
worshiped under the form of an ox. 

A-pol'eo. A deity of the Greeks and 
Romans, worshiped as the sun-god. 
He was also god of medicine, divina- 
tion, archery, and poetry, and pre- 
sided over the Muses. 

A-RA€H'NE. A Lydian maiden, who 
challenged Minerva to a trial of skill 
in embroidery, and was changed into 
a spider, as a punishment for her 
presumption. 

Xr'e-thu'sa. Daughter of Nereus, a 
nymph of great beauty, in the train 
of Diana, in Elis ; — changed into a 
fountain when pursued by the river- 
god Alpheus. It was believed that 
this fountain flowed under the sea, 
with the Alpheus, and appeared again 
in Sicily. 

Ar'go-nauts. Companions of Jason, 

" who went to Colchis, in the ship 
Argo, in search of a golden fleece. 

Ar'gus. The son of Arestor; said to 
have a hundred eyes. Being sent by 
Juno to watch Io, he was killed by 
Mercury, whereupon Juno placed 

_ his eyes in the tail of a peacock. 

A'ri-ad'ne. Daughter of Minos, king 
of Crete, who, for the love she bore 
to Theseus, gave him a clew of thread 
which guided him safely out of the 
labyrinth of Crete. 

A-ri'on. A famous musician and 
lyric poet of Methymna, in Lesbos, 
rescued from drowning by a dolphin. 

Ar'is-TjE'us. A son of Apollo and 
Cyrene, who discovered the use of 
honey, oil, &c, and who first taught 

^ men the management of bees. 

AR'TE -mis. The Greek name of Diana. 

As-eXl/A-PHUS. A son of Acheron, 
who, having asserted that Proserpine 
had eaten a pomegranate-seed in the 
kingdom of Pluto, was turned into 
an owl, for mischief-making. 

As-trjE'a. The goddess of justice. 
During the Golden Age she lived on 
earth, but when that passed away 
she abandoned it, and returned to 
heaven. 

As-ty'a-nXx. Son of Hector and 
Andromache, killed by Ulysses at the 
destruction of Troy. 

AT'a-lan'tA. A princess of Scyros, 
who consented to marry any one of 
her suitors who should outrun her. 
Hippomenes was the successful com. 
petitor. 



A. E, I. O, U, Y,long; A,E,I, 6,U, V, short; CARE, FAR, ASK, ALL, WHAT; ERE, V£IE, TERM; PIQUE, FIRM; S6N, 

C642J 



GREEK AND ROMAN DEITIES, HEROES, ETC. 



543 



X'TE. The goddess of revenge. 

At'EAS. A Titan, and king of Mauri- 
tania, who i.s said to have supported 
the world on his shoulders, and was 
changed into a mountain. 

At'ro-pos. One of the Parcae. Her 
duty among the three sisters is to cut 
the thread of life. 

Au'GE-AS. One of the Argonauts, and 

" afterward king of Eiis. His stables 
were the scene of the fifth labor of 
Hercules, who cleaused them from 
the accumulated filth of thirty years 
by turning a river through them. 

Au-RO'RA. The goddess of morning. 

BA€-chan'T£S. Priestesses of Bac- 
chus. 

Ba€'€HUS. The god of wine. 

Bel-ler'o-phon. Son of Glaucus, 
and grandson of Sisyphus. Being 
falsely accused by the wife of Proetus, 
king of the Argives, he was sent with 
a letter from Proetus to his father-in- 
law, commanding him to put the 
bearer to death. He is noted for 
having slain the Chhnaera. 

Bel-lo'na. The goddess of war, and 
sister of Mars. 

BEr'e-ni'^e. Sister and wife of Ptole- 
my Euergetes. Her beautiful hair 
was placed in the heavens as a con- 
stellation. 

Bo'NA De'a. A came given by the 
Romans to the goddess of chastity. 
It was unlawful for any man to enter 
her temple. 

Bri-a're-us, or Bri'a-reus. A fa- 
mous giant, feigned to have had a 
hundred hands and fifty heads. 

Bri-se'is. A beautiful slave of Achil- 
les, from whom she was taken by 
Agamemnon. 

Bron'tes. One of the Cyclops, who 
forged Jove's thunder-bolts. 

Bu-si'RIs. A king of Egypt, who, in 
consequence of an oracle, sacrificed 
strangers on the altar of Jupiter. He 
was slain by Hercules. 

Byb'lis. The daughter of Miletus, 
who loved her brother, and being 
avoided by him, wept herself into a 
fountain. 

•€a-BI'ri. Deities worshiped at Lem- 
nos and Samothrace as tutelary genii. 

€a'€US. A noted giant and robber, 
fabled to have had three heads. He 
stole the oxen of Gervon from Hercu- 
les, and on that account was slain by 
him. 

■Cad'mus. Son of the Pheniciau king 
Agenor, and the inventor of alpha- 
betic writing. 

■Cal'chas. A famous soothsayer, and 
prophet of the Greeks in the Trojan 
war. _ 

€al-li'o-pe. Mother of Orpheus, 
and chief of the nine Muses. She 
presided over epic poetry. 

■Cal-lIs'to. Daughter of Lycaon, 
an Arcadian king. She was changed 
by Juno, on account of jealousy, in- 
to a bear, and was placed by Jupiter 
among the stars. 



€a-lyp'so. A nymph who reigned in 
the island of Ogygia, where she en- 
tertained Ulysses lor eight years. 

■Ca-mil/ea. A warlike queen of the 
Volscians, slain in the war with 
iEneas. 

■Gap'A-neus. One of seven heroes 
who led an expedition from Argos 
against Thebes. He was struck with 
lightning by Jupiter. 

€as-san'dra. A daughter of Priam 
and Hecuba, whose prophecies the 
Troja_ns refused to believe. 

€as-ta'li-a. A celebrated fountain 
on Mount Parnassus, sacred to Apol- 
lo and the Muses. 

£e'€ROPS. The founder and first 
kiDg of Athens, who instituted mar- 
riage and the interment of the dead. 

CJEN'TAURS. A Thessalian race, fa- 
bled to have been half men and half 
horses. 

Qe'phe-us, or Qe'pheus. A king 
of Ethiopia, husband of Cassiope and 
father of Andromeda. 

Qer'be-rus. The three-headed dog 
of Pluto, which guarded the gate of 
Hades. 

CjE'RES. The goddess of grain, fruits, 
and agriculture. She was the daugh- 
ter of Saturn and Ops, sister of Jupi- 
ter, Pluto, and Neptune, and mother 
of Proserpine. 

€ha'ron. The son of Erebus and 
Nox, who ferried the souls of the 
dead over the rivers Acheron and 
Styx to Hades. 

•eilA-RYB'Dis. A ravenous woi^an, 
turned by Jupiter into a dangerous 
whirlpool on the coast of Sicily, op- 
posite to the rocks called Scylla. 

€hi-m.e'ra. A fabulous monster in 
Lycia, which vomited fire, and was 
slain by Bellerophon. 

€hry-se'IS. A daughter of Chryses, 
a priest of Apollo, at Chryse, in 
Troas. Having been captured by 
the Greeks, and given to Agamem- 
non, Apollo sent a pestilence upon 
the Grecian hosts, whereupon she 
was restored to her father. 

C;ir'£E. A sea- nymph and sorceress, 
who, by means of an enchanted cup, 
turned men into swine. 

€li'0. The Muse who presided over 
history ; represented with a half- 
openedroll. 

Clo'a-ci'NA. A Roman goddess, who 
presided over the sewers. 

€lo'tho. The youngest of the three 
Fates. Her office was to spin the 
thread of life. 

€lyt'jEM-:nes'TRA,) The faithless 

€LYT'EM-NES'TRA, I wife of Aga- 
memnon, whom she, with her para- 
mour JEgisthus, murdered on his re- 
turn from Troy, for which crime she 
waskilled by her son Orestes. 

■€o-£Y'ttjs. A river in the lower 
world. 

Qce'lus. One of the earlier deities, 
the spouse of Terra, and father of 
Saturn. [merriment. 

€6'mus. The god of festivals and 

€re'on. A king of Thebes, who prom- 



ised his sister Jocasta in marriage to 
any one who would expound the rid- 
dle of the Sphinx. 

CROE'sus. A king of Lydia, celebra- 
ted for his great riches. 

€'0'PID. The god of love, son of Mars 
and Venus. 

Cyb'e-le. The wife of Saturn ; called 
the mother of the gods. 

(^Y'CLOPS. Savage giants of enormous 
strength, who worked for Vulcan. 
They had but one eye, and that was 
in the middle of the forehead. 

<pYi\'THI-A. A surname of Diana, 
from Mount Cynthus, in Delos, where 
she was born. 

Cyn'thi-us. A surname of Apollo. 

(^YP'A-RIS'SUS. A youth beloved by 
Apollo. Having by accident slain a 
favorite stag belonging to the god, he 
was changed, through grief, into a 
cypress. 

DjED'a-LUS. A famous Athenian ar- 
tificer, father of Icarus, and builder 
of the Cretan labyrinth. He is said 
to have constructed wings with which 
he fled across the iEgeau Sea, to avoid 
the resentment of Minos. 

Da'aion. A Pythagorean of Syracuse, 
celebrated for his friendship for Pyth- 
ias, or_Phintias. 

Dan'a-e. Daughter of Acrisius, and 
mother of Perseus by Jupiter, who 
visited her in the form of a shower 
of gold, her father having shut her 
up in a tower. 

Da-na'I-des. The fifty daughters of 
Danaus, alf of whom, with the excep- 
tion of Hypermnestra, slew their 
husbands on their wedding night ; 
for which crime they were doomed 
eternally to fill with water a tub 
pierced with holes. 

Daph'ne. A nymph beloved by Apol- 
lo, but who chose rather to be 
changed into a laurel than yield to 
his wishes. 

Dar'da-nus. Son of Jupiter and Elec- 
tra, the Pleiad. Having slain his 
brother Jasius, he flel into Asia, 
where hefounded the city of Troy. 

De-Id'a-mi'a. Daughter of Lycome- 
des, king of Scyros, and mother of 
Pyrrhus by Achilles. 

Dej'a-ni'rA. The wife of Hercules, 
who killed herself because she had 
sent to her husband a shirt dipped in 
the blood of the centaur Nessus, to 
escape the agony occasioned by 
which, he burnt himself on Mount 
03ta. 

De'li-A and De'li-us. Names of 
Diana and Apollo, from Delos, wher« 
they were born. 

Del'phi. A city of Phocis, on tha 
hill of Parnassus, where was a cele- 
brated oracle of Apollo. 

Deu-ca'LI-ON. Son of Prometheus, 
king of Phthia, in Thessaly, who, 
with his wife Pyrrha, was preserved 
in a small boat from a flood which 
drowned the rest of Greece, and, 
landing on Mount Parnassus, re- 
peopled the country. 



OR, DO, wpLF, TOO, TCK3K; URN, RUE, PULL ; JE, I, o, silent ; 9,6,sq/i; €,5, hard; Ag; E JIST ; N as NG ; THIS. 



544 



GREEK AND ROMAN DEITIES, HEROES, ETC. 



DI-Xn'A (classical pron. DT-a'na). The 
daughter of Jupiter and Latona, 
and the twiu sister of Apollo. She 
was regarded as the virgin moon- 
goddess, the protector of virginity, 
and of women in labor, the patron- 
ess of the chase, aud the presider 
over nocturnal incantations. 

DI'DO. The foundress and queen of 
Carthage, the site of which she ob- 
tained by purchasing as much land 
as could be encompassed with a bul- 
lock's hide, and then cutting the hide 
into small shreds. She fell in love 
with iEueas, and killed herself be- 
cause he slighted her. 

Di'o-med, or DI'o-ME'DE.f. 1. A 
king of Thrace, whose horses fed on 
human flesh. 2. A famous Grecian 
hero, who assisted Ulysses to carry 
off the Palladium from Troy. 

Dl-6'NE. A sea-nymph and mother 
of Venus. 

Dis-€OR/di-a. The goddess of dis- 
cord, banished from heaven for ex- 
citing divisions among the gods. 

Dry'ads. Nymphs who presided over 
the woods. 

E€H'6 (classical pron. E'eho). A 
nymph who fell in love with Narcis- 
sus, but being slighted by him, pined 
away until nothing was left but her 
voice. 

E-GE'RI-A. A nymph of Aricia, in 
Italy, the spouse and instructress of 
Numa. 

E-LE€'tra. 1. One of the seven 
Pleiades, daughter of Atlas aud Plei- 
one, and mother of Dardanus by Ju- 
piter. 2. A daughter of Agamemnon 
and Clytsemnestra, and sister of 
Orestes. 

E-ly§'i-UM (-lizb/I-). The place as- 
signed for the residence of good men 
after death. 

En-CEL'a-dus. The strongest of the 
giants who conspired against Jupiter, 
and attempted to scale heaven. Jupi- 
ter hurled Mount Etna upon him. 

En-dym'I-on. A beautiful young 
shepherd of Mount Latinos, in Oaria, 
who was condemned to perpetual 
sleep. Diana fell in love with him, 
and nightly came down from heaven 
tokiss him. 

E-PE'us. Son of Panopeus and fabri- 
cator of the wooden horse, by means 
of which Troy was taken. 

EPH'i-ai/tes. A giant, who, with his 
brother Otus, waged war with heav- 
en, and was killed by Apollo. 

Er'a-to. The Muse of lyric and ama- 
tory poetry. 

Er'e-eus. 1. An infernal deity, son 
of Chaos, and brother of Nox. 2. A 
dark and gloomy cavern through 
which the shades pass on their way 
from Earth to Hades. 

E-R'IN'nys. A Fury ; one of the Fu- 
ries, (pi. E-RIN'NY-ES.) 

2u -MEN'I-des. [Lit., the benevolent 
or gracious ""ones.] A euphemistic 
name of the Furies, whose true name 
of Erinnyes they were afraid to speak. 



EfJ-PHOR'BUS. A brave Trojan, son 
of Panthous or Panthus. 

Eu-phros'y-NE. One of the three 
Graces. 

EU-r6'pa. Daughter of the Phenician 
king Agenor, aud mother of Minos 
and Sariyedon by Jupiter, who, un- 
d*r the form of a white bull, carried 
heroff into Crete. 

Eu-ry'a-le. Daughter of Minos, king 
of Crete, and mother of Orion. 

Eu-ry'a-lus. A Trojan, famed for 
his friendship for Nisus. 

Eu-ryd'i-ce. Wife of Orpheus, to re- 
gain whom he descended to the low- 
er world. Pluto yielded to his pray- 
er on condition that he should not 
look back at her until they reached 
the light, which condition he failed 
to fulfill, and was obliged to return 
without her. 

Eu-RYN'o-ME. Daughter of Oceanus 
and mother of the Graces. 

EU-RV'S'THE-US, or EU-RYS'THEUS. 

A king of Mycenae, who, at the com- 
mand of Juno, imposed upon Her- 
cules, his cousin and junior, twelve 
difficult labors. 
Eu-ter'pe. The Muse who presided 
over music. 

FATES. Goddesses who presided over 
human destiny. 

Fau'na. A prophetic goddess of the 
Latins, called also Bona Dea. 

Faun§. Sylvan deities with horns and 
goats' feet ; the offspring of Faunus. 

Fau'NUS. A mythical king of Latium, 
worshiped, after death, as the god of 
agriculture and of shepherds. 

Fe-ro'NI-a. An Italian deity, the 
goddess of plants, and the patroness 
of freedmen. [gardens. 

Flo'ra. The goddess of flowers and 

For-TU'na. The goddess of fortune, 
from whose hand were derived riches 
and poverty, happiness and misery ; 
represented as blind. 

Fu'ries. The goddesses who avenge 
in the next world the sins committed 
in this. They are represented armed 
with snakes and lighted torches. 

GAL/a-tje'a. A sea-nymph, passion- 
ately loved by Polyphemus. 

GAL/lus. A youth beloved by Mars, 
and by him changed into a cock. 

GAN'Y-MEDE. [Lat. Gan'y-ME'- 
de§.] The son of Tros, a youth of 
surpassing beauty, carried off by 
Jupiter's eagle from Mount Ida to 
heaven, where he became cup-bearer 
to the god, in place of Hebe. 

Ge-NI'i. Tutelar deities, or guardian 
spirits of persons or places. 

Ge'ry-on. A king of Spain, whose 
oxen Hercules carried off into Greece, 
after he had killed their master. 

G6r'di-us. A Phrygian king, who 
tied in the harness of his chariot an 
inextricable knot, of which it was 
foretold that whoever untied it 
should become king of all Asia. Al- 
exander the Great, being unable to 
disentangle it, cut the rope with his 



sword, saying that to cut was the 
same as to untie. 

G6r'gon§. Three daughters of Phoi- 
cy^ and Ceto, of hideous appearance, 
who had power to change men into 
stone by simply looking at them. 

Graces. Three beautiful virgin god- 
desses," daughters of Jupiter and 
Eurynome, constantly in attendance 

_ on Venus. 

GY'GEg. 1. A king of Lydia, famous 
for having a ring, by means of which 
he could make himself invisible. 2. 
A giant with a hundred arms. 

HA'de§. The place of departed spirits, 
comprehending both Elysium and 
Tartarus. 

Ham / a-dry'ad§. Nymphs who lived 
in the woods, and presided over 
trees. 

Har'pie§. [Lat. Har-py'i-jE.] Ra- 
pacious monsters, having the faces 
of women, but the bodies, wings, and 
claws of birds of prey. 

Har-poc'ra-tes. The Egyptian god 
of silence ; represented with his fin- 
ger on his mouth. 

He'be. The goddess of youth, and 
cup-bearer to the gods, until super- 
seded by Ganymede on account of an 
unfortunate fall. 

HE€'a-te. A goddess who presided 
over enchantments, conjurations, 
&c. ; the same with Luna in heaven 
and Diana on earth. 

Hec'tor. Son of Priam and Hecuba, 
and the bravest of the Trojans, but 
slain at last by Achilles, who dragged 
his body three times round the walls 
of Troy. 

Hec'u-bA. The wife of Priam. She 
tore out her eyes for the loss of her 
children, and was turned into a bitch 
for railing at the Grecians. 

Hel'e-na. [Eng. Hel'en.] Daughter 
of Tyndarus and Leda, and wife of 
Menelaus ; the most beautiful woman 
of her age. By running away with 
Paris, she occasioned the Trojan 
war. 

HEL'E-NtJS. The son of Priam and 
Hecuba, spared by the Greeks on ac- 
count of his skill in divination. 

HEL'l-eoN. A mountain of Boeotia, 
sacred to Apollo and the Muses. 

Hel/le. Daughter of Athamus and 
Nephele. She fled from her step' 
mother Ino, and was drowned in tha 
Pontic Sea, thence called the Helles- 
pont. 

Her'A-cli'DjE. The descendants of 
Hercules. 

Her'€U-le§. Son of Jupiter and 
Alcmena, celebrated for his great 
strength, and especially for his twelve 
labors. 

Her'me§. The Greek name of Mer- 
cury^ 

Her-mi'o-ne. 1. Daughter of Mars 
and Venus, and wife of Cadmus, 
changed into a serpent. 2. Daughter 
of Menelaus and Helena, and wife of 
Orestes. 

He'RO. A beautiful priestess of Ve- 



A, E, I, 5, u, Y, long; *,£,*, 6, tJ, y, short; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, VE.il, XlRM ; p'i'oue , fIrm ; s6n, 



GREEK AND ROMAN DEITIES, HEROES, ETC. 



545 



nus at Sestos, in Thrace, beloved by 
Leander of Abydos, who used to 
swim over the Hellespont every night 
to see her. Leander beiug at length 
unfortunately drowned, she threw 
Herself, in despair, into the sea. 

Ue-sI'o-NE. Daughter of Laomedon, 
king of Troy, rescued from a sea- 
monster by Hercules, who gave her 
in marriage to Telanion. 

Hes-per'i-des. Three nymphs, 
daughters of^Hesperus, who, in a 
garden on an island beyond Mount 
Atlas, guarded the golden apples 
which Juno gave to .Jupiter. 

HEs'PE-rOs, or Ves'per. Son of 
Japetus and Asia, and brother to 
Atlas ; changed into the evening 
star. 

Hip-poi/y-tRs. Son of Theseus and 
Hippolyte, who was torn to pieces by 
his own horses, but was restored to 
life by iEsculapius, at the request of 
Diana. 

HIP-pom'e-don. Son of Nesimachus, 
and one of the seven Grecian chiefs 
in the war against Thebes. 

HIP-Pom'e-nes. A Grecian prince, 
who beat Atalanta in a race by 
throwing golden apples before her, 
and thus obtained her as his wife. 
They were both chauged by Oybele 
into lions. 

HY'A-gyN'THUS. A beautiful Spartan 
youth, beloved by Apollo and Zephy- 
rus. The latter accidentally killed 
him; but Apollo changed the blood 
that was spilt into a flower called the 
hyacinth. 

Hy'a-des. Nymphs whose parentage, 
names, and number are differently 
stated ; but the number commonly 
given is seven. They were placed 
among the stars, and were thought 
to threaten rain when they rose with 
the sun. 

Hy'dra. A celebrated water serpent, 
with seven heads, which infested 
Lake Lerna. As fast as one head was 
cut off, two sprang up in its stead. 
Hercules, however, succeeded in kill- 
ing it. 

Hy-se'i-a. Daughter of iEsculapius, 
and the goddess of health. 

Hy'las. A beautiful son of Theoda- 
mus, passionately loved by Hercules. 
He was lost on the coast of Mysia, 
and was long sought by Hercules, 
but in vain. 

HYM'E-N^'tJS, or Hv'men. Son of 
Bacchus and Venus, or, as some say, 
of Apollo and one of the Muses. He 
was the god of marriage. 

|-X€'€HUs. A surname of Bacchus. 
1€'a-r0s. A son of Daedalus, who, 

flying with his father out of Crete 

into Sicily, fell into the iEgean Sea, 

— thence called the Icarian Sea. 
I-DOM'e-neus. A king of Crete, and 

the leader of the Cretans against 

Troy. 
I'LUS. A son of Tros and Callirrhoe, 

and the founder of Troy, which was 

called after him Ilium. 



Vb. Daughter of Inachus and Tsmene, 
beloved by Jupiter, who, through 
fear of Juno, turned her into a cow. 
She wandered into Egypt, was re- 
stored to her former shape, married 
king Osiris, and after death was wor- 
shiped by the Egyptians, under the 
name of his. 

iPH'I-GE-Ni'A. Daughter of Aga- 
memnon and Clytaeninestra. Her 
father sought to offer her as a sacri- 
fice to Diana, whose resentment he 
had incurred, but the goddess put a 
hart in her place, and conveyed her 
to the Tauric Chersonese, where she 
became a priestess in the temple of 
her preserver. 

I'Ris. Daughter of Thaumas r,nd 
Electra, and messenger of Juno, who 
changed her into a rainbow. 

Ix-I'ON. A king of the Lapithae, in 
Thessaly, and the father of the 
Centaurs by an image of cloud which 
he supposed to be Juno. Having 
boasted of his intimacy with the god- 
dess, he was punished by being fast- 
ened in hell to a fiery wheel perpetu- 
ally turning round. 

JA'NUS. An ancient Italian deity, the 
sun-god. He entertained Saturn on 
his arrival in Italy, and introduced 
the use of wines, altars, and temples. 
He is represented with two faces, 
looking backward and forward, to 
denote the past and the future. His 
temple at Rome was always open in 
time of war, and closed in time of 
peace. 

Ja'son. A prince of Thessaly, who, 
with the aid of Medea, broughtaway 
from Colchis a golden fleece which 
was guarded by a sleepless dragon. 

Jo-cas'TA. The wife of (Edipus. 

Ju'NO. Daughter of Saturn and Ops, 
and sister and wife of Jupiter. She 
was the queen of heaven, the guar- 
dian deity of women, and the found- 
ress of marriage. 

JfJ'PI-TER. The supreme god of the 
Romans, and the father of men and 
gods; identical with the Grecian 
Zeus (Zeus). He was the son of 
Saturn, brother of Neptune and 
Pluto, and brother and husband of 
Juno. 

LXch'e-sIs. One of the three Fates. 

La'i-us. King of Thebes, and father 
of QMipus, who unwittingly killed 
him. 

La'MI-;e. Female specters who as- 
sumed the most seductive forms to 
insnare young persons, whom they 
devoured. 

La-6€'o-on. Son of Priam and Hecu- 
ba, a Trojan priest, who, having of- 
fended Pallas, was destroyed by ser- 
pents, together with his two sons. 

La-6m'e-don. A king of Troy, and 
father of Priam and Ganymede ; 
killed by Hercules for refusing to 
give him Hesione in marriage, after 
he had delivered her from a sea- 
monster. 



LA'REg. Tutelar deities who presided 
over houses and families. 

La-tI'nus. A king of the Lauren- 
tians, in Italy, who gave iEneas his 
daughter Lavinia in marriage. 

La-TO'NA. The mother of Apollo and 
Diana, whom she brought forth on 
the floating island of Delos. 

La-VIN'I-A. A daughter of Latinus, 
married to iEneas ; after his victory 
over Turnus. 

Le-an'der. A youth of Abydos, the 
lover of Hero. See Hero. 

Le'da. Daughter of Thestius, and 
wife of Tyndarus. beloved by Jupi- 
ter ; said to have laid two eggs, from 
one of which came Pollux and Hele- 
na, and from the other, Castor and 
Cl\ taemnestra. 

Ler'na. A famous marsh near Argos, 
where Hercules slew the Hydra. 

Le'the. A river of the lower world, 
whose waters caused a total forget- 
fulness of the past in those who 
drank of them. 

Li-ge'i-a. One of the three Sirens. 

Lu-CJ'nA. The goddess of childbirth. 

Lu'^i-fer. The name of the planet 
Venus when seen in the morning. 

Lu'NA. The moon ; daughter of Hy- 
perion and Terra ; Diana's name in 
Heaven. 

Ly-ca'ON. A king of Arcadia, who, 
having offended Jupiter, was struck 
by lightning and turned into a wolf. 

Lyc'o-me'des. A king of the island 
of Scyros, among whose daughters 
Achilles for a time concealed him- 
self, disguised in female attire, to 
avoid going to the Trojan war. 



MA-€HA'ON. Son of iEsculapius ; a 
famous surgeon of the Greeks before 
Troy. 

M A'I-A. Daughter of Atlas and Pleione, 
and mother of Mercury by Jupiter. 

Mars. The god of war. 

Mar'sy-AS. A satyr, who, having 
challenged Apollo to a trial of skill 
in music, was defeated and flayed 
alive by him. 

Mau-so'lus. A king of Caria, and 
husband of Artemisia, who erected 
to his memory a magnificent monu- 
ment, the Mausoleum, which was 
reckoned one of the seven wonders 
of the world. 

Me-de'A. A celebrated sorceress, 
daughter of iEetes, king of Colchis. 
Through her assistance, Jason se- 
cured the golden fleece. 

Me-du'sa. One of the three Gorgons, 
slain by Perseus. 

Me-le'a-ger. Son of OZneus, king 
of Calydon, and Althaea. His life 
depended on the preservation of an 
extinguished brand, and this his 
mother burned out of revenge for 
the death of her brothers whom he 
had slain. 

Mel-pom'e-ne . The Muse who pre- 
sided over tragic and lyric poetry. 

MEM'NON. A king of Ethiopia, son 
of Tithonus and Aurora. He went 



OR, do,wqlf,TOO,T©OK; fJRN,RUE, pyLL, ; S, I, O, silent ; C, 6, soft; €,&,hard; Ag; EJIST; jr as NG ; THIS. 
35 



546 



GREEK AND ROMAN DEITIES, HEROES, ETC. 



to the .lid of the Trojans, and was 
elain by Achilles. His statue near 
Thebes gave forth a sound like that 
of a harp-string whenever the first 
beams of the rising sun fell upon it. 

Men'ela'us, King of Sparta and 
husband of Helen, whose elopement 
from him with Paris caused the Tro- 
jan war. 

Men'tor. A faithful friend of Ulysses, 
and left in charge, by him, of his 
domestic affairs, and particularly of 
his son Telemachus. He was regarded 
as the wisest man of his time. 

Mer'€U-RY. Son of Jupiter and Maia, 
messenger of the gods, the inventor 
of letters, and the god of eloquence, 
merchants, and thieves. 

Mi'das. A foolish king of Phrygia, 
who entreated Bacchus that every 
thing which he touched might be 
turned into gold. Apollo changed 
his ears into those of an ass, because 
he decided a musical contest in favor 
of Pan. [tona. 

MI'LO. A celebrated athlete of Cro- 

M'f-NER'VA. The goddess of wisdom, 
of the liberal arts, and of spinning 
and weaving. She was not born like 
others, but sprang full-armed from 
the head of Jove. 

Ml'NOS. A king and law-giver of 
Crete, son of Jupiter and Europa, 
and brother of Khadamanthus. After 
death he was made a judge in the 
lower regions. 

MTn'o-taur. A famous monster with 
the head of a bull and the body of a 
man. He was kept in the Cretan 
labyrinth, and fed with human flesh. 

Mne-mos'Y-ne (ne-m5s'-). The moth- 
er of the Muses and the goddess of 
memory. 

Mo'mus. The god of ridicule and 
satire ; a son of Nox. 

Mor'phe-us, or Mor'pheus. The 
son of sleep and god of dreams. 

Mors.. A deified personification of 
death. 

MtJ's.ES. Nine goddesses who pre- 
sided" over poetry, music, and the 
liberal arts and sciences. They were 
daughters of Jupiter and Mnemosy- 
ne. Their names were Calliope, Clio, 
Erato, Euterpe, Melpomene, Poly- 
hymnia, Terpsichore, Thalia, » and 
Urania. 

Na'iads. Nymphs of fountains and 
streams. 

Nar-cis'SUS. A beautiful youth, son 
of Cephisus and the nymph Liriope. 
Beholding his own image in a foun- 
tain, he fell so violently in love with 
it, that he wasted away with desire, 
and was changed into the flower of 
the same name. 

Nem'e-sis. The goddess of retribu- 
tive justice. 

Ne'op-tol'e-mus. Another name 
of Pyrrhus. See PYRRHUS. 

Nep'tune. The god of the sea and 
of other waters ; son of Saturn and 
Ops, brother of Jupiter, and hus- 
band of Amphitrite 



Ne're-ids. Nymphs of the sea, 
daughters of Nereus. 

Ne're-us, or Ne'reus. A sea-god. 
son of Oceanus and Tethys, husband 
of Doris, and father of the Nereids. 

Nes'sUS. A Centaur slain with a 
poisoned arrow by Hercules for 
offering violence to Dejanira. See 
Dejanira. 

Nes'TOR. Son of Neleus and Chloris, 
eminent among the Grecian heroes 
before Troy for his eloquence and 
wisdom. He is said to have outlived 
three generations of men. 

Nl'NUS. The first king of Assyria, 
husband of Semiramis, and founder 
of Nineveh. 

NI'O-BE. A daughter of Tantalus. 
She wept herself into a stone through 
grief at the death of her children, 
who were slain by Apollo and Diana, 
because Niobe set herself above La- 
tona. 

Nox. One of the most ancient of the 
deities, and goddess of night. 

O'CE-anT-des. Sea-nymphs, 300 in 
number, daughters of Oceanus. 

0-9 E'A-NUS. Son of Coelus and Terra, 
the most ancient god of the sea and 
father of the nymphs presiding over 
springs and rivers. 

(Ed'i-pus. A king of Thebes who 
solved the riddle of the Sphinx, un- 
wittingly killed his father, Laius, 
and married his mother, Jocasta, on 
discovering which he ran mad, and 
tore out his own eyes. 

Om'pha-le. A queen of Lydia, for 
love of whom Hercules became a 
slave, exchanged his club for a spin- 
dle and distaff, and suffered himself 
to be beaten with her slipper. 

OPS. A name of Cybele. 

O'RE-ADS. Nymphs of the mountains 
who accompanied Diana in hunting. 

O-REs'TEg. Son of Agamemnon and 
Clytaemnestra, brother of Electra 
and Iphigeuia, and the firm friend 
of Pylades. He avenged the death 
of his father by slaying his mother 
and her paramour iEgisthus, and 
was in consequence pursued and 
tormented by the Furies. 

O-Rl'ON. A mighty giant who was 
made a constellation. 

6r'phe-us, or Or'pheus. A poet, 
musician, and philosopher, whose 
skill in music was such that the very 
rocks and trees followed him. 

O-si'RIS. An Egyptian deity, the hus- 
band of Isis, worshiped under the 
form of an ox. 

6VsA. A lofty mountain of Thessaly, 
which the giants, in their war 
against the gods, piled upon Mount 
Pelion, in their attempt to scale 
heaven. 

PA€-TO'LUS. A celebrated river of 
Lydia, in which Midas washed him- 
self when his touch turned every 
thing to gold, from which cause it 
ever after rolled golden sands. 

PXl/a-me'des. A king of Euboea, 



and one of the Greeks before Troy, 
where he lost his life through the 
machinations of Ulysses, whose 
feigned madness (feigned that he 
might avoid going to war) he had 
discovered . 

Pa'les. The goddess of husbandry 
and cattle. 

Pal/I- nu'rus. The pilot of ^Eneas, 
noted for falling asleep at the helm , 
and tumbling into the sea. 

Pal-la'di-um. A wooden image of 
Pallas, on the possession of which 
the security of Troy was supposed to 
depend. It was stolen from Troy by 
Ulysses and Diomedes. 

Pal/las. A name of Minerva. 

Pan. The god of the woods and of 
shepherds ; son of Mercury and Pe- 
nelope. 

Pan-do'rA. The first woman, made 
by Vulcan at the command of Jupi- 
ter, and endowed by Venus with 
great beauty. Jupiter gave her a 
box containing all kinds of misfor- 
tunes ; curiosity tempted her to open 
it and they all flew out ; but Hope 
remained at the bottom. 

Par'^jE. The goddesses of fate ; the 
Fates. 

Pa'rts, or Parts. Son of Priam, 
king of Troy, and of Hecuba. He 
decided a contest of beauty between 
Juno, Pallas, and Venus, in favor of 
the last, who, in return, promised 
him Helen, the wife of Menelaus, 
and the most beautiful of women. 
By carrying her off to Troy, he 
brought on the Trojan war. 

Par-then'o-pk. One of the three 
Sirens. She fell in love with Ulysses, 
and not winning him, cast herself 
into the sea, and was thrown by the 
waves on the shore where Naples 
afterwards stood. 

PA-tro'€LUS. One of the Greeks 
before Troy, the friend of Achilles, 
slain in single combat by Hector. 

Peg'A-sus. A winged steed, belong- 
ing to Apollo and the Muses. He 
sprang from the blood of Medusa, 
when she was slain. 

Pe'LOPS. A king of Phrygia, and 
son of Tantalus. When a child he 
was served up to the gods by his 
father; but was restored to life by 
Jupiter, who gave him a shoulder 
of ivory in place of one eaten by 
Ceres. 

Pe-na'tes. Old Latin guardian gods 
of the household, and of the state as 
being formed of a union of house- 
holds. 

Pe-nel'o-pe. The wife of Ulysses, 
who, being pressed by suitors during 
his absence, made them promise to 
delay until she finished a web which 
she was then weaving, and of which 
she unraveled at night what she 
wove by day. 

PEr'dix. The nephew of Daedalus, 
thrown from a tower by his uncle, 
and changed by Minerva into a 
partridge. 

P£r'se-us, or PEr'seus. Son of Ju- 



I, E,l, 5,u, Y,long; a,e,i, 6, 0, Y, short; care, far, ask, all, what; ere, veil, term; pique, fIrm; 



s6n, 



GREEK AND ROMAN DEITIES, HEROES, ETC. 



547 



piter and Danae, who was made a 
constellation. He vanquished the 
Gorgons and performed many won- 
drous deeds by meaus of Medusas 
head. 

Piia'e-tox. Son of Phoebus and 
Clymeue, who obtained permission 
from his father to drive his chariot 
for a single day ; but, being unable 
to manage the fiery steeds, was 
hurled by Jupiter into the river 
Eridanus. to prevent a general con- 
flagration. 

PhIl'0€-te'tes.. Son of Poeas, of 
Thessaly, and a celebrated archer. 
Ilercules, at his death, gave him 
some poisoned arrows without which 
Troy could not be taken. 

Phil'o-me'la. Daughter of Pandi- 
on, king of Athens. She was 
changed into a nightingale. 

PhIVe-us, or Phi'neus. A sooth- 
saying king of Thrace, who. having 
blinded and imprisoned his children 
on a false accusation, was himself 
struck blind and tormented by the 
Ilarpies. 

PlliN'TI-AS. A Pythagorean of Syra- 
cuse, noted for his tender friendship 
for Damon. 

Phleg'e-thox. A river in Hades 
which ran with fire iu-tead of water. 

PllLE'iiv-AS. A king of the Lapithaj. 
who, having burnt the temple of 
Apollo, was placed in hell under a 
great stone, apparently about to fail 
at every moment. 

Phce'be. A name of Diana, as god- 
dess of the moon. 

Phce'bus. A name of Apollo, as god 
of the sun. 

Phce'.mx. A fabulous bird, which, 
according to Herodotus, visited lleli- 
opolis, in Eg\ pt, once in every five 
hundred years. It had no mate, 
but when about to die made a nest 
and burned itself to ashes, from 
which a young phoenix arose. 

PT-ER'I-DES. 1. A name given to the 
Muses from Mount Pierius. 2. The 
daughters of Pierius, whom the 
Muses changed into magpies for chal- 
lenging them to sing. 

Pi-rith'o-us. Son of Ixion. king of 
the Lapithae, husband of Hippoda- 
mia, and intimate friend of Theseus. 

Ple'ia-des. The seven daughters of 
Atlas and'Pleione, transformed into 
the constellation of the same name. 

PLU'TO. The god of Hades, or the 
lower world ; son of Saturn and Ops, 
brother of Jupiter and Neptune, and 
husband of Proserpina. 

PLU'TL'S. The god of wealth, repre- 
sented as lame in his approach, but 
winged in his departure. 

Pol'LL'X. A famous pugilist, son of 
Tyndarus and Leda, and twin brother 
of Castor. See Castor. 

Po-LYD'a-mas. A famous athlete. 

POL'Y-DORE, or POL'Y-DO'RUS. A 
son of Priam and Hecuba, killed for 
his riches by the Thracian king Po- 
lvmnestor. 

Poi/y-hy-YiTvi-a, or Po-ly3I'\i-a. 



The Muse who presided over singing 
and rhetoric. 

Pol'Y-phe'MUs. A cruel giant who 
had but one e\ e, in the middle of his 
forehead, which Ulysses burnt out 
with a firebrand, haviug first made 
him drunk. lie was one of the 
Cyclops, and a son of Neptune. 

PO-MO'NA. The goddess of orchards 
and fruits. 

PfU'ABL Son of Laomedon, husband 
of Hecuba, and father of He. 'tor, 
Paris, &c. He was the last king of 
Troy, the city having been taken by 
the Greeks during his reign. 

PRl-A'PUS. The god of gardens and 
vineyards, and of procreation. 

Pro-€RL"s'tes. A savage highway- 
man of Attica, who placed his cap- 
tives on a couch, and, if too short, 
stretched them out to fit it ; but if 
they were too long, he cut off their 
legs. 

ProG'ne. Daughter of Pandion. 
king of Athens, wife of Tereus, and 
sister of Philomela. She was changed 
into a swallow. 

Pro-me'the-us, or Pro-me'theus. 
Son of Iapetus and Clymeue, cousin 
to Epimetheus, and father of Deuca- 
lion. Having stolen fire from heaven, 
he was bound fast on Mount Cau- 
casus and tormented by a vulture, 
which fed continually upon his liver. 

Pro-ser'pi-na, or Pros'er-pIne. 
Daughter of Jupiter and Ceres, wife 
of Pluto and queen of Hell. 

Pro'te-us, or Pro'tevs. A sea-god 
who foretold future events, and pos- 
sessed the power of transforming 
himself into various shapes. 

Psi"'€HE (sPke). A nymph beloved 
by Cupid, and made immortal by 
Jupiter. 

Pyg'.vtjes,. A nation of dwarfs, in 
Africa, only a span high. Every 
spring they were attacked and de- 
feated by the cranes. 

Pyg-^ia'ei-on. 1. Son of Belus,king 
of Tyre, and brother of Dido, whose 
husband, Sichaeus, he slew for his 
money. 2. Great-grandson of Belus, 
who made a statue of which he be- 
came so enamored, that Venus on 
his entreaty gave it life. 

Pyl'a-des. A most constant friend 
of Orestes, 

Pyr'a-mus. A Babylonian, the lover 
of Thisbe. On account of her sup- 
posed death he stabbed himself un- 
der a mulberry tree ; and she, finding 
his corpse, put an end to her life on 
the same spot and with the same 
weapon. 

PYR'RHA. SeeDEUCAMOV. 

PYR'RHUS. Son of Achilles and De- 
i'damia. He distinguished himself at 
the siege of Troy by his cruelty and 
vindk-tiveuess as well as bravery. At 
the instigation of his wife he was slain 
by Orestes. 

Pyth'i-as. [Properly Phintias.] See 
PHINTIAS. 

Py'thox. A huge serpent, killed 
near Delphi, by Apollo, who insti- 



tuted the P\ thian games in com- 
memoration of the event. 

Qui-ri'xus. A name given to Romu- 
lus after his death and deification. 

Re'mus. The twin brother of Romu- 
lus, slain by him for leaping in scorn 
over the walls of Rome when they 
were building. 

Rhad'a-max'thus. A law-giver of 
Crete, son of Jupiter, and brother of 
Minos. He was famous for his jus- 
tice and equity, and was, therefore, 
after death, made one of the judges 
in the lower world. 

Rhe'a. Another name of Cybde. 

RoM'U-LUS. A son of Mars and Rhea 
Silvia. His uncle threw him as soon 
as born into the Tiber, but he was 
saved and brought up by a shepherd, 
and finally became the founder and 
first king of Rome. 

SAL-MO'NE-US, or SAL-M5'NECs. A 
king of Elis, struck by lightning for 
imitating the thunder-bolts of Jove. 

Sar-pe'don. A son of Jupiter and 
Europa, and king of Ljcia, who dis- 
tinguished himself at the siege of 
Trov, and was killed by Patroclus. 

Sat'URN. Son of Coelus and Terra, 
and father of Jupiter. Having been 
banished from the throne of heaven 
by his son, he fled for safety into 
Italy, and taught ihe people agricul- 
ture and the useful arts. The time 
in which he did this is called The 
Golden Age. 
\ SA'TYRg. Lascivious sylvan deities, 
i with horns and goats* feet. 
1 S^YL'LA. 1. A daughter of Phorcys, 
changed by Circe, out of jealousy. 
into a sea-monster, with dogs about 
the haunches, and placed on a rock 
on the Italian coast, opposite Cha- 
rybdis on the coast of Sicily. 2. A 
daughter of Nisus of Megara, beloved 
by Minos, for whom she cut off from 
her father's head a purple lock, on 
which his life depended ; for which 
crime she was changed into a lark. 

Sem'e-le. Daughter of Cadmus, and 
mother of Bacchus bv Jupiter. 

SI-LE'XUS. The foster-father of Bac- 
chus : lascivious and addicted to 
drunkenness, but regarded as the 
god of abstruse mysteries and knowl- 
edge. He is represented as bald- 
headed, with short horns and a flat 
nose, and as riding on an ass. 

Sil-va'xus. See Sylvanus. 

SI'rens. Three birds, with the faces 
of virgins, on the southern coast of 
Italy, where with their sweet voices 
they enticed ashore these who were 
sailing by, aud then killed them. 
They were daughters of Oceanus 
aud Parthenope, and their names 
were Leucasia, Ligeia, and Parthen- 
| ope. 

Sis'Y-PHUS. Son of iEolus. king of 
j Corinth, and a noted robber, killed 
! by Theseus. For his crimes, he was 
] condemned in hell to roll to the tcp 



OR, DQ.WOLF, TOO, TOOK; fjRN, RUE, PULL ; e, I, o, silent ; C, &, soft; -e,Q r hard; Ag; EXIST; NCWNG; THIS. 



D48 



GREER AND ROMAN DEITIES, HEROES, ETC. 



of a hill a huge stone, which con- 
stantly fell back again to the bot- 
tom. 

Sol. A name of Apollo. 

Som'nus. A son of Erebus and Nox, 
and the god of sleep. 

SphUnx. A fabulous monster near 
Thebes, with the head of a woman, 
the body of a lion, and the wings of 
a bird, which put forth riddles to 
passers by, and devoured all who 
were unable to solve them ; (Edipus 
solved one proposed to him, where- 
upon she destroyed herself. 

Sten'tor. One of the Greeks before 
Troy. His voice is said to have been 
as loud as the voices of fifty men to- 
gether. 

Styx. A river in the infernal regions, 
by which the gods swore their most 
solemn oaths. 

Syl-va'nus. A Roman deity who 
presided over woods and all places 
planted with trees. 

Tan'Ta-lus. A king ofPhrygia, son 
of Jupiter, and father of Niobe and 
Pelops. For his misdeeds he was 
placed in a lake of water which re- 
ceded whenever he attempted to 
drink, and under a tree laden with 
all manner of delicious fruits, which 
always eluded his grasp. 

Tar'ta-kus. The place of punish- 
ment in Hades, or the lower world. 

TEI/A-MON. One of the Argonauts, 
son of iEacus, brother of Peleus, and 
father of Ajax and Teucer. He was 
king of Salamis, and first scaled the 
walls, when Hercules took the city 
of Troy in the reign of Laomedon. 

Te-lem'a-€HUs. The only son of 
Ulysses and Penelope. He went in 
search of his father after the siege of 
Troy. 

Tel'lus. The earth personified ; the 
most ancient of all the deities after 
Chaos. She is represented as a 
woman with many breasts distended 
with milk. 

Tem'pe . A valley of Thessaly through 
which ran the river Peneus, between 
Ossa and Pelion ; described by the 
poets as the most delightful spot on 
the earth. 

Ter'MI-NUS. A divinity at Rome, 
who was supposed to preside over 
bounds and limits, and to punish all 
unlawful usurpations of land. 

Terp-sI€H'o-re. The Muse who pre- 
sided over dancing. 

Te'thys. Wife of Oceanus, and 



mother of the sea-nymphs and river- 
gods. 

Tha-lI'a. 1. One of the Muses ; the 
Muse of comedy. 2. One of the 
three Graces, 

The 'Mi 8. The daughter of Coelus 
and Terra, and goddess of justice, 
who rewarded virtue and punished 
vice. 

THe'se-US, or The'seOs. King of 
Athena and one of the most famous 
heroes of antiquity. He was the son 
of iEgeus (or, as some say, of Nep- 
tune) and iEthra, husband of Ari- 
adne and afterward of Phaedra, and 
father of Hippolytus by the Amazo- 
nian Hippolyte He was especially 
noted for slaying the Minotaur and 
conquering the Centaurs, and for his 
friendship for Pirithous. 

This'be. SeePvRAMUS. 

TI-siph'o-ne. One of the three Fu- 
ries. 

TI'TAN. 1. Son of Coelus and Terra, 
elder brother of Saturn, and father 
of a race of giants called Titans, who 
contended with Saturn for the sov- 
ereignty of heaven, until Jupiter 
(Saturn's son), cast them by his 
thunderbolts into Tartarus. 2. A 
grandson of the above, and son of 
Hyperion ; the sun-god. 3. A name 
given to Prometheus, as grandson of 
Titan. 

Ti-tho'NUS. Son of Laomedon and 
father of Memnon, by Aurora, who 
endowed him with immortality, and 
when he had become very old and 
decrepit turned him into a grass- 
hopper. 

Tit'y-us. A son of Jupiter, slain by 
Apollo for an attempt on the chastity 
of Latona, and condemned, in the 
infernal regions, to have a vulture 
forever feeding on his liver, which 
was perpetually renewed. He was a 
giant of size so huge that his body, 
when stretched out, covered nine 
acres of land. 

TriP-tol'e-mOs. A king of Eleusis, 
who was the inventor of agriculture, 
and became a judge in the lower 
world. 

Tri'ton. Son of Neptune and the 
nymph Salacia ; a sea-god, and Nep- 
tune's trumpeter. 

Tro'i-lus. Son of Priam and Hecu- 
ba, slain by Achilles. 

Tro-ph6'ni-us. A deity who im- 
parted oracles in a cave near Leba- 
dia. in Boeotia. He was the builder 
of Apollo's temple at Delphi. 



TOr'nus. A king of the Rutuli, in 
Italy, killed byjEneas. 

Tyd'e-us, or Ty'deus. A king of 
Calydon, son of GSneus, and father 
of Diomedes ; celebrated for his vic- 
tory over Eteocles, king of Thebes. 

TY'PHON, I A fa- 

TY-PHO'E-US, or TY-PHO'EUS. ) 
mous giant, struck with lightning 
by Jupiter, and buried under Mount 
iEtna. 

U-LYS'SES_. Son of Laertes, husband 
of Penelope, father of Telemachus, 
and king of Ithaca ; the most elo- 
quent, wise, and politic of the Gre- 
cian heroes in the Trojan war. 

U-rA'ni-a. The Muse who presided 

_ over astronomy. 

U'ra-nus. The most ancient of the 
gods, husband of Tellus or Terra (the 
Earth), and father of Saturn. By 
the Romans, he was called Cozlus. 

Te'nus. The goddess of love, grace- 
fulness, beauty, and pleasure; wife 
of Vulcan, mother of Cupid, iEneas, 
&c. 

Ver-TUM'nus. A Roman deity who 
presided over the seasons (particu- 
larly Spring) and their productions. 
He was the lover of Pomona. 

Ves'ta. The goddess of flocks and 
herds, and of the household in gen- 
eral ; daughter of Saturn and sister 
of Jupiter, Neptune, Pluto, Juno, 
and Ceres. Her temple contained a 
sacred fire, tended by virgins, and 
never permitted to go out. 

Vue'can. Son of Jupiter and Juno, 
and husband of Venus. He was the 
god of fire, and presided over work- 
ers in metal. His workshop was sup- 
posed to be under Mount iEtna, 
where, assisted by the Cyclops, he 
forged the thunderbolts of Jove, who 
is said to have kicked him out of 
heaven on account of his deformity. 

Zeph'y-RUS. The west wind, son of 
iEolus and Aurora, and the passion- 
ate lover of the goddess Flora. 

Ze'Tes. One of the Argonauts, son 
of Boreas and Orithnia, and brother 
to Calais, together with whom he 
pursued the Harpies, and drove them 
from Thrace. He is generally de- 
scribed as a winged being. 

Ze'thus. Son of Jupiter and Anti- 
ope, and twin-brother of Amphion-, 
very expert in music. 

Zeus. The Greek name of Jupiter. 



A, e, i,6,u, Y,long; a,e,I,6,u, i, short ; care, far, ask, all, what ; ere, veil, term ; pique, firm; son 
dB-jDOjWOLF, too, took-, urn, RyE^yLL; e, i t O, silent ; 9,G,5o/*,' €,G t hard; A§; exist; n as no: 



• TABLES OF 

MONEY, WEIGHT, AND MEASURE, 

OF THE 

PRINCIPAL COMMERCIAL COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD; 

CHE VALUE OF THE MONEY IN EACH GIVEN IN THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL CURRENCY; AND OF 

THE WEIGHTS AND MEASURES IN THE WEIGHTS AND MEASURES IN ORDINARY USE IN THE 

UNITED STATES, AND ALSO IN THE WEIGHTS AND MEASURES OF THE METRIC SYSTEM. 



By E. B. ELLIOTT, 

OF THE UNITED STATES TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 



UNTTED STATES. 

(Principal Commercial City, NEW YORK.) 

Money. 

The National currency of the United States is termed the 
FEDERAL CURRENCY. Its different denominations pro- 
ceed in a decimal proportion. The unit of money is the 
dollar- 

10 mills = 1 cent. 

10 cents = 1 dime. 

10 dimes = 1 dollar. 

10 dollars = 1 eagle. 

The mill is not coined. 

The coin of the United States consists of gold, of silver, 
of nickel, and of bronze. 

The standard gold coin contains, by weight, nine tenths 
pure gold, and one tenth alloy — the alloy being silver and 
copper, the silver by law not exceeding one half, but in 
fact falling much short of this limit, and so far as it can 
conveniently be done excluded from the alloy. The stan- 
dard silver coin contains nine tenths pure silver, and one 
tenth alloy — the alloy being copper. The nickel coin is 
composed of nickel and copper — the nickel not exceeding 
twenty-five per cent. The bronze coin contains five per 
cent, of tin and zinc, and ninety -five per cent, of copper. 

Gold. — From gold of standard purity are coined double 
eagles, eagles, half-eagles, quarter-eagles, three-dollar and 
one-dollar pieces. The dollar contains twenty-five grains 
and eight tenths of a grain (25. 8 grains = 0.05375 of an 
ounce troy) of standard gold. The weights of other gold 
coins are in proportion. 

Silver. — From silver of standard purity are coined 
dollars, half dollars, quarter dollars, dimes, half dimes, and 
three-cent pieces. The dollar coin contains 412J grains of 
standard silver. The half-dollar coin contains 192 grains 
of standard silver, and the other smaller coins (quarters, 
dimes, half dimes, and three-cent pieces), in the same pro- 
portion as the half dollar — the value of the half dollar and 
smaller coins being proportionately less by nearly seven and 
one half per cent. (742) of their value than that of the dol- 
lar coin. 

NICKEL. — Metric Weight of Coins. — From nickel (£ 
pure and I copper) are coined five-cent and three-cent pieces 
(549.) 



— each of the former weighing just 5 grammes (French ), 
or 77.16 grains nearly, and having a diameter of two centi- 
meters : the latter coin weighing 30 grains. 

The five-cent coin of nickel is the first issued from the 
United States mint with the avowed design of presenting a 
simple relation to the metric (French) system of weight 
and measure. It is, however, worthy of note, that the stand- 
ard weight of the U. S. three-dollar gold coin is also almost 
precisely Jive grammes (more exactly 5.015,) a difference of 
about three tenths of one per cent, in excess ; and that the 
standard weight of two U. S. silver dimes is also very nearly 
the same (more exactly 4.976 grammes), the difference being 
about one half of one per cent, in defect. That is, our entire 
gold and silver coinage, with the exception of the silver dol- 
lar coin, conforms almost precisely to the French metric 
system of weights— as nearly bo as is practicable, while 
legally grains and troy ounces are employed to designate 
their weights. 

Bronze. — From bronze (5 per cent, zinc and tin and 
95 per cent, copper) are coined one-cent and two-cent 
pieces — the former weighing 48 grains, or one tenth of an 
ounce, and the latter in proportion. 

Legal Tender. — The gold coins and the silver dollar 
are legal tender of payment in all amounts. The half dol- 
lar and smaller silver coins (quarter dollars, dimes, half 
dimes, and three-cent pieces) are legal tender in sums not 
exceeding Jive dollars. The nickel five-cent coins are legal 
tender in sums not exceeding one dollar, and the nickel 
three-cent coins in sums not exceeding sixty cents. The 
bronze coinage (one-cent and two-cent pieces) is not legal 
tender in sums exceeding four cents in amount, but may 
be paid out from the mint in exchange for the lawful cur- 
rency of the United States. 

United States Coins at different Periods.— 
Under the Act of Congress of the 2d of April 1792. under 
which act the national coinage originated, the weight of 
standard gold in the eagle was fixed at 270 grains. Under 
the Act of the 28th of June, 1834, this weight was reduced 
to 258 grains, which weight is still retained. The weight 
of pure gold contained in the eagle under the earlier of these 
two acts, was 247^ grains ; under the later act, 232 grains. 

Bv the Act of January, 1837, it was declared, that the 
gold and silver coins of the United States should contain 
nine tenths of pure metal and one tenth of alloy — the alloy, 



550 



MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



in the case of gold coins, to be of silver and copper ; the sil- j 
Ter not to exceed one half. Accordingly, the proportion of 
pure metal in the eagle was slightly increased, the quantity 
becoming 232.2, as now, instead of 232 grains. The alloy 
of silver coins was to be copper. 

The quantity of pure, metal in the silver dollar, 371| 
grains, established by the Act of the 2d of April, 1792, (and 
which, it should be observed, is just fifteen times the weight 
of pure metal in the gold dollar of that date — or l* times 
the weight of pure metal in the gold eagle,) has continued 
unchanged, as to the entire dollar, to the present time ; the 



weight of standard metal in the coin has, however, been 
somewhat reduced by abstracting therefrom a part of the 
alloy ; 3£ grains of alloy being withdrawn by the Act of the 
18th of January, 1837, and its standard weight thereby re- 
duced from 416 grains to 4125, the present standard. 

The weight of the half-dollar and the smaller silver coins 
(quarters, dimes, and half-dimes,) was by the Act of the 21st 
of February, 1853, still further diminished : the weight of 
the half-dollar being fixed at 192 grains, nine tenths fine, 
and that of silver coins of smaller denominations in pro- 
portion. 



LEGAL, WEIGHT, FINENESS, AND RELATIVE VALUE OF THE GOLD AND SILVER COINS OF THE UNITED 

STATES AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. 





Fineness. 

Proportion of 

Pure Gold. 


Weight of Gold Eagle. 


Fineness. 

Proportion of 

Pure Silver. 


Weight of Silver Dollar. 


Legal Ratios of 
Value of Gold 
to Silver. 


"Under the Act of 


Of Standard 
Gold. 


Of Pure 
Gold. 


Of Standard 
Silver. 


Of Pure Sil- 
ver. 


2d April, 1792 . . 
28th June, 1834 . . 
18th January, 1837 
21st February, 1853 


^ nearly. 

ft 

T 9 o 
ft 


Grains. 
270 

258 
25S 
258 
258 


Grains. 
247.5 

232.0 
232.2 
232.2 
232.2 


**£ nearly. 

Td 9 -i ncarl - v - 

ft 

tV 
tV 


Grains. 
416 
416 
4121 
412* 
334 


Grains. 

3711 
3711 
3711 
3711 
345.6 


15 tol 

16 to 1, nearly. 
16 to 1, nearly. 
16 to 1, nearly. 
14| to 1 nearly. 



Under the Act of the 3d of March, 1851, a three-cent sil- 
ver coin (1 fine) was issued, weighing twelve and three 
eighths (12|) grains. Under an Act of the 3d of March, 
1853, the same fineness (nine tenths) was adopted for the 
silver three-cent coins as for other silver coius, and the 
weight was made proportional. 

All gold coins issued subsequently to the Act of the 18th 
of January, 1837, are legal tender in any amount. All sil- 
ver coins issued prior to the 21st of February, 1853, and all 
dollar coins of silver whenever issued, are legal tender to 
any amount ; and all silver coins of smaller denomination 
than one dollar, issued since the enactment of that law, are 
legal tender in sums not exceeding five dollars. 

Coins of unmixed copper have nearly disappeared from 
circulation, but are occasionally seen. They have not 
been coined since 1857- The half-cent pieces ceased to be 
coined by the Act of February 21, 1853. The Spanish and 
Mexican dollar and their fractional parts have not been iu 
circulation since 1849. 

Paper Money. — Early in the late civil war, notes of 
the United States government — not bearing interest — 
were declared by Congress legal tender in payment of all 
dues to the government, except duties on imports ; and in 
payment of all claims against the government except in- 
terest on the public debt ; and in payment of all debts, 
public and private, except duties on imports and interest 
as aforesaid. 

The earlier issues of these legal tender notes, when pre- 
sented in sums not less than fifty dollars, were made ex- 
changeable at par for certificates convertible into certain 
United States securities bearing six per cent, interest in 
gold ; but by a later Act of Congress these notes ceased to 
be so exchangeable unless presented prior to July 1st, 1863. 

Notes of banks, organized under National laws, are ex- 
tensively, and under State laws to a very limited extent, 
employed as the representatives of legal tender notes. The 
circulation of the notes of the National Banks is limited 
by law to $300,000,000, very nearly the whole of which 
amount is constantly in circulation : but only coin and gov- 
ernment notes are legal tender. Gold and silver ooins have 
disappeared from circulation, and are sold in market at a 
premium ; legal tender notes of the denominations of one 
dollar and upwards, and fractional notes of the denomina- 
tions of fifty cents, twenty-five cents, ten cents, and five 

* Entire Dollar. 



cents, taking their place. But few of the five-cent notes, 
however, continue in circulation, the law now requiring 
their withdrawal. 

The relative annual average values of gold and of legal 
tender paper currency, in open market in New York city, 
have been as follows : — 

Calendar Value in Currency Value in Gold of 

Years. of §100 in Gold. $100 in Currency. 

18G2 $114 $88 

18G3 $144 $70 

1834 $204 $49 

1865 $157 $64 

1866 $141 $71 

1867 $138 $72 

National Securities. — Five- Twenties. — The se- 
curities known as "Five-Twenties" — so called from the 
number of years for which they are issued — are govern- 
ment bonds, some with coupons attached, others registered, 
redeemable at the pleasure of the government on due no- 
tice to the holders, at any time after five years, and pay- 
able in twenty years from the date of issue. These bonds 
bear interest in coin, payable semi-annually, at the rate of 
six per cent, per annum. 

Ten-Forties. — The " Ten-Forties," so called, are five per 
cent, securities (some with coupons, others registered), re- 
deemable after ten, and payable forty years from date prin- 
cipal and interest payable in coin. The interest, on bonds 
of the denominations of fifty and one hundred dollars re- 
spectively is payable annually, on all other denominations 
semi-annually. 

Seven- Thirties — The " Seven-Thirties" — so called from 
the rate of interest which they bear — are treasury -notes 
with coupons attached, the interest being payable semi-an- 
nually in lawful money (currency), at the rate of seven and 
three-tenths per cent, per annum (or, one cent a day on 
each fifty-dollars), and convertible at maturity at the 
option of the holder into six per cent, gold-bearing secu- 
lities redeemable after five, and payable twenty years from 
date. Their dates of issue are June 15, and July 15, 1865. 
On the July issue the government reserves the right of pay- 
ing the interest in coin at six per cent. 

Sixes of 1881. — The six per cent., twenty -year loan, ma- 
turing in 1881, principal and interest payable in coin, can 

* Fractional parts of Silver Dollar- 



MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



551 



not be redeemed by tbe government prior to maturity, ex- 
cept by purchase. 

Tbe above comprise the principal forms of government 
securities. 

Weights and Measures. 

Standard Units. 

Standard of Length. — The actual standard of length of 
the United States, is a brass scale of eighty-two inches in 
length, prepared for the survey of the coast of tbe United 
States, by Troughton of Loudon, and now in the possession 
of the United States Treasury Department, and deposited 
at the office of Weights and Measures. The yard measure 
is betweeu tbe twenty -seventb and the sixty-third iuches of 
the scale. Tbe temperature at which this scale was designed 
to be standard, and at which it is so used iu conducting the 
operations of the United States Coast Survey, is 62° Fahren- 
heit. Late comparisons show that on the United States 
standard scale at 62° Fahrenheit, the yard is in excess of 
the British standard by 0.00087 iuch. According to a re- 
port made as Chairman of the Committee of Weights and 
Measures, by Professor A. D. Bache, late Superintendent of 
the United States Coast Survey, in 1860, before the Amer- 
ican Association for the Advancement of Science, " the 
standard temperature of the United States yard "'' " has 
never been authoritatively here fixed." 

The unit of length — the yard — is derived from ancient 
arbitrary standards in England. Its thirty-sixth part — 
the inch — is said to be contained 39.13929 times in the 
length of the pendulum that, in a vacuum and at the level 
of mid-tide, under the latitude of London, vibrates seconds 
of mean time. 

Comparison of the Common with the Metric Standards 
of Length. — According to Hassler, the meter contains 
39.38091714 of the inch-divisions of the Troughton scale 
at 32° Fahrenheit ; and, consequently, making due allow- 
ance for the expansion by heat of the metal scale, 
39.36850154: of these inch-divisions, when the bar is at 62° 
Fahrenheit. The number of imperial inches in the meter, 
according to Kater, and adopted in the late Act of Par- 
liament, which rendered the use of the metric system per- 
missible in Great Britain, is 39.37079. The number of 
United States inches in the meter, according to the Act of 
Congress of 1866, authorizing the use of the metric system 
of weights and measures in the United States, is 39.37. 

Standard of Weight. — The weights of the United States 
are designed to be identical with those of England. The 
standard of weight is the troy pound , copied in 1827, by 
Captaiu Kater, from the imperial troy pound of England, 
for the use of the mint of the United States, and there de- 
posited. This pound is standard when in air in which the 
mercury stands at SO inches in a barometer, and at 62 
degrees in the Fahrenheit thermometer. The pound troy is 
assumed to contain 5,760 grains ; the commercial or avoir- 
dupois pound, contains 7,000 of these grains. 

Standards of Volume. — The standard of liquid measure 
is the gallon ; of dry measure, the bushel. The former is 
almost exactly equivalent to a cylinder 7 inches iu internal 
diameter, and 6 inches in height ; the latter to a cylinder 
of 18.5 iuches internal diameter, and 8 inches in height, 
and when heaped the cone must not be less than 6 inches 
high, containing for a true cone, 2,747.715 cubic inches. 

The gallon, if filled with distilled water at the temper- 
ature of its maximum density (say 39.83° Fahrenheit, as 
determined by Mr. Hassler), contains, according to the offi- 
cial report, at that temperature, if weighed in air in which 
the barometer is 30 iuches at 62° Fahrenheit, 58,372.2 
standard grains (8.3389 pounds avoirdupois). — The bushel 
is a measure containing 543.391.89 standard grains (77.6274 
pounds avoirdupois) of distilled water at the temperature 
of maximum density, and barometer at 30 inches at 62° 
Fahrenheit- 
According to Mr. Ilassler's comparisons, the weight of a 
cubic foot of water at irs maximum density, the barometer 
being 30 inches at 62° Fahrenheit, is 998.068 ounces avoir- 
dupois : the weight of a cubic inch of such water being 



252.0937 grains. The United States gallon is thus the old 
wine gallon of 231 inches, nearly ; and the United States 
bushel, the Winchester bushel of 2150.42 cubic inches 
nearly. 

The British standard measure of volume, by Act of 1824, 
is the imperial gallon containing, when weighed in air, 
both air and water being at tbe temperature of 62° Fahren- 
heit, and the barometer at 30 inches, 10 pounds avoirdu- 
pois. The cubic inch of distilled water (temperature 62°, 
barometer 30 inches), is declared to contain 252.458 grains ; 
hence tbe imperial standard gallon contains 277.274 cubic 
inches. The imperial bushel, of 8 imperial gallons, con- 
tains 2218 192 cubic inches. Its dimension^ are 19. 5 inches 
outside diameter, 8.5 inside diameter, 18.25 depth, and 6 
inches height of cone for heaped measure ; the contents 
of the heaped bushel being 2815.488 cubic inches. 

The United States standard gallon is to the imperial 
standard gallon, nearly, as 5 to 6 ; the United States stand- 
ard bushel is to the imperial standard bushel, nearly, as 
32 to 33. 

Metric System. 

Metric System of Weights and Measures Permissible. — 
By an Act of Congress approved iu July, 1866, the use of 
the weights aud measures of the metric system is made 
permissible ; and contracts are declared not to be invalid 
because the weights and measures expressed or referred to 
therein are weights and measures of that system. 

The following tables of equivalents are also therein rec- 
ognized in the construction of contracts and in all legal 
proceedings. 

MEASURES OF LENGTH. 

0.001 meter = 1 millimeter = 0.0394 inches. 

0.01 meter = 1 centimeter = 0.3j37 inches. 

0.1 meter = 1 decimeter = 3 937 inches. 

1 meter . = 1 meter = 3'J 37 inches. 



10 meters . = 1 dekameter 
100 meters . =: 1 hectometer 

1,000 meters . = 1 kilometer 



10,000 meters 



1 myriameter 



)3.7 inches. 
0.328 1-12 ft. 
0.3280 10-12 ft. 
0.62136 miles. 
0.32808 4-12 ft. 
6 2137 miles. 



MEASURES OF SURFACE. 

1 square meter = 1 centare = 15"0 square inches. 
100 square meters = 1 are = 119 6 square yards- 

10,000 square meters = i hectare = 2.471 acres. 

MEASURES OF VOLUME. 

Cubic Measure. 



1 cubic centimeter = 
10 cubic centimeters = 

1 cubic decimeter = 

1 cubic decimeter = 
10 cubic decimeters = 

0.1 cubic meter 
1 cubic meter 



1 milliliter 
1 centiliter 
1 deciliter 
1 lirer 
1 dekaliter 
1 hectoliter 



0001 liter. 
001 liter. 
0.1 liter. 
1 liter. 
10 liters. 
100 liters. 



1 kiioliter, or stere = 1,000 liters. 

Dry Measure. 

1 milliliter = 0.061 cubic inch. 

1 centiliter = 0.6102 cubic inch. 

1 deciliter = 61022 cubic inches. 

1 liter = 0.908 quart. 

1 dekaliter = 9. OS quarts. 

1 hectoliter == 2 bushels and 3 35 pecks. 

1 kiioliter, or stere . . = 1.308 cubic yards. 

Liquid Measure. 

1 milliliter = 027 fluid drachm 

1 centiliter = 0.338 fluid oz. 

1 deciliter = 0845 gill. 

1 liter = 1.0567 quarts. 

1 dekaliter = 2.6417 gallons. 



552 



MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



1 hectoliter = 26.417 gallons. 

1 kiloliter, or stere . . . . = 264.17 gallons. 



1 cubic millimeter * : 
10 cubic millimeters ; 
100 cubic millimeters = 
1 cubic centimeter : 
10 cubic centimeters : 
1 deciliter . . = 1 

1 liter . . . — 

10 liters . . . = 
1 hectoliter . . = 

1 cubic meter . = 



WEIGHTS. 

= 1 milligramme 
= 1 centigramme 
= 1 decigramme 
= 1 gramme 
= 1 dekagramme 
hectogramme = 
1 kilogramme ( 

or kilo S 

myriagramme 
quintal 
lmillieror ) 

tonneau ) 



= 0.001 gramme. 

■=. 0.01 gramme. 

= 0.1 gramme. 

=r 1 gramme. 

= 10 grammes. 

: 100 grammes. 

= 1,000 grammes. 

= 10,000 grammes. 
= 100,000 grammes. 
= 1,000,000 grammes. 



1 milligramme = 0.0154 grain avdp. 

1 centigramme = 0.1543 grain avdp. 

1 decigramme = 1.5432 grains avdp. 

1 gramme = 15.432 grains avdp. 

1 dekagramme = 0.3527 ounce avdp. 

1 hectogramme — 3.5274 ounces ad vf>. 

1 kilogramme or kilo . . . r= 2.2046 lbs. avdp. 

1 myriagramme = 22.046 lbs. avdp. 

1 quintal = 220.46 lbs. avdp. 

1 millier or tonneau . . . . = 2204.6 lbs. avdp. 

Metric Standards to be furnished each State. — By a joint 
Congressional resolution of the same date, the Secretary of 
the Treasury was " authorized and directed " to furnish to 
each State, " one set of the standard weights and measures 
of the metric system." 

Metric Postal Balances to be furnished certain Post-of- 
fices. — By another act of the same date, the Postmaster- 
General was " authorized and directed to furnish to the 
post-offices exchanging mails with foreign countries, and to 
such other offices as he shall think expedient, postal bal- 
ances denominated in grammes of the metric system ; and 
until otherwise provided by law, one half ounce avoirdu- 
pois shall be deemed and taken for postal purposes as the 
equivalent of fifteen grammes of the metric weights, and so 
adopted in progression ; and the rates of postage shall be 
applied accordingly." 

It will be seen on reference to the tables above given, 
that one half-ounce avoirdupois is actually equal to about 
14.176 grammes instead of fifteen grammes. 

Length of the Meter. — The meter was designed to be the 



-) of the earth's meridian 



ten-millionth part ( T ooooooo 
passing through Dunkirk and Formentera.f Later investi 
gations, however, based on additional measures of merid- 
ional arcs in other parts of the world, have shown that 
the meter sensibly exceeds such ten-millionth part of the 
quadrant — the excess being equal fas is stated by Sir 
John Herschelj to about one part in 6400. 

Weights in Common Use. 
Avoirdupois Weight. 



16 drams 
16 oz. . 



1 ounce, oz. 
1 pound, lb. 



* Of wnter nt maximum density. 

t Sir John Herschel lias called attention to the remarkable 
fact, not generally known, that the earth's polar semi-axis con- 
tains almost precisely 1001 millions of English quarter-inches : 
and recommends tlie augmentation of the existing English 
measures of length by their one thousandth aliquot part: the 
augmented measures to be designated "geometrical measures." 

Thus augmented, a cubic double foot (or a cube, the sides of 
which are each twenty-four "geometrical" inches), will contain 
almost exactly 1000 half pounds avoirdupois, (more exactly 
1000.131) of distilled water at its temperature of maximum den- 
sity ; and a square the side of which measures 10,000 of the new 
(or geometrical) quarter-inches, will contain almost precisely one 
acre, (more exac ly, 0.0084 acre). These close approximations to 
Integral ratios, show that the familiar units of measure and weight 
may be very nearly preserved in a decimal system ba*ed upon a 
natural unit. 



= 1 quarter, or. 

= 1 hundred-weight, cwt 

= 1 ton. 

= 1 cental. 



28 lbs 

4 qrs 

20 cwt 

100 lbs 

175 troy lbs = 144 pounds avoirdupois. 

1 lb. troy — 5,760 grains. 

1 lb. avdp — 7, Out) grains. 

This weight is applied to all coarse articles, such as hay, 
meat, fish, potash, groceries, hemp, flax, butter, cheese, 
&c, and all metals, except gold and silver. Gross weight 
is the weight of goods with the boxes, casks, or bags which 
contain them. Net weight is the weight of the goods only. 
Formerly, the usual custom was to allow 112 pounds for a 
hundred weight, and 28 pounds for a quarter ; but this 
practice has very nearly passed away. In buying and sell- 
ing all articles of commerce estimated by weight, the laws 
of most of the States, as well as general usage, call 100 
pounds a hundred weight, and 25 pounds a quarter. The 
custom-house, however, continues the old usage. 

Troy Weight. 

24 grains, gr = 1 pennyweight, dwt- 

20 dwt = 1 ounce, oz. 

12 oz =z 1 pound, lb. 

Gold, silver, and jewels are weighed by this weight. 



Apothecaries^ Weight. 



20 grains 
SB . 
85 • 

123 • 



1 Peru pie, 9 
1 dram, 3 
1 ounce, § 
1 pound, lb 



This weight is used by apothecaries and physicians in 
compounding medicines ; but drugs and medicines are 
bought and sold by avoirdupois weight. The pound and 
ounce in this weight are the same as the troy pound and 
ounce. 

Measures in Common Use. 
Long Measure. 
3 barleycorns . . = linch,m. 

12 lines = 

12 inches . . . . = 

3 feet — 

5£ yards . . . . r= 
40 rods or perches . = 

8 furlongs ....=: 

6 feet = 

3 miles — 

60 naut. or geog. miles ■=. 
69| statute miles . . r= 

3 inches . . . . = 

4 inches ....:= 

9 inches . . . . rr 
18 inches . . . . = 

Long Measure is used in measuring distances, where 
length only is considered. 

Square Measure. 

144 sq. inches . = 1 square foot. 
9 sq. feet . . 
30j sq. yards or 
272^ sq. feet . 
40 sq. rods . 
4 roods or ) 
160 sq. rods J ' 
640 acres . . . 
Square Measure is used in measuring surfaces, as land, 
flooring, plastering, &c. 

Cubic Measure. 
1728 cubic inches . . = 1 cubic foot. 
27 cubic feet . . . . == 1 cubic yard. 
40 feet of round, or 
50 feet of hewn timber 



1 inch. 

1 foot, ft. 

1 yard, yd. 

1 rod, perch, or pole. 

1 furlong, fur. 

1 mile, m. 

1 fathom. 

1 league, lea. 

1 degree, deg. or ° 

1 equatorial deg. nearly. 

1 palm. 

1 hand (horse measure). 

1 span. 

1 cubit (Scripture). 



1 square yard. 

1 square rod, perch, or pole 

1 rood. 

1 acre. 

1 square mile. 



= 1 ton, or load- 



MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



553 



42 cubic feet 
16 cubic feet 



8 oord feet, or 
128 cubic feet 



= 1 ton of shipping. 

(1 foot of wood, or a cord 

— \ foot. 

= 1 cord. 



Cubic Measure is used in measuring solid bodies, having 
length, breadth, and thickness ; as timber, stone, boxes of 
goods, the capacity of rooms, ships, &c 

Cloth Measure. 

2£ inches = 1 nail, na. 

4 nails = 1 quarter, qr. 

4 quarters = 1 yard, yd. 

3 quarters = 1 ell Flemish. 

5 quarters = 1 ell English. 

6 quarters zr lell French. 

37.2 inches = 1 ell Scotch. 

This measure is used in buying and selling cloth, rib- 
bons, &c. 

Wine Measure. 

4 gills = 1 pint, pt. 

2 pints = 1 quart, qt. 

4 quarts = 1 gallon, gal. 

42 gallons = 1 tierce. 

li tierce, or 63 gal. . . = 1 hogshead, hhd. 

14 hogshead, or 84 gal. . = 1 puncheon. 

l| puncheon, or 126 gal. . = 1 pipe. 

2 pipes = 1 tun. 

231 cubic inches . . . . = 1 gallon. 

10 gallons = 1 anker. 

18 gallons = 1 runlet. 

31£ gallons = 1 barrel. 

Wine, spirits, cider, vinegar, oil, honey, &c, are meas- 
ured and sold by this measure. In London the gill is 
usually called a quartern ; but in the North of England it 
is a noggin, and a half pint is termed a gill. 

Ale and Beer Measure. 

2 pints = 1 quart. 

4 quarts = 1 gallon. 

9 gallons = 1 firkin. 

2 firkins . . . = 18 gal. = 1 kilderkin. 

2 kilderkins . . = 3o gal. = 1 barrel. 

1^ barrel . . . =z 54 gal. = 1 hogshead. 

1} hogshead . . = 72 gal. = 1 puncheon. 

1£ puncheon . . = 108 gal. = 1 butt. 

The Ale gallon contains 282 cubic inches. In some of 
the New England States, the barrel for cider and beer is 
legally fixed at 32 gallons. In other States it is of differ- 
ent capacity. 

Apothecaries' 1 Measure. 

60 minims (or drops), TTl . . . = 1 fluidrachm, f §. 

8 fluidrachms = 1 fluidounce, f g. 

16 fluidouuces — 1 pint (octarius), 0. 

8 pints = 1 gallon (congius). 

Dry Measure. 

2 pints = 1 quart, qt. 

4 quarts = 1 gallon, gal. 

2 gallons r= lpeck.pfc. 

4 pecks — 1 bushel, bu. 

36 bushels z= 1 chaldron, ch. 

4 bushels (in England) . . = lcoom. 

2 cooms " " . . = 1 quarter. 

5 quarters " " . . = 1 wey. 
2 weys " " . . r= 1 last. 

A gallon, dry measure, contains 268 4-5 cubic inches. 
This measure applies to all goods that are not liquid and 
are sold by measure, as corn, fruit, salt, coal, &c. 



Shipping Admeasurement. 

REGISTER Ton. — For Register Tonnage, or for meas- 
urement of the entire internal capacity of a vessel : — 
100 cubic feet = 1 register ton. 

This number is arbitrarily assumed to facilitate compu- 
tation. 
Shipping Ton. — For the measurement of cargo : — 



40 cubic feet 

42 cubic feet 
350 cubic feet 



1 U. S. shipping ton. 
31.16 imperial bushels. 
32.143 U. S. bushels. 
1 British shipping ton. 
32.719 imperial bushels. 
33.75 U. S. bushels. 
1 keel. 



1 U. S. (or Winchester) bushel 
1 imperial bushel . . . . ] 

1 English quarter . . 



2150.42 cubic inches- 

( = 2218.192 " 

\ = 1.0315157 U.S.bu. 

f = 8 imperial bushels. 

J = 8| U. S. bu. (nearly.) 

1 = 17745.54 cubic in. 

[ = 10.2694 cubic feet. 

A shipping ton (U. S.) of 40 cubic feet equals three and 
nine-tenths (3.895) English quarters of 8 imperial (or 8| U. 
S.) bushels each. A shipping ton (British) of 42 cubic feet, 
equals four and one-tenth (4.09) English quarters. A ship- 
ping ton of 41 (or more exactly 40.9776) cubic feet, would 
equal exactly four English quarters; i. e., 32 imperial 
bushels, or 33 United States bushels. 

Wheat a Standard of Volume and Weight. — 
Wheat is a standard alike for the volume and weight of 
cargoes. When in bulk on board ship, this commodity oc- 
cupies about fifteen per cent, less space than when filled 
into measures of capacity in the customary way. So com- 
pressed, a ton of 2240 pounds occupies about 40 cubic feet. 

Measurement Cargo. — The capacity of a vessel for 
cargo, on voyages of average length, is usually estimated at 
from 20 to 25 per cent, less than her Register Tonnage, or 
entire internal capacity This net space, in cubic feet, di- 
vided by 40, gives, in shipping tons of 40 cubic feet each, 
her " Measurement Cargo, ? ' so called, or her net carrying 
capacity, in shipping tons. Her measurement cargo is, 
therefore, from 1^ to 2 times the number of register tons, of 
100 cubic feet each, in her Register Tonnage. 

Dead Weight Cargo. — The " Dead Weight Cargo " 
of a vessel, or the net weight in tons, of the cargo which 
the vessel can safely carry on voyages of average length, is 
approximately ascertained by dividing the entire internal 
capacity of the vessel in cubic feet by 63, and deducting 
from the gross result one-fourteenth (or about 7 per cent.) 
for the weights of water, provisions, crew, and their lug- 
gage. The number of tons weight in this net result is, 
therefore, about 1|- times the Register Tonnage, or number 
of tons of volume in the entire internal capacity of the ves- 
sel. 

Load Displacement. —The "Load Displacement" 
of a vessel, or the entire weight of the vessel, cargo, &c. , 
when fully equipped and ready for sea, may be ascertained 
by dividing the number of cubic feet of sea-water displaced 
by the vessel by 35, the number of cubic feet occupied by 
a ton (2240 pounds) of sea- water. 

Relative Buoyancy of Iron and Wooden 
HULLS. — In case of vessels of wooden hulls, whether 
sailing or steam, about 60 per cent of the " load displace- 
ment " is for cargo, and 33 per cent, for the hull, the re- 
maining 7 per ceut. being for the weights of water, provis- 
ions, crew, &c. In case of iron hulls, if of sailing vessels, 
the weight allowed for cargo is about 68 per cent, of the 
displacement, if of steam, 65 percent. The weight of car- 
go which can be carried is therefore relatively greater with 
iron hulls than with u-ooden ; 13 per cent, greater, if of 
. sailing vessels, 9 per cent, if of steam. 
I New Mode of Admeasurement of Vessels. — 



554 



MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



The new " mode " for the admeasurement of vessels in use 
in the United States, since the Act of Congress of May, 
1864, is very accurate ; prior to that date, the system was 
rude, and, in its results, inaccurate. The new system dif- 
fers somewhat from the British system (adopted by Act of 
Parliament in 1854), chiefly as applied to steamers. In the 
British measurement of steamers, deductions are made for 
the space occupied by engines, boilers, and coal ; no such 
deductions being made for United States steamers under 
the United States law. Under the new United States 
method, the Register Tonnage of double-decked and three- 
decked vessels is somewhat augmented, of clipper and 
half clipper vessels diminished, of single-decked sailing 
vessels, canal boats, and freight barges on the western 
rivers diminished, aud of river and lake steamers largely 
increased. 

Measuring Distances. 



7 92-100 inches . . : 
25 links : 

100 links : 

10 chains . . . . : 

8 furlongs . . . . : 
Used by engineers, surveyors, &c. 

Time. 

60 seconds 

60 minutes 

24 hours 

7 days 

2 weeks 

4 weeks 

13 months, 1 day, 6 hours, or ) 
365 days, 6 hours ) 

12 calendar months .... 
Used for computing time. 



1 link. 
1 pole. 
1 chain. 
1 furlong. 
1 mile. 



1 minute. 
1 hour. 
1 day. 
1 week. 
1 fortnight. 
1 month. 

1 Julian year. 

1 year. 



' pay at the custom-house, together with certain other charges 
j not necessary to be here specified, 25 per cent, on $484, or 
! $121. What is called the par value of the pound sterling 
! in the United States is $4.44 4-9. The par value of the 
| pound in London, in American coin, is $4.80. The differ- 
ence between the par value of the pound sterling in this 
country ($4,44 4-9) and the actual value to us here, at the 
time, of a pound sterling in London, is called the ex- 
change. Thus, if exchange on London, in New York, is 9 
per cent., a pound sterling is worth $4.44 4-9, and 9 per 
cent, added, or $4.84 4-9. If 7 per cent., of course, less ; if 
10 per cent., more. 

1'reight bills for goods by ship are payable at $4.80 the 
pound, which is eight per cent, on $4.44 4-9. Exchange 
on London is usually 7 to 10 per cent, in New York, i. e., 
a pound sterling in London is worth $4.44 4-9 and 7 to 
10 per cent, additional, in New Yoik, nearly. 

In the following Tables the pound sterling is given at 
$1.8666 — , which is its intrinsic value when of standard 
weight and fineness ; it being understood, however, that 
its commercial value in exchange is sometimes higher and 
sometimes lower. 

Values in U. S. 
gold coin. 
. . = $0.02,03 
. . = 0.08,11 

. . = 0.24.33 

. . = 0.48,67 

. . = 1.21,66 

= 4.86,66 

=25.22.16 francs 
:0.732238 Ger. crown 
= $5.10,99 
= £0.205 < 



Circular Motion. 

60 seconds, or 60 ^ . . =. 1 prime minute. 

60 minutes, or 6C / . . = 1 degree, ° 

30 degrees = 1 sign, s. 

, . OPA . ( the whole great circle of the 

12 signs, or 360 degrees = j zodiac . & 

Used in measuring latitude and longitude, &c. 
Numbers. 



12 units 
12 dozen 
12 gross 
20 units 



= 1 dozen. 

= 1 gross. 

=r 1 great gross. 

= 1 score. 



Paper. 



24 sheets 
10| quires 
20 quires 



= 1 quire, 
rr 1 token. 
~ 1 ream. 



GREAT BRITAIN". 

(Principal Commercial City, LONDON.) 

Money. 

The national currency of Great Britain is called Sterling 
Money— thus we say, so many pounds sterling. The 
pound sterling is represented by a gold coin called a sov- 
ereign., and its custom-house value in the United States is 
fixed by law at $4.84. The intrinsic value of the sovereign 
varies somewhat, depending on the date of the coinage. 
Victoria sovereigns are worth the most, as being of the 
latest coinage ; those of William IV., George IV., or George 
III. less, as more worn. The intrinsic value of the legal 
standard sovereign is $4.86,66. The commercial value of 
the pound sterling varies, like merchandise, according to 
demand ; $4.84 is that on which duties are charged. Thus, 
if you buy a bill of goods in London of £100 on which the 
*uty in this country is 25 per cent., and import them, you 



4 farthings, qr. 

4 pence . . 
12 pence . . 

2 shillings . 

5 shillings 



1 penny, d. 
1 groat 
1 shilling, 5. 
1. florin,./?. 
1 crown. 



20 shillings= 

21 shillings 
$1 . . . . 



1 sovereign, or 
pound sterling, £ 

. =. 1 guinea 



1 franc — £0.039 6486 

1 German (or Union) crown . • . . . — £1.365675 

From a troy ounce of gold of standard fineness (11-12) 
are coined 77 shillings, and 10£ pence sterling; hence, the 
sovereign when of standard weight and fineness contains of 
pure gold 113.0016 grains. From a troy ounce of silver of 
standard fineness (37-40) are coined 66 pence. 

The currency is of coins of gold, silver, and copper (or 
bronze), and of Bank of England notes, exchangeable on 
demand at their full nominal value for gold and silver. 

Gold is the standard of value, being legal tender in all 
amounts. Silver and copper are subsidiary coinages, the 
former legal tender in payment only of sums not exceeding 
40 shillings, and the latter only to the amount of 12 pence. 

Of copper are coined farthings, half-pennies, and pen- 
nies; of silver, threepenny, fourpenny, and sixpenny 
pieces, shillings, florins, and crowns ; of gold, sovereigns, 
half-sovereigns, guineas, and half-guineas. 

In 1860, a bronze coinage was introduced, composed of 95 
parts by weight of copper, 4 of tin, and 1 of zinc. A few 
two-penny and penny pieces are coined from silver, and are 
distributed as alms by the sovereign, but are not in general 
circulation. Double sovereigns, although authorized, are 
not in circulation. 

The gold coins consist of 11-12 of pure metal, and 1-12 of 
alloy. The alloy is of silver and copper. The proportion 
of silver, however, is small, and it is without commercial 
value, as it cannot be separated by any economic method. 
In computing the value of gold coins, the alloy is consid- 
ered as of no value. 

The silver coins are 11.1-12 (or 37-40) of fine silver, and 
0.9-12 (or 3-40) of copper alloy. 

A pound troy of standard gold is coined into 44J guineas, 
or 46 29-40 sovereigns, and a pound troy of standard silver 
into 66 shillings ; the mint price of standard gold conse- 
quently being 77.'. 10^d. per ounce, and that of standard 
gilver 66d. per ounce. Prior to the year 1816, a pound troy 
of standard silver was coined into 62 shillings, and such 
silver coin, equally with gold, was the legal tender in all 
amounts. That is, prior to this change in the year 1816, 
England had endeavored to maintain a " double standard" 
(so called) of coinage (gold and silver) ; it has since had but 



MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



bob 



& single standard (gold)., all other coins being subsidiary 
and legal tender only in payment of sums of small amount. 
The absurd attempt effectively to maintain simultaneously 
in circulation two rnetals, gold and silver, each legal tender 
in payment of all amouuts, was practically abandoned by 
the United States in 1353, and by France in 1865, although. 
a double standard is stiil nominally retained in each of 
these two countries. The market value of the silver in the 
legal tender silver coius of each of these countries being 
greater than that of the legal tender gold coins of the 
same denomination, they are forced to retire from circula- 
tion ; but the intrinsic value of their subsidiary silver 
coins, legal tender in small amounts, being less than that 
of the corresponding goid coins, they circulate freely, and 
are largely employed in facilitating the lesser exchanges ox 
commerce. 

From the proportions given above, it will be seen that 
the weight of pure sold to the weight of pure silver in 
English coins of the same denominations, is as 1 to 
14.2878 : also, that the weight of standard gold is to that 
of standard silver of like denominations as is 1 to 14.1590. 
According to the average of the relative intrinsic values of 
the two metals, for the fourteen years, 1853-68, as deduced 
from the periodical quotations of the price of silver in bars 
in the London market, the weights of equal values of gold 
and silver, respectively, have been very nearly asl to 15| ; 
and consequently the relative i;alues of equal weights of 
gold and silver have been in the inverse ratio of these 
numbers, that is, as 15| to 1. 

The following Table shows the average relative values of 
pure gold and pure silver, for the greater part of the one 
hundred and seven years, from 1760 to 1866, inclusive ; the 
values for the twenty-six years, from 1841 to 1866, inclu- 
sive, having been carefully deduced from trustworthy quo- 
tations of the sterling market price of silver bars in Lon- 
don. 



introduced in 1753, in accordance with a convention be- 
tween Austria and Bavaria. The latter standard is so 
named because the Cologne mark of pure silver (3608.943 
troy grains, or 233.8555 grammes) was coined into 2u tior- 
ius — 1U5 of the new florins are declared exchangeable for 
100 of the old. 

The weight of the new gold coinage of the States of the 
Customs" Union, including Austria, like that of their new 
silver coinage, is referred, according to the Convention of 
1S57, to the mint pfuud of 500 grammes : the mint pfund 
of pure gold being coined into 50 German or Customs' Un- 
ion crowns. The standard fineness of the Union crowns is 
.9 pure metal to .1 alloy. 
! The ducat, of the old gold coinage, was to continue in 
use until the close of the year 1S65. Sixty-seven (67) 
! ducats were coined from the Vienna-Cologne mark (3609.167 
' troy grains, or 233.870 grammes) of pure gold. The Yienna- 
I Cologne mark is precisely 5-6 of a Vienna mark. 
I The Austrian Commission of April. 1867 (ten years later 
than the Convention last mentioned), adopted, in addition 
to the Union crown, gold coins of the value and fineness of 
the French 10 and 25 gold francs. 



100 kreutzers 
I lh florins 
3 florins 



NEW SYSTEM. 

Silver. 

1 florin = £0.09867 = 80.48030 

1 Union thaler = 0.14304 = 0.72045 
1 double thaler = 0.29608= 1.44090 



Periods of Years. 

1760 to 17S9, 30 vears 
1790 to 1809. 20 vears 
1810 to 1819, 10 years 
1820 to 1829, 10 years 

1841 to 1848, 8 vears 
1849 to 1852, 4 years 



1853 to I860, 8 vears 
1861 to 1866, 6 years 



The British Tables of 
are the same essentially a; 



Relative Value 

of Gold to 

Sdver. 

. 14.5 to 1 r Prior to the Discov- 

. 14.9 toll ery of Gold in 

. 15.4 to 1 ] California and 

. 15.8 to 1 [ Australia. 

rs , -, ( Transition Period — 

' i?r ;„ i \ Opening of the New 
• 16.6 to 1} ^ IiQe ^ 

[Subsequent to the 

-,- o , -. j Discoverv and ef- 

" 154 to 1^ fective opening of 

■ loA t0 X | the new Gold 

[ Fields. 

Measures, Time, &c, 



Gold. 

1 half crown (German Union) = £0.68284 = $3.32314 

1 Union crown = 1. 36567 = 6.64628 

10-franc piece = 0.39649 = 1.92953 

25-frauc piece = 0.99122 = 4.823S2 

OLD SYSTEM. 

SUver. 

240 pfennige, or ) 
60 kreutzers, or j 
40 polturaken, or }■ = 1 florin or 
20 groschen, or I gulden 

3 zwanziger J 

1± florins = 1 reichs thaler . =£0.15579 = 80.75816 
1 convention or 1 _ n 9n -- 9 _ -, 01 aqq 
species-thaler \~ 0J()||J ~ 1-01088 



£0.103S6 = S0.50544 



2 florins : 



Weights, 
the American 



44 florins, or 

2j species-thaler, or 

3 reichs-thaler 



AUSTRIA. 

{Chief Commercial City, VIENNA.) 
Money. 

Silver is the standard, the price of gold coin varying 
with the relative market values of the two metals. In 
comparing the values of moneys of countries in which 
silver is the standard, with those of countries in which 
practically the standard is gold, regard must be had to 
these varying relative market values. In the following 
Tables, the value of gold is assumed to be 15J times that of 
silver, which ratio is veryuear the actual average obtaining 
in the London market during the last fourteen years. The 
ratio for the last two or three years has somewhat exceeded 
this value, approaching more nearly to 15^. 

Since 1S58, the silver currencv of Austria has been based 
upon what is known as the ib-ftorin standard, so called be- 
cause a new mint pfund of 500 grammes of pure silver 
(7716.1744 troy grains is coined into 45 new florins. This 
standard supersedes the sonvtntion or 20-ftorin standard 



Gold. 



1 ducat = £0. 



5 = S2.2S71 



Gold is at premium against silver. Paper money, con- 
sisting cf demand notes of the National Bank, is" practi- 
cally the chief medium of exchange, and is now (1863) at 
about 13 per cent, discount against" silver. 

Weights and Measures. 



MEASURES OF LENGTH. 



12 punkt = 
12 linien = 

12 zoll = 

6 fuss = 
2 klaftern, or 
12 fuss 



1 linie. 

lzoll 

1 fuss 

1 klafter 

| = 1 ruthe(werk-ruthe) 



4000 klaftern = 1 



meile 



1.03713 TJ. S. inch. 
1.03713 U. S. foot. 
0.31611 meter. 
6.22272 U. S. feet. 

2.4454 U. S 
feet. 

4.9782 U. S. miles. 

6 663 meters. 

1.0225 German 

(Geocrr.) meile. 

1.0072 Prus. meile. 






14.646 post meilen = 1 average degree of meridian. 



556 



MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



= 2.5565 U. S. feet. 
1 elle, imperial = 2.465 fuss \ = 30678 U. S. inches. 

( = 0.77921 meter. 
1 elle of Upper Austria = 31.485 U. S. inches. 

The elle is divided into halves, quarters, eighths, and so 
on ; also, into thirds, sixths, etc. 

Engineers Measure. 

10 decimal linien = 1 decimal zoll = 1.24454 U. S. inch. 
10 decimal zoll = 1 fuss . . = 1.03712 U. S. foot. 
10 fuss . =. 1 engineer's ruthe = 3.4571 U. S. yds. 

Measure for Recruits. 

3 linien . . . . = 1 strich = 3.11136 U. S. lines. 

Measure for Horses. 

4 strich . . . . = 1 zoll. 

4 roll - 1 faust i = 4 - 14848 U< S " inches - 

42011 - llaust \= 1.03712 U.S. hand. 

MEASURES OF SURFACE. 

144 square lines = 1 square zoll. 
141 square zoll = 1 square fuss. 
36 square fuss = 1 square klafter 



2X square klaftern, or 
100 square fuss 



1 square ruthe 
192 square ruthen = 1 metze 



ad ^lEt-aH*"*. «**■*' 



4.3025 U.S.sq. yds. 

11.951 U. 

S. sq. yds. 

2288 U. S. square yards. 
6884 U. S. 
sq. yards 



Zpfiff . 
4 seitel . 

10 maass 



. = 1 maass 
. = 1 viertel ! 



1.4223 acre. 

A yock, or day's work, is understood to be as much 
ground as can he plowed with one team in one day. 

MEASURES OF CAPACITY. 
Liquid Capacity. 

1 seitel = 0.09346 U. S. gallon. 
= 0.37386 U. S. gallon. 
= 1.41513 liter. 
= 3.73858 U. S. gallons. 
= 1495432 U. S. gallons. 
= 12 458626 imperial gallons 

(Eng.) 
= 56.60524 liters. 
= 29.9086 U. S. gallons. 
= 149.5432 U.S. gallons. 
== 478.5382 U. S. gallons. 
= 358.9037 U. S. gallons. 

0.14019 
U. S. gal. 

Prior to 1855, a maass of 41 to the eimer (and equal to 
0.36474 U. S. gallon) was in common use in Austria, but 
never as a measure of account ; since that year, however, 
the eimer is divided only into 40 maass. 

Dry Capacity. 

8 probmetzen — 1 becher = 

2 becher = 1 small maassel = 

2 small maassel = 1 great maassel = 

o . , ( 1 half achtel, or I 

2 great maassel = j m .. llermaa ^ el j 

2 mullermaassel = 1 achtel . = 
2 achtel . . . := 1 viertel . = 



40 maass (4 viertel) =1 eimer 



2 eimer = 1 fass (of wine) 
10 eimer = 1 fass of beer . 
32 eimer = 1 fuder . . . 
24 eimer = 1 dreiling . . 



3 pfiff (1£ seitel, or § maass) = 1 gross-seitel 



4 vierteln 



= 1 metze 



30 metzen = 1 muth ... = 
2 metzen = 1 stubich(for charc'l)=r 
2| metzen = 1 mii thel ( for lime ) = 



0.013636 U. S. bu. 
0.027273 U. S. bu. 
0.054545 U. S. bu. 
= 109090 U. S. 

bushel. 
0.218180 U. S. bu. 
0.436361 U. S. bu. 
1.9471 Vienna cu- 
bic foot. 
60.035 U.S. cub. in. 
1.74,5444 U. S. bu. 
61.5045 liters. 

U. S. bu. 
U. S. bu. 
4.36361 U. S. bu. 



In some sections of the country they call the half-achtel 
a "great maassel," and the 1-32 metze a " small maassel." 
and the 1-64 metze a "half small maassel," or "futter 
maassel." 

WEIGHTS. 

Commercial. 

4 pfennig or sixteenths = 1 quent = 67.518 grains troy. 
4 quentchen . . . =. 1 loth =z 270.072 grains troy. 

2 loth = 1 unze = 540.144 grains troy. 

4 unzen . . . . =rl vierding= 2160.577 grains troy. 

= 8642.309 grains troy. 

= 1.234616 1b. avdp 
4, ^rding, or 82 tath = 1 pfu^ = fj^^JS' 

= 130.774 richt pfennig 
[ (of the Vienna mark). 
20 pfund . . . = 1 stein . . = 24.6923 lbs. avdp. 

= 123.4616 lbs. avdp. 

(or 56 001 kilogrammes). 
275 pfund . . . = 1 saum . . = 339.519 lbs. avdp. 
250 pfund (2 loegal) = 1 saum of steel = 308.654 lbs. avdp. 
40 pfund . . . = 1 karsch . . = 493. 846 lbs. avdp. 

For Chocolate-weight, the pfund consists of 28 loth, or | 
of a commercial pfund, and = 1.080286 lb. avdp. 

The Customs-weight (zoll-gewicht) is that of the Prus- 
sian-German Zollverein (Customs' Union), namely, the zoll- 
pfund of 500 grammes (7716.174 troy grains). It is di- 
vided into 30 zoll-loth, and its smallest subdivision in use 
is the weight of 1\ grammes, or .005 of the zollpfund. 
The zoll-centner contains 100 zollpfund (110.231 lbs. avoir- 
dupois). 

Medicinal and Apothecaries. 



100 pfund (5 stein) = 1 centner 



Igran 

20 gran = 1 scrupel . 
3 scrupel rr 1 drachme 
8 drachmen = 1 unze 



12 unzen = 1 pfund 



1.1253 U. S. (or troy) gr. 
22.506 U. S. (optroy)grs. 
67.518 U. S. (or troy)grs. 
540.144 U. S. (or troy) grs. 
6481.7315 U. S. (ortroy)grs. 
1.1253 troy lb. 
0.9259616 1b. avdp. 
420.009 grammes. 



The pfund medicinal contains 24 loth, or | of a commer- 
cial pfund ; so that the unze =: 2 commercial loth, and the 
drachme = 1 commercial quent. 

Gold, Silver, and Precious Stones. New Standard. 

According to the Vienna Convention, and the patents of 
1857, a new mint pfund of 500 grammes (7716.174 grains 
troy), the same as the zollpfund, and divided into 10,000 ass, 
is now employed for the purposes of the mint. 

The mint pfund of pure silver is divided into 45 new flor- 
ins, or rix-gulden; the same weight of pure gold into 50 
new Union crowns. 



Former Standard. 



64 richtpfennig . . 

2 viertelpfennig . 

2 heller . . . . 

4 pfennig . . . 

4 quentchen . . 
16 loth, or 
65,536 richtpfennig 



=r 1 viertelpfennig. 

= 1 heller. 

= 1 pfennig. 

=r 1 quent. 

= 1 loth. 



1 Vienna mark 



2 Vienna marks =r 1 pfund 
The Vienna mark 



The Vienna-Cologne mark 
( with the same subdivisions 
as the Vienna mark) 



=r 1 Vienna mark. 

= 4331.0002 U. S. grs. (trov) 
= 0.075191 troy lb. 
= 280.644 grammes. 

( = 8662000 U. S. grains. 

|=r 1.503=2 troy lb. 

1.20000 Vienna-Cologne mark. 

1. 20007 Prussian mark, or 
Zollverein mint-mark. 
= 5-6 Vienna mark. 
= 3609.167 U. S. grs. (troy) 
= 233.870 grammes. 



MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



557 



One Vienna mark of gold of 23f carats (or 47-48) fine, 
was coined into 8§ ducats; or, which is the same, one Ai- 
euna-Cologne mark (zz 5-6 of a Vienna mark) into 67 duc- 
ats. 

For expressing fineness, the mark or other weight is di- 
vided, for gold, into 24 carats of 12 grains each ; for silver, 
into 16 loth of 18 grains each. 

The carat for diamonds and other precious stones zz48^ 
-richtpfennig of gold and silver weight rz 3.1812 troy graius. 

Solid Measure. 

For solid measure the cubes of the measures of length. 
The cubic fuss = 0.024861 cubic meters = 0.8779 U. S. 
cubic foot. 

Grain Measure 



4 dreissiger 
4 maassel . 
2 vierteln . 



6 metzen 



. rr 1 maassel. 
. ~ 1 viertel. 
. =3 1 metze. 

( z= 1 schaffel or schaff. 

I =r 208 maasskannen of fluid measure. 
.*{ = 222.357 liters. 

I == 6.310 U. S. bushels. 

[ = 58.74 U. S. wine gallons. 

Fluid Measure. 

The maasskanne, or maass zz 43 Bavarian decimal cubic 
zoll = 1.06903 liters = 0.2824 U. S. gallon. 

The schenk-eimer, for wine and general commerces 60 
maas = 64.1416 liters = 16.944 U. S. gallons. 

The visir-eimer = 64 maas, the same as the bier-eimer. 
The fass of beer = 24 eimer. 

BELGIUM. 

{Principal Commercial City, ANTWERP.) 
Weights, Measures, and Coinage the same as in France. 
The coinage is in accordance with the Monetary Conven- 
tion of the 23d of December, 1865, between France, Bel- 
gium, Italy, and Switzerland, known as the " quadripartite 
convention." (.See France.) 

CHINA. 

{Principal Commercial Cities — SHANGHAE, FUH-CHAU, 
Canton, Ningpo, AMOY,and Hong-kong.) 

Money. 

For Domestic Commerce. 



10 sse, or sii . . 
10 hao, or chou 
10 cash . . , 
10 candareens 

10 mace . . 



= 1 hao, or chou. 
rz 1 cash (li) 
zz 1 candareen (fun). 
±r 1 mace (tsien). 
zr 1 tael (liang), or silver ounce. 
| =d 579.84 troy grains of sycee 
(or sycee-silver). 



For Foreign Commerce. 



f = 1 dollar (silver piaster), Spanish or Old Mexi- 
can. 
100 cents { = worn and unworn together, about $1.04622 
U. S. gold ; or 4s. M:io sterling ; or 5.422 

^ francs. 

The silver-ounce, or liang. is called by the English tael 
or tall, and by the Portuguese tael. The li is called by the 
English cash, by the Dutch pitje. The li or cash is also, for 
the purposes of retail trade, called by the Chinese tong- 
tsien. 

Wan-yin is the Chinese term for fine silver, but se-sze 
(fine silver) or sycee is also employed. 

The tael (liang), although denoting a definite weight of 
the silver known as sycee (i. e. 579.84 troy grains), is not 
of uniform value; the sycee being of uncertain fineness, 
and never entirely pure. 



The accounts of foreign merchants, European and Amer- 
ican, are kept in silver piasters or dollars, based on the 
pillar-piaster of Spain, or the old silver piaster of Mexico ; 
and the value of tne tael is estimated by its rate of exchange 
for such piasters or dollars. 

Gold and silver are uot coined by the Chinese govern* 
ment ; the only national coin issued being the cash (or li} 
of mixed metal — a circular coin of about nine tenths of 
an inch in diameter, with a square hole in the middle by 
which the coins may be strung in bunches of definite num- 
ber. The average intrinsic value of the legal cash is about 
^ of a cent U 3. gold: but of legal and forged coins, aa 
commonly found together in payments, about .1 of a cent. 
In large commercial transactions, silver and gold in bars of 
differing weight and fineness are used. 

The gold bars vary in weight from -| of a tael (or liang) 
to 10 taels ; the silver from ^ to 100 taels. 

The fineness of the gold bars varies from 92 to 98 touch, 
or hundredth-parts ; that is, the bars contain by weight 
from 92 to 98 parts of fine gold to from 8 to 2 parts of alloy. 
The fineness of the silver bars varies from 80 to 100, but 
mostly from 88 to 94 touch or hundredth-parts. 

Practically, the fineness of the sycee (or sycee-silver) of 
commerce is found to average about 96 touch — that is, to 
contain 96 parts of pure metal to 4 parts of alloy. The al- 
loy is called pakfong, and is a mixture of zinc, nickel, and 
copper. The intrinsic value of the tael of such sycee is 
$1.56 U. S. gold = $149 of Spanish silver rr Qs. id. 9 ster- 
ling ; and 671 such taels zz $1000 of Spanish silver. 

The fineness of the ingots of sycee-silver sent in payment 
of taxes to the Imperial Treasury at Pekin is found to have 
been from 97 to 99 touch ; making the value of the tael oi 
this silver to be from $1.57£ to $1.61 U. S. gold = from 
$1.50£ to $1.54 Spanish silver = from 6s. 5rf.7 to Qs. 7d.3. 
sterling. 

717 taels of sycee-silver are commonly held to be worth 
1000 Spanish dollars ; or 1 tael = $1.46 U. S. gold = $1.39 
Spanish silver zz 65. sterling ; virtually assuming the fine- 
ness of the metal to be only 89.84 touch, a fineness consid- 
erably below the average fineness of the sycee of commerce. 

The intrinsic value of a tael (579.84 troy grains) oi fine 
silver zz $1,552 Spanish silver rz (assuming, as is done else- 
where in these tables, the value of gold to silver to be aa 
16§- to 1) $1,624 U. S. gold z= 6s. 8rf. sterling. 

Weights and Measures. 

WEIGHTS. 

1 liang or tael ...... rz 583| U. S. gr. troy. 

16 liang or tael zz 1 kin or catty zz: \\ U. S. lb. avdp. 
100 kin or catties zz: 1 tan or pecul zz 133^ U. S. lbs. avdp. 

2 cattios zr 1 yin rr 2f lbs. avoirdupois. 

15 yin 30 catties) . . zz 1 kwan zz 40 lbs. avoirdupois. 
4 kwan (or X tam) . zz 1 shik rz 160 lbs. avoirdupois- 

1 quarter of 28 lbs. avdp. (IT. S.) zz: 21 catties. 
1 cwt. of 112 lbs. avdp. (U. S.) zz: 84 catties. 

1 ton of 2240 lbs. avdp. (U. S.) = { ^Jot-lX 

For commerce generally, the liang or tael zz 10 lin, each 
of 10 shu zz 583^ U. S. grains troy. For the weighing of 
gold, silver, and medicines, the tael zr 10 tsein, each of 10 
fun or candareens, each of 10 li or cash zz 579.84 U. S. 
grains troy. 

MEASURES OF LENGTH. 



10 fan 
10 tsun 



For Commerce . 
— 1 tsun . . . . = 1.41 XT. S. inch. 
rr 1 chih (tschih), ) zz 14.1 U. S. inches, 
covid, or cobre j rr 1.175 IT. S. foot. 



The chih (tschih) above given, of 14-1 U. S. inches, is that 
adopted for Customs. It is the legal measure in all ports of 
trade, and its use is becoming still more general. 
The chih (or foot) for trade . . = 13.322 U. S. inches. 



558 



MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



12.5S8 U. S. inches. 



The chih fixed by the Mathemat- I _ , Q 1QS TT Q ,„„ h „ D 
ical Board at Pekin . . . J ~ lS.12o U. S. inches. 

The chih used by Constructors of I 10 , TT „ . , 
Public Works (kong-pu) . . . j =Mw U. S. inches. 

The chih for land measure and en- 
gineers \ 

The chili for distances in general = 12.1 U. S inches. 

In Canton the chih varies from 14.G26 to 14.81 U. S. 
inches. The Canton trade-foot (chih) by a late arrange- 
ment is reckoned as equal to 15 U. S. inches ; aud the U. S. 
yard as equal to 2.4 chih or 24 tsun. 

For Land Measure and Engineers. 

5e„ giM er 8 -chih = lpu . . { = gg «; | *■*■■ 

10 chih (2 pu) . =1 chang (tschang) = 10.490 U. S. ft. 
1 00c„ i M10c^ g , = Ij a o . . j=£«,^' 

Itinerary. 

180 chan? - 1 li i new = 18=" U. S. feet = 0.3458 U. S. m. 
abu cnang -in old _ 1897 j_ u _ S- ft _ 0i3594 Ut s§ m> 



250 li 



= 1 tu 



new = 80.45 U. S. 
old =89.85 U. S. 



miles, 
miles. 



The change from the old to the new count for the li was 
brought about by the intervention of European mathema- 
ticians at Pekin. 

DENMARK. 

(Principal Commercial City, COPENHAGEN.) 



Money. 



16 skillings 



6 marks, or 
9<3 skilliugs 



= 1 mark. 

( = $0.5463 
= 1 rigsdaler, or daler { = £0.1122 
( = fr. 2.831 

2 rigsdalers = 1 doppelt-claler, or specie-daler = $1.0926 
The rigsdaler = about five-eighths of the old current daler. 
1 Frederick's d'or, or Christian d'or, or pistole = $3.96 
Silver is the standard of currency. 

The bronze, coins are the skilling and the half-skilling 
pieces. The silver coins are of two kiuds as to intrinsic 
value : those of which 18| dalers are coined from the Ham- 
burg-Cologne mark (3608 troy grains) of fine silver ; and 
those of which 20 dalers are so coined. The former, con- 
sisting of rigsdalers and doppelt-dalers (or specie-dalers), 
are worth $0.5463 to the rigsdaler; the latter, consist- 
ing of 4-skilling, 16-skilling, and 48-skilling pieces, are 
worth $0.5053 to the rigsdaler. The gold coins of Den- 
mark are the Christian d"ors, and the Frederick d'ors, or 
pistoles, commonly reckoned at 3 rigsdalers 36 skillings. 
Intrinsic value $3.96. They are common in North Ger- 
many, hut rare in Denmark itself. 

The National Bank of Copenhagen issues notes for 1, 5, 
10, 50, and 100 rigsdalers, which are always convertible into 
specie at their full nominal value. 

Weights and Measures. 

WEIGHT. 

Commercial 

10 ort . = 1 quint or quintin. 

{ = 4 kilogramme. 

10 quint = 1 pund \=z 7716.1744 U. S. (troy) grains. 

(= 1.1023106 1b. avdp. 

100 pund = 1 centner = 110.23106 lbs. avdp. 

12 puna . . = {£&&} = "*"*»*■ 

3 bismer-pund = 1 waage . . =39 .6832 lbs. avdp. 

16 pund = 1 Tispund (stone) = 17.637 lbs. avdp. 

20 lispund (320 pund, = 10 skippund = 352.679 lbs. avdp. 



Precious Metals. 

4 quintin = 1 lod (^unse). 

4 ort =1 quintin. 

16 lodder (8 unser) . . . . = 1 mark. 

n. i ■ j- • i i I for gold, into 24 karat = 288 crriin. 

The mark is divided { for g^ int(> 1(J lodder _ 28g ^ 

For gold and silver the unit is ( = 235.2941 grammes. 

the Danish-Cologne mark | = 3631.155 U. S. grains. 

For com, the unit is the Ham- \ = 233.7945 grammes. 

burg-Cologne mark \ = 3608 U. S. grains. 

Apothecaries'. 

20 gran . = 1 scrupel. 

3 scrupel = 1 drachme. 

8 drachmer = 1 unse. 

10 ,.„„„.. _ i a ( — 1 of commercial pund. 

12 unser . = 1 pund . • j = ^ 787 . 1388 tr0 y grains. 

MEASURES OF LENGTH. 

1 linie = 1.029711 U. S. line. 

121inier = 1 tomme . . . = 1029711 U. S. inch, 

( _ , . , ) = 1.029711 U. S. foot. 

2 fodder = 1 aln or alen (ell) = 2.059422 U. S. feet. 

3 alen . = 1 favn (fathom) = 6 178266 U. S. feet. 

2 favne = 1 rode . . . . = 12.35653 U. S. feet. 

inn <-o™ a — ) 1 kabel-lsengde 1 = M7.8266 U. S. feet. 
1W lavne — | (cable , ength } } __ 102 97 n u. s . fath > s . 

200 rodder, or ) , n ... „„ .. j = 241 13.06 U. S. feet. 
24000 fodder } ~ 1 nml 01 mile { = 4.6805 U. S. miles. 
14| miil = about the average degree of the earth's meridian. 
The fod represents A-| of the pendulum beating seconds, 
in a vacuum , at the level of the sea, under the mean par- 
allel of 45° North latitude. 

For surveying, there are used decimal multiples and sub- 
multiples of the fod. 

10 linier . . = 1 tomme . . = 0.1029711 IT. S. foot. 
10 tommer . = 1 fod . . . = 1.029711 U. S. foot. 
10 fodder . = 1 rode . . . = 10.29711 IT. S. feet. 

MEASURES OF SURFACE. 
Agrarian. 

1 square fod . 

4 sq. fodder = 1 sq. aln (or alen) 
100 sq. fodder (25 sq. aln) . . 

70 sq. rodder 

4 fierdingkar (7,000 sq. aln) . 

2 skiepper (14,000 sq. aln) 



= 1.060304 U. S. sq. foot. 
= 4.241216 U.S. sq. feet. 

= 1 sq. rode. 

= 1 fierdingkar. 

= 1 skieppe. 

= 1 tbnde, or tonde-land, 

or tb'nde-saatland. 
= 55.1^23 French ares. 
I = 1,86909 U. S. acre. 
8 skiepper = 1 tb'nde-hartkorn = 5.4523S U. S. acres. 

By a tb'nde-hartkorn is meant as much land as can be 
sown with 1 t'dnde (capacity measure) of rye or 1 of barley. 
A tbnde-saatland or arable (or sowing) land is reckoned at 
one-fourth of the tbnde-hartkorn. 

LIQUID MEASURE. 

1 psegel = 0.063805 U. S. gallon. 

3 psegle = 1 flask = 0.191415 U. S. gallon. 

f= 0.966120 liter. 

4 psegle = 1 pot = 0.25522 U.S. gallon. 
(= 0.21268 British Imperial gallon. 

1 kande = 0.51044 U. S. gallon. 



2 potter = 
19| kander. or \ 

88| (commonly reck- \ = 
oned 39) potter ) 

4 ankere = 1 ahm , terts, or tierce = 89.5595 U. S. gallons. 

6 ankere = 1 oxehoved (ox-head) = 59.3393 U. S. gallons. 



1 anker = 9.8899 U. S. gallons. 



MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



559 



4oxehoveder 

6 oxehoveder 

(U fad) 



1 fad . . = 237.357 U. S. gallons. 
1 stykfad = 296.696 U. S. gallons. 

"Wholesale. 



8 potter . 



= 1 fjerding or 
Herding 

20 fierdinger » -. ■„, 

(160 potter) }- lahm ■ ' 
3 ahni . . = 1 pibe . - 



= 2.04176 U. S. gallons. 

= 40.835 U. S. gallons. 
= 122.5 U. S. gallons. 



The pot, the unit of all fluid measure = -gW of a Danish 
or Prussian cubic foot (fod or fuss) = 54 Danish or Prus- 
sian inches (tomnier or zoll). 

DRY MEASURE. 

1 ottingkar (|-kar) 

2ottingkar = 1 fierdingkar (J-kar). 

4 fierdingkar = 1 skieppe. 

8 skiepper =1 tbnde. 

Kar (kan) denotes a vessel, but not, by itself, any definite 
measure. 

The tonde is of various kinds, with the above subdi- 
visions for each. 

The korn-tonde, for the ] 

measurement of grain and I ■,.. ,. a ., 

many other hard" and dry | = ^Sh or "an 
commodities. The measure | ~ 4 2 Uanisn or Prussian 
is usually struck or leveled j-_ , C q toionflf 
(not heaped j except for ap- | ~ o Q le TT I L i i 
pies, roots, and other larger = M^; T \ bu8 ^ la - 
kinds of agricultural prod- | ~ 3o -'° 16 U ' S> S allon8 - 
uce. ) 

Salt is measured by the korn-tb'nde ; but the salt from 
Norway is sold by weight. A tonde (of 10 Danish skiepper) 
of Norway-salt must weigh 250 pund. 

The measure for coal (both ( — 176 potter, fluid measure, 
stone-coal and charcoal) is the ) =V of a korn-tbnde. 
■ • ' = 4.825 U. S. bushels. 



136 potter, fluid measure. 



so-called salt-to nrie 

The ol-tonde (ale-ton) for 
the measurement of ale, i 

meal, butter, tallow, soap \= 3 8 ot k °™-tonde. 
fish, etc. . . . . . . !J= 34.7098 U.S. gallons. 

f = 120 potter. 
The tiozre-tonde (tar-ton) < = | of the korn-tbnde. 
' = 30.626 XJ. S. gallons. 
lkest(load) . . = 12 korn-tbnder = 47.38 TJ. S. bu. 
1 best of stone-coal = 18salt-tbnder = 86.86 U. S. bu. 

EAST INDIES. 

(Hindostan, or British. India.) 

(Presidencies of Bengal, Madras, and Bombay.) 

Money. 

Accounts in all of the three Presidencies are kept in 
Company or legal rupees. 

12 pies = 1 anna. 

16 annas . . . . = 1 rupee. 
100,000 rupees . . . . — 1 laka (of rupees). 
100 lakas, or 10 millions of rupees — 1 crore (of rupees), 
nearly 1 million pounds sterling. 

The Company or legal rupee (silver) contains 165 trov 
grains of fine silver and 15 grains of alloy, and is standard 
in all commercial transactions. The standard rupee (as- 
suming, as is done elsewhere in these tables, the value of 
fine gold to be 15| times that of fine silver of equal weight) 
= $0.46217=22.8 pence sterling.* The laka of 100,000 

* TTere, as in other places in these tables, £1 sterling is consid- 
ered equal to $4.86(56; nnrl $1 = £0.20548 sterling; these num- 
bers bciriir in strict accordance with the relative intrinsic values 
of the standards. 



rupees is valued in local transactions at about £10,000 (more 
exactly £9,496 15*. 4c.Sd. sterliug). 

Gold coins throughout the Presidencies are receivable 
only at their market value as merchandise. 

PRESIDENCY OF BENGAL. 

( Chief Commercial City, CALCUTTA.) 
Money. 

COINS. — Local coins or moneys have the following rela- 
tions : — 

33} cowries (small white glossy shells used among the 
lower classes) = 1 pie. 

Copper coins are of the denominations of 1 pie, 3 pies 
(called in Bengal a paisa), 6 pies (| anna), and 12 pies 
(lanna). Copper coins are receivable in payment of any 
sum not exceeding oue rupee. 

Silver coins of the Company, or legal standard, are of the 
value of |, £, and 1 rupee. The piece of 2 rupees, although 
allowed by law, has never been in circulation. Since the 
17th of August, 1835, the following relations are fixed by 
law : — 

100 Ascott rupees . . = 108 Company or current rupees. 
100 Bombay rupees . = 110 Company or current rupees. 
100 Sonat rupees . . = 111 Company or current rupees. 
100 Sicca or Calcutta ) ,.,„ 

Rupees f = Company or current rupees. 

The gold pieces in circulation are those of 5, 10, 15, and 
30 gold rupees ; or | mohur, § mohur, mohur, and double 
mohur. 

The present mohur, or 15-rupee piece of gold, contains 
165 grains of fine gold and 15 grains of alloy ; thus having 
a weight and fineness identical with that of the silver ru- 
pee of the Company. It follows, taking the value of gold 
to be 15$ times that of silver, that the mohur, or piece of 
15 gold rupees = 15§ company rupees (silver). 

Other gold coins in circulation are the earlier mohurs of 
Madras, Bombay, and Bengal, of 16 rupees, valued at 
about S7.116, and the star-pagoda of Madras, ranging in 
value from $1,621 to $1,911. 

"Weights and Measures. 

WEIGHTS. 

Of commercial weights there are two kinds — (a) the 
standard "Imperial " or " Indian " weight, also called the 
New Bazaar weight of Bengal, and (6) the Factory weight. 
The former is the standard weight of British India in use 
by the authorities, and also for the marKet; the latter is 
used for the factories of Bengal. 

Imperial, or Indian, or New Bazaar Weight — (British 
East-Indian Standard). 

The unit of weight is the tola ( = !? ,J/ S ' S rains tr °y- 
a I = 11.664 grammes. 

5 tolas (or siccas) = 1 chittak = 900 U. S. grains troy. 

( = 14400 U. S. grains. 
16chittaks = l seer . . . < = 2| lbs. troy. 

(= 2.057143 U. S. lbs.avdp. 
5 seers = 1 pussaree . . . . = 10.2858 U. S. lbs. avdp. 

40 seers = 1 maund, monn, or [ = 5 n U " f ,? S " aTdp ' 
mahnd ( = JWJ?- s - lbs - troy. 

v = d< oZi kilogrammes. 
This weight is about yL- heavier than the factory weight. 
The old bazaar maund, subdivided into 40 seers = 72^ 
U. S. lbs. avoirdupois. 

In the interior the seer varies considerably. At Allabad 
and Lucknow it is 96 tolas ; at Mirzapore and Benares it is 
84 tolas ; and at Hoogly it is 82 tolas. 

Factory Weight (adopted by the Government in 1787). 

4 siccas . . . = 1 chittak = 0.1167 lb. avoirdupois, 

16chittak 8 . . =lseer j = H| ^ avoirdupois. 
I = 846 tfraoim.es. 



560 



MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



seers = 1 maund 



(- | U.S. 
{ = 74§ lbs. a 
( = 96.74 lbs. 



cwt. (of 112 lbs.) 
avoirdupois, 
troy . 



4 punks 
4 dhans 
8 ruttees 

12 mashas 



Gold, Silver, and Precious Stones. 

= 1 daan or dhan. 
= 1 ruttee. 
= 1 masha. 
f = 1 tola or sicca (Indian or new bazaar weight). 
\ = 180 U.S. grains troy. 
The earlier unit was a somewhat smaller sicca = 179} 
U. S. grains troy. 

The fineness as well as the weight of gold and silver are 
stated in terms of the masha and its subdivisions. Pure 
gold and silver are 12 mashas fine. 

MEASURES OF VOLUME. 
Liquid Measure. 

Liquids are sold by the Imperial or Indian weight (new 
bazaar maund): but in wholesale trade, in part by tlie 
English Imperial gallon and in part by the old English 
wine gallon (U. S. gallon) ; and English beer by the Eng- 
lish hogshead. 

Grain Measure. 

Grain and most articles of nourishment are sold by 
weight. The government has never yet, in Bengal, defined 
any measures of capacity. 

5 chy tacks = 1 konkee. 

4 konkees =1 raik. 

4 raiks =1 palli. 

20 pallis =1 soallee. 

16 soallees = 1 kahoon. 

The kahoon, as a weight = 40 factory-maunds =2986§ 
U. S. lbs. avoirdupois = 135472 kilogrammes. As a meas- 
ure of capacity it is said to be about 41.1428 British Impe- 
rial bushels = 42.44 U. S. bushels. 



MEASURES OF LENGTH. 

Ordinary and Itinerary Measure. 

ljaub, or jow, or corbe (barley grain )= | U. S. inch. 
3jaub = 1 ungulce .... =|U. S. inch. 
4ungulees= 1 moot (hand) . . = 3 U. S. inches. 
3 moots = 1 span (ur big hat'h) =9 U. S. inches. 

= 1 hat'h, boats, haut, hiitii, or cubit. 

= 18 U. S. inches. 

= 1 guz or goss . . . =3 IT. S. feet. 

= 1 danda = 1 U. S. fathom. 

= lcossorhardarv^ 2000 ^-^- 

(Bengal mile) ) = about 14- U. S. mile. 
' =1828.77 meters. 
Hat'h is generally translated cubit. Its length in some 
places is 18 inches, in others 20 ; its average leugth being 
about 19£ inches. 

Cloth Measure. 

3 ungulees . =lgherry .... =2| U. S. inches. 
8 gherries . = 1 hat'h, haut, or haats = 18 U. S. inches. 
2 hat'hs . . = 1 guz or goss . . . = 1 U. S. yard. 
1 guz of Bengal = 1^ guz of Bombay = 2 covids of Madras. 
At wholesale, manufactures are sold by the corge or 
koorje of 4 gondas ; which denotes 20 pieces of any fabric. 
French silk fabrics are sold by the old Parisian ell. 

MEASURES OF SURFACE. 

4 square hat'hs, hauts, haats, or cubits = 1 cowrie. 

4 cowries =1 gunda. 

20 gundas =1 cotta (320 sq. hat'hs). 

20 gandehs, or square hat'hs = 1 chyttak. 

4 chyttak = 1 pauah. 

= 1 cotta (320 gandehs or 
sq. hat'hs). 



G moots 

2 hat'hs 
2 guz 

2000 guz 



4 pauahs (16 chyttaks) 



~ 14400 IT. S. square feet. 
. j = 1600 U. S. square yards. 
lveegaM_ 0.33058 U. S. acre. 
= 13 87755 French ares. 
4 veegahs = 1 hahni of Madras = 1 34232 U. S. acre. 



20 cottas (6400 I 
square hat'hs) ) 



PRESIDENCY OF MADRAS. 

{Principal Commercial City, Madras.) 

Money. 

The money of account in Madras, as in the other Presi- 
dencies, is in rupees, and, since 1835 and 1836, in Company* 
rupees, each of 16 annas, each of 12 pies; the rupee (Com- 
pany) being worth $0.46217, or 22.8 pence sterling. 

Coins. — For a statement of the existing coinage of the 
Presidencies, see above, under the head of BENGAL. 

The former coins of the Presidency of Madras since 1818 
are in gold : new gold rupee (so called) or mohitr, and the 
5, \, and J- mohurs ; — in silver: the entire, the half, and 
the quarter rupee (Company -rupee, value .ft0.46), and the 
single and double annas. 

During an earlier period until 1800, there were, in gold: 
the star-pagoda (or current pagoda ) of from 35 to46fanams, 
each of 80 cash, being the older arcot-pagoda ; — in silver, 
the entire, the half, and the quarter arcot-rupee( this rupee 
being worth about $0.47); — in copper, the pie (py) of 20 
cash, the dodee of 10 cash, the half-dodee of 5 cash, and 
the 1-cash piece. 

Accounts are kept in pagodas, fanams, and cash : — 

Copper. 

10 cash =1 dodee. 

2 dodees . . . . = 1 pie (py). 

3 pies(pici). . . . rl anna. 

1| anna =1 fanam = $0.0392. 

Silver. 

12 fanam (16 annas) = 1 rupee = about $0.47. 

Gold. 

3t runees f = 1 star -P a K 0f ^ (current-pagoda). 
<S 2 rupees ^ _ fmm $] _ &n fco $1 9n 

Weights and Measures. 



3 tolas (or 10 I 
pagodas) J 
8 pollums . 
5 cutcha seers 
8 viss . . . 



Commercial. 
1 tola . 
= 1 pollum | 
= 1 cutcha seer: 



= 180 U. S. grs. (troy). 
:f>40 U. S. grs. (troy). 
= 1.2342 U. S.oz. avdp. 
1 4320 U. S. grs. (troy.) 
: 3.086 U.S. lbs. avdp. 

: 24.686 IT. S. lbs. avdp. 
: 493.7142 U.S. lbs. avdp. 
is always considered S\ 
and tho candy 600 U. S. 



= 1 viss . . . = 

= 1 Madras- > _ 

maund j 

20 Madras-maunds = 1 candy = 

By commercial usage, the viss 

lbs. ; the Madras-maund 25 lbs. ; 

lbs. avoirdupois. 

Gold, Silver, and Precious Stones. 

The weight of gold and silver is the English (or U. S.) 
troy weight ; the munjadi being equal to 5 troy grains, and 
the pagoda to 54 troy grains, or J--^ of a pollum. The na- 
tives reckon by the star-pagoda- weight of 52.56 troy grains 
= 3.4058 grammes. — The assay-weight is likewise the Eng- 
lish divided, as in China, into 10 touches of 10 parts each. 
— Diamond weight is the English jewel-carat. 

For pearls the weight is the inangtlin of 16 parts = 6 
U. S. troy grains = 0.3888 gramme. The price of pearls is 
based on an ideal chow of 64 parts. If the weight in man- 
gelins be multiplied by itself, three-fourths (f) of the 
product divided by the number of pearls will give the 
number of chows. 



MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



561 



MEASURES OF VOLUME. 
Grain. 
5 ollucks 
8 puddees = 1 mercal 



i r,,,,™^ I = 0.40585 U. S. gallon. 
1 puddee J _ _ u43585 (J _ g> l mheL 



= 0.34868 U. S. bushel. 
= 3750.0 •» U. S. cubic inches. 
5mercals = lpara . {= 16.2341 U. S. gallons. 
( = 1.7434 U. S. bushel. 
80 paras = 1 garce = 139474 U. S. bushels. 

Grain is also sold by weight, reckoning 1 garce == 9256£ 
U. S. lbs. avoirdupois. 

Oil is sold by the candy of 64 U. S. gallons ; rice by the 
bag of 164 U. S. lbs. avoirdupois. 

Liquid. 

Liquids are sold according to the U. S. (or old English) 
wine measure. 

Oil, milk, butter, &c, are sold by the puddee of grain 
measure. 

1 puddee =r 0.40585 1J. S. gallon. 
8 puddee = 1 mercal = 3.24682 U. S. gallons. 
20 mercals = 1 candy = 64.9364 U. S. gallons. 

MEASURES OF LENGTH. 

In Madras the English (or U. S.)foot and yard are in 
quite general use by native workmen. 

The moolum (covid or cubit) ranges from 18 to 21 U. S. 
inches, and its average length is about 19} or 19| U. S. 
inches. 

The native kofe, or artificer's rod (as also the guz)z= 
about 33 U. S. inches. 

The baume (fathom) is about 6£ U. S. feet. 

Nalli valli (signifying the distance walked in 24 minutes) 
= about 1^ U. S. mile. 

7 nalli valli = 1 kadam = about 10 U. S. miles. 

At wholesale very many fabrics are sold by the corge or 
koorje of 20 pieces (as in Bengal). 

LAND OR SQUARE MEASURE. 

f = 1 cawney. 

„. , =57,600 U. S. square feet. 

24 grounds, or maumes I _°'> J g™ fi g acre 

[ = 53.5lTrench ares. 
PRESIDENCY OP BOMBAY. 
(Principal Commercial City, BOMBAY.) 
Money. 

Since 1835, the money of account established by the 
British Government is the same as in Bengal and Madras, 
and accounts are almost always kept in rupees, annas, and 
pies : — 

12 pies . . = 1 anna =r 80.03851 

16 annas . . = 1 (Company) rupee . . = 0.46217 
Accounts in Bombay are sometimes kept in rupees, quar- 
ters, and reas; — 

100 reas ...ml quarter . . . = $0.11554 
4 quarters . = 1 rupee . . . = 0.46217 

Coins. 

The copper coins are the urdee of 2 reas, the dori of 6 
reas, the dogganey or pie (Calcutta) of 4 reas, and thefud- 
dah or double-pie. These coins are alloyed with tin and 
lead, and have only a local circulation. 

The silver coins are the rupee, its half and its quarter, as 
in Bengal. 

1 rupee = 4 quarters = 16 annas = 400 reas. 

The gold coins are the { mohur (paunhas or fanum), the 

| mohur, the mohur (of 15 nominal rupees) and the double- 

mohur, as in Bengal. The intrinsic value of the Bombay- 

mohur (gold) of standard weight and fineness, is $7,106. 



In Bombay the following nominal relations exist : — 
1 mohur = 3 paunhas or fanums = 15 rupees = 60 
quarters = 240 annas = 750 fuddeas (or double-pies) = 1000 
doreas (or pies) = 1500 dogganeys = 3000 urdees = 6000 
reas. 

Weights and Measures. 

WEIGHTS. 

Commercial. 

The Imperial (Indian) or New Bazaar Weight, explained 
under Bengal, is in process of introduction, and is the legal 
standard. 

5 tolas . = lchittak. . . = 180 U. S. (troy) grains. 
16 chittaks = 1 seer . . . . = 900 U. S (troy; grains. 

( 1 Imperial, In- ) 
40 seers . = I dian, or new [ = 82-| U. S. lbs. avdp- 
( bazaar maund ) 
The following weights are still in common use : — 
4 d yar °' } = 1 ruktica = 3J U. S. grains nearly. 

8 ruktica = 1 masha =r 17. 01 U. S. grains nearly. 
4 mashas rr 1 tank . = ®$tV U. S. grains nearly. 

72 tanks (or )_, f = 4900 U. S. grains nearly. 

30 pies) | — a seer | _ ^ ^ g ^^ ^^ 

40 seers . = 1 Bombay maund = 28 U. S. lbs. avdp. 

20 maunus } = l Bombav candv = 56 ° V ' S - lbs - avd P- 
The candy varies in different districts from 560 to 3055 

lbs. avoirdupois. 
The Sattara candy = 3055 U. S. lbs. avoirdupois. 

The candy for cotton = 28 maunds j = 7 ^ J' |- ^ avdp> 
Other maunds and candies are occasionally used, name- 
ly : - 
A second Bombay maund of 42 J _ ^ tj. S . lbs. avdp. 

The Pucca maund (or Bengal | ,.., r, « lw , _„a„ 

factory maund) . . . 7 }= «4f U. S. lbs. avdp. 

T1 (standa?d° gal ***"" ^^ | = 62 * U ' S " lbs " avd P" 
The Madras maund of 24.6861 

lbs. avdp. — by commercial ( =r 25 U. S. lbs. avdp. 

usage ) 

Five different Surat maundsof 40, 41, 42, 43|,and44 Surat 

seers, respectively ; a Surat seer = 0936 U S. lbs. avdp. 
A second Bombay candy of 21 I m n g lb ayd 

common Boanbay maunds . J w e 

A third Bombay candy of 22 ( = 616 U. S. lbs. avdp. 

such maunds J or 5^ cwt. 

Three different Surat candies of 20, 21, and 22 common 

Surat maunds, — a common Surat maund (40 Surat 

seers) = 37.44 U. S. lbs. avdp. 

The Travancore maund . . . = 32 U. S. lbs. avdp. 
The Travancore candy of 20 1 _ m v s lb ayd 

such maunds J r 

The Chinese or Canton pecul . = 133£ U. S. lbs. avdp. 

The U. S. (or English) commercial weight (avoirdupoisi 
is also used. 

Gold and Silver. 

6 chows . . =1 goonze . = 1.79 TJ. S. grain. 
2£ goonze . . = 1 wall . zr 4.475 U. S. grains. 

lr"| = l«" ■ = 1T9 U.S. grain,. 
24 tolas . . = 1 seer . . = 4296 U. S. grains. 

Pearls. 

4 annas . . = 1 quarter =r f tj. g. (troy) grain. 

4 quarters . = 1 suttee = 3 U. S. (troy) grains. 

24 suttees or ) _, . . (= 72 U. S. I troy) grains. 

330tuccas J— A tanK • \ = 4.6635 grammes. 

Pea r ls are sold by ideal chows, computed by the follow. 



562 



MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



ing process : The weight in tanks is multiplied by itself 
and the result by 330, and the product divided by the 
number of pearls ; the quotient is the number of Bombay 
chows. The number of chows, therefore, in a string or col- 
lection of pearls — by this rule as well as by that given 
under Madras — varies directly with the square of the 
weight, and inversely with the number of pearls. 

1 Madras pearl chow — 3 J-g Bombay pearl chows. 

MEASURES OF VOLUME. 

Grain. 

2 tlpprees . — 1 seer . = 0.7 TJ. S. lb. avoirdupois. 
4 seers . . = 1 pylee == 2.8 U. S. lbs. avoirdupois. 
16pylees. . = 1 parah = 44.8 U S. lbs. avoirdupois. 

8 parahs . = 1 candy ( = ®> 8 5 U " S " Ibs ' avoirdupois. 
( = 162.567 kilogrammes. 
At wholesale often 1 para = 17 pylees,a larger weight by 
\j per ^ent. 

Rice. 



2 tipprees 

7£ seers . 

20 adowlies 



. — : 1 seer. 
. = 1 adowly. 
. = 1 parah. 

25parahsor4candies = lmurah{ = f b 3 o ^^ s ^P ? - 

The candy weighs 1\h\\ U. S. lbs. avdp. = 97.947 kilo- 
grammes, and has a capacity of about 25 old Euglish Win- 
chester (or U. S.) bushels =881 liter. 

A sack (or bag) of rice denotes 6 local maunds weight 
= 158 U. S. lbs. avdp. =76.2 kilogrammes. 



Salt. 

= 1607.61 U. S. cubic in. 
1 parah (korbe) \ = 0.74758 U. S. bushel. 
56 U. S. lbs. avdp. 



lOi adowlies : 



100 parahs = 1 anna 
16 annas = 1 rash . 



j = 2£ U. S. long tons (weight). 
/ = 74. 758 U. S. bushels. 
\ = 40 U. S. long tons (weight). 
\= 1196.13 U.S. bushels. 



Liquids. 

Liquids are commonly measured by the old English wine 
(or U. S.) gallon. For distilled spirits the maundof 50 seers 
is used, a weight equal to 764 U. S. lbs. avoirdupois = 
34.797 kilogrammes. 

MEASURES OF LENGTH. 

1 nugalee = 1| IT. S. inch. 
2 nugalees . . . . = 1 tussoo . = 2} U. S. inches. 
8 tussoos . . . . = 1 vent'h = 9 U. S. inches. 
16 tussoos (2vent'hs) . = 1 Mt'h . = 18 U. S. inches. 

24 tussoos (3 ventfhs, . = 1 guz . { = 2 $ ™" ~ 

The hat'h is the same as the hat'h, covid, or cubit of 
Bengal. The English (or U. S.) yard is also used. At 
wholesale fabrics are sold by the corge of 20 pieces. 

In Surat the guz (for cloth) of 24 tussoos = 24 U. S. 
inches. 

MEASURES OF SURFACE. 
Ordinary. 

. = 1 pund . . = 0.04057 U. S. acre. 
. = 1 beegah . = 0.81136 U. S. acre. 
. = 1 chahur . = 97-363 U. S. acres. 



20 hutties 
20 pund . 
120 beegah 



Revenue Field Survey. 



16 annas . 
40 goontahs 



= 1 goontah 
= 1 acre 



. = 4 U. S. square rods. 
. = 1 U. S. acre. 



20 nanwansi 
20 saswansi . 
20 hachwansi 
20 biswansi . 

20 biswa . . 



20 khund 
20 padtal . 
20 padat . 
20 vishwasi 



In Northwest Provinces. 

= 1 saswansi 
= 1 hachwansi. 
= 1 biswansi. 
= 1 biswa. 



= 1 beegah 



3025 U. S. sq. yards. 
0.6250 U. S. acre. 
25.29 French ares. 



In Guzerat. 

= 1 padtal. 
= 1 padat. 
= 1 vishwasi. 
= 1 vaso. 



20 vaso 



= 1 beegah 



= 3025 U. S. sq. yards. 
= 0.6250 U. S. acre. 
= 25.29 French ares. 



EGYPT. 

{Principal Commercial Cities, ALEXANDRIA and CAIRO.) 
Money. 

Moneys of Account. 

Accounts are kept in piasters, of 40 para, fadda, or me- 
dini each. Large payments are made in purses (kis) of 500 
current piasters, chiefly in Spanish dollars or piasters. 

1\ good asper, or 3 current 1=1 para, tadda,or medini. 
asper ) = $0.00124. 

( = $0.0495 
40 para = 1 piaster, or gersh I = 2.44 pence sterling. 

( = 0.0257 francs. 

In Cairo the piaster is divided into 33 medini, or 80 cur- 
rent asper. In Upper Egypt the same piaster is divided into 
30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 medini. 

The piaster is called in Arabic " gersh," in the plural 
" gurush." 

In round numbers, 10 Egyptian piasters are reckoned as 
equal to 11 Turkish piasters. 

Of paper money, the so-called mestravat, or mushitara- 
vat, is at about 12flper cent, discount againht silver ; naga- 
die, 7£ per cent., and hawalat, 14 per cent. 

The price of cotton, coffee, and indigo is always under- 
stood to be in Spanish piasters ; other goods, in current 
Egyptian money. 

Coins. — The present gold coins of Egypt are of 100, 50, 
20, 10, and 5 piasters ; the silver coins are of 20, 10, 6, 5, 3, 
1£ piasters, and 1, \, and \ piaster. The 5-fadda piece (£ 
piaster) is the smallest coin known in the Egj ptian trade. 
For smaller amounts the people substitute articles of small 
value and of daily demand, as grain, etc. 

Silver Coins. 

Intrinsic values 
from trials, 
^-piaster piece (ashereh) = $0.0124 

^-piaster piece (yarem- ) 

lik, or ashrenea) ) 
1 piaster or gersh . . . = 0.0495 

Ireal(ruba) = 02559 

Xreal(nusf) . . . .= 0.60105 
1 real = 1.0067 



10 fadda or para = 

20 fadda or para = 

40 fadda or para = 

5-piaster piece = 

10-piaster piece = 

20-piaster piece = 



0.0248 



Gold Coins. 



20-piaster piece (kairie-haschrin) = $0.9976 
50-piaster piece (nusfiik) . . . = 2.485 
100-piaster piece (bedidlik) . . . = 4.969 

Besides the above silver coins, there are in general circu- 
lation — the French 5-franc piece (called real franca) at 
about 19 piaster 10 fadda, the Austrian Convention (or spe- 
cies) thaler, called pataska = at about 20 piaster, and the 
Spanish pillared piaster (colonati talari, called colonati) = 
at about 20 piaster 28 fadda. 



MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



T)63 



The following foreign gold coins are also in common 
use : — 

Holland ducat, at about 45 piaster 26 fadda. 
Zecchini (Venetian), at about 4b' piaster 13 fadda. 
Napoleon d'or (20 fr.), at about 77 piaster G fadda. 
Doubloons (Spanish), at about 313 piaster 29 fadda. 
Sovereign (English), at about 97£ piaster 20 fadda. 

Weights and Measures. 

WEIGHTS. 

The -weights of Egypt are of many kinds. The unit of 
weight is the derkem, or drachme = 3.0884 grammes = 
47.66 U. S. grains (troy). 

Oka-weight. 

The common oka (ucka) of 400 I = 2.7235 U. S. lbs. avdp. 
derhem J = 1.2354 kilogramme. 

The special oka of commerce j = ^^f^\ poundgi 

(Used for small articles of commerce.) 
The special oka of commerce of ( = 412 derhem. 
Alexandria \ = 2.8052 U. S. pounds. 

Rotolo-weight. 

T-e «*- M = 144 fcrhen, { = ««1«: " 
This weight is divided into 12 uckieh (ounces) of 12 der- 
hem each. 

The special rotolo of government = 180 derhem =r 1.2256 
U. S. lb. avoirdupois. This weight is also used in Egypt 
for trade in cotton yarn. Other special rotolo of the weights 
of 105, 150, 324, 312, and 140 derhem respectively are in 
use. 

Kantar-weight. 

The kantar or kuss is of 23 different weights, according 
to the commodities for which it is employed ; varying from 
36£ to 111) common oki. The common kantar of Alexan- 
dria = 44 oki. The common kantar of Cairo = 45 oki. The 
common large kantar of Cairo =: 54 oki. The sheki of 110 
oki is used for building-wood and wood for fuel. 

Cotton, flax, hemp, and gums, are sold in Alexandria by 
the kantar of 100 common roto'.i ; in Cairo, gum arabic, 
gum saffron, frankincense, Mocha-coffee, elephants' tusks, 
tamarinds, and senna leaves from Sennaar, by kantari of 
100 rotoli. Other senna is sold by the common oka; wax 
by the 125-rotoli kantar ; turtle-shell by the maund of 324 
drachmas. 

For the precious metals and for pharmacy, the above- 
mentioned derhem (or drachme) is divided inte 24 kirat 
(carats) each of 4 kbmm'hah (wheat corn, or grains), or 3 
habb'eh (barley-corn). 

MEASURES OF LENGTH. 

6 kerat . . = 1 abdah, or rub. 

4 abdah . . — 1 deraa, drah, or pik (peek). 

There are the following different kinds of deraa. or pik in 
use : — 

(«) The Turkish pik (Tstambuli ) 

deraa) for cloth and European i = 26.5 U. S. inches. 

silk ) 

(6) Pikendesah or hindaseh,for ( ok o tt o • t. 

cotton and linen .... . } = 25 3 U. S. inches, 
(c) Pik beledi or baladi, common ) 00 o tt e • i. 

for measure of land . . . . f = Z2 " b U - S - 1Q ches. 
{d) Pik massari, for silk and Ori- » 00 - TT _ . , 

ratal fabrics } = 22.7 U. S. inches. 

(e) Pik meimari, for builders J = 29.5 U.S. inches. 

' ' | = 0.7o meter. 

'/") Pikmekias orNili, for meas- I »,'.:. a . , 
urement of the Nile . . . . j =21.6 U. S. inches. 



(g) Pik itinerary 



= 29.163 U. S. inches. 
= 2.4b0 U. S. feet. 
= 0.74074 meter. 



Itinerary. 

2| itinerary deraa or pik =: 1 baah 

2 baah =: 1 cassaba . . . . : 
500 cassabas = 1 mili (mile) . . . 

3 mili . = 1 farsak (league) .: 

4 farsak = 1 baride . . . . 
2 baride = 1 safar-yome (day's I 

march) j 

2-A safar-yome, or ) -, , r 

20 2 farsak,or . = 1 degree of 

60 mili .' . . . meridian 



: 1.85185 meter. 
: 3.70370 meters. 
: 1851.85 meters. 
: 5-fj- kilometers. 
: 22IL kilometers. 
: 44-g kilometers. 

: llli kilometers. 
: 69.04 U. S. miles. 



LAND OR SQUARE MEASURE. 

1 official feddan or fidan of 24 kirat / = f *jjj? I t^o 

( = 1.1018 U. h. acre. 
1 customary feddan or fidan of 24 j = 59.290 ares, 
kirat { — 1.4651 U. S. acre. 

MEASURES OF VOLUME. 

For Liquids. 

Liquids are commonly measured by weight. The guir- 
beh, a measure of capacity equal to two thirds of a hecto- 
liter, or 66| liters = 17.611 U. S. gallons, is also used of late 
to some extent. 

For Grain. 

2 rub or rubba . . . = 1 quelch. 

2 quelch =1 wehbih. 

6 wehbih = 1 ardebb or ardeb. 

2 ardebb = 1 daribba. 

The ardebb of Alexandria = 271 liters = 7.69 U. S. bush. 
The ardebb of Cairo . . = 179 liters = 5.08 U. S. bush. 
The ardebb of Rosette . = 284 liters = 8.0S U S. bush. 

In Damietta the ardebb of rice must weigh from 220 to 
225 oki. 

In Cairo the ardebb of wheat must weigh 100 oki. 
In Cairo the ardebb of barley must weigh 91i oki- 

FRANCE. 
Money. 

In France, the unit of money is the franc. 

The standard is double, both gold and silver. The 
weight of pure metal in the gold coins, as compared with 
that in the silver legal tender coins, of the same denomina- 
tion is fixed, by law, at 1 to 15i ; making the legal value 
of the gold coins 15£ times that of the silver coins of the 
same weight and fineness. 

When the market value of gold relatively to silver is less 
than the legal ratio, (which has been the case for the 
fourteen years, 1853-66, since the discovery and opening 
of the gold fields of California and Australia, the market 
ratio for this period having averaged 15| to 1), the legal- 
tender silver coins of France have a smaller legal value, as 
against gold coins, than they command in the open market ; 
and are therefore either hoarded, remelted, or otherwise 
kept from circulation. 

When the market value of gold as against silver is 
greater than 15£ to 1 the legal ratio, the sold coinage of 
France must be driven from general circulation, except at 
a premium, and silver become the prevailing monetary 
medium. This was the case in France for a series of years 
just prior to 1849 ; the value of gold as against silver in 
the market of Europe for the 29 years from 1820 to 1848 
having averaged about 15f to 1. 

Should the market value of gold as against silver again 
exceed 15| to 1. which in the light of late statistics does 
not seem improbable, the legal-tender silver coinage of 



564 



MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



France •will again circulate to the exclusion of gold ; unless 
by new legislation a limit shall be fixed to the amount in 
payment of which the silver coins shall be received in pay- 
ment of debt, now legal tender in all amounts. 

The legal-tender gold and silver coinages have the same 
degree of fineness ; that is, nine-tenths (or j^gg-) of pure 
metal to one tenth of alloy. 

In addition to the legal-tender coins of gold and of silver, 
there was established in 1865, by the monetary convention 
of that year, concluded between France, Belgium, Italy, 
and Switzerland, a subsidiary silver coinage, of less in- 
trinsic value than the legal-tender silver coinage of like 
denomination. In this new or subsidiary coinage the 
weight of the pieces was left the same as that of the cor- 
responding legal-tender silver coinage, but the fineness of 
the metal was much reduced ; the new coins containing 
only .835 of fine metal to .165 of alloy. The new coins 
are simply tokens, and are not required by law to be re- 
ceived as payment of dues for an amount greater than 60 
francs (nearly $10) in any one payment. The legal weight 
of pure metal in the subsidiary silver coins is thus fixed at 
about 14$ times the weight of pure metal in the gold coins 
of like denomination. 

The object of issuing these subsidiary coins, thereby 
abandoning in part the futile attempt to maintain in suc- 
cessful operation a double standard, was to provide a silver 
coinage which could circulate side by side with the estab- 
lished gold coinage — and thus remedy to some extent the 
error originally fallen into in fixing too low the legal weight 
of gold coins as compared with silver. 



The silver 5-franc piece of France is the only silver coin 
which is legal-tender in all amounts ; the smaller silver 
coinage being subsidiary, and legal-tender only in payment 
of sums of small amount as has already been stated. 

The weight of the silver coinage of France (unlike that 
of its gold) has a very simple relation to the gramme, the 
metric unit of weight ; the silver franc (both legal-tender 
and subsidiary) weighing just Jive grammes, and other 
silver coins in proportion. 

The gold franc contains 1.0. of a gramme of standard 
gold , nine tenths fine ; or -j j of a gramme of pure gold. 
100 centimes . s= 1 franc. 
20 francs . . . r= 1 Napoleon. 

( = $19.29526 
100 gold francs . ] = £3.96486 

( = 2.903226 Union crowns , German. 

The value of other gold coins — of 5, 10, 20, and 50 
francs — is in proportion. 

1 American dollar (gold) . . . =z fr. 5.1826 

1 pound sterling = fr. 25.2216 

1 Union crown, German . . = fr. 34 A. 
The legal-tender silver franc (assuming 15.375 to 1 as the 
relative value in the market of gold as compared with that 

of silver) = $0.19452 

and the silver franc, subsidiary coinage . = $0.18047 
The value of other silver subsidiary coins, namely — 
coins of 20 centimes, 50 centimes, and 2 francs, ia in pro- 
portion. 



Weights and Measures, 



10 milligrammes 
10 centigrammes 
10 decigrammes 
10 grammes . . 
10 decagrammes 

10 hectogrammes 

10 kilogrammes . 

10 myriagrammes 

10 quintals . . 

64.798950 milligrammes 
453.592651 grammes . 

1016.04764 kilogrammes 
90718530 kilogrammes 



1 milligramme 
1 centigramme 
1 decigramme 
1 gramme . . 
1 decagramme 
1 hectogramme 

1 kilogramme 

1 myriagramme 

1 quintal . . 



WEIGHTS. 

Metric System. 

= 0k.000001 

= fjk.00001 

= 0k .0001 

e= k .001 

= k .01 

= k .l 



0.0154323 U. S. grain. 

0.1543235 U. S. grain- 

1.5432349 U. S. grain. 

15.4323488 U. S. grains. 

154.323488 U. S. grains. 



= It 



= 100 k 



= 1 millier or tonne . = 1000 k 

= 1 U. S. grain troy. 

= 1 U. S. pound avoirdupois. 
( t= 1 U. S. long ton, or 2240 lbs. 
| avoirdupois. 

( = 1U, S. short ton, or 2000 
( lbs. avoirdupois. 



The kilogramme is designed to be the exact weight in 



= 1543.23488 

— 15432.3488 

= 2.204621 

= 22.04621 

= 220.4621 

= 1.9684 

as 2204.621 

= 0.9842 

= 1.102320 
vacuo of a cubic decimetre of distilled water at the tem- 
perature of 4° of the centigrade thermometer (39°2 
Fahrenheit). 

A Report to the British Parliament in 1854, by the Com- 
mittee on the new Exchequer standards, gives by direct 
compaiison of standards 15432.3482 grains in a kilogramme ; 
by indirect comparison, 15432.3488 grains in a kilogramme. 
The latter value is that now more commonly adopted. 



U. ». grains. 
U. S. grains. 
U. S. lbs. avoirdupois. 
U. S. lbs. avoirdupois. * 
U. S. lbs. avoirdupois. 
U. S. cwt. of 112 lbs. 
U. S. lbs. avoirdupois. 
U. S. long ton of 2240 lbs. 
U. S. short ton of 2000 lbs. 



2 demi-grains ..... 
20 grains 

4 grammes 

8 gros 

125 grammes (4 onces, nearly) 

2 quarterons ..... 

2 deml-livrea 

2 lirres 



1 grain 
1 gramme . . . 
1 gros, or drachme 
1 once .... 
1 quarteron . . 
1 deml-livre . . 

1 livre .... 



Apothecaries' 1 Weight 



r= 0.05 gramme 
~ 1 gramme 

£2 4 grammes . 

= 32 grammes . 

= 125 grammes . 

= 250 grammes . 

s= 500 grammes . 



1 double-livre . . =1000 grammes 
MEASURES OF LENGTH. 



10 millimetres 
10 centimetres 



1 millimetre 
1 centimetre 
1 decimetre 



(K001 

(K01 

<K1 



= 0.7716 U. S. grain. 

=s 15.432 U. S. grains. 

= 61.729 U. S. grains. 

= 493.835 U. S. grains. 

= 1929.04 U.S. grains. 

— 3858.09 U. S. grains. 

= 7716.17 U. S. grains. 

= 1.10231 U.S. lb. avdp. 
= 15432.3 U. S. grains. 

= 2.20462 U. S. lbs. avdp. 



0.0393704 U. S. inch. 
0.393704 U. S. inch. 
3.937040 U. S. inches. 



MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



565 



10 decimetres . . . 


• = 


1 metre . . . 


. = 1» . . 


10 metres 

10 decametres . . . 


. = 


1 decametre 
1 hectometre . 


. = 10™. . 
. = 100 m . . 


10 hectometres . . . 


• = 


1 kilometre . . 


. = 1000*. . 


10 kilometres . . . 


. = 


1 myriametre . 


. = 10000». 


2539979 millimetres . 








1.0159917 decimetres 


3.0479751 " 


9.1439254 M 


L00.5S318 " 


20.116636 metres 





= 39.37040* U. S. inches. 

= 9.84260 U. S. hands. 

= 3.28U867 U. S. feet. 

= 32.80867 U. S. feet. 

= 328.0867 U. S. feet. 

= 3280.867 U. S. feet. 

== 1093.622 U. S. yards. 

= 49.7101 D. S. chains. 

= 0.621376 U. S. mile. 

= 6.21376 U. S. miles. 

1 U. S. inch. 

1 U. S. hand (4 inches). 

1 U. S. foot (3 hands). 

1 U. S. yard (9 hands). 

1 U S. half-chain (99 hands) 

1 U. S. chain. 

1 U. S. mile (80 chains) 



The metre is designed to be the ten millionth part of the quadrant of the Earth's meridian. 

MEASURES OF SURFACE. 

Ordinary Measures. — The squares of the measures of length. 

Agrarian Measures. 



10 ccntiares 
100 ares . . 



-, ( — 100 square meters. 

— l are [ — 119.60 U. S. yards. 

== 1 hectare = 2.471 U. S. acres. 



MEASURES OF VOLUME. 



1 cubic meter 



1 centistere 
1 decistere 
1 stere 
1 decastere 



10 millilitres 
10 centilitres 



10 litres . . 

10 decalitres . 
10 hectolitres 



Ordinary Measures. — The cube of the measures of length. 

= 61025.2 U. S. cubic inches. 

= 35. 3155 U. S. cubic feet. 

= 1.30798 U. S. cubic yard. 



Measures for Wood. 

— 0.01 store 
= 0.1 stere 

= 1 cubic metre — 35.3155 TJ. S. cubic feet. 

= 10 steres = 13.0798 U. S. cubic yards. 



Dry and Liquid Measures. 
Each of the measures of liquids has its half and its double measure. 



1 millilitre 
1 centilitre 
1 decilitre 



COOl 

O'.Ol 

Qi.l 



10 decilitres . . . . = 1 litre 



= l 1 



1 decalitre . . . . = 10 1 



1 hectolitre 
1 kilolitre 



= 1001 
= 1000 1 



0.00106 U. S. quart, liquid measure. 
0.01057 U. S. quart, liquid measure. 
0.10567 U.S. quart, liquid measure. 

1 cubic decimetre. 

1.0567 U. S. quart, liquid measure. 
0.908 U. S. quart, dry measure. 
2.6417 U. S. gallons. 
9.08 quarts, dry measure. 

2 U. S. bushels, 3.35 pecks. 
1 cubic metre. 



GERMANY. 
(Zollverein and Munzverein.) 

The Zollverein (Customs' Union) is a league embracing 
almost all the States of Germany. It was formed in 1833, 
and went into operation on the first of January, 1834. Its 
object was to assimilate, unite, and simplify the fiscal ar- 
rangements of these States. It has abolished all restric- 
tions on internal communication, and has established a 
common system of duties on exports and imports, and a 
common system of money, weights, and measures. 

The unit of weight which has been adopted by the Union 
for the purposes of revenue, of commerce between the 
States, and of external commerce, and for postal and rail- 
way purposes, is the zollpfund of 30 zollloth, and equal to 
the half-kilogramme. The zollceniner of 100 zollpfund is 
equal to 50 kilogrammes 

Until within a few years, the standard of weight for coin- 
age in all the States of tbe German Zollverein, was the Prus- 
sian (or Vereins) mark of 288 gran = 3608.943 U. S. troy 



grains = 233.8555 grammes ; but since 1858, in accordance 
with the Monetary Convention of 1857, between most of the 
States of the Zollverein and of Austria, a munzpfund of 
500 grammes (the same as the zollpfund) was adopted in 
place of the Prussian mark. The munzpfund is divided 
into 10,000 as. 

The Munzverein of 1857 adopted for the northern state8 
of Germany the 30-thaler standard ; for Austria and Liech- 
tenstein, a 45-florin (or gulden) standard; and for the 
southern states of Germany, a 52A gulden (or florin) stand- 
ard. That is, for the Northern States, the munzpfund of 
500 grammes of fine silver was to be coined into 30 Vereins 



♦30.37040 is the number of inches contained in the meter, 
according to the new imperial standard yard (Sheepshank's), 
reported in 1854. The number of inches declared to be con- 
tained in the meter, according to the old, imperial standard 
destroyed by the burning: of the Houses of Parliament in 1834, 
and known as Bird's J is 39.37079. The number of inches pro- 
vision all v recognized by the late Act of Congress (passed in 
1866) as contained in the meter, is 39.370. 



566 



MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



ttialers, into 45 Austrian florins ;or gulden) ; and into 52£ 
South German gulden (or florins). The 30-thaler standard, 
and the 52j gulden standard, each based on the zollpfund, 
superseded respectively the previously existing 14-thaler 
standard, and 24^ gulden standard, which last -mentioned 
standards were each based on the Prussian ^r Vereins) 
mark. 

The gold coinage, adopted for the German States and 
Austria by the Monetary Convention of 1857, i^ the Union 
crown and Union half-crown, the former containing .02 of 
a mlinzpfund, or 10 grammes of fine gold, and the latter 
.01 of a miinzpfund, or five grammes of fine gold. These 
pieces weigh respectively 1-i- and 54 grammes ; the gold 
from which they are coined consisting of .9 of pure 
gold to .1 of alloy. 

It is, perhaps, worthy of remark, that this gold coinage 
of the German Munzverein, is the only gold coinage yet is- 
sued by any country which bears a simple and decimal 
relation to the metrical unit of weight, the gramme* 

Carefully prepared and extensive tables, giving in terms 
of the Union crown, and of its decimal submultiples, the 
values of all the principal gold coins of the world, have 
lately been prepared and published in Germany. 

The North German States, with the rectification of ter- 
ritorial changes made in consequence of the war of 1866, 
consist of Prussia, Saxony, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Olden- 
burg, Brunswick, Saxe- Weimar, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, 
Saxe-Meiningen, Anhalt, Saxe-Coburg - Gotha, Saxe- 
Altenburg, Waldeck, Lippe-Detmold, Schwarzburg-Rudol- 
stadt, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Reuss-Schleiz, Schaum- 
burg-Lippe, Hamburg, Lubeck,and Bremen. 

The South German States consist of Bavaria, "Wiirtem- 
burg, Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt, Reuss-Greiz, and Liechten- 
stein. 

The Hanseatic towns, Hamburg, L'ubeck, and Bremen, 
although members of the North German Confederation, 
are not as yet parties to the German Zollverein (or Cus- 
toms' Union). 

The following countries, in consequence of the wars of 
1864 and 1866, have been newly united to, and now con- 
stitute a part of the kingdom of Prussia ; to wit: — 

The former kingdom of Hanover; the former electorate 
of Hesse-Cassel ; the former duchy of Nassau ; the for- 
mer landgraviate (or principality) of Hesse-Homburg ; the 
former republic or free city) of Frankfort on the Main ; the 
former duchies of Schleswig-Holstein and Lauenburg ; 
and detached portions of Bavaria and Hesse-Darmstadt. 

NORTH GERMANY. 
Money. 

Silver Coins. 

12 pfennige = 1 silver Cor new) groschen. 

t = 1 Union thaler. 

SO silver groschen {= £0.14804 

I = $0.7204 
Silver is the legal standard. 

Gold Coins. 

1 Frederic d"or = $4.0090 

The double and half Frederic-d'or in proportion. 

1 Union crown, of 10 grammes pure gold . = 66461 

1 Union half-crown, of 5 grammes pure gold = 3. 3231 

1 pistole of Hanover. Brunswick, and Denmark = 3.9595 

1 double pistole .' = 7.9191 



* The gold coinage of the United States, as has already been 
stated, is very nearly metrical; one dollar containing almost ex- 
actly 1.5 grammes of pure gold, or 12-3 grammes of standard 
gold 9-10 fine. 

The gold franc of France contains 9-31 of a gramme of pure 
gold, or 10-31 of a gramme of standard gold, 9-10 fine. These nu- 
merical relations are obviously not of a very simple character. 



PRUSSIA. 

(THE LEADING STATE OF NORTH GERMANY.) 

(Principal Commercial City — BERLIN.) 

Weights and Measures. 

WEIGHTS. 
Ordinary or Decimal System (New). 

10 corn = 1 cent. 

10 cents = 1 quent. 

10 quentchen = 1 loth (^ oz.) 

^— 500 grammes. 
30 loth r= 1 zollpfund 1 = 7716.174 U. S. troy grains. 

( = 1.10231 U. S. lb. avdp. 
100 zollpfund = 1 centner = 110.231 U. S. lbs. 
20 zollpfund = 1 stein. 

3 centner = 1 schiffspfund. 
40 centner = 1 schiffslast. 

Commercial System ( Old). 

4 pfennig . = 1 quent. 
4 quentchen = 1 loth. 

32 loth . . . = lpfund = 1.031127 U. S. lb. avdp. 
110 pfund . . = 1 centner = 113.424 U. S. lbs. avdp. 

Precious Metals. 



ran-j : 



= very nearly one half the old 
Prussian pfund. 
The mark of 288 gran^ = 2338555 grammes. 
= 3608.943 U. S. grains. 
[— 1.62656 troy pound. 
For gold the mark is divided into 24 carat of 12 gran 
each ; for silver, into 16 loth of 18 gran each. 

MEASURES OF LENGTH. 
121inien = 1 zoll. 

12zoll — lfnso /= 0.3138535 meter. 
Li zoll _lfuss |_ L0 2972 U. S. foot. 

2£fuss =lelle 1= 0.63694 meter (or very near- 
8 J lyf meter). 

6 fuss = 1 lachter. 

12 fuss = 1 ruthe 
2000ruthen=lmeile 



3.76624 meters. 
12.3566 U. S. feet. 
247132 U. S. feet. 

4.9327 U. S. miles. 



An average degree of meridian = 14 754 (or 14f ) Prus- 
sian meilen. 

The lachter is divided into 8 achtel, of 10 lachterzoll 
each, of 10 lach terlinien each. 



Surveyors' 1 and Engineers' 1 Measure ( Decimal). 



10 decimal linien . 
10 decimal zoll . 
10 decimal fuss . 



. = 1 decimal zoll. 
. = 1 decimal fuss. 
. = 1 ruthe = 12.3566 U. S. feet 



MEASURES OF SURFACE. 

Ordinary. 
Square of the measures of length. 
Agrarian. 

m „. ruthen = 1 mor g en { = *&&**££& 
30 morgen =: 1 hufe . = 18.9281 acres. 



MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



567 



MEASURES OF VOLUME 
Solid. 
Cubes of the measures of length. 
The klafter for -wood . . 



123.14 U. S. cubic feet. 
3.3389 cubic meters. 



3 viertel 



Grain Measure. 
1 metze. 



16 metzen =z 1 scheffel 

4 scbeffeln = 1 tonne. 
12 scheffeln =z 1 malter. 
24 scheffeln = 1 wispel. 
60 scheffeln = 1 last. 



3072 Prussian cubic zoll. 
1.55968 U. S. bushels. 
54.9615 liters. 



LIQUID MEASURE. 
For Wine and Distilled Spirits. 



1 anker. 



= | of a grain metze. 
= 64 Prussian cubic zoll. 
= 1.14503 liter. 
{ = 0.30248 U. S. gallon. 



2 ossel r= 1 quart 

30 quarts . . . 
ori , ,„ , , , . ( = 18.1490 U. S. gallons. 

60 quarts (2 anker) = leinier j _ 68>7019 uteM . 

120 quarts (2 eimer) = 1 ohm. 
180 quarts (3 eimer) = 1 oxhoft. 
720 quarts (6 ohm ) =1 fuder. 
The flasche of -wine is reckoned at three fourths of a 
quart. 

For Beer. 

100 quarts . . . . = 1 bier-tonne rr 30.248 U. S. gal. 
200 quarts (2 tonnen) = 1 fass. 
400 quarts (2 fass) . = 1 kufen. 
1800 quarts (9 fass) . = 1 gebraude. 

BREMEN. 

{Formerly one of the Free Cities of Germany.) 

Money. 

5 schwaren = 1 grot, 
f = 1 thaler. 

I — 1.1 Prussian or North German thaler. 
„ . j =1.925 South German gulden. 

M ^ 0Kn ■) = 1.65 new Austrian florin (or gulden). 
I = §0. 7925 
1 = £0.1628 
Gold is the legal standard. Accounts are kept in gro- 
ten and thalers. The gold coins are Danish, Hanoverian, 
and other pistoles of 5 gold thalers, and ducats, at 2f tha- 
lers, at a variable agio or premium. 
Since 1857, — 

a a u *u„i _„ ( = lnew German crown. 
8.4 gold thalers J _ 1Q grammeg of fine gold . 

jl ( = 84 pistoles (of 5 thalers each). 

or, 420 gold thalers < = 50 German crowns. 

( = 1 miinzpfund of fine gold. 
The gold thaler = $0.7912 
and the pistole == 3.9561 

Weights. 

The system of weights is metrical. 
10 halbgrammenrrl quint. 
10 quint . . = 1 neuloth. 
10 neuloth . . = 1 pfund = 500 grammes. 

HAMBURG. 

Money. 

Accounts are kept in marks banco ; but the coinage is in 
jnarks current. Both are subdivided as follows : — 



12 pfennige = 1 schilling. 

16 schillinge = 1 mark. 

Bank value refers to credits standing in the books of the 
Hamburg Bank, and which are represented by silver de- 
posited in the bank. 

Prior to 1856 the Cologne mark, Hamburg standard 
(namely, 3608 grains troy), of pure silver was coined into 
34 marks ; since that date iuto 35 marks. The bank value 
of the same weight of pure silver is supposed to be coined 
iuto 27f marks. 

Assuming the current value of gold in market to bo 
15§ times that of silver, we have the following values : — 

The mark current, prior to 1856 = $0.2972 

" ' ; " since " = 0.2888 

21 marks current . . rr 1 thaler . . . = 0.722 
( = $0 3642 

The mark banco \= 17.96 pence sterling. 

( = 1.89 franc. 

Weights and Measures. 

WEIGHTS. 

A new Hamburg weight was adopted in 1858, based on 
the half kilogramme. 
10 half-grammes = 1 quint. 
10 quinten . = 1 unze. 



10 unzen 



1 metric pfund I 



( = a kilogramme. 



.10231 U. S. lb. avdp. 



100 pfund = 1 centner . = 110.231 U. S pounds. 
60 centner = 1 last . . = 6613.86 U. S. pounds. 

MEASURES OF LENGTH. 

8 theilen = 1 zoll. 

4 zoll . = 1 palm (for circumference of masts, etc.) 

12 zoll - 1 fuss I = ° 94021 U - S " foofc - 

U zoll . _ 1 luss . . | _ a286 57 m eter. 

6 fuss . — 1 klafter, or faden = 5.64126 U. S. feet. 

9 fnafl _ i the Hamburg \ = 1.88042 U. S. fo«t. 
& iuss . — ^ (or short) ell g \ — 0.62681 U. S.yard. 
1 Hamburg-Brabant (or long) ( = 0.75615 U. S. yard. 

elle .\— 0.69141 meter. 

( = the Hamburg - Bra- 
in practice, \X Hamburg elle ] bant elle. 

5 (=: 0.75 U. S. yard. 

The Hamburg meile is the same as the Prussian. 

7 elle . . . = 1 marschruthe . = 14 fuss. 

8 elle . . . == 1 geestruthe . . = 6 fuss. 

MEASURES OF SURFACE. 

1 square geestruthe = 56 square fuss. 
1 square marschruthe = 198 square fuss. 

117.600 square fuss. 



square marschruthe 



1 morgen =r 2.39 U. S. acres. 



MEASURES OF VOLUME. 

Dry Measure. 

2 kleine (small) maass . . 

4 grosse maass 

4 spint 

2 himten . . rl fass . 
20 fass of wheat, rye and \ M scheffeln . 
peas, or 30 fass of barley \ _ 1 . , 

and oats ) — l wls P el - 

60 fass . . . = 1 last . . — 89.6454 U. S. bushels. 
90 fass(l£ last) rr 1 stock of barley = 134.4681 U. S.bush, 



1 gross*? (large) maass. 
1 spirit. 

1 himten or himpten. 
1.49409 U. S. bushel. 



2 oessel . 
2 quartier 
2 kannen 
2 stiibchen 

4 viertel . 

5 viertel . 



Liquid Measure. 

= 1 quartier = 
= 1 kanne = 
= 1 stiibchen = 
= 1 viertel = 
=: 1 eimer = 
— 1 anker = 



0.23935 U. S. gal. 
0.4787 U. S. gal. 
0.9574 U. S. gal. 
1.9148 U. S. gal. 
7.6593 U. S. gals. 
9.5741 U. S. gals. 



568 

20 viertel (4 an- ) 
ker, or 5 eimer) J 
30 yiertel 
120 viertel (5 ox- ) 
hoft,or6ohm)J 



1^ quartier . . 
16 margel . . 
6 stechkannen 
1| tonne, or 
120 margel, or 
160 quartier 



MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



= 1 ohm 
= 1 oxhoft 
= 1 fuder 



= 38.2965 U. S. gals. 
= 57.445 U.S. gals. 
= 229.779 U. S. gals. 



For Whale Oil. 

— 1 margel. 

= 1 stechkanne. 

= 1 tonne. 

= lfess = 38.2556 U. S. gallons. 



SOUTH GERMANY. 
Money. 

The coinage is in accordance with the Monetary Conven- 
tion of 24th January, 1857, between the States of Southern 
Germany. 

4 pfennige =1 kreutzer. 

«£Q All 7 

_ ^n Q8459 

Silver is the legal standard. 

The principal silver coins current in South Germany, are 
the Union thaler ($0.7205), equal to 1 florin 45 kreutzers ; 
the double thaler, equal to 3.5 florins; the 2-florin piece, 
the florin, the half-florin, quarter florin, 6-kreutzer piece, 
3-kreutzer piece, and the kreutzer. 

The gold coins in use are the Union crown of 10 grammes 

of fine gold = $6.6461 

Union half-crown of 5 grammes fine gold . = 33231 

English sovereign = 4.8665 

Prussian Frederic-d'or = 4.0090 

Pistole of Hanover, Brunswick, and Denmark = 3.9595 

Double pistoles = 7.9191 

Dutch 10-guilder piece * = 4.0165 

Dutch 5-guilder piece = 2.0082 

French Napoleon = 3.8591 

Ducat = 2.2871 

BADEN. 
Money. 

The coinage of Baden is in accordance with the Mone- 
tary Convention of the 24th of January, 1857, between the 
States of Southern Germany. 
30 kreutzers =r 1 half-gulden 
2 half-gulden = 1 gulden (florin) = $04117. 
If gulden =1 Vereins(or Union) thaler = $0.7204. 
Silver is the legal standard. The Union crown and half- 
crown (gold) circulate at their market value. 

"Weights and Measures. 

WEIGHTS. 



4 richttheilen : 
4 gran cb en : 
4 gran : 

4 karat 
4 pfennig 
4 quentchen : 
2 loth 
4 unzen 
2 vierling 

2 mark 

10 pfund 

100 pfund 

10 as . . 



:1 granchen (small gran). 

:1 gran. 

: 1 karat. 

: 1 pfennig. 

: 1 quentchen 

:1 loth. 

:1 unze. 

: 1 vierling. 

; 1 mark . 

; 1 pfund (zollpfund = 500 grammes). 

z 1.10231 U. S.pouud avoirdupois. 

: 131. 072 richttheilen. 

:1 stein. 

: 1 centner. 

: 1 dekas. 



* Gold coins no longer issued from the Dutch mint, but have 
not altogether disappeared from circulation. 



10 dekas . 
10 centas 



— 1 centas. 
= 1 zehntling. 



lOzehntling = 1 pfund {= «$g-J 



20 gran 
3 scrupel . 
8 drachmen 

2 unzen 



10 punkt 

10 linien 

10 zoll 
2 fuss 
6 fuss 

10 fuss 



Medicinal Weight. 

. . = 1 scrupel. 

• . = 1 drachme. 

• . = 1 unze. 
1 medicinal pfund. 
3-7 zollpfund. 
3306.93 U. S. troy grains. 

MEASURES OF LENGTH. 

= 1 linie. 
= 1 zoll. 
= 1 fuss . 



= 0.30 meter. 

= 11.811 U. S. inches. 



14,148.148 fuss 



29,629.6296 fuss 



= lelle 
= 1 klafter. 
= 1 ruthe. 

=r 1 wegstunde. 

= 0.6 German (geographical) meile. 

= 4^ kilometer. 

= (about) 2.75 U. S. miles. 

= 1 meile. 

= 1.2 German meile. 

= 8|- kilometer. 

= (about) 5.5 U. S. miles. 
A degree on the equator is divided into 25 wegstunden, or 
12j meilen. 

MEASURES OF SURFACE. 

Common Measures. 

The square of the measures of length. 

1.09 square meter = 1 square fuss. 

Agrarian Measure. 

400 square ruthen (divided ( = „1 mor S en - 

into fourths) { =tXl U. S. acre. 

MEASURES OF VOLUME. 

Solid. 
Cubes of the measures of length. 
0.027 cubic meter = 1 cubic fuss =0.9535 U. S. cubic foot 

For Wood. 

1 klafter = 3.888 steres = 133.7 U. S. cubic feet. 

Dry Measure. 

10 becher = 1 messlein 



10 messlein = 1 sester 
= 1 malter 



10 sester 
10 malter 

lOglas 

10 mass 
10 st'dtze 
10 ohm 



1 zubel 



= 1.50 liter. 
= 0.39626 U. S. gallon. 
= 3.9626 U. S. gallons. 
= 39.626 U. S. gallons. 
= 396 26 U. S. gallons. 
= 42.57 U. S. bushels. 



Liquid Measure. 

-lmaassl= 1 ■«>"*«•• 
— 1 maass j = 0.39626 U. S. gallon. 
= 1 stutze = 3.9626 U. S. gallons. 
= 1 ohm = 39 626 U. S. gallons. 
= 1 fuder = 396.26 U.S. gallons. 



BAVARIA. 

(Principal Commercial City — Augsburg.) 

Weights and Measures. 

WEIGHTS. 

4 quentchen = 1 loth (| ounce.) 

5 loth =1 vierling. 



MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



569 



4 vierling =1 pfund. 

100 pfund =1 centner. 

( = 600 grammes. 
The zollpfund, and the muntzpfund < = 1.10231 U. S. lb. 

( avoirdupois. 

( =: 660 grammes. 
The commercial pfund J = 1.23458 U. S. lb. 

( avoirdupois. 

20 commercial pfund =1 stein. 

Pharmacy (or Medicinal and Apothecaries' 1 Weight). 

20 gran = 1 scrupel. 

3 scrupel = 1 drachme. 

4 drachmen =1 loth. 

8 drachmen = 1 unze. 

( = 360 grammes. 
I = 5555.645 U. S. grains. 
12 unzen = 1 medicinal pfund \ = 9-14 of the commer- 
cial pfund. 
: 0.9645 lbs. troy. 

Gold and Silver Weight. 

The unit of this weight is the Bavarian Cologne mark = 
1.00040 Prussian (or "Vereins) mark. 

MEASURES OF LENGTH. 

The fuss = 12 zoll , of 12 linien each ; or, for engineers 
and architects = 10 zoll of 10 linien each = 0.291859 meter 
= 0.95756 U. S. foot. 

The klafter . . . = 6 fuss. 

The geometrical ruthe = 10 fuss. 

She eUe= 2 fuss 10| zoll. . . { = %£$£££' 

The meile is the German of which 15 = 1 equatorial de- 
gree. According to the common acceptance, it equals 
25421.6 Bavarian feet = 74195 meters. 

MEASURES OF SURFACE. 

Ordinary measures of surface = the squares respectively 
of the measures of length. 

Agrarian Measures. 
The tagewerlc, or morgen, or juchart =40,000 square fuss, 
subdivided decimally = 34.0727 French ares = 0.84198 U. 
S. acre. 

HESSE. 

Money. 

Coinage according to the Monetary Convention of 24th 
of January, 1857, concluded between the States of South 
Germany. 

Weights. 

= 1 loth (| ounce). 

= 1 pfund (of the Zollverein). 

= 500 grammes. 

= 7716.174 U. S. troy grains. 

= 1.10231 U. S. pound avoirdupois. 

= 1 centner. 



4 quentchen 



32 loth 



100 pfund 



Measures. 

MEASURES OF LENGTH. 
10 linien = 1 zoll. 



10 zoll = 1 fuss 



= 0.25 meter. 
= 9.84260 U. S. inches. 
2.4 fuss (24 zoll) = 1 elle. 
10 fuss . . . . = 1 klafter. 
2000 klafter . . . = 1 wegstunde. 
3000 klafter . . . = 1 meile. 

MEASURES OF SURFACE. 

Squares of the measures of length. 



Tlwi „„„ - „ f =0.0625 square meter. 

The square fuss { _ % g75 * s 8quanj inchM> 

Agrarian Measure. 

400 square klafter = 1 morgen j = ^6178 kcw. 



MEASURES OF VOLUME. 
Solid. 



Cubes of the measures of length. 

1 rnhir f.iss * = °015625 cubic meter. 
1 cubic fuss ) _ 5518 u s cubic foot 

i = 100 cubic fuss. 
= 1.5625 cubic meter. 
= 65.18 U. S. cubic feet. 

Dry Measure. 
1 maeschen (small measure) = \ liter. 
4 maeschen = 1 gescheid. 
4 gescheid = 1 kiimpf. 

4 kiimpf = 1 simmer = 0.9081 U. S. bushel. 
4 simmer = 1 malter. 



1 schoppen 



Liquid Measure. 

j = i liter 



132085 U.S. gallon. 



4 schoppen = 1 maas = 0.52884 U. S. gallon. 

4 maas = 1 viertel = 2.11336 U. S. gallons. 

20 viertel = 1 ohm = 42.2672 U. S. gallons. 

GREECE. 

(Principal Commercial Cities, ATHENS and PATROS ; but 
ZANTE and CERIGO are growing in commercial im- 
portance.) 

Money. 

Money of Account. — From 1829 to February .JL. 
1833, accounts were kept in terms of phceniken of 100 
lepta each ; the standard phoeniks being = $0.1741. 

Since February J*^, 1833, accounts in the kingdom of 
Greece have been kept in drachma and lepta : 

100 lepta . . . . . . = 1 drachma. 

Greece has a double monetary standard — gold and sil- 
ver. The legal relation fixed to the weights of gold and 
silver coins of the same denomination is (as in France) 

1 to 15*. 

( = $0.1728. 

1 gold drachme (standard) \ = 0.8954 franc. 

( = 8.52 pence sterling. 

1 silver drachme (standard) = $0.1742; taking, as hith- 
erto, the market value of gold to be 15§ times that of 
silver ($0.1728 is the value of the standard silver 
drachme answering to the legal assumption that gold is 
worth 15* times silver). 

It is understood that Greece has of late adopted the 
French standard of coinage. 

COINS. —By a tariff of February -||, 1833, the old coin 
called phoeniks was declared = 93 new or royal lepta ; by 
the same tariff the Mexican piaster and the Spanish (pil- 
lared) piaster, called colonato, were made legally receivable 
as = 6 drachma. 

Copper. — The copper coins are of pure copper, and are 
pieces of 1 lepton, and 2, 5, and 10 lepta. They are legal 
tender only in payment of sums not exceeding l-50th (or 

2 per cent.) of the amount of any debt. 

Silver. — The silver coins are the 5-drachma, the drachme, 
the ^-drachme, and the |-drachme pieces. These coins 
contain .9 of fine silver to .1 of alloy. 

Gold. — The gold coins are the pieces of 20 and 40 
drachma. They contain .9 of fine gold to .1 of alloy. 

In local transactions copper is the chief medium of ex- 
change. Comparatively little silver is coined, and coins ot 
gold are yet more scarce. 



570 



MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



Weights and Measures. 

WEIGHTS. 

By a royal decree of 28th July, 1836, the French met- 
rical weights and measures were adopted for Greece ; but 
only with the existing national nomenclature. To the 
names of the new weights and measures the term Royal is 
prefixed. 

The new unit of weight is one and a half kilogramme. 

General. 
1 royal kokkos (centigramme). 
10 royal kokkoirrl royal obolos (decigramme). 
10 royal oboloi = 1 royal drachmS (gramme). 

f = 1.171875 old okl 

I == 468f old drachma. 

1500 royal drachma = 1 mni ^ = 1.5 kilogramme. 

= 3.30693 U. S. lbs. av. 
[ = 23148.5232 U.S. grains, 
lroyal talen-)_ m693u s lbs 

avdp. 



100 royal mnai 



ton (talent, or 
^quintal) 



i _1 royal tonos (ton, or 14 tonneau). 
10 royal talenta { _ m j m v & \ bg ' aydp f 

Former and Customary Weight. 
Peso-grosso. — The peso grosso (heavy Venetian weight) 
is used for the sale of Corinthian raisins. 

i = 400 old drachma. 
Oka-weight. — The | = 12 80 new (or royal) drachma. 
oka or staderais orig- J = 0.8533 (or t^|) royal mnai. 
inally that of Con- j = 2.683 libre-grosse (or heavy Ve- 
stantinople, and netian pound), very nearly 2|. 

1 = 2.8219 U. S. lbs. avdp. 

9 oki . . . =1 pinaki. 

a a i • •!„*.„ ( =118.07 libre-grosse. 

44 oki . . • =lcantaroj =12416u s % g aydp 

i -ii ^iaaavu f = 8.47 (about 84) cantari. 

1 miliar of 1000 libre-grosse > =872 . 655 l (about 3 { 5) oki . 

A miliar of Jigs denotes bunches, weighing about 13 or 14 
can tar o. 

Coin-weight is by grammes, the same as the French. 
Apothecary weight as in Bavaria. 

MEASURES OF VOLUME. 
Royal or New. 
1 kybos (millimeter). 

10 kyboi = 1 mystron (centiliter). 
10 mystra = l kotyle (deciliter). 
10 kotyla = 1 litra (liter). 

100 lb. { =1 gSafi™- | = 26.117 V. S. gaUon,. 

For grain measure, they have the roval kilo (100 liters or 
1 hectoliter) = 468f old drachma = 1.17187 old oki. 

For oil measure, they reckon the liter = f of the old oka- 
weight. 

Commodities for which there are capacity measures, as 
wood for fuel, butter, oil, wine, etc., are also often sold by 
weight. 

Former Measures of Volume. 
( = 0.3316 (nearly 4,) new kilo (koilon). 

1 old kilo { =33.160 roval litra (liter). 
(= 8.660 U.'S. gallons. 

The volume-weight of an old kilo of wheat = 22 oki. 

1 barile = 24 bozze (boccoli). for wine, honey, and oil. 

In Patras the oil-barile = 194 oil-oki = 48 weight-oki ; 
and the oil-oka = 24^ common oki. 

MEASURES OF LENGTH. 

New Measures adopted in 1836. 

1 royal gramma (millimeter). 
10 royal grammata= 1 roval dactylos (centimeter). 
10 royal daktyloi = 1 royal palamS (decimeter). 
10 royal palamai = 1 royal pechus, or piki (meter). 



1000 royal pecheon 



f = 1 royal stadion (kilometer). 
j = 328U.867 U. S. feet. 
1 = 1093.62 U.S. yards. 
[ = 0.621376 U. S mi 



"'SSSPH"*-*— 



mile. 
1 myriameter. 
= 6.21376 U.S. miles 
Old Measures compared with Nevj. 
1 new orroyal pechus ( = 1.5432 old small piki, or endasb, 

(or piki) } = 1.4948 old small piki. 
1 old small piki, or j = 0.648 royal or new piki. 

endash (for silk) \ = 25.5120 U. S. inches. 
1 old large piki (forl= 0.669 royal or new piki. 
linens and woolens) J =26.3094 U. S. inches. 

masons^pTki . [ = * 9 ' 5278 U " S " iacheS - 

1 old stadion =184.184 royal or new pecheon (piki),or meters. 

MEASURES OF SURFACE. 

1000 royal (or new) f = 10 ares. 



square pecheon J =1 royal stremma. 

or square-piki 1 = 0.7873 of the old stremma of Morea. 

(decare) { = 0.2471 U. S. acre. 

( =3025 old small square-piki. 
The old stremma of J = 1.270 new stremma or decare. 

Morea 1 = 1270 new square piki or sq. meters. 

[ = 0.3138 U. S. acre. 

ITALY AND THE PAPAL STATES. 

The Kingdom of Italy comprises the Sardinian 
States, Lombardy, Tuscany, Parma, and Modena, Ro- 
magna, Umbria and the Marches, Naples and Sicily. 

The Papal States, comprising prior to 1859 twenty 
" legations" and " delegations.'' now (1868) embrace only 
five, namely, Rome and the Comarca, Yiterbo, Civita Vec- 
chia, Velletri, and Frosinone. 

KINGDOM OF ITALY. 

(Principal Commercial Cities, GENOA, FLORENCE, LEG, 
horn, Naples, Turin, Messima, Palermo, and 
Venice. The seat of government was trans/erred, in 
1865, from Turin to Florence.) 

Money. 

Since the monetary convention of 23d December, 1865, 
concluded between France, Italy, Belgium, and Switzer- 
land (called the quadripartite monetary convention), the 
weight, fineness, and value of the standard coins of gold 
and silver of these several countries have been assimilated. 
(See France.) 

ACCOUNTS. 

In certain provinces of the present kingdom of Italy, the 
French standard for accounts and coins was adopted prior 
to the date of this convention. 

In Italy the franc is called lira, or lira italiana nuova. 

100 eentesimi = 1 lira, or lira italiana nuova. 

The standard is double, both gold and silver. 

A forced paper currency superseded to a large extent the 
use of coin. This paper currency on the 5th of June, 1868, 
was at a discount of about 8 per cent against gold. 

The standard gold lira contains 1 0. of a gramme of 

«„ D dard gold, .9«„e. j = *S 7 U Bl |4°%ce 8t e riinB . 

The standard silver 5-lire piece or scvdo contains 25 
grammes of standard silver, .9 fine = £0.973 — assuming, 
as hitherto, the market value of gold to be 15| times that 
of silver. 

Silver coins of smaller denomination than five lire are 
subsidiary and legal tender only in payment of sums no! 
exceeding 50 lire in any one payment. These subsidiary 
coins contain to the lira 6 grammes of silver of the fineness of 
Intrinsic value of such lira = 0.1805. 



Mr 



MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



571 



COINS. 
Coins of copper are of 1 centesimo weighing each 2 

r "amines, of 2 centesimi weighing each 6 grammes, and of 
centesimi weighing each 10 grammes. 
Coins of silver are pieces of } lira (25 centesimi), ^ lira 
(50 centesimi), 1 lira, 2 lire, and 5 lire (or scudo). 

Coins of gold are pieces of 10, 20, 50, 80, and 100 lire ; 
although those of 80 lire are no longer coined. 

Coins of billon of £ monta (20 centesimi) and 1 monta 
(40 centesimi) are still extensively circulated in Lombard}' 
and Piedmont. 

Weights and Measures. 

NEW OR METRIC SYSTEM. 

The metric system of weights and measures, the only 
legal one, was adopted in the kingdom of Italy by the law of 
29th June, 1861 ; so that the meter, are, liter, and gramme, 
with their decimal multiples and submultiples, are now 
the standard measures respectively of length, surface, vol- 
ume, and weight. (See France.) 

This system had been in force prior to this date in several 
of the countries which are now incorporated in that king- 
dom. Its use, however, is not yet universal, the old sys- 
tems being employed to a considerable extent both for 
customs and trade. 

It was legally established in the Sardinian States, the 1st 
of April, 1850; in Lombardy, in 1803, while under French 
rule, and again from the 1st of January, 1861, by virtue of 
the law of the loth of September, 1859. In Modena it was 
decreed in 1859, but its use never became general ; in Ro- 
magna, the 8th of October, 1859; in Tuscany, the 11th of 
January, 1860, by decree of the provisional government ; 
in Emilia, the 15th of September, 1860 ; in the Marches 
and Umbria, the 10th and 24th of November, 1860. 



LENGTH. 



1 meter . 
1 kilometer 



59.37040 U. S. inches, or 
3.28087 U. S. feet, or 
1.093^2 U. S. yard. 
0.62137 U. S. mile. 



1 centare 
1 are . 

1 hectare = 100 ares 



SURFACE, 
1 square meter = 



1.550 U. S. sq. inch, 

— 100 snuare meters- 1 1076 4 U ' S - s 1- feet - 
_ 1UU square meters- j m6 u g gq g> 

= 2.471 U. S. acres. 



VOLUME. — DRY AND LIQUID. 

-, ,.,.„ ( =1.0567 TJ. S. wine quart. 

lineT \ =0.2642 TJ. S. wine gallon. 

1 hectoliter . . . = 2.838 TJ. S. bushels. 
1 stere, or cubic meter = 1.3079 U.S. cubic yard. 

WEIGHT. 

1 gramme . . . = 15432318 TJ. S. grains troy. 
1 kilogramme . . = 2.2048 TJ. S. lbs. avdp. 
1 quintal . . . . = 220.46 (J. S. lbs. avdp. 

l mm eroHonoeau{ = ^J io ^^»^ 401b3aTdp . 

SARDINIA AND PIEDMONT. 

{Principal Cities, GENOA, TURIN, and ALESSANDRIA.) 

Former Money. 

The French silver standard for money was adopted in 
Genoa 2d October, 1826 ; and the French gold standard 8th 
June, 1832. 

Prior to 1826 accounts in Genoa were kept in lire, soldi, 
and denari. 

12 denari = 1 soldo. 

20 soldi = 1 lira or lira sarde { = ^S^ancs. 

Such lire were called lire fuori di banco, moneta buona, 
that is, lire outside of the bank in good coin, of which coin 
63 lire were reckoned to the Cologne or Tereins mark of 



fine silver. The Cologne mark (3608.94 U. S. grains troy] 
of fine silver is worth — reckoning the value of gold at 151 
times that of silver— §10.10886 U. S. gold. 

There continue in use various other former moneys, — as 
the valuta di banco, of which 4 lire, di banco =5 lire fuori 
banco ; also moneta abusiva, or coin depreciated from 4 to 
10 per cent, belowywort banco, moneta buona; also moneta 
di permesso, of which about 54.8 lire are coined from the 
Cologne mark of fine silver, the value of the lira being 
consequently about SO. 185. 

There were also several other moneys of account, divided 
into 20 soldi of 12 denari each ; as, the scudo d^oro, or gold 
dollar, the old Genoese half doppia (pistole) : the scudo di 
marca, a gold piece worth about 11 lire 12 soldi 6.72 denari 
of moneta buona; the scudo d'argento, or silver dollar ; the 
old silver genovina of 9^ lire fuori banco, moneta buona; 
the pezza or the local piaster of 5| lire fuori banco, moneta 
buona ; and the scudo di cambio or dollar of exchange of 
4.6 lire fuori banco, moneta buona. 

On the continental portion of the late kingdom of Sar- 
dinia accounts were kept in denari, quatriui. soldi, lire, and 
scudi, according to the lira of Piedmont, of which 44.3077 
were coined from the Cologne mark of fine silver. 

3 denari . . . . = 1 quatrino. 

4 quatrini . . . = 1 soldo. 
20 soldi = 1 lira. 

6 lire = 1 scudo. 

The lira of Piedmont = { £«•■- «-» } = S0.23. 

On the continent 100 lire nuove or lire italiane (francs) 
were reckoned = 85 lire piedmontesi = 120 lire fuori banco 
of Genoa : and 87 lire nuove (francs) were reckoned = 100 
Austrian lire. 

Former Measures of ^Length. 

1 piede liprando = 12 on^e. each of 12 punti, each of 12 
atomi = 1.5 piede manuale (or common foot) = 0.513766 
meter = 1.686 U. S. foot = 20.227 U. S. inches. 

1 raso of 14 once = 0.59939 meter = 23.598 TJ. S. inches. 

5 piedi liprandi =1 tesa ifathom). 

6 piedi liprandi = 1 trabucco. 

12 piedi liprandi =1 pertica (perch). 

SOOtrabucchi . =lmiglio. .jz^^£- 

In Genoa. 

i , ,m ,, .,, , u • \ (=0.249095 meter. 

1 palmo of 12 once (for silk fabrics) j _ 9 g;o U S inches 

9 palmi = 1 small ( piccola ) canna, for wholesale of woolens. 
10 palmi = 1 common canna, for linen and cotton goods. 
1 large (grosso) canna, for foreign goods ex- 
cept silk. 

On the Island of Sardinia. 

1 palmi . . . = 0.2625 meter =10.334 U. S. inches. 
1 canna of 8 palmi = 2.1000 meters = 82.67 U. S. inch«s. 
12 palmi . . . =1 trabucco. 

In Sassari. 
10 palmi = 1 canna = 1J- common canna. 

Former Measures of Surface. 

Continental Sardinia. 

1 giornata (day's work) = 100 tavnle or quadrat-pertihe 
(square perches) = 0.30 hectare = 0.74 TJ. S. acre. 

On the Island of Sardinia. 

1 restiera or rasiera = 202£ quadrat palmi = 1.39535 hec 
tares =; 3.45 TJ. S. acres. 



12 palmi 



572 



MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



Former Measures of Volume. 



DRY MEASURE. 



In Sardinia, on the Continent. 

24 cucchiari .... = 1 coppo. 

8 coppi .... . = 1 emina. 

6 emine = 1 sacco. 

1 sacco = 1150278 liters = 3.271 U. S. bushels = 29.263 
U. S. wine gallons. 

In Genoa. 

4 quarte = 1 quartino. 

4 quartini . . . . = 1 miria. 

8 mine =1 niondino. 

lmina = 116.5590 liters = 3.294 U. S. bushels = 30.777 
U. S. wine gallons. 
1 niondino = 26.351 U. S. bushels 

LIQUID MEASURE. 

Continental Sardinia. 

Wine. — 1 brenta = 3G pente or pinte. each of 2 boccali, 
•ach of 2 quartini =49.258 liters = 13.013 U. S. wine gal- 
lons. —1 carro = 10 breute =130.13 U. S. gallons. 

In Genoa. 

lbarile=90 amole = 79.0161 liters = 20.876 U. S. gal- 
lons. = 1 niezzaruola of 100 piuti = 2 barili =41.752 U. 8. 
gallons. 

Distilled spirits, in Genoa, are sold by weight — by the 
cantaro. 

Oil. — The barile of 4 quart!, each of 32 quarteroni, i3 
the oil barile (or oil oma) of Trieste, and is reckoned to 
weigh 7£ rubbia, or 187£ local pounds. Weight is the 
standard. 

Weight. 

In Sardinia, on the Continent. 

Commercial Weight. 



3 denari . . 
8 ottavi . . 



= 1 ottavo. 
= 1 oncia. 



!= 1 libbra (or pound). 
= 368.8445 grammes. 
= 0.8132 U. S. lb. avoi 



25 libbre . 



. = 1 rabbo. 



avoirdupois. 



Customs' 1 Weight, 
since the early French occupation, is that of the French. 

Apothecaries'' Weight. 

The apothecaries pound (of 12 once, each of 8 dramme, 
each of 3 scupoli, each of 20 grani) = 5-6 of a commercial 
pound (libbra) = 307.3704 grammes = 0.6776 U. S. lb. 
avoirdupois = 4743 U. S. grains troy. 

For Gold and Silver. 

1 marco (of 8 once, each of 8 ottavi, each of 3 denari, 
each of 24 grani, each of 12 granotti) = $ of the commer- 
cial pound (libbra) = 245.8963 grammes = 0.5421 U. S. lb. 
avoirdupois. 

For Coins. 

The unit of weight, since the introduction of the French 
Standard, has been the gramme. 

In Genoa. 
Commercial Weight. 

1 cantaro (centner) = 6 rubbia, or 100 rotoli, or 150 
libbre, or 1800 once = 475.168 grammes = 104.76 U. S. lbs. 
avoirdupois. 

1 libbra = 316.7789 grammes = 0.6981 lb. avoirdupois. 



For Gold and Silver. 

1 marco = § of the commercial pound (libbra) = 0.4656 
U. S. lb. avoirdupois. 

LOMBARDY AND VENETIA. 
(Principal Commercial Cities, MILAN AND VENICE). 

Western Lombardy became a part of the kingdom of 
Sardinia by the treaty of Villafranca, 11th July, 1859, and 
the peace of Zurich, 10th November, 1859. 

The kingdom of Sardinia was merged into that of Italy, 
17th March, 1861. 

The remaining districts of Lombardy with Venetia were 
added to the kingdom of Italy by the peace of Prague, 23d 
August, 1866. 

Money. 
Moneys of Account. 

The legal money of account in Lombardy proper since 
1861, and in Venetia since 1866, is the Italian lira or lira 
nuova of 100 centesimi, worth $0.1930, or 1 franc. 

From 1858 to 1861, accounts in the former Lombardo- 
Venetian kingdom were required to be kept in gulden or 
florins (fiorini) of the 45-gulden standard (45-gidden fuss) ; 
45 new gulden being coined from the munzpfund (500 
grammes) of fine silver. 

100 Austrian soldi (or new I =1 florin (or new gulden), 
kreutzers) \ = $0.4803 = 2.489 francs. 

From 1824 to 1858, they reckoned in Austrian lire — 3 
Austrian lire being equal to the conventions-gulden, or 
gulden of 20-gulden fuss ; so that 60 Austrian lire were 
coined from the Cologne mark of fine silver. 

5 centesimi . . . . = 1 Austrian soldo. 
( = 1 Austrian lira. 
100 centesimi, or 20 soldi < = $0.1685. 

( = 0.8732 franc. 
100 new gulden (or florins) = very nearly i05 conventions- 
gulden or florins. 

In Milan they also reckon in current lire — lire correnti 
(lire milanesi, lire abusive) — each of 20 soldi, each of 12 
denari. 

5 current lire, or lire of Milan = 4 Austrian lire conven- 
tion standard. 

1 current soldo, or soldo of Milan =4 Austrian centesimi. 

Therefore 75 current lire, or lire of Milan, were coined 
from the Cologne mark of fine silver. 

Hence 1 current lira (lira corrente) or lira of Milan = 
$0.1348=0.6986 franc or Italian lira = 0.8 Austrian lira, 
convention standard or of 20-gulden fuss. 

National Coins of the former Lombardo- Venetian 
Kingdom. 

In GOLD. — Under the law of 1st November, 1823, the 
new sovereign (sovrano) of 13 florins 20 kreutzers (conven- 
tion money) = 40 lire, nominal value = $6,778 ; and the 
half sovereign of 6 florins 40 kreutzers = 20 lire, nominal 
value = $3,389. 

IN SILVER. —Under the law of 1st November, 1823, the 
new scudo of 6 Austrian lire, or of 2 gulden, convention 
••money = $1.0109. 

The half scudo of 3 Austrian lire, or 1 gulden, conven- 
tion currency = $0.5055. 

The Austrian lira = 20 kreutzers, convention currency 
= $0.1685. 

The half and quarter lire are in proportion. 

IN Copper. —The soldo (Austrian) of 1 kreutzer or 5 
centesimi ; the 3-centesimi piece of 06 of a kreutzer; and 
the piece of 1 centesimo of 2 of a kreutzer ; also a piece 
of 10 centesimi or 2 kreutzer. 

Venetia. 

Of the earlier moneys of account In Venice, used in the 
purchase and sale of certain kinds of merchandise, were 
the moneta correnta piccola (small currency) or moneta di 
piazza (market money). Of this currency were the ducato 



MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



573 



of 24 grossi, each of 12 denari-di-ducato, or grossetti ; and 
the lira of 20 soldi or ruarchetti, each of 12 denari -di-lira. 

Therefore, 1 ducato piccolo = 6.2 lire piccole =s 124 soldi 
piccole ; and 1 denaro-di-ducato, or grossetto = 54 denari- 
di-lire. 

A silTer ducat of still ( = 8 lire correnti piccole. 

earlier coinage { = 19 ducato corrente piccolo. 

By law, in force up to the time that Venetia became a 
part of the kingdom of Italy — 
1 ducato corrente piccolo = 8. 64875 Austrian lire ; 
so that, 

i ,. . . . ( = 0. 588506 Austrian lira. 

1 hra corrente piccola j _ ^^ Au8trian centegimi . 

Under the former French dominion, and until the 1st 
of November, 1823, they commonly reckoned in Italian lire 
(francs) of 100 centesimi ; a system of reckoning to which, 
in 1866, they return, after a disuse or abandonment of 43 
years. 

Earlier Venetian Coins. 

The earlier Tenetian coins during the period of the Re- 
public were — 

IN GOLD. — Zecchini (sequins), ducati d'oro,aud doppie, 
doubloons or pistoles ; worth formerly, 22, 14. anil 38 lire 
piccole respectively ; and worth very lately, 13.60, 8.56, and 
23.80 Austrian lire respectively : equal respectively to 
23 lire piccole 2 soldi 2\ denari, 14 lire piccole 10 "soldi 
10| denari, and 40 lire piccole 8 soldi 9lA denari. 

In Silver. — Scudi della croce (dollar of the cross) for- 
merly of 12 lire 8 soldi piccole , no w of 7 .65 Austrian lire : the 
half, quarter, and eighth of the same; ducati d'argenti 
(silver ducats, formerly of 8 lire piccole, now of 4.88 Aus- 
trian lire = 8 lire piccole 5 soldi 10| denari) ; the half and 
fourth of the same : talleri (dollars, formerly of 10 lire 
piccole, lately of 6. 10 Austrian lire) ; and the half and 
quarter of the same. These talleri (dollars) were coined 
for commerce with the Levant. 

IN COPPER. — Soldi or biggattini ; half soldi or bessini ; 
quarter soldi or bessoni. 

Coins for the Levant. 

Austria has coined gold zecchini (sequins) in Venice up 
to the year 1823, especially for the Levant trade. For the 
same purpose Austria has coined, and to a late period has 
continued to coin in Tenice, the Maria-Therese dollar, that 
is the convention-species-thaler (of 2 gulden of the 20- 
gulden standard) with the old stamp and the year number 
1780. 

Measures of Length. 

The metric system of weights and measures was intro- 
duced, under the French dominion, as early as 1803, but in 
trade and daily work the old local measures continued to 
be used. 

METRIC MEASURES OF LENGTH. — PROVINCIAL 
NOMENCLATURE. 

10 atom* (millimeters) = 1 dito (centimeter), 
10 dlti .... = 1 palmo (decimeter)- 

( = 2.2979 eld Milan foot. 
10 palmi=l metro \ = 1.68085 Milan braccia. 

( = 89.37040 U. S. inches, 
2} metri ... =1 trabucco. 

f =1 miglio (mile). 
1000 metri J = ^°^28 old Lombard miglio. 

j = 1 kilometer. 

[ = 0.6214 U. S. mile. 

( =1 lega metrica (metric league). 
10 miglio . . . < =1 mvriameter. 

( =6.214 U.S. miles. 

LOCAL MEASURES OF LENGTH, STILL IN FREQUENT 

USE. 

In Milan. 

1 piede or fuss of 12 diti (inches) = 1264 atomi des 
braccio = 0.435185 meter = 1.4278 U. S. foot. 



1 braccio = 12 once, each of 12 punti, each of 12 atomi = 
0.594936 meter = 0.650>:4 U. S. yard. 

1 miglio lombardo, or old Lombard mile, of 3000 braccia 
= 1784.8 metri = 1.7848 new miglia (kilometers) = 1.109 
U. S. mile. 

About 62$ such miglia = 1 average degree of meridian. 

In Venice. 

1 piede (foot) = 12 once (inches), each of 12 linee, each 
of 10 decimi = 0.347735 meter = 1.1409 U. S. foot. 

5 piedi = 1 passo. 

6 piedi = 1 pertica grande (large perch ),or cavezzo. 
4? piedi = 1 pertica piccola (small perch), or chebbo. 
The braccio (ell) is of two kinds, each divided into 12 

once (inches): (1) the braccio da lana (woolen ell), also 
called braccio da panno (cloth ell) = 0.683396 meter = 
0. 747384 U. S. yard ; also (2) the braccio da seta (silk ell = 
0.638721 meter = 0.6985 U. S. yard. 

100passi = l miglio veneto, or Venetian mile = 1738.67 
meters = 1.0803 U. S. mile. 

63.906 miglia = 1 average degree of meridian. 

The miglio marino is the common sea-mile of the United 
Stated and other countries. 

Measures of Surface. 

1 tornatura (hectare) = 100 tavole (ares), each of 100 
quadrat-metri (square meters) = 15.2784 old quadrat-per- 
tice (square perches) = 2.471 U. S. acres. 

The quadrat-pertica (square perch) of Milan = 24 tavole, 
each of 4 square trabucci of Milan = 6.54518 French ares 
or new tavole = 7.828 U. S. square yards. 

The migliajo of Venice = 1000 quadrat-passi = 30.2299 
French ares = 0.747 U. S. acre. 

Measures of Volume. 

DRY MEASURE. 

1 soma (hectoliter),, for both Dry and Liquid measure = 
10 mine (decaliters), each of 10 pinte (liters), each of 10 
coppi (deciliters) = 0.C83S3 moggia of Milan, forgrain = 
1.2i)023 staja of Venice and Trieste = 1.32356 wine brente 
of Milan = 1.5531 wine barile of Venice = 2.838 U. S. bush- 
els =26.417 U. S. wine gallons. 

In Milan. 

1 mina, for dry measure-= 28 moggia, each of 8 staja, 
each of 4 quatari = 116.2 U. S. bushels = 1081.7 U. S. 
wine gallons, 

1 mogdo = 1200 cubic once = 146.2343 Mters or new pinte 
=4.150 U,S. bushels = 38.631 U. S. wine gallons. 

Grain, in general, must be struck, but oats are heaped. 

The carja of oats = 9 staja. The soma of rice = 12 staja, 
and weighs 230 libbre grosse. 

In Venice. 

1 stajo or staro (star) = 2 mezzeni. each cf 2quarte, each 
of 4 quartaroli = 83.3172 liters = 2.364 U. S. bushels = 
22.010 U. S. wine gallons. The stajo of wheat averages, in 
weight, 132 libbre or pfund. 

1^ staja = 1 sacco = 3.546 U. S. bushels. 

4 staja = lmoggio — 9.457 U. S. bushels. 

LIQUID MEASURE. 
Liquid measure same as dry measure. 

In Milan, local. 

"WINE. — 1 brenta =6 mine, each of 8 pinte, each of 2 
boccali = 620 cubic once = 76.5544 liters or new pinte = 
19.959 U. S. gallons. 

OIL is sold according to peculiar oil-weights 

In Venice, local. 

"WlNE.— 1 barilla = 64 boccali, or 6 secchi, each of 4 
bozze, each of 4 quartucci = 64.3859 liters = 17.009 U. S 
gallons. 



574 



MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



1 mastello = 7 sccchl = 19.844 U. S, gallons. 

1 anfora = 4 bleoneie (bigonzie, biconzi, bicongi) each of 
2 mastelli or concic = 50 Blicchl = 158.75 U. B. gallons. 

1 bott« = 10 uiftBtelll = 70 seech! = 108.44 U. B, gallons. 

1 burehio = (30 botte = 75 aufore =: 700 barille = 11900.2 
U. s. gallons. 

Oil.. — 1 migliajo = 40 tnirl, each of 25 so-called oil 
pounds libbtr da olio, — 1 botte = 2 migliaja. 

I mho, capacity — 15.79 liters = 4.1718 U. 8. gallons; 
ami 1 mlgllajo =681.6 liters = 186.86 V. 8, gallons. 

I mho, weight .'loj libbre grosse (heavy pounds) = 
31.811 V. B. lbs. avdp. : and 1 inigliajo = 1210 libbre grosse 
— 1272.44 U.S. lbs. avdp. 

Welftltts. 

Commercial Weight, for Cold, Silver, and Coins. 

10 grani (decigrammes) =1 denaro (gramme). 
10 denarl .... = lgrosso (decagramme). 
10 gross! .... =1 oncia (hectogramme). 

10 once = 1 libbra metrica, ov metric pound (also libbra 
nuova or new pound). 

= 1 kilogramme. 

8.08004 libbre piccole of Milan. 

1.31146 Hbbre grosse of Milan. 

= 4.26537 marchl (marks) of Milan. 

2.09644 libbre grOBBO Of Venice. 

3.81973 libbre BOttlll of Venice. 

4.19288 march! (marks) of Venice. 
= 2.2046 U. 8. lbs. avoirdupois. 

10 libbre inetricbc (metric pounds) =1 rilbo. 

10 void = 1 quintale (centner). 

10 quiutali =1 tounellato, or migliajo. 

Customs* Weight 

is the same as that of Austria ; the nollpfund or half-kilo- 
gramme being the uuit. 

Apothecaries' 1 Weight. 
The same as in Vienna. 

In Milan, local. 

Commercial Weight. 

Three kinds of weight : — 

(I.) Peso piccolo or sottile (light weight) for goods In 
general 

(2). Peso grrsso (heavy weight) for silk and coccoons, 
also for provisions (butter, etc.). 

(8.) Libbra da olio (oil pouud), and the rubbio of 25 
libbre. 



1 libbra metrlca 



24 grani 
•24 denarl 

12 



( = 1 libbra pi 

J = 826.798 gr 

( = 0.72046 U. 



83 once 



1 denaro. 
1 oucta. 

plccola (light pound), 
grammes or new denarl. 
S. lb. avoirdupois. 
I libbra gr08Ba (heavy pound). 
= 2] libbre piccole or sottili. 
= 70251 7 grammes. 
= 1.6811 U. 8. lbs. avoirdupois. 
= 1 libbra da olio v oil pouud). 

= 2| libbre sottili. 

~: 871 448 grammes. 

= 1.9212 U. S. lbs. avolrdupoiB. 

Gold and Silver Weight. 

Th« same as the former coin weight. 
24 granl = 1 denaro. 
24 deuari = 1 om-ia. 

= 1 marco (mark). 

= 284.9878 grammes, or new denarl. 

= 0.6286 troy pound. 

= 8626.9 U. S. grains troy. 
89 marchl (marks) =64 libbre piceole (light pounds). 



8 once 



Silk Weight. 
Silk, commonly, in Italy is sold according to fineness, 
the liner commanding the higher price. The fineness is 
ascertained in the following manner: On a spindle or 
reel, of which the circumference is equal to the old Paris- 
ian anne, the silk is wound iW times. This skein consti- 
tutes a sample, the fineness of which is inversely ae the 
weight. 

IN VENICE, LOCAL. 

Commercial Weight. 

12 once . . . = 1 libbra (pound). 
100 Hbbre . . . = 1 centinajo (ceutuer). 
1000 libbre . . . = 1 migliajo. 
Three kinds of Commercial weight : — 

(1.) Peso groBBO (heavy weight), for the wholesale of 
most metals, oil, resin, wool, etc. 

(2.) Peso Bottile (light weight), for most drugs, groceries, 
dye ^tulfs, soap, cotton, coffee, tea, sugar, rice, butter, etc. 
(3.) Silk weight. 

4 granl = 1 carato. 

192 carati = 1 oncia. 

12 once = l libbra grossa (heavy pouud) = 476.9987 
grammes = 1.0616 I). 8. lbs. avoirdupois. 
25 libbre grosse = 1 niiro. 

1 centinajo grosBO ( 100 libbre grosse) c= 105.16 U. S. lbs. 
avoirdupois =86.1766 Vienna pfund. 

In practice, 20 libbre grosse are taken = 17 Vienna 
pfund. 

12 once = 1 libbra sottile (light, pound) = 1455 carati of 
peso grosso =301.2297 grammes =0.6641 U. 8. lb. avdp. 

400 libbre or 4 ccntinaja 1 earica. 

1 centinajo sottile = 66.41 U. S. lbs. avoirdupois = 
68.7899 Vienna pfund. 

18 libbre sottili, in practice = 7 Vienna pfund. 

In Corinth, the Stajo denotes 200 libbre sottili. 

12 libbre grosse = 10 libbre sottili. 

The commercial weights of Vienna have of late years 
been much used iu Venice. 

Silk Weight. 

6 Ban! = 1 oncia. 

12 once 1 libbra = 1485 carati of heavy weight (peso 
grosso) 807.4406 grammes = 0.6778 U. S. lb. avoirdupois 
= 0.54899 Vienna pfund. 

Gold, Silver, and Jewelry. 

4 granl . . . . = 1 carato. 
8 carati . . . . = 1 denaro. 
6 denari . . . = 1 quarto. 

4 quart! . . . = 1 oncia. 

I marca (mark), 
j libbra grosBa. 
8 once . ...-(= 1.019868 Prussian mark. 
= 288.49936 grammes. 
= 3680.50 U. 8. troy grains. 
The new metric weight also used for gold and silver, as 
well as for coius. 

Apothecaries^ Weight. 

The libbra sottile divided in 12 once, each of 8 dramme, 
each of 8 scrupoli, each of 20 grani. 

Special Usages. 

Sardines and herrings are sold by the^OOO. 

Lemons and oranges by the box. 

Whale oil bv the original cask or barrel. 

Officinal squills by the 100. 

Goat, buck, and sheep skins by pairs. 

Lamb skins bv the 100. 

Hare skins by the 110. 

(loth brushes by the 100. 

German sheet tin by the 100 sheets. 

English sheet tin by boxes. 

Window glass by boxes. 



MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



575 



TUSCANY. 
(Principal Commercial Cities, LEGHORN and FLORENCE.) 
Former Money. 

Since its incorporation into the Italian kingdom, Tus- 
cany has adopted the Italian lira (or lira nuova) = 1 franc 
= $0.1930. Former systems have, however, not entirely 
disappeared. 

From the commencement of the year 1837, and prior to 
the adoption of the new currency, accounts were required 
by law to be kept iu Tuscan or Florentine lire (lire toscane 
or lire flare ntim). It was permitted to subdivide the lira 
either into 100 centesimi or into 20 soldi of 12 denari 
each. 

Accounts were also sometimes kept in pezze da otto reali 
(piasters of eight reals), each pezza being divided into 20 
soldi, each of 12 denari di pezza ; and also in ducati 
(ducat*) each of 20 soldi, each of 12 denari di ducato. 

1 pezza da otto reali (piaster of 8 reals) = 5| lire. 
1 ducato or scudo corrente . . . . = 7 lire. 

It should be remarked that gold is considered invariably 
at a premium of 7 per cent. ; so that the pezza da otto reali 
dforo (piaster of 8 reals ia gold) = 6.1525 lire toscane, or 
123.05 soldi toscane. 

Prior to the year 1S37 accounts in Leghorn were fre- 
quently kept in such gold pezze (or piasters), but in 1836 
a law was enacted requiring, from and after the close of 
that year, accounts should be kept iu Tuscan lire. In 
consequence of this enactment contracts made in pezze of 
gold were reduced to Tu can lire upon the basis of 123.05 
Tuscan soldi for 1 pezza ; a value which accords with the 
premium of 7 per cent, above mentioned. Payments con- 
tinued to be made in rusponi and franceschini (gold) al- 
though stipulated in Tuscan lire (silver). 

According to the legislation of the year 1826, the Cologne 
mark of fine silver was divided into 62 Tuscan lire, thereby 
making the Tuscan lira = 80-1630 = fr. 0.845. 

The following table shows the mutual relations of the 
former moneys of account of Tuscany : — 

4 denari or piccioli =1 quattrino. 

3 quattrini (12 denari) = 1 soldo. 
1| soldo (20 denari) = lcrazia. 
8 crazie = 1 paolo. 

1| paoli (20 soldi) . = 1 lira toscana. 

if lira (20 crazie) . = 1 fiorino (florin). 

g 9 fiorini (5^ lire) . = 1 pezza, or pezza di otto reali. 

4 Pe- (or 7 lire) = { * «*V« «„do dl corrente, 

Formerly, in Leghorn, money was of two kinds, moneta 
buona (good money) and moneta lunga (debased money) ; 
the value of the former to that of the latter being as 24 
to 23, a difference of about 4 per cent. The latter was an 
imagiuary money adopted probably to simplify computa- 
tions. For example, a pezza of 5| lire moneta buona = 6 
lire moneta lunga. 

Gold Coins in Circulation. 

Zecchino (sequin), or ruspo, or zecchino gigliato (lily 
sequin), standard, an old coin = 82.32. 

Kuspone, or piece of three zecchini (triple sequin) of 40 
lire, or 24 fioriui, or 60 paoli, standard, old and new = 
«6.96. 

Piece of 80 fiorini (1331 lire), standard, new or since 
1826 = 821.68. 

Silver Coins in Circulation. 

Dena, or piece of 10 lire = 81.630. 

Mezzadena (or half-dena) =80.815- 

Francescone = 6? lire = JO paoli = 4 fioriui = 81.086. 
Franceschino = 3} lire = 5 paoli . . . =80.543. 

Since 1826 : — 
Fiorino = 1^ lire =2\ paoli = 100 quattrini = 80.271. 
Ualf and quarter fiorini in proportion. 



Other silver coins in circulation are the paolo (= 3 ) 1086), 
the half and the double paolo ; the lira, hall-lira aLd quar- 
ter-lira. 

COPPER. — Formerly there were coined pieces of 1 soldo 
and of 2 and 3 soldi, also of one piccolo or denaro ; later, 
pieces of 1 quattrino, and of 2, 3, and 5 quattrini. 

Former Measures of Length. 

1 brarrio or ell (for cloth) = 20 soldi, each of 3 quattrini 
or 12 denari =0.58365 meter = 1.9149 U. S. foot = 0.6383 
U. S. yard. 

The bracclo is also divided into 12 crazie. 
2 braccia = 1 passeto, or double ell. 

4 braccia =1 canna, for certain fabrics. 

5 braccia = 1 canna, for field measure. 
( — 1 miglio, or Tuscan mile. 

braccia { = 1653767 meters. 

(= 1.0275 U. S. mile. 

Measures of Surface. 

100 ta vole, each of 100 quadrat-braccia (square braccia 
= 1 quadrato =0.340346 hectare = 0.8418 U.S. acre. 

Measures of Volume. 

DRY MEASURE. 

2 quartucci . . . . s= 1 quarto. 

2 quarti =1 mina- 

2 mine =1 stajo. 

3 staja =1 saccho. 

8 sacchi ... . = 1 mosgio. 

1 stajo = 24. 36286 liters = 0.6911 U. S. bushel = 6.4359 
U. S. wine gallons. 

1 moggio = 16.59 U. S. bushels = 154.46 U. S. wine gal- 
lons. 

LIQUID MEASURE. 

Wine Measure. 

2 quartucci = 1 mezzetta. 
2 mezzette = 1 boccale. 
2 boccall = 1 fiasco. 
10 fiaschi = 1 mezzo barile (half barrel). 
2 mezzi barili . . =1 barile da vino (wine-barrel). 
9| barili da vino . = 1 pipa. 
1 barile da vino = 45.5840 liters = 12.042 U. S. wine gal- 
lons = 1 pipa = 116.41 U. S. wine gallons. 

A barile of wine is reckoned as having a n^-weight of 
133? Tuscan pounds ; one of brandy, rum, and other dis- 
tilled spirits, 120 Tuscan pounds. Necessarily, the weight 
of each kind of liquor diminishes with an increase of the 
proportion of alcohol contained. 

0(7 Measure. 

8 fiaschi = 1 mezzo barile. 

2 mezzi barili . . . . rr 1 barile da oho. 
2 bariii da olio . . . . = 1 somo. 
1 barile da olio (oil-barrel) = 33.4299 liters = 8.8309 U. 8. 
gallons — 1 somo = 17.662 U. S. gallons. 

The fiasco, for oil, has the same nominal subdivisions aa 
for wine. 

The oil barile i3 reckoned as having a net weight of 88 
Tuscan pounds. 

Weight. 

Commercial Weight. 

24 grani = 1 denaro. 

24 denari =1 oncia. 

12 once =1 libbra (pound). 

100 libbre = 1 cantaro or centinajo. 

1,000 libbre — 1 misrliajo. 

5,600 libbre = 1 tonnellata. 

1 libbra (commercial) = 339.542 grammes = 0.7486 U. S 
lb. avoirdupois. 

The libbra (pound) for gold, silver, and coins, and like- 
wise for pharmacy, is the same as for commerce generally- 



576 



MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



For gold, it is divided into 24 carati, each of 8 ottavi ; for 
silver, into 12 once, each of 12 denari ; and lor pharmacy, 
into 12 once, each of 8 dramme, each of 3 scrupoii, each 
of 24 grani. The scrupolo = 1 commercial denaro. 

NAPLES AND SICILY; OR, THE TWO SICILIES. 

(.Principal Commercial Cities, Naples, Palermo, and 
Messina.) 

Money. 

The standard coins and moneys of account of the two 
Sicilies, since 1861, are the same as those of Italy, namely, 
the Italian lira (lira nuova, or franc), of 100 centesimi, and 
= $0.1930. 

Before the incorporation with the kingdom of Italy, ac- 
counts were kept in ducati, or ducati di regno, subdi- 
vided — in Naples, into 100 grani, or 10 carlini each of 10 
cavalli (instead of 12 cavalli as prior to the year 1818) — and 
in Sicily into 100 vaiocchi (instead of grani), each of 10 
piccioli (instead of cavalli). 

In Sicily, accounts were also frequently kept in oncie, 
each of 30 tari, each of 20 Sicilian grani; the oncia con- 
taining 600 Sicilian grani. 

Payments were usually made in Neapolitan scudl (dol- 
lars or piasters), each worth 12 carlini, each of 10 grani. 

The Sicilian tari, carlini, grani, and piccioli, are in value 
only one half the Neapolitan moneys of the same name; or 
2 Sicilian tari, carlini, grani, aud piccioli = 1 Neapolitan 
taro, carlino, grano, and picciola, respectively. 

In Naples, 1 ducato, or ducato del regno = 2 patacas 
(pataccas) = 5 tari (or 10 Sicilian tarl)= 10 carlini (or 20 
Sicilian carlini) = 4 cinquini = 66§ publicas — 100 grani 
(Sicilian baiocchi) = 200 tornesi (Sicilian grani) = 300 
quattrini = 600 piccioli (or 1200 Sicilian piccioli) = 1200 
cavalli (or 2400 Sicilian cavalli or calli). 

In Sicily, 1 oncia = 2^ scudi = 8 ducati = 5 fiorini (flor- 
ens) = 6 pataccas = 30 tari = 60 carlini = 300 baiocchi = 
450 ponti = 600 grani = 8600 piccioli = 7200 cavalli or 
calli. 

The pataccas and cavalli or calli of Sicily have been but 
little used. In quotations of foreign exchange, the Sicilian 
grano was divided into centesimi. (hundredths) di grano; 
but the quotations are now in Italian lire and centesimi. 

It will be seen that 1 grano of Sicily = 1 tornese of Na- 
ples, and that 1 grauo of Naples (or 2 grani of Sicily) = 1 
Sicilian baiocco. 

The silver ducat (ducato, or ducato del regno) of stan- 
dard weight and fineness (assuming as hitherto the value 
of gold to silver as 15| to 1) = $0.82647 = fr. 4.3351 ; but 
the average value of such ducats is $0.81763, or fr. 42375. 
The silver ducat is now commonly valued at 4.25 Italian lire 
(live nuove, or francs). The standard value of the silver 
oncia (Sicilian) = $2.4794 = fr. 13.005; but the coins in 
circulation are commonly reckoned = 12.75 Italian lire or 
francs. The standard silver scudo (dollar or piaster) :=: 
$0,992 

Gold Coins- 
There -were no gold coins in circulation when the 
kingdom became a part of that of Italy, poid having 
been demonetized in 1854, and since circulating only as 
merchandise ; but gold coins of 1 oncia (or 3 ducati, or 
ducati di regno), 2 oncia (6 ducati), 5 oncie (15 ducati), and 
10 oncie (30 ducati), had been issued under the law of 20 
April, 1818, and are still in circulation. 

The value of the oncia of standard weight (8.7867 
grammes ),and fineness (<0.996) is $2.5067. 

Silver Coins. 

Under tilt law of 1818 were coined the standard ducato 
— weight 515 acini, and fineness -| ; pieces of 12 and 6 
carlini, or of 120 and 60 grani ; scudo 'dollar or piaster) 
and half scudo ; pieces of 2 carlini (20 grani) and 1 car- 



lino (10 grani) ; all of proportionate weight and of the 
same degree of fineness. — Since the year 1845, carlini or 
Sicilian tari ; due carlini (piece of 2 carlini). or piece of 2 tari 
of the Island of Sicily ; sei (6) carlini, or Sicilian piece of six 
tari; dodoci (12) carlini, or Sicilian piece of 12 tari. Also 
of billon of silver, a piece of 5 grani of debased silver (cinque 
grani, piccola moneta d'argento). 

Copper Coins. 

From 1818 to 1845. — Mezzo grano [\ grano) com- 
monly called " tornese," and known on the Island of 
Sicily as "grano Siciliano," or "mezzo baiocco"; grano 
or 2 tornesi, on the Island of Sicily " baiocco," or 
•' due (2) grani Siciliani " ; due grani e mezzo (2^ grani 
piece), or 5-tornesi, or cinquina, called on the Island of 
Sicily cinque (5) grani Siciliani, or due baiocchi e mezzo 
(piece of 2£ baiocchi); cinque (5) grani (or 10 tornesi), 
known on the Island of Sicily as died (10) grani Siciliani, 
or dieci (10) tornesi, or cinque (5) baiocchi. 

Measures of Length* 

In Naples. 

1 palmo = 10 decime. each of 10 centesimi ; or, 1 palmo 
= 12 once, each of 5 minuti = 1^ Sicilian palmi = 0-26455 
meter = 0.86796 U. S. foot = 10.415 U. S. inches. 

The canna (ell) of 10 palmi = 2.6455 meters = 2.89321 U. 
S. yards = 1.28125 Sicilian caune. 

In commerce the old canna of 3 braccia or 8 palmi is yet 
sometimes used =0.8 Of the new canna = 2.1164 meter = 
2.8146 U. S. yards. 



7 palmi . 
5 passi . 



= 1 passo. 

= 1 catena (chain). 



1000 passi, or 200 catene = 1 miglio (mile) = J^- of a de- 
gree of meridian = 1851.852 meters = 1.161 U. S. mile. 

On the Island of Sicily. 

1 palmo — 12 once, each of 12 linee, each of 12 punti = 
A0- Neapolitan palmo = 0.25810 meter = 10.161 U. S. 
inches. 

2 palmi . . . . = 1 passeto. 
32 palmi . . . . = 1 catena (chain). 
128 palmi, or 4 catene = 1 corda. 
8 palmi = 1 canna (eH)'=4f Neapolitan canna = 2.258 
U. S. yards = 2.0648 meters. 

45 corde, or 5730 palmi = 1 miglio = 0.2 German mile = 
0.8028 Neapolitan mile = 1.4866 kilometer =0.9237 U. S. 
mile. 
74.74 Sicilian miglia = l average degree of meridian. 

Measures of Surface. 

In Naples. 

1 moggio = 100 square canne, or 10 decime, each of 10 
centesimc = 6.9987 ares = 0.1729 U. S. acre. 

On the Island of Sicily. 

lsalma=4506 square canne, or 4 bisacce. each of 4 
tomoli, each of 4 mondelli, each of 4 carozzi, each of 4 
quarti, each of 4 quartigli or square canne (quadrat-canne) 
= 262144 square palmi (quadrat-palmi)=r 174.626 aresr: 
24.951 Neapolitan moggia = 4.315 U. S. acres. There are 
various old local measures other than these. 

Former Measures of Volume. 
dry measure. 

In Naples. 

1 tomolo r= 2 mezzette or half (mezzi) tomoli, each of 2 
quarts, each of 6 misure measures), each of 4 quartarole 



SIDNEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



577 



= 3 cubic palmi = 55.5451 liters = 3.23067 Sicilian tomoli 
= 1.576 U. S. bushel = 14.673 U. S. wine gallons. 
1 carro of 36 tonioli = 66.75 U. S. bushels. 

On the Island of Sicily. 

1 salma = 4bisacce, each of 4 tomoli, each of 4 mondelli 
each of 4 carozzi, each of 4 quarti, each of 4 quartigli. 

The strictly legal tomolo = 1 cubic palmo = 17.193 liters 
= 0.4879 U. S. bushel = 4.4517 U. 3. wine gallons. 

The salma of 16 le^al tomoli =2.7509 hectoliters = 7.806 
U. S. bushels. 

In actual practice, however, the standard tomolo is a 
measure which contains by weight 20 Sicilian roto.i of 
olive oil at the temperature of 54 degrees of the Fahren- 
heit or 12^ degrees of the centigrade thermometers. Upon 
this basis, 1 Sicilian salma of 16 Sicilian tomoli is reckoned 
as equal to about 5 Neapolitan tomoli. In commercial 
usage, 1 Sicilian tomolo = 17.358 liters = 0.4923 U. S. 
bushel = 4.5913 U.S. wine gallons; and 1 Sicilian salma 
= 2.7773 hectoliters = 7.881 U. S. bushels. 

Other Salme used : In Palermo, for wheat = 252 rotoli. 
In Messina, for hazel nuts = 200 rotoli ; for flax seed = 320 
rotoli ; for chestnuts, Indian corn (maize), barley, almonds, 
and other nuts = 314 tomoli. — In Trapani, the salmi for 
salt = 700 kilogrammes, and in Agosto, 7124 kilogrammes. 

LIQUID MEASURE, 
In Naples. 

WINE. — 60 caraffe =lbarile. 

12 barili =1 botte. 

2 botti .......= 1 carro. 

lbarile = 1.26869 Sicilian barili = 43.625 liters = 11.524 
gallons. 

1 carro =276.59 U. S. gallons. 

OIL. — 16 staja =1 salma. 

The stajo, as weight =10} rotoli = 20.25 U. S. lbs. avoir- 
dupois ; as capacity = 10.0984 liters =2.9016 U. S. gallons. 

The salma = 165} rotoli = 147-31 kilogrammes = 324.76 
U. S. lbs. avoirdupois. 

At wholesale, with foreigners, oil is sold by the salma 
now established as a weight. 

At retail, oil is sold by measure, the contents of the 
standards corresponding to certain weights of oil at the 
temperature of 20 centigrade or 68 Fahrenheit. 

On the Island of Sicily, local. 

Wine. — 1 botte = 4 salme, each of 8 barili, each of 2 
quartari, each of 20 quartucci, each of 2 caraffe, each of 2 
bicchieri. 

The strictly legal quartaro (like the tomolo of dry meas- 
ure ) = 1 cubic palmo = 17.193 liters =4.542 U. S. gallons ; 
so that — 

the barile . = 34.336 liters . - . = 9.084 U. S. gals, 
the salma . = 275.09 liters . .= 72.671 U. S. gals. 
and the botte = 11.0036 hectoliters = 290.69 U. S. gals. 

Practically, however, the Sicilian barile = 0.8 of the 
Neapolitan barile = 34.900 liters = 9.219 U. S. gallons; the 
quataro = 24 Neapolitan caraffe =17.450 liters = 4.610 U. 
S. gallons ; the salma = 279.20 liters = 73.75 U. S. gallons ; 
and the botte = 11.168 hectoliters = 295.0 U. S. gallons. 

The salma of lemon juice, is reckoned at 101 rotoli. 

Oil, in Sicily as in Naples proper, is sold by weight. 

Weight. 

Naples, proper. 

Commercial Weight. 

= 320.759 grammes. 
12 once = 1 libbra { = 0.7071 U. S. lb. avoirdupois. 
= 1.010685 Sicilian libbre. 
37 



= 10 decime = 100 trappesi. 
13 j once = I rotolo \ = 2^ libbre. 

:89l> .997 grammes. 

] 9643 U. S. lb. avoirdupois. 

100 libbre ( = I ™ nt ?J° P'?™ 10 '"ft* ce . utuer J- 
( = <0.(1 U. S. lbs. avoirdupois. 

100 rotoli = 1 cantajo, cantaro centner), or cantajo 

grosso (heavy centner) = 196.43 U. S. lbs. avoirdupois. 

36 rotoli = 100 libbre. 

f = 1140 rotoli of goods weighed. 

1 tonnellata j = 5i salme of oil. 

(for shipping) j = 25 "tomoli of grain. 

[=2239.3 U. S. lbs. avoirdupoia. 

Gold, Silver, Coins, and Pharmacy. 

10 grani or acini . = 1 obolo. 

2 oboli .... =1 tiappeso or scrupolo. 

3 trappesi or scrupoli = 1 dramma. 
10 diamine ... = 1 oncia. 

( = 1 libbra, commercial. 
12 once .... j =0.7071 U. S. lb. avoirdupois. 

( = 1.37161 Prussian mark. 
The medicinal aureo =9 oboli or lj dramme. 

Island of Sicily (Palermo), local. 

Commercial Weight. 

on „„„„_i _*_!_ ( =793.420 grammes. 

30 once _ 1 rotolo J _ lr>m u. S. lb. avoirdupois. 

inr . ... f =1 cantaio (cantajo) or cantaro (centner). 
100 rotoli j _ 174 92 p g lbs avoirdupois _ 

= 1 carico (of sulphur). 



118 rotoli 



; 206.4 U. S. lbs. avoirdupois. 



The cantaio, for almonds = 102 rotoli. 

The libbra, for volatile oils, raw silk, cochineal, and va- 
nilla (and in Messina also for manna) is the same as that 
for gold, silver, and pharmacy. — 2£ libbre = 1 rotolo. — ■ 
1 libbra = 12 of the above once, each of 4 quarte, each of 

4 dramme, each of 3 scrupoli or denari, each of 20 grani or 
cocci, each of 8 ottavi = 317.368 grammes = 0.69967 U. S. 
lb. avoirdupois =4897.7 U. S. grains troy. 

Local Customs of Trade. 

Rum by the U. S. or old English gallon. 
Lemons by boxes, containing from 36 to 42. 
Oranges by boxes, containing from 30 to 36. 
Lemon-juice (raw), by the salma. 
Soft-shell almonds, by the tomolo. 
Shelled almonds, by the cantaro = 102 rotoli. 
Cocoons, in Palermo, by the rotolo ; in Messina, by the 
tomolo. 

PAPAL STATES. 

(Principal Commercial Cities ROME and CIVITA VEC- 
CHIA.) 

Money. 

The Pontifical lire (of 100 centesimi) on the 1st of Tanuarr 
1868, superseded the scudo (of 100 baiocchi) as the legal 
unit of money. 

The legal and invariable proportion between the new arid 
old units, was declared to be 1 scudo = 5$ lire. 

The monetary standard is double — gold and silver. 

The gold lira is the exact equivalent of the French gold 
franc ; being -^ fine, and weighing X% of a gramme. The 
silver lira is the exact equivalent of the original or legal 
tender silver franc of France ; being -^ fine and weighing 

5 grammes. 

There are issued no coins corresponding in fineness and 
value to the subsidiary or debased silver coins of France. 



578 



MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



The following are the moneys of account hitherto in gen- 
eral use in Rome and the entire Papal States. 

5 quattrini =1 baiocco (or bajocco). 

100 baiocchi, or ) — 1 scudo Romano (Roman 

10 paoli,each of 10 baiocchi J scudo, dollar, or piaster). 
In general the following relations obtain in local ac- 
counts : — 

5 quattrini . . . .. =1 baiocco. 
5 baiocchi . . . . = 1 grosso. 

2 grossi r= 1 paolo. 

2 paoli =1 papeto. 

ljpape,i,„r} . . . = ^^ 

3f testoni, or 1 
10 paoli j * ' 



1 scudo romano (-Z). 



The scudo romano is indicated in books and accounts by 
the symbol Z. 

From the Cologne mark of fine silver may be coined 9.66 
scudi of the legal weight and fineness, or about 9f average 
scudi as ascertained by trials. The value of the standard 
(or legal) scudo consequently is $1,046, and of the average 
scudo $1,037. 

The value of the Roman scudo is about the same of that 
of the Spanish piaster of 1848. 

COINS. 
Gold. — Under the coinage law of 11th January, 1835 : — 

1\ scudi, or half sequin = $2.59 

5 scudi or sequin = 5.19 

10 scudi, or pistole, or gold doppice . =1037 
The gold coins are -fy fine. The standard piece of 10 
scudi weighs 17-336 grammes, and other gold coins in pro- 
portion. 

Silver. — Under the coinage law of 1835 : — 

1 scudo romano, legal = $1,046 

\ scudo romano of 50 baiocchi . . . . = 0.523 
1 testone of 30 baiocchi = 0.314 ; 

and pieces of 4, -^, and J^- scudo, or of 20, 10, and 

5 baiocchi in proportion. 

Billon. — Coins of base silver, of 2, 4, 7|, and 15 baioc- 
chi, are occasionally met with. 

Copper. — Under the law of 183 ; 4- baiocco (or quat- 
trino), \ and 1 baiocco. 

BANK-NOTES (CEDOLE) 

For 5, 10, 20, 25, and 100 scudi are used in payments 
above 5 scudi. 

Weights and Measures. 

MEASURES OF LENGTH. 

1 piede (foot) = 0.297587 meter = 0.9763 U. S. foot. 

5 piedi . . = 1 passo . . = 4.8817 U. S. feet. 

The carina is of three different sorts : — 

(1.) 1 canna mercantile of 8 palmi mercantile, each of 
3 parti (parts) = 1.99263 meters = 2.179 U. S. yards = 
78.45 U. S. inches. 

(2.) 1 canna architettonica (builders-canna) of 10 palmi 
architettonice, each of 12 once (inches), each of 5 minuti, 
each of 2 decimi = 7£ piedi = 2.23190 meters = 2.441 U. 
S. yards — 87.866 U. S. inches. 

(3. ) 1 canna d'ara (altar-canna)of 9 palmi d'ara or palmi 
sacri (holy -palmi) = 14 meters = 1.2303 U. S. yards = 
44.292 U. S. inches. 

1 braccio da mercante (commercial ell) = 0.670 meter = 
26.4 U. S. inches. 

1 braccio per le tele (ell for linen) = 0.635 meter = 25.00 
U. S. inches. 

1 braccio d'ara (altar ell) = 6 palmi sacri = f canna 
■d'ara = 2 meter = 29.528 U. S. inches. 



1 catena (measuring chain) of 10 stajole = 5f builders' 
canna = 14.036 U. S. yards = 5052 U. S. inches. 

1 miglio of 1000 passi = 1487 934 meters = about -1 of a 
German geographical mile = 0.9245 U. S. miles. 2 miglia 
= 1 post. 

MEASURES OF SURFACE. 

1 rubbio =: 4quarte,each of 4 scorzi , each of 2 quartucci, 
each of 7 quadrat-catene (or square catene) = 184.46 
French ares = 4. 558 U. S. acres. I* is also divided into 7 
pezzi. 

MEASURES OF VOLUME. 

Grain. 

4 decine = 1 stajo. 

sisw} = i "— 

1 rubbio = 2 rubbiatelle, each of 2 quarte, each of 2 
quarturelle ; the rubbio, also = 22 scorzi, each of 4 quar- 
tucci = 294.46 liters = 8.356 U. S. bushels = 77-787 U. S. 
wine gallons. 

Salt. 

The same rubbio divided into 2 quarte, each of 6 scorzi, 
each of 4 quartucci. 

Lime. 
Is sold by the decina of grain measure. 

Wine and Distilled Spirits. 

1 barile of 32 boccali, each of 4 fogliette, each of 4 quar- 
tucci = 58-3416 liters = 15-412 U. S. gallons. 

Oil. 

1 barile of 28 boccali, each of 4 fogliette, each of 4 quar- 
tucci = 57.4806 liters = 15.185 U. S. gallons. 

At wholesale, the soma (for oil) of 80 oil-boccali, or of 2 
pelli or mastelli, each of 10 cugnatelle, each of 4 boccali 
= 2$ oil barili = 164.23 liters = 43.38 U. S. gallons- 

WEIGHT. 

Commercial, Gold, and Silver Weight- 

24 grani . rn 1 denaro. 

24 denari . = 1 oncia. 

12 once . = 1 libbra (pound). 

10 libbre . = 1 deciua. 

mrt ri,i. f 1 centinajo (centner) or cantaro piccolo 

100 libbre = J (gmall c V tar0 ). 

1000 libbre = { ^SJS? ' ° r CaDtar ° gr0a3 ° (large 
There are also two special cantari, of 160 and of 250 

libbre. 
1 libbra = 339.073 grammes = 0.74753 U. S. pound 

avoirdupois = 0.90845 U. S. pound troy. 

1 centinajo of 100 libbre = 33.9073 kilogrammes = 74.753 

U. S. pounds avoirdupois. 

Coin Weight. 

Formerly, the same as for gold and silver; since 1835, 
the gramme. 

For working, gold is divided into 24 carati (carats); and 
silver into 12 once, each of 24 denari. 

Apothecaries' 1 Weight. 

For pharmacy, the unit of weight is the commercial 

libbra divided into 12 once, each of 8 dramme, each of 3 

scrupoli, each of 24 grani, each of 24 parti (parts). The 

grano (grain) is the same as the commercial or gold grano. 

Shipping Weight. 

For ship's freight the ntbbio is the unit; which for grain 
is reckoned as a weight of 640 libbre (pounds), for salt at 
600, and for peas, beans, &c , at 720 libbre. 



MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



579 



JAPAN". 

{Principal Commercial Cities, NAGASAKI, Yeddo (or 
Tokei), Osaka, and Hakodadi.) 

Money. 

10 mem .... =lrin ... . = $0,001 
10 rin ....=; 1 pun . . . = 0.007 
10 pun . . . , =1 moame . . = 0.0675 
By the Portuguese the monme is called mas (Dutch 

maas, English mace), and the pun candarin (Dutch con- 

drijen). They also reckon 

,„ ( — 1 rice or tael 

10 mas, mace, or monme . . I __ ^q g^ 

Monme is likewise the name of the Japanese unit of 
weight, and as such = 1| grammes. 

As a coin, the quantity of silver contained of the fine- 
ness of 892^- thousandths, is such that 149.744 (about 
149|) monme may be coined from the Cologne mark of fine 
6ilver ; — consequently the tael of 10 monme — SO. 6752. 

At Osaka, 1 kobang or rio = 4 boos = 84 tempos = 128 
monme. 

According to the statements of the Portuguese and Dutch, 
until about the year 1780, the local taels had the legal 
value of 3} Dutch guldens, hence, taking the value of the 
gulden of that period, 7*lr or 7.05714 taels were coined 
from the Cologne mark of fine silver. The value of such 
tael was therefore §1.432. 

Gold Coins. 

Cobang, old, assay U. S. mint = $4.44 

Cobang, new, assay U. S. mint = 3.558 

Cobang, new, average, by Dutch assay in 1834 . = 4.446 
Cobang, new, average, by Dutch assay in 1833 . = 4.863 

Cobang, new, average, by French and English I K ,- QQ 

assay } — *>- ,ya 

Cobang. new, average, by earlier Dutch assay . = 5.632 

Cobang, old (uncurrent), French and English { 1nnH 

assay ] — 1UU44 

The obo-ban is a large gold coin or medallion, designed 
for show, and worth from 20 (or, with premium, 24) to 26 
kobang. 

There are also of gold moneys, the itagone, or money 
slip, and the kodania (or little pearls) of various weights 
stamped in proof of purity. 

Silver Coins. 

The silver pieces in most general circulation are the it- 
zebu (itsi-boo, or ichibu). its half (ni-shiu), and its quarter 
(is-shiu) — coins of rectangular shape. Some of the coins 
are below the standard fineness. 

The itzebu (of 1600 sen, zeni, or cash), according to trials 
at the U. S. mint = the old, 80.3763 : the new, $0.3380. 

The value of the itakane, itaganne, rjoo, or rjoo-gin 
(called by the Dutch, schuit), according to Siebold = 
$2,928. 

Japan has also mixed gold and silver coinage in circu- 
lation. 

Copper and Iron Coins. 

The coins of copper and of iron are the sen or zheni 
IChinese tsien, Dutch pitjes, English cash). Sometimes 96 
and sometimes 100 cash or sen are reckoned to the silver 
monme, more generally 100 ; so that from 960 to 1000 cash 
are contained in the Japanese tael. The copper cash are 
in more extensive use than those of iron. 

Weights and Measures. 

MEASURES OF LENGTH. 

10 rin . . . . rr 1 bun. 
10 bun . . . = 1 sun. 
10 sun. . . . = 1 sasi , Chinese, sjak'). 
Sasi are of different kinds, but the one most used is the 



foot measure or kanc sasi (Chinese kjok' sjak") — 0308 
meter = 0.994 U.S. foot. 

The ken (Chinese, kian) as a unit : ikken (that is, 1 ken, 
Dutch ikj«) = 6^ 3 Q sasi. 

60 ken =1 tsjoo (Chinese ting) or masti. 

36 tsjoo . . . . = 1 ri (Chinese li), the Japanese 
mile = 4123| meters = 2.5620 U. S. miles = 13527.6 U. S. 
feet. 

The ell measure is the tsune sasi (Chinese zjoo sjak ? ) or 
kupira sasi = 0.379 meter = 14.9 U. S. inches. 

A great ell measure is the zjoo (Chinese jang) which 
= 2 ken = 3 818 meters = 125.26 U. S. feet. 

SQUARE MEASURE. 

The pu, or square ken =r 3.6439 square meters = 4. 358 
U. S. square yards. The tsjoo = 10 tan, each of 10 sen. 
each of 30 pu = 3000 pu = 109.3 French ares == 2.701 U'. 
S. acres. 

MEASURES OF VOLUME. 

Dry and Fluid Measure. 

10 sasi (Chinese sjak') = 1 goo. 

10 goo = 1 sjoo (Chinese, shing) or masu (Dutch, gan- 
tang) = 16 cubic kane sasi = 1.7386 liter — 0.4593 U. S. 
wine gallon := 1.837 wine quart. 

10 sjoo =:1 to(ibto = 1 to; as a vessel, tomasu). — 10 to, 
or 100 sjoo = 1 kok' or koku = 4.933 U. S. bushels. 

WEIGHTS. 

Commercial. Gold and Silver. 

10 moo (Dutch, fokje) = 1 rin (Dutch, mokje). 

10 rin = 1 pun (Dutch, condrijen). 

( = 1 monme (Dutch, maas). 
10 pun .... ] = If grammes. 

( = 2701 U.S. grains. 
160 monme = 1 kin or pound = 0.617 U. S. lb. avdp. 
Payments in silver and copper are made in decimal mul- 
tiples of the monme ; as, sju monme = 10 monme, kjak'- 
me = 100 monme. 

Apothecaries' 1 Weight. 

The unit is the weight of the silver coin rjoo (rjoo gin, 
Dutch schuit) = 4.A- monme = 7.525 grammes = 116£ U. 
S. grains troy. 

10 rjoo or 43 monme = 1 mai r= 75| grammes = 1161^ 
U. S. grains. 

THE NETHERLANDS AND COLONIES. 

{Chief Commercial City of. the Netherlands. AMSTER- 
DAM. ) 

Money. 

Moneys of Account. 

Since 1816. 5 cents = 1 stuiver. 100 cents = 1 Nether- 
land or Holland guilder, gulden, or florin. 

Prior to 1S16, the Holland gulden was divided into 20 
stuiver, each of 16 pennige. 

Since March 22, 1839. 24f gulden are coined from the 
Cologne mark of fine silver; therefore (assuming, as 
hitherto, the value of gold to be 15f times that of silver), 
( = $0.4084 U. S. 

1 Netherlands or Holland gulden < = £0.0839 sterling. 
( = frs. 2 117 

Since June 23, 1850, silver is the only legal tender. 

Gold Coins. 

Double Willem d'or — $8,050 

Willem d'or (gouden or golden Willem) . . = 4.025 

Half Willem d'or — 20125 

Disappearing J double ducat =z 4.565 

from use. ) ducat = 2.288 



580 



MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



Silver Coins. 



Ryksdaaler of 2£ gulden = $1.0210 

Gulden (or florin) = 0.4084 

} gulden = 0.2042 

Billon. 

Pieces of 25, 10, and 5 cents each. 

Pure Copper Coins. 

Pieces of 1 cent and £ cent, being of the legal weight, 
respectively, of 3.845 and 1.922 grammes or wigtjes. 

Weights and Measures. 

Since 1816, the weights and measures in use are those of 
the metric system, with old Dutch names. 

MEASURES OF LENGTH. 

In force since 1821 : — 

1 streep (millimeter). 
. . = 1 duim (centimeter). 



10 streepen 
10 duimen 



10 palmen 



.11 



1 palm (decimeter). 

1 el (meter). 

1.45389 old Amsterdam ell. 

3.53191 old Amsterdam foot. 
I = 39.37040 U. S. inches. 

10 ellen =1 roede (decameter). 

lOroeden . . 1= 1 mijl (kilometer). 



= 0.62137 U. S. mile. 



MEASURES OF SURFACE. 



Since 1821 : — 
100 square ellen 

100 square roeden 



= 1 vierkaute (square are) roede. 
= 1 bunder (hectare). 
= 1.2302 old Amsterdam morgen. 
= 2.471 U. S. acres. 



MEASURES OF VOLUME. 

Cubic Measure. 



1 kubieke el 



= 1 cubic 

= 1.308 U. S. cubic yard. 

= 35.31 U. S. cubic feet. 



10 schepels 



Wood for Fuel. 

1 wisse (stere) — 1 cubic meter. 

Grain Measure. 
Since 1823, used for all dry products, lime, coal, etc. 
10 maatjes . . . = 1 kop (liter). 

10 kop =: 1 sch'epel (decaliter). 

' z= 1 mud or zak ( hectoliter). 
= 2.838 U. S. bushels. 
= 0.898828 old Amsterdam mud. 
= 1.198437 old Amsterdam zak. 
= 3.595311 old Amsterdam schepels. 
( = 1 ton. 

2 mud or zak (sack) . . < = 5.676 U. S. bushels. 

( = 7.062 U. S. cubic feet. 

30 mud . . = 1 last . . = 85.14 U. S. bushels. 

Sometimes they divide the last, like the old, into 27 mud 
or 36 zak. 

A last of wheat is reckoned as a weight of 2310 new pond 
(kilogrammes), and of barley, 2075 new pond. 

Salt is sold by weight. 

Liquid Measure. 

= 1 maat (deciliter). 

= 1 kan (liter). 

= 0.824615 old Amsterdam mengelen. 

= 1 vat (hectoliter). 

= 2.6417 U. S. gallons. 

= 0.64423 old Amsterdam aamen. 



Since 1830 : — 
10 vingerhoeden 
10 maatjes . . 

100 kannen . 



Commercial : Since 1821 

10 hundertel-korrel3 
10 zehntel-korrels . 
10 wigtjes .... 
10 lood 



10 ons 



3 pond 
1 wigtje 



1 hundertel-korrel (milligramme.! 
= 1 zehutel-korrel ( centigramme ^ 
= 1 wigtje (gramme). 
: 1 lood (decagramme). 
: 1 ons (hectogramme). 
: 1 pond (kilogramme). 
: 2.2046 U. S. lbs. avoirdupois. 
: 2.6792 U. S. lbs. troy. 
. 2.03183 Holland troy-ponds. 
: 2.02392 old Amsterdam com- 
mercial ponds. 
1 steen (stone). 

20.8059 Holland-as troy weight. 



Gold, silver, precious stones, and pearls, are sold by the 
wigje (gramme), or by the old jewel-karat of 4 greinen = 
20.5894 centigrammes or new zehntel-korrels =z 3.177 U. S. 
grains troy. 

Apothecaries^ Weight. 

Since 1821. The medicinal pond of 12 ons, each of 8 
drachmas, each of 3 scruples, each of 20 greinen =: 6760 
greinen == $ of the new commercial pond = 375 wigtjes 
(grammes) 1.01591 old Amsterdam medicinal pond = 
5787.13 U. S. grains troy. 

COLONIES OF THE NETHERLANDS. 

IN THE EAST INDIES, WEST INDIES, AND WEST 
COAST OF AFRICA. 

JAVA. 

( Chief City of the Netherland East Indies, BATAVIA.) 

Money. 

Moneys of Account. 

The same as in the Netherlands. 

100 cents, or 100 duiten, formerly 20 stuiver = 1 gulden 
or silver rupee = $0,408. 

Weights and Measures. 

MEASURES OF LENGTH. 

The old Amsterdam-Rhenish voet (foot) { = J'S u Tfeet 
The old Amsterdam ell = 0.68781 meter = 2.2566 U." S.'feet 

( = 12 Rhenish voet (feet.) 
The old Rhenish roede I = 3 76735 meters. 

( = 12.360 U. S. feet. 

MEASURES OF SURFACE. 

( = 2000 Rhenish square roeden. 
< = 2.84 hectares. 
( = 7.01 U. S. acres. 



1 djong of 4 vahn 



MEASURES OF VOLUME. 



Dry Measure. 



Rice, Grain, and Salt. — The koyang as a weight = 27 
pikols := 3662.04 U. S. lbs. avoirdupois = 1661.07 kilo- 
grammes. 

In Samarang the koyang . . . = 28 Batavia pikols. 

In Surabaya the koyang . . . = 30 Batavia pikols. 

In Bantam, the koyang . . .:= 64 Batavia pikols. 

In Cheribon, the tiayang, used ) «() nicula 
as a measure for rice . . ) v 

1 timbang of 10 sack weighs 6 piculs. 

1 amat weighs 2 piculs. 

1 kulack weighs 7^ catjes. 



MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



581 



Liquid Measure. 

1 kan := 91 U. S cubic inches = 1.49 liter or New 
Netherland kan = 0.394 U. S. gallon. 

33 kans . . . . . = 13 V. S. gallons. 

388 kans — 1 legger (for arrack, etc.) 

Liquids are often sold by weight. 
WEIGHTS. 
Commercial Weight. 

16 taels . . . . = 1 catje or catty. 

( = 1 picul (originally Chinese). 
100 catjes . . . .1 = 135.63 U. S. lbs. avoirdupois. 
( = 61.52 kilogramme. 
8 piculs ....=: 1 small bahar. 
4£ piculs . = 1 large bahar . = 1£ small bahar. 
10 catjes . — 1 gantang (for coffee, etc.) 
In practice a picul (round) is reckoned equal to 136 U. S. 
lbs. avoirdupois. 

The old Holland troy pound is also used = 1.3186 U. S. 
troy pound = 1.075 U. S. lb. avoirdupois. 

Gold and Silver. 

9 reals = 1 mark, old Holland troy weight = 246.0839 
grammes =: 3797.6 U. S. grains troy. 

THE MOLUCCAS OR SPICE ISLANDS. 
(POSSESSIONS OF THE NETHERLANDS IN FARTHER 

INDIA.) 
In three groups : — 

1. The Tornata or Molucca proper, embracing the largest 
of these islands ; Gilolo, the more distant ; Ternate Tidor, 
etc. 

2. The Amboina, and among them the chief island of 
the whole Archipelago, Amboina (on which is the princi- 
pal city of the same name). 

3. The Banda Islands. 

Money. 

Moneys of Account (since 1839). 

20 stuivers, «^r now more properly 100 cents = 1 Nether- 
land gulden or florin (of which by law 24| are coined from 
the Cologne mark of fine silver) ; and therefore =: $0,408. 

Foreign Coins 

By the tariff of 1826 are worth : — 
Onzas or doubloons . . . = 30 florins or gulden, each. 

SP dollarsf IVer Pla ! te ! S I ' ^ --- 2 ^ florins - each 
Indian sicca-rupees . . . 
Holland ducats .... 



Holland shillings or resthalfs : 
Holland d'ubbeltjes . . . 



florins, each 
&5 florins, each 
5 Netherland 
each. 

2 Netherland stuivers, 
each. 



stuivers, 



Formerly, and until a very late period, they reckoned in 
most of the Netherland East Indian Dependencies in ryks- 
daalers of 4* Indian stuivers ; 12.85 Indian ryksdaalers 
being coined from the Cologne mai-k of fine silver. There- 
fore 1 Indian ryksdaaler = $0,787. 

Weights and Measures. 

MEASURES OF LENGTH. 

i covid . = 18^ U. S. inches . = 0.46058 meter. 

LIQUID MEASURE. 

The kan of Batavia. 
33 kans = 13 U. S. gallons. 



WEIGHTS. 

Commercial. 

The systems of weights in use are the old Amsterdam ot 
Dutch weights (generally preferred), the Chinese, aud the 
English. 

In Amboina (for spices), the baar or bahar of 50 barotti 
= 270.ti92 kilogi-amuies = 606| U. S. lbs. avoirdupois. 

In Batida, the baar or picul of 100 catjes or catties = 
276.8 kilogrammes = 610| U. S. lbs. avoirdupois ; and the 
sockel (for mace) of 28 catjes = 170.86 U. S. lbs. avoirdu- 
pois. 

In Ternate is used the picul of Batavia of 100 catjes, and 
the barotti of Amboina. 

Rice and salt by weight, as follows : — 

In Amboina, the rice-koyang of 25 piculs each of 100 
catjes of silver weight = 3000 Holland troy pounds —1476^ 
kilogrammes =: 3255 U. S. lbs. avoirdupois. 

In Banda, the same koyang (for rice and salt) is divided 
iuto 40 maaten. 

In Ternate, the bamboe (for rice and salt) = 1} Holland 
troy pound = 738| grammes = 1627.5 U. S. lbs. avoirdu- 
pois. 

Gold and Silver. 

In Amboina, the catje of 20 taels, each of 16 maas (or 
mace), each of 4 coubang = 590.60 grammes — 9114.3 U. S. 
grains troy. 

In Ternate there are used all the measures and weights 
of Batavia. 

SUMATRA. 

(ONE OF THE FOUR LARGE ISLANDS OF SUNDA.) 

The Netherland possessions here embrace the Palem- 
bang, with the commercial city of that name ; Benkulen, 
with the city of the same name ; and Pedang, with Pe- 
dang the chief city of the Netherland possessions and 
chief commercial mart on the island ; Natal, etc. Acheen, 
with a fortified city of that name, in the northwest, is 
under a native Principality. 

Money. 

In Padang and Palembang they reckon in rijksdaalers 
of 48 Indian stuivers ; 1| rijksdaalers "exchanging for 1 
Spanish silver piaster or dollar. The prices of merchan- 
dise are now commonly fixed in dollars or Spanish piasters. 

In Benkulen (called by the English Fort Marlborough) 
until 1824, they reckoned in dollars, sometimes called 
rials, each of 4 sookoos, each of 2 satallies, the dollar or 
real being reckoned at 5 shillings sterling (= $1.21§); 
since 1824, and especially since 1827, the same as Batavia. 

Weights and Measures. 

In Bencoolen. 

Measures of Length. 

1 esto, cubit, or covid = \ U. S. yard. 

2 estos or cubits . =r 1 hehloh . =1 U. S. yard. 
4 estos or cubits . = 1 dipoh . . =1 U. S. fathom 



Grain Measure. 



4 chupahg . 
800 koolahs 



= 1 koolah. 
zr: 1 coyan. 
= 201600 U. 



S. cubic inches. 



.73 U. S. bushels 



Liquids. 



Sold partly by weight, partly by measure, 
measures also used. 



Chinese 



582 MONEY, WEIGHTS 

Commercial Weight 

Is the Chinese, but for pepper the English. 

Gold and Silver Weight. 

The catty of 16 taels each of 14 ringits, or 12 kepings = 
10208 U. S. troy grains. 

In Natal. 

Dry and Fluid Measure. 

80 tubs = 1 coyan = 149.9 U. S. bushels. — 1 tub = 
17.44 U. S. wine gallons. 

Gold Weight. 
That of the Chinese. 

Commercial Weight. 

That of the Chinese. 1 catty uhtan (for camphor) = 3 
Chinese catties. — 1 tompong (for benzoin) = 60 Chinese 
catties. 

In Padang. 

Rice Measure. 

The bambu as weight = 7£ Holland troy pond = 3.691 
kilogrammes = 8.11 lbs. avoirdupois. 

Salt Measure. 

The coyang of 50 maaten or maass = 3750 Holland troy 
pounds = 1845.63 kilogrammes = 4068.9 U. S. lbs. avoir- 
dupois . 

Commercial Weight. 

100 catties =1 picul. 

( = If Holland troy pound. 

The Malay catty 1 = 0.92281 killogramme 

( = 2.034 U. S. lbs. avdp. 
The Batavia or so-called Chi- J = 1.3563 U. S. lbs. avdp. 

nese catty | = f of a Malay catty. 

The bahar = 220 Malay or 330 Batavia catties. 

Gold Weight. 

The tael of 16 maass, or 108 candareens, or 700 racheems 
= 1^ Batavia rials = 4 Holland troy mark = 41.014 
grammes = 632.88 U. S. troy grains. 

In Palembang. 

Weight the same as the Chinese. The gulack of pepper 
== 1J- catty. 

Gold and Silver Weight. 

1 The catty of 10 taels each 2J- rials or Spanish piasters (or 
dollars) ; the same as in Batavia. 

In Acheen. 

Long Measure. 

1 cubit = 18 U. S. inches. 

Grain and Liquid Measure. 

1 bambu = about If liter = about 0.440 U. S. gallon. 

8 bambus =1 nelli. 

10 nellies =1 guncha. 

10 gunchas =1 coyang. 

25 bambus or punies = 1 parah, for salt. 

Commercial Weight. 

1 so-called Malay catty. 

20 buncals \ = 0.9603 kilogramme. 

.= 14820 U. S. grains troy. 



AND MEASURES. 

200 of these Malay catties = 1 bahar = 423 4 U. S. lbs 
avoirdupois. 

In practice, 1 local or Malay catty = 1| Chinese catties. 
21 bambu = 1 rice maund = 75 U. S. lbs. avdp. = 34.02 
kilogrammes. 

Gold Weight. 

The above-mentioned catty divided into 20 buncals, each 
of 5 taels, each of 16 maass, each of 4 copangs. 5 maass 
= 1 may am. 

CURASAO or CURASSAO. 

THE MOST IMPORTANT OF THE NETHERLAND WEST 
INDIAN POSSESSIONS. 

( Chief town, Willemstadt.) 
Money. 

Since 1827, as in the Netherlands. 

100 cents = 1 gulden of the standard, 24f from tha 
Cologne mark of fine silver = $0,408. 

The price prescribed by official tariff for the Spanish and 
Mexican onza or doubloon is 40, and for the silver piaster 
or dollar, 2^ Netherland gulden. 

Prior to 1827, accounts were kept in current piasters, 
each divided into 48 stuivers, or 8 reals each of 6 stuivers ; 
(also in large transactions into 100 cents) ; 13.40625 current 
piasters may be coined from the Cologne mark of fine 
silver. Therefore 

1 current piaster . . . . = $0,754. 
11 such reals — 1 Spanish piaster. 

In the Island of St. Martin they often reckon 6 stuivers 
or 16 Netherland cents = 1 real or bit. 

12 reals or bits = 1 daaler = $0,783. 

Weights and Measures of the Netht-rland 
West Indies. 

Chiefly the old Amsterdam, but frequently the old Eng- 
lish, or United States. 

In Curacao they sell also by the Spanish vara = 33§ U. 
S. inches = 0.8477 meter = 1.015 true Castilian vara. 
Here they reckon, 81 varas = 100 Amsterdam ells. 

In Curasao, 1 pound = 571.280 grammes = 1.171 U. S- 
lb. avoirdupois. 

SURINAM. 

(Chief town, PARAMARIBO.) 

Guiana, on the northern coast of South America, is di- 
vided into three districts : the British colony of Demarara, 
the French colony of Cayenne, and the Netherlands colony 
of Surinam. 

Money. 

Money of account in Surinam, since 1827 : — 
1 gulden = 100 cents (Netherlands) = $0,408. 
Frequently also, 1 gulden = 20 stuiver, each of 8 duiten, 
each of 2 pennige. 

Weights and Measures. 

The same as the old Amsterdam. 



NIGBITIA or SOODAN (Africa). 

(Chief Commercial Marts — TlMBUCTOO, MAJO, Bal- 
LEO, andCABARA.) 

Commerce is mostly exchange of products and foreign 
coins, as Spanish dollars, Maria Theresa thalers, Egyptian 
and Turkish piasters, etc. 



MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



583 



PERSIA (Iran). 

[Commercial Cities — Ispahan, Tauris, Teheran, 
Meshed, Reshd, and Shiraz.) 

Money. 

Moneys of Account. 



| The Teheran guz, called the zer of Teheran = 42 U. S 
j inches = 1.0668 meters. 



50 dinars = 1 shahi 

10 shahi = 1 panabat, or papabat 



20 shahi = 



1 sahib -keran, or saab-kran, \ 

keran or J = 



or sometimes 
kran. 
10 saabkrans rr 1 toman • . 



50.001| 

o.oig 

0.22| 

2.278 



According to the new valuation, 1 toman =: 4 of a Rus- 
sian half-Imperial = S2.278. 

Gold Coins. 

According to trials in Philadelphia : — 

Toman undar Mohammed Shah, 1839 1 <-,«, OA i 

(1255Uegira) f — *4..«4 

Half-toman, under the same, 1837 I i ioo 

(1253 Hegira) ]~ X - 1Z ~ 

Toman, under Feth Ali Shah, 1814- I Q n o, 

1824 (1230-1240 Hegira) . . . . ( — tf - Ud * 
Toman, under the same, 1799 (1214 I 

Hegira) j 



4.001 



According to trials in Bombay in 1826 : — 

Toman, date uncertain, perhaps 1812 = $3,077 
New Persian toman, probably 1825 . = 2.885 
Persian ducat, average = 2.053 

Silver Coins. 



According to trials in Philadelphia : — 

Saabkran or sahibkeran, under Mo- ) 

hammed Shah, 1839 (1255) . . . J — ' 
Panabat, under the same, 1835 I 

(1250) ]~ 

Saabkran, under Feth Ali Shah, 1808 ) _ 

(1223) J- 

Saabkran, under the same, 1807 ) 

(1222) ■...}- 

Huzar-dinar, under the same, 1807 1 

(1222) J- 



0.1118 
0.3783 
0.4206 
0.2825 



According to trials in Bombay in 1826 



Persian rupee (very nearly the saab- ) OA Artri n 

kran of 1807) j — &U.4^uy 

New Persian rupee (very nearly the » _ A „— a 
saabkran of 1808) J — Ud,ob 

Coppe-, Coins. 

Shahi : half-shahi ; pool, or pool-Teheran = f shahi ; 
and kasbegi = ylg- shahi. 

Weights and Measures. 

MEASURES OF LENGTH. 

7 bailey-corns . . . . = 1 finger. 

24 fingers = 1 foot. 

2 feet = 1 guz, gers, or arshine. 

The guz shah (or roval guz) — for woolen fabrics — 
= 4 U. S. inches = 1.0160 meter. 

The guz Mokasar (especially for Persian manufacture 
»nd for retail trade) = 39.8 U. S. inches = 09347 meter. 

The guz Tauris = 40. 4 U. S. inches = 1.0262 meter. 

There is also a larger guz or arshine of 44 U. S. inches = 
1.1176 meter which is the base of itinerary and field 
measure. 



6000 guz or arshine 



1 farsang. 

4i U. S. miles. 



Field Measure. 



The karwar rr 100 batman, each of 125 square arshine 
= 168055^ u - s - S( l uare fe et = 156.123 French ares. 



Grain Measure. 



4 sextarios 
2 chenicas 



. . . = 1 chenica. 
. . . = 1 capicha or hemina. 
( = 1 artaba. 
25 capichas or 8 collothun { = 65.23S liters. 

( = 1.851 U. S. bushel. 
15 capichas =1 legana. 



22 sextarios 



sabbitha. 



Besides, grain and all dry merchandise are sold by 
weight. 

Liquids 
Are sold by weight. 

WEIGHTS. 

"Weights differ greatly in different places ; only the small 
weight miscal (miskal) is everywhere the same. Among 
the larger weights is the maund or batman. 

(1.) In Tauris or Tabrez, Meshed, Herat, etc., the 
maund of 40 seers or 640 miscals = 3 098 kilogrammes = 
6.83 U. S. lbs. avdp. This Tauris maund is the one in 
most common use, and is always understood to be meant 
when not otherwise specified. 

(2.) In Ispahan the so-called maund shah (or royal 
maund) = 1280 miscals = 6 196 kilogrammes = 13.66 U. 
S. lbs. avoirdupois. 

(3.) In Reshd the maund = 2560 miscals = 12.392 kilo- 
grammes = 27. 32 U. S. lbs. avoirdupois. 

(4.) In Shiraz or Chiraz, Bushire, and Gamroon = 720 
miscals = 3. 485 kilogrammes = 7.682 U. S. lbs. avoirdupois. 

In Teheran, the rih = 1600 miscals = 7 745 kilogrammes 
= 17.0746 U. S. lbs. avdp. This is call d, in Ispahan, the 
larger rih, and is used for silk ; its half is called the 
smaller rih, and is used for indigo. — The silk maund has 
6 oki. The ferdeh or kuleh (sack), by which in Reshd raw 
silk is sold, has from 26 to 30 oki. 

The tchanak or tesherek has 160 miscals ; sometimes 
150. — The ratel has 100 miscals. 

The karwar, halwar or last r= 100 Tauris maunds = 5 
Ispahan (or royal) maunds = 25 Reshd maunds. 



Gold and Silver Weight. 



4 carats . 
6 dongs . 
2 miscals 

The miscal 



1 abas 



= 1 dong. 

= 1 miscal. 

= 1 derhem (or drachme). 
1= 4.840 graiiunes. 
1= 74.7 U. S. grains. 



Pearl Weight. 



= 0.1458 gramme, 
= 2| U. S. grains. 



PORTUGAL. 

(Chief Commercial Cities — LISBON (LiSBOA) and 
Oporto.) 

Money. 

The rei is the unit of account. 

1000 reis. = 1 milreis . . { = Jggjffc 3. g^ 



584 



MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



lOOOmilras = j 2 ^ [™' } = 1:0008000 reis. 
1000 contos = { 1 c l° u a t l° , d *\= 1.000:0008000 reis. 

The symbol (8) is one of several different symbols used 
to indicate the place of thousands ; a colon ( : ) indicates 
the place of millions ; and a full point ( . ) the place of 
thousands of millions. For example, 44,372,536,748 reis is 
commonly written in accounts 44 372:5368748. 

Milkao (denoting million), standing by itself or unquali- 
fied, denotes a million of reis. — Milhaode cruzados denotes 
a million of cruzados, etc. 

Under the new law of 1st August, 1854, the miireis (gold) 
= 81.08047 U. S. gold = 0.1625708 new German crown. 

Gold is the standard, being legal tender as payment in 
all amounts; silver is subsidiary, and is not required to be 
received in payment for any greater amount than 5000 
reis, about $5 U. S. gold. 

The new gold coins have a fineness, as hitherto, of 916? 
thousandths, or 22 carats (i-t) ; the fineness of the new 
silver coins is also 916| thousandths. 

The new gold coins are the crown (coroa) of 10,000 reis, 
the |-crown of 5000 reis, the 1-crown of 2000 reis, and the 
jlj-crown of 1000 reis. The crown weighs 17- 735 grammes, 
and is worth 810.8047 U. S. gold. The weight and value 
of other gold coins are in proportion. 

The new silver coins are pieces of 5 tostoes or 500 reis, of 
2 tostoes or 200 reis, of 1 tostao or 100 reis, and of \ tostiio 
or 50 reis; the piece of 5 tostoes weighing 12^ grammes, 
and the weight of the other silver coins in proportion. The 
5-tostao piece (intrinsic value) = 80.4953. 

In the new coinage, copper money has undergone no 
change. 

The former golden pecas and half pecas are to be taken 
as legal coins of the value of 8000 and 4000 reis respectively, 
and of English sovereigns and half sovereigns of full 
weight, as of the legal value of 4500 and 2250 reis re- 
spectively. 

Former Money of Account and Coins. 

6 ceitis . • . . = 1 rei. 

20 reis =1 vintem. 

2 vintems . . . = 1 real • 

2£ reals . . . . = 1 testao or tostao. 

4 testoes or tostoes = 1 old crusado. 

1.2 old crusados . r= 1 new crusado. 

2i old crusados, or > . 

2^ new crusados J = l m,lms - 

9000 reis or 9 mil-reis can be coined from the Cologne 
mark of fine silver. Such silver mil-reis is therefore — 
assuming, as hitherto, the value of gold to be 15$ times 
that of silver — equal to 81.123 U. S. gold. 

The earlier coinage-systems of Portugal are very com- 
plicated. 

Weights and Measures. 

NEW OR METRIC SYSTEM. 

The metric system of weights and measures exists le- 
gally in Portugal, having been established by the law of 
20 July, 1864. 

FORMER SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 

MEASURES OF LENGTH. 

12 pontos . = 1 linha. 
12 linhas . = 1 pollegada. 

( z= 1 palmo deCraveiro (standard palmo). 
8 pollegadas { = 0.22 meters. 

( = 8.661 U. S. inches. 
The palmo de Craveiro avantejado or good measure = 
8| pollegadas. 
The palmo da Junta is divided into 10 pollegadas, and 



is smaller by 9 per cent, than the palmo de Craveiro, 91 of 
the latter being equal to 100 of the former. 

12 pollegadas = 1 pe (foot) { = Jjgj^ ^ 

6 palmos de 1 _ , „ ow> M ., j = 1.1 meters. 

1m Mraorellj_ 1.203 U.S. yard. 

,,„,.„ i = 0.66 meter. 

iimos | _ 25 984 n _ g inchee 

In retail trade, 1 large 
Oovado 



Craveiro 
1 varo Covado 



= 3 palmos a vantejados. 
= 0.680625 meter. 
= 26.7968 U. S. inches. 
English manufactures are sold by the English yard ; 6 
yards in practice commonly being reckoned = 5 varas, 20 
yards =: 27 covados. 
2 varas . . . = 1 braca. 

lh varas or 5 pes = 1 passo geometrico (for land measure). 
ll7^1- bracas = 1 estadio = 0.1604 U. S. mile. 

1 milha (small mile). 
8 estadios . .{ = 2065.653 meters. 
= 1.2835 U.S. mile. 



3 milhas 



j = 1 legoa (large mile). 
' \ = 3.8504 U. S. miles. 

MEASURES OF SURFACE. 



1 square vara . . 
4 square varas . 

4840 square varas 



= 1.21 square meter. 
= 1 square brac.a. 
= 1 geira. 

= 58.564 French ares. 
= 1.447 U. S. acre. 



GRAIN MEASURE. 

Also for salt and most other dry measures. 
2 salamins or meio(half ) oitava = 1 oitava. 

2 oitavas =1 quarta- 

2 quartas =1 meio alqueire. 

2 meios alqueires = 1 alqueire. 

4 alqueires =1 fanga. 

15 fangas =1 moio. 

Grain measures are very different in different localities. 
In Lisbon, the alqueire = 13. 841 liters = 0.39277 U. S. 
bushel ; the fanga = 55363 liters = 1 5711 U. S. bushel 
and the moio = 830 45 liters — 23565 U S. bushels. 

100 of these Lisbon measures = 79| like measures of 
Oporto. 
The alqueire for shell-almonds = 14 Lisbon pounds. 

LIQUID MEASURES. 

2 meios quartilhos = 1 quartilho. 

2 quartilhos . . z= 1 meia (half ) canada. 

2 meias canadas = 1 canada. 

6 canadas . . . = 1 pote. 

2 potes . . . = 1 almude. 

These measures vary in different places. 

In Lisbon the almude = 16.74 liters = 4 422 U. S. 
gallons. 

The wine tonelada contains 2 Lisbon wine pipes, each of 
30 almudes ; and occasionally 32 almudes. 

18 almudes . . . = 1 barril. 
100 almudes of Lisbon =z 66 almudes of Porto. 
100 almudes of Faro = 47£ almudes of Lisbon. 

The Lisbon oel-pipa contains 30 almudes, each contain- 
ing by weight from 33 to 34 Portuguese arrateis (pounds). 
In practice generally it is reckoned at 34 arrateis, but fo* 
Balsam of Copaiva 33£. 

WEIGHTS. 

Commercial. 

24 groes (singular grao) = 1 escrupulo. 
3 escrupulos . . . =1 oitava (eighth). 
8 oitavas .....= 1 oncas. 



MONEY, WEIGHTS,, AND MEASURES. 



585 



4 oncas ~ 1 quarto. 

2 quartos .... = 1 meio (half ) arratel. 

C = 1 arratel or libra (a pound). 

2 meios arrateis . J = t®J™ ™ mes - . . 

| = 70&3 U. S. grains troy. 

[ = 1.012 U. S. lb. avdp. 

( = 1 quintal or 4 arrobas. 

128 arrateis . . . • { = 58752 kilogrammes. 

( = 129 525 U. S. lbs. avdp. 

54 arrobas I = 1 tonelaaa or shi P loa <*- 

54 arrobas j - 874.3 U. S. lbs. avdp. 

Since 1853, the unit of weight for customs is 100 arrateis 
|1 custom house arroba). 

Gold and Silver. 

The marco = £ commercial arratel = 229j grammes = 
0.61489 U. S. troy pound. 

Apothecaries'' Weight. 

The apothecaries' arratel = f commercial arratel = 1| 
gold-marco = 12 oncas each of 8 oitavas, each of 3 escru- 
pulos, each of 24 groes (grains) = 344£ grammes = 0.759 
U. S. lb. avoirdupois. 

RUSSIA. 

(Principal Commercial Cities — St. Petersburg, Mos- 
cow, Riga, and Odessa.) 

Money. 

The money of account is the rouble (rubel or rubl) of 
100 copecks (kopieyki). 

2 dienuska (or die-" 

^^^.i^kldienga. 



money, diminu 

tive of dienga 

2 diengas (diengi) . rr 1 copeck (kopieyka), 

5 copecks (kopieyki) = 1 pietak (or piece of five). 

10 copecks . . . . = 1 gryvnik (or greevnik). 

20 copecks . . . . = 1 sorokovka (40 diengas). 

Kf \ i,„ ( = 1 poltinnik, or poltina (half- 

50 copecks . . . .{ ^ ouble) ' 

100 copecks . . , , =1 rouble (rubel, or rubl). 

The legal standard for money is double — both gold and 
silver. There is also a forced paper currency consisting of 
government notes (Imperiai-credit-notes). 

Prior to January J*-, 1840, all accounts were kept in 
bank-assignats (government bank notes). In August, 
1839, an Imperial ukase fixed the relative legal values of 
the paper, silver, and gold money, by declaring 350 as- 
eignat roubles equal to 100 silver roubles ; and 103 silver 
roubles equal to 100 gold roubles. The same ukase also 
decreed that from the commencement of the year 1840, all 
accounts should be kept in silver roubles. 

By an Imperial ukase of July yV, 1843, the assignat 
roubles (or bauk-assignatsi were to be withdrawn from cir- 
culation, and other paper money, to wit, silver-rouble 
Imperial-credit-notes, issued in their place, in denomina- 
tions of 50, 25, 5. 8 and 1 silver roubles, and the circulation 
of these notes as the equivalent of coin, was made com- 
pulsory. These notes now constitute the current money 
of the empire, and are the moneys referred to as " silver 
roubles " in market aud exchange quotations. In commer- 
cial transactions, however, these silver-rouble credit-notes 
are at discount as against silver coin. In April, 1854, they 
were at 12 per cent, discount against silver coin : in Feb- 
ruary, 1855, they were at 21 per cent, discount against 
silver coin, and 24 per cent, against gold coin. In June. 
1868, these notes were at from 15 to 16 per rent, discount 
against silver coin. The re-importation of these silver- 
rouble Imperial-credit -notes is forbidden- 



coins. 



Coins are of copper, silver, platinum, and gold. 
The copper coins i:i general circulation are of 5 and 2 
copecs, of 1 copeck, and of £ and \ of a copeck. — Silver 
coins are the one-rouble piece, and pieces of 50, 25, 20, 15, 
10 and 5 copecks each. — The platinum coins are pieces of 
the legal value of 3, 6, and 12 silver roubles, and were 
issued under Nicholas I. The coinage of these pieces, since 
February, 1846, has been wholly discontinued, their value 
being found to fluctuate greatly. These coins were never 
received with favor by the people. By a ukase of February, 
1845, their export and import was forbidden. — The gold 
coins at present issued are the half-imperial (pol-imperial) 
or pistole, and the imperial ducat ; the former legally of 
the value of 5 gold roubles, or ^j^q silver roubles ; the 
latter, by law, equaling 3 silver roubles. 

Intrinsic values. 
(= 80.77792. 
The standard silver-coin rouble . < = £0.15985. 

( = fr. 4 03167. 
The half-imperial (pol-imperial) or ( = ° 5998T German 
pistole (gold) of standard weight J _ .go^fiS? 
and fineness, according to the J ~ Va qiqoo' 
ukase of February 14, 1817 . . [ ~ j^Sll. 
The new half-imperial (gold) or < = 0.59853 German 
pistole, since 1836, according to ] crown. 

trials ( = S3. 9114. 

The standard imperial ducat (gold) j = °- 35992 German 
= 20 Polish florins | = «5R. 

Weights and Measures. 

MEASURES of length. 

12 linie . . . . = 1 duim (inch) : 
21 linie or If duim = 1 vershok 
8 vershki or ver- ) -, ._ " TT a . . 

shoks . . . .}=lstopa . . =14 U.S. inches. 

2 stopi (stopee) or 1 -. . ( = ?8 u - S. inches. 

stdpas = 1 ar *een j = 1 U. S military 

( pace. 

3 arshini or ar- { = 1 sazhen ) 

sheens . . .) (saazhen) ) ~ 

f= 1 versta or verst. 
500 sazhni (saazhnee) or J = 3500 U. S. feet. 

sazhens ] = 0.66288 (f nearly) U. S. mile, 

I = 1066.8 meters. 
100 U. S. miles = 150^- versti or versts. 

LAND MEASURE. 

( = 2400 square sazhni (saazhnee) or sazhens. 

1 dessiatina < = 109 26 ares. 

(= 2.85 U. S. acres. 
The dessiatina (originally denoting tithe) is usually of 
the form of a parallelogram 60 sazhens long by 40 wide. 

* MEASURES OF VOLUME. 

For Wood for Fuel. 

The legal cubic sazhen [ = f*^ 8 " c " bic feet - 
& ) = 9<121o cubic meters. 

In Petersburg the 3-brand sazhen = | of a cubic sazhen, 

and the 1-brand sazhen = } of a cubic sazhen ; in Moscow, 

the 3-brand sazhen = -& of a cubic sazhen, and the l-bran<2 

sazhen = ^L of a cubic sazhen. 

Grain Measure. 
30 chasts =1 gornietz. 

2 S^L^^.^h^hetverka^, cbetverik). 



1 U. S. inch. 
If U. S. inch. 



U. S. faet. 



gornietzs . 



586 



MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



2 ortreIvU£ etV . erkee ! } = 1 P* (*-*> «**"**• 

1 chetverik (chetvereek). 

j chetviert. 

2 pol-chetveriki or pol- . -fe^""- or U ' S ' cu ' 
chetveriks 1 blc lnches - 

= 26.2377 liters. 
= 0.7445 U. S. bushel. 
v = 6.9312 U. S. gallon (wine). 
2 chetveriki (chetveree- \ _ , -- k , Mi , rat i OT ^ 
kee) or chetveriks } — 1 paiok ( sol(llers ration). 

2 paiki (paikee) or paioks = 1 osmina. 
f = 1 chetviert. 

•2 ™™;™ ^=™oo™o\ «. I = 12809.6948 Russ. or U. S. cu- 
& osmim (osmeenee) or ,• • . 

nsmina* 1 blc lnches - 

OSminaS ]=2.0990 hectoliters. 

[ =5.9560 U. S. bushels. 

A chetverik is the volume occupied by 64 funts (foonts) 
of distilled water at 16°§ centigrade (or 62° Fahr. ) weighed 
in vacuo. 

A kul (cool) or sack, which properly will hold a chetviert, 
is by law accepted as a weight ; the kul of barley weighing 
260 funts, and the kul of oats, 220 funts. 

The last of grain and seeds contains 20 chetvierts ; the 
last of oats contains 20 kuls (or kuli) or 440 funts. 



Liquid Measure. 



1 charka (gill) . . . 
10 charki or charkas . 

10 kruzki or kruzkas,or 
8stoff .... 

3 vedra or vedras . . 
6 ankri or ankers . . 



= 0.2599 tJ. S. pint. 
= 1 kruzka (kroojka, a jug). 
f = 750.568 Russ. or U. 
i tt^^j s - cubic inches. 

lvedr °i= 12.2989 liters. 

\— 3.2490 U. S. gals. 
1 ankerok or anker. 
1 oxhoft. 
1 botchka. 
40 vedra or vedros. 
129.96 U. S. gallons. 
491.956 liters. 

A vedro is the volume of 30 pounds Russ. (funts) of dis- 
tilled water weighed in vacuo, at the temperature of 16°f 
centigrade or 62° Fahrenheit. 

WEIGHTS. 



2g- oxhofti or oxhofts 



Commercial Weight. 



96doli 

3 zolotniki or zolotniks 



96 zolotniki or zolotniks 



40 funti, or pounds 
Russ. . . . 



10 pudi or puds 



= 1 zolotnik. 
= 1 15tt (for postal use). 
= 1 funt (foont) or pound 
= 409.51156 grammes. 
= 0.90282 U. S. lb. avdp. 
t = 1.09718 U. S. lb. troy. 

1 pud (pood). 

16.3805 kilogrammes. 

36.113 U. S. lbs. avdp. 

1 berkovetz. 



The funt or pound Russ. is a weight equal to that of 
25.019 cubic inches of distilled water in vacuo at the tem- 
perature of 16f degrees of the centigrade or 62 of the Fah- 
renheit thermometers. 

Gold, Silver, and Coin. 

The unit of weight is the commercial pound (funt) or 
pound Russ. of 96 zolotniki, each of 96 doli = 1.751131 
Prussian Cologne Mark. — Gold for manufacture or 
wrought gold has in Russia a fineness of 72 zolotniki or 18 
carats. 

Apothecaries'' Weight. 

The medicinal pound (of 12 ounces, each of 8 drams, each 
of 3 scruples, each of 20 grains) contains 8064 doli or I of 
the commercial pound = 3583226 grammes = 5529.76 U. 
S grains troy. 



ODESSA. 

(Principal commercial city upon the Black Sea.) 

In Odessa the weights used are, in general, those of the 
Russian Empire, but in trade with neighboring countries, 
especially with Bessarabia and the Levant, grain is meas- 
ured by kila. 

f = 554.54 liters. 
• • ' 1 = 15.708 U. S. bushels. 



lkilo 



1 Alberts thaler -j 



In Bessarabia 2£ Russian chetviert = 1 kilo = 524? liter 
= 14.891 U. S. bushels. 
In Odessa wool is sold by the last (or ton) of 21 pud (pood). 

RIGA. 

( Capitol of Livonia, and the second commercial port of 
European Russia.) 

In Riga (a city of large commercial importance, and the 
chief town of the Russian province of Livonia on the Bal- 
tic), although the Russian standards are legally required, 
yet the following local measures are still extensively in use. 
The language spoken in Riga is chiefly the German. 

Money. 

For wholesale trade, the Albertus or Alberts thaler, or 
Holland thaler, or Mushtini of 90 groschen= $1,053 ; for 
retail trade the kurant-thaler of 90 groschen = $0,790. 

= 1| thaler-kurant. 

= 3 gulden Alberts. 

= 4 ort Alberts ( Albertine). 

= 15 mark rigaisch (or mark of Riga). 

= 40 mark ferding. 

= 80 ferding. 

= 90 groschen Alberts. 

= 120 groschen-kurant. 

livonian "Weights and Measures. 

Legally the Russian, but sometimes the old are used. 
MEASURES OF LENGTH. 

The Rhenish fuss = 0.31385 meter = 1.0297 U. S. foot. 

The old Holland palm, here = 3.717 Russ. or U. S. inches 
= 0.09441 meter. 
ri^„ .n. „f »;„•„ ^f ( = 21.166 Russ. or U. S. inches. 

4 auartier g =0-75593 »»»• arsheen. 

4quartier . . (- . 53761 meter. 

The land-measure elle = 2 Russ. or U. S. feet= 0.60959 
meter. 

MEASURES OF SURFACE. 

The tonnstelle of 35 kappen, each of 400 square ellen *br 
land-measure = 56000 Russ. or U. S. square feet = 0-47620 
russ. dessiatini =52.024 French ares. 

The loofstelle of 25 kappen = 5 tonnstellen. 

MEASURES OF VOLUME. 
Grain Measure. 

The tonne of Riga of 2 loof (lof ), each of 6 kiilmet, each 
of 9 (fluid) stoof =8405 Russ. or U. S. cubic inches = 
0.656J4 Russ. chetvierts = 137-726 liters = 3.908 U. S. 
bushel. 

Salt Measure. 



stoof= 8254.2 Russ. or U. S. cubic inches = 135.255 liters 

= 3.838 U.S. bushels. 

Fluid Measure. 

The new stoof of Riga (nene rigaer stoof ) = 77.824 Russ. 
or U. S. cubic inches = 1.0369 Russ. kruzki = 1.2752 liters 
= 0.33687 U. S. gallon. 

The new pegelstoof = it new rigaer stoof (or stoof oi 
Riga.) 



MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



587 



The oxhoft = 1| ohm, each of 4 ankern, each of 5 velten, 
each of 6 new stoof of Riga (neue rigaer stoof ), each of 4 
quartier. 

2 neue rigaer stoof — 1 kanne. 
120 neue rigaer stoof = 1 fass branntwine (cask of brandy ). 
105 neue rigaer stoof = 1 brautonne (brewers' ton). 

WEIGHTS. 



Commercial Weight. 
4 quenten or quentchen 



= 1 loth. 
= 1 pfund. 
1 = 9425.743 Russ. doli. 

32 loth < — 1.02276 Russ. pound. 

I = 0.92336 U. S. lb. avdp. 
( — 418.8315 grammes. 
20 pfund . = 1 liespfand. 

20 liespfund =1 schitfpfund, also called bierkovietz when 
applied to flax or hemp from Lithuania and White Russia. 
There is in use in Riga a large variety of commercial-lasts , 
and shipping-lasts — different for different commodities. 

POLAND. 

( Chief commercial city — WARSAW.) 
Money. 

Since 1841, the legal money of account in the Kingdom 
of Poland consists of silver roubles, each of 100 copecks, 
according to the Russian standard already described. 

In trade, however, prices are yet frequently fixed in 
Polish zlote (or gulden) and groshe. 

( = 1 zloty (florin). 

30 groshe \ = 15 copecks. 

( = #0.11661. 

By a ukase issued in 1834, the standard value of the 
Russian-Polish imperial-ducat of 3 silver roubles = 20 
Polish zlote. This ducat is sometimes known as the cher- 
vony-zloty, and its intrinsic value, when of standard 
weight and fineness, is ,f 2.392. 

The legal proportion of silver to gold in Russian (includ- 
ing Polish) coins of like denomination, is fixed at 15 to 1. 

Former "Weights and Measures. 

The former measures of length, volume, and weight, of 
Poland are metrical, based upon the meter, the liter, and 
the gramme ; but their multiples and sub-multiples do not, 
in general, bear to each other decimal relations. The land 
measure is not metrical. 



MEASURES OF LENGTH. 

2 millimetrov (millimeters) = 1 linia . : 
12 linii .... = 1 calow finch) . . : 
12 cali (tzals) . . = 1 stopa (foot) . . : 

2stopi . . , =1 lokiec (ell) . . .: 
( = 1 sonzen or sazhen ( fathom ) 

siokci J=£?S!S- S ** v. * • 

; = 68/'3 Russ. or TJ. S. inches 
[ = 2.4297 Russ. arsheen . . 

7£ lokci, or)_, ^. 

lOprecikov, }-lP*?°t 

-in ~~.^~ ( = 1 sznur (chain) ) . . 

10pr ? tov . } =4 25.2 U.S. feet] 

8 Russ. versts = 1 mila. 



= 0.002 meter. 

= 0.024 meter. 

= 0.288 meter. 

=: 0.576 meter 

= 1.728 meter. 

== 12.960 meter. 
= 129.60 meter. 



LAND MEASURE. 



3 square sznur . . 

30 morgov ±z 1 wloka 



f — 1 morg6v 

J = 55.9872 French ares. 
• } — 0.51247 Russ. dessiatini. 
I = 1.38 U. S. acre. 
= 4£ U. S. acres. 



MEASURES OF VOLUME. 

Grain Measure. 
. . = 1 kwarta . . . 



4 kwaterek . 
4 kwarti (or quartas = 1 garniec (pot) . . 
8 garnci . . . . = 1 cwierc .... 
2 cwierci ... =1 pol-korcov . . . 

2 pol-korcor . . {= \ %$™ s \ uaheis j 

30 korcy . . . . = 1 laszt (last) . . . 

Liquid Measure. 

!== 1 kwarta . . . 
= 0.26417 U. S. gallon 

4 kwarti (or kwartas) = 1 garniec (garnietz) 

5 garnci (or garnietzs) = 1 konew (kan) 

( = 1 beczka (bech ka) 
25 " " \ or barrel . . 

( = 26.417 U.S. gallons 
50 " " =1 stangiev . . . 
60 " " =1 oxhoft . . . . 
100 garnci (or garnietzs) ) 
or, 4 beczki (or bech- \ = 1 kufa . . . 
kas) ) 



4 kwaterek 



1 liter. 

4 litera 

32 litera. 

64 litera. 

128 litera. 

3840 liters. 



= 1 liter. 

= 4 litera. 
= 20 liters. 

= 100 liters. 

r= 200 litera. 
= 240 liters. 



400 litera 



COMMERCIAL WEIGHT. 



8 milligramov (milli- 
grammes) . . . 
5| granikov . . . . 
24 granov .... 

3 skrupulov . . . 

4 drachma . . . 
2 lutov 



= 1 granikov = 

rz: 1 granov r= 
= 1 skrupulov zz: 
= 1 drachma z= 
= 1 lutov . zr 
= 1 uncia . = 



0.008 grammes 

0.044 grammes 
1.056 grammes 
3.168 grammes 
12.672 grammes 
25.344 grammes 



16 uncyi 



zr 1 funt (pound)=z 405.504 grammes 
zr 0.990214 Russian pound or funt. 
= 0.89397 U. S. lb. avoirdupois. 

SPAESr. 



( Chief Commercial Cities, Madrid, Cadiz, and Va- 
lencia.) 

Money. 

10 centimos . . = 1 decimo . = S0.005 U. S. gold. 
10 decimos . . . = 1 real . . . = ?0.050 U. S. gold. 
10 reals (2£ peseta) = 1 escndo . = 3pO.50O U. S. gold. 
| = 1 duro (peso duro, pe- 1 

so fuerte — hard sil- | 

ver piaster or Span- !►= $0,997 U. S. gold. 

ish dollar of 8 reales ' 

plata Mexicana) . j 

=z 1 doblon de Isabel 



$4.9r6 TJ. S. gold. 



2 escudos -| 

10 escudos, 
or 5 duros 

The centimo is not coined, but is used merely as a money 
of account. Accounts are legally kept in escudos, reals, 
and centimos. By a late decree, the escudo is made the 
highest unit of account ; formerly only reals and centimos 
were used in accounts. — In practice, however, the real is 
also sometimes divided into 34 maravedis, or into 8^ cuar- 
tas, each of 4 maravedis, each of 10 dinaros castilanos. 

COINS. 
Of Copper. 
Medio real (i real), cuartillo (| real), double decima (4 
real), decima (^ real), and media decima (JU real). 

Of Silver. 

Duro (20 reals), escudo (10 reals), peseta de columnas (5 
reals), peseta (4 reals), 2| real piece, 2 real piece, and 1 real 
piece. 



588 



MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



7 Catalonian libras zr 
21 Catalonian libras =r 
7 Catalonian libras = 
7 Catalonian libras = 
7 Catalonian libras =z 



Of Gold. 

Doblon of 10 escudos (or crowns), of 4 escudos and of 2 
escudos. 

By the law of June 26, 1864 (later than the above), 
the doblon of 10 escudos contains 8.387 grammes of stand- 
ard gold JL- fine ; and the escudo of silver contains 12.980 
grammes of standard silver, -9 fine ; the value of the 
former consequently being $5.0165 U. S. gold, and that of 
the latter (assuming as hitherto the value of gold to silver 
to be as 15| to 1) $0,505 U. S. gold. The standard is 
double, gold and silver, the ratio of value of gold to silver 
adopted being 15.476 to 1. 

FORMER AND LOCAL MONEY OF ACCOUNT. 

The various standards for reckoning and accounts in the 
Provinces of Spain from a very early period to the year 
1848, and continued io part to the present time, may be 
reduced to nine ; to wit : — 

The first and most important, that of Castile — Madrid. 
Second, That of Aragon — Zaragoza. Third, That of 
Catalonia — Barcelona. Fourth, That of Valencia — Ali- 
cant. Fifth, That of Navarre — Pamplona. Sixth, That 
of Majorca and Minorca. Seventh, That of the Balearic 
Islands. Eighth, That of the Canary Islands. Ninth, 
That of Mexico and Cuba. 

The following relations exist between the principal units 
of the systems of money of accounts above mentioned : — 
7 Catalonian libras = 4 libras of Aragon. 
5 libras of Valencia. 
17 libras of Majorca. 
24 libras of Navarre. 
100 libras of Iviza. 
40 reales de plata ) 

antiguos . J Castilian. 
119 Catalonian libras — 1280 reales de vellon ) 
119 Catalonian libras = 512 reals of Mexico. 
119 Catalonian libras = 64 pesos duros, or silver piasters. 

In Madrid ( Castile). 

1 real de plata antiguo of 16 cuartos, or 32 ochavos = 34 
maravedis de plata antiguos = 64 maravedis de vellon = 
1.922 new real = $0.0958. 

1 real de vellon of 8J cuartos, each of 34 maravedis de vel- 
lon = 1.021 new real = $0.0509 U. S. 

1 doolon de or (ideal) = 1| doblon de cambio, or doblon 
de plata antiguo, or old pistole of exchange = 5 peso3 de 
cambio, or pesos de plata antiguos, or old piasters of ex- 
change r= 40 reales de plata antiguos, or old silver reals = 
75 A- reales de vellon = 640 cuartos r= 1360 maravedis de 
plata antiguos = 2560 maravedis de vellon =z 76.88 new 
reals = $3,833 U. S. 

1 doblon de cambio, or doblon de plata antiguo, or old 
pistole of exchange = A doblon de oro = 61.50 new reals 
= $3 266 U. S. 

The new duro, or Spanish piaster of 20 reals, is of less 
value by about 2^ per cent, than the old. 

The duro (peso duro, peso fuerte — hard silver piaster 
— of 8 reales plata Mexicana or 4 "peseta Mexicana' ), 
especially the duro or piaster stamped with the Pillars of 
Hercules (columnati) or with two globes — called in Eng- 
land, North America, and the East and West Indies, the 
Spanish " dollar" — is, up to the present time, the actual 
world-coin. 

"Weights and Measures. 

The metric standard was adopted 19th July, 1849. 
The names receive Spanish inflections, as follows: — 
Metro : area ; litro : kilogram o, gramo. 
Decametro, hectometro, kilometro, miriametro ; hectarea ; 
decalitro, hectolitro ; decagramo, hectogramo. 



Decimetro, centimetro, milimetro ; centiarea ; decilitro, 
centilitro ; decigramo, centigramo, miligramo. 

The United States equivalents of the metric measures 
and weights, have already been given. 

FORMER AND LOCAL WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 

The measures and weights hitherto employed in all the 
Spanish provinces are more or less irregular and compli- 
cated. The most important are those of Castile. These 
are used in Cuba, and, in general, in those parts of America 
which were under the dominion of Spain, with, in some 
places, small differences ; even in Madrid some peculiar 
measures are used, and in different parts of Castile are 
found different field measures. 

CASTILE. 
LEGAL CASTILIAN WEIGHTS AND MEASURES- 

Measures of Length. 

1 pie (foot) of 12 pulgadas (inches) j = 0.2786 meter. 

or 16 dedos (fingers) . . \ = 0.91417 U. S. foot. 
1 vara (vara da Burgos) of 4 j = 0.8359 meter. 

palmos or 3 pies . . . ( = 0.91417 U. S. yard. 
1 braza de estado (fathom) . . = 2 varas. 

Field Measure. 

1 fanega or fanegada = 576 square estadales or 9216 
square varas = 64.3956 French ares = 1.5913 U. S. acre. 

Grain Measure. 

12 fanegas of 12 celemines = l cahiz Vz}\ 575 uTitauflk. 

Wine and Spirits. 

8 cuartillos — 1 cuartilla. 

4 cuartillas = 1 cantara, or arroba major (larger arroba), 
or arroba de vino = 16.133 liters = 4.2618 U. S. gallons. 
16 cantaras = 1 moyo. 

Oil Measure. 

4 onzas . . . . r= 1 panilla or cuarterone. 

4 panillas . . . = 1 libra (pound). 

f=l arroba menor (smaller arroba), or 

ok i:^-«» J arroba de aceite (oil arroba). 

lb Ubras . . <j _ 12 563 , iterg 

L = 3.319 U. S. gallons. 
35 oil arrobas . . = 27| wine arrobas (cantaras). 

WEIGHTS. 

Commercial Weight. 

8 ochavas . . = 1 ouza. 

4 onzas . . . = 1 cuarterone. 

■ . ( ±= 1 libra (pound). 

4 cuarterones > ^ nQQ g2 /£ grai ^ trQy# 

25 libras . . . J — u > gjg kilogrammes. 

. , (=1 quintal or centner. 

4 arrobas . . j _ 1Q1 ^ v g lbg avoirdapo , 8> 

« „-^v,„« ( = 1 quintal macho (large centner). 

6 arrobas . . J _ 150 |j bra8# 

20 nuintals f = 1 tonelada (ship-load). 

zu quintals . . j _ 2 028.66 C. S. lbs. avoirdupois. 

Gold, Silver, and Coin Weight. 

12 granos =1 tomine. 

3 tomines =1 adarme. 

2 ardames = 1 ochava. 

8 ochavas =1 onza. 

Q { = 1 marco of 4608 granos. 

8onza8 i= 4 commercial libra. 



MONEY. WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



589 



Earlier, the marco for gold was divided into 4800 granos, 
or 60 castellanos, each of 8 toniines, each of 12 granos , 
a division still in use in parts of the former Spanish* 
America. 

For assay of gold, the marco is divided into 24 quilates 
(carats) each of 4 granos, each of 8 parts ; for silver, into 
12 dineros, each of 24 granos. 

Wrought gold is legally 20 quilates fine, but for small 
articles 18 quilates. Gold in Spain is seldom wrought 22 
quilates fine. Wrought silver for use, as furniture, is 
legally 11 diueros, and for ornament, 9 dineros fine. 

The onza of jewel weight contains 140 quilates, each of 4 
granos silver weight — 27.9570 grammes; — the jewel- 
quilat = 0.199693 gramme = 3.0817 U. S. grains troy. 



Medicinal and Apothecary. 

4 granos =1 siliqua or caractere. 

3 siliquas =1 obolo. 

2 obolos =1 escrupulo. 

3 escrupulos . . . . = 1 dracma. 
8 dracmas =1 onza. 

1 = 1 libra . = 6912 granoa. 
= 3 commei-cial libra. 
= 345.06975 gramme. 
= 5325.24 U. S. troy grains. 

ARAGON — SARAGOSSA. 

Since 1856, the metric measures are legal and used for 
customs, but for trade the following measures are still 
used. 

Length. 

Vara = 0.772 meter = 0.92355 Castilian Tara = 30.3937 
U. S. inches. 

Field Measure. 

1 cuartel of 4 almudes = 400 Aragoniae square varas = 
2.3839 French ares = 0.05890 acre = 0.0370 Castilian 
fanega. 

Grain Measure. 



4 celemines or almudes 
3 cuartales .... 



8 fanegas 



= 1 cuartales. 

= 1 fanega. 

= 22.42 liters. 

= 0.404 Castilian fanega. 

= 0.6362 U. S. bushel. 

= 1 cahiz. 

= 6.0897 U. S. bushels. 



Wine Measure. 



(=9.91 liters. 
1 cantaro .... j = 2.65 U. S. gallons. 

( = 0.6143 Castilian cantaro. 
16 cantaras =1 nietro or carga. 

Distilled Spirits. 

I— 1 arroba . . . = 13.33 liters. 
= 3.522 U. S. gallons. 
= 0.82626 Castilian wine cantaro. 

Oil Measure. 

1 arroba of 1£ arrobeta or 36 libras = 13.93 liters = 
1.1088 Castilian oil arroba = 3.680 U. S. gallons. 

The Aragon oil arroba as weight = 36 Aragon libras = 
27.386 Castilian libras = 12.60 kilogrammes = 27.78. 

WEIGHTS. 
, Gold, Silver, and Medicinal. 
. . . = 1 marco. 



1£ marcos 

86 libras . 
4 arrobas 
3 quintals 



( = 1 libra (pound). 
J = 350 grammes. 
1 = 0.7710 U. S. lb. avoirdupois. 
[= 0.7607 Castilian libra. 

= 1 arroba. 

= 1 quintal = 144 libras. 
, = 1 carga. 



CATALONIA — BARCELONA. 

The new Spanish (or metric) standards are rapidly super, 
seding the old weights and measures. 

OLD CATALONIAN MEASURES. 



Length. 



4 cuartos = 1 palmo. 
8 palm os = 1 cana (ell) 



= 1.85868 Castilian varas. 

= 1.552 meter. 

= 1.6973 U. S. yard. 



Land Measure. 

3464 Castilian square varas = 1 cuartera. 

n . ., . , ( = 48 3 French ares. 

2 cuarteras = 1 majada {_ 1-19 u. s . acre . 

In Lerida, 6552 Castilian square-varas = 1 jornal (day's 
work) of 12 porcas. — In Tarragona, 3346 Castilian square- 
varas = 1 jornal. 

Grain Measure. 

4 picotins .....= 1 cortane or cuartan. 
12 cortanes or cuartans = 1 cuartera. 
4 cuarteras . . . . = 1 salma or tonelada. 
2\ cuarteras . . . = 1 carga. 
The cuartera = 71 liters = 1.2956 Castilian fanega 
= 2.015 U. S. bushels. 

Wine and Distilled Spirits. 

The carga of 4 barilons = 120.56 liters = 33.04 U. S- 
gallons = 7.4710 Castilian cantaras. 
The tonnelada = 2 pipes, or 6 bariles, or 8 cargas. 
In some Catalonian markets spirits are sold by weight. 

Oil. 
4 cuartas = 1 cuart. 

4 cuarts = 1 cortan = 4.12 liters = 1.088 U. S. gallon. 
— As weight the cortan = from 9 to 9£ Catalonian libras. 
7£ cortanes . . . = 1 barralon. 
2 barralons . . . = 1 barral. 
2 barrals . . . . = 1 carga. 

Commercial Weight. 

576 granos =1 onza. 

8 onzas =1 marco. 

( = 0.87148 Castilian libra. 
1* marcos = 1 libra . . \ = 401.00 grammes. 

( = 0.8841 U. S. lb. avdp. 
The sack of cocoa contains 100, the sack of meal 200, and 
the box of sugar from 16 to 18 libras. 

NAVARRE — PAMPLONA. 

Besides the legal metric standard, the following weights 
and measures are in use : — 

Length. 

The vara = 0.785 meter = 0.939 Castilian vara = 30.S 
U. S. inches. 

Square Measure. 

1 robada = 1458 local square varas = 8.98 ares = 0.1395 
Castilian fanegada = 0.222 U- S. acre. 



590 



MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



Grain. 



1 robo = 16 almudas = Q.l 
liters = 0.7983 U. S. bushel. 



Castilian fanega = 28.13 



Liquids. 

1 cantaro = 16 pintas each of 4 cuartillos = 0.72956 
Castilian cantara rr 11.77 liters = 3.109 U. S. gallons. 

Oil. 

1 libra de aceite (oil pound) = 4 cuarterones = 41 litre 
= 0.816 Castilian libra rr 0.108 U. S. gallou. 

Weight. 

Divided like the Castilian. The libra (pound) = 372 
grammes = 0.8201 U. S. lb. avdp. = 0.8085 Castil. libra. 



VALENCIA — VALENCIA AND ALICANT. 

MEASURES. 

Length. 

1 vara (or ell) = 3 pies (feet) or 4 palmos = 0.906 meter 
= 1.0838 Castilian vara = 0.9008 U. S. yard. 

The pie of 4 palmos menores (small palmos) = 0.302 me- 
ter = 0.9008 U. S. foot. 

9 (large) palmos or 2} varas = 1 braza, or braza real. 

20 brazas = 1 cuerda. 

1 legua municipal = 7000 varas = 6342 meter = 3.9407 
U. S. miles. 

Land Measure. 

36450 local square varas, or 200 square brazas = 1 (field) 
fanega or fanegada. 

6 (field) fanegas or fanegadas = 1 cahizada. 

6 cahizadas =1 yagada = 2.992 hectares = 7.393 U. S. 
acres. 

The fanegada = 0.12903 Castilian field-fanega. 

Grain Measure. 

1 cahiz of 12 barchillas = 201 liters = 5.70 U. S. bushels 
= 3.6216 Castilian fanegas. 

In practice, they reckon 20 cahices of Valencia = 75 
cuarteras of Barcelona. 



Wine, and Spirits, and Vinegar. 

1 cantaro of 16 mitjetas = 10.77 liters = 0.66758 Castilian 
cantaro = 2.845 U. S. gallons. — 7 cantaros = 1 Indian bar- 
ril. — 42 cantaros = 1 pipe. 

Oil Measure. 
OU is sold by weight — by the light arroba of 30 libras. 
As volume, this arroba { = gjg u." 8 'gallons. 

WEIGHTS. 

Commercial Weight. 

12 onzas = 1 marco. 

H marco = 1 libreta (libra sutil, libra menor, or small 
pound) = 355 grammes = 0.78264 U. S. lb. avdp. = 0.771583 
Castiliau libra (pound). 

In practice 81 Valencia libras = 24 Castilian libras. 

The arroba and quintal differ according to the warife sold : 
but 4 arrobas always = 1 quintal. 

Commonly, the heavy arroba (arroba grossa) = 36 li- 
brctas ; the light arroba (arroba or arroba sutil) = 30 li- 
bretas : and the arroba of meal = 32 libretas. 



360 libretas, or 10 heavy arrobas ... rr 1 carga. 
The libra, for small fresh fish ... = 1^ libreta, 
The heavy libra, for leather, skins, and I -, , ,., „ 

salt fish ..'....!..'. J = 1* "breta. 
The libra for meat =3 libretas. 

Gold and Silver 

Are sold by the above-mentioned marco of 236f grammes 
= 1.02878 Castilian marco. rr In practice 31 Valencia*} 
marcos rr 32 Castilian marcos. 



Apothecaries' Weight. 



As in Madrid. 



BALEARIC ISLANDS. 
Belonging to Spain — Majorca, Minorca, 

IVICA (IviZA), AND FORMENTERA. 
MAJORCA — PALMA. 

Measures of Length. 

1 cana = 8 palmos = 32 cuartillos = 1.871 Castilian vara 
= 1.564 meter = 61.57 U. S. inches. 

1 cana destre Mallorquin (Majorea) rr 15.124 Castilian pies 
= 4.214 meter = 4.608 U. S. yards. 

1 legua (mile) = 8.282 Castilian varas. 

Field Measure. 

1 destre superficial = 25.411 Castilian square varas. 
1 cuarterada = 400 square destres = 1.10304 Castilian 
fanegada rr 71.0312 ares = 1.755 U. S. acre. 



Grain Measure. 



i almudesrr 70.34 liters r= 
U. S. bushel. 



1 cuartera rr 6 barcellas = 
1.2674 Castilian fanega = 1.9! 

Salt. 

In this province sold by — 

The modin = 1 mondino of Genoa rr 9.3248 hectoliters 
= 26.461 U. S. bushels. 
1£ modin = 1 last of salt. 

Liquid Measure. 

1 cuartin or cortin = 6^ cuartes or cuarteras rr 27 
cuartas = 20.28 liters = 5.357 U. S. gallons. 
1 cuarta rr 0.04835 Castilian cuartara rr 0.78 liter- 
1 carga rr 4 cuartines. 

Brandy and other distilled Spirits. 

By weight : — 

1 libra = 0.41 litre = 0.0254 Castilian cantara = 0.108 
U. S. gallon. 



Oil. 



4 cuartanes or cortanes = 16.58 liters = 1.319756 Castilian 
oil arroba = 4.380 U. S. gallons. 
1 odre rr 12 cuartanes = 3 mesuras. 
1 pipa = 108 cuartanes or 972 libras of Majorca. 

Weight. 

1 libra (or pound of Palma) of 12 onzas = 0.8846 Castilian 
libras rr 407 grammes = 6280.9 U. S. troy grains. 

25 libras =1 arroba. 

4 arrobas =1 quintal. 

MINORCA — MAHON. 

Measures of Length. 

The canna (ell) of Mahon (of 8 palmaseach of 4 cuartil- 
los) = 1.604 meter = 1.919 Castilian vara = 63.15 U. S. 
inches. 



MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



591 



Grain Measure. 

The cuartera of 6 barcellas, each of 6 almudes = 74.406 
liters = 1.3406 Castilian fanega = 2.111 U. S. bushels. 



Liquid Measure. 

The gerraor jarra (pitcher) of 2 cuarteras = 12.( 
= 0.7477 Castilian cantara = 3.187 IJ. S. gallons. 



Measures of Surface. 



Commercial Weighty 

The same as in Barcelona ; but in Minorca they also have 
• larger pound, the libra major which = 3 common libras. 

IVIQA (IVIZA) AND FORMENTERA. 

Weights and Measures the same as in Majorca. 

CANARY ISLANDS. 

(Principal Commercial City — SANTA CRUZ DE 
TENERIFFE). 

The weights and measures, originally the same as the 
Spanish -Castilian, have in progress of time in the Canary 
Islands deviated somewhat from these standards. 

Measures of Length.. 

1 vara of 3 pies (feet) = 0.842 meter = 33.15 U. S. inches 
= 1.00729 true Castilian vara. In practice 11 local 
varas = 10 U. S. yards. 

Measures of Surface. 

1600 brazas = 1 fanegado = 7511^- Castilian square-varas 
= 0.8150 Castilian field-fanega = 52.4829 French ares 
= 1.297 U. S. acre. 

Grain Measure. 

4 quartillos =1 almude. 

12 almudes =1 fanega. 

The fanega of Santa Cruz de Teneriffe = 62.66 liters 
= 1.129 Castilian fanega — 1.777 U. S. bushel. 

Wheat is sold by stricken measure : all other grains and 
salt by heaped. In practice 4£ striken fanegas (fanegas 
rayas) of Santa Cruz = 8 U. S. bushels — that is, 1 striken 
fanega = 1^ IT. S. bushel — also 1 heaped fanega = 2£ U. 
S. bushels = 88 liters. 

The fanega of Ciudad Real de las Palmas = 66 liters 
= 18f U. S. bushels. 

The fanega for customs = 4.975 liters = 1.412 U. S. 
bushel. 

Weight 

Is the Spanish-Castilian. — Some commodities are sold 
by the libra doble (double pound) of 32 onzas. 

CUBA. 

{Principal Commercial City — HAVANA.) 

Measures of Length. 

The measures of length here — as also in Mexico, Peru, 
Chili, Montevideo, Curacoa — are about 1^ per cent, greater 
than the Spanish-Castilian ; the divisions are the same as 
the Castilian. Accordingly — 

1 vara Cubana (of 3 pies) = 33111.3. inches = 0.8477 
meter. * 

In practice, 108 varas = 100 U. S. yards = 160 Hamburg 
ells ; and 81 varas = 100 Brabant ells. 
24 varas (ells) or 72 pies (feet) = 1 cordel. 



In Cuba, as also in the former Spanish-American Colo- 
nies, the Spanish-Castilian measures, based on the greater 
units of length, are used. 
1 cavalleria of 324 square cordeles (18 cordeles long and 
,,. _ 18 broad) = 186624 square varas = 204, land-fanegas = 
rs 13.41 hectares = 33.13 U. S. acres. 

Grain Measure. 

1 fanega = 2 fanegas of Cadiz = 110.66 liters = 3.110 
U. S. bushels. As weight, the fanega is taken = 200 old 
Spanish libras. 

Liquid Measure. 

Same as the Castilian ; but 1 cantara or arroba = about 
4.01 U. S. gallons. 

For wholesale in original packages, 12 arrobas (weight) 
= 1 bocoya. 

Weight. 

Same as the Castilian ; but in practice, 1 quintal (of 4 
arrobas or 100 libras) = 101£ U. S. lbs. avdp. = 46 kilo- 
grammes. (The same in Mexico ) 

Sugar is commonly sold by the English (or U. S.) hun- 
dredweight (of 112 pounds avoirdupois), free on board; 
stone-coal by the English (U. S.) ton. 

PHILIPPINE or MANILA ISLANDS. 

(Principal Commercial City— MANILA.) 

Weights and measures legally the same as the Spanish- 
Castilian ; but in use are, the U. S. yard, the U. S. wine 
gallon, and for weight the (originally Chinese) pico or pecul 
of 100 catties each of 16 taels. This pecul = b\ Spanish 
arrobas or 137^ Spanish libras = 63.2685 kilogrammes = 
139.48 U. S. lbs. avdp. 

The quintal for wax (the U. S. hundredweight of 112 
lbs. avdp.) = 110 Spanish libras. 

The tonnelada is the U. S. ton of 2240 TJ. S. lbs. avdp. 

For small weights they use the Mexican piaster of 0.9395 
Spanish onza, but which is considered = 1 Spanish onaa ; 
so that 16 piasters = 1 Spanish libra (pound). 



such piasters or onzas = 



r 



9 such piasters or onzas 

10 such piasters or onzas = 

11 such piasters or onzas = 
22 such piasters or onzas { = 



Rice and Grain. — 25 gantas 
U.S. cubic inches = 9828 liters : 

The caban of rice weighs from 

A caban of common cargo-rice 
to 128 Castilian libra (pounds). 

The corge (for manufactures) = 20 pieces 



1 marco. 

1 punto (gold and silver 
thread). 

1 gold-weight tael. 

1 silk tael. 

1 commercial-weight cat- 
ty. 

= caban or cavan = 5998 
= 1.7935 Castilian fanega. 
96 to 135 U. S. lbs. avdp. 
for China weighs from 12€ 



SWEDEN and NOEWAT. 

1. SWEDEN. 

( Chief Commercial City — STOCKHOLM.) 

Money. 

100 bre { = * ri^-d 3161 " riks-mynt (royal coin). 
( = S0.2756 U. S. gold. 

Since January 1, 1856, the riks-daler riks-mynt /cus- 
tomary abbreviation R dr. R mt.) is the legal unit of ac- 
count, and since January 1, 1858, it is also the standard 
of exchange. From 1845 to 1855 this unit was legally 



/ 



592 



MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



known simply as rikr.-daler, and from 1830 to 1845, as riks- 
daler riks-gald (royal-debt). Prior to 1830, it was paper- 
money, riks-daler riks-gald-sedlar (royal-debt-note?), cur- 
rent at one fourth of the value of the riks-daler silfver. 

The chief money in circulation in Sweden prior to 1858 
■was a state-paper-money known as banco-sedlar (bank- 
notes) or banco, being notes of the Royal Bank of Stock- 
holm. 

1 riks-daler silfver = 1^ riks-daler banco ~ 4 riks-daler 
riks-gdld, or (the existing standard) riks-daler riks-mynt 
— $1.1023 U. S. gold. 

Since the 1st of January, 1856, the riks-daler riks-mynt 
is divided into 100 ore ; prior to this date, the riks-daler of 
every kind was divided into 48 skillingar (shillings). By 
the law of 1845 the skilling was divided into 4 styfver ; 
prior to that time into 12 runstycken (round pieces). 

Coins. 
Gold, according to the law of 9th May, 1835: — 
Ducat of standard weight and fineness == $2.2601 
Double ducat of standard weight and I — $4 5002 
fineness ............ J ^ * 

Quadruple ducat of standard weight I __ ©9 0405 

and fineness )~ 

Ducat of the years 1838 and 1839, ac- 
cording to trials — average .... 



$2.2564 



Silver, according to the law of 3d February, 1855 : — 

Pieces of 0.1, }, i, 1, 2, and 4 riks-daler riks-mynt, of 10, 
25, 60, 100, 200, and 400 ore respectively. 

Copper, according to the law of 3d February, 1855: — 
Pieces of £, 1, 2, and 5 ore. 

Weights and Measures. 

By the law of 31st January, 1855, a new and decimal 
system of weights and measures was adopted, based on the 
standard units of the hitherto established system. The 
new system was to be compulsory from and after the 1st 
of January, 1863 — permissive until that date (a period of 
8 years). In this system the former Swedish nomenclature 
was preserved, so far as possible. For land measure and 
for the collection of taxes, the new square and grain meas- 
ures have been in force from January 1, 1859. 

MEASURES OF LENGTH. 



10 linie 
10 turn 

10 fot . 

10 stangei 
360 ref, 1 
36000 fot 



New System. 

■= 1 turn (inch) = 1.169 TJ. S. inch. 

— i f«t /f ft «n I = 0-9741 U. S. foot. 
_1 fot (foot) {_ 0.29690 meter. 
= 1 stang (rod) = 9.741 U. S. feet. 
= 1 ref (chain) = 9741 U. S. feet. 

— 1 ™;i t™iu\ S = 10-6884 kilometers. 

— 1 mi1 ( mlle > = 6.642 U. S. miles. 



The fot and mil under the new system are the same 
as under the old. 

Former System. 

12 verktum (working inches) = 1 fot. 

2 fot = 1 aln (ell). 

6 fot, or 3 alnar . . . . = 1 famn (fathom). 

SQUARE MEASURE. 

New. 

The new measures of surface are the squares of the new 
measures of length. 

100 square linie . = 1 square turn. 
100 square turn . = 1 square fot. 



100 square fot . 



100 square stanger- 



~ 1 square stang. 

= 1 square ref (quadratref), or 

square chain. 
= 8.81502 French ares. 
=± 0.2178 U. S. acre. 
_ = 5A former kappland. 



1000 cubic turn, or 
10 kannor . . 



Former. 

1000 square fot . . = 1 kannland. 
28 kannland, or { __ -1 c ,„ or ,„i„„j 
16 kappland'. . . J - 1 spannland. 

o „„„„i„„j „„ (= 1 geometrical tunnland. 
«J T™!^ ° r = 49 3641 French ares. 
66000 square fot . .{_ L24 05 U. S. acre. 

MEASURES OF VOLUME. 
New System : Dry and Liquid. 
Tho cubes of the new measures of length. 

1000 cubic linie . . = 1 cubic turn. 
= 1 cubic fot. 
= 26.17188 liters. 
= 0.74268 U. S. bushel. 
= 6.9139 U. S. gallons. 
=: 54 former kappar. 
= i former liquid am. 

The new kanna of 0.1 cubic fot is the same as the 
former. 

Former System. 

For Grain, Malt, Salt, Stone, Coal, and Lime 

If kannor (of liquid \ 
measure . . . j 
4 kappar ....== 1 fjerdingar. 
4 fjerdingar . . . — 1 spann. 

( = 1 tonna = 5.03 cubic tot 
2 spann . . . . \ = 146.5625 liters. 

( = 4.1592 U. S. bushels. 

Some commodities are sold by struck measure, others by 
heaped. The former measure is called lost mal( loose meas- 
ure), the latter fast mal (firm measure). — In trade, by 
tonna is understood a tonna fast-mal. 

A tonna fast-mal of wheat, rye, barley, oats, peas, or 
coal = 36 kappar ; of malt r= 38 kappar ; and of salt and 
burned lime = 34 kappar. * 

The grain tonna fast-mal of 36 kappar = 6.3 cubic fot 
rr 1.6488 hectoliter = 4.6785 U. S. bushels. 

The last of stone-coal holds 12 tonnar fast-mal or 432 
kappar. 

For Flour, Meal, Edible Roots, Salt-Meat, Fish (except 
fresh herrings), Fish Oil, Tar, Pitch, Rosin, Ochre, etc. 



1 kappa. 



kannor 



-11 



f — 1 tonna. 

4.8 cubic feet. 
125.625 liters. 
3.5646 U. S. bushels. 



For Tar and Pitch. 

The tonna is 1 stop or £ kanna less than the abore. 

For Fresh Herring. 

80 kannor ....:= 1 tonna. 

For Charcoal. 

12grain-tonna heaped measure (fast-mal), 1 __ j korb< 
or 766 kannor i 



MONEY, HEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



593 



For Wood for Fuel. 

The famn is 4 alnar (ells) high and 3 alnar broad ; and 
the length of the wood 1^ or 1^ alnar. 

For Liquids. 

4 jungfrur (young woman) = 1 quart. 
4 quarter =1 stop 



2 stop 

15 kannor .... 
4 ankare or 60 kannor 



I = 1 kanna = 0.1 cubic fot. 

\ = 2.617188 liters. 

/ = 0.69139 U. S. gallon. 

=: 1 ankare. 

— 1 am or fot. 

= 157.0313 liters. 

= 41.483 U. S. gallons. 

= 1 foder. 



WEIGHTS. 



New System. 



100 korn (grains) 



= 1 ort. 

'= 1 pund. 

j = 0.42501 kilogramme. 
100 ort . . . .\ = 65588 U. S. grains troy. 

I = 0.93697 U. S. lb. avdp. 

1= 1.1387 U.S. lb. troy. 
100 pund . . . = 1 centner. 

!= 1 nvlast. 
= 4.183 U. S. long tons of 2240 lbs. 
avdp. each. 
The pund is the former skalpund (balance-pound) of the 
Swedish victualie-vigt (produce-weight); and is equal to 
-g y 1 rt 3 of the weight of a cubic foot of distilled water at 
the temperature of 50 degrees centigrade or 59|- Fahrenheit. 

Medicinal Weight, 

(Only for prescriptions), remains for the present un- 
changed. 

• FORMER SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS. 
I. Produce Weight ( Victualie-vigt). 

For commerce generally, and likewise for gold, silver, and 
coins. 

The skalpund or mark (victualie-vigt) of 32 lod,each of 4 
qvintin. or 8848 Swedish ass = 425.010 grammes = 6558.8 
U. S. grains troy = 0.93697 U. S. lb. avoirdupois. 

The skeppund = 20 lispund, each of 20 skalpund, or 400 
skalpund. 

The centner = 100 skalpund, but for wool 120. 

II. Coarse-Metal Weight. 

1. Stapelstads vigt (staple or market-town weight) : — 
1 mark . . . . = 4 skalpund victualie-vigt. 

1 skeppund . . . = 320 skalpund victualie-vigt. 

1 skepplast . . . — 18 skeppund. 

2. Uppstads-vigt (provincial-town weight) : — 

1 mark . . . . = 0.842 skalpund victualie-vigt. 
1 skeppund . . = 421 marks stapelstadj vigt. 

3. Bergs-vigt (miner's- weight) : — 

1 mark . . . — 0.884 skalpund victualie-vigt. 
1 skeppund . . = 442 marks staple-stads-vigt. 

4. Tackjerns-vigl (iron-ore weight): — 

1 mark . . . — 0.8955 skalpund victualie-vigt. 
1 skeppund . . = 520 marks bergs-vigt. 

5. Rakoppars-vigt (copper-ore weight). 

lmark = 7853 Swedish ass = 0.887545 skalpund 
victualie-vigt. 



nr. Medicinal Weight. 

Divided as in Germany : — 

[ = 7416 Swedish ass. 

T l b , :hr „ „„ .l.a]„...»sj = 0.887545 skalpund victualie-vigt 
The libra or skalpund A _ 0-954407 0< £ lb . troy . 

[=356.2245 grammes. 

2. NORWAY. 

( Chief Commercial Cities — CHRISTIANIA AlfD 
DRAMMEN.) 



24 skillinger 



Money. 

= 1 ort or mark. 



r. ™.<- ~> tx\ <,nn;„,~«. f = 1 specie or specie-daler (spd). 
5 ort or 120 skilhnger j _ gj^ LT £ gold 

The standard is silver, and 9} specie-daler may be coined 
from the Cologne mark of fine silver. 



Copper : £, 1, and 2 skilling pieces. 

Silver : 4, 12, 24, 60, and 120 skilling-pieces, or ^, -^p 

l, ^, and 1 specie-daler pieces. 
No gold coined. 

"Weights and. Measures. 

The weights and measures are those of the system for- 
merly in force in Denmark. The late modifications 
adopted by Denmark have not been followed by Norway. 



MEASURES OF LENGTH. 

12 linier . . = 1 tomme or torn (inch). 

(= 1 fod (foot). 
12 tommer . \ = 0.31376 meter. 

= 12.353 TJ. S. inches. 



2 fodder (feet) : 

3 alen 
5 alen 

18000 alen, or 
36000 fodder 
15000 alen, or 
30000 fodder 



1 aln (ell), the unit of the system. 
1 favn (fathom). 
1 rode (perch). 

1 miil (mile). 

1 grenmlil (boundary mile). 



GRAIN MEASURE. 

The tonde of 4 fierding (fourths) each of 2 skiepper, each 
of 4 fierdingkar, each of 2 ottingkar = 144 potter (of 
liquid measure) = 139 liters = 4£ cubic fodder (feet) = 
3.94 U. S. bushels. 

LIQUID MEASURE. 

f = 1 pot, or potte = ^j of a cubic fod (foot). 
4 noeo-el i = 54 cubic tommer (inches). 
^* I = 0.2550 U. S gallon. 
I = 0.96529 liter. 

2 potter . = 1 kande . . . = 0.5100 U. S. gallon. 
40 potter . = 1 anker . . . = 10.200 U. S. gallons. ] 

4 anker . = 1 am . . . . = 40.800 U. S. gallon*. 

3 anker . =1 { *£?«& \ = 30.600 U. S. gallons. 
2 fisk-td'nde= 1 oxhoved . . = 61.200 U. S. gallon*. 

WEIGHTS. 

16 gran (grains) . . . =les. 

16 es = 1 ort. 

4 ort =1 qvintin. 

4 qvintin =1 iod. 

161od = lmark. 



594 



MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



2 mark 



12 pund 



= 1 pund. 

= 498.110 grammes. 
=r 7686.9 U. S. grains troy. 
= 1.08813 U.S. lb. avdp. 
= 1 bismerpund (steelyard 
pund). 

16 pund =1 lispund (stone). 

36 pund or 3 bismerpund = 1 vo£. 
320 pund or 20 lispund . = 1 skippund. 

The pund of commerce is the weight in vacuo of Jg- of a 
Norwegian cubic foot (fod) of distilled water, at 4° centi- 
grade or 39-t Fahrenheit. 

Apothecaries' 1 Weight. 

The pund of 12 unzer, each of 8 drachmes, each of 3 
scrupels, each of 20 gran = 357.85 grammes = 5522.5 U. 
S. grains troy. The law of the 12th of May, 1866, pre- 
scribes the adoption in medical regulations of the French 
metrical decimal. 

SWITZERLAND. 

(Principal Commercial Cities — GENEVA, BERNE, AND 
Zurich.) 

Money. 

100 rappen or centimes = 1 franc = $0,193 U. S. gold. 

Geneva adopted the French silver standard for money in 
1839, and the same standard was in full force throughout 
Switzerland from the 1st September, 1852, until the quadri- 
partite monetary convention of the 23d of December, 
1865. 

Since the commencement of the year 1866, in accord- 
ance with the terms of this convention, the entire double 
standard system of the French has been legally in force. 

Switzerland has not yet established a gold coinage of 
her own, but, by virtue of the Monetary ■ Invention of 
1865, the gold coins of France, Belgium, and Italy are in 
general circulation at their full standard values. 

Prior to the introduction, in 1850-52, of the French 
silver standard, the old Swiss francs (schweizer franken, or 
livres de Suisse) of 100 rappen each (or 10 batzen each of 
10 rappen), had been the chief money of circulation and 
account in Switzerland. 

147.00 of the French silver francs were equivalent in in- 
trinsic value to 100 of the old Swiss franc or livre. By the 
monetary law of the 13th of December. 1850, the latter 
were made redeemable in the former, at the rate of 145.97 
of the new for 100 of the old. 

Weights and Measures. 

Since the 31st of December. 1856, and in accordance with 
the law of the 23d of March, 1851, the following system of 
weights and measures is in force in all the Cantons of 
Switzerland, superseding the former multiplicity of systems. 

MEASURES OF LENGTH. 

New System. 

10 traits or striche . = 1 ligne or linie. 
10 lignes or Hnien . = 1 ponce or zoll. 
( = 1 pied or fuss. 
10 ponces or zoll . \ = 0.3 meter. 

( = 11.8112 U.S. inches. 
2 pieds or fuss . . = 1 brache, demi-aune, or elle. 
2 braches or ellen . = 1 aune or stab. 
6 pieds or fuss . . = 1 toise or klafter. 
10 pieds or fuss . . — 1 perche or ruthe. 

( = 1 lieue itineraire or wegstunde. 
16000 pieds or fuss . { = 4800 meters. 

( = 2.9826 U. S. miles. 
23.148148 lieue or wegstunden = 1 average degree of the 
earth's meridian. 



MEASURES OF SURFACE. 



40000 square pieds or fuss 



= 1 arpent or juchart 
= 36 French ares. 
= 0.8896 U. S. acre. 



10 'emines or immi 



GRAIN MEASURE. 
4 vierling (each of 4 masslein = 1 emine or immi. 

= 1 quateron (or boisseau) or viertej 

(or sester). 
= 1 sester of Baden. 
= £ cubic pied or fuss. 
= 15 liters. 

= 0.4257 U. S. bushel. 
The quarteron or viertel equals the volume of 30 livres or 
pfund of distilled water weighed in vacuo at 4° centi- 
grade (39°.2 Fahrenheit). 
10 quarterons (vierteln) = 1 sack or malter. 

LIQUID MEASURE. 

C — 1 pot or maass. 

| = 1 maass of Baden. 

4 schoppen ....<{ = Jg- cubic pied or fuss. 

= H liter. 

I = 0739626 U. S. wine gallon. 

25 pots or maass . . = 1 setier, brente or eimer. 

[ = 1 muid, saum, or ohnu 

| = 1 ohm of Baden. 

4 setiers or eimer . I = 1 £ Q io^ri a • 

L = 39.626 U. S. wine gallons- 



100 pots or maass 



100 livres or pfunds 



WEIGHTS. 

2 loth =1 once or unze. 

( = 1 livre or pfund. 

16 onces or unzen . . \ = i l f?%™™™% ,u A 
j = 1.10231 U. S. lb. avdp. 
{ = 7716.174 U. S. grains troy. 
= 1 quintal or centner.. 
For scientific purposes, and for the weighing of gold, 
silver, and coins, the livre or pund is divided into 500 
grammes. 

Medicinal Weight. 

The former medicinal livre or pfund is used solely for the 
prescription and sale of medicines. 

( = | of the new commercial livre or 

The new medicinal Q -, pfun(L 
livre or pfund . j = 3 'f f/ a ^ m f s - .. . . A 

r 1=1 Netherlands medicinal pond. 

(. = 5787.131 U. S. grains troy. 

Like the former medicinal livre or pfund, it is divided into 
12 onces or unzen, each of 8 drachmes or drachmen, each 
of 3 scrupules or scrupel, each of 20 grains or gran, or into 
5760 gran. 

TURKEY. 

( Chief Commercial Cities — CONSTANTINOPLE AND 
Smyrna.) 

Money. 

o „„_„_«, _ f 1 para, also called actshe, oi 

daspers . . . . _| (hi Egypt) fadda. 

120as a p r ers° r i • • • = 1 Turkish piaster (Pr.). 

100 piasters . . . = 1 medjidie, or lira Turca (2). 

In accounts, the piaster is sometimes divided into 100 
parts, also called aspers or minas. 

The Turkish piaster is called in Arabic, gersh (pl.grushy 
the silver piece of one piaster, bir-grush ; the ten-piaster 
piece, onlik ; and the five-piaster piece, beshlik. 



MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



595 



The value of the piaster of gold of the Turkish legal 
standard is $0.04393 U. S. gold. The value of the silver 
piaster, legal standard, assuming as hitherto the ratio of 
value of gold to silver, to be 15J to 1, is $0.04312. There- 
fore $1 U. S. gold = 22.76 legal Turkish piasters of gold 
coin == 23.19 Turkish silver piasters of the legal standard. 

The following are sometimes used : — 

A purse of silver (kis or keser) denotes 500 piasters. 

A purse of gold (kitze or chise) — only for awards or 
presents made by the Sultan himself — is reckoned as 
30,000 Turkish piasters. 

By a juk, juik, or jux, is commonly understood 100,000 
aspers, or 833} piasters ; although sometimes denoting the 
sum of 12 purses of silver, or 6000 piasters. 

Coins (since 1844 and 1845). 
In Gold. 

(1.) Jiislik (piece of 100) or lira Turca(-£); also called sarre- 
jiislik (yellow-piece of 100) to distinguish it from 
vejas-idslik (white -piece of 100, a silver coin of 100 
paras or 1\ piasters); also called medjidie = 100 
piasters =$4,393 U. S. gold. 

(2.) Ellilik (piece of 50) = 50 piasters = $2,196 U. S. gold. 

(3.) Jirmibechlik (piece of 25) = 25 piasters = $1,098 
U. S. gold. 

In Silver. 

(4.) Jirmilik (piece of 20) also called vejas-jirmilik (white 

piece of 20), also guimuh = 20 piasters = $0.8624 

U. S. gold. 
(5.) Onlik (piece of 10), also called re/as-onlik = 10 piasters 

= $00.4312. 
(6.) Beshiik (piece of 5), also called vp/as-beshlik = 5 

piasters = $0.2156. 
(7. ) Ikilik (piece of 2), = 2 piasters = $0.08624. 
(8.) Hirk-para(40-para), orbir-gersh(l-piaster)= $0.04312. 
(9.) Jirmilik (piece of 20): the same name as under No. 

(4), here denoting a 20-para piece, there a 20-piaster 

piece; also called jirmi-para (20 para); alsojarimlik 

(half-piece) = £ piaster = $0.02156. 

In Copper or Bronze. 

Pieces of 1 para, and 5, 10, 20, and 40 paras. The piece 
of 40 paras (1 piaster) is not received by the government, 
and by business men only at a discount of from 20 to 25 
per cent. 

These new coins were all called, by their originator, 
" medjidie ; " but this name is now given only to the gold 
piece of 100 piasters. 



PAPER MONEY. 

In European Turkey, paper money, called kaimeh 
(caimes), and consisting of notes of the " Ottoman Bank," 
an institution endowed by the government, is in general 
use. This paper-money was, in July, 1868, at a discount 
against silver of about 16 per cent. 



The chief seaport on the Levant, has the right to coin 
money. In November, 1852, it was here ordered that 
sales of merchandise should be concluded only in Turkish 
" beshiik'''' coius. Since 1850, bills of exchange are made 
payable only in beshiik coins, or in Imperial- Roy al-thalers, 
that is, in the convention -specie-thalers of Austria, accord- 
ing to the daily prices-current. Payment in beshliks 
(5-piaster pieces) is said to be in " good money," while if 
made in species-thaler according to the course of exchange, 
as well as in any other coins than beshiik, it is said to be 
in " inferior (abusive) money." 



Weights and Measures. 

MEASURES OF LENGTH. 
There are three ell-measures : — 

1. Pik (picco or draa) for foreign trade in general, and for 

domestic trade in woolen fabrics = 27 U. S. inches (or 
| yard) = 0.6858 meter. In practice, they reckon the 
pik = 1 Brabant ell. 

2. Endase (for other tissues) =s 25.7 U. S. inches = 0.6928 

meter. 

3. Halebi or arsheen = 29.8 U. S. inches = 0.7577 meter. 

The English or U. S. yard is also used for cotton 
goods. Many fabrics are also sold by the piece (as, 
for instance, American linen by the piece of 20 or 22 
yards). 

Itinerary. 

The agash or farsang (parasang) of 3 berri = 5000 meters 
= 3.107 U. S. mile. 

22^- agash = 1 average degree of the earth's meridian. 

84| Turkish sea-mile, or 25 Armenian farsang = 1 equa- 
torial degree. 

GRAIN MEASURE. 

The legal kil6 or killow { = ^^± busheL 

This kilo, known as the kilo of Constantinople, has been 
since the 17th of November, 1841, the legal unit for the 
measurement of grain, throughout the entire Turkish do- 
minions. 

The legal kilo of rye weighs from 21 to 22 oki. 

The legal kilo of wheat weighs 24 oki. 

The legal kilo of barley weighs 16 oki. 

The legal kilo of sesame weighs 17 oki. 

The legal kilo of flax and hemp seed weighs 20 oki. 

This standard kilo has the following relations to the 
different provincial units : — 

1 1 \ri\A /i^ii S = 1 kil ° of Smyrna (chief seaport of 
i 2 Kilo (legal) j the Levant) _ 

2 kilo (legal) = 1 kilo of Burgos. 

3| kilo (legal) = 1 kilo of Salonica. 

4 kilo (legal) = 1 kilo of Varna. 

6 kilo (legal) = 1 kilo of Rushchuk. 

8 kilo (legal) { ==1 S^ hUmla ' SiHstria ' aDd 

Some authorities givp 4 of these kilo = 1 kilo of Salonica. 
The kilo of Salonica (Macedonia) contains of wheat and 
maiip from 85 to 90 oki-weight. 

In Varna they also sell by the new kilo ; in Cavala 
(Macedonia) by the new kilo; in Serres (Macedonia) both 
by the new and by a kilo equal to 2 of the new kilo. 

In Albania grain is sold by the tagari of 20 oki-weight. 
Grain is also here sold by the Masse ; which — 

In Duresso =25 oki-weight. 

In Berat = 35 oki-weight. 

In Avlona =44 oki-weight. 

In Prevesa (Albania) they use the reaj of 3} new kil<5, 
reckoned = lj staja of Venice or Trieste. 

In Kustendil (Macedonia), the kutti of wheat contains 
by weight from 24 to 25 oki, and of oats from 17 to 18 oki 
weight. 

In Sofia (Bulgaria) the tchenac, which for wheat con- 
tains by weight from 14 to 18 oki (according to quality), 
and for maize an average of 15 oki = -I- of the kilo of 
Salonica. For oats, the banita of 20 oki is used. 

In Thessaly for grain they use the lugek of 20 oki- 
weight ; but flax-seed is sold by the oka of Constantinople 
or new oka. — In the Thessalian harbor of Volo, grain is 
also commonly sold by the new kilo. 



596 



MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



LIQUID MEASURE. 

Liquids are commonly sold by weight, and especially by 
the oka. In retail they use a measure corresponding to 
the weight oka. 

In Constantinople, rum and other distilled spirits are 
disposed of at wholesale by the old English (or U. S.) wine 
gallon. 

As a measure of volume the oka contains 1.2817 liter = 
0.3386 U. S. gallon. 

In Prevesa (in Albania), wine is sold by the Venetian 
barila ; in Smyrna rum is sold by the old English (or TL 
S.) wine gallon, reckoned to contain 2± oki. 

Oils. 

The alma, almud, or meter. . = { f fjf. S^llon. 

The alma will contain 8 oki-weight of oil or 12 oki 
weight of wine. The alma is also used for certain other 
liquids. 

At wholesale, in Albania (/. e. in Prevesa and Janina), oil 
is sold by the 1000 heavy Venetian pounds ; also by the 
Canada of 10 litre each of 2£ oki ; also in Prevesa, by the 
zaccale, reckoned to contain 6 heavy pounds of Venice ; 
and in Avlona, by the stajo or star of Gallipoli, reckoned to 
contain by weight 13£ oki. 

The zaccale above mentioned, is the old oil measure of 
the Ionian Island Santa Maura — ■Jj of the barile of 
Santa Maura, Corfu, and Paxo = 4 old English (or U. S.) 
wine gallon = 8.2445 liters. 

The stajo of Gallipoli (above mentioned) = -^ of the 
old Neapolitan salma = 16.157 liters = 14.731 kilo- 
grammes of oil by weight or 32.475 U. S. lbs. avoirdupois. 

In Macedonia they sometimes also use the barile, which 
commonly passes for 50 oki by weight. 



WEIGHTS. 



64 grains 



400 drachmas 



44 oki, or 
100 rottoli 



= 1 drachma or dram. 

1 oka, or occa. 
= 1280.9 grammes. 
= 2.8239 U. S. lbs. avoirdupois. 
= 4 cheki of gold and silver weight. 
( = 1 can tar or kintal. 
\ — 56.860 kilogrammes. 
( = 124.25 U. S. lbs. avoirdupois. 
For cotton and cotton yarn the cantar is reckoned = 45 
oki. 
The metrical (for costly wares) = H drachmas-. 
There are many different cheki, pertaining to different 
kinds of merchandise. 

( = 250 drachmas. 
The cheki, for opium . . { = 2^ gold cheki. 

( = 1.765 U. S. lb. avdp. 
( = 800 drachmas. 
The cheki, for camels'-hair \ = 2 oki, or 8 gold cheki. 
( = 5.6478 U. S. lbs. avdp. 

The teffe of silk from (= % 1^™,* ,h P ki 
- t <— li oki, or 6 gold cheki. 

J,rusa ' etc ( = 1.059 U. S. lb. avdp. 

Silk is also sold by the oka. 

The batman (or maund) for Persian silk . == 6 oki. 

136 batman = 1 tonne. 

Leeches 

Are sold by the mastello (or Venetian barile of liquid 
measure) taken as containing by weight 3 oki 

Gold, Silver, and Precious Stones. 



*- quarts 
4 grains 



= 1 grain,. 

ss 1 kara (carat) or killo. 



4 kara =1 denke. 

4 denke .... . = 1 drachma, derhem, or dram 

f = 1 cheki, or gold-cheki. 
100 drachmas or J = 320.2 grammes. 

derhem* . . . 1 =4941.8 U. S. grains troy. 
[ = \ of the commercial oka, 

BKAZIL. 

(Principal Commercial City — Rio DE JANEIRO.) 

Money. 

an , A ( 10,000 reis (lOmilreis) =$5.4565 

woia { 5000reis(5milreis) = 2.7282 

f 2000 reis (2 milreis) = 1.0086 

«i««J 1000 reis (1 miheis) = 0.5043 

SUver i 500 reis . . . . = 02521 

{ 200 reis . . . . = 0.1009 

1,000,000 reis, or 1000 milreis I _ ^ nnntn 

(written 1:000$000) J ~ l ° 

I =$0.5456 
1 milreis, specie standard { = 26.91 pence sterling. 
(= 2.83 francs. 

OLDER COIN. 

Moeda d' ouro, or gold piece of 16,000 reis, from 

1838 to 1846 =$8.97 

Meias dobra of 6,400 reis, from 1822 to 1831, . = 8.74 
Meias dobra of 6,400 reis, from 1833 to 1838, . = 8.72 
Moeda d'ouro of 4,000 reis, of 1823 . . . . = 4.88 
Joao of 6,400 reis, of 1823 = 8.69 

Old Issue of the former Portuguese-Brazilian Standard 
of Coin. 

Dobra of 12,800 reis = $17.47 

Meia dobra, or Johannes (Joao) of 6400 reis = 8.73 

Moeda d'ouro of 4000 reis = 4.91 

A compulsory paper currency is in circulation, of varia- 
ble value. It is now (1868) depreciated about 33 per cent, 
below the specie standard. Gold is no longer coined. 

"Weights and Measures. 

The use of the Weights and Measures of the Metric System 
has been rendered obligatory by a law which will be put in 
executionfrom the first of January, 1873. The old system is 
still in force, and is essentially the same as that of Portugal. 

The following as to Brazil may be specially noted. 

MEASURES OF LENGTH. 

10 pontos (points) = 1 linha (line). 
For products of manufacture there are used the covado 
avantejado (good measure), and the vara (or 1.1 rneter)of 
Portugal ; as also the U. S. yard, the French meter, and 
the Parisian ell. 

Practically, they reckon — 
100 Parisian ells = 128 yards = 106 varas = 172 covados = 
53 bra^a. 

Or 8 covados = 5 varas = 6 yards- 
Or 20 yards =27 covados. 
For the purposes of revenue, they reckon — 
100 ells = 106 varas; or, 110 meters =100 varas; or, 40 
yards = 83| varas. 

GRAIN (AND SALT) MEASURE. 

4 alqueires = 1 fanga = about 4^ U. S. bushels. 
15 fangas = 1 moio = about 67£ U. S. bushels. 

Thealqueire of Rio de Janeiro { ^ [i u 'g^usheT. 

In practice, 1 alqueire of Rio de Janeiro is reckoned 
equal to 3 alqueires of Lisbon. 



MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



597 



LIQUID MEASURE. 

A -,u i a- a f = 0.733 U. S. gallon. 

4 quartilhos = 1 medida j _ 2 7.9 liters. 

132 D. S. gallons. 
500 liters. 



180 medidas := 1 pipa 



WEIGHTS. 
Commercial. 
Igrao (grain). 
24 groes = 1 scrupule. 

3 scrupulos = 1 outava. 
8 outavas == 1 009a. 

4 one as = quarto. 

c=l arratel (or pound) = 9216 grSes. 
4 quartos < = 459 grammes. 

( = 70.83 U. S. troy grains = 1.0192 U.S.pound. 
32 arratels == 1 arroba. 
4 arrobas = 1 quintal. 
54 arrobas = 1 tonelada. 

Mineral coal is sold by tbe tonelada of 70 arrobas (equiv- 
alent nearly to the United States ton of 2240 pounds avoir- 
dupois). 

Medicinal. 
The medicinal arratel = f of the commercial arratel. 

Precious Stones. 

Diamonds, emeralds, rubies, sapphires, and pearls are 

sold by the quilate (carat) ; topazes, by the outava. 

1 onqa = 8 outavas = 24 scrupulos =72 quilates = 328 groes 

f = I commercial arratel. 

Rrncas-1 maroo J =3541* U.S. troy grains. 
8 oncas_l marco A _ 61489 rj. g> troy poimd> 

( r=229* grammes. 



MEXICO. 

{Chief Commercial Cities — MEXICO, VERA CRUZ, and 
Tampico.) 

Money. 

According to a decree of the 27th of November, 1867, the 
weight, diameter, and fineness of the coins was fixed ac- 
cording to a metrico-decimal system, the intrinsic value of 
the former legal standards not being appreciably changed. 

The monetary unit of the Mexican Republic is as here- 
tofore the silver dollar, peso, or piaster. 

*» «* {=•!:$"" , ~- 

On the assumption, as hitherto, that the value of gold is 
15§ times that of silver. 

The peso or dollar was formerly divided into 8 reales, 
each of 4 cuartillos or 12 granos. 

The new silver coins are pieces of 1 dollar, of 50 cents, 
of 25 cents, of 10 cents, and of 5 cents. The new gold 
coins are pieces of 20, 10, 5, and 2* pesos or dollars, and of 
1 peso or dollar. 



(or 10 dineros, 20 granos) of pure silver to 97-g- thousandths 
|or 1 dinero, 4 granos) of alloy. The legal fineness of the 
gold coins is 875 thousandths (or 21 quilates or carats) of 
pure gold to 125 thousandths (or 3 quilates or carats) of 
alloy. 

The weight of the silver peso or dollar is 27.073 grammes, 
and that of the other silver coins is in proportion ; the 
value of the peso or dollar in standard silver coins conse- 
quently being $1 056 in U. S. standard gold coins. 

The legal weight of the gold coin of 20 pesos or dollars is 
33841 grammes, and that of other gold coins is in propor- 
tion, the value of the sold coin of 20 pesos or dollars con- 
sequently being $19 680 U. S. gold. 

The diameter of the dollar of silver is fixed at 37 milli- 
meters, that of the piece of 5 cents at 14 millimeters. The 



diameters of the gold pieces of 20 dollars, 10 dollars, 5 dol- 
lars, and 2* dollars, are respectively 34, 27, 22, and 18 
millimeters. The diameter of the cent, if of copper, is 25 
millimeters, if of a special alloy, 18 millimeters. 

The terms "dineros," " quilates," and "granos," here- 
tofore used to designate the purity of the coins, are 
abolished, and the fineness is expressed in thousandths or 
tenths of thousandths. 

The fiueness of each piece of money, when of silver or 
gold, is to be clearly stamped upon it. 

Former Coins. 

Gold. — The ounce of gold (onza de oro) or doubloon 
(doublon) of 8 escudos (crowns) of gold or 16 pesos ; and 
its half, quarter, eighth, and sixteenth. The doubloon 
when of the legal standard = #15.74 U. S. gold ; accord- 
ing to trials at the U. S. mint at Philadelphia it = $15.53 
U. S. gold. 

Silver. — The silver coins are the peso or dollar, the £ 
peso, the | peso or peseta de columnas, the £ peso or real 
of Mexican plate, and the £ real. The peso when of 
standard weight and fineness = $1,056 U. S. gold (assum- 
ing the value of gold to be 15| times that of silver) ; and 
the other silver coins are in proportion. 

The average value of the peso or dollar from the year 
1843 to 1851, according to trials at the mint at Philadelphia, 
= $1.0488. 

Copper. — The coins of copper are the cuartillo (or | real) 
and the ochave or clavo (or £ real). 

By the decree of the 28th of November, 1867, the circu- 
lation of the above-mentioned " former coins " are pro- 
hibited from and after the 15th day of September, 1868- 



Weights and Measures. 

The weights and measures are the same as the Spanish- 
Castilian prior to the adoption of the metric system in 
1859, with the following modifications. 



MEASURES OF LENGTH. 

The vara is | of one per cent, greater than the true 
Spanish-Castilian vara, and = 0.83695 meter = 0.9153 U. 
S. yard. In practice 100 U. S. yards — 109j Mexican 
varas. The road measure is the Spanish legua juridica of 
3 millas or 5000 varas. 



FIELD MEASURE. 

50 square varas . 
5000 square varas . 



= 1 estajo or almud. 
= 1 morgen. 
= 35.025 French ares. 
= 0.8654 U. S. acre. 



The cnvalleria is 1104 varas long, and 552 varas broad, 
and = 609.408 square varas = 42.688 French hectares =: 
105.48 acres. 

The labor is 1000 varas long and as many broad, and = 
1000000 square varas = 70.0487 hectares. 

The silio (silio de Ganado-mavor) = 1 square league = 
25000000 square varas = 25 labores = 1751 22 hectares 
= 6.762 U. S. square miles. 

GRAIN MEASURE. 

3 almueres, or almuerzas, or almudes = 1 cuartilla. 

4 cuartillas = fanega. 

( — 1 carga. 

'••"• 1 = 18.900 U. S. bushels. 



12 fanegas 



The United States (or old Winchester) bushel is also 
used. 

Flour is sold by the baril of 196 pounds, net weight- 



598 



MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES. 



LIQUID MEASURE. 

Wine and spirits are sold in general by the baril(or cask) 
of 19 or 20 U. S. (or old wine) gallons. 
The fasco = 5 U. S. pints. 

Weight. 

Commercial weight the same as in Cuba. 
25 libras (pounds) . . . . = 1 arroba. 



( == 1 quintal. 
4 arrobas or 100 libras . ] = 46 kilogrammes. 
( = 101£ U. S. lbs. avdp. 

The tercio (for indigo and tobacco) = 150 libras. 
The carga for tobacco is commonly 300 libras ; for freight, 
from 300 to 425 libras. 

The monton of ore, in the vicinity of the city of Mexico 
= 3200 libras ; in Zacatecas, Fresnillo, etc., only 2000 
libras. 



TABLE 

SHOWING, IN TERMS OF THE STANDARD GOLD COINAGE OF THE UNITED STATES 

U), THE INTRINSIC VALUES OF THE PRINCIPAL GOLD AND SILVER COINS OF DIF- 
FERENT FOREIGN COUNTRIES DUE TO THEIR LEGAL WEIGHT AND FINENESS ; 

(2), THE INTRINSIC VALUES DUE TO THEIR ACTUAL AVERAGE AVEIGHT AND FINE- 
NESS AS ASCERTAINED BY TRIAL AT MINTS OF THE UNITED STATES AND OF 
OTHER COUNTRIES ; AND 

(3), THE RATES FIXED BY UNITED STATES LAW AT WHICH CERTAIN FOREIGN COINS 
OR CURRENCY SHALL BE RECEIVED IN PAYMENT OF CUSTOMS DUES. 



PREPARED FOR THE UNITED STATES TREASURY DEPARTMENT BY 

E. B. ELLIOTT. 



In reducing the value of silver coins to the gold standard 
of the United States, the value of gold has been considered 
to be 15$ times that of silver of the same weight and fine- 
ness — this rate being the average of those obtaining in the 
London market for the fourteen years, 1853-1866. 

The values of silver coins derived from trials at the U. 
S. mint, as here given, are less by about 1.220 per cent, 
than the corresponding values published in the Official 
Tables ; the latter values having been reduced to a gold 
basis on the assumption that the market price of gold is 
15.1875 times that of silver, instead of 15| times, as here 
employed. 

AUSTRIA. 

Gold. —New union crown (vereins -krone) . =$6.6462 

Half union crown = 3.3231 

Former 4 ducat piece (until 1865) . . . . = 9.1502 

Former ducat (until 1865) = 2.2871 

Former ducat by trial at U. S. mint . . . = 2.2828 

Hungarian or Kremnitz ducat . . . . rr 2.2946 
Former sovereign (sovrano) used in Lom- 

bardy and Venice = 6.7783 

The same, by trial at U. S. mint . . . . = 6.7525 
Former zecchino (sequin). See VENICE, 

ITALY. 

SILVER. — New union (or vereins) thaler = L} 
Austrian florin (containing JL- of a miinz- 
pfund of fine silver), since 1857 ....=: 0.7204 

New florin or gulden of 100 new kreutzen(and 
containing -£j of a miinz-pfund of fine 
silver) = about 57 of the old kreutzer, 
since 1857 — 0.4803 

Former conventions-florin or gulden = 60 
conventions kreutzer (and containing JU 
of a Cologne mark of fine silver) prior to 
1857 = 0.5054 

Former conventions florin, by U. S. law 22d 
May. 1846 = 0.4 C .50 

Former conventions or species thaler = 2 

Conventions-florin, prior to 1857 . . . rr 1.0109 

Levantine, or Maria-Theresia, or Regina 
thaler (date 1780), still coined with the 
old date for the Levant trade = 1.0109 

ALGIERS (belonging to France). See France. 



Former silver rial-boudjou, dated Hegira 
1230 (A. d. 1820) =$0.3617 

AZORES or WESTERN ISLANDS. See PORTUGAL. 

Milreis of these Islands, as fixed by U. S. law 

of March 3d, 1843, for U. S. customs . . = 0.835 

ARGENTINE CONFEDERATION. See SOUTH AMERICA. 

BADEN. 

For new coins, see Germany (South). 

Former Gold. — Ludwigd'or, legal . . = 3.4388 

Former Silver. — Doppelthaler = 3^ 
gulden (of the 24i gulden standard) prior 
to 1857, legal = 1.4409 

Former silver, 2 gulden piece (prior to 1857), 
legal = 0.8252 

Former silver, 1 gulden of the 24| gulden 
standard = 60 kreutzer (prior to 1857), 
legal = 0.4126 

Former silver, the same fixed by U. S. law of 
22d March, 1846 — 0.40 

BAVARIA. See GERMANY (South). 

Former Gold. — Ducat, legal = 2.2876 

Caroline, legal = 4.9920 

Max d'or, legal = 3.3414 

Former Silver. — Like Baden. 

Gulden (of the 24£ gulden standard), prior to 
1857, legal = 0.4117 

BELGIUM. See France. 

BRAZIL. 

GOLD.— 20 milreis, legal =10.9235 

Milreis, trial by U. S. mint = 10.9057 

Former Joao, legal = 8.7195 

Silver. — 2 milreis, legal = 1.0104 

Former, patacao (920 reis), legal . . . . = 1.0657 

BRUNSWICK. See Germany (North). 

Former Gold. —Pistole, of 5 gold thalers, 

legal = 3959? 

(599) 



600 



VALUE OF FOREIGN COINS. 



Former Silver.— Thaler (24 gute groschen) 

legal) 

Thaler by U. S. law of 22d May, 1846 . . 

BREMEN. See GERMANY (North). 

GOLD. — Bremen has no gold coinage of its 
own, but the unit of account still remains 
the gold thaler, of which there are 8 A- to 
the union crown, or 5 to the pistole, and 
which consequently 

SILVER. —Rixthaler, legal 

Rixthaler, by U. S. law of 1843 

Thaler (of 72 groten), legal 

Thaler, by U. S. law of 1843 

CENTRAL AMERICA. 

GOLD. — Onza, or doubloon, of 1833, trial by 
U. S. mint 

Pezo, or Jg onza (of 1825 to 1849) trial by 
U. S. mint 

2 escudo (^ onza), trial by U. S. mint . . 

4 reals, trial by U. S. mint 

Silver.— Pezo (1840-1842), ayerage trial by 

U. S. mint 

Pezo (of 1855), average trial by U. S. mint . 
Pezo, trial by U. S. mint 

CHILI. See South America. 

CHINA. See preceding table. 

COSTA RICA. 

GOLD. — a onza (of 1850), trial at U. S. mint 

DENMARK. 

Gold. — Pistole (Christiand'or, Fredericd'or), 

legal 

Double Fredericd'or, of 1827 to 1839, by 
trials at Berlin 

Silver. — Species thaler, or doppelt rigsdaler, 
legal 

Former double rigsbankdaler, since 1787, 
legal 

Former double rigsbankdaler, by U. S. law 
of May 22d, 1846 

Former rigsbankdaler (^ speciedaler), legal . 

Rigsbankdaler, U. S. Custom-house valu- 
ation 

ECUADOR. See South America. 
Gold. — 4 escudos, trial by C. S. mint . . 

Silver.— Peso, legal 

Piaster (8 rials) about 

EGYPT. 

Gold. — 100 piaster, legal 

50 piaster, legal 

20 piaster, legal 

Silver. — Piaster or gersh (plural, gurush), 

legal (= 20 para or fadda) 

Pieces of 5, 10, and 20 piasters in proportion. 

ENGLAND. 

GOLD. — Pound sterling (£), or Sovereign, 

legal "... 

Pound sterling, U. S. Custom-house valu- 
ation 

Silver. — Shilling, legal 



SO. 7254 
0.69 



0.7912 

0.7911 
0.7875 
0.7476 
0.71 



= 14.9658 

= 0.8295 

= 3.6875 

= 0.488 

= 1.0311 

= 1.0137 

= 0.9997 



= 7. 



= 3.9547 



1.0926 
1.0780 



1.05 
0.5463 



= 0.53 



7.5169 

1.8886 
0.69 



4.969 
2.495 
0.9976 

0.0495 



Crown (5 shilling), legal = $1.2705 

New shilling, trial by U. S. mint . . . . = 0.2268 
Average shilling, trial by U. S. mint . . . = 0.2214 

FRANCE. 

GOLD. — Piece of 100 francs, legal . . . . =. 19.2953 

Piece of 50 francs, legal rr 9.6476 

Piece of 20 francs, legal — : 3.8591 

(Pieces of 5 and 10 francs in proportion.) 

Piece of 20 francs, new, trial by U. S. mint — 3.8560 

Piece of 20 francs, average, trial by U. S. 

mint = 3.8469 

Former Louis d'or (1810 to 1840), by trial . = 3 8258 

Former Louis d'or (1785), legal — 4.6603 

Silver. — Piece of 5 francs, legal . . . . = 0.9726 

Piece of 1 franc, prior to 1865, legal . . • = 0.1945 
Piece of 1 franc, prior to 1865, by U. S. law 

of 22d May, 1846 = 0.1869 

Piece of 1 franc, since 1865 , subsidiary coin , 

legal . . = 0.1805 

Former livre tournois, received by U. S. Cus- 
tom-house at = 0.185 

FRANKFORT ON THE MAIN. 
(Formerly a free city, since 1866 belonging to Prussia.) 

Gold. — Union crown and half crown (see 
Germany ) 
Former ducat, legal 

Silver. — Vereins doppelthaler = 3£ South 
German gulden (52] gulden to 1 thung- 
pfund of fine silver), legal 

Vereinsthaler (If gulden) 

Gulden of South Germany, 52^ to 1 miinz- 
pfund of fine silver, Convention of 1857 
(not yet coined), legal 

Former gulden i24£ to Cologne mark of fine 
silver, Convention of 1837). legal . . . 

The same, by U. S. law of 22d May, 1846 . 

GERMANY. 

GOLD. — Union crown (vereins krone), -^ 
fine, and containing 10 grammes of pure 

gold 

Union half crown 

Silver. — Union (or vereins) thaler (of the 
30-thaler fuss, or standard 30 thalers 
being coined from the munzpfund of 500 

grammes of fine silver 

Union double-thaler = 3 Anstrian florins or 
gulden = 3J South German gulden or 
florins 



= 2.28. 



14409 
0.7205 



= 0.4117 



4126 
0.40 



6.6462 
3.3231 



= 0.7204 



= 1.4409 



= 4. 



4.84 
0.2261 



NORTH GERMAN UNION. (Principal State, PRUSSIA. ) 
Gold. — Union crown and half crown. (See 
Germany. ) 

Silver. — Union (or vereins) thaler, of 30 

silver groschen = 0.7204 

Prior to the year 1857, the thaler of the 
greater part of the States now constituting 
the North German Union, was of the 14- 
thaler standard, 14 being coined from the 
Cologne mark of fine silver =z 0.7220 

South Germany. (Bavaria, Baden, etc.) 

GOLD. — Union crown and half-crown. (See 
Germany.) 

Silver. — Union (or vereins) double thaler 

= 3| South German gulden, legal . . . = 1.4409 

Union"(or vereins) thaler = If South Ger- 
man gulden .... = 0.7205 

Gulden or florin of South Germany of 60 



VALUE OF FOREIGN COINS. 



601 



kreutzer, 52} to 1 miinzpfund of fine sil- 
ver, Convention of 1857. This gulden is 
the unit of account, but is not yet coined, 

legal = 80.4117 

Former gulden of South Germany (24} to 
the Cologne mark of fine silver, prior to 
1857), legal = 0.4126 

GREECE. 

French system of weights and measures with Greek nomen- 
clature. 

GOLD. —20 drachma or gold drachm* (very 

rare), legal = 3 4554 

20 drachma, trial by U. S. mint . . . . = 3.4419 

SILVER. —1 drachme, legal = 0.1761 

5 drachma, legal = 0.8808 

1 phoenix, legal = 0.1742 

GUATEMALA. See Central America. 
GUIANA. 

British, French, and the Netherlands' currency. 

The silver guilder (of 1809) of the Nether- 
lands prevailing, legal = 0.2708 



= 2.2715 
= 0.2972 



HAMBURG (North Germany). 

GOLD. — Ducat, legal 

Silver. — Marco courant, legal 

Marco courant, U. S. Custom-house valu- 
ation = 0.28 

Marco banco (unit of account not coined) . = 03542 
ByU. S. law of 3d March, 1S43 =0.35 

HANOVER. Now part of Prussia. (See GERMANY.) 

Former Gold. —Louis d"or or Wilhelm d'or, 

or pistole, legal = 3 9593 

Former Silver. — (Before 1854.) Zwei 

thaler (double thaler piece), legal . . . = 1.4409 
Courant thaler (= 24 gute groschen, 1834), 
legal = 0.722 

HESSE DARMSTADT (South Germany). 

Former Gold. —10-gulden piece, legal . . = 4.0371 
Karolin = 4.9920 

Former Silver. —As in Baden. 
2-gulden piece of 24 -J- gulden standard (prior 
to 1857), legal = 0.8225 



HESSE CASSEL. 



Now part of Prussia, 
'or 



FORMER Gold. — Pistole, or Wilhelm 

= 5 thaler, legal = 

New pistole, or Friedrich Wilhelm d*or, legal = 

Former Silver. — As in Hesse Darmstadt. 
INDIA, EAST. 



3.9822 
4.009 



7.1059 



ITALY. 

French monetary system adopted 1865. 

GOLD. — New 20 lire (francs), legal . . . . = 

New 20 lire, trial by U. S. mint = 

Silver. — Lira, by U. S. law of 1846 . . . 

FORMER Gold. — More or less met with, in 
circulation, especially on the Mediterra- 
nean sea-coasts and in the Levant. 

In Genoa. — Zecchino (or sequin) for Levan- 
tine trade, legal 

Dopia or Genovine (old), legal 

Dopia or Genovine (new), legal 

In Lombardy ; Venice, Milan, and Mantua. 

Sovrano, legal 

Sovrano, trial by foreign mint 

Zecchino (sequin), trial by French niiut . . 

In Modena. — 20 lire (20 francs), legal . . . 

Oncette = 3 ducati 



= S3.8591 
= 3.8428 

= 0.186 



2.2906 
23.5913 
14.9082 



6.778 

6.7102 

2.2704 

3.8591 



In Naples and Sicily. ■ 

di regno, legal 

1 oncie (and multiples for Sicily), legal . . 
1 oncie, by U. S. law of 22d May, 1846 . . 

In Parma. — 20 lire 

1 pistole (also pieces of 2, 4, and 8 pistoles, 

in proportion), legal 

1 ducato or zecchino 



In Sardi>iia. — Doppie — 20 lire nuove 
Carlini (Piedmont, 1786) .... 
Carlini (Sardinia, 1773) .... 



Former Silver. —In Genoa. — Livre (U. 
S. Custom-house valuation) 

Lombardy and Mantua. — Scudo nuove, legal 

Scudo Cisalpine, legal 

Filippi (Milan, 1786i = 7} lire correnti = 

22-} lire de Mantua, legal 

Croisat, or scudo della croce (of the Venetian 

Republic), legal 

Lira, by U. S. law of 22d May, 1846 . . . 



= 2.5067 

= 2.5599 

= 2.40 

= 3.8591 

= 4.2676 

= 2.2691 

= 3.8591 

= 27.45-42 

= 9.4856 



= 0.21 



1.0109 
0.8971 



1.1408 



1.28c 
0.16 



Lucca. — 5 lire nuove Lucchesi (of 1840), legal = 0.7221 

0.8055 



Modena. — Scudo (Modenese) = 15 lire Mo- 
denesi, legal 



Naples and Sicily. — Ducato del regno = 10 

Carlini (1818), legal = 0.8265 

Ducato del regno, by U. S. law of 22d Mav, 
1846 =0.80 

Scudo or piaster = 12 carlini (since 1818), 
legal = 0.992 

Scudo or piaster, trial bv U. S. mint . . . = 0.9437 

Scudo = 12 Sicilian tari (Sicily, 1785), legal = 0.9833 

Parma.— Ducato (till 1815), legal . . . . = 0.9933 

Sardinia. — Scudo = 6 lire Piedmontese (until 

1800). legal 

Scudo = 2} lire of Sardinia (scutcheon dol- 
lar, 1773), legal 



GOLD.— Mohur (law of 1835), legal . . . 

Mohur, of Madras, legal . — 7.0696 

Mohur, of Bombay, legal = 7.1061 

Mohur of Netherlands' Possession (gold 

rupee), legal = 7.8327 

Star-pagoda, of Madras, legal = 1.9102 

Moon-pagoda of Pondichery (French), legal = 1.6015 

Silver. — Companv rupee, legal .... =0.462171 JAPAN. 

S lLrch g °18 a dlf MadraS (bj ' U ' S * ^ ° f 2d = 184 I GOLD. -Kobang, new, average from 84.446 to 

Rupee of Company (by U. S. law of 3d i Silver. — Itakane (according to Siebold), . = 

March, 1843) = 0.445 j 



Tuscany. — Deni = 10 lire (until 1844), legal . 
Francescone = 64 lire = 4 fiorini = 10 paoli 

(prior to 1839), legal 

Tuscan livra, by law of 22d May, 1846 . . 
Fiorino or florin (until 1S50) = If lire, legal 



Itzabu 



1.3689 
0.9091 
1.6341 

1.0904 
16 
0.2728 

5.793 

2.928 
0.365 



602 



VALUE OF FOREIGN COINS. 



KRAKOW. 

Formerly a free city; since 1846 occupied by Austria. 
Still in use: silver zloty (florin), legal . . =$0.1146 

LUBECK. (North Germany.) 

Former Gold. — Species ducat, legal . . = 2 2710 

Former Silver. — Thaler = 2^ mark cour- 

ant, legal — 0.7220 

MALTA. 

Former coins (prior to 1800) : — 

Gold. — Doppia or pistole (= 10 scudi) trial 

by English mint = 4.6512 

SILVER. — Oncie = 2£ scudi = 30 tari . . . = 1.6955 
MAURITIUS ISLAND (formerly ISLE DE FRANCE). 

SILVER. — (Coined in London) dollar or Span- 
ish piaster, legal = 1.0451 

MEXICO. 

By law of 27th November, 1867, a system of decimal 
coinage was adopted. 



Gold. — Doubloon, legal 

Doubloon, trial by U. S. mint, average . . 
Doubloon, trial by U. S. mint, new . . . 

20 pesos 

20 pesos, trial by U. S. mint 

Silver. — Dollar, or peso (standard) . . . 
Dollar, new, trial by U. S. mint .... 
Dollar, average, trial by U. S. mint . . . 
Peso of Maximilian, trial by U. S. mint 

MOROCCO. 
GOLD. — Boutki or Ben doki, legal . . . . 
SILVER. — Rial or real (of 1776, very rare) . 

NETHERLANDS or HOLLAND. 
Gouden Willem (golden William), 



= 15.7471 

= • 15.5298 

= 15.6105 

= 19.680 

= 19.64 

= 1.0567 
= 1.0532 
= 1.0491 
= 1.0421 



1.9952 
1.0449 



Gold.— 

legal 

10 guilders, legal 

10 guilders, trial by U. S. mint 
Ducat 



Silver. — Rijksdaalder = 1\ guilders (1847) 

legal 

Guilder or florin, legal 

Guilder by U. S. law of 22d May, 1846 . 
Ryder (for colonial trade), legal . . . 



4.0257 
4.0145 
3.9757 
2.2834 



1.0212 

0.4084 

0.40 

1.3189 



NORWAY. 

Silver. — Species (rigs) daler =r 6 marks — 

120 shilling, legal = 1.0929 

The same, by law of U. S. 1846 = 1.06 

The same, trial by U. S. mint == 1.0930 

OLDENBURG. (North Germany.) 
Former Gold. — Pistole, legal = 3.9593 

PAPAL STATES. 

Adopted the French standard from January 1st, 1868 ; 
the monetary units of scudi and baiocchi being then 
changed to lire (francs) and centesimi. The French sub- 
sidiary silver coins not adopted. 

Former Gold. — 10 scudi = 10 scudi Ro- 

mani of 1853, legal = 10.470 

Zecchino (until 1835 of Rome and Bologna), 
legal = 2.2769 



Former Silver. — Scudo Romano = 100 

baiocchi (1835), legal — 81 0465 

Madonna scudo (of Bologna), legal . . . = 1.0445 

PERSIA. 

Gold. — Toman (also £ toman), legal . . . = 2.2437 

SILVER. — Sahibkiran or sabkran (of Moham- 
med Shah), legal == 0.2243 

(Of various value and weight under different 
rulers). 

PERU, 
lonetary system was adopted January 31, 



The French 
1863. 

Gold. —20 sols = 100 francs, legal . 
20 sols, trial by U. S. mint .... 
Old doubloon, trial by U. S. mint . . 

Silver. — 1 sol, legal 

1 sol, trial by U. S. mint 

Old peso or dollar, trial by U. S. mint 
Peso or dollar of 1858, trial by U. S. mint 



19.2953 

19.218 

15.5567 

09726 
0.9724 
1.0497 

0.9389 



POLAND. 
(Divided between Austria, Russia, and Prussia.) 



Former Gold. — Ducat = 25 zloty, legal . = 

Former Silver. — Zloty (pieces of 10, 5, 

and 2 zloty, or gulden), legal = 



PORTUGAL. 

Gold. — Coroa (crown = 10,000 reis), legal . 
Coroa, trial by U. S. mint 

Silver. —Milreis, legal 

Milreis, by U. S. law of 3d March, 1843 . . 
Milreis (of Azores), by U. S. law of 3d March, 

1843 

Milreis (of Madeira), by U. S. law of 3d 

March, 1843 

The bulk of currency is in British sovereigns 

legalized at the rate of 4L00 reis .... 

PRUSSIA. (North Germany.) 

Gold. — New crown (vereinskrone), legal . . 

Former Friedrich d ; or = 5 thalers, legal . . 

Former ducat, legal . 

Silver. — Thaler (before 1857), trial by U. S. 
mint 

Thaler, by U. S. law of 22d May, 1846 . . 

New thaler, trial by U. S. mint 

New thaler, legal 



Gold. — 
mint 

Silver. 



2.9887 
0.116 

5.8257 
5.8066 

1.0815 
1.12 

0.835 

1.00 

4.8666 



= 6.64615 

= 4.0096 

= 2.0048 

= 0.7214 

= 0.69 

= 0.7214 

= 0.7204 



ROME. 

New piece of 2£ scudi, trial by U. S. 

— New scudo, trial bj r U. S. mint 
RUSSIA. 

Gold. — Half imperial, of 5 roubles, legal . 
Half imperial, trial by U. S. mint .... 

SILVER. —Rouble = 100 copecks (kopieyk), 
legal 

Rouble, by U. S. law of 22d May, 1846 . . 

(Rouble* before the year 1800 were usually of 
greater value). 

SAXONY. (North Germany.) 

Former Gold. — Double August d'or, legal 
August d'or, legal 



2.6047 
1.0455 



== 3.9764 



0.7779 
0.75 



= 8.017? 



VALUE OF FOREIGN COINS. 



603 



FORME R SILVER. — Species thaler = 24 gute 

groschen = 1 j thaler, legal = $1,091 

SOUTH AMERICA. 

Argentine Confederation. 

Gold. — Onza (1813 to 1832), trial by U. S. 

mint = 15.5146 

Onza (1828 to 1832) trial by U. S. mint . . = 14.6579 

Bolivia. 

Gold. — Onza or doubloon (1827 to 1836), legal = 15.6018 
Onza, trial by U. S. mint = 15.5924 

Silver. — Peso (dollar), trial by TJ. S. mint . = 0.7826 
Half peso, trial by U. S. mint = 0.3874 

Chili. 

Gold. — Condor, legal = 9.1225 

Venezuela. 
SILVER. — Pezo (mone da inacuquina), legal . r= 0.7836 

Chili. 
SILVER. — Pezo = 5 francs, legal = 0.9648 



SPAIN. 

Gold. — Doubloon of 10 escudos or crowns 

legal 

The same by trial at U. S. mint .... 

Doubloon of 4 escudos, legal 

Doubloon of 2 escudos, legal 

Doubloon de Isabel, legal 

Former quadruple (4 pistoles, onza de oro) 
legal 

Silver. — Duro, or peso, legal 

Escudo (10 reals), legal 

Peseta, legal 

Media, legal 

Real, legal 

Real de plata (Mexicana), legal 

Real de plata, by U. S. law of 2d March, 

1799 

Real de vellon, legal 

Real de vellon, by U. S. law of 2d March, 

1799 

SWEDEN. 



GOLD. — 1 ducat (also double and quadruple 

ducat), legal = 2.2605 

Ducat, trial by U. S. mint = 22564 

Silver. — 1 riksdaler ryks mint = 100 ore, 

legal = 0.2756 

1 riksdaler silfver, legal == 1.1023 

4 riksdaler ryks mint = 1 ryksdaler silfver. 

(Also coins of -jL-, ^, £, 1, 2, and 4 ryksdaler silfver). 

SWITZERLAND. 
Gold and silver as in France. 



= 5.1678 

= 4.9639 

= 2.0 38 

= 1.0019 

= 4.9861 

'= 16.1154 

= 1.0100 

= 0.504975 

= 0.2525 

= 0.1262 

= 0.0631 

= 0.1260 

= 0.10 

= 0.0614 

= 0.05 



1 franc z= 100 rappen, legal 

1 franc, by U. S. law 

TRIPOLIS. * 

Silver. — Gersh or gurush (pi.) = 100 para, 

legal 

Gersh (under Mahmud II. 1808), legal . . 

TUNIS. 

Gold. — New 25 piasters, trial by U. S. mint 
Mahbub (zecchino) from 81.2534 to . . . 

Silver. —5 piaster, trial by U. S. mint . . 
Piaster, trial by U. S. mint 



SO. 193 
0.186 



0.1046 
0.1865 



2.9954 
1.5003 

0.6185 
0.125 



TURKEY. 

Gold. — Piece of 100 piaster (juslik), legal . = 4.393 

Piaster, trial by U. S. mint = 4.3693 

Piece of 50 piaster in proportion. 

Silver. — Piaster (also in pieces of 2, 5, 10, 

and 20 piasters) = 100 aspers, legal . . =r 0.04325 

The same at custom-house valuation . . = 0.05 

20 piasters (gersh), trial by U. S. mint . . = 0.8609 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 

GOLD.— Dollar, legal tender in all amounts = 1.0000 
Pieces of 20 (double eagle), 10 (eagle), 5 (half 
eagle), 2£ and 3 dollar pieces in proportion. 

Silver. —Dollar, legal tender in all amounts = 1.000 

The legal tender paper money of the U. S. is 
explained in the previous table. 

The intrinsic value in U. S. gold, of the sil- 
ver dollar, assuming gold to be worth 15^ 
times silver, is 1.03988 

The half dollar, subsidiary and legal tender 
in payment of sums not exceeding So. 00 
in any one payment, has an intrinsic gold 
value of 0.4840 

Quarter dollar, dime, half dime, and 3 cent 
piece in proportion. 



UNITED STATES OF COLOMBIA. (New Granada.) 

Gold. — Condor =r 10 pesos, legal 
Condor, trial by U. S. mint . . 
Old doubloon (Bogota), legal . . 
Old doubloon (Popayan), legal . 



= 9.6476 
= 9.6751 
= 15.6106 
= 15.3775 

SILVER. —Pesos (25 grammes), legal . . . =0.9726 

Pesos, trial by U. S. mint = 0.9692 

(The condor and pesos are the same respectively as the 

French 50-franc gold and 5-franc silver piece). 

WiJRTEMBERG. (South Germany). 
Former Gold. —Frederic d'or = 11 gulden = 4.5410 
Former Silver. — 2 gulden piece of the 24£ 

gulden standard = 0.8253 



TABLES 

OF THE CHIEF COMMERCIAL WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 

OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES, 

REDUCED TO THE LEGAL STANDARDS OF THE UNITED STATES, BOTH COMMON AND METRIC. 



ABYSSINIA. 

Rottel (rotolo, or liter) of 12 -wakihs, each of 10 derimes = 

4800 (troy) grains = 311.03 grammes. 
Mocha of 12 derimes = 480 grains = 31.10 grammes. 
Pik (Turkish) = 27 inches = 0.686 meter. 
Ardeb (in Gondar) of 10 madegas = 0.125 hushel = 4.40 

liters. 
Ardeb (in Massuah) of 24 madegas = about 0.300 bushel 

= 10.57 liters. 

{ = 62 inches 
= 0.276 gallon 



Kuba 



. =1.016 liter. 



ARGENTINE CONFEDERATION. 



Quintal of 100 libra = 101.27 lbs. avoirdupois = 45.9367 

kilogrammes. 
Arroba of 25 libra = 25.32 lbs. avoirdupois = 11.4842 

kilogrammes. 
Libra = 1.0127 lb. avoirdupois = 459.367 grammes. 
Marco (for gold and silver) = 3544.4 grains = 229.684 

grammes. 
Vara of 3 pies = 0.9478 yard = 0.8667 meter. 
Pie = 0.9478 foot = 0.2889 meter. 
Lastre (last) of 2 tonneladas (tons) or 15 fanegas = 58.404 

bushels = 205.80 liters. 
Fanega = 3.8936 bushels = 137.20 liters. 
Frasco = 0.6274 gallon = 2.375 liters. 
Baril of 32 frascos = 20.0787 gallons = 76 liters. 

AUSTRIA. 

Pfund = 8642.209 grains = 560.012 grammes. 

Zoll-pfund (customs-pound) = 7716.174 grains = 500 



Munzpfund (coin-pound) = 7716-174 grains = 500 grammes. 

Centner = 123.4615 lbs. avdp. = 56.0012 kilogrammes. 

Saum = 275 lbs. avoirdupois = 154.003 kilogrammes. 

Metze = 1.7454 bushel = 61.5045 liters. 

Eimer of 40 maass = 14.95 eallon = 56.605 liter. 

Maass = 0.373 gallon = 1.415 liter. 

Fuss of 12 zoll = 1.08713 foot = 0.31611 meter. 

Elle (imperial) = 0.85217 yard = 0.77921 meter. 

AZORES or WESTERN ISLANDS. (See PORTUGAL.) 

Alqueire of 2 meios . = 0.334 bushel . = 11.95 liters. 
Fanga of 4 alqueires = 1.336 bushel . = 47.80 liters. 



BADEN. 

f = 1.0123 lb. avdp. 

\ = 1.3396 lb. troy. 
Fuss . . . . = 0.98428 foot . 
Elle . . . . = 0.65618 vard 
Zuber . . . . = 42 5732 bushels 
'604) 



Pfund . 



= 500 grammes. 

= 0.3 meter. 
= 6 decimeters. 
= 1500 liters. 



Malter . 
Fuder . 
Stiitze . 



4.25752 bushels 
39.6262 gallons 
3.9626 gallons 



= 150 liters 
= 1500 liters. 
= 15 liters. 



BAVARIA. 



Centner . . 
Pfund . . . 
Zoll-pfund and 
munzpfund 
Mark 
Fuss . 
Elle . 
Schaffel 
Maass 
Schenkeimer 



French system. 



= 123.459 lbs. avdp, 
= 1.23459 lb. avdp 

= 1.0123 lb. avdp. 

0.6268 lb. troy 
0.95757 foot . 
: O.iUlO yard . 
6.3103 bushels 
0.2824 gallon . 
16.944 gallon . 



= 56 kilogrammes. 
= 560 grammes. 

= 500 grammes. 

= 233950 grammes. 
= 0.291859 meter. 
= 0.833015 meter. 
= 222.357 liters. 
= 1.06903 liter. 
= 64.1416 liters. 



BELGIUM. 



BRAZIL. (Like PORTUGAL.) 

Metric system obligatory from 1st January, 1873. 
Tonelada (ton for shipping) = 2240 lbs. avdp. = 1016.1 

kilogrammes. 
Medida = 0.73306 gallon = 2.7748 liters. 
Arratel = 1.0192 lb. avoirdupois = 459 grammes. 



Pfund . 
Fuss . 
Elle . 
Scheffel , 
Stdbchen 



Pfund . 
Fuss . 
Elle . 
Wispel 
Stubchen 



BREMEN. 

1.99 lb. avdp. . 

0.9493 foot . . 

0.6329 yard . . 

2.103 bushels . 

0.85103 gallon . 

BRUNSWICK. 

1.029581b. avdp. 

0.93625 foot . . 

0.6242 yard . . 
35.3544 bushel . 
: 0.85103 gallon . 



198.5 grammes. 

0.28935 meter. 

0.5787 meter. 
74.10387 liters. 
33.21318 liters. 



: 467.11 grammes. 
: 0.28536 meter. 

0.5707*25 meters. 

1245.7904 liters. 

32.21318 liters. 



CANADA. (Like ENGLAND. 



Ell . 
Minot 



= 1.25 vard . . 
= 1.10749 bushel 



CHILI. 



Libra . . . = 1.01412 lb. avdp. 

Fanega . . = 2.838 bushels . 

Quartillo . . = 0.2906 gallon . 

Vara . . . =2.7493 feet . . 



= 1.14296 meter 
= 39025 liters. 



= 460 grammes. 
= 100 liters. 
= 1.1 liter. 
= 0.836 meter. 



COMMERCIAL WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 



605 



Peoul . = 

Catty . = 
Chih (custom- 
house) 



CHINA. 

( 133.333 lbs. avdp. 

[ 162.0363 lbs. troy 

1.3333 lb. avdp. . 

}= 14.1 inch . 

3.4716 bushels . 



\ — 60.4787 kilogrammes. 
= 604.7896 grammes. 
= 0.35813 meter. 
= 122.43 liter. 



COCHIN-CHINA. (Like China.) 

Tael . . = 590.75 grains troy . . = 88.28 grammes. 
Covid . . =0.4166 yard .... = 0.381 meter. 

CEYLON or SELAN. (English measure.) 



Candy . 
Amomam 



= 545 lbs. avdp. . = 247.2 kilogrammes. 
= 5.7757 bushels . = 203.52 liters. 



CURACAO. (Like NETHERLANDS.) 
Vara (yard) . . = 33. 375 inches • . ■=. 0.8477 meter. 



Pik . . = 

Medinno = 

Cass . = 

Kantar = 

Oka . . = 

Rotolo . = 



Pund . . 

Mark . . 
Fod . . . 
Alen . . 
Tbnde (ton) 
Pott . . 



CYPRUS. 

0.7347 yard . . = 

2.1312 bushels . = 

1.25 gallon . . = 

524.20 lb. avdp. = 

19570 grains ) _ 
2.7957 lbs. avdp. J 
lg oka. 

DENMARK. 

: 1.1025 lb. avdp. 
0.630404 lb. troy 
.1.01 foot . . . 
: 0.68648 vard . 
: 3.94783 bushels 
: 0.2552 gallon . 



0.6718 meter. 
75.097 liters. 
4.73 liters. 
237.77 kilogrammes. 

1.2681 kilogramme. 



= 500 grammes. 
= 235.2941 grammes. 
= 0.31385 meter. 
= 0.62771 meter. 
= 139.1213 liters. 
= 0.96612 liter. 



ECUADOR. (Like Spain.) 

EGYPT. 

Derhem (drachm) = 47.6512 grains troy rr 3.0884 grammes. 
Oka = 2.7285 lbs. avdp. = 1.23536 kilogramme. 
Rotolo = 0.9804173 lb. avdp. = 444.73 grammes. 
Government rotolo = 1.2256 lb. avdp. = 551.91 grammes. 
Pik (Istambuli) = 0.2654 inch = 0.677 meter. 
Ardeb (Alexandria) = 7.6907 bushels = 271.0 liters. 

ENGLAND. 

Pound avdp. = 1.215278 lb. troy = 453.5922 grammes. 
Pound troy = 0.822857 lb. avdp. = 373.2416 grammes. 
Imperial quarter = 8.25212 U. S. bush. = 290.7813 liters. 
Imperial bushel — 1.03152 Winch, bush. = 36.34766 liters. 
Imperial gallon = 1.20032 gallon = 4.543458 liters. 
Ale and beer gallon = 1.2204 gallon = 4-6209 liters. 
Yard = 3 feet = 0.9143835 meters. 



FRANCE, 



Metre = 
39 37040 inches, or . 
9.84260 hands, or . 
3.280867 feet, or . . 
1.093622 vard. or . 
0.0994202 half-chain 

Kilometre — 

1093.622 yards, or . . 

99.4202 half-chains, or 

49.7101 chains, or . 

0.621376 mile . . 



1 meter, or 

j 10 decimeters, or 

100 centimeters, or 
1000 millimeters. 



JJjj- myriameter, or 
1 kilometer, or 
10 hectometers, or 
I 100 dekameters, or 
1 1000 meters. 



Litre =r 

0.26417 gallon 

1.02567 quart, liquid measure 

Hectolitre = 

2.8378 bushels . . . ) 
90 8 quarts, dry measure ] 



1 cubic decimeter 



. . = 100 liters. 



Each of the French measures of volume has its half and 
its double measure. 



Gramme = 15.4323488 grains 



10 
100 

1000 



decigrammes, or 
centigrammes, or 
milligrammes. 



10 hecto- 
grammes. 
=r ■{ 100 dekagram- 
mes. 
[ 1000 grammes. 



10 myriagraname* 
100 kilogrammes. 



10 quintals, or 
1000 kilogram. 



Kilogramme = 

15.4323488 grains, or 

2.204621 lbs. avdp. (of 7000 grains), 

2.679227 lbs. troy (of 5760 grains), < 

0.0787365 avdp. quarter (of 28 lbs) 

0.0196841 hundred wt. (of 112 lbs.) 

.0110231 cen tal ( of 100 lbs . ) . . 

Metric quintal = 

7.873647 avdp. qrs. (of 28 lbs.) or 
1.968412 hundred wt. (of 112 lbs. ),or 
2.204621 centals (of 100 lbs.) . 

Millier, or metric tonne ~ 

22.046212 centals (of 100 lbs. ) 

19.684118 hundred wt. (of 112 lbs.), or I _ 

0.9842059 long ton (of 2240 lbs.), or 

1.10231062 short ton (of 2000 lbs.) 

GERMANY. 

Zollverein (Customs' Union), an important Commercial 
Union originating in 1828 ; embracing in 1833 all the Ger- 
man States, except Austria, Liechtenstein, Holstein, the 
two Duchies of Mecklenburg, and the three free cities of 
Hamburg, Liibeck, and Bremen ; dissolved with the close 
of the year 1865, and held together only by temporary 
agreements until Nov. 1st, 1867, when a new Commercial 
Treaty was concluded between the North German Confed- 
eration and the South German States. 

The unit of weight is the zollpfund (customs' pound) of 
500 grammes. 

Zollpfund of 30 zoll-loth — 7716.1744 U. S. grains = i 
kilogramme. 

Zollcentner of 100 zoll-pfund = 110.23106 lbs. avoirdu- 
pois = 50 kilogrammes. 

Zollstein of 20 zoll-pfund = 22.03621 lbs. avoirdupois = 
100 kilogrammes. 

Miinzpfund of 10000 ass = 7716.1744 U. S. grains = 500 
grammes. 

North German Confederation. 

(Established since the war with Austria, in 1866. ) 

( New System,} 

By a decree of the 17th of August, 1868, the metrical 
(French) system of weights and measures has been adopted, 
commencing with the 1st of January, 1870, and will be 
compulsory from the 1st of January, 1872. 

The base of the new system is the meter or stab ; the 
same as the French metre. 
The unit of length is also the meter or stab. 
0.01 meter . . . . = 1 zentimeter or neu-zoll. 
0.001 meter . . . . = 1 millimeter or strich. 
The unit of surface is the quadrat-meter (square meter), 
or quadrat-stab. 

0.01 of a quadrat-meter = 1 ar. 

0.001 of a quadrat-meter =1 hektar. 

The unit of volume is the 0.001 of a kubik-meter or 
kubik-stab, and is called a liter or kanne. 
4 liter = 1 schoppen. 
100 liter = 0.1 kubik-meter = l hectoliter or fasa. 
50 liter = 1 scheffel. 



606 



COMMERCIAL WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 



The unit of weight is the kilogramme (equal to 2 pfund). 
10 grammes = 1 dekagramme or neu-loth. 
0.1 gramme = 1 dezigramme. 
0.01 gramme = 1 zentigramine. 
0.001 gramme = 1 milligramme. 

i kilogramme j = g J &™$ oth J == 1.1023106 lb. avdp. 

50 kilogramme, or 100 pfund = 1 zentner. 
1000 kilogramme, or 2000 pfund = 1 tonne. 

The unit of money -weight continues to be the mlinz- 
pfund (of 500 grammes) divided into 10000 ass. 

The vnit of iveight for purposes of assay, or for trying 
gold aud silver, is the 0.001 part of the miinzpfund(=| 
gramme or 500 milligrammes) ; which unit is again divided 
into 1000 parts. 

GREECE. 
French system since 1836. 

Former. Metric. 

Mina (kilogr.) — 2.20462 lbs. avdp. = 1.00 kilogr. 

Royal mina = 3.30693 lbs. avdp. = 1.5 kilogr. 
Talanton . =330.697 lbs. avdp. =150.0 kilogr. 

Piki . . . = 1.09363 yard . = 1.0 meter. 

Litra . . = 1.0567 quart . = 1.0 liter. 

Kailon . . = 2.83782 bushels = 1.0 hectoliter. 

GUIANA. 
British Guiana. See London. 



French Guiana. 



Livre . = 

Pied de roi = 
Aune . = 
Muid . = 
Boisseau = 



1.079176 lb. avdp. 
1.31119 lb. troy 
1.065765 foot . . 
1.29972 yard . . 
fO.85525 gallons . 
0.38915 bushel . 



= 489.5058 grammes. 

= 0.3248394 meter. 
= 1.188446 meter. 
= 268.2195 liters. 
= 13.0083 liters. 



Dutch Guiana. See Netherlands. 
HAMBURG. 



Pfund . . = 

Mark . . = 
Fuss . . = 
Elle . . = 
Brabantine elle 
Fass . . . . 



481.60945 grammes. 



1.0683 lb. avdp. 
1.2984 lb. troy 

0.626554 lb. troy =233.85489 grammes. 

0.94021 foot . = 0.28657 meter. 

0.62681 yard . = 0.57314 meter. 

= 0.75615 yard = 0.69141 meter. 

1.5597 bushel = 54.9615 liters. 



Ohm (=4 ankers) = 38.2782 gallons =144.8906 liters. 
HANOVER. (Like PRUSSIA.) 



HAVANA. (Island of Cuba.) 
Castilian weight. (See SPAIN.) 



Varra (Cubana) 
Fanega . . . 
Arroba (former 
Castilian cantara ) 



= 33.375 inches = 0.8477 meter. 
= 3.12367 bushels = 110.66 liters. 



4.10 gallons = 15.44 liters. 



HUNGARY. 



(Like Austria.^ 
avdp. 



Oka . . . = 3.0817 lbs. avdp. = 1.400 kilogramme. 
Arsin . . . = 0.63919 vard = 0.43440 meter. 
Stab . . . = 5.18565 feet = 15805 meter. 

Metzen . . = 1.77354 bushel = 62.4984 liters. 
Urna or eimer = 14.305339 gallons = 54.1527 liters. 
Fass . . . =52.545 gallons =198.89348 liters. 

INDIA (EAST). (English Measures.) 
Bengal. 

Tola . . . = 180 grains troy =11.66375 grammes 
Man or-maund =82.2855 lbs. avdp. =37.324 kilogr. 
Factory maund = 74,667 lbs. avdp, =33.869 kilogr. 



Guz . . . = 1.00 yard . . = 0.91438 meter. 
Kahoon < B rain> = { *«*.£«*«». 1 = 13M . V2 kUogr . 



Candy . . . 
Covid (haut) . 
Candy (grain) . 
Rice candy 
(near 25 bush.) 
Maund . . . 



Bombay. 

= 560.00 lbs. avdp. =254.00 kilogr. 
= 1.50 foot . . = 0.4572 meter. 
= 358.4 lbs. avdp. = 162.567 kilogr. 

j = 215.9375 lbs. avdp. = 97.947 kilogr. 

= 28.00 lbs. avdp. = 12.70 kilogr. 



Candy . . 
Maund 

Garce . . 
Parah . . 
Covid (cubit) 



Madras 

= 500 lbs. avdp. . 
= 25.00 lbs. avdp. 
= 139.512 bushels 
= 1.7439 bushel 
== 0.50 yard 



= 226.8 kilogrammes. 
= 11.3498 kilogrammes. 
= 4.916 kiloliters. 
= 61 45 liters. 
= 0.45719 meter. 



IONIAN ISLANDS. (Like ENGLAND.) 



Libra sotille Ionia = 
Libra grossa . = 
Jarda Ionia . . = 

Gallone . . . = 

Chilo ..-..== 



1 lb. troy . = 373 2466 grammes. 
1 lb. avdp. . =453.5922 grammes. 
lyard . . = 0.91438 meter. 
(..12894 bushel) . , 434 , 8 ,. 
1.20032 gallon/— 4-o*»&8 liters. 
1.03152 bushel = 36.34766 liters. 



B "ai a 5t 1 nT}= «*•*" 



72.72537 liters. 



ITALY. 



(Metrical and decimal system of France.) — Formerly : — 
Libbra . . . = 0.81463 lb. avdp. =369.508 grammes. 



Piede (Liprando) = I.68&1I foot 

Sacco . . . = 3.27179 bushels 
Brenta . . . =12.99317 gallons 



= 0.513757 meter. 

■ 115.0278 liters. 

: 49.285 liters. 



JAMAICA. (Like ENGLAND.) 



Monme 
Rjoo 
Sals . 
Sjoo, or 



Pfund . . 
Mark . . . 

Fuss . . . 
Elle . . . 
Scheffel (rye, 

barley ) 
Scheffel 

(oats, fruit) 
Ohm . . . 
Quartico . . 



JAPAN. 

: 27.0067 grains trov : 
116.1288 grains troy: 
: 11.9291 inches . : 
: 0.459128 gallon : 

LUBECK. 

= 1.07249 lb. avdp. : 

= 1.2522 lb. troy : 

= 0.94365 foot . .' : 

r 0.6291 yard . . : 

= 0.98349 bushel 



= 1.12128 bushel = 39.514 liters. 



:1 75 gramme. 
: 7.525 grammes. 
: 0.303 meter. 
: 1.738 liter. 



: 486.474 grammes. 
: 467.3642 grammes. 
z 0.2876 meter. 
= 0.5752 meter. 



= 34.694 liters. 



= 38.4394 gallons 
= 0.24023 gallon 



145.501 liters. 
0.90938 liter. 



MADEIRA. (See PORTUGAL.) 



. .. „ ; ^ a x_. f 1.01085 lbs. avdp. 
Arratel (libra)- \ x 22g5 lb troy 



Alqueire 
Almude , 



Foot = 
Canna = 
Salma = 
Barile = 

Libbra = 



= 0.i 
= 4. 



1 bushel 
57 gallons 

MALTA. 



= 485.547 grammes. 

= 14.095 liters. 
= 17.718 liters. 



11.1666 inches = 0.28363 meter. 

2.2855 vards = 2.0980 meters. 

8.1973 bushels = 288.51 liters. 
11.2468 gallons = 42.57 liters. 



COMMERCIAL WEIGHTS AND MEASURES, 



607 



Livre 

Aune 
Barique 



MARTINIQUE. 
(French metric system.) 

: lS IS". tJoT } = 489 ^ 8 grammes. 
1.30148 yard . 



= 50 gallons 
MAURITIUS. 



= 1.191 meters. 
= 186.26 liters. 



(Isle de France.) 

Still used : — 

avdp. = 48.989 kilogrammes. 



French metric system. - 

Quintal . . =108 lb 

Ton (shipping) = 2160 lbs. avdp. s= 979.876 kilogrammes 

Aune . . .= 1.30148 yard = 1.191 meter. 

felt . . . . = 2.00 gallons . == 7.57 liters. 

Cask . . . =60.00 gallons . =227.13 liters. 

MEXICO. 
Weight like Havana. 
Tercio (of tobacco) = 160 lbs. avdp. . 
Baril .... = 20 gallons . , 
Vara . . . . = U.9139 yard . 
Fanega . . . = 1.54728 bushel 
Frasco . . . . = 2.5 quarts . 



= 72.576 kilogr. 
= 75 71 liters. 
= 0.83695 meter. 
= 55.501 liters. 
= 2.8389 liters. 



MOLDAVIA. (DANUBIAN PRINCIPALITIES. 



Oka (Jassay) 
Palma . . . 
Khalebi (woolen 

goods) 
Kot (silk and 

linen goods) 
Kilo .... 



= 2.8505 lbs. avclp. 
= 0.9074 foot . . 



= 0.7344 yard . 

= 0.6905 yard . 
= 19.25 bushel3 

MOROCCO. 

Artal . . = 1.12 lb. avdp. . . 
Codo (dhra'a) = 0.62443 yard . . 
Muhd . . = about 0.497 bushel 



: 1.29298 gramme. 
: 0.27659 meter. 

: 0.6713 meter. 

: 0.6314 meter. 
: 4.351 hektoliters. 



= 508 grammes. 
= 0.571 meter. 
= about 14.00 litres. 



: 0.7522 vard 



= 0.68781 meter. 



NETHERLANDS. 

Former Weights and Measures. 

Trovish pond =1.3186 lb. troy . = 492.1677 grammes. 
Old pond. . =1.0893 lb. avdp. . =494.0904 grammes, 
Voet . . . =0.9289 foot . . = 0.283133 meter. 
Old Amster 

dam el 
(The Netherlands adopted the French metric system in 

1816.) 
Last . = 30 mud . = 85.13 bushels = 30 hektoliters. 

Ell =1.099 yard . = 1 meter. 

Yah . = 100 kannen . = 26.41 gallons = 100 liters. 
( 10 onsen, or ) ( 2.20462 lb. avdp., or 
Pond . . = J 100 looden, or [ = ] 2.69923 lb. troy, or 

( 1000 wigtjes ) ( 1 kilogramme. 
Apothecary's pond . = 375 wigtjes (grammes). 

In the Netherlands' Colonies (Batavia, etc.), the former 
weights and measures are still in use ; also — 
Koyang (rice) = 3662.042 lbs. troy = 1661.066 kilogrammes. 
Oldkan . = 3962 gallon . = 1.49 liter. 

1 pikol = 100 catties = 10 gantang (coffee) = 135.6312 
lbs. avdp. = 61.5210 kilogramme. 

On the Molucca Islands the New Netherlands measures 
have been introduced since 1839. 

NEW GRANADA, OR UNITED STATES OF COLOMBIA. 
(Recently adopted French measures and weights.) 

PAPAL STATES. 

The French metric system, although adopted in 1848, to 
commence with 1st of Jamiary, 1850, has not been en- 
forced. 



2.179 yards 



: 0.2976 meter. 
1.9926 meter. 



Hitherto,— 

Pied . . . = 0.9766 U. S. foot : 

Canna (mer- ) 

cantile) . j ~~ 
Rubblio . = 0.8356 bushel = 294.46 liters. 
Barile (wine) = 15.412 gallons . = 58.3416 liters. 
Barile(oil). = 15.185 gallons . = 57.4806 liters. 

Libbra . { = 2:958Slb: a troy'} = 339 - 073kil °g ramme& 
PERSIA. 

Guz shah (gers or arkin) = 3.833 feet = 1.0160 meter. 

1 artaha = 8 collothun = 25 capichas = 50 chenicas = 

200 sextarios = 1.8514 bushel = 65.238 liters. 
The only weight common to all provinces is, the miskal 

174.7025 troy grains = 4.8406 grammes. 

In Tauris, Meshid, Herat: — 
40 seers = 640 miskal = 6.830047 lbs. avdp. = 3.098 kilo- 
grammes. 

In Ispahan : — 

1 mahnd shah = 1280 miskal = 13.6601 lbs. avdp. = 
6.196 kilogrammes. 

In Resht : — 

2 royal mahnd = 2560 miskal = 27.3202 lbs. avdp. = 
12.392 kilogrammes. 

In Shiras, Bushir, and Gamri: — 

Mahnd (or maund) = 2560 miskal. 
In Teheran: — 

1 rik = 1600 miskal. 

PERU. 

Spanish (Castilian) weights. 
.367 inches . . = 0.8475 meter. 



Vara . 
Fanega 



140 Castilian pounds = 64.41302 kilogrammea 
PORTUGAL. 



Arratel or libra . = 1.01192 lb. avdp. = 459 grammes. 
Palemo de era veiro = 8.661 inches . = 0.22 meter. 



Vara . . . . = 1.2030 yard 

Pe = 1.0827 foot . 

Alqueire . . . = 0.3928 bushel 

Almude . . . = 4.4224 gallons 



= 1.1 meter. 
= 0.33 meter. 
= 13.841 liters. 
= 16.74 liters. 



PRUSSIA. 

(For metric weights and measures, see GERMANY.) 

Former pfund = 1.03114 lb. avdp. = 467.72 grammes. 
Former fuss . = 1.0297 foot . . — 0.31385 meter. 
Former elle . = 0.7294 yard . . = 0.66694 meter. 
Former scheffel = 1.5597 bushel . = 54.9615 liters. 
Former eimer = 18.149 gallons . = 68.702 liters. 

RUSSIA. 

Fan t ( po, n d, . ={S*'-p y } = 4 ^ U6gram ' 

lud of 40 funtl = 36113 lbs. avdp. s= 16.3805 kilo- 
grammes. 

Berkovetz of 10 pudi = 361.13 lbs. avdp. = 163.805 kilo- 
grammes. 

Stopa = 14 inches = 0. 35559 meter. 

Arsheen = 28 inches = 0.71119 meter. 

Sashen of 3 arsheens = 7 feet = 2.13357 meter. 

Chetviert = 5.9560 bushels = 2.0990 hectoliters. 

Vedro = 3.2490 gallons = 12.2989 liters. 

SANDWICH ISLANDS. 
Weights, etc., as in United States. 
Barrel of whale oil . = 31.5 gallons . = 119.2427 liters 



608 



COMMERCIAL WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 



SAXONY. (See North Germany.) 



Former pfund I _ 

(Leipzig) . j 
Fuss . 
Elle . 
Sheffel 
Eimer 



= 1. 



lb. avdp. = 467.6246 grammes. 

= 0.9291 foot . . = 0.28319 meter. 

= 1.8582 foot . . — 0.66688 meters. 

= 2.9510 bushels = 103.983 liters. 

= 17.79519 gallons = 97.3626 liters. 

SPAIN. 

French metrical system. In the Spanish Colonies the 
©Id weights and measures are still in use, principally Cas- 
tilian. 

Castilian : — 

Libra . = 7100.21 grains troy = 460.093 grammes. 
Pie . . = 0.91407 foot . . = 0.278635 meter. 
Vara . = 0.914117 yard . = 0.835906 meter. 
Fanega = 1.57527 bushel . = 66.501 liters. 
Cantara (arroba mayor, for wine) — 4.2618 gals. = 16.133 

liters. 
Cuartillo = 0.13322 gallon =r 0.5043 liter. 

SOUTH AMERICA. 

UNITED STATES OF Colombia (or New Granada.) 

French kilogrammes in custom-house practice ; other 
measures as in Venezuela. 

Venezuela. 

iastilian weights and measures. (See SPAIN.) 

Bolivia. 

Kilogrammes at custom-house. 

SWEDEN AND NORWAY. 



Skalpund . ={ JSSJgS:S?/-} = 425.010 grammes. 

Fot . . . = 0.974102 foot . . = 0.296901 meter. 

Kanna . . = 0.69156 gallon . . = 2.617188 liters. 

Am . . . as 41.4834 gallons . = 167 .0313 liters. 



SWITZERLAND. 

French system since 1851. 

Pfund . . = 1.10236 lb. avdp. . . r= 600 grammea. 

Centner = 100 pfund = 110.236 lbs. avdp. = 50 kilogr. 

Fuss = 11 81 inches . = 0.3 meters. 

Quarter . . . . = 0.4257 bushel = 15 liters. 

Pot s= 1.585J4 quart = 1.5 liter. 

Muid = 39.626 gallons . == 150 liters. 

TRIPOLI. 

Kantar = 40 oke (lb ) = 107.666 lb. avdp. = 48.832 kilo- 
grammes. 
Oka = 40 uckie = 2.6916 lbs. avdp. = 1.2208 kilogramme. 
Pik = 26.42 inches = 0.671 meter. 
Pik or dra arabic = 19 03 inches == 0.483 meter. 
Hueba = 16 orbah = 3.0452 bushels = 107-3 liters. 

TUNIS. 

Uckia = 488.90 grains troy = 31.680 grammes. 

Rotoli (pound) (rug) 1.1176 lb. avdp. = 606.88 grammes. 

Rotoli sucky (meat, etc.) 1.2532 lb. avdp. = 568.445 

grammes. 
Rotoli ghredari (vegetables) 1.4098 lb. avdp. = 6c9.453 

grammes. 
Drad bendaseh (woolen goods) = 0.6728 meter. 
Turkish pik = 0.6370 meter. 
Arabian pik = 0.4888 meter. 
Cafiz == 14.0753 bushels = 4.96 hektoliters. 
Metter = 2 6417 gallons r= 10 liters. 



TURKEY. 

Cantar = 44 oke = 100 rotoli = 124.7036 

56.666 kilogrammes. 
Oka = 2.88418 lbs. avdp. = 1286.56 grammes. 
Chequi (for gold, etc.) = 0.86108 lb. troy = 

grammes. 
Pik = 27.9 inches = 0.6858 meter. 
Endaseh = 25 7 inches =: 0.6628 meter. 
Kilo s= 1.00076 bushel = 36 266 lifers. 



lbs avdp. 



TABLE 



GIVING THE 



CURRENCY, RATE OF INTEREST, 

PENALTY FOR TjSUKY, AND LAWS IN EEGAKD TO COLLECTION OE DEBTS, ETC. 

IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA. 



THE information contained in the ensuing pages will, it is believed, be found exceedingly convenient for business 
men. It has been collected with much care, and, for the most part, by reference to original and trustworthy sources. 
Yet, as the legislation in regard to some of these matters is changing, and what is true this year, in a given State, may 
not be entirely so the next, the consulter is cautioned hot to continue to rely too implicitly upon present statements, 
especially in regard to the Southern and the younger States. The Table will serve, however, as a general guide, and 
is as valuable as any thiug of the sort, from the nature of the case, can well be. 

Although the Federal currency is that established by law for the whole of the United States, and is in common use 
throughout the Union, yet, as previously to its adoption the different States had different monetary systems, based 
on the Euglish currency of pounds, shillings, and pence, it has happened that the two latter of these denominations 
have been retained in popular use, although there are no longer coins in circulation of the values assigned to them. 



ALABAMA. 

Currency. — Federal money. 

Interest. — Eight per cent. 

Usury. — Forfeits all interest. 

Collection of Debts, $c. — Specified articles and home- 
stead to value of S500 and not to exceed forty acres (if not 
within the corporate limits of any town or city , exempt 
from execution and sale. Mechanics' lien law. Actions 
on liquidated demands must be brought within six years ; 
on open account, in three years. Mortgages of real and 
personal property must be recorded. Sale of goods over 
$200 must be evidenced by transfer of some portion of the 
goods, or payment of some portion of purchase-money, or 
written contract. Attachment lies for debts, whether now 
due or not, in case of fraud in the debtor and non-resi- 
dence. Arrest of person allowed if about to abscond or 
in case of fraud or concealment. Husband acquires no 
right to wife's property by marriage, so as to make it liable 
for his debts, but is entitled to its management and control 
during coverture ; and husband and wile are jointly liable 
for family supplies. 

ARKANSAS. 

Currency. — Federal money. 

Interest. — Six per cent. ; but parties may contract for 
any rate not exceeding ten per cent. 

Usury. — Usurious contracts are void. 

Collection of Debts, Ifc. — Imprisonment for debt does 
not exist. Arrest of debtor allowed on affidavit by plain- 
tiff, supported by affidavit of some credible and disinter- 
ested person to the effect that fraud has been committed, 
and a statement of facts justifying such allegation. An 
attachment may issue against the property of a debtor, 
provided plaintiff shall, at the time of filing the declara- 
tion, also file an affidavit to the effect that defendant is 
justly indebted to plaintiff in a sum exceeding §100, and 
also that defendant is not a resident of the State, or that 
he is about to remove out of the State, or that he is about 
to remove his goods and effects out of the State, or that he 
so secretes himself that process cannot be served on him. 
A bond in double the amount claimed must be given, con- 
ditioned for pavment of such damages as may be awarded 
against the plaintiff. —Mechanics' lien law, and household 
exemption law. 



CALIFORNIA. 

Currency. — Federal money. 

Interest. — Seven per cent. ; parties may contract for any 
rate as high as eighteen per cent. 

Usury. — Forfeiture of excess. 

Collection of Debts, Sfc. — Mechanics' lien law. Home- 
stead exemption law. Specified property exempt from at- 
tachment. Mortgages of personal property, property must 
be transferred. Contracts void if over 8200, unless in writ- 
ing, or part payment made, or part goods delivered. Prop- 
erty may be attached, although debt not due, if fraud, 
concealment, or absconding. Wife holds in separate right 
property owned by her before marriage. 

CANADA. 

Currency. — 4s. sterling equals 4s. lOJd. currency at th* 
banks. Elsewhere, 4s. sterling equals 5s. currency. Is. 
currency, 20 cents. 5s. currency to the dollar. §4 to the 
pound. 

Interest. — Interest upon loans is either legal or conven- 
tional. The rate of legal interest is fixed by law at six per 
cent, yearly. Any rate of interest agreed upon can be 
collected either of banks or private individuals. 

Usury. — No penalty. 

Collection of Debts, Ifc. — No homestead exemption. 
Specified articles not seizable. When married here, with- 
out a marriage contract, the wife's dower is the enjoyment 
or usufruct only during life of the half of the real estate 
the husband has at the time of the marriage, or which he 
may acquire by inheritance during the marriage ; but the 
estate goes to the children after the mother's death. Mort- 
gages on real estate obtain precedence of payment accord- 
ing to the date of their registration. No mortgages obtain- 
able on personal property. No seizure of estate for debt 
before judgment, except where a creditor swears his debtor 
is fraudulently concealing or disposing of it. But a cred- 
itor can seize (revenrlicate) before judgment goods, &c, 
which he sold for cash, provided the things be entire, and 
in the same condition. This right,, however, must be ex- 
ercised within eight days after the delivery. No imprison- 
ment for debt, except when a debtor is leaving the provinca 
of Canada with a fraudulent intent. Limitation laws: 
possession for thirty years creates a title, when proprietor 
is in a foreign country forty years. Limitation, or Pre- 

(609 



CURRENCY, INTEREST, USURY, DEBTS, ETC. 



scripiion of Five Years. — 1st. Upon inland or foreign bills 
of exchange, promissory notes, or notes for the delivery of 
grain or other things, whether negotiable or not, [or upon 
any claim of a commercial nature,] reckoning from matu- 
rity ; this prescription, however, does not apply to bank- 
notes. 2d. Upon sales of movable effects [between non- 
traders], or between traders and non-tiaders, these latter 
sales being in all cases held to be commercial matters, are 
also prescribed by five years. Limitations. — All things, 
rights, and actions, the prescription of which is not other- 
wise regulated by law, are prescribed by thirty years, with- 
out the party prescribing being bound to produce any 
title ; and notwithstanding any exception pleading bad 
faith. 

COLORADO. 

Currency. — Federal money. 

Interest. — Ten per cent. ; or higher rate, if stipulated 
in writing. 

Collection of Debts, fyc. — Imprisonment for debt does 
not exist. Attachments allowed in specified cases. Me- 
chanics' lien law. Certain articles of personal property 
exempted by statute from attachment on execution. 

CONNECTICUT. 

Currency. — Federal money. [{J3P* See Massachusetts.] 

Interest. — Six per cent. 

Usury. — Forfeiture of the whole of the interest. 

Collection of Debts, &c. — A mechanics' lien law. Other 
specified property exempted from attachment. Mortgager 
of personal property may retain possession of it. when of 
kind named in statutes authorizing record of personal 
mortgage; otherwise not. Goods, chattels, and real estate 
of debtor may be attached, subject to be defeated by in- 
solvency within sixty days. Person of debtor not liable to 
arrest. Wife's property at time of marriage, or subse- 
quently acquired by devise or inheritance, not liable for 
husband's debts. 

DAKOTA. 

Currency. — Federal money. 

Interest. — (?) 

Collection of Debts, Sec. — Mechanics' lien law. House- 
hold and homestead exemption law. An attachment may 
issue against a debtor when not a resident of the Ter- 
ritory; when he has absconded with intent to defraud his 
creditors ; when he has left the county of his residence 
to avoid the service of a summons or so conceals himself 
that a summons cannot be served upon him ; when he 
is about to remove his property, or a part of it, out of 
the jurisdiction of the court, with intent to defraud his 
creditors ; when he is about to convert his property, or 
a part of it, into money, for the purpose of placing it 
beyond the reach of his creditors ; when he has property, 
or rights in action, which he conceals; when he has 
assigned, removed, or disposed of, or is about to dis- 
pose of, his property, or a part thereof, with intent to 
defraud his creditors : when he has fraudulently contracted 
the debt, or incurred the obligation for which suit is about 
to be brought, or has been brought. 

DELAWARE. 

Currency. — Federal money. [^W See Pennsylvania.] • 

Interest. — Six per cent. 

Usury. — Forfeits the whole debt — half to the State, and 
half to the prosecutor. 

Collection of Debts, life. — Imprisonment for debt only 
when it can be shown that the debtor has secreted or con- 
veyed away his property to defraud his creditor or credit- 
ors. Attachment for debt is of two kinds : namely, domestic 
and foreign. Under the former, an attachment may issue 
against a resident when it can be shown that he is justly 
indebted to plaintiff in the sum of $50 or over, and has, as 
is believed, absconded in order to wrong his creditors of 
their dues ; under the latter, when it can be shown that 



the defendant resides out of the State, and is justly in- 
debted to the plaintiff in the sum of $50 and upward. 
Mechanics' lien law. Certain specified articles of property 
of white citizens are exempt from attachment or execution, 
provided they do not exceed $100 in value. The exemp- 
tions do not affect a debtor contract incurred prior to July 
4, 1861. Limitation of debts not of record, three years; 
for recovery of laud, twenty years ; note of hand, six years. 

DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA. 

Currency. — Federal money. 

Interest. — Six per cent. 

Usury. — Voids contracts at law, and persons charging 
or taking more than six per cent forfeit treble the amount 
so lent or contracted — half to the United Slates, and the 
other half to any person who shall sue for it ; but a com- 
plainant in equity is relieved only as to the excess. 

Collection of Debts, fyc. — Debts of $50 or less are recov- 
erable speedily before a justice ; above that, in Circuit 
Court. Where matter in controversy is $1000, appeal lies 
to Supreme Court. Money in the treasury cannot be at- 
tached, but a party having the apparent right to receive 
money from the treasury, may be enjoined from receiving 
the same by his assignee, or other person having the sub- 
stantial equitable title to that very fund. No bail in civil 
cases ; no imprisonment for debt. 

FLORIDA. 

Currency. — Federal money. 

Interest. — Six per cent., or by agreement, eight. 

Usury. — Forfeits interest, and is punishable by indict- 
ment. 

Collection of Debts, fyc. — Imprisonment for debt abol- 
ished. Specified property and forty acres of land exempt 
from attachment, not exceeding $200 ; also dwelling-house 
not exceeding $300 in value, in any city, town, or village, 
if actually resided in by the owner. A mechanic's lien 
law. Mortgages of personal property must be recorded. 
Widow's dower, life interest in one third of real estate. 
AV T ife's property at marriage continues hers, and not liable 
for husband's debts. 

GEORGIA. 

Currency. — Federal money. In popular use, the dollar 
is 4s. 8d ; Is. is 21 f cents. [The same use prevails in South 
Carolina.] 

Interest. — Seven per cent. 
Usury. — Forfeiture of the entire interest. 
Collection of Debts, fyc. — All actions under the com- 
mon law of England in force in this State. Mechanics 
have a lien on buildings they have built or repaired. Liens 
on river steamboats for wages, provisions, supplies, and re- 
pairs ; the same lien extends over mills for lumber, wages, 
provisions furnished, and repairs. There is a homestead 
exemption from levy and sale, but the property must not 
exceed in value $200. All conveyances of land must be 
i recorded within six months ; all mortgages, both of real 
and personal estate, must be recorded within ninety days. 
Actions on open accounts must be brought within four 
years ; on promissory notes, unsealed, six years : for recov- 
ery of land, seven years ; on bonds and other sealed instru- 
ments, twenty years. All property, of whatever kind, sub- 
ject to attachment. Honest debtors' act in force ; its oper- 
i ation is to release the debtor's person from arrest, but not 
his present or any future property from levy. Wives and 
widows are not exempt from the operation of the attach- 
I ment law ; but the persons of all women in Georgia ar« 
| exempt from arrest under any civil process. All property 
i of the wife at the time of her marriage, whether real or 
! personal, or choses in action, remains her separate prop- 
J erty : and all property given to, inherited, or acquired by 
j the wife during coverture, vests in and belongs to her, and 
is not liable for the payment of any debt, default, or con- 
i tract of the husband. 



CURRENCY, INTEREST, USURY, DEBTS, ETC. 



ILLINOIS. 

Currency. — Federal money. [3T* S« Massachusetts.] 

Interest. — Six per ceut. ; by agreement, as high as ten 
per cent. 

Usury. — Forfeits the whole interest contracted to be 
received. If actually paid, caunot be recovered. 

Collection of Debts, ffc. — Widow's dower, one third of 
real estate for life. A mechanic's lien law. Homestead 
exemption law, exempts to the value of S1000. Specified 
articles not attachable. Chattel mortgages must be ac- 
knowledged and recorded or property delivered. Body of 
debtor may be arrested for fraud, or for refusal to surren- 
der his property on execution. 

INDIANA. 

Currency. —Federal money. [£^°° See Massachusetts.] 

Interest. — Six per cent. 

Usury. — Usurious interest, if paid, cannot be recovered 
back, nor is there any penalty for usury, nor does it viti- 
ate the contract. 

Collection of Debts, §c. — Mechanics' lien law. Three 
hundred dollars, to be selected by the. debtor, is exempt from 
sale on execution or other judicial process. Mortgages on 
personal property must be acknowledged and recorded in 
ten days from date, unless property is in possession of 
mortgager, in county where property is situated. Open 
accounts on hand, in six years ; and notes and contracts in 
writing, in twenty years, by statute of limitations. All the 
real and personal property of the debtor is subject to exe- 
cution, except three hundred dollars' worth. All property 
subject to execution, is also subject to attachment. Wife's 
real and personal property, at or after coverture, is not lia- 
ble for her husband's debts. No property can be sold on ex- 
ecution or attachment, at less than two thirds its appraised 
value, unless on mechanics' lien, property fraudulently 
transferred, or on a contract in writing, having this clause 
inserted, — " Without any relief whatever from valuation 
or appraisement laws." 

IOWA. 

Currency. — Federal money. 

Interest. — Six per cent., and up to ten by agreement. 

Usury. — Forfeiture of ten per cent, of amount of con- 
tract, and lender can recover only principal. 

Collection of Debts, Ifc. — A mechanics' lien law. A 
household exemption law. Specified property exempt from 
attachment. Mortgages of personal property must be re- 
corded. Ordinary indebtedness outlawed in five years : 
written contracts, as notes, &c, ten years. Person of 
debtor exempt from arrest. Married woman has rights in 
property independent of husband, and can hold personal 
property of which she wis possessed when married, by 
having an instrument declaring such interest properly re- 
corded. 

KANSAS. 

Currency. — Federal money. 

Interest. — Ten per cent. : or, if stipulated in writing, 
any higher rate, not exceeding twent} - per cent. No in- 
corporated banking institution can receive more than the 
rate specified in its charter, or, if no rate be specified, more 
than six per cent, on any loan or discount. 

Collection of Debts, §c. — There is a lien law, and a 
household and homestead exemption law. No person can 
be arrested, held to bail, or imprisoned for debt. Credi- 
tors, however, whose demauds amount to fifty dollars, 
may, in certain specified cases, sue their debtors in any 
court having jurisdiction of the subject-matter, by attach- 
ment. All actions for trespass upon real property, for tak- 
ing, detaining, or injuring personal property, including 
actions for the specific recovery of personal property, must 
be commenced within two years : upon a specialty or any 
agreement, contract, or promise in writing, also all actions 
not in writing, express or implied, within three years; for 



the recovery of the title or possession of lands, tenement 
or hereditaments, within twenty-one years. 

KENTUCKY. 

Currency. — Federal money. [Z3r~ See Massachusetts.] 

Interest. — Six per cent. 

Usury. — Forfeiture of usury and costs. 

Collection of Debts, Ifc. — Mortgages of personal and 
real property must be recorded. A mechanics' lien law ia 
certain towns. Specified property exempt from attach- 
ment. Debtor is held to bail on specified conditions. 
Property attachable in case of concealmeut, proposed re- 
moval, absence, &c. Feme covert has independent rights 
in property, but husband not liable for wife's debts before 
marriage. Actions limited, on account, to one year. 

LOUISIANA. 

Currency. — Federal money. State notes, and notes is- 
sued b\ r the corporation of New Orleans. Neither the 
State nor city notes are bankable, but they are received, 
especially the latter, in payment for goods and of debts. In 
popular use, a picayune is 6| cents. 

Interest. — Under all contracts, where no interest ia 
stipulated, the creditor is entitled only to five per cent. 
An agreement to pay up to eight per cent, is valid. Bank 
interest, from five to eight per cent. 

Usury. — No draft, note, contract or agreement, is void 
or voidable, which contains a promise to pay interest above 
eight per cent. The penalty in all such cases, is the forfei- 
ture of the entire interest. 

Collection of Debts, Sfc. — An attachment lies against a 
non-resident's property, and the property of those who are 
about to leave the State permanently. A non-resident 
cannot be arrested for debt, unless he has absconded from 
his residence. A resident may be, when he is about to 
quit the State permanently, without leaving in it sufficient 
property to pay the debt claimed, and may be held in im- 
prisonment ninety days. He may also be arrested and 
held in imprisonment indefinitely where fraud is charged. 
Women cannot be arrested for debt. The clothes and 
linen necessary for a man and his family, his beds, bed- 
dings, arms, &c, are exempt from seizure, and also his 
tools and implements of trade. Sub-contractors, journey- 
men, and laborers, under a building contract, have, under 
certain circumstances and by pursuing certain formalities, 
a hen upon the unpaid installments in the hands of the 
owner. Payments to the contractor in advance of the time 
stipulated in the contract, are not valid. The vendor of 
personal and real property has a lien upon it so long as it 
remains unsold in the possession of the vendee. The officers, 
crews, and pilots of vessels ; those who under certain cir- 
cumstances loan money for their use ; and those who fur- 
nish them with supplies and materials for repairs, and some 
others, have a lien upon them. This lien can only be en- 
forced within six months from the time the debt was con- 
tracted. The officers of courts, servants, clerks, secretaries, 
| and others, have a lien for the sums due to them. Property 
; belonging either to husband or wife before marriage, remains 
separate afterwards. The community or joint interest ex- 
tends only to property acquired after marriage. Never- 
theless, the property acquired by the wife by inheritance 
after her marriage, cannot be seized for the husband's debts. 

MAINE. 

Currency.— Federal money. [C3 5= ~ See Massachusetts.] 

Interest. — Six per cent. 

Usury. — The penalty for usury is forfeiture of the 
usury only, and no costs. For debts contracted out of the 
State, the rates of interest are collectable by common-law 
principles. 

Collection of Debts. !f. — Real estate and personal prop- 
erty may be attached and held to satisfy judgment, which 
must be rendered by the appropriate court. Property pos- 
sessed by a woman before marriage, remains hers after 



CURRENCY, INTEREST, USURY, DEBTS, ETC. 



marriage, and not liable for husband's debts ; nor is the 
husband liable for the woman's debts before her marriage. 
Arrest for debt allowed if party about to leave the State, 
but if he disclose, he is discharged, if he has not means to 
pay the debt. Arrest may be made and disclosure re- 
quired on exaction. Certain specified property, for current 
support, exempt from attachment. There is a mechanics' 
lien law. 

MARYLAND. 

Currency — Federal money. [(J^*" See Pennsylvania.] 

Interest — Six per cent. 

Usury. — Forfeiture of the usurious interest, but the 
debt and legal interest is recoverable. 

Collection of Debts, fyc. — Mechanics and men supplying 
material have a lien in Baltimore city and most of the 
counties for work done and materials furnished on and for 
the construction of buildings, provided the claim be filed 
iu the clerk's office within sixty days. Property belonging 
to a woman not liable for payment of husband's debts. 
Wearing apparel and bedding of debtor and family exempt 
from execution. Mortgages of personal property must be 
in writing, acknowledged, and recorded within twenty days 
of their date, and also must contain an affidavit by the 
mortgagee that the consideration is true and bond, fide, as 
therein stated. Actions for debt, not on a sealed instru- 
ment, must be brought within three years ; on sealed in- 
struments within twelve years. No imprisonment for debt. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Currency. — Federal money. In popular use, the dollar 
is 6s. ; Is. is 16f cents ; 3d. is 4J cents ; 4d. is 6i cents ; 6d. 
i* 8^ cents ; 9d. is 12^ cents. [These denominations are 
very generally retained in name in all the New England 
States, and also in Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, 
Missouri, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia.] 

Interest. — Whatever the parties agree on in writing. 
If no rate fixed in writing, six per cent. 

Usury. — Penalty is three times the unlawful interest 
taken. A bank taking unlawful interest forfeits the debt. 

Collection of Debts, Ifc. — A mechanics' lien and home- 
stead exemption law. Other specified property for family 
use and carrying on trade, exempt from attachment. 
Mortgages of personal property to be recorded by town 
clerk. Real and personal property not exempted, attachable. 
Imprisonment for debt not allowed, except for fraud. By 
the insolvent laws of the State, creditors whose debts 
amount to $200 may under certain circumstances put a 
debtor into insolvency, or a debtor owing $200, or unable to 
pay in full, may apply for a warrant, and in- either case his 
property is divided pro rata among the creditors who prove 
their claims. Payment of 50 per cent, of debts, or failing 
that the assent of a majority of creditors in number and 
amount, entitles debtor to his discharge, in absence of 
fraud on his part. This law is suspended now by the 
United States Bankrupt Law. (See page 616). Married 
women have independent rights of property. 

MICHIGAN - . 

Currency. — Federal money. [ft^T' See Neiv York.] 

Interest. — Seven per cent., yet as high as ten per cent, 
by agreement of parties. 

Usury. — Voids the excess. 

Collection of Debts, Sfc. — There is a mechanics' lien law, 
and a homestead exemption law. Mortgages of personal 
property must be filed in town (or city) clerk's office, and 
then are void, as against other creditors or mortgagees, 
after one year, unless within thirty days preceding an affi- 
davit is attached to the instrument or record setting forth 
mortgagee's interest. Contracts for sale of goods invalid 
above $50, unless part of goods delivered, or something 
given to bind the bargain. Actions for ordinary debts 
must be brought within six years. Person of debtor may 
be arrested, if debtor about to remove property from 



State with intent to defraud his creditors, or for fraudu- 
lent concealment or intent to defraud. Feme coverfs right 
to property possessed before marriage, or to which she 
becomes entitled subsequently, continues her separate 
property, and not liable for husband's debts, and she may 
alienate it as if unmarried. Suits may be commenced by 
attachment when creditor or his agent makes affidavit that 
debtor has absconded or is about to abscond from the State 
to the injury of his creditors ; or that he is concealed there- 
in with intent to defraud his creditors ; or that he haa 
assigned or is about to assign his property with alike intent ; 
or that he has removed, or is about to remove any of 
his property from the State with like intent ; or that h« 
fraudulently contracted the debt for which suit is brought; 
or that he is not a resident of the State, and has not been 
for three months immediately preceding the time of making 
the affidavit. 

MINNESOTA. 

Currency. — Federal money. 

Interest. — Seven per cent., or any higher rate if agreed 
in writing ; but no contract for more than 12 per cent, per 
annum shall be valid for the excess over 12 per cent. 

Collection of Debts, §'c. — A mechanics' lien. A home- 
stead exemption law. Specified property exempt from at- 
tachment. Mortgages of personal property, a copy must 
be filed with town or city clerk, where property is situated, 
or it will be invalid as to creditors and subsequent pur- 
chasers in good faith, and copy must be filed annually. 
Imprisonment for debt abolished. Contracts for sale of 
goods must be in writing for amounts over $50, unless part 
of goods delivered, or part of purchase-money or considera- 
tion paid. Real and personal estate of feme sole not liable 
for husband's debts after marriage. Widow's dower, life in- 
terest in one third real estate. 

MISSISSIPPI. 

Currency. — Federal money. In popular use, 8 bits (12^ 
cents) to the dollar. [^ST~ See Massachusetts.] 

Interest. — Six per cent., or by contract in writing, any 
rate of interest not exceeding i0 per cent. Interest by 
contract, not confined to loan of money. 

Usury. — Forfeiture of excess only over legal interest in 
all cases. 

Collection of Debts, 3*e. — No imprisonment of debtor. 
Mortgages and deeds of trust must be acknowledged and 
recorded, and take effect from time of record. Specified 
property and a homestead exempted from execution and at- 
tachment. A mechanics' lien law. When a debt is barred at 
law, remedy in equity on the mortgage is also barred. Acts 
of limitation, suspended for period of the war, and twelve 
months after close of war. Actions on notes and bills lim- 
ited to six years ; open accounts for goods sold, three years ;' 
bonds and sealed instruments, seven years ; possession of 
land, ten years. Property of wife only sold by joint deed of 
herself and husband. Claims against estates of decedents 
must be registered within two years, from time of notice, by 
publication of the grant of letters testamentary , or adminis- 
tration ; and must be verified by oath of creditor or agent, 
and allowed by judge of the probate court of the county, 
in which administration is granted before the clerk of the 
probate court of that county can register the same. No 
presentation to executor or administrator required. 

MISSOURI. 

Currency. — Federal money. In popular use, a bit i* 
12£ cents ; a picayune, 6^ cents, [ffi^" See Massachu- 
setts.] 

Interest. — Six per cent. ; by agreement, as high as ten. 

Usury. — When usury is proven, judgment shall be for 
actual amount loaned, with interest at the rate of ten per 
cent, per annum, the whole of the interest forfeited to 
school fund, and plaintiff to pay all costs. 

Collection of Debts, ffc. — Wife's dower, life-estate in on« 
third real, and specified personal property absolutely. 



CURRENCY, INTEREST, USURY, DEBTS, ETC. 



Wife's property at marriage not liable for husbands old 
debts. So imprisonment for debt. Attachment of property 
in case of fraud, concealment, or removal of property, or 
non-residence ; also, where action accrued out of the 
State, and defendant absconded to tbis State, or secretly 
removed his property into this State ; for injuries arising 
from the commission of a felony or misdemeanor ; where 
debtor has failed to pay the price, or value of an article 
delivered, which by contract was to be paid for on delivery : 
where the debt was fraudulently contracted on the part of 
the debtor. Suits upon all accounts must be brought within 
five years. Property not specially exempt may be taken 
on execution. Mortgages of personal property must be 
recorded. Suits on opea account debts must be brought 
wirhiu five years; on notes, bonds, bills, &c, ten years. 
Specified property exempt from sale on execution. A me- 
chanics' hen law. 

NEBRASKA. 

Currency. — Federal money. 

Interest. — Ten per cent., unless a greater rate, not ex- 
ceeding fifteen per cent., be contracted for by the parties. 

Collection of Debts, fyc. — All civil actions other tban for 
the recovery of real property, such as actions upon a spe- 
cialty, or any agreement, contract, or promise in writing, 
or foreign judgment, must be commenced witbin five years ; 
all actions upon a contract not in writing, express or im- 
plied, within four years. Any T person may be arrested for 
debt, and an attachment may issue when any person or 
persons shall file an affidavit before any judge or justice of 
the peace, stating the nature of the plaintiff's claim, that 
it is just, and the amount thereof, as nearly as may be, and 
establishing one or more of certain specified particulars. 
There is a lien law, and a household and homestead ex- 
smption law. 

IfEVADA. 

Currency. — Federal money. 

Interest. — Ten per cent., or any rate agreed upon in 
writing. 

Collection of Debts, §c. — Attachments may issue against 
a debtor when he is not a resident of the Territory ; when 
he has absconded or absented himself from his usual place 
of abode, or is about to abscond or absent himself, so that 
the ordinary process of law cannot be served upon him ; 
when he conceals himself in order to avoid process ; when 
he has removed, or is about to remove, any of his property 
or effects out of the Territory, to the iujury of his creditors, 
or with intent to hinder, delaj - , or defraud them ; when he 
has fraudulently conveyed, assigned, or otherwise disposed 
of his property or effects ; when he has fraudulently con- 
cealed his property and effects ; and when he fraudulently 
contracted the debt, or incurred the obligation respecting 
which a suit is brought. All actions upon any contract, 
obligation, or liability founded upon an instrument of 
writing, must b3 commenced within four years after the 
cause of action accrued: all actions upon a contract, obli- 
gation, or liability, not founded upon an instrument of 
writing, and all actions on an open account, within two 
years. There is a lien law, and a household and homestead 
exemption law. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

Currency. — Federal money. [%£r~ See Massachusetts.] 

Interest. — Six per cent. ; but banks can take any rate 
of annual interest not to exceed 7 3-10 per cent. 

Usury. — The penalty is forfeiture of three times the 
amount unlawfully taken. 

Collection of Debts, Ifc. — There is a mechanics' lien and 
homestead exemption law. Certain specified property is 
also exempted from attachment. Other real and personal 
estate may be attached. Mortgages of personal property- 
must be recorded in the town wbere the mortgager resides, 
and the parties thereto must make oath to the same as per 
form prescri bed by statute. 



NEW JERSEY. 

Currency. — Federal money. [Qgr* See Pennsylvania.] 

Interest. — Six per cent, eince 1STG. 

Usury. — Forfeiture of all tne interest. 

Collection of Debts, - fyc. — Homestead exemption to 
amount of S1000, aud continued for benefit of widow and 
children until the joungest child is twenty -one, and death 
of widow. Other specified property exempt from civil pro- 
cess. A mechanic's lien law. Ordinary debts outlawed in 
six year3 Females exempt from arrest for debt. Widow's 
right of dower, one third of all the husband's real estate 
held during coverture. 

NEW YORK. 

Currency. — Federal money. In popular use, the dollar 
is 8s. ; Is. is 12£ cents; 6d., 6| cents. [The same popular 
use prevails also in North Carolina, Ohio, aud Michigan.] 

Interest. — Six per cent. 

Usury. — Voids the contract, but corporations cannot set 
up usury as defense. Persons who take usury deemed guilty 
of a misdemeanor, and liable to a fine not exceeding S1000, 
or imprisonment not exceeding six months, or both. 

Collection of Debts, fyc. — Certain specified property ex- 
empt from execution ; also a homestead exemption to the 
value of S1000, and continued for benefit of widow and 
children until youngest child is twenty -one, and death of 
widow. But the deed conveying the property must show 
it is intended to be held as such homestead, or a precise 
notice to that effect given and recorded. Mechanics, labor- 
ers, &c, in all cities and certain counties and villages, have 
a lien ou buildings, &c. for pay for labor, materials, &c, 
on such buildings. Chattel mortgages void as against 
creditors, subsequent purchasers, and mortgagees in good 
faith, unless filed in office of town or county clerk or regis- 
ter, or goods delivered. Must be renewed yearly. Personal 
arrest allowed in case of fraud, concealment, &c. No fe- 
male to be arrested except for willful injury. Property 
owned by female at marriage not liable for husband's debts. 
Married woman may hold separate property, taken by in- 
herit-ince, or by gift or bequest, from any person other than 
the husband, and the same shall not be liable for the debts 
of the husband, nor subject to his disposal. 

NORTH CAROLINA. 

Currency. — Federal money. [£3F* See New York.] 
Interest. — Six per cent. For the loan of money, but on 
no other account, as high as eight per cent, provided that 
both the consideration and the rate of interest shall be set 
forth in an obligation signed by the party to be charged, 
or his agent. 

Usury. — Interest not recoverable. 

Collection of Debts, Sfc. — Specified property exempt from 
attachment. Actions on simple contract must be brought 
within three years; for laud, 6even years; by infants, 
feme coverts, or non compos mentis, within three years 
after disability removed ; persons beyond seas, within eight 
, years after title accrues. Possession for twenty -one years, 
' uuder color of title, a bar to the State. Three years' pos- 
session of personal property gives title. TTife's real estate 
at time of marriage caunot be sold or leased by husband 
without consent of wife. Deeds, mortgages, marriage set- 
tlements, &c, must be recorded, or are void as to cred- 
itors. 

NOVA SCOTIA. 

Currency. — 5s. or £ pound to the dollar, the shilling 
■ being 20 cents. 

Interest. — Six per cent. 

Usury. — Forfeiture of treble the amount; does not ex- 
tend to any hypothecation or agreement in writing entered 
into for money advanced upon the bottom of a ship or 
I vessel, her cargo or freight. 

Collection of Debts, life. — In the Supreme Court, mayor's 
: and magistrate's courts by civil summons ; capias where 
i parties are about to quit the province. Limitation laws; 



CURRENCY, INTEREST, USURY, DEBTS, ETC. 



written contracts under seal, twenty years; ordinary con- 
tracts, six years. Mortgages of personalty, same as under 
the English law. Widow's dower, one third of real estate 
and one third of personalty. 

OHIO. 

Currency. — Federal money. [JgiF" See New York.] 

Interest. — Six per cent.* Banks allowed only six per cent. 

Usury. — Forfeiture of usury. Excess over six per cent, 
may be applied to reduction of principal. 

Collection of Debts, Sfc. — Mechanics' lien law. Specified 
property exempt from execution. A household and home- 
stead exemption law. Mortgages of personal property valid 
for one year if recorded, and may be extended from year 
to year. Lands not to be sold for less than two thirds 
of the appraised value. Attachments allowed in specified 
cases. First attachment of prior validity. Limitation laws : 
real estate, twenty-one years; written contracts, fifteen 
years ; not written, six years. Widow's dower, one third of 
real estate. 

OREGON. 

Currency. — Federal money. 

Interest. — Ten per cent. 

Collection of Debts, Sfc. — A debtor may be arrested if 
his creditor can prove on oath that said debtor is not a 
resident of the State, or has departed therefrom, or that 
there is good reason to believe that he is about to leave the 
State, with intent to delay or defraud his creditors, or to 
avoid the service of a summons; or that he has assigned, 
secreted, or disposed of, or is about to assign, secrete, or 
dispose of his property, or any part thereof, with intent to 
delay or defraud his creditors ; or that the debt was fraud- 
ulently contracted. Actions upon a contract or liability, 
express or implied, must be commenced within six years; 
all actions to recover a balance due upon a mutual, open, 
and current account, within one year from the time of the 
last item proved in the account on either side. There is a 
lien law, and a household and homestead exemption law. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Currency. — Federal money. In popular use, the dollar 
is 7s. Qd., the shilling being 13i cents. 12£ cents is called 
a levy, an abbreviation of eleven pence ; 6J- cents a fip, an 
abbreviation of five pence or fippenny bit. [The same sys- 
tem prevails in New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland.] 

Interest. — Six per cent. 

Usury. — Forfeiture of usurious interest in action on the 
contract, provided suit is brought within six months, or 
borrower may deduct amount of usurious interest ou pay- 
ment of debt. 

Collection of Debts, fyc. —Property, to amount of $300, 
and clothing, school-books, &c, exempt from attachment. 
Mechanics have lien on buildings for labor and materials 
in their construction in most of the counties. Arrest of 
person of debtor not allowed, except for fraud or conceal- 
ment. Six years voids debts by simple contract. "Women's 
individual right in property continues after marriage, as 
before. 

RHODE ISLAND. 

Currency. — Federal money. \$^T" See Massachusetts.] 
Interest. — Six per cent. , unless a different rate is express- 
ly stipulated, in which case the rate is not limited by law. 

Collection of Debts, §c. — Mechanics' lien law. Specified 
property exempt from attachment ; other property may 
be attached. Mortgages of personal property must be re- 
corded in town clerk's office. Imprisonment for debt 
allowed, but the jail limits extend to the county. Here, as 
in most of the States, notes and ordinary book accounts 
cannot be sued for after six years, unless a formal judg- 
ment of court shall have been had, or unless the debtor 
shall have remained out of the State during any part of the 
•ix years, leaving no attachable property, in which case the 



six years will begin to run from the time of his return, if 
the claim is in favor of a resident. 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 

Currency. — Federal money. [GGIP* See Georgia.] 

Interest. — Seven per cent. 

Usury. — The principal sum only may be recovered in a 
usurious contract, without costs. 

Collection of Debts, $c. — Attachment holds against the 
property of a non-resident or absconding debtor, and the 
person of a debtor about to abscond. Actions for debt 
must be brought within four years ; to recover possession 
of land, within ten years. Deeds of marriage settlement 
must be recorded. Mechanics have lien on building. 
Chattel mortgages void as against subsequent purchasers, 
unless recorded. 

TENNESSEE. 

Currency. — Federal money. [dSP" See Massachusetts.] 

Interest. — Six per cent. 

Usury. — An indictable offense, but the note or security 
is void only for the excess. 

Collection of Debts, §c. — Specified property exempt 
from levy by attachment or execution. A mechanics' lien 
law, provided suit is brought within one year after lien is 
acquired. No imprisonment for debt. Mortgages of per- 
sonal property must be recorded. Property of concealing 
or absconding debtor liable to attachment. Actions for 
debt on account must be brought within six years. 
Widow's dower one third of husband's real estate at the 
time of his death. Of the personalty she is entitled to a 
child's part, after payment of debts. If no children, she 
is entitUd to the whole. The wife's real estate not subject 
to the husband's debts during the marriage. If she dies, 
leaving the husband tenant by the courtesy , his life interest 
is leviable by execution. A homestead exemption law. Hus- 
band by marriage acquiring title to all wife's personal prop- 
erty reduced by him into possession. Marriage settlements 
must be recorded before marriage. Chancery will make an 
equitable settlement out of any property accruing to the 
wife after the marriage and before the husband reduces it 
into possession. The marriage relation is, with one or two 
exceptions, governed by the rules of the common law. 

TEXAS. 

Currency. — Federal money. 

Interest. — Legal rate, eight per cent. Conventional rate, 
as high as twelve per cent. 

Usury. — Forfeits all interest. 

Collection of Debts, §c. — Mortgages of real and personal 
property should be recorded in the county where the prop- 
erty is situated. Actions of debt on account must be 
brought within two years from maturity, and on notes, 
within four years. A homestead exemption, and certain 
household furniture and personal property, also exempt 
from forced sale. A mechanics' lien law, and lien law for 
rent. No imprisonment for debt. Property of non-resi- 
dent debtor may be attached. Attachments may be sued 
out also for concealment, fraud, &c, under the statute. 
All property of the husband, owned before marriage, and 
that acquired afterwards by gift, devise, or descent, con- 
tinues to be his separate property. Same rule as to prop- 
erty of the wife ; but the husband has the sole manage- 
ment of such property. Property acquired by either hus- 
band or wife, during marriage, except that acquired as 
above, is their common property, and upon the death of 
either passes to the survivor, if there be no children. If 
there be children, one half of such community property 
goes to the survivor, and the other half to the children. 

UTAH. 

Currency. — Federal money. 

Interest. — Seven per cent. ; but parties may agree in 
writing on a rate not exceeding ten per cent. 



• Parties may contract up to eight per cent, after Oct. 1869. 



CURRENCY, INTEREST, USURY, DEBTS, ETC. 



Collection of Debts, !fc. — Attachments may issue within 
the limits of this Territory, when any person or persons 
shall file an affidavit in any of the courts of this Territory, 
that some person or persons are about to leave the country 
or territory, removing their effects with the intention, as is 
believed, of defrauding his, her, or their creditors, and 
that such person or persons are indebted to him, her, or 
them, either by note or book account, and are about to 
leave without payiug the same. The court shall issue a 
writ of attachment upon the goods, chattels, and effects 
of such person or persons, and such goods, chattels, and 
effects shall be held to pay the debt and costs, if upon a 
trial, judgment shall be rendered against the defendant. 

VERMONT. 

Currency. — Federal money. [E^F" See Massachusetts.] 

Interest. — Six per cent. 

Usury. — Excess not collectable, and when paid may be 
recovered back and costs. 

Collection of Debts, §c. — Real and personal property 
may be attached on mesne process, and persons residing in 
the State owing debtor exceeding $10 may be trusteed. No 
imprisonment on contract, except on affidavit that debtor 
is about to remove from the State and has money or prop- 
erty secreted. Mechanics have a lien for a limited time. 
Homestead exemption, $500. Household furniture, cloth- 
ing, and tools, exempt from attachment. 

VIRGINIA. 

Currency. — Federal money. [§3r* See Massachusetts.] 

Interest. — Six per cent. 

Usury. — Renders contract void, and in criminal action 
forfeits double the value of money lent. 

Collection of Debts, §c. — Mechanics have lien on land 
upon which they erect buildings, provided they build by 
contract in writing and recorded. Growing crops, not 
severed, not liable to distress or lev} - , except Indian corn, 
which may be taken after loth October. Specified articles 
also exempted. Deeds of trust on exempted articles void. 
Mechanics' tools exempt to value of twenty-five dollars. 
Actions on unsealed instruments barred generally in five 
years ; on sealed instruments in ten and twenty years. 
Imprisonment for debt abolished. In certain cases, debtor, 
when sued, may be held to bail ; and in default of giving 
bail may be imprisoned. Married women may hold prop- 
erty separate from their husbands. Widow's dower, one 
third of real estate for life, and one third of personal estate 
absolutely after payment of debts. A notary public in 
any other State may take the acknowledgment of a deed to 
be recorded in Virginia. Judgments give lien on real 
estate from first day of the term of the court at which they 
are rendered. Executions bind all the personalty which 
the debtor possesses, or to which he is entitled, from the 
moment they are in the hands of an officer who can by 
law levy them; and judgment debtor may be compelled, 
by interrogatories filed before a commissioner in chancery, 
to disclose upon oath all his effects, real, personal, and 
mixed, in his possession or under his control. If he answer 
said interrogatories fraudulently, or evasively, the com- 
missioner may commit him. Any one indebted to a judg- 
ment debtor may be garnisheed by the judgment creditor, 
and made to pay such creditor. Elegits extend to all 
debtor's real estate. Judgment creditors may sue, at law 
or in equity, at their own costs, in name of sheriff or other 
officer, to recover any property of their debtors, on which 
they obtain a lien. 

WASHINGTON TERRITORY. 

Currency. — Federal money. 

Interest. — Ten per cent. ; or any rate agreed upon, if 
specified in writing. 

Collection of Debts, Sfc. — Attachment may issue against 
a debtor when he does not reside within the limits of this 
Territory ; when he secretes himself in order to avoid 
process ; when he has removed his property, or a material 



part thereof, or is about to do so ; when he is about to sell, 
convey, or otherwise dispose of his property, with the in- 
tention of hindering, defrauding, or delaying his creditors. 
All actions upon a contract in writing, or liability, express 
or implied, arising out of a written agreement, must be 
brought within six years; upon all contracts, express or 
implied, which are not in writing, and do not arise out of 
any written instrument, within three years. There is a 
mechanics' lien law, and a household uud homestead ex- 
emption law. 

"WEST VIRGINIA. 

Currency. — Federal money. [£W See Massachusetts.] 

Interest. — Six per ceut. 

Usury. — Renders contract void, and in criminal action 
double value of money lent is forfeited; but corpora- 
tions arc not allowed to plead usury. 

Collection of Debts, §c. — Mechanics have lien for work 
and materials on any structure erected or repaired by 
them, provided account recorded within ninety days. 
Growing crops, not severed, not liable to distress or levy, 
except Indian corn, after the 15th of October. Any hus- 
band or parent may hold personal property, to the amount 
of two hundred dollars, and real estate to the amount of 
five hundred dollars, exempt from execution or other pro- 
cess. Actions for land barred in fifteen 3 ears ; actions on 
bond of fiduciary or public officer, in ten years ; on con- 
tracts under seal, in twenty years ; on store accounts, two 
years ; on all other contracts, in five years. Persons under 
disability to sue, allowed a certain time further after re- 
moval of disability. No imprisonment for debt; but debtors 
leaving the State may be held to bail, or compelled to give 
up all their property, and in default thereof, may be im- 
prisoned. And property of debtors non-resident, or remov- 
ing property, so that judgment will be ineffectual, may be 
attached. Married women in certain cases may have sep- 
arate estate, and property may be held by trustee for benefit 
of married woman, free from control of husband. Widow 
has life-estate in one third of deceased husband's real estate, 
and has one third of his personal property, after payment 
of debts, absolutely. Judgments give lien on real estate 
from first day of the term of the court at which they are 
rendered, if recorded on lien docket. Executions bind 
all the personalty which the debtor possesses, or to which 
he is entitled, from the moment they are in the hands of an 
officer who can by law levy them ; and judgment debtor 
may be compelled, by interrogatories filed before a com- 
missioner in chancery, to disclose upon oath all his effects, 
real, personal, and mixed, in his possession or under his 
control. If he answer said interrogatories fraudulently, 
or evasively, the commissioner may attach and commit 
him. Any one indebted to a judgment debtor may be 
garnisheed by the judgment creditor, and made to pay 
such creditor. Elegits now extend to all debtors real 
estate. Judgment creditors may sue, at law or in equity, 
at their own costs, in name of sheriff or other officer, to 
recover any property of their debtors, on which they obtain 
a lien. 

WISCONSIN. 

Currency. — Federal money. 

Interest. — Seven per cent. ; as high as ten by agreement 
expressed in writing. 

Usury. — If interest has been paid, treble the amount of 
excess may be recovered, provided an action be commenced 
within one year after such payment. If interest has not 
been paid, forfeiture of the entire iuterest. 

Collection of Debts, &,c. — A mechanics' lien law. A 
homestead exemption. Mortgages of personal property 
must be filed or recorded. The sale of mortgaged personal 
property by mortgager is a misdemeanor which is punished 
by fine of treble the value of mortgage, or by imprison- 
ment in the county jail. Actions for recovery of ordinary 
debts must be commenced within six years. No imprison- 
ment for debt, but property of debtor attachable under 
certain circumstances. Real and personal estate oi feme 
sole not liable for husband's debts. 



RATES OF POSTAGE AND CONDITIONS OF TRANSMISSION, 

APPLYING TQ DOMESTIC MAIL MATTER, DIVIDED 

INTO FOUR CLASSES- 



pirst CLASS. WRITTEN MATTER. 

Mailable matter of the first class includes letters, postal «ards, 
sealed packages, or matter so wrapped and inclosed that the con- 
tents cannot be readily withdrawn without damage to the wrapper, 
and all matter wholly or partly in writing {except as permitted 
with matter of other classes); manuscript copy for any purpose 
whatever unaccompanied by proof sheets, and matter prepared by 
the manifold process and the typ« writer. 

Rates of Fostaoe. — On letters mailed at a post office for 
transmission toand delivery by another post office: i'wo cents 

FOR EACH HALF OUNCE AN© FRACTIONAL PART THEREOF. 

On drop letters or letters for local delivery when mailed at a 
post office employing letter carriers: Two cents for each half 

OUNCE OR FRACTIONAL PART THEREOF. 

On drop letters for local delivery when mailed at a post office 
not employing letter carriers: One cent for each half ounce 

OR FRACTIONAL PART TIIKREOF. 

Postage is required to be fully prepaid, but letters mailed short- 
paid will be forwarded, the deficiency to be collected at the office 
of delivery, provided one full rate be prepaid thereon, otherwise 
they will be sent to the Dead Letter Office, or if reaching their 
destination by inadvertence, double the regular rates, deducting 
the value of the stamp or stamps affixed, will he collected on de- 
livery. 

Postmasters should invariably be notified of changes in address 
•when letter matter directed to the old address will be forwarded to 
the new without additional charge. 

Letters received at a number and street to which directed — the 
post office thereby accomplishing and completing the transaction 
of a deliver}' — and afterwards re-directed and re-mailed will not 
be forwarded without the postage thereon being prepaid anew. 

Requests to return, written or printed on the envelopes of letters, 
will secure their return to the writer free in the event of non-de- 
livery; also in cases of misdirection, when evident, and failure to 
prepay sufficient postage. 

Failure to perfect the address of a letter by omitting therefrom 
the State or Territory often results in the non-delivery of the same, 
and, in any event, involves delay and risk. Business men and 
others should exercise unusual care in addressing fully and cor- 
rectly all matter designed for the mails. 

Postal Cards.— The price of postal cards is one cent each, 
■without regard to the quantity purchased. This price includes 
the cost of material of which the cards are manufactured and the 
privilege of their transmission through the mails anywhere within 
the United States, under the conditions applying to letters, except 
that they will not be advertised, and if not delivered or called for 
in sixty days, they will be burned. No card is a " postal card" 
unless issued by the Post Office Department. Cards issued as 
postal cards by private parties, and containing any writing other 
than the address, are subject to letter postage. Postal cards spoiled 
in directing or printing, or otherwise rendered unserviceable, can- 
not be redeemed. 

The directions only may be placed on the stamped or address 
side of a postal card. A printed label, bearing the address, can, 
however, be pasted on the address side of the card, but all other 
writing or printing must be confined to the opposite side. If mu- 
tilated in any manner by cutting, trimming, punching or emboss- 
ing with seal press, or anything except the address-label he pasted 
on or any article attached thereto, they become unmailable as pos- 
tal cards and are subject to postage at double the letter rate, de- 
ducting the value of the stamp impressed. Postal cards contain- 
ing obscene matter are required by law to be detained and burned. 
A postal card having once passed through the mails, can only be 
remailed upon payment of letter rate of postage. 

SECOND CLASS. PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS. 

The rates on matter of the second class apply only to periodical 
publications admitted under the following conditions : — 

First. It must regularly be issued at stated intervals, as fre- 
quently as four times a year, and bear a date of issue, and he num- 
bered consecutively. 

Second. It must be issued from a known office of publication. 



Tku-d. It must he formed of printed paper sheets, without board, 
cloth, leather, or other substantial binding, such as distinguish 
printed books for preservation from periodical publications. 

Fourth. It must be originated and published for the dissemina- 
tion of information of a public character, or devoted to literature, 
the sciences, arts, or some special industry, and having a legiti- 
mate list of subscribers: Prodded, however, that nothing herein 
contained shall be so construed as to admit to the second-class 
rate regular publications designed primarily for advertising pur- 
poses, or for free circulation, or for circulation at nominal rates. 

The law permits sample copies to be mailed when the primary 
design of the publisher is to increase the subscription list and ad- 
vertising patronage of his publication. On all such, however, the 
words " Sample Copy " must be printed, written, or impressed. 

Publishers of matter of the second class may fold within their 
regular issues a supplement, but in all cases the matter added in 
this manner must be germane to the publication and necessary to 
its completion. 

An advertising sheet as a prospectus with the word " supple- 
ment" printed at the head cannot be accepted as a genuine sup- 
plement. 

Bills and receipts for subscriptions and orders to be filled out by 
those desiring to subscribe may also be folded within issues of 
matter of the second class, provided such words only are used as 
may be necessary to complete their sense; and necessary words or 
marks conveying information as to the expiration of subscriptions, 
may be printed or written on such matter or on the wrapper thereof 
without subjecting the same to a higher rate of postage. 

Advertisements are also permitted to be included within the 
body of periodical publications, provided they are attached perma- 
nently thereto by being folded, stitched, and paged therewith, and 
not inserted for convenience and for the purpose of being removed 
and put to separate use. 

Advertisements in the form of separate sheets in the body of 
periodical publications which are inserted for convenience and are 
for the purpose of being removed and put to separate use, are not 
"attached permanently" to such periodical within the meaning 
of the preceding section, and when so inserted will subject the 
periodicals in which they are found to the rate of one cent for 
each two ounces or fraction thereof; but this must not be held to 
apply to bills, receipts, and orders for subscription to such periodi- 
cals. 

The paging of such advertising sheets may be included under a 
series separate from that of the body of the publication, but should 
be consecutive throughout the successive issues. 

Matter of the second class is not limited as to weight. 

Publications of the second class when sent by the publisher 
thereof and from the office of publication, including sample copies; 
or when sent from a news agency to actual subscribers thereto, or 
to news agents, are entitled to transmission through the mails at 

TWO CENTS A POUND OR FRACTION THEREOF, except that one 

copy may be sent free to each actual subscriber residing in the 
county where the periodical is printed and published, unless the 
same is for delivery at a letter carrier, office within the county, 
when the postage is two cents per pound, except in the case of 
periodical publications other than weekly when mailed at a free 
delivery office for delivery by letter "carrier. The rate of 
postage is then one cent each if the matter does not exceed two 
ounces in weight, and two cents for any weight in excess 
of two ounces. 



THIRD CLASS. 



MISCELLANEOUS PRINTED 
MATTER. 



The rate of postage on this class of matter is: One cent for 

EACH TWO OUNCES OR FRACTION THEREOF. 

Packages of this class must be fully prepaid or they will not be 
forwarded. 

Mailable matter of the third class includes printed hooks,_tran- 
sient newspapers and periodicals, regular publications designed 
primarily for advertising purposes, circulars and other matter 
wholly in print, (not of the second class), proof sheets and cor- 
rected proof sheets and manuscript copy accompanying the same, 
and commercial papers partly printed. 

The weight of a single book is not limited, but all other packages 
of this class must not exceed the weight of four pounds. 



RATES OF POSTAGE AND CONDITIONS OF TRANSMISSION. 



Regular publications designed primarily for advertising pur- 
poses are : — 

First. Those owned and controlled by one, or several business 
concerns, and conducted for the advancement of the business or 
trade of those who own them. 

Second. Those which, having no genuine paid up subscriptions, 
insert advertisements free on the condition that the advertiser will 
pay full price for any number of papers which are sent to persons 
whose names are given to the publisher. 

Third. Those who do advertising only, and whose columns are 
filled with long editorial putt's of firms or individuals who buy a 
eertain number of copies for distribution. 

Fourth. Pamphlets containing marked quotations, and the busi- 
ness cards of various business houses opposite the page containing 
the quotation. 

Fifth. Publications largely devoted to a particular trade or pro- 
fession, whose editorial correspondence and the burden of whose 
information relate to that trade or profession, and designed to sub- 
serve the business interests of those proprietors who may be en- 
gaged in such trade or profession by advertising or calling atten- 
tion to the nature of such business. 

When circulars, handbills, advertising sheets, transient news- 
papers, or any other printed matter of the third class, are sent in 
bulk from one post office to another with the intention of having 
them distributed throughout the boxes, or general delivery at the 
office to which they are addressed, or by letter carriers, the bulk 
package must not exceed four pounds in weight and must be fully 
prepaid at the rate of one cent for each two ounces or fraction 
thereof, and the proper drop rate at the office of destination be af- 
fixed by the sender to each separate circular or postage. 

All packages of matter of the third class must be so wrapped or 
enveloped, with open sides or ends, that the contents may be easily 
withdrawn for examination and restored without destruction to or 
mutilation of the same. 

Third class printed matter must be either placed under band, 
upon a roller, between boards, in a case open at one side or at both 
ends, or in an unclosed envelope, or simplv closed in such a man- 
ner as not to conceal the nature of the packet, or, lastly, tied by a 
Btring easy to unfasten. 

A package of third class matter may contain any number of 
articles of that class. All legitimate binding; mounting, or cover- 
ing of a book, etc., or of a portion thereof, is permissible whether 
such binding, etc., be loose or attached ; as also rollers in the case 
of prints or maps, markers (whether of paper or otherwise) in the 
case of books, pens or pencils in the case of pocket-hooks, etc., and, 
in short, whatever is necessary for the safe transmission of such 
articles, or usually appertains thereto ; but the binding, rollers, 
pens or pencils, etc., must not be sent as a separate package at third 
class rates. 

Packages will not be forwarded or returned in consequence of 
misdirection by persons mailing, or removal of the person to whom 
directed, without stamps for the full repayment of the postage be 
furnished to the postmaster. 

Matter of the third or fourth class inclosed in sealed envelopes 
notched at the ends or having the corners cut off cannot readily be 
withdrawn for examination without endangering the envelope, 
and is, therefore, subject to postage at the letter rate. 

Upon matter of the third class, or upon the wrapper inclosing 
the same, the sender may write his own name or address thereon 
with the word " from " above or preceding the same, and in either 
case may make simple marks intended to designate a word or pas- 
sage of the text to which it isdesired to call attention. There may 
be placed upon the cover or blank leaves of any book or of any 
printed matter of the third class a simple manuscript dedication 
or inscription that does not partake of the nature of personal cor- 
respondence. 

Printed Matter is defined to be the reproduction upon paper, 
by any process, including matter prepared by the electric pen and 
papyrograph process, except that of handwriting, of any words, 
letters, characters, figures, or images, or of any combination 
thereof, not having the character of an actual and personal corre- 
spondence. This cannot be ascribed to the following, viz: 1st. 
To the signature of the sender or to the designation of his name, of 
his profession, of his rank, of the place of origin, and of the date of 
despatch. 2d. To a dedication or mark of respect offered by the 
author. 3d. To the figures or signs merely intended to mark the 
passages of a text in order to call attention to them. 4th. To the 
prices added upon the quotations or price current of exchange on 
markets or in a book. .5th. To all commercial papers partly 

Srinted, such as papers of legal procedure, deeds of all kinds, way 
ills or bills of lading, invoices, and the various documents of in- 
surance companies, circulars, handbills, etc., provided the writing 
on the same is not in the nature of personal correspondence, or of 
such character as to render the document the representative of a 
monetary value. Signed and completed Insurance Policies, In- 
surance " Daily Reports," "transfers" and "applications," and 
signed receipts", and receipted bills, notes, bonds, deeds, etc., are 
held to be of this character, and are chargeable with postage as 
mail matter of the first class. 6th. To instructions or requests 
to postmasters to notifv the sender in case of the non-delivery 
of matter, so that he may send postage for its return. Lastly, 
to annotations or corrections made upon proofs of printing and 
necessary to the completion of the typographical appearance, 
but they should not extend beyond it and embrace matter such as 



the quality of the paper on which the publication is to be printed, 
or the binding in which it is to be bound, or other matters of like 
character. 

A Circular is defined to be a printed letter, which, according 
to internal evidence, is heinic sent in identical terms to several per- 
sons. A circular shall not lose its character as such, when the date 
and name of the addressed and of the sender shall he therein writ- 
ten, nor by the correction of mere typographical errors in writ- 
ing. 



FOURTH CLASS. MERCHANDISE SAMPLES, ETC. 

Mail matter of the fourth class includes all that is not embraced 
in the first, second, or third class, and many which under the old 
law were rated with letter postage, as matter to which no special 
rate of postage was attached, belong now to the fourth class, and 
are subject to a postal charge of one cent per ounce; such are. for 
instance, drawings, plans, designs-, original paintings in oil or 
water colors, etc., — articles which are not in form or nature lia- 
ble to destroy, deface, or otherwise damage the contents of the 
mail bag or harm the person of any one engaged in the postal ser- 
vice. 

Packages will not be forwarded or returned in consequence of 
misdirection by persons mailing or the removal of persons to whom 
directed, without stamps for the full repayment of postage be fur- 
nished to the postmaster. 

The rate of postage on this class of matter is: One cent for 

EACH OUNCE OR FRACTION THEREOF. 

All matter of the fourth class must be so wrapped or enveloped, 
with open sides or ends, that the contents may be easily withdrawn 
for examination and restored without destruction to or mutilation 
of the same. 

The weight of a single book is not limited, but all other packages 
of this class must not exceed the weight of four pounds. 

Upon any package of matter of the fourth class the sender may 
write or print his own name or address, preceded by the word 
"from," and there may also be written or printed the number and 
names of the articles inclosed; and the sender thereof may write 
or print upon or attach to any such article by tag or label, a mark, 
number, name, or letter for the purpose of identification, but the 
price may not be thus marked. 

Articles of the fourth class, which, are in their form or nature 
such as to destroy, deface, or otherwise damage the contents of the 
mail bag, or harm the person of any one engaged in the postal ser- 
vice, may be transmitted in the mails when they conform to the 
following conditions: — 

1st. They must be placed in a bag, box, or removable envelope 
made of paper, cloth, or parchment. 

2d. Such bag, box, or envelope must again be placed in a box or 
tube made of metal or some hard wood with sliding, clasp, or screw 
lid, of a form submitted to and approved by the Post Office Depart- 
ment. 

3d. In case of articles liable to break, the inside box, bag, or en- 
velope must be surrounded by sawdust, cotton, or spongy sub- 
stance. 

4th. In case of sharp-pointed instruments, the points must be 
capped or encased so that they may not by any means be liable to 
cut through their inclosure," and" where' they- have blades, such 
blades must be bound with wire, so that they shall remain firmly 
attached to each other. 

,5th. The whole must he capable of easy inspection; no liquids, 
poisons, explosive or inflammable articles, fatty substances easily 
liquefiable. live animals, insects, or reptiles, nor substances exhal- 
ing a had odor, shall be admitted to the mails in any case. 

Packages containing liquids, poisons, explosive and inflammable 
articles, fatty substances easily liquefiable, live or dead animals, 
(not stuffed), insects and reptiles, fruits or vegetable matter, con- 
fectionery pastes or confections, and substances exhaling a bad 
odor, are' regarded as in themselves, either from their form or na- 
ture, not admissible under any circumstances to the mails. 



REGISTRATION. 

All mailable matter, except that of the second class, may be 
registered upon the payment of a registration fee of 10 cents per 
package. All such matter is subject to the conditions applying to 
its class the same as if sent in the' ordinary manner. 

Each package offered for registration "must hear the full name 
and address of the person sending it, and a receipt will be returned 
from the person to whom the package is directed. 



POSTAGE STAMPS. 

Postage stamps must be used in pavment of postages on all mat- 
ter of the first, third, and fourth classes. 

Stamps cut from stamped envelopes cannot be received in pay- 
ment of postage. 

The value of the stamps impressed on wrappers spoiled in direct- 
ing, if preserved in a whole condition and taken to a postmaster, 
will be refunded in ordinary postage stamps. 



MONEY ORDERS. 



DOMESTIC BATES. 

At certain post-offices, designated as Money Order Offices, 
lists of which, revised from time to tune, may be found in the 
issues of the United States Postal Guide, money orders are is- 
sued payable at any other Money Older Office upon which they 
may be drawn at the following rates : 

On orders not exceeding $10 8 cents. 

On orders over §10, and not exceeding $15 . . 10 cents. 

On orders over $15, and not exceeding $30 . . 15 cents. 

On orders over $30, and not exceeding $10 . . 20 cents. 

On orders over $10, and not exceeding $50 . . 25 cents. 

On orders over $5J, and not exceeding $00 . . 30 cents. 

On orders over $ao, and not exceeding $70 . . 35 cents. 

On orders over .$70, and not exceeding $80 . . 40 cents. 

On orders over $80, and not exceeding $100 . 45 cents. 
Never send the order in the same letter with the informa- 
tion required on payment thereof. Be careful on taking out a 
money order to state correctly the given name as well as the 
surname of the person in whose favor it is to be drawn. Ne- 
glect of these instructions will risk the loss of money, besides 
leading to delay and trouble in obtaining | ayment. 

More than one indorsement is prohibited by law, and 
will render an order invalid and not payable. The sig- 
nature to the receipt on the face of the order should be that of 
the person who presents and receives payment of the same. 

If a money order is lost, a certificate should be obtained from 
both the Paying and Issuing Postmasters that it has not been 
paid, and the Department at Washington will issue a duplicate 
of the order on application of the Postmaster who issues or 
pays it. 

If a money order is not collected within one year from date 
it is invalid, and can only be paid by the Department at Wash- 
ington on application through the Postmaster who issues or 
pays it. 

No more than three orders will be issued in one day to the 
same remitter and in favor of the same payee payable at the 
same post office. 

EOBEIGN TNTEBNATIONAL BATES. 

Certain Money Order Offices are also designated as Foreign 
or International Money Order Offices, either for one or for 
more than one of the various foreign countries. 

Postal Conventions for the exchange of money orders have 
been concluded with Switzerland, Great Britain and Ireland, 
Germany, Italy, and Canada. 

The exchange of money orders between the United States and 
each of the countries mentioned is effected through the agen- 
cy of "International Exchange Offices," of which New York 
is the office on the part of the United States. Hence, an inter- 
national money order cannot be drawn by a postmaster in 
either country directly upon a postmaster in the other, but 
must be drawn upon the International Exchange Office. 

EOBEIGN INTEBNATIONAL MONEY OBDEB 
KATES. 
Rates to Great Britain and Ireland. 
$4.86 to the Pound Sterling. 



On an order not exceeding $10 

On an order over $10, and not exceeding ; 



25 cents. 
50 cents. 



On an order over $20, and not exceeding $30 . . 70 cents. 
On an order over $30, and not exceeding $10 . . 85 cents. 
On an order over $40, and not exceeding $50 . . $1.00. 

Rates to the German Empire. 
23 2-3 cents per Mark. 



On orders not exceeding $10 

On orders over $10, and not exceeding $20 
On orders over $20, and not exceeding $30 
On orders over $30, and not exceeding $10 
On orders over $40, and not exceeding $50 



Rates to Italy. 
5.18 Lire to the Dollar. 



On orders not exceeding $10 

On orders over $10, and not exceeding $20 
On orders over $20, and not exceeding $30 
On orders over $30, and not exceeding $10 
On orders over $40, and not exceeding $50 



Rates to Switzerland. 
5.18 Francs per Dollar. 



15 cents. 
30 cents. 
45 cents. 
60 cents. 
75 cents. 



15 cents. 
30 cents. 
45 cents. 
60 cents. 
75 cents. 



On orders not exceeding $10 15 cents. 

On orders over $10, and not exceeding $20 ... 30 cents. 

On orders over $20, and not exceeding $30 ... 45 cents. 

On orders over $30, and not exceeding $10 . . . 60 cents. 

On orders over $40, and not exceeding $50 ... 75 cents. 

Orders can be obtained via Switzerland, on the following 
countries (subject, however, to the rates of the Swiss Depart- 
ment to those countries): Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, 
and Holland. 



BATES TO THE DOMINION OP CANADA. 

A Money Order must not be drawn for a larger sum than 
Fifty Dollars, and must not contain a fractional part of a cent. 
The fees for the issue of Canadian Money Orders are as follows : 



On orders not exceeding $10 

On oiders over $10, and not exceeding $20 
On orders over $20, and not exceeding $30 
On orders over $30, and not exceeding $40 
On orders over $40, and not exceeding $50 



15 cents. 
30 centsj. 
45 cents. 
60 cents. 
75 cents. 



Persons sending Money Orders to Canada must give the full 
name and address of the remitter, inasmuch as payment there- 
of cannot be obtained unless the payee is able to furnish that 
Lnf ormation to the paying postmaster. 



POSTAL NOTES. 



All postmasters at money-order offices are authorized to 
issue postal notes for sums less than five dollars, payable to 
bearer at any time within three months from the last day of 
the month of issue. The fee for a postal note is three cents. 

The person who presents a postal note for payment will be 
required to receipt it. 

(If a p stal note be presented which is already receipted upon 
its face, if receipted by another than the holder, the post- 
master must require the holder to sign his name in the space 
on the back of the note, at the lower margin, and, whetlier the 
holder be the person who first signed it on the face or not, he 
must sign it again on the back if he be unknown to the post- 



master, but if the note be already receipted by the person who 
presents it and the latter is known to the postmaster, no fur- 
the- signature will be required.) 

A postal note may also be repaid at the office of issue to the 
bearer at any time within three months from the last day of 
the month of issue. 
Persons procuring postal notes should carefully examine 
) them to see that they have been correctly filled up and 
| stamped. This caution will appeal- the more important when 
it is understood that any defect in this respect will throw dif- 
ficulties in the way of payment. 



FOREIGN MAILS 



RATES OF POSTAGE AND CONDITIONS AND REGULATIONS GOV- 
ERNING THE TRANSMISSION OF MAIL MATTER TO FOREIGN 
COUNTRIES. 

The exchange of correspondence between the United States and Foreign Countries is regulated by postal treaties 

establishing the rates and conditions of exchange, or by and in pursuance of legislation by Congress. 

Postal Conventions are in force with countries named below. 

UNIVERSAL POSTAL UNION. 

Since April I, 1879, the General Postal Union Treaty, concluded at Berne, October 9, 1874, has been replaced by the "Uni- 
versal Postal Union Convention," concluded at Paris, June 1, 1878, which modified in certain particulars the Postal" Union rates 
and regulations established by the Treaty of Berne. 

The territory of the Postal Union has been enlarged, and comprises, since the 1st of July, 1879, the following countries and 
colonies : — 



ARGEXTIXE PiEPUELIC. 

Austria-Hungary, including the Principality of Lichtenstein. 

Belgium. 

Bermudas. 

Brazil. 

British Colonies on West Coast of Africa (Gold Coast, Lagos, 

Sencsanibia, and Sierra Leone). 
British Guiaxa. 
British Honduras. 
British India: Hindostan and British Burmah (Aracan, Pegu, 

and Tenasserim), and the Indian Postal Establishments of Aden, 

Muscat, Persian Gulf, Guadur, and Mandalay. 

C AX AD A. 

Ceylon-. 

Daxish Coloxies of St. Thomas, St. Croix, and St. John. 

Denmark, including Iceland and the Faroe Islands. 

Egypt, including Nubia and Soodan. 

Falklaxd Islaxds. 

Fraxce, including Algeria, the Principality of Monaco, and 
French post office establishments at Tunis. Tangier (Morocco), 
and at Shanghai (China); Cambodia, and Tonquin. 

French Coloxies.— 

1. In Asia: French establishments in India (Chandernagore, 
Karikal, Mahe, Pondicherry. and Yanaon), and in Cochin 
China (Sai'son. Mvtho, Bien-Hoa, Poulo-Condor, Vingh-Long, 
Hatien. Tschandok). 

2. In Africa: Senegal and dependencies (Goree, St. Louis, 
Bakel, Dagana), Mayotte and Nossi-be, Gaboon, Reunion, (Bour- 
bon), Ste. Marie de Madagascar. 

3. In America: French Guiana, Gaudaloupe and dependencies 
(Desirade or Deseada, Les Saintes, Marie Galante, and the north 
portion of St. Martin), Martinique, St. Pierre, and Miquelon. 

4. In Ocean! ca: New Caledonia, Tahiti, Marquesas Islands, Isle 
of Pines, Loyalty Islands, the Archipelagoes of Gambier, Tou- 
bouai, and Tuamotou (Low Islands). 

Germany, including the Island of Heligoland. 

Great Britaix and Irf.laxd, including Gibraltar, Malta, the 

dependencies of Malta (Gozzo, Comino, and Cominotto), and the 

Island of Cyprus. 
Greece, including the Ionian Isles. 
Greenland. 

Honduras, Republic of, including Bay Islands. 
Hoxg Koxg and the post offices maintained by Hong Kong at 

Kiung-Chow, Canton, Swatow, Amoy, Foochow, Ning-po, 

Shanghai, and Hankow (China), and Hai-Fung and Hanoi 

(Tonquin). 
Italy, including the Republic of San Marino, and the Italian 

offices of Tunis and Tripoli in Barbary. 
Jamaica. 
Japan and Japanese post offices at Shanghai, Chee-foo, Chin- 



fciang, Hankow, Ning-po, Foo-chow, New-chwang, Kiu-kiang, 
and Tien-tsin (China), and at Fusam-po (Corea). 

Lab u ax. 

Liberia. 

Luxemburg. 

Mauritius and dependencies (the Amirante Islands, the Sey- 
chelles and Rodrigues). 

Mexico. 

Montenegro. 

Netherlands. 

Netherlaxd Colonies,— 

1. In Asia: Borneo, Sumatra, Java (Batavia), Billiton, Celebes, 
(Macassar), Madura, the Archipelagoes of Banca and Rhio 
(Riouw). Bali. Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, the S. W. portion of 
Timor, and the Moluccas. 

2. In Oceanica: the N. W. portion of New Guinea (Papua). 

3. In America : Netherland Guiana (Surinam). Curagoa, Aruba, 
Bonaire, part of St. Martin, St. Eustatius, and Saba. 

Newfoundland, 

Norway. 

Persia. 

Peru. 

Portugal, including the island of Madeira, and the Azores. 

Potuguese Colonies,— 

1. In Asia: Goa, Damao, Din, Macao, and part of Timor. 

2. In Africa: Cape Verde, Bissao, Cacheo, Islands of St. Thome 
and Prince's, Ajuda, Mozambique, and the province of Angela. 

Roumaxia (Moldavia and Wallachia). 

Russia, including the Grand Duchy of Finland. 

Salvador. 

Servia. 

Spain, including the Balearic Isles, the Canary Islands, the Span- 
ish possessions on the north coast of Africa, "(Ceuta. Penon de la 
Gomera, Alhucemas, Melilla, and the Chaffarine Hands), the 
Republic of Andorra, and the postal establishments of Spain on 
the west coast of Morocco (Tangier, Tetuan, Larrache, Rabat, 
Mazasran, Casablanca, Saffi, and Mogadore). 

Spaxish Colonies,— 

1. In Africa : Islands of Fernando Po, Annobon, and Corisco. 

2. In America: Cuba and Porto Rico. 

3. In Oceanica: The Archipelagoes of the Mariana (Ladrone), 
and the Caroline Islands. 

4. InA*ia: The Philippine Archipelago (Luzon with Manilla, 
Mindanao, Palawan, Panav, Amar, etc.). 

Straits Settlements (Singapore, Penang, and Malacca). 

Sweden. 

Switzerland. 

Trixidad. W. I. 

Turkey (European and Asiatic). 



FOREIGN POSTAGE TABLE. 



Ordinary Letters. 



Countries or Places of 
Destination. 



Countries and Colonies of 
Postal Union (See List oh p. 4), 

Canada excepted 

Partial prepayment of postal cards, 
newspapers, other printed matter 
(including commercial papers), 
and samples, compulsory. Mini- 
mum charge for commercial pa- 
pers, 5 cents per packet. Mini- 
mum charge for samples, 2 cents 
per packet. (See note 1 on p. 7) 
Afrio-.i, West Coast of, except Liberia, 
and British, French, Spanish and 
Portuguese Colonies. British Mail 

Ascension, British Mail .... 

Aspinwall, U. S. of Colombia direct 

mail 

Aspinwall, U. S. of Colombia via St. 
Thomas 

Australia, except New South Wales. 
Queensland, and Victoria, via San 
Francisco 

Australia, British mail, via South- 
ampton 

Australia, British mail, via Brindisi. 

Bahamas, direct steamer from New 
York 

Bogota. (See U. S. of Colombia.) 

Bolivia, British mail, via Colon 

British Columbia. (See Canada.) 

Cabul (Afghanistan), Italian mail. 
(See note 4 on p. 7.) 

Canada 

No samples exceeding eight ounces 
can be forwarded in the mails. 
Newspapers to regular subscrib- 
ers go at bulk rates. " Other 
Printed Matter" for Canada is 
liable only to domestic rates of 
postage of country whence sent. 

Cape of Good Hope, British mail . 

Carthagena. (See U. S. of Colom- 
bia.) 

Chatham Island, via San Francisco. 
(See New Zealand.) 

Chili, British mail, via Colon . . 

China U. S. packet. (See Shanghai. 1 ) 

China. British mail, via Southamp- 
ton 

China. British mail, via Brindisi 

China, via Russia. (See note 2 on 
P- 7.) 

China, via Hong Kong. Rates same 
as Hong Kong. (See note 3 on 
p. 7.) 

China, via France. Same as France. 

Colombia, U. S. of (except Aspinwall 
and Panama), British mail, via 
Colon 

Colombia, U. S. of, direct mail . . 

Colombia, U. S. of, via St. Thomas 

Costa Rica (western ports of), direct 
mail 

Costa Rica (eastern ports of), British 
mail, via Colon 

Costa Rica, via St. Thomas . . . 

Ecuador, closed mail, via Panama 
" Other printed matter," not over 
one ounce, 2 cents; over one, 
but not over two ounces, ."> cents; 
over two, but not over four 
ounces, 4 cents; being the United 
States postage only. 

Ecuador, British mail, via Colon 



Optional. 



Compul- 
sory. 
do. 



do. 



do. 
do. 



do. 
do. 



Optional. 



Compul. 



Optional, 
do. 



Compul. 
do. 
do. 



do. 
do. 
do. 



i do. 



Destination, 



Port of de 

barkation 

Destination 



do. 



Destination, 
do. 



Destination. 



Port of deb. 



Destination, 
do. 



Port of deb. 

do. 

Panama. 

Port of deb. 

do. 

do. 

Destination. 



3* 



Cents 
5 



Cents. 
2 



Regis- 
tered 
Matter. 



Cents 



n 5" 



Newspapers. 



I - 



notlir 
ited. 



not li 
4 



Cents 



4 

not lii 
4 



Other 
Printed 


Matter. 


I|| 

ft rs 

O C. 

p B, 
Vp 


" o p 
o a 

C »♦ » 


Ozs. 


Cents. 


2 


1 


2 
2 


3 


2 


2 


4 


6 


2 


2 


2 

2 


5 

7 


2 


2 


4 


10 


- 


- 


2 


3 


4 


10 



Samples 
of Mer- 
chandise. 



•|£ til 

3*2. 
Ill 

•S? 

Cents 



FOREIGN POSTAGE TABLE. 



Countries oe Places or 
Destination. 



Fiji Islands, via San Francisco and 

Sydney, New South Wales . . 
Formosa*, via Hong Kong. (See 

note 3 on p. 7.) 
Grey town, British mail, via Colon 

Greytown, direct mail 

Guatemala, direct mail .... 

" Other printed matter" limited to 
two pounds. 
Guatemala, via St. Thomas . . . 
Hawaiian Kingdom, direct mail . 

The rates for newspapers and 
other printed matter cover the 
U. S. postage only. Newspapers 
to regular subscribers go at bulk 
rates. 

Hayti, direct mail 

Havti, via St. Thomas 

Holkar, Italian mail (Postal Union 

Rates). 
Hyderabad, Italian mail. (Postal 

Union Rates.) 
Kalgan (China), Russian mail, via 

Germany. (See note 2 on p. 7.) 
Kashmir, Italian mail. (See note 

4 on p. 7.) 
Ladakh (Little Thibet), Italian mail. 

(See note 4 on p. 7.) 
Madagascar (other than St. Mary's), 

British mail 

Madagascar (other than St. Mary's), 

French muil 

Morocco, except French offices at 

Tunis and Tangier, and Spanish 

possessions on West Coast . . 
Mysore, Italian mail. (Postal Union 

Rates.) 
Nassau, New Providence, direct 

mail. (See Bahamas.) 

Natal, British mail 

Navassa, direct mail 

New Brunswick. (See Canada.; 
New South Wales, direct mail 
New South Wales, British mail, via 

Southampton. 
New South Wales, British mail, via 

Brindisi. 
New Zealand, direct mail . . . 
New Zealand. British mail, via 

Southampton. 
New Zealand, British mail, via 

Brindisi. 
Nicaragua (western ports of)i direct 

mail. 
_N icarajiua (eastern ports of ), British 

mail, via Colon. 
•Nicaragua, vw St Thomas . . . 
Nova Scotia. (See Canada.) 
Ourga (China), Russian mail, via 

Germany. (See note 2 on p. 7.) 

Panama, direct mail 

Panama, via St. Thomas .... 
Paraguay, British mail .... 
Paraguay, via Brazil and Buenos 

Ayres ...... 

Patagonia, British mail .... 
Pekin (China). Russian mail, via 

Germany. (See note 2 on p. 7.) 
Prince Edward Island. (See Can- 
ada.) 

Queensland 

Saint Helena, British mail . . . 
Sandwich Islands. (See Hawaiian 

Kingdom.) 



Ordinary Letters. 


o 

3 

3 3 
13 


3 

o 
•a 

a 


£ ? 
o St 






Cents. 


Compul. 


Port of deb. 


5 


do. 
do. 
do. 


do. 
do. 
do. 


13 
10 


do. 
do. 


do. 
Destination. 


13 
C 


do. 

do. 

Optional. 

Compul. 


Port of deb. 

do. 

British Ind. 

frontier. 

do. 


5 
13 


do. 


Destination. 


23 


do. 


Port of deb. 


21 


do. 
Optional. 


do. 

British Ind. 

frontier. 


15 


do. 
Compul. 


Destination. 
Port of deb. 


15 

5 


do. 


Destination. 


12 


do. 


do. 


15 


do. 
do. 


do. 
do. 


19 
12 


do. 


do. 


15 


do. 


do. 


19 


do. 


Port of deb. 


5 


do. 
do. 


do. 
do. 


13 
13 


Compul. 
do. 
do. 


do. 
do. 
do. 


5 
13 

17 


do. 
do. 


do. 
do. 


11 
27 


do. 
Optional. 


Destination, 
do. 


12 
27 




Seldom sent by this route j generally by Aspinwall. 



Newspapers. 


C 3 
it 


7 

n o 
p 


Ozs. 


Cents. 


not Km. 


2 


4 
not lim. 
not lim. 


4 

2 

2 


4 

2 


6 

l 


not lim. 
4 


2 
4 


4 


6 


2 


4 


4 


4 


4 
not lim. 


4 
2 


not lim. 


2 


4 


4 


4 
not lim. 


6 
2 


4 


4 


4 


6 


not lim. 


2 


\ 


4 

6 


not lim. 
4 

4 


2 
4 
7 


4 

4 


6 
4 


not lim. 

4 


2 
4 



Othkr 
Printed 

Matter. 



■si 

£ j* 

e p. 

f! 


Ssrfi 

o » 

Ifl 

§*** 
r*«o c 


Ozs. 


Cents. 


* 


2 


4 
I 


10 
2 
1 


2 
4 


3 
4 


2 


2 

3 


2 


5 


2 


4 


2 


3 


2 
2 


3 
2 


4 


4 


2 


4 


2 
4 


6 
4 


2 


6 


2 


7 


2 


2 


4 

2 


10 


2 
4 
2 


2 
6 
6 


2 
2 


3 
3 


4 
2 


4 
3 



Samples. 

OF Mi B- 
CHANDISE. 



Pififl 

2 3-. ; 3 * n 

ffS 



c c. 

ft 

To 



r>oo» 



FOREIGN POSTAGE TABLE. 



Countries or Places of 
Destination. 



Ordinary Letters. 



Santa Martha, Br. mail, via Colon 

Shanghai, direct, via San Francisco 

Shanghai, via Hong Kong, by Brit- 
ish packets. Postal Union rates 
and conditions. 

Shanghai, via France. (See China 
via France.) 

Siam, direct mail, via San Fran- 
cisco 

Siam, Br. mail, via Southampton 

Siam, British mail, via Brindisi . 

Soodan. (See note 5, below.) 

St. Bartholomew, via St Thomas 

St. Domingo, via St. Thomas 

St. Lucie, W. I., French mail. 
Letters only to destination . . 

Tasmania. (See Australia.) 

Tien-Tsin (China), Russian mail. 
via Germany. (See note 2, below) 

Turks Island, via St. Thorn us . 

Universal Postal Union (see pp. 4 
and 5). 

Uruguay, British mail .... 

Uruguay, via Brazil and Buenos 
Ay res 

Vancouver's Island. (See Canada.) 

Van Dieman's Land. (See Aus- 
tralia.) 

Venezuela, direct mail .... 
* Newspapers 1 cent per two 
ounces or fraction thereof, with 
1 cent added per each paper. 

Venezuela, via St. Thomas . . 

Victoria 

West Indien (except the Bahamas 
and those embraced in the Postal 
Union), direct mail 

West Indies, British (except those 
embraced in the Postal Union), 
via St. Thomas 

Zanzibar, via Aden. Postal Union 
rates 



© 

c 



Compul. 
do. 



Optional. 



Compul. 
do. 



do. 

Optional 
Compul. 



3 

o 


II 

to a 


I 

r 




Port of deb. 
Destination. 


Cents. 
13 
5 


Singapore. 

Port of deb. 

do. 


10 
15 
19 


do. 
do. 


13 
13 


Destination. 


21 



Port of deb. 
do. 



do. 



do. 

Destination. 



Destination, 
do. 



Regis- 
tered 
Matter. 



Cents. 
10 
10 



0,05 



Cents. 



Newspapers. 


Other 
Printed 
Matter. 


r 
p 3 

IS 

If 


1 

I- 

1 


2 2. 
<*> 

|? 

7" so 


HI 

o » 
3|o 

o 


Ozs. 

4 

not lim. 


Cents. 
4 
2 


Ozs. 
4 
2 


Cents. 
10 
2 


not lim. 
4 
4 


2 
4 
6 


4 

2 
2 


8 
3 
5 


4 
4 


6 
6 


2 
2 


3 


4 


4 


2 


3 


not lim. 


4 


4 


6 


4 


4 


2 


3 


4 


6 


2 


3 


" 


- 


1 


2 


4 

not lim. 


6 
2 


2 
4 


3 

4 


do. 


2 


2 


2 


do. 


4 


4 


fi 



Samples 
of Mer- 
chandise. 



Ozs. 
4 



III 



o 
r^o o 



Cents. 
10 



1 cent per 2 ounces, and in addition 1 cent per ounce. 



Note 1. — However fight may be the weight of a packet of commercial papers or samples for the Postal Union, the postage thereon 



cannot be less in any case than 5 cents per packet of commercial papers, and 2 cents per packet of samples. 

i,and C 
Rpondence addressed to Russia. Such corn . 
Note 3. — Correspondence for other parts of Chinese Empire (including Formosa) where foreigners reside, sent via Hong Kong, is 



Note 2. — Correspondence for the Chinese cities of Pekin, Tie'n-Tsin, Kalgan.and Ourga,sent in the mailsto Russia via Germany, 
is assimilated in all respects to correspondence addressed to Russia. Such correspondence should be marked " Via Russia." 



assimilated in all respects to that for Hong Kong, except that prepayment is obligatory and registration only effective as far as the 
Hong Kong Postal Agency nearest the place of destination. 

Note 4. — Postal Union rates and conditions apply to British Indian offices in various Native States within the limits of Hindostan. 
To Kashmir, Ladakh (Little Thibet), and Cabul (Afghanistan), in Italian mail, the same rates apply, but prepayment is compulsory, 
and only to the British Indian frontier. 

Note 5. — The Egyptian postal service has been extended to the following newly made offices in Soodan: Facher, Fachouda, 
Fazojilon, Gadaref, Karkough, Mousallemieh, Obeid.and Sennaar. To the following offices in Soodan only ordinary (unregistered) 
correspondence may be sent: Abou-Hamed and Matamme (principal agency Barbar); Amedib and Gallabat(principal agency Kas- 
tsala); Chaka and Fodja (principal agency Obeid); Dara, Kobkabie, Kobe, and Kolkol (principal agency Facher); Debba (principal 
agency Dongola); Halfaie, Kana, and Om Dorman (principal agency Khartoum); and Senehit (principal agency Massaona). The 
names of the principal agencies should be incorporated with the address on correspondence for the above offices. 



GENERAL REGULATIONS AND INFORMATION. 



Address matter in a legible and careful manner. If intended for 
delivery in a city, include the street and number of the house at 
which it is to be delivered. The German postal authorities have 
notified this Office that a full compliance with this rule is neces- 
sary to insure delivery of matter within their territory. 



Attention is called to the fact that, in many cases, as stated in 
the table of Foreign Postage, other correspondence besides letters 
may be registered. The postage chargeable is that applying to the 
same class of correspondence sent in ordinary mail. Where no fee 
is given there can be no registration. 



TRANSMISSION OF MAIL MATTER TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 



Letters conveyed in vessels not regularly employed in carrying 
the mails (commonly called " ship letters 1 ') are subject to double 
rates of domestic postage on delivery. 

Letters for countries to which payment of postage is compulsory, 
when unpaid or insufficiently prepaid, are sent to the dead-letter 
office, to be opened and returned to the writer. 

In order to avoid the delay consequent upon the return through 
the dead-letter office, of short paid letters addressed to countries to 
which prepayment of postage is compulsory, care should be exer- 
cised in the weighing and stamping of such letters. In case of 
doubt it is safer to prepay at the higher rate. Delay may also be 
avoided by writing the name and address of the sender on the 
cover of letters. 

Prepayment of postage on correspondence sent frem the United 
States to foreign countries must be made in United States postage 
stamps. On correspondence from foreign countries to the United 
States, prepayment must be made in postage stamps of the country 
of mailing. 

The Postmaster General is by law authorized to collect unpaid 
postages due on correspondence from foreign countries, in gold or 
its equivalent in currency, in order to secure the Department from 
loss on balances due foreign offices. 

The amount of postage due on unpaid or insufficiently paid cor- 
lespondence. received from foreign countries, is plainly marked 
>n the cover bv the United States Exchange office through which 
Jhe correspondence passes, and only the amount so marked as due 
.hould be collected. 

The exchange of postal cards is limited to the countries opposite 
which, in the Table of Foreign Postage, postal card rates are given. 
They can only be sent to, or received from, other countries and 
places at letter rates of postage. 

All liquids, poisons, glass, explosive materials, and obscene 
books and pictures, as well as all articles which, from their nature 
or form, are liable to destroy, deface, or otherwise injure the con- 
tents of the mail bags, or the person of anyone engaged in the 
postal service, are excluded from the mails to foreign countries. 

Patterns or samples of merchandise, sent as such in the mails to 
foreign countries, must not be of intrinsic value, and this includes 
articles of a salable nature, or whatever may have a market value 
ofits own, apart from its mere use as a pattern or samples, or where 
the quantity ct any material sent as a pattern or sample is so great 
that it could be fairly considered as having on this ground an in- 
trinsic value. 

Prices-current and trade circulars (unsealed) may besenttoGau- 
temala at newspaper rate of postage, but to all other countries at 
the rate of postage for " other printed matter." 

The public should bear in mind that all matter received in the 
mails from foreign countries and subject to custom duties, such 
as watches, jewelry, lace, silk, etc., is liable to seizure by the offi- 
cers of the customs. Of such seizure, however, the addressee will 
be duly notified, and requested to pay charges. Such matter, 
moreover, is subject to letterrates of postage, unless bona fide sam- 
ples from one mercantile house or manufacturer to another. 

Letters for Russia should have the name of the place of destina- 
tion added in either English, French, or German, and if for the 
smaller towns in Russia, they should bear, as a part of their ad- 
dress, the name of the province or government in which the towns 
are situated. 

To avoid possible errors, the route by which the correspondence 
is desired to be forwarded should be plainly marked on the face of 
the correspondence, near the address. 

Where the correspondence is marked for transmission bv a route 
requiring prepayment, and the amount prepaid is insufficient for 
that route, the correspondence will be sent by some other route bv 
which prepayment of postage is optional ; but if there is no such 
route, the correspondence will be sent to the dead-letter office. 

Where no special regulation is made relative to the transmission 
of correspondence, the domestic regulations will govern. For in- 
stance, no printed matter, patterns, or samples can be sent to any 
foreign country with any communication in writing thereon, ex- 
cept as stated above, or closed against inspection, without being 
subject to letter rate of postage. 

See that every letter, newspaper, or other packet sent hy mail is 
securely folded and fastened. In affixing the postage stamp to the 
covers of printed matter, see that they do not overlap the covers 
and adhere in part to the contents, thus, in effect, sealing the 
packet against inspection. Avoid using cheap envelopes, made of 
thin paper, especially when more than one sheet of paper or anv 
other article than paper is inclosed. Being often handled, and 
subject to pressure in the mail bags, such envelopes not unfre- 
quently split open, often giving cause of complaint against officials 
who are entirely innocent in the matter. 

A frequent error is to assume that the Department has anv 
control relative to charges made on letters from abroad. Such 
charges on unpaid or insufficiently prepaid letters are made by 
the foreign offices, and the Department has no alternative but to 
collect them. 

Postal Carts. —Postal Cards must he forwarded without 
cover. One of the sfdes must be reserved for the address alone, 
and the communication written on the other side. It is forbidden 
to join or to attach to postal cards any article whatever. 

Printed Matter of All Kinds.— The following are con- 
sidered as printed matter, viz: Newspapers and periodical works, 
books stitched or bound, pamphlets, sheets of music, visiting cards, 
address cards, proofs of printing with or without the manuscripts re- 



lating thereto, engravings, photographs, drawings, plans, geograph- 
ical maps, catalogues, prospectuses, announcements and notices 
of various kinds, whether printed, engraved, or lithographed, and 
in general all impressions or copies obtained upon pa per, parch- 
ment, or card-board, by means of printing, lithographing, or any 
other mechanical process easy to recognize, except the^copying 
press. 

The following are excluded from the reduced postage, viz.: 
Stamps, or forms of prepayment, whetner obliterated or not, as 
well as all printed articles constituting the representative sign of a 
monetary value. 

The character of actual and personal corre/pondence cannot be 
ascribed to the following, viz.: — 

1st. To the signature of the sender or to the designation of his 
name, of his profession, of his rank, of the place of origin, and of 
the date of despatch. 

2d. To a dedication or mark of respect offered by the author. 

3d. To the figures or signs merely intended to niark the'passages 
of a text, in order to call attention to them. 

4th. To the prices added upon the quotations or prices current 
of exchange or markets. 

5th and lastly. To annotations or corrections made upon proofs 
of printing or musical compositions, and relating to the text or to 
the execution of the work. 

Printed matter must be either placed under hand, upon a roller, 
between boards, in a case open at one side or at both ends, or in an 
unclosed envelope; or simply folded in such a manner as not to 
conceal the nature of the packet; or, lastly, tied by u string easy to 
unfasten. 

Address cards and all printed matter presenting the form and 
consistency of an unfolded card may be forwarded without band, 
envelope, fastening, or fold. 

The maximum weight of printed matter is fixed at 2 kilograms 
(4 lbs. 6 ozs). 

Commercial Papers. — The following are considered as com- 
mercial papers, viz.: All instruments or documents written or 
drawn wholly or partly by hand, which have not the character of 
an actual and pergonal correspondence, such as papers of legal 
procedure, deeds of all kinds drawn up by public functionaries, 
way-bills or bills of lading, invoices, the various documents of in- 
surance companies, copies or extracts of deeds under private seal, 
written on stamped or unstamped papers, scores or sheets of manu- 
script music, manuscripts of works forwarded separately, etc. 

Commercial papers must be forwarded under band or in an open 
envelope. 

The maximum weight of commercial papers is fixed at 2 kilo- 
grams (4 lbs. 6 ozs.). 

Samples.— Samples of merchandise must conform to the fol- 
lowing conditions: 

Thev must he placed in hags, boxes, or removable envelopes in 
such a manner as to admit of easy inspection. 

They must not have any salable value, nor bear any manuscript 
other than the name or profession of the sender, the address of the 
addressee, a manufacturer's or trade, mark, numbers, and prices. 

Thev must not exceed 250 grams in weight (8 3-4 ounces), or 
the following dimensions: 20 centimeters (8 inches) in length, 10 
centimeters (4 inches) in breadth, and 5 centimeters (2 inches) in 
depth. 

Registered Articles. — Any article of mail matter may b 
registered, subject to the ordinary prepaid rate of postage upon the 
article, according to its nature, in addition to the registration fee 
of 10 cents. 

No fee will be charged for returned receipts of registered articles 
in cases where such receipts are requested. 

Uniform rates of postage, without regard to distance or routes of 
conveyance, will be levied and collected in the United States on 
and after April 1, 1879, on the correspondence exchanged with 
all countries and colonies of the Universal Postal Union, except 
Canada. 

The prepayment of the Union postage on ordinary letters is op- 
tional, but tHe postage on all other articles must be' at least par- 
tially prepaid. 

Payment of postage on every description of correspondence can 
be effected only by means of postage stamps valid in the country 
of orisrin, for tne correspondence of private individuals. Official 
correspondence relative to the postal service, exchanged directly be- 
tween the respective Postal Administrations of the Union, is alone 
exempted from this requirement and admitted free of postage. 

Articles Grouped Together. — It is permitted to inclose in 
the same packet samples of merchandise, printed matter, and com- 
mercial papers, but subject to the following conditions: — 

1. That each article taken singly shall not exceed the limits 
which are applicable to it na regards weight and size. 

2. That the total weight must not exceed 2 kilograms (4 lbs. 
6 ozs.) per package. 

3. That the minimum charge shall be 5 cents when the packet 
contains commercial papers, and 2 cents when it consists of printed 
matter and samples. 

Articles Excluded from the Mails. — It is forbidden to 
send by mail: — 

1. Letters or packets containing gold or silver substances, pieeea 
of money, jewelry, or precious articles. 

2. Any packet whatever containing articles liable to customs 
duty. 

3. Articles other than letters which are not prepaid at least partly, 



FOREIGN POSTAGE TABLE. 



or which do not fulfill the conditions required in order to enjoy the 
reduced rate. 

4. Articles of a nature likely to soil or Injure the correspond- 
ence. 

5. Packets of samples of merchandise which have a salable value, 
or which exceed 250 grains (S 3-4 ozs.) in weight, or measure more 
than 20 centimeters (8 inches) in length, 10 centimeters (4 inches) 
in breadth, and 5 centimeters (2 inches) in depth. 

6. Packets of commercial papers and printed matter of all kinds, 
the weight of which exceeds 2 kilograms. 

There is, moreover, reserved to the Government of every coun- 
try of the Union the right to refuse to convey over its territory, or 
to deliver as well, articles liable to the reduced rate in regard to 
which the laws, ordinances, or decrees which regulate the condi- 
tions of their publication or of their circulation in that country 
have not been complied with, as correspondence of every kind 
which evidently bears inscriptions forbidden by the legal enact- 
ments or regulations in force in the same country. 

GUATEMALA. 

Letters, newspapers, unsealed circulars at newspaper rates, pam- 

Ehlets, periodicals, books, and other kinds of printed matter may 
e exchanged in the mails with Guatemala. 

All printed matter must be sent in narrow bands, open at the 
Bides or ends, and is subject to the laws and regulations of each 
country, respectively, in regard to its liability to be rated with let- 
ter postage when containing written matter, or for any other cause 
specified in said laws and regulations. 

Bound or unbound books weighing over two pounds cannot be 
sent, except at letter rates of postage. 

Correspondence of all kinds received from Gautemala is liable, 
on delivery in the United States, to the rates of postage given in 
the table for matter sent to Guatemala. 

Registration is not permissible, and samples cannot be sent. 

ECUADOR. 

Letters, and manuscript subject by the laws of either country to 
letter rate of postage, newspapers, and prints of all kinds in sheets, 
in pamphlets, and in books, sheets of music, engravings, litho- 
graphs, photographs, drawings, maps and plans, comprise the cor- 
respondence exchangeable with Ecuador. 

All correspondence, except letters, and manuscript subject to 
letter postage, is transmissible under the same regulations and re- 
strictions as are stated above for Guatemala (the limit of books ex- 
cepted), and is also subject to the laws of each country in regard to 
its liability to customs duty, if containing dutiable goods. 

Correspondence other than letters received from Ecuador is 
liable, on delivery in the United States, to the rates of postage 
given in the table for matter sent to Ecuador. 



VENEZUELA. 

The correspondence exchangeable with Venezuela is the same 
as that described under Ecuador. 

Mail-matter other than letters must be inclosed in narrow bands, 
or covers, open at the sides or ends, so as to be easily examined, 
subject to the laws and regulations of each country, respectively. 

Domestic rates of postage are chargeable on all correspondence 
received from Venezuela. 



THE HAWAIIAN KINGDOM (SANDWICH 
ISLANDS). 

Letters, newspapers, and printed matter of every kind are ex- 
changeable. 

All correspondence, except letters, received from the United 
States, is chargeable on delivery with the Hawaiian domestic rates. 

Registration is not permissible, and samples cannot be sent. 



NEW SOUTH "WALES, NEW ZEALAND, QUEENS- 
LAND, AND VICTORIA (AUSTRALIA). 

The correspondence exchangeable in direct mails with New- 
South Wales, New Zealand, Queensland, and Victoria, comprises 
letters (ordinary and registered), newspapers, printed matter of 
every kind, and patterns and samples of merchandise. Letters 
unpaid, or prepaid less than one full rate, cannot be forwarded ; 
but insufficiently paid letters, on which a single rate or more has 
been prepaid, will be forwarded charged with the deficient postage. 
Correspondence of all kinds prepaid in full in New Zealand is de- 
livered free of chaige in the United States. 



CHILI, WEST INDIES, CENTRAL AMERICA, ETC. 

Under an arrangement with the British and Royal Danish Post 
Offices, mail communication is maintained with the "West India 
Islands, Central America, the west coast of South America, British, 
French, and Dutch Guiana, and Venezuela, by means of the Brit- 
ish. Mail Packets plying between those points, and Havana, Cuba, 
Kingston, and Bermuda, St. Thomas, W. I., Colon, and Panama, 
respectively. 

The rates of postage given in the table include, with the rates for 
countries with which the United States has no postal arrange- 
ments, the charge for British Packet service. 

The correspondence transmissible is indicated by the table. 

Prepayment is compulsory (except the divisions which are now 
controlled by the Universal Postal Union Treaty) on all corres- 
pondence sent, and the U. S. Postage, together with the British 
Packet charge, if unpaid, is collectible upon delivery of matter re- 
ceived in the United States. 



OTHER FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 

Correspondence from the United States for foreign countries and 
places other than those named above, or with which no postal 
treaties or other postal arrangements have been made by the United 
States, if forwarded in direct mail by vessels regularly employed 
in carrying the mails, and not through the intermediary of a coun- 
try having postal relations with the United States by treaty or other 
arrangements, is subject to the rates of postage given in the postage 
rates table " San Domingo Direct Mail." 

Ordinary letters, newspapers, pamphlets, periodicals, books, and 
other printed matter, may be sent in these cases, under the regula- 
tions and conditions applicable to the same correspondence in the 
domestic mails. 

Prepayment of postage is compulsory for all correspondence, nnd 
the prescribed rates are collectible upon delivery of matter re- 
ceived. 



A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS 

FOR 

WEBSTER'S COUNTING-HOUSE DICTIONARY. 



609 



ANTIQUITIES. — DKESS, UTENSILS, &c. 




Fabled Colossus of Rhodes. 



Fasces. 



Obelisk. Trident 



610 A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS FOR 

ART, OBJECTS OF; ORNAMENTS, INSTRUMENTS, &c. 




& A, horizon ; o, point opposite the eye; no, bo, 
eo,do,e o,/o, h o, * o, j o, vanishing lines 



Mosaic. 






Silhouette. 



Line of Beauty. 



Silhouette Instrument. 



a b, slender rod; c, gimbals; d, 
small frame; c, foot-board. 




WEBSTER'S COUNTING-HOUSE DICTIONARY. 
CARPENTRY, JOINERY, AND MASONRY. 



611 




Brad. 



Bridging-joists 



a, flooring ; 6, girder ; c c, bridging- 
joists ; d d, ceiling ; e e, straps. 



Cleat. 




Dovetails. 



&C 



Rabbet. 



mfflfflfflRQ&fa 



W////A 



Frame. 



IfffllliliiilililiinilPmiilll 




a b, uprights or posts; e d, Herringbone Masonry. 
e d, struts, ties, or braces. 



Mortise J oint. 
a a, Mortise; b b, Tenon- 







a, putlog; 6 6 6, putlog holes 
c, ledger. 



a a, wall plates ; 6 6, tie-beams; c, king-post: d d, 6truts; e c, 
principal rafters://, pole-plate ; g g, purlin ; h h, ridge- 
piece; i, t, common rafters. 



Mortise and Tenon. 




Timbers used in Flooring. 
a a, girder ; 6 b, binding-joists ; c c, ceiting-joists ; d d, wall 
plates; e e, bridging-joist». 



Viaduct. 



Scarfing, various modes of. 



612 A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS FOR 

DBESS, OBNAMKKTTS, INSIGNIA, &c. 





T s Coronet. Basque 





Ornamental Bracelet. 



Chemisette. 




Mitt. 




Sandals. 




Pilgrim's or Palmer's Scrip. 



Scotch Highlander 
with Fillibeg. 





Collar of Garter. 




Snow-shoe. 



Peruke. 





Victorine. 





Visite. 




Jack-boot. 




Star of Garter. 



Truelove-knota. 



WEBSTER'S COUNTING-HOUSE DICTIONARY. 

GEOGRAPHY". 

TERMS EMPLOYED IN, PICTORIALLY ILLUSTRATED OR EXEMPLIFIED. 



613 




614 A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS FOR 

LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE, AND BATLROAD MACHINERY. 






Drag-bar. 



Brake. 
A, spindle ; P, platform of the car ; F, chain ; 
B, lever ; K, D, brake-blocks ; W, X, wheels; O, 
rod; E, rod connecting with another truck. 



Car-wheel. 

a, tread ; c, flange \ 

e, disk ; n, hub. 



M 



mmm 



Draw-head, 
rt, buffer-spring; c, draw-spring; e, 
buffer; m, coupling; n, coupling pin. 




Railway Frog. 




Head-light. 




Locomotive. 
A A, boiler ; G, cylinder ; N M, frame ; 
L L, springs; XX, wheels; K, equalizing 



Cross Sections of Rails. 



beam;* H H, trailing driver; J J, leading «- American or H rail; 6, double-headed or I rail ; c, bridge or IT rail; d, Seaton'a 

driver; B, smoke-box; C, chimney; W, r ail; e, T rail; f, strap rail; g, street rail; h, locomotive street rail; t, contractor's rail, 
ash-pan; E, sand-box; F, cab; V G, pis- 



ton-rod; IT V, connecting-rod; IT IT, par- 
allel rod; T,steam chest; T S, valve-rod; 
T R, rocker; P, pumps; O P, feed-pipe ; 
O, check-valve. 




if a,- 

Safety -switch. 




Sandwiched Way. 




Locomotive Steam-engine. 





Railway Truck. 

A, truck-frame; B, axle-guard ; C, swing-beam ; D, 

axle-box; £, india-rubber springs. 



Spark-arrester. 




Turn-table. 



WEBSTER'S COUXTIXG-HOUSE DICTIONARY. 

MECHANICS, MACHINERY, &c. 



615 




GoTcmor. 
A B, centrifugal balls ; 
DE, DG, connecting rod* 
and joints; F, fulcrum; FA, 
FB,'bnll rods; NO, lever { 
M, slide. 



Escapements. 



616 A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS FOK 

MECHANICS, MACHINERY, &c. — Continued. 




Jack-screw. 



Hindiey's Screw. 



WEBSTER'S COUNTING-HOUSE DICTIONARY. 6 lV 

MIDDLE AGES — DAYS OF CHIVALRY, &c. — ARMOB, DRESS, &c. 




Lochaber Ax 



Barbacan. 



BusMq. 



Coat of Mail. 



Gorget. 



618 A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS FOR 

MIDDLE AGES — ARMOR, DRESS, &c. — Continued. 




Castle. 

1, moat; 2, drawbridge; 3, wicket; 4, sally-port; 5, portcullis; 
6, outer walls; ", parapet; 8, rampart; 9, loop-holes; 10, es- 
cutcheon; 11, bulwark; 12, sentinel; 13, magazine; 14, a cell; 
15, donjon or keep; 16, barracks; 17, barbacan: 18, watchman; 
19, turret; 20, chapel; 21, belfry; 22, state court; 23, merlons; 
24, embrasures. 




Donjon. 





Coat of Mail. 




Head-piece. 



Morion. 




Pa visor and Pa- 
vise. 



Jambes. 



Juppon. 



Knight in full Armor. 



Knight and Horse. 



WEBSTER'S COUNTING-HOUSE DICTIONARY. 
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 



619 




Trombone- 



Kettle-drum. 



Organ. 



Tambourine. 



620 



A CLASSIFIED SELECTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
MYTHOLOGY, IDOLS, &c. 




Diana. 



Dagcm. 



Erato. Niobe and her Children. Cupid. 



LB Mr '05 









r 



-**J 



i 




- -•-•■.,■■-; 









■' ' 



